Niko Home Control is an affordable home automation system allowing the connection and central operation of many different systems. Lighting, heating, ventilation, roll-down shutters, sun blinds, sound systems and much more are controlled from 1-central place using a touchscreen, tablet or smartphone. Almost anything is possible with Niko Home Control and that's why our existing installers and UK Partners rate it so highly.
Niko is open to new technologies and open ecosystems. High-quality brands such as Renson, Reynaers, VELUX, Bose and Sonos are just a few examples of Niko's official partners. Its solutions therefore remain entirely future-proof and Niko becomes the ultimate platform to control all pioneering ecosystems.
As the UK distributor of Niko home automation systems, we recognise that our installers and Partners need high quality training and support to ensure that every installation is the best it can be.
At Moss Technical, we are extremely proud of our bespoke training facility for Niko Home Control. We offer high quality, CEDIA approved training. The 2-day training course includes both theory-based learning and hands-on teaching. If you have no prior experience of home automation or a good level of understanding of electrical installations, these sessions will equip you with more information about home automation installations.
An installers certificate will be issued upon completion of the course, which gives you CEU points for CEDIA Installer accreditation.
Please call 01656 746 766 to book your place.


text:
The Sapho Micro App Platform is the best way to put actionable business information into your employees' hands. This micro application development and integration platform enables organizations to create and deliver secure micro apps that tie into existing business systems and track changes to key business data. The result is a work feed that keeps employees up-to-date with important information and their associated actions. Employees benefits from real time data updates and one-click task completion from a single unified app, browser, or messenger client. All of this runs on Azure, connects to your existing infrastructure, and integrates with your existing identity and access control solutions to maintain security. For more information, please visit [Sapho](https://www.sapho.com/).

## Introduction

This chart bootstraps a [Sapho](https://bitbucket.org/sapho/ops-docker-tomcat/) deployment on a [Kubernetes](http://kubernetes.io) cluster using the [Helm](https://helm.sh) package manager.

It also packages the [MySQL chart](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/stable/mysql) which is required for bootstrapping a MySQL deployment for the database requirements of the Sapho application.

## Prerequisites

- Kubernetes 1.4+ with Beta APIs enabled
- PV provisioner support in the underlying infrastructure

## Installing the Chart

To install the chart:

```console
$ helm install --name my-release stable/sapho
```
> **Tip**: List all releases using `helm list`

The command deploys Sapho on the Kubernetes cluster in the default configuration. The [configuration](#configuration) section lists the parameters that can be configured during installation.

> **Tip**: List all releases using `helm list`

## Uninstalling the Chart

To uninstall/delete the `my-release` deployment, use `helm list` command to obtain the release name, then :

```console
$ helm delete my-release
```

The command removes all the Kubernetes components associated with the chart and deletes the release.

## Configuration

The following table lists the configurable parameters of the Sapho chart and their default values.

| Parameter                        | Description                     | Default                                                    |
| -------------------------------  | ------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
| `image`                          | Sapho image                     | `sapho/ops-docker-tomcat:{VERSION}`                        |
| `imagePullPolicy`                | Image pull policy               | `Always` if `image` tag is `latest`, else `IfNotPresent`   |
| `saphoDBuser`                    | User of the application         | `user`                                                     |
| `saphoDBpass`                    | MySQL DB Password               | `nil`                                                      |
| `saphoDBtype`                    | Sapho DB Type                   | `mysql`                                                    |
| `saphoDBhost`                    | Sapho DB HostName               | `nil`                                                      |
| `mysql.mysqlRootPassword`        | MySQL admin password            | `nil`                                                      |
| `serviceType`                    | Kubernetes Service type         | `LoadBalancer`                                             |
| `mysql.persistence.enabled`      | Enable persistence using PVC    | `true`                                                     |
| `mysql.persistence.storageClass` | The PVC storage class to use.   | `nil` (uses alpha storage class annotation)                |

The above parameters map to the env variables defined in [sapho/ops-docker-tomcat](https://bitbucket.org/sapho/ops-docker-tomcat). For more information please refer to the [sapho/ops-docker-tomcat](https://bitbucket.org/sapho/ops-docker-tomcat) image documentation.

Specify each parameter using the `--set key=value[,key=value]` argument to `helm install`. For example,

```console
$ helm install --set saphoDBuser=root,saphoDBpass=password,mysql.mysqlRootPassword=password sapho
```

The above command sets Sapho's JDBC connection's username and password to `root` and `password` respectively. Additionally it sets the MySQL `root` user password to `password`.

Alternatively, a YAML file that specifies the values for the above parameters can be provided while installing the chart. For example,

```console
$ helm install --name my-release -f values.yaml sapho
```

> **Tip**: You can use the default [values.yaml](values.yaml)

## Persistence

The [MySQL](https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql/) image stores the data at the `/var/lib/mysql` path of the container which is mounted to a PVC.

Persistent Volume Claims are used to keep the data across deployments. This is known to work in GCE, AWS, and minikube.
See the [Configuration](#configuration) section to configure the PVC or to disable persistence.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


"Limousin." YourDictionary, n.d. Web. 11 April 2019. <https://www.yourdictionary.com/Limousin>.
A historical region and former province of central France west of the Auvergne Mountains. It was included in the dowry given by Eleanor of Aquitaine to Henry II of England in 1152 and was eventually reconquered by France (1370-1374).
Any of a breed of beef cattle developed in France and having a golden-red coat.
GUILLAUME DUBOIS (1656-1723), French cardinal and statesman, was born at Brive, in Limousin, on the 6th of September 1656.


text:
Rock Candy Records reissues three of Europe guitarist John Norum's solo albums
Posted on July 29, 2020 by Olivier in Uncategorized // 0 Comments
Europe guitarist John Norum's solo album discography has been given a big boost as Rock Candy Records has reissued his solo albums Total Control (1987), Face The Truth (1992) and Another Destination (1995). The three reissued albums are available directly from Rock Candy Records' website.
Total Control (with six bonus tracks):
When guitarist John Norum left Europe in 1986, at the very height of their popularity, the news was met with shock and incredulity. It was a stunning decision considering that he had been a founding member of the band (and its predecessor Force) for seven years and seemed so musically at ease with their exciting and successful brand of melodic rock. There was a lot of head
scratching and amazement that someone with his fortitude and talent could turn his back on mass adoration and financial security by leaving Europe to follow his own muse. But all was not lost as John's game plan was simple and deftly executed, setting course for a well received solo career.
Recruiting a new backing band of long-time musical friends (including Marcel Jacob, a former Europe member, on bass) and continuing his relationship with Swedish executives at the Sony label, he redefined his ambitions away from the lighter pop rock path of Europe. This time around the music was harder, heavier and full of serious conviction, allowing John to unleash full on guitar work, woven within leaner and meaner songs. Whilst his soloing had always been impressive, this time around the playing was simply out of this world.
Centre stage on three tracks was vocalist Goran Edman whose forceful and melodic voice is delightfully mature, lending the material a worldclass sheen. Indeed, Norum's own voice was just as impressive. Songs such as 'Let Me Love You', the Whitesnake-influenced 'Blind' and 'Someone Else Here', set an impressive standard. Oh, and look out for the choice cover of the Vinnie Vincent penned 'Back On The Streets'.
Special Deluxe Collector's Edition. Fully remastered sound shaped from 24 BIT digital technology, features 6 bonus tracks, contains 'Let Me Love You', 'Blind' and 'Someone Else Here', 12 page full colour booklet – 3,500 word essay and enhanced artwork
Track List for Total Control (with six bonus tracks):
01. Let Me Love You
02. Love is Meant To Last Forever
03. Too Many Hearts
04. Someone Else Here
06. Back on The Streets
07. Blind
08. Law of Life
09. We'll Do What It Takes Together
10. In Chase of The Wind
Bonus Tracks:
11. Wild One
Live In Stockholm EP:
12. Free Birds in Flight
14. Don't Believe A Word
16. Bad Reputation
John Norum's "Let Me Love You" video:
Face The Truth:
The shock of John Norum's departure from Europe was a disappointment somewhat tempered by the release of his debut solo album, a work of real purpose and commitment to a heavy sound and style that suggested his tenure in Europe was not as
musically harmonious as originally thought. Norum, it seems was somewhat aggrieved that too much pop was being woven into Europe's sound and that the original intention of a hard rockin' unit in the manner of Deep Purple and Rainbow had been sidelined. It was a fair conclusion and one that sparked a well received solo career.
Following his debut, John worked in Los Angeles joining forces with Don Dokken for Don's debut solo album 'Up From The Ashes' and toured the USA extensively. It was a positive experience that also led John to enter into a stunning collaboration with Glenn Hughes, the wayward bassist / vocalist of Deep Purple and more recently in Hughes/Thrall. John's second solo album, titled 'Face The Truth', was a match made in heaven, with Norum and Hughes providing a number of high energy yet melodic hard rock tracks that stand proud as musical highlights in an era that was slowly succumbing to the emergence of grunge.
Originally issued in 1992, and recorded in Los Angeles, the album boasts a number of stunning tracks, including 'Still The Night' a re-recording of a Hughes/Thrall song originally released on the much praised Phenomena concept album. Also included is 'Opium Trail' a tribute to Norum's enduring love for Thin Lizzy, and a well received co-write with Joey Tempest titled 'We Will Be Strong'.
Special Deluxe Collector's Edition. Fully remastered sound shaped from 24 BIT digital technology, features 'Still The Night', 'Opium Trail' and 'We Will Be String', 12 page full colour booklet – 3,500 word essay and enhanced artwork
Track List for Face The Truth:
01. Face The Truth
02. Night Buzz
03. In Your Eyes
04. Opium Trial
05. We Will Be Strong
06. Good Man Shining
07. Time Will Find The Answer
08. Counting On Your Love
09. Endica
10. Still The Night
11. Distant Voices
John Norum's "We Will Be Strong" video:
Another Destination:
The former lead guitarist for Europe, John Norum's career had blossomed since his departure in 1986. With two well received solo albums under his belt, including 'Face The Truth' featuring Glenn Hughes on lead vocals, he set about recording his next
album in Los Angeles using a template very much cast by a solid commitment to heavy, yet melodic hard rock embellished with soaring lead guitar and worldclass vocals. For John Norum, the emergence of grunge in the early '90s was an aberration that had virtually no impact on his personal musical vision.
'Another Destination', originally issued in 1995, was recorded in his adopted home of Los Angeles, and benefits hugely by the presence of vocalist Kelly Keeling, a classic gravel-throated blues based frontman who was previously a member of Baton Rouge. Norum also enlisted drummer Gary Fergusson who had played with Gary Moore and Hughes/Thrall. Again, like the previous albums, it was a dream team of talent that crafted a record of immense firepower, allowing John to unleash a tirade of hard riffs and blistering solos.
Amongst the melee of full-throttle melodic rock are two choice covers; 'Sunshine Of Your Love', originally penned by Cream, and Humble Pie's 'Strange Days', both tracks indicating his devotion to blues-based rock. Elsewhere the material is impressive and fully-formed, indicating that John's original decision to leave Europe was well-founded and it also paved the way for him to rejoin his former compatriots in 2003, when their sound was re-engineered, reflecting their original harder rock ambition.
Special Deluxe Collector's Edition. Fully remastered sound shaped from 24 BIT digital technology, features 'Whose Side Are You On', 'Inside' and 'Strange Days', 12 page full colour booklet – 3,500 word essay and enhanced artwork
Track List for Another Destination:
01. Inside
02. Resurrection Time
03. Strange Days
04. Spirit World
05. Shimmering Highs
06. Whose Side Are You On?
07. Sunshine of Your Love
08. Catalina Sunset
09. Half Way Home
10. Healing Rays
11. Jillanna
John Norum's "Strange Days" video:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Akshay Kumar in a legal soup, summoned by SIT in Bargari sacrilege case
Darshana Devi November 12 2018, 5.27 pm
A special investigation team (SIT) of the Punjab Police has summoned Bollywood actor Akshay Kumar, former Punjab chief minister Parkash Singh Badal and former deputy chief minister Sukhbir Singh Badal in connection with the Bargari sacrilege case in 2015. While Akshay is asked to appear before the SIT on November 21, Parkash and Sukhbir are summoned on November 16 and 19 respectively, at Amritsar Circuit House.
The summon orders were issued separately for the three by SIT member Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh under Section 160 of CrPc.
Reports suggest that the allegation against Akshay Kumar is that he played a role in mediating between the Badals and Ram Rahim. After Ram Rahim was convicted of rape last year, Akshay had denied ever meeting him. However, his wife Twinkle tweeted a picture of the controversial godman in January 2017, saying that he had moved to their neighbourhood.
The sacrilege incidents led to protests throughout Punjab with people demanding action against those responsible. The massive protests eventually led to police firing, in which two people were killed in Behbal Kalan in Moga district.
SIT has, so far, examined many current and former police officials. It was set up by the Captain Amarinder Singh government in September this year (2018) after a notification to withdraw CBI investigations into sacrilege incidents at Sri Guru Granth Sahib was issued.
Akshay KumarBollywoodEntertainmentParkash Singh Badalram rahimSukhbir Singh BadalTwinkle Khanna
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text:
Trap Configuration and Spacing Influences Parameter Estimates in Spatial Capture-Recapture Models
Catherine C. Sun ,
* E-mail: cs752@cornell.edu
Affiliation New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, United States of America
Angela K. Fuller,
Affiliation U.S. Geological Survey, New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
J. Andrew Royle
Affiliation U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
Catherine C. Sun,
Catherine C. Sun Angela K. Fuller J. Andrew Royle
23 Oct 2015: Sun CC, Fuller AK, Royle JA (2015) Correction: Trap Configuration and Spacing Influences Parameter Estimates in Spatial Capture-Recapture Models. PLOS ONE 10(10): e0141634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141634 View correction
An increasing number of studies employ spatial capture-recapture models to estimate population size, but there has been limited research on how different spatial sampling designs and trap configurations influence parameter estimators. Spatial capture-recapture models provide an advantage over non-spatial models by explicitly accounting for heterogeneous detection probabilities among individuals that arise due to the spatial organization of individuals relative to sampling devices. We simulated black bear (Ursus americanus) populations and spatial capture-recapture data to evaluate the influence of trap configuration and trap spacing on estimates of population size and a spatial scale parameter, sigma, that relates to home range size. We varied detection probability and home range size, and considered three trap configurations common to large-mammal mark-recapture studies: regular spacing, clustered, and a temporal sequence of different cluster configurations (i.e., trap relocation). We explored trap spacing and number of traps per cluster by varying the number of traps. The clustered arrangement performed well when detection rates were low, and provides for easier field implementation than the sequential trap arrangement. However, performance differences between trap configurations diminished as home range size increased. Our simulations suggest it is important to consider trap spacing relative to home range sizes, with traps ideally spaced no more than twice the spatial scale parameter. While spatial capture-recapture models can accommodate different sampling designs and still estimate parameters with accuracy and precision, our simulations demonstrate that aspects of sampling design, namely trap configuration and spacing, must consider study area size, ranges of individual movement, and home range sizes in the study population.
Citation: Sun CC, Fuller AK, Royle JA (2014) Trap Configuration and Spacing Influences Parameter Estimates in Spatial Capture-Recapture Models. PLoS ONE 9(2): e88025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088025
Editor: David L. Roberts, University of Kent, United Kingdom
Received: September 10, 2013; Accepted: January 3, 2014; Published: February 5, 2014
This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Funding: The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation provided the funding that supported the work. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Estimating population parameters such as abundance and density is crucial for understanding, managing, and conserving animal populations. Capture-mark-recapture (CMR) methods are a well-established approach in which repeated sampling with replacement of a population provides information about detection probabilities of individuals. CMR models have become increasingly realistic by addressing assumptions about population closure and capture probability [1]–[4], including the recent developments of spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models. SCR models incorporate the geographic locations where individuals are detected, thereby explicitly accounting for unequal detection probabilities among individuals due to their unique spatial locations relative to sampling devices (traps, snares, etc.) [5], [6]. Unequal exposure of individuals to the sampling array occurs when, for example, some individuals have home ranges at the edge of the sampling array while others are located more centrally and therefore are always exposed to the sampling array [2], [4], [7], [8]. As a result, non-spatial capture-recapture methods estimate population size, but require various ad-hoc approaches to convert estimates of population size to estimates of density. Non-spatial approaches attempt to homogenize the unequal trap exposure with methods such as minimizing the ratio of edge to area of the sampling grid [9], or by adding a buffer strip around the sampling array to account for movements of 'edge' individuals [10]–[13]. Conversely, SCR models directly estimate both population size and density; SCR models allow for individual-specific detection probabilities by accounting for the spatial organization of traps and by estimating the activity centers of individuals. SCR models are thus liberated from the assumption of geographic closure.
Two primary considerations of mark-recapture sampling design are the spatial extent of the trap array and the spacing between traps. An advantage of a large spatial extent is that it helps increase the expected number of unique individuals detected. For non-spatial approaches, Bondrup-Nielson [9] suggested that the spatial extent of a study area be at least four times the home range size of an individual. Large spatial extents also aim to capture the full range of movement of individuals and homogenize unequal detection rates among individuals [9], [14], [15]. Simultaneously, trap spacing influences rates of detection and recaptures: trap configurations with "holes", or traps that are too widely spaced relative to ranges of individual movement, can lead to individuals not being detected [12], [16] as well as fewer recaptures of individuals at different traps (i.e., spatial recaptures), which are important for estimating home range sizes and movement ranges [15]. As a result, recommendations have been made to set at least four traps in each potential non-overlapping home range [17]. With a constant number of traps due to logistical or monetary considerations, a sampling trade-off occurs between spatial extent and trap spacing.
Few simulation-based studies have been conducted on the influence of sampling design on SCR parameter estimates [15], [18], [19]. SCR approaches can theoretically accommodate different spatial arrangements of traps because trap locations are a formal part of the model [5] describing the probability of encounter of individuals. However, spatial organization of the trapping array is still an important consideration. Large numbers of encountered individuals (sample size n) and recaptures are necessary to estimate population parameters with accuracy and precision, and trap arrangements need to be at spatial densities and scales that permit detection of individual movement [15]. Much of the early research on sampling design was conducted in small mammal community assemblages [20]–[22], and design recommendations based on small mammal populations may be hard to meet and are sometimes inappropriate for large-mammal systems [12], [19]. Recent work has focused specifically on sampling designs for large-mammal populations with large home ranges and ranges of movement [15], [16], [23], [24], but the body of published research remains scant. Notably, Sollmann et al. [15] demonstrated with simulations and a study of a Michigan black bear population that previously recommended spatial extents of at least 4× the home range size of individuals may be unnecessary. The authors showed that spatial extents smaller than an average male home range and only 1.5× larger than a female's yielded parameter estimates similar to when the full spatial extent was used. The authors cautioned that the range of movement over the sampling array is important for SCR models, and that the SCR model performed well as long as the spatial scale parameter sigma (σ) was at least half the average trap spacing. This sigma parameter describes the spatial scale over which an individual is detected, and can be converted to an estimate of the 95% home range radius [14]. The authors concluded that SCR models are able to accurately and precisely estimate population parameters for a range of sampling array extents, but that more research is necessary to explore the limits of SCR abilities with respect to trap configuration and extreme sampling designs.
Understanding the implications of different sampling designs is crucial, especially given the amount of effort required in large mammal mark-recapture studies and the increasing application of SCR methods. Moreover, in sampling over large landscapes, it is oftentimes not possible to achieve regular coverage of the landscape with traps that are close enough together to yield sufficient data for effective parameter estimation. Therefore, strategies for distributing traps over the landscape in an efficient manner must be developed and evaluated. To improve understanding of sampling design with respect to SCR methods, we conducted simulations to investigate the effects of different trap configurations and spacings that would be feasible in large-mammal studies. First, we evaluated potential differences among three common trap configurations: regular spacing, clustered, and a temporal sequence of different clustered configurations (i.e., trap relocation) [25]. The regular trap configuration, in which traps are set systematically across the spatial extent, served as a baseline for comparison. The clustered configuration maintained spatially representative sampling over the entire spatial extent while providing more information on the spatial scale of detection and individual movement [17], [19]. The third configuration evaluated was a clustered configuration with trap relocation midway through sampling; trap relocation is a common sampling approach to increase detection probability, more thoroughly sample large study areas, and avoid trap habituation and behavioral response [26]. Our second objective was to identify consequences of trap spacing for a fixed study area by decreasing the number of traps while maintaining the same spatial extent of the sampling array. We conducted our simulation study using sampling design considerations for American black bear (Ursus americanus), but the results are generalizable to any wide-ranging animal population to which SCR models might be applicable.
We based simulation conditions on characteristics of a black bear population study conducted in southwestern New York, USA. The simulated study area was a 2,624 km2 square centered on a 4,100 km2 landscape. To determine trap placement in the clustered and sequential trap configurations, we overlaid a grid of 64, non-overlapping, potential home ranges of 41 km2 each, based on the average female home range size estimated in northwestern Pennsylvania [27] (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Schematic representation of study area.
A representation of the 2,264 km2 study area, divided into a grid of 64 cells of 41 km2 each, and set in the center of a 4,100 km2 landscape, which is outlined in gray.
SCR Model Formulation and Implementation
We used a binomial model for detection to create encounter histories for individuals. For sampling over K sampling periods, the number of encounters for an individual, i, in each of j = 1,…, J traps, yij, has a binomial distribution with a parameter for encounter probability, pij. In other words:
For the individual and trap-specific encounter probability, pij, we used the half-normal model [28], which depends on the baseline detection probability and a function of the Euclidean distance, Dij, between individual, i, and trap, j, such that
where σ is a spatial scale parameter determining the rate of decrease in encounter probability as a function of distance to trap Dij. Most models for encounter probability have one or more parameters that are related to home range size and movement rates of individuals about their home range. For example, the half-normal model above can be interpreted as implying a bivariate normal model for movement, where σ* is the 95% home range radius [14]. Detection of an individual at multiple traps provides information on σ, so we use the term "spatial captures" to refer to the number of unique traps at which an individual was detected or captured.
We simulated SCR data for a population size of N = 500 over K = 10 sampling occasions. We distributed individuals over the 4,100 km2 landscape according to a random, uniform distribution, allowing for overlapping home ranges. This translates to a black bear density of 12.2 bears/100 km2, which is in the middle range of bear densities across the United States (Snowy Range of southeast Wyoming = 2.54 bears/100 km2) [29], central Appalachian Mountains in Kentucky = 8 bears/100 km2 [30], northern New York = 20 bears/100 km2 [8], north-central Pennsylvania = 23 bears/100 km2 [27], and Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee ≥29 bears/100 km2 [31]. We created nine detection scenarios by varying the spatial scale parameter, σ, and the baseline detection probability, p0 (Figure 2). We used three values of σ (1, 5, and 10 km) to model a range of representative home range sizes, spanning estimates of female and male home ranges typical of bears in the northeastern United States [8], [27], [32], [33]. We used three values of p0 (0.05, 0.10, and 0.20) to explore a realistic range for mark-recapture studies. The upper limit, p0 = 0.20 (i.e., 20%), is the minimum suggested detection probability in non-spatial mark-recapture studies [34], [35], but lower probabilities have been found to be sufficient for populations larger than N>200 [31], so we also included lower detection probabilities.
Figure 2. Nine detection scenarios by varying σ and p0.
Nine detection scenarios for N = 500 were created by evaluating three values of the spatial scale parameter, (σ = 10, 5, and 1 km), for each of three baseline detection rates, (p0 = 0.20, 0.10, 0.05). As distance from an individual's activity center increases, detection decreases according to a half-normal function based on the two parameters. Dashed vertical lines indicate 95% home range radii (σ* ).
To evaluate the effect of sampling design on SCR parameter estimation, we applied three trap configurations: 1) regularly distributed across the study area, 2) grouped into clusters of 4 in every other non-overlapping female home range and, 3) traps relocated from one clustered configuration halfway through the sampling period to a second clustered configuration (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Three trap configurations: regular, clustered, and sequential.
Three trap configurations were evaluated, shown with J = 128 traps: (a) regular array, (b), clustered, and (c) a temporal sequence in which clustered traps of one arrangement (e.g. triangle) are moved halfway through the sampling period to new grids (e.g. squares). Gray gridlines in (b) and (c) overlay the non-overlapping grid sizes of an estimated female home range. The black outline around the traps depicts the 2,624 km2 study area; the large gray square shows the extent of the 4,100 km2 landscape.
To evaluate trap spacing over the study area, we increased trap spacing from 4.7 km to 9.6 km by decreasing the number of traps from J = 128 traps to 96, 64, and 32 traps over the same spatial extent in the regular trap configuration (Table 1, Figure 4). This also resulted in different effective trap spacings, trap spacings relative to each value of σ, ranging from 0.47σ, when σ = 10 km, to 9.60σ when σ = 1 km (Table 2). Decreasing the number of traps resulted in a trap density of 0.049/km2 with 128 traps, 0.037/km2 with 96 traps, 0.024/km2 with 64 traps, and 0.012/km2 with 32 traps. The upper limit of 128 traps represents what could be realistically employed over such a large study area given a sampling frequency of once per week assuming two field teams, while also maintaining a minimum of 4 trap sites per estimated female home range. However, even this upper bound of trap density falls severely short of suggestions for black bear studies of 0.17–0.50/km2 [29]. We decreased the number of traps for the clustered and sequential trap configurations, although this did not change trap spacing. We calculated trap spacing for the regular trap configuration as the distance between a trap and the next closest trap, or for the clustered and sequential trap configurations, the distance between the centroids of a cluster and the next cluster. We did not consider the clustered trap configuration when J = 32 since clusters would have consisted of only 1 trap and therefore be equivalent to the regular configuration.
Figure 4. Trap configuration and number of traps generated eleven designs.
Eleven trap designs were evaluated by varying the regular, clustered, and sequential trap arrangements for J = 128, 96, and 64 traps. Only the regular and sequential arrangements were evaluated for J = 32 traps since the clustered arrangement with one trap per cluster was equivalent to the regular arrangement. Trap spacing did not change when traps were in the clustered and sequential arrangements.
Table 1. Trap spacing (km) for each combination of trap configuration (regular, clustered, and sequential) and number of traps (J = 128, 96, 64, and 32).
Table 2. Effective trap spacings for each σ, scaled by dividing trap spacings (4.71, 5.24, 6.40, and 9.60 km) by σ (1, 5, 10 km).
For each of the nine detection scenarios (p0 x σ), we generated 500 simulated encounter histories for each combination of trap configuration (n = 3) and trap spacing (n = 4). To estimate abundance, N, and the spatial scale parameter, σ, we used a maximum likelihood approach [36], [37]. We conducted the simulations using Program R [38] and custom-written scripts (Table S1 in File S1) with package 'snowfall' and 'rlecuyer' [39], [40]. Estimates of N and σ were compared to the simulated truth. We used estimated means, standard deviations, ranges, root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean normalized bias (MNB) to evaluate the effects of trap configuration and spacing.
Trap Configurations
The clustered trap configuration generally resulted in the most accurate estimators of abundance, . The clustered trap configuration yielded the lowest RMSEs in 8 of 9 combinations of p0 (3 cases) and σ (3 cases), i.e., with the exception of σ = 5 km and p0 = 0.20 in which the sequential trap configuration resulted in the most accurate (Table 3). The three trap configurations resulted in similarly unbiased estimators of when effective trap spacing was <4.71σ, i.e., when σ >1 km. But when effective trap spacing ≥4.71σ (σ = 1 km), the clustered and sequential trap configurations resulted in the lowest MNBs in the remaining 1 and 2 cases, respectively.
Table 3. Summary estimates of when true population size N = 500 and J = 128 traps, under each of the three trap arrangements: regular, clustered, and sequential, where mean, standard deviation (SD), range, root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean normalized bias (MNB) are given for each scenario (p x σ x configuration).
As the number of detected individuals and captures per individual increased because of closer effective trap spacings, estimators of improved (Table S2 in File S1). For example, consider the clustered trap configuration when p0 = 0.05: when effective trap spacing decreased from 9.06σ to 0.91σ due to an increase in the fixed, biologically-determined σ from 1 km to 10 km, the number of detected individuals increased from 38 individuals with fewer than 2 spatial recaptures to 493 individuals (>98% of total population N = 500) with 7.8 spatial recaptures (Table S2 in File S1). When effective trap spacing was ≥4.71σ (i.e., when σ ≥1 km), the sparse datasets, especially low rates of spatial recaptures, resulted in unstable maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) and a strongly right-skewed sampling distribution of (Table 3). Therefore, population size was consistently overestimated at all trap arrangements and detection rates. Standard deviations (SD) and root mean square errors (RMSE) were both at least 12% (Table 3). However, when effective trap spacing was <4.71σ (i.e., when σ ≥5 km), the mean for all trap configurations at all detection probabilities were within one individual of the true N = 500, and SD and RMSE no more than 3% (Table 3).
Estimators of performed similarly well across the three trap configurations (Table 4). However, precision of the estimators for any given trap configuration increased when the effective trap spacing increased with larger values of σ. Comparing estimators across regular, clustered, and sequential trap configurations when effective trap spacings were ≥4.71σ and ≤0.91σ (i.e., σ = 1 km versus σ = 10 km), SD decreased from a maximum of 28% to 1.1% while MNB also decreased from a maximum of 18% to 0.2% (Table 4).
Table 4. Summary estimates of when the true population size N = 500 and J = 128 traps, under each of the three trap arrangements: regular, clustered, and sequential, where mean, standard deviation (SD), range, root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean normalized bias (MNB) are given for each scenario (p x σ x configuration).
Trap Spacings and Traps per Cluster
As trap spacing increased from 4.71 km to 9.60 km by reducing the number of traps (J = 128 to 32 traps), effective trap spacing relative to σ increased (Table 2). Individuals were detected fewer times and with fewer spatial and non-spatial captures (Table S3 in File S1). As a result, estimators of and decreased in accuracy and precision as trap spacing increased and number of traps per cluster decreased (Table 5,6 and Tables S5–9 in File S1). For example, consider increased effective trap spacing from 4.71σ to 9.60σ (when σ = 1 km) at p0 = 0.20: population size was increasingly overestimated as the number of detected individuals decreased 73% and the spatial captures decreased from 1.1 to 1.0 (Table S3 in File S1). increased from 509 to 637, RMSE increased from 15 to 84% (regular trap configuration, Table 5), and RMSE of increased from 7% to 24% (Table 6). In some cases, including all trap spacings and trap configurations when p0 = 0.05, the number of detected individuals was as low as 10 individuals (2% of total population N = 500) and some simulated datasets yielded only one capture for all detected individuals (Table S3 in File S1). These sparse data sets caused the MLE to occur on the boundary of the parameter space, and simulated data sets for which this was the case were removed from the analysis. For example, 231 such cases were discarded under the sequential trap arrangement when p0 = 0.05 (Table S4 in File S1).
Table 5. For σ = 1 km, summary estimates of in the regular trap configuration when trap spacing increased from 4.71 to 9.60 km (J = 128 to 32 traps) and N = 500.
However, when effective trap spacing was ≤1.92σ (i.e., when σ = 5 and 10 km), the properties of the estimators and became similar across trap spacing and number of traps per cluster (Tables S5–9 in File S1). Estimators also increased in precision and accuracy. When σ = 10 km (p0 = 0.20), even as effective trap spacing increased from 0.47σ to 0.91σ, the number of detected individuals did not drop below 490 (98% of the true population N = 500,) until effective trap spacing decreased to 0.96σ when p0 = 0.10 and 0.52σ when p0 = 0.05 (Table S3 in File S1). As a result, estimators of at all trap spacings were within 1 individual of the true population ( = 499.4 to 499.9) and RMSE was less than 1% (Table S6 in File S1). Estimators of had RMSEs of less than 0.02% (Table S9 in File S1).
We demonstrated that the clustered trap configuration generally yielded the most accurate estimators of abundance, . The regular trap configuration never out-performed the clustered or sequential trap arrangements in precision of abundance estimates, and in fact often resulted in fewer detected individuals, fewer total captures, and fewer spatial recaptures. Consequently, clustered and sequential trap arrangements even with fewer traps yielded estimates of abundance that were as precise or more as the regular trap configuration. Performance differences between the three trap configurations were most marked when trap spacing was large relative to home range size (Table 7). However, performance differences between trap configurations diminished as home range size increased.
Table 7. RMSE values of estimators of , as effective trap spacing (i.e., trap spacing/σ) increased under the regular trap configuration and across all baseline detection probabilities (p0 = 0.20, 0.10, 0.05).
SCR models are flexible to estimate population parameters with accuracy and precision for sampling designs commonly employed in studies of wide-ranging species. However, effective estimation in SCR models depends on obtaining a sufficiently large sample size of unique individuals and spatial recaptures. Compared to the regular trap configuration, the clustered arrangement frequently yielded more total captures and spatial recaptures, and the sequential arrangement yielded more unique individuals. Although the sequential configuration detected more unique individuals by moving traps to new locations, the total number of recaptures was fewer compared to the clustered configuration because each trap was only available to detect individuals for half the sampling occasions. Also, as detection rates decreased, more traps per cluster were necessary to detect individuals and recaptures. The necessity of sufficient sample sizes of individuals and spatial recaptures was also highlighted by the instability of the MLE under low detection (particularly p0 = 0.05) at small values of the spatial scale parameter (σ = 1 km), which resulted in parameter estimates on the boundary of the parameter space [41], [42].
Non-regular, and particularly the clustered, trap configurations helped compensate for sparse trap arrays. This suggests that precise estimates over a large study area are possible, even when limited by a sparse and widely-set trap array, by arranging traps in clusters. Clusters of traps increase the expected number of spatial recaptures of individuals while the large spatial extent increases the expected number of unique individuals detected.
Our simulations also suggest that it is important to prescribe trap spacing relative to home range sizes of individuals. As the spatial scale parameter, σ, increased, differences between the performance of SCR estimators with different trap configurations diminished. For example, at the smallest value of σ (1 km), trap spacing in the regular configuration was 4.71 km, or >4σ; but as σ increased to 10 km, this same trap spacing equated to just 0.47σ (Table 2). As a result, differences between trap arrangements were negligible at σ = 10 km, even at the lowest detection rate (p0 = 0.05). When traps are widely spaced relative to σ, fewer captures and spatial recaptures are collected. Accordingly, parameter estimates improved markedly when σ increased from 1 km to 5 km and trap spacing decreased to less than 2σ (Table 7). Home range diameters of black bears in the geographic region on which these simulations were based range from 5.1–25.1 km [27], coinciding with the value of σ when accuracy and precision of our parameter estimates improved. This pattern in trap spacing is similar to the conclusions of Sollmann et al. [15] that recommended trap distances be less than 2σ. Since σ is a spatial scale parameter related to an individual's home range radius, this essentially suggests that at least ∼2 traps should be placed within an individual's home range, a minimum that is smaller than the traditional recommendation for trap density of 4 traps per home range [17]. In evaluating trap spacings and configurations over a range of values for σ, our simulations also demonstrate the importance of establishing a sampling design based on the smallest (usually the female) estimate of σ. Doing so helps ensure detection of all individuals, even those with larger ranges of movement.
In field studies, implementing the sequential trap configuration requires that twice the number of traps be set because traps are moved half-way through the sampling period, which increases the amount of associated work that setting traps entails. Our simulations suggested that the different trap configurations performed similarly when trap spacing was less than 2σ, even when the sequential trap configuration detected a greater number of unique individuals. Thus, clustered trap configurations and even regular trap configurations may be sufficient, and more intense sampling designs unnecessary, when traps arrays with spacing of less than 2σ can be achieved. However, if trap spacing is >2σ, such as when forced due to large spatial extents, non-regular trap arrangements should be favored in order to maintain the precision of estimators. In this situation, our results suggest that the clustered configuration would likely be the most efficient to employ.
We identified several instances of tradeoff between precision (SD) and bias (MNB) in parameter estimation. However, values of RMSE, which incorporates bias and variance, were similar to the corresponding values of SD, and estimates of bias were low. Thus, any observed tradeoffs between precision and bias were not consequential.
Naturally, our simulations were not exhaustive of the parameter space. Particularly, we held the spatial extent constant to mimic conditions for a predetermined study area, and defined the upper bound of number of traps (J = 128) based on limits we expect researchers would likely face. As a result, we did not explore trap clusters with >4 traps, which would have allowed larger spatial extents by setting clusters farther apart than 9.06 km. Larger spatial extents allow for more individuals to be detected, and would be applicable for populations with lower densities and/or larger ranges of movement. At the same time, spatial extents smaller than examined here would provide further insight into the minimum requirements for robust parameter estimation. Such simulations that continue to investigate the balance between spatial extent and trap spacing would be valuable for future research.
Our simulations demonstrate that 1) gains in precision and accuracy of parameter estimates are related to both trap configuration and trap spacing, which is relative to the spatial scale parameter and home range size, and that 2) increased numbers of traps per cluster (at least up to four traps per cluster) improve precision. Our simulations reinforce the understanding that although different SCR sampling designs can provide accurate and precise estimators of population parameters, effective estimation requires datasets that include captures and spatial recaptures of a sufficient proportion of the population. These results highlight the importance of understanding the spatial characteristics of a study population, such as home range sizes of different portions of the population, spatial scales of movement, as well as information about the ability to detect individuals.
In developing sampling designs for spatial capture-recapture studies, our results suggest the following strategy for devising a sampling design: 1) determine the spatial extent of the study population, 2) determine the maximum trap spacing based on the minimum value of the spatial scale parameter, 2σmin, 3) if enough traps are available to space traps less than 2σ in a regular arrangement, do so, assuming it is practical to implement, 4) otherwise, consider traps in a clustered configuration with wider spacing between clusters, and more traps per cluster as expected detection rate decreases. With the increasing application of SCR methods and the effort required of mark-recapture efforts, it is important to understand the consequences of different sampling designs for large-mammal populations. Simulations provide an accessible opportunity to explore different sampling arrangements, allowing researchers to identify feasible designs that most efficiently utilize effort and resources.
File S1.
Combined supporting information file containing Tables S1–S9. Table S1 Custom-written R scripts for data simulation and parameter estimation. Table S2 in File S1. Summary of mean capture data across trap configuration, σ, and p0 for N = 500 and J = 128 traps. Table S3 in File S1. Summary of capture data across σ and p0 when trap spacing increased (4.71, 5.24, 6.40, and 9.60 km). Table S4 in File S1. For σ = 1 km, summary of estimated in the clustered and sequential trap configurations when trap spacing increased from 4.71 to 9.60 km (J = 128 to 32 traps) and N = 500. Table S5 in File S1. For σ = 5 km, summary estimates of in the regular, clustered, and sequential trap configurations when trap spacing increased from 4.71 to 9.60 km (J = 128 to 32 traps) and N = 500. Table S6 in File S1. For σ = 10 km, summary estimates of in the regular, clustered, and sequential trap configurations when trap spacing increased from 4.71 to 9.60 km (J = 128 to 32 traps) and N = 500. Table S7 in File S1. For σ = 1 km, summary of estimates of in the regular, clustered and sequential trap configurations when trap spacing increased from 4.71 to 9.60 km (J = 128 to 32 traps) and N = 500. Table S8 in File S1. For σ = 5 km, summary of estimates of in the regular, clustered and sequential trap configurations when trap spacing increased from 4.71 to 9.60 km (J = 128 to 32 traps) and N = 500. Table S9 in File S1. For σ = 10 km, summary of estimates of in the regular, clustered and sequential trap configurations when trap spacing increased from 4.71 to 9.60 km (J = 128 to 32 traps) and N = 500.
We thank the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation for support, C. Sutherland for assistance with implementing code, and M. Hare for helpful comments of earlier drafts of this manuscript. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Conceived and designed the experiments: CS AKF JAR. Performed the experiments: CS. Analyzed the data: CS AKF JAR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CS AKF JAR. Wrote the paper: CS AKF JAR.
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has CORRECTION
Correction: Trap Configuration and Spacing Influences Parameter Estimates in Spatial Capture-Recapture Models
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2019 Toyota RAV4 Redesign, Colors, Engine, Price – On the flip side, the newest 2019 Toyota RAV4 Crossbreed will be the 2nd-gen version and ought to deliver different modifications. This has been found throughout the testing, and depending on the photos the newest RAV4 will get there with significant style revisions. As opposed to the existing streamlined layout, the longer term Toyota will feature a far more durable physical appearance. Beneath the hood, the hybrid model will carry over the same engine while for that regular edition there may be still no any specific information and facts. Even so, it may also retain the same engine since the current model.
Another-gen 2019 Toyota RAV4 Crossbreed will be overhauled entirely. Its clean and streamlined layout will likely be exchanged through the more rugged visual appeal. The front side stop will come with a substantial grille with accentuated encircling and razor-sharp and angular notable front lights. Transferring to the rear, we will recognize horizontally placed tail lamps. Also, according to the most recent studies, the RAV4 may be switched to the new design which is the Toyota's TNGA Platform that is also used in Prius, Camry, and C-HR designs.
There is not any information about methods the cabin in the 2019 Toyota RAV4 Crossbreed could appear like. We believe that it may possibly get some changes thinking about products and perhaps newer and more efficient shade combinations. Generally, the cabin with this compact SUV is high quality and supplies excellent area for all of the passengers. The typical products in all of the models incorporate a 6.1-inch touch screen for your infotainment process, Wireless Bluetooth, Universal serial bus, energy home windows and hair, and the navigation.
The 2019 Toyota RAV4 Hybrid continues to work with the same motor as being the 2018 version year. It really is a 2.5-liter inline-4 combined with two electric powered engines. Together, they could generate 194 horses and 206 lb-ft of torque. The generator will utilize a continuously adjustable transmission, and the all-time push system will be healthy. Regarding fuel economy, it becomes 34 mpg from the city and 30 mpg on the highway.
Additionally, the typical edition could possibly be driven through the exact same 2.5-liter inline-4 employed in the current model. This generator can develop 176 Hewlett Packard along with the torque of 172 pound-feet. However, this information still must be verified.
The 2019 Toyota RAV4 Crossbreed could get there following this season or perhaps in early in 2019. The purchase price should be higher than the buying price of the existing product.


text:
China's Long-Term Need For LNG Still Huge; Short-Term Demand Uncertain Due To COVID-19
Friday, April 24, 2020, 7:14 AM MDT
The "30,000-foot-view," in business parlance, describes getting to a high enough level to see the big picture. It's also an apt phrase — both literally and figuratively — for describing the long-term need for Canadian LNG to displace the use of higher-carbon producing coal for power generation.
From the air, things can seem different, says Susannah Pierce, director of corporate affairs for LNG Canada.
Most Canadian cities enjoy fairly good air quality, but in other parts of the world, "flying over a city that relies on coal-fired power for electricity or industrial and residential heating offers another experience," Pierce says.
China's shift from coal is being driven primarily by its air pollution crisis, she notes.
According to the International Energy Agency's latest World Energy Outlook, natural gas demand in that country will triple by 2040. Natural gas is already being used to complement China's emerging renewable energy sector, she notes, and is increasingly being used in Chinese factories and for district heating.
In addition, the IEA says 80 per cent more natural gas will be required over the next 20 years in China, India and Southeast Asia in order to displace higher carbon-producing coal.
Pierce says that research conducted for LNG Canada — which is building the first train of a $40-billion LNG project near Kitimat, B.C. — indicates that the project's own exports to China will emit approximately 35–55 per cent fewer greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than China's domestic coal.
Moreover, the largest GHG reductions realized in China from Canadian LNG will come from displacing coal in residential heating (56 per cent), followed by electricity generation (52 per cent), and industrial heat generation (36 per cent), Pierce says.
Immediate response to COVID-19
In the short-term, all project developers — including those in Canada — are focused one thing: impacts from the coronavirus pandemic.
LNG Canada announced in mid-March a temporary reduction of 50 per cent in its workforce of more than 1,000 construction workers in order to "flatten the curve" to deal with a possible outbreak on the site.
Local employees will be retained, with fly-in employees on temporary layoff.
Despite the substantial reduction in the workforce, the project is still slated to begin delivering Canadian gas to export markets by mid-decade.
"LNG Canada remains committed to delivering its first cargo by the middle of this decade," Pierce said.
COVID 19 has already caused a delay in the construction of one new Canadian LNG plant, and the delay in a final investment decision (FID).
In late March, the backers of the $1.6-billion Woodfibre LNG project announced a one-year delay on construction of the facility, which was to start this summer.
The company said "work stoppages caused by COVID 19," including the shutdown of a fabrication yard in China that was making products for the facility in Squamish, B.C., forced a one-year delay in construction.
In addition, the company that Woodfibre had chosen to complete engineering, procurement and construction for the project has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and needs to rearrange its financing.
Company president David Keane emphasized that "the Woodfibre LNG project is still moving ahead."
"We are continuing to work with our Indigenous and commercial partners to meet all of our pre-construction commitments," he said.
On the East Coast, Pieridae Energy Limited announced in mid-April that its FID for the Goldboro LNG project in Nova Scotia will be delayed beyond Sept. 30, 2020, as a result of a depressed market and COVID-19 impacts.
A further announcement will be made once COVID-19 conditions improve and markets stabilize, Pieridae said.
In addition, the company is in discussions with different levels of government on how its proposed project could benefit from infrastructure funding that might become available with the restart to the economy, says its chief executive officer.
"We believe our project fits very well with the criteria the government has put in place as our project affects multiple provinces … it's an opportunity for government to have a win-win for them," Alfred Sorensen said in a conference call to discuss Q4 and full-year 2019 results. "We get Canada into a new industry and at the same time we bring work back to parts of the country that have suffered because of the [COVID-19] virus shutting down the majority of the economy."
Current LNG market dynamics
At present, the world's top buyers of LNG are seeking to defer shipments as the coronavirus pandemic cripples demand and forces more of the heating and power fuel into storage that is nearing capacity.
The move signals that efforts to contain the spread of the virus may impact energy consumption far into this year and possibly 2021, worsening an oversupply of natural gas and oil that's punished prices, Bloomberg reported.
Buyers in South Korea and Japan, including Korea Gas Corp. and Tokyo Gas Co., are in discussions with term suppliers to postpone cargoes slated for delivery as far out as October, according to people with knowledge of the matter. The delay requests vary from just a few days to as late as next year, said the people, who asked not to be identified as the discussions are private.
Earlier this year, buyers in China, where the virus first hit, declared force majeure on some cargoes.
In early April, however, it was reported that China's buyers of LNG have become some of the most active in the market, signalling a turnaround from February and March, when the country's top importers sought to delay or cancel shipments due to demand and logistical constraints caused by the coronavirus outbreak.
Gas demand during the pandemic
Amidst the carnage being experienced by oil and companies due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent price war, there is a bit of good news. We still need to heat our homes and keep the lights on.
"People may be working from home instead of offices, but they are still using natural gas to heat their homes and use their stoves and when they turn their lights on," said Bill Gwozd, an energy analyst with Argo Consulting.
"I don't think gas demand will change much, even if it [the business shutdown caused by the virus] lasts a year."
Gwozd said about 85 per cent of gas demand comes from the power sector and for home heating and other residential uses, which will just be shifted from offices to residences.
However, about 15 per cent of gas use in North America is in the petrochemical and fertilizer industries, which will definitely be affected.
Globally, Gwozd sees the demand for gas, much of it being delivered now via LNG, remaining strong for the longer term.
"Long term the demand [for LNG and gas] will still be there because population growth doesn't stop and one day Canadian gas reserves, which are huge, will be tapped to their full potential."
Mark Pinney, manager of markets and transportation with the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), said one factor Gwozd isn't considering is the impact on U.S. domestic gas availability as LNG exports are disrupted.
"[A] reduction in LNG exports from the United States to global markets, as a result of COVID 19, will mean more U.S. production will be available to meet its domestic demand and will therefore have a short-term impact on Canadian natural gas production (approximately half) being exported to the U.S.," he wrote in an email.
In the long-term, CAPP says China's gas demand will grow from 23 bcf/d now to 65 bcf/d by 2040.
Cameron Gingrich, director of gas services with the Calgary office of consulting firm Solomon Associates, said short-term gas demand will be reduced, although he agrees with Gwozd that demand will move from offices to homes. However, gas demand will decline in the petrochemical, fertilizer and other manufacturing sectors.
Solomon sees gas production growing to 21 bcf/d by 2030 in Western Canada, despite the short term impact of the pandemic.
And it sees both trains of the LNG Canada plant being built, Woodfibre being online by then and some smaller projects going ahead, representing total gas consumption for LNG exports of four bcf/d by 2030.
Long term, if the regulatory and other barriers to LNG development in Canada can be minimized, Gingrich sees significant potential for LNG growth in the decade following 2030.
That's because, under the Paris Climate Accord, China essentially received a free pass to grow its power production in line with its economic growth for the balance of this decade. That's why it currently has 60 coal-fired plants under construction.
"After 2030, China will have a huge incentive to lower its carbon emissions," he said. – with files from Bloomberg, LNG Canada
Canada — B.C. LNG
Kiwetinohk – Clearwater Area Assets – Request For Offers
CER Denies NGTL Application For Proposed Firm Linked Transportation Service
Former Gas Players Switch To Carbon Capture And Storage
Yardley Retiring From Enbridge; Company Makes Executive Changes
Enhance Energy Lays Out Plans For New Carbon Sequestration Project


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01:44:24 The Greatest Soul Music Hits of All Time Top 20 Soul Music Of The 60's, 70's, 80's
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All CategoriesVisit TheBody (Our HIV Community Resource)
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https://www.thebodypro.com/article/one-in-20-new-york-city-gay-men-acquire-hiv-within
HIV Spotlight Center: Caring for the Newly Diagnosed Patient
Adverse Events, Comorbidities, and HIV
One in 20 New York City Gay Men Acquire HIV Within a Year of Syphilis Diagnosis
Mark Mascolini
From 2000 through mid-2010, 15% of New York City men already diagnosed with syphilis were infected with HIV, according to results of a population-level analysis. Among men who have sex with men (MSM), more than 5% with syphilis had HIV infection within a year.
In New York City and other North American and European cities, men -- and predominantly MSM -- generally account for the lion's share of HIV and other sexually transmitted disease (STD) infections. Epidemiologic studies indicate that people with syphilis run a high risk of HIV infection. Researchers in the New York City Department of Health conducted this study to measure HIV incidence in men following a diagnosis of primary or secondary syphilis in order to identify high-risk groups who may benefit from HIV-blocking interventions such as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
The investigators used an algorithm to match cases of syphilis and HIV reported in men in the NYC HIV/AIDS and STD surveillance registries. Matching involved 36 combinations of patient information, such as name, birth date and social security number. Among men diagnosed with syphilis from 2000 through June 2010, the researchers calculated HIV incidence. They used Cox proportional hazards models to identify risk factors for incident HIV infection.
From January 2000 through June 2010, the registries showed 6,053 men with syphilis, of whom 3,081 (51%) had an HIV diagnosis before January 2000. Another 167 men were diagnosed with HIV within 60 days of their syphilis diagnosis. To calculate HIV incidence, the researchers focused on the remaining 2,805 men with syphilis who did not have prior or concurrent HIV infection. Median age of these 2,805 men was 33 years (range 14 to 86), and approximately one-third were black, one-quarter white and one-quarter Hispanic. Two-thirds were MSM.
During an average follow-up time of 4.2 years, 423 of these 2,805 men with syphilis (15.1%) were diagnosed with HIV infection. Time to HIV diagnosis ranged from 60 days to 8.6 years (median 1.6 years). Annual HIV incidence measured 3.61% and did not vary greatly across major racial/ethnic groups. But HIV incidence was substantially higher in MSM (5.56%) than in men who have sex with women (1.20%) and other risk groups (0.46%). Men with a bacterial STD diagnosed after syphilis had a higher HIV incidence (7.89%) than men with only syphilis (2.89%) or those with a concurrent bacterial STD (3.44%).
Cox models identified three independent predictors of newly diagnosed HIV infection in men with syphilis: MSM compared with men who had other, unknown, or injection drug use risk of HIV (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 8.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.20 to 15.18), secondary syphilis versus primary syphilis (aHR 1.37, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.72) and concurrent or subsequent STD versus only syphilis (aHR 2.03, 95% CI 1.65 to 2.50).
The authors say their findings "point to the need for more effective primary HIV prevention efforts among all men with P&S [primary and secondary] syphilis and especially for MSM and men with syphilis followed by other bacterial STD." Previous work determined that an HIV incidence of 2.4% -- more than 1% lower than the rate in this study -- means 41% of men HIV-negative at age 18 will be positive by age 40.
The NYC team proposes that clinicians and health authorities consider "promising HIV prevention strategies" such as PrEP and "existing effective interventions" such as frequent repeat HIV testing to stem the spread of HIV among men with syphilis.
Mark Mascolini is a freelance writer focused on HIV infection.
Mark Mascolini writes about HIV infection.
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International Scholarly Research Notices
International Scholarly Research Notices / 2011 / Article
AbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferencesCopyright
Alessandro Villa, Stefano Castiglioni, Alessandro Peretti, Marco Omodei, Giovanni B. Ferrieri, Silvio Abati, "Osteoporosis and Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Bone", International Scholarly Research Notices, vol. 2011, Article ID 654027, 4 pages, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/654027
Osteoporosis and Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Bone
Alessandro Villa,1 Stefano Castiglioni,1 Alessandro Peretti,1 Marco Omodei,1 Giovanni B. Ferrieri,1 and Silvio Abati1
1Dental Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Milano, 20142 Milano, Italy
Academic Editor: A. Sudo
Received01 Apr 2011
Published30 Jun 2011
The aim of this longitudinal study is to present data from 76 female patients treated with bisphosphonates (BPs) for postmenopausal osteoporosis and referred to the Unit of Oral Diagnosis and Day Surgery of the University of Milano for diagnosis and treatment. All patients received a thorough oral examination. The diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the jaw bone (ONJ) was made from radiographic and clinical findings. 9% of individuals had BRONJ at first visit. Patients with dental or periodontal abscess were significantly more likely to develop BRONJ (OR: 2.9, 95% CI 0.5–15.9). Patients with osteoporosis receiving BPs may develop BRONJ, especially in the presence of an active infectious process in the mouth. Clinicians should carefully follow up on individuals receiving bisphosphonates therapy to avoid the occurrence of osteonecrotic lesions.
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal condition that affects many millions of women around the world. The National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference defined osteoporosis as a disease of increased skeletal fragility accompanied by microarchitectural deterioration and low bone mineral density (a T score for bone mineral density below −2.5) [1]. Osteoporosis prevention and treatment have relied on hormonal treatments such as estrogens and selective estrogen-receptor modulators, and on anticatabolic drugs and bone resorption inhibitors including bisphosphonates. Bisphosphonates are the most widely used anticatabolic agents in the pharmacological management of postmenopausal osteoporosis [2]. These compounds are potent suppressor of osteoclast activity, improve trabecular and cortical architecture, and increase bone mineral density thereby [3] reducing the risk of fracture in women osteoporosis [4].
Since 2003, numerous reports proposed an association between bisphosphonate use and osteonecrosis of the jaw bone as a long-term side effect of this class of agents [5]. According to the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons' position paper [6], patients may be considered to have bisphosphonates-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) if all of the following three characteristics are present: (1) current or previous treatment with a bisphosphonate, (2) exposed, necrotic bone in the maxillofacial region that has persisted for more than eight weeks, and (3) no history of radiation therapy to the jaws.
Although BRONJ is a dose-related side effect and it is more common in cancer patients [7], a recent paper showed that the frequency of osteoporosis patients on oral BPs affected by BRONJ was higher than previously reported ( 𝑁 = 4 7 0 , 7.8%) [8]. The purpose of this longitudinal study is to present data from 76 female patients treated with bisphosphonates for postmenopausal osteoporosis and referred to the Unit of Oral Diagnosis and Day Surgery of the University of Milano for diagnosis and treatment.
Starting in 2005, all female osteoporotic patients treated with BPs were referred to the Unit of Oral Diagnosis and Day Surgery for evaluation and management. Before the visit and treatment, all patients gave written informed consent. This study was approved by the Director of the Clinic in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Each patient received a thorough oral, dental, and periodontal examination. Each tooth was probed at four sites (three buccally and one lingually) using a North Carolina probe to measure probing pocket depth and recession. Recession was measured using the cementoenamel junction as a reference point. Clinical attachment level (CAL) was then calculated as probing depth plus recession. Periodontitis was based on measures of the presence and extent of CAL in at least 20% of the sites probed, CAL > 4 mm. Relevant clinical data regarding BPs treatment, comorbidities, oral findings, dental treatment plan, and past and present dental therapies, were assessed. Patients were followed up every three months for routine clinical examination, oral hygiene instructions and debridement; restorative care, periodontal and dentoalveolar procedures were provided when needed according to the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons guidelines [9]. Adjustment of any ill-fitting dentures was performed, when necessary.
2.1. BRONJ Diagnosis and Staging
BRONJ diagnosis was made from radiographic and clinical findings. Patients were classified as having stage 0, I, II, or III. Briefly, patients with no clinical evidence of necrotic bone were considered stage 0. Individuals were included in the stage I group if they had asymptomatic exposed bone without any evidence of infection. Stage II group patients had exposed necrotic bone with clinical evidence of infection. Finally, patients were included in the stage III group if they had exposed necrotic bone with evidence of infection, pain, and one or more of the following: pathologic fracture, extraoral fistula, or osteolysis extending to the inferior border of the mandible or sinus floor.
2.2. BRONJ Management
The management of BRONJ aimed to reduce lesion size, soft and hard tissue inflammation and to alleviate pain. Nonsurgical treatment included wide spectrum antibiotics, antifungal agents, and mouthwashes with an antimicrobial solution. Surgical treatment included debridement without mucosal elevation and removal of loose segments of bony sequestra.
We described the distribution of participants' characteristics, including demographics, smoking status, medical history, and the prevalence and clinical features of BRONJ.
We performed a logistic regression analysis to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI for exposures of interest such as diabetes, hypertension, dental or periodontal abscess, multiple dental decays, periodontitis, dental extraction, and the presence of ONJ. All analyses had a significance level of 0.05.
A total of 76 Caucasian women were included in this analysis. At the time of enrollment, patients ranged in age from 51 to 91 years, with a median age of 69 years (interquartile range 62–74) (Table 1). Approximately 12% of the women reported current smoking.
Total ( 𝑁 = 7 6 )
𝑛 (%)
50–60 14 (18.4)
80+ 7 (9.2)
Median (IQR) 69 (62–74)
Never 56 (73.7)
Current 9 (11.8)
Former 11 (14.5)
No 50 (65.8)
Yes 26 (34.2)
Immunosuppressant
Yes 4 (5.3)
Previous radio/chemotherapy
BPs and BRONJ
BPs treatment
Alendronate 47 (61.8)
Clodronate 16 (21.1)
Ibandronate 3 (3.9)
Risedronate 10 (13.2)
ONJ at first visit
ONJ Stage
0 57 (89.1)
I 3 (4.7)
II 4 (6.3)
ONJ Site
Maxilla 1 (14.3)
Jaw Bone 6 (85.7)
Minor ONJ surgery
ONJ: Osteonecrosis of the jaw; BPs: Bisphosphonates.
Patients' characteristics, osteonecrosis of the jaw and dental treatments.
In addition, 34.2% suffered from hypertension, 21.1% had cardiovascular disease, 5.3% of patients reported having diabetes, 5.3% were in treatment with an immunosuppressant agent, and 3.9% previously underwent chemo- and radiotherapy. Multiple dental decays and periodontitis were present in 61.8% and 77.6% of the individuals, respectively.
All patients were affected by osteoporosis and were treated with bisphosphonates.
61.8% of patients were receiving Alendronate, 21.1% Clodronate, 3.9% Ibandronate, or 13.2% Risedronate. Patients had received BPs consecutively for a mean duration of time of 191 weeks (95% CI, 150.9–230.7).
3.1. BRONJ Patients
Of these 76 patients, seven (9.2%) had active ONJ at first visit and were being treated in our clinics (Table 1). Three patients were classified as being stage I, and four individuals were stage II. Among these, the majority (85.7%) was in the mandible while 14.3% had ONJ in the maxilla. The triggering events for ONJ were identified as previous dentoalveolar surgery ( 𝑛 = 2 ) , local trauma from dentures ( 𝑛 = 3 ) , and periodontal infection ( 𝑛 = 2 ) .
All BRONJ patients received wide spectrum antibiotic therapy, and four patients underwent surgical debridement. No alternative treatments were chosen.
3.2. Treatment Outcome
Closure of the exposure and complete remission was obtained in 4 cases out of 7.
At present none of the non-ONJ patients submitted to invasive dental treatments developed ONJ signs and/or symptoms.
3.3. BRONJ-Associated Factors
Individuals with dental or periodontal abscess were significantly more likely to develop ONJ (Table 2). A borderline association was present among individuals with periodontitis ( 𝑃 = . 0 5 ) . Women with a positive history for diabetes had a significant increase in the odds of having ONJ (OR: 3.7, 95% CI 0.3–40.9). Patients who underwent dental extraction while receiving BPs therapy were three times more likely to develop ONJ (OR: 2.9, 95% CI 0.5–15.9).
ONJ
Total ( 𝑁 = 7 6 ) No ( 𝑁 = 6 9 ) Yes ( 𝑁 = 7 ) Odds ratio (95% CI) 𝑃 value
𝑛 (%) 𝑛 (%) 𝑛 (%)
No 72 (94.7) 66 (91.7) 6 (8.3) 1.0 .26
Yes 4 (5.3) 3 (75.0) 1 (25.0) 3.7 (0.3–40.9)
No 50 (65.8) 44 (88.0) 6 (12.0) 1.0 .24
Yes 26 (34.2) 25 (96.2) 1 (3.8) 0.3 (0.1–2.6)
No 70 (92.1) 69 (98.6) 1 (1.4) 1.0 <.01
Yes 6 (7.9) 0 (0.0) 6 (100.0) ∞ (<0.001–∞)
Multiple dental decays
No 17 (22.4) 17 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 1.0 .05
Yes 59 (77.6) 52 (88.1) 7 (11.9) ∞ (<0.001–∞)
Yes 37 (48.7) 32 (86.5) 5 (13.5) 2.9 (0.5–15.9)
ONJ: Osteonecrosis of the jaw.
Univariate analysis of associations with osteonecrosis of the jaw bone.
No significant associations were observed for the following variables: age, smoking status, type of BPs used, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, immunosuppressant, previous radio- and chemotherapy, and multiple dental decays.
Bisphosphonates are the most widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis, with more than 190 million prescriptions dispensed worldwide [10]. The results of our analysis showed that the incidence of ONJ attributable to the use of bisphosphonates was 9%. Our findings are in agreement with those of Otto et al. [8], who conducted a large multicenter trial on the relationship between ONJ and the use of BPs and showed that 7.8% of cases ( 𝑁 = 4 7 0 ) were associated with oral BPs therapy due to osteoporosis.
Patients with diabetes were four times more likely to develop ONJ. The risk increased also for patients who underwent dental-alveolar procedures and for those women who had periodontal disease and dental or periodontal abscess. Our results are also consistent with those from a paper by the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center group [11], which reported that patients who had a dental or periodontal abscess and were taking bisphosphonates, were at a seven-fold increased risk for developing BRONJ.
Individuals who had dental extractions were three times more likely to be diagnosed with BRONJ. Data presented by Hoff et al. [12] showed that cancer patients with a positive history of dental extractions were associated with a significant increase in the odds of detecting ONJ (OR: 13.2; 95% CI 3.7–47.3; 𝑃 < . 0 0 0 1 ). However, our odds ratios are lower than those reported by Hoff and colleagues. It may be suggested that cancer patients have a slower healing process than cancer-free but osteoporotic patients; both radiation therapy and chemotherapy can affect the ability of cells to reproduce, which slows the healing process in the mouth [13]. In addition, chemotherapy may reduce the number of white blood cells and weaken the immune system, making it easier for the patient to develop an infection. As such, the risk of ONJ is significantly increased.
Though small numbers limited our ability to fully evaluate the risk factors for ONJ, no associations were observed for tobacco use, presence of multiple decays, previous radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, or concomitant use of immunosuppressant medications. Another limitation to note for this study is that our study population was hospital based. Therefore, our results may not be generalizable to the population at large. In order to overcome these sample-size issues, multicentric population-based case-control studies are warranted.
Our findings indicate that patients with osteoporosis receiving BPs may develop osteonecrosis of the mandible, especially in the presence of an active infectious process in the mouth such as periodontal disease or suppuration. In addition, management of this condition requires the use of prolonged medical treatment and may require oral surgical procedures. As such, there is an urgent need to fill a knowledge gap in better characterizing this condition, identifying the main cause, and determining individual susceptibility for the intervention and prevention of BRONJ. To follow up on our findings, additional large clinical trials that aim to find how to overcome bisphosphonate-associated ONJ and to predict who may benefit from bisphosphonate treatment without accompanying risk of ONJ are warranted. In the meantime, patients receiving bisphosphonates therapy should be followed carefully to avoid the occurrence of extended osteonecrotic lesions.
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Copyright © 2011 Alessandro Villa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


Музыка топик по английскому. Английские топики, темы. Music in our life. Музыка.
Английские топики, темы. Music in our life. Музыка.
I'm sure that people can't live without music. They listen to music, dance to music or learn to play musical instruments. Music is everywhere: at home and in the streets, on the radio and on TV, in the shops and in the parks.
Music is not only a combination of pleasant sounds. It is an art which reflects life. Music reflects people's ideas and emotions.
Nowadays singers and songs become popular very quickly thanks to special radio programs and TV channels. Many people prefer listening to Europe+ , Autoradio, Russian Radio. The most favourite TV channel is MTV.
Different people like different kinds of music. You may prefer pop or rock music, country or folk music, classical music or jazz. Some of them appeared long ago, and some are modern.
For example, folk music appeared long ago, but it is still alive. There are many folk singers in Russia; for example, Nadezhda Babkina. Folk songs are very tuneful and pleasant to listen to.
Rap is a modern musical style where the singer speaks the words to music.
Dance music, in my opinion, is catchy and it makes people more energetic.
Heavy metal is very noisy.
Jazz is a mixture of many different kinds of music.
As for me, it depends on my mood what music I want to listen to at the moment.
But I prefer ROCK music. I think that it is breathtaking and full of energy. It helps me to relax when I'm tired.
My favourite singers are__________ and______________. My favourite band is __________. I think they are very talented. Their music is wonderful and exciting.
Besides, I can play the guitar and I like it very much.


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'Stars of the Ice' is a live look at the NHL All-Star Weekend in St. Louis
by: KTVI/KPLR
ST. LOUIS (NEXSTAR) — Hockey's best are in St. Louis beginning for the 65th NHL All-Star Game. The puck drops Saturday, January 26 at 7:00 p.m. at the Enterprise Center. But, the events surrounding the game started Thursday.
Use the video player above to watch. App users might need to CLICK HERE for a better view of the player.
The weekend's festivities include a free Green Day concert, a Fan Fair at Union Station, the NHL Alumni Game, the Mascot Showdown, and a 5k through the streets of downtown St. Louis.
The All-Star Weekend features a four-team, single-elimination tournament with teams representing the league's four divisions (Metropolitan, Atlantic, Pacific, and Central). Each game will be played in a 3-on-3 format. The first two games are Friday night at Enterprise Center, with the finals taking place Saturday evening.
by Aaron S. Lee, WGNO, Nexstar Media Wire / Jan 21, 2021
NEW ORLEANS (WGNO) — Brittany Brees posted a heartfelt letter of support on her private Instagram account that perhaps shines a brighter light on injuries her husband, Drew Brees, may have been struggling with throughout the season.
Brees, who turned 42 last Friday, missed four games during the season due to 11 broken ribs and a collapsed lung suffered during the Week 9 home game against the San Francisco 49ers. However, the post disclosed that the league's all-time leading passer (80,358 yards) may have also endured a torn rotator cuff in his shoulder and a torn fascia in his foot this season as well.
Sources: Tennessee fires head coach Jeremy Pruitt, AD Fulmer to retire
by Caleb Wethington / Jan 18, 2021
KNOXVILLE, Tenn. (WATE) -- The University of Tennessee has fired head football coach Jeremy Pruitt, sources have confirmed to WATE 6 On Your Side.
Sources have also confirmed Phillip Fulmer will retire from his role after leading the athletic department for the last three years.


Well, I've finally posted this year's winner on my Nero Awards page – big congratulations to David Morell for his novel, Murder as a Fine Art!
Of course, all the other nominees deserve congratulations as well – it's a big honor to be nominated for an award as prestigious as the Nero! The Nero Awards are given out by the "Wolfe Pack", a fan club devoted to author Rex Stout's "Nero Wolfe" series. This worldwide club's members originally formed in 1977 specifically to discuss Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe (and don't forget Archie Goodwin!) series. The Nero has since grown into one of the most prestigious awards available in mystery fiction.
As I said before, all the nominees should be honored – here's a full list, in case you're interested in looking up their works!
In addition to giving out the Nero Award, the Wolfe Pack also recently awarded their Black Orchid Novella Award (which you can find on this page), presented jointly with the Alfred Hitchcock Mystery Magazine to an outstanding shorter mystery work. This year, the winner is K.G. McAbee, for "Dyed to Death". The chairperson for this award was Jane K. Cleland – of particular note to us Cozy Mystery fans as a very popular author in her own right, having recently released the ninth book in her popular Josie Prescott AntiquesMystery Series (Blood Rubies)!
If you'd like to take a look at more mystery awards, here is the link to my Mystery Book Awards page.