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Pilot Error Caused GE235 Prop-Engine Flameout
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TransAsia flight GE235 pilot mistakenly switched off the airliner's only working engine moments before crashing in February, killing 43 people, says officially the Taiwanese Aviation Safety Council in its latest report released Thursday, July 2, 2015.
Photo Credit: Taiwanese Aviation Safety Council, TVBS TAIWAN / Agence France-Presse (AFP) / Getty Images. Final moments showing idle right-side Pratt & Whitney turboprop engine before the pilot error-induced left-side engine shut-off of TransAsia Airways flight GE235 Regional ATR 72-212A airliner, which had 58 passengers and crew on board, subsequently clipping a bridge and hitting a taxicab before crashing into the Keelung River in Taipei on February 4, 2015. Fifteen people survived.
Taiwanese Aviation Safety Council's (ASC), Factual Data Collection Group Report, which neither assigns responsibility, nor suggests recommendations, showed that Captain Liao Jian-zong was operating GE235's Regional ATR 72-212A airliner at the time of the crash.
According to Reuters, Captain Liao Jian-zong had "failed simulator training in May 2014, in part because he had insufficient knowledge of how to deal with an engine flameout on take-off."
Taiwanese air transport crash investigators state in the report that the right-side Pratt and Whitney turboprop engine went idle on TransAsia Airways flight GE235, only 37 seconds after taking off from nearby Taipei International Airport. After this right-side turboprop engine malfunctioned, the flight data recorder revealed, "fuel to the only functioning turboprop engine on the left-side was manually cut off." This critical finding was also discovered in a The Wall Street Journal report back in February 2015.
What was the circumstances of Flight GE235's turboprop engine flameout?
A turboprop engine flameout is "a run-down of a jet engine caused by the extinction of the flame in the combustion chamber. It can be caused by fuel starvation, compressor stall, insufficient oxygen (at high altitudes), foreign object damage (such as caused by birds, hail or volcanic ash), severe inclement weather, mechanical failure and very cold ambient temperatures," according to Wikipedia.
For quick reference by laypersons, offered by the Aircraft Performance Toolkit for Air Traffic Controllers, by definition, "a turboprop engine propels the aircraft using a propeller, as well as, an air jet. The air jet is produced in the same manner as the jet of the turbofan. The main driving force comes from the propeller. The turbine in the engine extracts more energy compared to a jet because it must power the propeller as well as the compressor."
"The amount of propeller thrust varies up to 90% of the total thrust depending on type. The air, compressed and burnt with injected fuel, is discharged through a turbine transmitting its energy to the compressor and via a gearbox to the propeller."
"The turboprop uses a gas turbine (jet engine) to turn a propeller. There are two main parts to a turboprop propulsion system, the jet engine and the propeller. The jet engine found in turboprops is very similar to a jet engine, except that instead of expanding all the hot exhaust gases through the nozzle to produce thrust, most of the energy of the exhaust gases is used to turn the turbine."
Data from the flight and cockpit recordings discussed in detail inside the latest Taiwanese ASC factual data report confirms that the pilot indeed in error cut-off fuel to the left-side Pratt and Whitney turboprop engine that would normally keep the airliner flying, and not in the stall mode before crashing as shown below.
Photo Credit: TVBS Taiwan, via AFP — Getty Images
By now all the world has seen the stunning photo and YouTube video, showing a TransAsia Airways plane clipping a road before crashing near Taipei, Taiwan in February.
Images taken from video provided by TVBS and flight GE235's final path trajectory given inside the Taiwanese ASC report shows the French-built ATR 72-212A plane's final moments in the air captured on car dashboard cameras do not appear to show flames, as it turned sharply with its wings going vertical and clipping a highway bridge, before plunging into the Keelung River in Taipei, according to the island's official news agency, CNA.
Taiwanese ASC reported that "video surveillance from dash-board cameras of vehicles were helpful to the investigation in addition to surveillance videos from two tall buildings nearby. The videos show the aircraft passed near one of the buildings (without contact), the first contact of the aircraft was with the taxi."
"Wow, pulled back the wrong side throttle," Captain Liao Jian-zong, 42, was heard to say on voice recordings, flying the aircraft in the left seat inside the "hot cockpit," as the captain first officer monitoring in the right seat quickly attempted to recover the ATR 72-212A airliner upon the loss of the one remaining left-side turboprop engine seconds before the crash.
Unfortunately, Captain Liao Jian-zong, flying the aircraft in the left seat, reduced the throttle on the only working turboprop engine, the Taiwanese ASC report concludes. Cockpit recordings appear to show that Captain Liao Jian-zong "did not appear to realize his mistake until it was too late," Reuters identifies from the ASC report.
Liao Jian-zong tried to restart the flamed out turboprop engine before the captain first-officer monitoring this flight in the right seat, shouted: "Impact, impact, brace for impact."
"Those chilling words were the last heard on the data recordings," according to the Taiwanese ASC's factual data investigation report on the TransAsia flight GE235 crash on February 4, 2015.
Earl Chapman, of Canada's Transportation Safety Bureau, told reporters back in February that the plane's Pratt & Whitney turboprop engines were known for their reliability.
"This engine type has millions of flight hours behind it with a very good safety record. So, it's fairly unremarkable in that respect," he added.
French-built TransAsia Avions de Transport Regional ATR 72-212A, registration B-22816 and Manufacturing Serial Number MSN 1141, performing as TransAsia Airways flight GE235 from Taipei Songshan to Kinmen (a small resort island near the coast of Taiwan) with 53 passengers and 5 TransAsia Airways flight crew on board, departed Songshan's runway 10, upon which the airliner was involved in an accident, crashing into the nearby Keelung River in Taipei, early Wednesday morning, February 4, 2015 at around 10:45 am (local time).
Photo Credit: Taiwanese Aviation Safety Council
Frantic rescue of fifteen survivors from Keelung River in Taipei.
Rescuers scrambled to pull survivors from the submerged wreckage of the ATR-72-212A twin-engine turboprop aircraft, which went down into the Keeling River shortly after takeoff from the international airport of the Taiwanese capital.
Photo Credit: WALLY SANTANA/ASSOCIATED PRESS. Emergency personnel try to extract passengers from the plane on Wednesday morning, February 4, 2015.
Taiwanese rescuers used a massive crane to hoist the French-built ATR 72-212A plane from the shallow, murky river after survivors were brought to safety on rubber rafts or scrambled to the Keelung River bank on their own.
Photo Credit: Wally Santana / Associated Press. The main fuselage from TransAsia Airways flight GE235 is hoisted away in Taipei on Thursday, February 5, 2015.
One injured person was reportedly found in a park along the river, Taiwan News reported. Wu Jun-Hong, a Taipei Fire Department official coordinating the rescue, said he was not "too optimistic" that more survivors would be found.
Earlier Friday, February 6, 2015, Taiwan's Civil Aeronautics Administration said TransAsia Airways would be grounded for additional new international flight routes for a year. The Southeast Asia regional air carrier had already been grounded from new international flight routes after a crash involving one of its airliners in July 2014 killed 49 people. TransAsia Airways flight GE235 crash extends the grounding period to February 4, 2016, the Taiwanese regulatory agency said.
Photo Credit: JIN LIWANG/ZUMA PRESS. TransAsia Airways flight GE235's Regional ATR 72-212A airliner black-box was recovered in February and sent to a lab for analysis by Taiwanese Aviation Safety Council.
"Wow, pulled back the wrong side throttle."
The turboprop engine aircraft is now generally believed to have incurred an 'engine flameout' moments before the crash in into the Keelung River in Taipei, Taiwan on Wednesday, February 4, 2015, according to early preliminary analysis of the flight data recorder and independent air-traffic control voice recordings of the TransAsia Airways ATR 72-212A airliner.
In an attempt to re-start both turboprop engines, Taiwan's Aviation Safety Council believes the pilots may have shut off the plane's left-side turboprop engine upon encountering a right-side engine malfunction immediately 37 seconds upon becoming airborne at takeoff in Taipei.
Unfortunately, the pilots did not have enough time before the ATR-72-212A airliner crashed into the Keelung River in Taipei, Taiwan, as air-traffic control lost communication with the plane's pilots four minutes after takeoff from Taipei's Songshan Airport.
According to CNN International and The Wall Street Journal reports, supposedly a pilot on a recording of radio conversations between air traffic control and TransAsia Airways flight GE235 says,
"GE235. Mayday, Mayday. Engine flameout."
The recording released Wednesday, February 4, 2015 was verified by an independent website, which records air traffic control feeds from around the world.
Photo Credit: French-built TransAsia Avions de Transport Regional ATR 72-212A, registration B-22816 and Manufacturing Serial Number MSN 1141
On Thursday, July 2, 2015, the facts of this crash scenario was confirmed, as the Taiwanese ASC report provides this summary of events, as it unfolded early Wednesday morning on February 4, 2015 (all times in local time):
10:51:39 — GE235 began takeoff roll.
10:51:43 — Pilot Monitoring (GE235 Captain serving as First-Officer) called "no ATPCS armed," and Pilot Flying (GE235 Captain Liao Jian-zong serving as Pilot) replied "ok continue takeoff." (ATPCS means Automatic Take-off Power Control System)
10:51:51 — Pilot Monitoring called "oh there it is Automatic Take-off Power Control System armed." The aircraft lifted off and climbed out. Autopilot was engaged after after-takeoff check completed. The aircraft turned right after 1,000 feet.
10:52:38 — After climbing through 1,200 feet master warning sounded. Engine and Warning Display (EWD) showed "ENGINE 2 FLAME OUT AT TAKE OFF" procedures.
10:52:41 — Pilot Flying disengaged autopilot while the flight climbing through 1,300 feet.
10:52:43 — Pilot Flying announced "I will pull back engine one throttle" and Pilot Monitoring replied "wait a second cross check." At this moment ENGINE 1 Power Lever Angle (PLA) record indicated a reduction from 75 degrees to 66 degrees.
10:53:00 — Pilot Monitoring replied "okay engine flameout check" and continued announcing "check up trim yes auto feather yes."
10:53:06 — Pilot Flying said "pull back number one" and ENGINE 1 Power Lever Angle record showed a reduction to 49 degrees. Meanwhile, Pilot Monitoring said "okay now number two engine flameout confirmed."
10:53:09 — Pilot Flying replied "okay"; however ENGINE 1 Power Lever Angle remained at 49 degrees. The aircraft reached its highest altitude of 1,630 feet and started to descend at 102 knots.
10:53:13 — Stall warning sounded with stick shakers activated. Pilot Monitoring called "okay push push back."
10:53:15 — Pilot Flying said "shut" and Pilot Monitoring replied "wait a second throttle throttle." Between 10:53:13 and 10:53:15, ENGINE 2 Power Lever Angle was advanced to 86 degrees and ENGINE 1 Power Lever Angle was retarded to 34.5 degrees (idle position).
10:53:19 — Pilot Flying said "number one," followed by "feather shut off." Meanwhile, Pilot Monitoring said "number feather." Stall warning revived and stick pusher was in effect until 10:53:27.
10:53:22 — Pilot Monitoring said "okay" and Pilot Flying said "uh number one."
10:53:24 — ENGINE 1 Condition Lever (CL) was in fuel shut off position. Six seconds later ENGINE 1 propellers were in feather position.
10:53:35 — Pilot Monitoring declared emergency on engine flameout to Songshan tower. Between 10:53:46 and 10:54:04, Pilot Flying attempted to reengaged autopilot twice but failed. The aircraft stalled again during the time.
10:54:05 — Pilot Monitoring said "both sides lost." Two seconds later Pilot Monitoring said "no, engine flameout we lost both sides."
10:54:09 — Pilot Flying announced "restart the engine" while the aircraft was at 545 feet with speed 105 knots.
10:54:20 — ENGINE 1 Condition Lever was advanced from fuel shut off position.
10:54:25 — Pilot Monitoring said "cannot restart it," while the aircraft was at 401 feet with speed 106 knots. ENGINE 1 actual propeller shaft rotational speed corrected for engine temperature (NH1) recorded an increase to 30%.
10:54:27 — Pilot Flying said "wow pulled back the wrong side throttle," while aircraft was at 309 feet with speed 105 knots.
10:54:34 — "Pull-up" warning issued by Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) sounded. The aircraft was at 83 feet with speed 108 knots.
10:54:35 — At altitude of 55 feet with speed 106 knots, aircraft increased its left bank from 10 degrees to 80 degrees and its left-wing collided with a taxi driving on an elevated expressway at the left bank of Keelung River. The left-wing continued to hit the fence of the expressway as well as a light pole, before it crashed into Keelung River.
Thomas Wang, executive director of the Taiwanese Aviation Safety Council, said in February "preliminary findings from the aircraft's black boxes showed the right engine sounded an alarm seconds after taking off, moving into idle mode," The Independent (U.K.) reports.
Remarkably, the British newspaper added:
"Data showed it had not shut down, or "flamed out," as the pilot told the control tower in his last "mayday" distress call, but went idle with no change in the oil pressure.
Then, 46 seconds later, the left engine was shut down, apparently by one of the pilots, who then attempted a full re-start. The plane crashed into the Keelung River just 72 seconds later.
Their bodies were found in the cockpit still gripping the plane's joystick with their legs badly broken, investigators said.
A survivor said the plane did "not feel right" from the moment it left the ground."
French aircraft manufacturer ATR has expressed its deepest sympathy to the families, friends and to those affected by the accident.
TransAsia Airways has reached a settlement with the families of seven passengers, and negotiations were underway with the rest, said TransAsia CEO Peter Chen. "Relatives of the victims of the crash were offered over $470,000 in compensation, but many of them rejected it, citing dissatisfaction with the amount and the method of payment," International Business Times reports.
Taiwanese Aviation Safety Council leads the ongoing investigation to a final report in April 2016. The Taiwanese Council is the official source of all causal information surrounding the crash and safety recommendations for the future.
According to the United Nations' International Civil Aviation Organization regulations, TransAsia Airways flight GE235's aircraft manufacturer, ATR of France will advise the French Bureau d'Enquêtes et Analyses (BEA), the safety investigation authority representing the Sovereign State of the aircraft manufacturer. ATR is a joint venture between Airbus and Alenia Aermacchi, a subsidiary of Italian aerospace firm Finmeccanica.
Is flying in Southeast Asia becoming risky?
One of my thousands of followers on Twitter, Kerry Barrett (@Kerry Barrett) poignantly brought to my attention a very relevant question on what non-pilots and air transportation consumers think, when they hear breaking news about an airplane stalling or an 'engine flameout'.
And, what does an aircraft stall actually mean to the flying public, as they try to understand the stunning pictures of the TransAsia Airways flight GE235 crash into the Keelung River in Taipei, Taiwan on Wednesday, February 4, 2015, or the extraordinary final three minutes of the AirAsia flight QZ8501 crash into the Java Sea off the coast of Indonesia on Sunday, December 28, 2014.
Such extreme events in rapid succession begs the question "is flying in Southeast Asia becoming risky?"
According to USA Today: "It turns out flying in Asia is actually riskier than in any other region but Africa. Why? Regulatory regimes there are less advanced than in the United States and Europe (Japan is considered as safe as the west). Another factor is that international regional airlines, such as TransAsia Airways, tend to use less-experienced pilots than major airlines."
Nonetheless, the ASC reported that "there were two captains, Captain Liao Jian-zong (42, ATPL, 4,914 hours total, 3,151 hours on ATR-72-500, 250 hours on ATR-72-600) was pilot in command occupying the left-hand seat being pilot flying. Captain B serving as first-officer (45, ATPL, 6,922 hours total, 5,687 hours on ATR-72-500, 795 hours on ATR-72-600) occupied the right-hand seat and was pilot monitoring. A first-officer complemented the crew occupying the observer's seat, the first officer (63, ATPL, 16,121 hours total, 7,911 hours on MD-80s, 5,306 hours on ATR-72-500) was in conversion training to ATR-72-600 with 8 hours on the aircraft type." The crew had signed the flight papers, that showed no unusual circumstances.
"It's not like they're the wild west, like you might get in some African countries, but they are 10 or 20 years behind," said Justin Green, a New York aviation lawyer with Kreindler & Kreindler. "If you've never heard of the airline that your travel agent is booking you on, you should do some research."
Aviation expert David Learmount, operation and safety editor at Flight Global, says it is clear from the video footage that TransAsia Airways flight GE235's French-built ATR 72-212A airliner was 'fully stalled'.
In a blog post on the possible causes of the crash, Learmont writes:
"An aircraft stalls because it's flying too slowly to generate sufficient lift from its wings and it starts to fall.
If an aeroplane is flying too slowly in level or descending flight, it is normally because there is insufficient power to keep the aircraft's speed up. The question for the investigators is why was there insufficient power?
Reports are coming in that the pilots made a Mayday call declaring an engine flameout.
Both propellers were clearly turning, but that does not necessarily mean they were being supplied with sufficient power to fly safely.
If engine power is lost, the un-powered propeller can cause a lot of drag by windmilling, making the aircraft too difficult to handle. Under those circumstances the crew would normally "feather" the propeller to cut the drag."
Taiwan's Aviation Safety Council on Friday, February 6, 2015 said flight GE235 issued five speed-loss warnings before crashing. This is the essence of the key cause of the crash, mainly because fundamentally non-dimensional engine thrust is a sole function of the turboprop engine flow velocity ratio. This is a ratio of the engine exit flow velocity of the air slipstream far downwind of the turboprop to the engine inlet flow velocity of the air slipstream far upwind of the turboprop.
Closely related to this is the non-dimensional engine thrust power, which is a sole function of the square of the turboprop engine flow velocity ratio. Without engine thrust power coming from either one of TransAsia Airways flight GE235's French-built ATR 72-212A turboprop engines, aircraft stall is imminent, resulting in the stunning last photos and dash cam videos gone viral online and widely seen on international broadcast media.
Photo Credit: AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE/GETTY IMAGES. The front section of the wreckage of the TransAsia plane is lifted onto the bank of the Keelung River, outside Taiwan's capital of Taipei.
Role of human factors in automated flight management efficiency and decision-making.
Human factor errors are typically the result of ninety percent of catastrophic aviation accidents, according to years of research by the United States Federal Aviation Administration and the National Transportation Safety Board.
The Taiwanese ASC report reveals that TransAsia flight GE235 Captain Liao Jian-zong "failed the simulator check in May 2014, when he was being evaluated for promotion. Assessors found he had a tendency not to complete procedures and checks, and his "cockpit management and flight planning" were also found wanting," according to Reuters.
Instructors commented that Captain Liao Jian-zong was "prone to be nervous and may make oral errors during the engine start procedure" and displayed a "lack of confidence", the ASC report cited.
Reuters added: "issues cropped up again during training for the ATR 72-212A in November, when an instructor said Liao Jian-zong "may need extra training" when dealing with an engine failure after take-off."
"After the crash, Taiwan's Civil Aeronautics Administration put TransAsia's 61 ATR pilots through oral proficiency tests on how to handle an aircraft during engine failure."
"All but one of the pilots passed the tests, although some needed more than one attempt. The lone failure was demoted in rank to vice captain from captain," Reuters reports.
During a press conference on Thursday, July 2, 2015, TransAsia president Fred Wu said "the airline would buy an ATR flight simulator, bring in outside experts to evaluate pilots, and launch a safety improvement program with Airbus."
It is essential to have pilots involved in the flight management automation design. "Humans aren't good monitors of rare events, and monitoring can be a boring job especially for a long haul flight. In some cases pilots have wanted to remove just part of the automation and utilize the remaining features, but are unable to do so, because 'all or nothing' are the only options," says the longstanding authority in the field of human factors in modern aviation, Orlady, H. and Orlady, L. (1999) in Human Factors in Multi-Crew Flight Operations.
A very real problem involved with the almost complete automation present is pilot complacency and over-reliance upon automation. This pilot response occurs in normal operations and also is reflected in the pilot's reliance on the system to automatically make the correct response during abnormal operations and flight management efficiency inside the crisis of a crash event. Flight crews tend to rely upon the automation to the point that the normal checks that are inherent in good manual operations are sometimes disregarded (Orlady and Orlady, 1999).
To overcome this problem, the design of automation has required:
"The automated systems must also be able to monitor the human operator and the human must be able to monitor the automatics.
This emphasizes two real problems, first, humans are fallible and are not the perfect monitors because of human limitations. Secondly, even the highly capable computers available today can fail partially or completely and cannot anticipate all of the circumstances that might be encountered in a line operation. Therefore, the performance of the computers and the human operators must be monitored by each other. For example, the computers should be able to send warning signals when human operator has made an error, and at the same time, when the automation is making incorrect decisions, humans need to understand and be aware of it."
"Each element of the system must have knowledge of the others intent.
A very basic principle in cross-monitoring, which must be effective in achieving maximum safety, is that it can only be effective if the monitor knows what the system is trying to accomplish. This principle requires good communication between the pilot flying and pilot-not flying for it is virtually impossible to be sure of intent without effective communication."
"The issue of safety due to automation that arises due to the pilot or controller making rare errors can be reduced by having two pilots in the cockpit who are well-trained to monitor the automatics as well as monitoring each other's operational performance during flight. This process of monitoring both the systems performance along with the pilots performance is further improved by the automated warning systems in the cockpit," writes Orlady and Orlady (1999).
Case of 2014 AirAsia flight QZ8501 crash. Technical speculation suggest at this point the severe weather-related conditions may have most allegedly caused some degree of human factor errors, mostly likely revealed from the flight deck conversations and flight performance data and information gained from AirAsia flight QZ8501's Airbus A320-200 black-boxes still to be completely analyzed and transcribed for the crash final report expected to be released early next year.
However, the AirAsia flight QZ8501 crash final report could allegedly reveal additional future learning factors of aviation, navigation, and communication that in this extreme case was driven by the extraordinary monsoon-like cumulonimbus cloud conditions, extending at such high altitudes at 44,000 feet (beyond normal commercial passenger aircraft operating ranges), allegedly creating such a perfect storm event for a naturally catastrophic air disaster upon a commercial passenger airliner.
Known in the Southeast Asia region as the most dangerous inter-tropic cumulonimbus cloud storm conditions with mixtures of extremely high and low air masses, flying temperatures faced inside these clouds can drop as low as minus 100 degrees fahrenheit (F) below freezing akin to temperatures in Antarctica, the Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole.
Pilots in the region know that during almost every flight they will be flying around avoiding critical thunderstorms. Previously flown 13,500 flights for over 23,000 flight hours, AirAsia flight QZ8501's Airbus A320-200, departed at 5:34 am (local time) on December 28, 2014 from Juanda International Airport (Surabaya, Indonesia) en route to Singapore Changi Airport, is the world's best-selling single-aisle airliner and the most technologically advanced digital "glass cockpit" airliners too.
Twenty-two minutes into the flight, the Airbus A320-200 airliner is cruising at 32,000 feet on complete auto-pilot, comprising of seven digital computers inside this airliner's "glass cockpit," which literally flies the aircraft by itself without any input from the pilots.
In the meantime, severe thunderstorms was building in moments of minutes above the Java Sea thousands of feet below the aircraft, then suddenly within a few minutes these thunderstorms climbed several thousands of feet above AirAsia flight QZ8501's Airbus A320-200 airliner.
At 6:12 am (local time), air traffic control received a final request from flight QZ8501's cockpit "to make a left turn and climb" several thousand feet to avoid the sudden thunderstorm consuming the aircraft. Their request was denied due to the high volume of nearby aircraft cruising in the range of 34,000-38,000 feet, undergoing similar flight alterations to maneuver around the huge thunderstorm in the same area in order to avoid possibilities of encountering rough turbulence and other storm-related issues inside the cockpit, although never really a problem inside an Airbus A320-200 flying at cruise speed.
At 6:16 am (local time), Indonesia Ministry of Transportation radar picks up QZ8501 cruising at 32,000 feet. Two minutes later disaster happens to 155 passengers and seven AirAsia crew on board. Suddenly, through a simple course correction of the Airbus A320-200 auto-pilot controls, the airliner departs from its forward flight path, making a sharp left turn in a steep climb to 37,000 feet, slowing down to just 400 miles per hour, onto 38,000 feet, before aerodynamically stalling out in forward speed and dropping from radar at 6:18 am (local time), eventually plunging into the Java Sea off the coast of Indonesia.
Here is where the greatest potential human factor error occurs in automated flight management efficiency and decision-making. It is pilot fear of flying into an intimidating severe thunderstorm of unknown origin or to what extent is the storm's severity. Such a storm looks like a huge 360 degree dark black cloud of complete and severe lightning with torrential rain slamming onto the airliner's fuselage and wings with a great deal of bending and twisting forces. This is a black weather zone having no-end in sight outside the pilot's cockpit windows.
According to years of research by the United States Federal Aviation Administration and the National Transportation Safety Board, fifty percent of all fatal air accidents in the last fifty years result from human factor encounters with these kinds of severe thunderstorm incidents. These storms have huge high turbulent energy plunging into an airliner. Of course, this affects human decision-making piloting under such sudden weather crisis.
Indonesia's National Transportation Safety Committee chief Tatang Kurniadi told reporters back in January, "if one wing engine had stalled, the plane could spin out of control as it plummeted toward the water."
However, he said that "only the data from the black boxes would ultimately determine what happened to flight 8501, and he declined to say whether the plane had in fact stalled."
Mr. Tatang said "the comments made by Transport Minister Ignasius Jonan to Parliament in January "were based not on data from the black boxes, but on the ground radar." Indonesia investigators have now confirmed the transportation minister's comments made in January.
Mardjono Siswosuwarno, chief investigator of Indonesia's National Transportation Safety Committee, said the flight data recorder, which was recovered from the Java Sea along with the cockpit voice recorder earlier this month, had provided a "pretty clear picture" of what happened in the final minutes of AirAsia flight QZ8501.
Captain Plesel was in charge from take-off until the cockpit voice recording ends, Siswosuwarno said.
"The second-in-command was the pilot flying," Siswosuwarno said to reporters in Jakarta, adding that "the captain was monitoring the flight," and that "this was common practice." He also said that "the plane was in good condition."
"Things may have gone wrong in a span of just three minutes and 20 seconds, triggering a stall warning that sounded until it crashed into the Java Sea," investigators of Indonesia's National Transportation Safety Committee further elaborated in a news conference in Jakarta, Indonesia on Thursday, January 29, 2015, via CNN International.
According to Reuters, Captain Iriyanto was out of his seat and conducting an unusual procedure on the Flight Augmentation Computer (FAC) when his co-pilot, Remy Plesel, lost control. By the time Iriyanto returned, it was too late to save the plane.
The FAC is a "fly-by-wire" device of the Airbus A320 airliner that uses a computer to control a flight process in order to increase airliner flight safety and reliability, as well as flight management efficiency, while reducing the need for human intervention.
In other words, the FAC is designed to ensure normal operation of the aircraft within specific computerized flight safety envelops independent of any alleged human factor errors resulting from possible pilot inputs. FAC "fly-by-wire" devices can supposedly in extremely rare instances affect "operator" decisions, whose primary responsibility shifts from being the "performer" in flight operations to being the "onlooker" in flight management efficiency.
Whereby, the concerns of "complacency" can potentially arise in flight management decision-making with increasing level of automation in modern aviation, particularly in flight and air traffic control operations.
Iriyanto reportedly had previously flown on the Airbus A320 and experienced a faulty FAC, which he apparently went to fix. Reuters was unable to offer independent confirmation of the faulty device.
After trying to reset the device, pilots pulled a circuit-breaker to cut its power, Bloomberg News reported on Friday, February 6, 2015.
"You can reset the FAC, but to cut all power to it is very unusual," one A320 pilot, who declined to be identified, told Reuters. "You don't pull the circuit breaker unless it was an absolute emergency. I don't know if there was one in this case, but it is very unusual."
Pulling the circuit breaker is also an unusual move, because the captain would have had to rise from his sea
President Joko Widodo said the crash exposed widespread problems in the management of air transportation in Indonesia.
Case of 2009 Air France flight AF447 crash. Notwithstanding, recent aviation disaster history confirms an excessively rapid ascent is indeed likely to cause an airplane to go into an aerodynamic stall.
In 2009, an Air France flight AF447 Airbus A330-200 disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean in bad weather, while flying from Rio de Janeiro to Paris.
Investigators determined from the jet's black boxes that it began a steep climb and then went into a stall from which the pilots were unable to recover, The Independent (U.K.) reports.
A synopsis of what occurred during the course of the doomed Air France AF447 Airbus A330-200 airliner's final few minutes is here.
Airbus spokesman Justin Dubon said that it was too early to comment on possible similarities between the two crashes.
Photo Credit: SAM YEH / AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE / GETTY IMAGES. Rescuers on Wednesday, February 5, lift the wreckage of the plane out of the river in Taipei. Early Thursday, February 6, officials said 35 people died and 15 injured. Eight people remain missing.
Now is the time for consensus on recommendations on the future of international aviation safety and security.
Countries and regions with the highest number of fatal civil airliner accidents from 1945 through November 30, 2014 (excluding MH370, MH17, AirAsia QZ8501, and TransAsia GE235) are:
United States, 773; Russia, 326; Canada, 177; Brazil, 176; Colombia, 173; United Kingdom, 103; France, 101; Mexico, 96; India, 94; Indonesia, 94; China, 74; Italy, 67; Venezuela, 61; Philippines, 60; Bolivia, 60; D.R. Congo, 60; Germany, 58; Peru, 56; Spain, 51; Australia, 48.
In just the past year (2014-15), we have lost the lives of over 734 international passengers and flight crews in Southeast Asia (which amounts to about three times more than all fatal civil airliner accident in the last 68 years between 1945-2013) on four compelling global aviation crash events.
These include the oceanic loss of a Boeing 777-200ER airliner, flown as Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 on March 8, 2014, the shooting down over a war-torn eastern Ukraine region of a Boeing 777-200 airliner, performing as Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 on July 17, 2014, a crash in the Java Sea off the coast of Indonesia of an Airbus A320-200 airliner, operating as AirAsia flight QZ8501 on December 28, 2014, and a crash in the Keelung River in Taipei, Taiwan of a French-built ATR 72-600 (72-212A), flown as TransAsia Airways flight GE235 on Wednesday, February 4, 2015.
According United States Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration (Office of Aviation Policy and Plans), statistics show average estimated annual growth in passenger traffic to and from the United States transported by U.S. and foreign flag air carriers between 2014 and 2034, by region.
During this time period, passenger U.S. air traffic to or from Latin America is estimated to grow by around 4.7 percent per year. Passenger air traffic in the Asia-Pacific region is predicted to grow by about 4.2 percent per year. The Atlantic Oceanic air traffic is projected to grow by nearly 4.1 percent per year. And, the Canadian trans-border is believed to grow by about 3.8 percent per year.
Forecasts are based on historical passenger statistics from the United States Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) and Transport Canada, and on regional world historical data and economic projections from Global Insight, Inc.
International commercial passenger air travel is expected to explode in the next decade (according to both federal government, and Boeing and Airbus industry projections), particularly in Southeast Asia. This region is highly dependent upon air travel across deep seas and remote oceans for millions of people in the Southeast Asia and Oceania region.
Given this consensus must be reached on recommendations of human factor errors of complacency, over-reliance, and over-confidence bias (a "winner's curse") in flight management efficiency and flight systems automation, global flight tracking of commercial passenger airliners, jet black-box data streaming, and ejectable flight data recorders.
All of this calls for further consensus to be reached quickly among airline chiefs, aviation experts, and government officials, who have just completed their discussions at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) "Second High-level Safety Conference" on February 2-5, 2015 at its headquarters in Montréal, Canada.
SECOND HIGH-LEVEL SAFETY CONFERENCE 2015 (HLSC 2015)
PLANNING FOR GLOBAL AVIATION SAFETY IMPROVEMENT
MONTREAL DECLARATION ON PLANNING FOR AVIATION SAFETY IMPROVEMENT
Whereas the Convention on International Civil Aviation and its Annexes provide the essential framework required to support for the safe operation of a global aviation system;
Whereas aviation safety is a prerequisite for the sustainable development of air transport which is a catalyst for the economic and social development;
Whereas Member States have a collective responsibility for aviation safety and its enhancement can only be possible through a cooperative, collaborative and coordinated effort among all stakeholders under the leadership of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO);
Recognizing the efforts of the international community towards the implementation of Conclusions and Recommendation of the High-level Safety Conference held in 2010;
Recognizing the actions taken by ICAO and the role of the Regional Aviation Safety Groups (RASGs), Member States and aviation safety partners in identifying and attaining of the objectives and priorities of the Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) endorsed by the 38th Session of the Assembly;
Recognizing that Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) is the primary air navigation priority and that effective regulatory oversight is an essential requirement to achieve its safe implementation;
Recognizing that recent events showed the need for improvements in the timely identification and localization of aircraft in distress as well as the effective search and rescue efforts (SAR) and recovery operations;
Recognizing that the recent event of the downing of a civil aircraft have demonstrated the urgent need to provide accurate and timely information to States and airlines regarding risks to civil aviation arising from conflict zones and to enhance existing mechanisms to share such information;
Recalling that mutual trust between States, as well as public confidence in the safety of air transportation is contingent upon access to relevant and timely safety information;
Recognizing the role of aviation in public health emergencies and the importance of collaboration between the aviation and public health sectors in preparedness planning and response to public health events;
Recognizing the challenges faced by States in achieving a mature safety oversight system and implementing a State safety program (SSP) to attain the GASP objectives;
Recognizing the complexities in safely integrating remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) into their national air navigation systems;
Recalling that the safety framework must be fully utilized by all stakeholders and evolve into the implementation of proactive safety management practices to ensure its sustained effectiveness and efficiency in the changing regulatory, economic and technical environment of the 21st century;
Recognizing that the protection of certain accident and incident records, other information collected for the purposes of maintaining or improving safety and its related sources is essential to ensure the continued availability of information in support of accident investigation and safety management activities;
Recognizing that sharing of safety information is essential for the evaluation and identification of risks associated with operational safety at the State, regional and global levels;
Recognizing that regional frameworks are effective and efficient cooperation mechanisms to support States in addressing safety deficiencies;
Recognizing that enhanced resource mobilization strategies can support States in establishing effective safety oversight systems due to insufficient resources;
The Directors General for Civil Aviation, meeting in Montréal, Canada from 2 to 5 February 2015, on the occasion of the Second High-level Safety Conference:
(A) Commit to act upon the plans agreed during this Conference for aviation safety improvement by:
actively participating in the activities of the Regional Aviation Safety Groups (RASGs) that were established to facilitate the GASP objectives;
making use of all available resources to expedite full implementation of PBN regulatory oversight;
applying safety risk management principles on the SSP in their States and ensuring implementation of such principles in the safety management systems across the aviation system;
cooperating with each other to facilitate the effective implementation of the GASP new-, mid and long-term objectives;
(B) The Conference:
Calls upon States to contribute technical expertise to the activities of the RASGs and to implement their safety initiatives while focusing on their priorities;
Calls upon States and aviation safety partners to maintain the confidence of the public in the safe air transportation system by improving flight tracking, especially over oceanic and remote areas, and improving SAR procedures;
Calls upon States to assist in the development of procedures that facilitate improved public health event management and response in the aviation sector;
Calls upon States to take appropriate measures, based on their USOAP effective implementation, to progress the implementation of their SSP and indicate its progress to ICAO;
Call upon States to refer to the ICAO guidance when developing or amending RPAS regulations and establish a formal means to educate users on the risks associated with their operation;
Calls upon States, ICAO and aviation safety partners to cooperate with each other to facilitate the resolution of safety concerns of airlines operating internationally;
Urge States, supported by ICAO, to implement new and enhanced provisions on the protection of certain accident and incident records, and other information collected to maintain or improve safety and related sources;
Calls upon States, RASGs and other aviation stakeholders to support ICAO in the development of a global information sharing framework to collect and share harmonized information associated with operational safety;
Calls upon States, RASGs, aviation safety partners and the industry to support the update of the GASP particularly as it relates to best practices in States and regions, sharing of safety information and development of safety roadmap(s);
Calls upon ICAO to:
continue assisting States in implementing safety-related SARPS and an effective safety oversight system through additional guidance material, training and tools;
continue assisting States in implementing PBN;
define and update related guidance material on risk assessments of civil aircraft operations over or near conflict zones as well as develop and host a centralized repository of information available on conflict zones;
continue supporting States in achieving the GASP objectives by refining and harmonizing the identified SPIs to facilitate monitoring and measurement;
monitor the implementation of SSPs by Member States;
expedite the development of provisions to enable a harmonized approach to the regulation of RPAS and provide a forum for States to share their experiences and best practices;
adopt new and enhanced provisions on the protection of safety management information as well as accident and incident records and support States in their implementation;
develop a global information sharing framework to collect and share harmonized safety information and provide the means to adequately protect the resulting safety information;
support the implementation of the GASP through the development of safety roadmap(s) and its stable evolution using a data-driven approach;
(Note: The content for Topic 3.1 will be included following the discussion by the conference.)
In view of the above, the Directors General of Civil Aviation and the Conference have approved conclusions and recommendations to be acted upon by all involved.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
(Note: To be extracted from the final report of the conference.)
Done and adopted in Montréal, Canada on 5 February 2015.
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When most people hear the word marketing, they think of evil trickery. They think of ad agencies sitting in large offices thinking about all the ways that they can fool consumers into buying something they don't want.
And the truth is, those marketers are out there. But marketing can be so much more than that. And new online technology and social media is allowing us to explore new ways to reach consumers who do need our products and services.
But if it's marketing "tricks" you're after, here's the biggest one of all: the mail-in rebate!
Made famous by phone companies and other electronics retailers, the mail-in rebate was created by some brilliant marketer as a way to market a lower price than you actually offered, without lying to consumers.
You build a product. You decide that you can afford to sell that product for a certain price, say $100, and still come out ahead. But you'd like to sell it for $500, why not? So you set the full price at $500, and you create a mail-in rebate for $400. Then you market the product for $100 "after mail-in rebate". Those words are there for legal reasons, the consumer has already stopped listening when they heard the price was $100.
But here is the dirty little secret that marketers know. Only a percentage of people who buy the product will send in for the rebate. Studies show a wide variety of "redemption rates" (the percentage of people who redeem the rebate vs. the total number of people who purchased the product. But those studies show anywhere from 20%-70% redemption rates, not 100%.
Using the example above, if 50% of people redeem the rebate, you're actually making $300 per sale.
Not bad for a product you market at $100.


text:
Tamanend, Tammany of Tammamend (ca. 1625 - 1701) was een Indiaans stamhoofd van een stam die deel uitmaakte van de Lenni-Lenape. Volgens de verhalen was hij de stamleider die William Penn verwelkomde op zijn land en met hem het verdrag sloot voor de stichting van Philadelphia.

Na de Amerikaanse Revolutie groeide hij uit tot een nationaal symbool van de nieuw gevormde staat. Zo werd er onder meer een politiek groepering met zijn naam opgericht, waarvan Tammany Hall de bekendste is.

Trivia
De plaats St. Tammany Parish in Louisiana is naar Tammanend vernoemd.

Indianenleider
Amerikaans symbool

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Hundreds of thousands of troops are serving overseas and are away from their families. Help them call home by donating your cell phones that are not in use. RTC is now an official drop-off location for Cell Phones for Soldiers.
Cell Phones for Soldiers was founded by teenagers Robbie and Brittany Bergquist from Norwell, Mass., with $21 of their own money. Since then, the registered 501(c)(3) non-profit organization has raised millions of dollars in donations and distributed millions of prepaid calling cards to soldiers serving overseas.
The donated phones are sent to ReCellular, which pays Cell Phones for Soldiers for each phone – the money is used to purchase prepaid calling cards which are sent to troops. Cell Phones for Soldiers hopes to collect over 1 Million cell phones this year to help keep troops connected with their families.
"We're proud to show our support for U.S. soldiers, and to contribute to a worthy cause like Cell Phones for Soldiers," says Shane Hart, RTC CEO/General Manager.
Through increased fundraising efforts, the Bergquist family hopes to raise more than $10 million in the next five years to fund new programs, such as providing video phones and prepaid service to allow troops abroad to see their families on a regular basis.


Увлекаюсь современными танцами, английским языком.
I live in Russia, but my small motherland is Kuban. Kuban is a picturesque region of my country. If you visit Kuban you will feel the smell of apple or cherry trees, you will see wide golden fields bright yellow sunflowers, and the longest river in the region. This is Kuban River. There were about three hundred names of the river. The ancient name of it has Hypanis Greek word for horse's river. The name often changed. Today we know this river as Kuban river. But there is a legend about its modern name.
I'd like to tell you this legend. A river flew in the North-Caucasian. A marvelous bird lived in the forest, on the bank of the view. Its name was Kuban. It was small and not very bright but her voice sounded so pleasantly. Native people came to the river to listen to the bird. Later people started to call this river "Kuban". Nowadays Kuban's voice sounds above the river. But all people can't hear this voice. Only kind and clear men hear this pleasant voice.
I like my region and its picturesque suburbs with its ancient legends.


All of us have had, at some stage or another in our lives, the experience of being able to share aspects of our narrative. Something very profound takes place when we tell our stories and others are prepared to listen to them.
In this remarkable and radical book Damien Ridge shows us how to understand both the nature of depression and its powerful shaping force in people's lives. He allows those clients he has worked with to explore the process of recovery from depression. As such, the book is a challenge to the medicalisation of human dis-ease through pharmaceuticals. What Ridge does is to put the individual at the centre of the professional's perspective and explores ways in which self-management can help individuals both to cope with and overcome their depression.
The book is also a challenge to those of us who expect not to take responsibility for the process of recovery, taking some comfort in the assumption that the professional can do all of the work.
This book opened new horizons to the area of depression and is an important edition to the literature on both depression and pastoral care.


Bookshelves filled to the brim were laid out before her eyes, the books covered with dust as they calmly sat within the bookcases. It had been a long time since anyone had touched them.
Shen Yanxiao walked towards the nearest bookcase, then picked up an introductuction warlock book.
Since she'd already chosen to walk down the path of a warlock, she had to be steady, and had to strike hard. So what if this profession was to be forgotten by the public; there would be a day when she would make this profession reappear on the Radiance Continent with glory!
During the daytime of the following few days, Shen Yanxiao basically only stayed inside of her dorm and gnawed on pharmacology books. At night, she would slip away to the warlock branch's library in order to steal to study from.
In the dead of night, as usual, Shen Yanxiao took advantage of the darkness to slip away into the warlock branch again. The reason she'd placed studying warlock ahead of archer was entirely because of the fact that the warlock branch's supervision was truly too lax. There was only that single old man looking after the warlock branch's library pavilion the entire day, which was an extremely convenient thing for her. In contrast, the supervision of the archer branch's library pavilion was much more rigorous. She'd stealthily gone there once, but there were still quite a few teachers watching over it, even though it was the middle of the night. Therefore, there was no doubt that she would first study the one that was more convenient.
Before Shen Yanxiao snuck into the Warlock Tower, she made sure that the old man who was in charge of overlooking the library pavilion was still doing what he'd done every other day she'd snuck in, which was quietly sitting underneath the dim lighting as he mended the warlock books.
Without any suspense whatsoever, she snuck her way into the second floor of the library pavilion. Shen Yanxiao had already been here ten consecutive days. With her highly retentive memory, she'd already memorised most of the books from this floor's contents during the past few days. Merely, she didn't have any understanding of the warlock profession. Xiu was the same. Without the education system, it caused her pace to be somewhat slow.
Picking up the curse book that she'd yet to finish reading yesterday, Shen Yanxiao nestled herself in a cozy corner and sat down.
A warlock's skills were extremely strange, matching numerous hand signs that couldn't even be counted. Moreover, not only w their attacking style limited to slow-acting curses, there were even more special curse techniques that could cause other's strength to decline within a short time. In regards to stealthy people, this was absolutely a good thing, but the record for this type of curse technique was extremely scattered. Shen Yanxiao had flipped through quite a few books, but the number of practical curse techniques that she'd found wasn't many.
"All of these curse techniques have pre-cast spells as their foundation. Damn it! As of yet, I still haven't been able to completely find the spells required." Depressed, Shen Yanxiao tossed the book that was in her hands to the side, then proceeded to take another book from the bookcase, continuing her search for the skills she needed.
'The Warlock profession was originally anextremely complex profession. Moreover, so long as it's put to use properly, a 1-star warlock would already be enough to handle the joint efforts of three others from the other 3 profession. Why do you think that it can be so formidable? It's because of its extreme difficulty to learn.' Xiu uttered, placating Shen Yanxiao's mood. In fact, during the past few days, Shen Yanxiao had already learned quite a few things. Like the blood incantation category of curse techniques; this was already a cinch for her. However, these were merely single-based curse technique; Shen Yanxiao had yet to learn any combinational curse techniques.
"Were it not for grandfather having me attend the pharmaceutical branch, I would truly try to enter the warlock branch. In any case, if I had the guidance of a teacher, the learning process would be much simpler. " Shen Yanxiao was somewhat jittery, for while some things could be studied on her own, there were some that couldn't be.
In comparison to the circumstances gained by someone receiving guidance, one self-studying would clearly have a large disparity in their pace, but she really couldn't find any reliable people that could give her guidance on the path of a warlock.
She was vexed, ai. Out of nowhere, she had the exceptional gift of dual-cultivating both magic and martial but because of not having proper guidance, it had made the pace of hers to be delayed. Her depression because of this was truly brought to the utmost degree.
Girl, you might want to try look at the first floor since usually, a place that is build based on a tower will have a much more advanced material the higher the floor is. You are basically skipping the basic and jump to the novice right away….
The boring foundation the bane of all seeking opness.
SO if I'm right, that old man would be the one teaching her right?
Thank you for the chapter! LOL I knew that old man was mysterious…..
Wooh! Thanks for the fast update!
Thank you so much for all the chapters! There is no way I would find this translated to my first language so be able to read this in english is amazing 🙂 You are the best of the best!
Thanks for the chapter. it feels good putting this story back in the check daily section of my bookmarks rather than the monthly one.
Hooray!! Thank you for the chapter!!!
CHEER FOR THE UPDATE, SOB FOR THE SLOW RELEASE!!!!
IT'S THE GAME OF THANKFULNESS AND HATEFULNESS.
I THANK THE FOR TRANSLATING, I HATE THE FOR TEASING ME LIKE SO WITH SLOW RELEASE!!!
I WISH I KNEW HOW TO TRANSLATE, OR READ CHINESE, THEN I COULD EITHER READ AHEAD, OR HELP THE TRANSLATING PROCESS, BUT NO!!! WHO TOLD ME TO LEARN A LANGUAGE THAT WAS COMPLETELY UNRELATED TO THESE WORKS OF LITERATURE!!!
oh god, what have I done? full cap's?
Thanks for your hard work! Can't wait for the next chapters!!!
Old man: *troll face* hehehe..


text:
National Institutes of Natural Science, National Institute for Fusion Science
Department of Helical Plasma Research, Fundamental Physics Simulation Research Division
Magnetic reconnection in the multi-hierarchy simulation model where particle (micro) model (micro) and fluid (macro) model are self-consistently connected. Fundamental Physics Simulation Research Division performs cutting-edge simulation studies for open non-equilibrium physics of plasma and fusion, simulation methodologies and visualizations including real 3D visualization by the virtual reality (VR) to establish the basis of a whole fusion plasma simulation.
We are performing simulation studies on microscopic through macroscopic various physical processes, developments of novel simulation methods which connect micro and macro models, scientific visualization development such as virtual reality visualization. Figure illustrates magnetic reconnection in the multi-hierarchy simulation.
Recent Published Paper
"Microscopic Effect on Filamentary Coherent Structure Dynamics in Boundary Layer Plasmas"
H. Hasegawa and S. Ishiguro,
Plasma Vol. 1, 6 (2018)
This study has demonstrated kinetic behaviors on the plasma filament propagation with the three-dimensional (3D) Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulation. When the ion-to-electron temperature ratio Ti / Te is higher, the poloidal symmetry breaking in the filament propagation occurs due to the unbalanced potential structure which arises from the effect of the gyro motion of plasma particles. The poloidal symmetry breaking disturbs the radial propagation of a filament. The ratio between the observed and theoretical radial propagation velocities has a linear relation with the square of the difference between the ion and electron gyro radii. "Numerical analysis of two-fluid tearing mode instability in a finite aspect ratio cylinder"
A. Ito and J. J. Ramos,
Physics of Plasmas Vol. 25, 012117 (2018)
The two-fluid resistive tearing mode instability in a periodic plasma cylinder of finite aspect ratio is investigated numerically. The real and imaginary parts of the mode growth rate and the eigenfunctions are comparable for parameters such that the cylindrical aspect ratio and two-fluid effects are of order unity.
"Effect of polycrystalline structure on helium plasma irradiation to tungsten materials"
S. Saito, H. Nakamura, S. Yooyen, N. Ashikawa, and K. Katayama,
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Vol. 57, 01AB06 (2017)
Binary-collision-approximation-based (BCA-based) simulation is performed for the investigation of the effect of polycrystalline structure on the penetration depth, the absorption rate, and the sputtering yield of tungsten materials irradiated by helium plasma. To clarify the possibility of suppressing the generation of helium bubbles in tungsten materials by designing the polycrystalline structure such as grain size, the effect of polycrystalline structure on the helium bubble formation is also investigated.
Fig: Simulation model of helium injection into polycrystalline tungsten with the xyz coordinates of our simulation. "Applications of virtual-reality technology to fusion science and engineering"
H.Ohtani and S.Ishiguro,
Proceedings of 36th JSST Annual International Conference on Simulation Technology, 194 (2017)
We have developed a system in which the plasma simulation results are shown together with the experimental observation data in the reactor design data. This system promotes the viewer's under-standing..
We can seek the efficient assembly and replacement procedures by investigating the component movements including the robot motion in the VR space previously. The VR technology is expected to play an important role in the fusion reactor operation, such as design, construction, and maintenance.
"Development and Verification of the Three-Dimensional Electrostatic Particle Simulation Code for the Study of Blob and Hole Propagation Dynamics"
Plasma and Fusion Research Vol. 12, 1401044 (2017)
The three-dimensional (3D) electrostatic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation code for the study of blob and hole propagation dynamics has been developed and verified; (1) the observed relations between the propagation speed and the structure size in the blob and hole simulations are in good agreement with the theoretical relations, (2) the code has reproduced a larger distortion of a hole shape than that of a blob shape as shown in the figure, and (3) the code has shown that the propagation of a blob or a hole is faster without end plates (Such a situation is similar to the detached state). "Impurity transport caused by
blob and hole propagations"
Nuclear Fusion Vol. 57, 116008 (2017)
In this study, the dynamics between impurity ions and the blob and hole structures have been investigated with the three-dimensional electrostatic particle-in-cell simulation. The simulations have shown the following facts: (1) The dipolar profile of impurity ion density in the blob / the hole is formed. (2) Such a density profile propagates with the blob/ the hole. (3) The effective radial diffusion coefficient for impurity ions by a single blob / hole is comparable to the Bohm diffusion coefficient (the figure shows impurity ion tranport by a blob).
"Numerical simulations of interchange/tearing instabilities in 2D slab with a numerical model for edge plasma"
H. Miura, L. Zheng, and W. Horton,
Fig: (a) A schematic view of the current interchange-tearing mode drawn with the magnetic field lines. (b) The contours of mass density in a small computational domain, drawn with a schematic line of the displacement xr. (Copied from Fig.5 of the article.) "Effective heating of nonadiabatic protons in magnetic reconnection with a guide field"
S. Usami, R. Horiuchi, and H. Ohtani,
Mechanism of ion heating through magnetic reconnection with a guide magnetic field is investigated by means of electromagnetic particle simulations. Figure (a) shows the spatial profile of the ion temperature and Fig. (b) displays the ion velocity distribution at the boxed area. It is observed that the iontemperature is increased in the downstream, where a ring-like structures of the ion velocity distributions is formed. Therefore, we can see that ions are effectively heated.
"Two-fluid tearing mode instability in cylindrical geometry"
The cylindrical dispersion relation for the resistive two-fluid tearing instability shows the dependence of the mode growth rate and real frequency on the ion skin depth, through different regimes that range from the single-fluid MHD limit to the electron MHD limit. The numerically obtained eigenvalues agree very well with the analytic dispersion relation and the agreement improves the smaller the resistivity and the larger the ion skin depth are. "Two-fluid sub-grid-scale viscosity in nonlinear simulation of ballooning modes in a heliotron device"
H. Miura, F. Hamba, and A. Ito
A large eddy simulation (LES) approach is introduced to enable the study of the nonlinear growth of ballooning modes in LHD. A model to substitute the influence of scales smaller than the grid size, at sub-grid scale (SGS), and at the scales larger than it - grid scale (GS) - has been developed for LES. The LESs of two-fluid MHD equations with SGS models have successfully reproduced the growth of the ballooning modes in the GS and nonlinear saturation. The introduction of the LES approach has reduced the computational cost drastically.
Fig: Pressure isosurface, contours and streamlines in a two-fluid LES of ballooning modes in LHD, for b0 = 3.6% and Rax = 3.6 m unstable equilibrium.
"Parameter dependence of two-fluid and finite Larmor radius effects on the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in finite beta plasmas"
A. Ito and H. Miura,
Growth rates of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability as functions of the wavenumber for different MHD models. For the two-fluid MHD model with the FLR term, it is shown that the absence of complete stabilization occurs for the beta different from that for the MHD model with the FLR term, the mode is not always most stable among those for the other models, depending on beta.
"Study of self-consistent particle flows
in a plasma blob with particle-in-cell simulations"
Physics of Plasmas Vol.22, 102113 (2015)
In this study, the presence of the spiral current system composed of the diamagnetic and parallel currents in a blob is confirmed by the particle simulation without any assumed sheath boundary models (see the left figure). Furthermore, we have observed that the temperature structure in a blob is formed by the potential structure (see the electron velocity distributions in the right figure). "Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo hybrid simulation for fuzzy tungsten nanostructure formation"
A.M. Ito, A. Takayama, Y. Oda, T. Tamura, R. Kobayashi, T. Hattori, S. Ogata, N. Ohno, S. Kajita, M. Yajima, Y. Noiri, Y. Yoshimoto, S. Saito, S. Takamura, T. Murashima, M. Miyamoto and H. Nakamura,
Nuclear Fusion Vol.55, 073013 (2015)
Fuzzy nanostructure on the surface of tungsten materials is generated by exposure to helium plasma. The formation process of the fuzzy nanostructure had been successfully reproduced by Molecular Dynamics and Monte-Carlo hybrid (MD-MC hybrid) simulation.
"Effects of trapped electrons on ion reflection in an oblique shock wave"
M. Toida and J. Inagaki,
A magnetosonic shock wave propagating obliquely to the magnetic field can trap electrons and accelerate them to ultrarelativistic energies. These electrons excite multi- dimensional fluctuations, which significantly influence electron motions.
Effects of trapped electrons on ion motions in an oblique shock wave have been investigated with particle simulations. It is found that the number of accelerated ions via reflection from the shock front is increased because of the multi-dimensional fluctuations excited by the trapped electrons. The figure shows the phase space plots of ions [(b) 2Ds] and test ions [(c) 1Dt] which do not feel multi-dimensional fluctuations. The ions with vx > vsh are reflected. "Formation of large-scale structures with sharp density gradient through Rayleigh-Taylor growth in a two-dimensional slab under the two-fluid and finite Larmor radius effects"
R. Goto, H. Miura, A. Ito, M. Sato, and T. Hatori,
Density contours in a 2D extended MHD simulation of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. It is observed that the secondary Kelvin-Helmholtz-type instability forms fine wavy structures along the density contours.
"Multi-Hierarchy Simulation of Collisionless Driven Reconnection by Real-Space Decomposition"
S. Usami, R. Horiuchi, H. Ohtani, and M. Den,
Journal of Physics: Conference Series Vol.561, 012021 (2014)
Spatial profiles of the magnetic field lines. By means of our multi-hierarchy simulations, the influence of macroscopic dynamics on microscopic physics of magnetic reconnection is investigated. Dynamical behaviours of reconnection that is, steay reconnection (Fig.(a)) or intermittent reconnection (Fig. (b)) depend sensitively on plasma inflows from the MHD domain. "Structure transitions induced by the Hall term in homogeneous and isotropic
magnetohydrodynamic turbulence"
H. Miura and K. Araki,
Isosurfaces of the enstrophy density (colored) and the current density (grey) in freely decaying homogeneous and isotropic Hall MHD turbulence in a simulation of 10243 grid points.
"Suppression effects of Weibel instability for fast electron divergence"
H. Sakagami, T. Johzaki, T. Taguchi and K. Mima,
EPJ Web of Conference Vol.59, 17016 (2013)
As the growth rate of the Weibel instability is absolutely large, little suppression effects can be expected even if the background electron temperature increase to more than 100 keV. This magnetic field does not remain at rest and shows turbulent behaviors, enhancing the divergence of fast electrons. To control the location of Bz, punched out targets are introduced, where many vacuum holes are punched out as shown in left Figure. Background electrons that carry the return current can only flow in the gaps between holes, because the sheath field prevents them from crossing over the hole. Thus stable magnetic fields are induced and grow up to almost ±300 MG, which are shown in right figure. Fast electrons go forward with a meandering motion, and reduction of divergence can be expected. Unfortunately, this structure simultaneously disturbs fast electron propagation, and the fast electron beam intensity also decreases because the number of electrons in such energy range is reduced. "Development of Multi-Hierarchy Simulation Model with Non-Uniform Space Grids for Collisionless Driven Reconnection"
Multi-hierarchy simulation result of magnetic reconnection. The left and right panels display magnetic field lines and fluid velocity vectors. The multi-hierarchy model is progressed from the previous model as follows. First, the boundary condition in the downstream is improved from periodic to open, thus outflow can go out across the downstream boundary. Furthermore, non-uniform space grids are adopted in the macro hierarchy so as to calculate larger region.
"Analytic Equilibria of High-Beta Tokamaks with Toroidal and Poloidal Flows and Pressure Anisotropy Associated with Parallel Heat Flux"
A. Ito and N. Nakajima,
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan Vol.82, 064502 (2013)
Profiles of pressures and the magnetic flux in the midplane (left) and the radial component of the diamagnetic current in a poloidal cross section (right) obtained from the analytic solution for tokamak equilibria with flow and pressure anisotropy. "Formation and Classification of Amorphous Carbon by Molecular Dynamics Simulation"
A. M. Ito, A. Takayama, S. Saito, and H. Nakamura,
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Vol.52, 01AL04 (2013)
(Color online) Animation snapshots in the MD simulation for transition from graphite to diamond at a pressure of 15 GPa. The green and red spheres indicate sp2 and sp3 carbon atoms, respectively. The white lines show the side of the simulation box under the periodic boundary condition.
"Kinetic effects on robustness of electron magnetohydrodynamic structures"
M. Hata, H. Sakagami, and A. Das,
(a) Electron orbit in the case of R=8 at the temperature of 4 keV, where black, blue, and pink lines indicate orbits and color contour represents magnetic field in the z direction.
(b) Schematic for sustained mechanism of electron's orbit, where red shading and yellow arrows express magnetic field in the z direction and radial electric field, and purple and white circles and blue-drifted-circle represent Larmor motion, circular motion via ExB drift, and electron orbit that results from Larmor motion and ExB drift, respectively.
"Macro- and microphysics of magnetic reconnection in a multi-hierarchy open system"
R. Horiuchi, M. Den, T. Tanaka, H. Ohtani, and S. Usami,
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion Vol.55, 014008 (2013)
Global MHD simulation of geomagnetosphere reconnection with kinetic resistivity. Spatial profiles of magnetic field lines and pressure are plotted when reconnection sets in (top panels) and when flux rope is formed (bottom panels). The left and right panels stand for the results for an effective resistivity model based on steady collisionless driven reconnection, and those for a constant resistivity model. Color on the lines presents the Bz intensity.
"Visualization of Particle Trajectories in Time-Varying Electromagnetic Fields by CAVE-Type Virtual Reality System"
N. Ohno, H. Ohtani, D. Matsuoka, R. Horiuchi,
Plasma and Fusion Research Vol.7, 1401001 (2012)
CAVE visualization of the time-varying data at (1) T=0, (2) 25 T, and (3) 50ΔT, where ΔT is time interval of storing the simulation data. The color contours on xy and yz planes are ion temperature and a reconnection component of magnetic field, respectively. The blue and white lines are magnetic field and ion trajectories, respectively. The magnetic field lines are drawn by the data at the each time, while the ion trajectories are shown as time-tracing lines from T=0. "Effects of long rarefied plasma on fast electron generation for FIREX-I targets"
H. Sakagami, A. Sunahara, T. Johzaki, and H. Nagatomo,
Laser and Particle Beams Vol.30, 103-109 (2012)
These figures show time evolutions of averaged core electron temperature over the dense region (ρ>10 g/cm3) without rarefied plasmas(purple) and with rarefied plasmas of different densities, 0.01(green), 0.05(red), 0.1(blue), 0.5(yellow) and 1(gray) critical density for (a) Lrare=150 and (b) 300 μm.
"Simulation of Plasma Flow Injection with Multi-Hierarchy Model Aiming Magnetic Reconnection Studies"
S. Usami, H. Ohtani, R. Horiuchi, and M. Den,
Communications in Computational Physics Vol.11, 1006-1021 (2012)
Bird's eye view of the mass density in the multi-hierarhcy simulation. At the initial state, mass density is uniform. Plasmas smoothly and continuously flow from the MHD to PIC domains through the interface domain.
"Visualization of Three-Dimensional MHD Simulation Data to Study Fine Unstable Motions in a Helical Torus Device"
H. Miura,
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, Vol.39, 2011
Isosurfaces of the pressure in a 3D MHD simulation of a hot magnetized plasma dominated by the ballooning instability are visualized. The flute-like structures of the isosurfaces indicates growth of the ballooning mode. The yellow circle indicates the tangential port of the LHD. "Equilibria of toroidal plasmas with toroidal and poloidal Flow in high-beta
reduced magnetohydrodynamic models"
Grad-Shafranov type equations for high-beta toroidal equilibria with toroidal and poloidal flow, two-fluid and finite Larmor radius effects and pressure anisotropy.
"Scientific Visualization of Plasma Simulation Results and Device Data in Virtual-Reality Space"
H. Ohtani, Y. Tamura, A. Kageyama, and S. Ishiguro,
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Special Issue - Images in Plasma Science 2011, Vol.39 (11) 2472-2473 (2011)
Scientific visualization of the equilibrium plasma in the Large Helical Device (LHD) with the realistic description by the virtual-reality system `CompleXcope.' Blue surface shows the isosurface of plasma pressure. Green and magenta lines are the single magnetic-field line and single particle orbit, respectively. "Hybrid Simulation between Molecular Dynamics and Binary Collision Approximation Codes for Hydrogen injection into Carbon Materials"
S. Saito, A. M. Ito, A. Takayama, T. Kenmotsu, and H. Nakamura,
Journal of Nuclear Materials, doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.12.233, (2011)
The left panel shows thirty trajectories of incident hydrogen that moves in a graphite material calculated by BCA-MD hybrid simulation. The gray and black lines in the left panel are obtained by the binary collision approximation (BCA) and the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, respectively. The right panel shows a detailed image of the MD simulation part.
"Multi-scale simulation for plasma science"
S. Ishiguro, S. Usami, R. Horiuchi, H. Ohtani, A. Malukov, and M. M. Skoric,
Journal of physics: Conference Series Vol. 257, 012026 (2010)
Structure of primal Equation Free Projective Integration PlasmaSimulation. "Simulation Data Analysis by Virtual Reality System"
H. Ohtani, N. Ohno, N. Mizuguchi, M. Shoji, and S. Ishiguro,
Plasma and Fusion Research Vol.5, S2109 (2010)
Scientific visualization of both simulation result and experimental device data. This is the view from outside of LHD vessel device.Simulation result about LHD is obtained by MHD simulation, and pressure profile is shown as green isosurface.
"Simulation of feedback instability in the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system"
Hiroki Hasegawa, Nobuaki Ohno, and Tetsuya Sato,
Journal of Geophysical Research Vol.115, A08304 (2010)
The left panel shows the distribution of the field-aligned current density perturbation at the ionospheric height, which is obtained by a nonlinear simulation. The right panel represents the distribution of the linear growth rate calculated from the quasi-steady state data through the integrated feedback instability theory. This figure indicates that the areas where longitudinally striated structures appear are consistent with the prediction by the theory. "Influences of ballooning modes with moderate wave number on MHD equilibrium in LHD"
H. Miura and N. Nakajima,
A 3D view of a full-3D MHD simulation of LHD. Contours of the pressure are drawn on the poloidal cross-section.The red region represents β = p/(B02 /2) = 3.7% , while the green colour is p/(B02 /2) = 1%.
"Magnetic Reconnection Controlled by Multi-Hierarchy Physics in an Open System"
R. Horiuchi, S. Usami, H. Ohtani, and T. Moritaka,
Spatial profiles of E + ve x B (left), Bx/Te (middle), and off-diagonal component of electron pressure tensor Peyz (right) in the (y, z) plane in the presence of drift-kink instability. "Improved Open Boundary Model for Plasma Particle Simulations"
Hiroki HASEGAWA and Tetsuya SATO
Plasma and Fusion Research Vol.5, 020 (2010)
This figure shows the result of a test simulation. The top, middle, and bottom panels present the spatial profile of electric potential and distributions of electrons and ions in space-velocity phase space, respectively. This result indicates that double layer creation by ion-acoustic instability also occurs in a case where the electron drift velocity is comparable to the electron thermal velocity.
"First Demonstration of Collisionless Driven Reconnection in a Multi-Hierarchy Simulation"
Plasma and Fusion Res. Vol.4, 049 (2009)
Magnetic lines of force and fluid velocity vectors in a multi-hierarchy simulation. "Equation-Free Coarse Grained Projective Integration Method for Multi-Scale Plasma Simulation"
ISHIGURO Seiji and SKORIC Milos, M.
J. Plasma Fusion Res. Vol.85, 593-596 (2009)
Concept of Equation-Free Projective Integration Method.
"Relativistic Laser-Plasma Interactions"
Milos M. Skoric
AIP Conf. Proc. Vol.1188, 15-34 (2009)
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN NONLINEAR PLASMA PHYSICS
Snapshots of spatial laser pulse energy from 1D Fluid (left) and 2D PIC (right) simulations show strong spatial modulation, depletion and pulse break-up due to backward SRS. "Generation control of fast electron beam by low density foam for FIREX-I"
H. Sakagami, T. Johzaki, H. Nagatomo, and K. Mima
Nucl. Fusion, Vol.49, 075026 (2009)
Maximum averaged core electron temperatures as a function of foam density. Red circle, blue triangle, purple square and green diamond indicate the foam thickness of 40, 60, 70 and 80 micron, respectively.
"Open Boundary Condition for Particle Simulation in Magnetic Reconnection Research"
H.Ohtani and R.Horiuchi
Plasma and Fusion Research Vol.4 (2009) 024.
Comparison of the results of short (top) and long (bottom) -simulation boxes to check whether the open boundary condition fulfills its function. The results of the short -simulation box effectively mimic those of the long -simulation box. "Analytic high-beta tokamak equilibria with poloidal-sonic flow"
Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion Vol.51, 035007 (2009)
Pressure isosurfaces (black) and magnetic flux surfaces (gray) for (a) sub-and (b) super-poloidal-sonic flows.
"Electron Force Balance in Steady Collisionless-Driven Reconnection"
B. Li and R. Horiuchi,
Physical Review Letters Vol.101, 215001 (2008)
Spatial profiles of each term in the z direction(top) and inflow direction (bottom) of the electron momentum equation along the vertical line passing the X point in the steady state.
NIFS WEB

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I live in Norwalk, Connecticut, with my wife, fellow poet Laurel Peterson, and I am a Professor of English at Manhattanville College. I have published two books of poems, Shiva Dancing (Texture Press, 2007) and Riptide (Texture Press, 2016), a chapbook, Between What Is and What Is Not (The Last Automat Press, 2010), and individual poems in various journals.
to teach him long division.
in Mojave the summer after our wedding.
of Oaxaca or Quito or San Salvador.
whenever they saw us approaching.
the wind snaps at my chest like parchment.
where slippery shadows creased the dark.
that stirred into a rattlesnake.
passing more workers clustered listless in the rising heat.
feet digging up rivulets from the past.
how one afternoon she started crying and couldn't stop.
said goodbye in a whisper as brittle as straw.
and beckoned me in vain.
taking seed in my memory.
a gaping grid waiting to be filled, leveled, and set.
and almost turn to look for you.
lifeless, inert, lost amid humus and flood.
awash in fragments of memory.
to your hot cheek the morning you died.
I could drown in that tear.
hot, insistent, pushing me forward.
fallen to tract homes long before I met you.
blood pressure, pulse, teasing him back to life.
You command me in a whisper to go to her.
trying to hold and order his past.
I listen for your whisper.
each of you goes into my life.


text:
The neural code for auditory space depends on soun frequency and head size in an optimal manner
Nicol S. Harper, Brian H. Scott, Malcolm Semple, David McAlpine
A major cue to the location of a sound source is the interaural time difference (ITD)-the difference in sound arrival time at the two ears. The neural representation of this auditory cue is unresolved. The classic model of ITD coding, dominant for a half-century, posits that the distribution of best ITDs (the ITD evoking a neuron's maximal response) is unimodal and largely within the range of ITDs permitted by head-size. This is often interpreted as a place code for source location. An alternative model, based on neurophysiology in small mammals, posits a bimodal distribution of best ITDs with exquisite sensitivity to ITDs generated by means of relative firing rates between the distributions. Recently, an optimal-coding model was proposed, unifying the disparate features of these two models under the framework of efficient coding by neural populations. The optimal-coding model predicts that distributions of best ITDs depend on head size and sound frequency: for high frequencies and large heads it resembles the classic model, for low frequencies and small head sizes it resembles the bimodal model. The optimal-coding model makes key, yet unobserved, predictions: for many species, including humans, both forms of neural representation are employed, depending on sound frequency. Furthermore, novel representations are predicted for intermediate frequencies. Here, we examine these predictions in neurophysiological data from five mammalian species: macaque, guinea pig, cat, gerbil and kangaroo rat. We present the first evidence supporting these untested predictions, and demonstrate that different representations appear to be employed at different sound frequencies in the same species.
Dipodomys
Gerbillinae
Macaca
Harper, N. S., Scott, B. H., Semple, M., & McAlpine, D. (2014). The neural code for auditory space depends on soun frequency and head size in an optimal manner. PLoS One, 9(11), [e108154]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108154
The neural code for auditory space depends on soun frequency and head size in an optimal manner. / Harper, Nicol S.; Scott, Brian H.; Semple, Malcolm; McAlpine, David.
In: PLoS One, Vol. 9, No. 11, e108154, 05.11.2014.
Harper, NS, Scott, BH, Semple, M & McAlpine, D 2014, 'The neural code for auditory space depends on soun frequency and head size in an optimal manner', PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 11, e108154. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108154
Harper NS, Scott BH, Semple M, McAlpine D. The neural code for auditory space depends on soun frequency and head size in an optimal manner. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 5;9(11). e108154. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108154
Harper, Nicol S. ; Scott, Brian H. ; Semple, Malcolm ; McAlpine, David. / The neural code for auditory space depends on soun frequency and head size in an optimal manner. In: PLoS One. 2014 ; Vol. 9, No. 11.
@article{650f5dab6f6240048e6aabf7222b5e1d,
title = "The neural code for auditory space depends on soun frequency and head size in an optimal manner",
abstract = "A major cue to the location of a sound source is the interaural time difference (ITD)-the difference in sound arrival time at the two ears. The neural representation of this auditory cue is unresolved. The classic model of ITD coding, dominant for a half-century, posits that the distribution of best ITDs (the ITD evoking a neuron's maximal response) is unimodal and largely within the range of ITDs permitted by head-size. This is often interpreted as a place code for source location. An alternative model, based on neurophysiology in small mammals, posits a bimodal distribution of best ITDs with exquisite sensitivity to ITDs generated by means of relative firing rates between the distributions. Recently, an optimal-coding model was proposed, unifying the disparate features of these two models under the framework of efficient coding by neural populations. The optimal-coding model predicts that distributions of best ITDs depend on head size and sound frequency: for high frequencies and large heads it resembles the classic model, for low frequencies and small head sizes it resembles the bimodal model. The optimal-coding model makes key, yet unobserved, predictions: for many species, including humans, both forms of neural representation are employed, depending on sound frequency. Furthermore, novel representations are predicted for intermediate frequencies. Here, we examine these predictions in neurophysiological data from five mammalian species: macaque, guinea pig, cat, gerbil and kangaroo rat. We present the first evidence supporting these untested predictions, and demonstrate that different representations appear to be employed at different sound frequencies in the same species.",
author = "Harper, {Nicol S.} and Scott, {Brian H.} and Malcolm Semple and David McAlpine",
publisher = "Public Library of Science",
T1 - The neural code for auditory space depends on soun frequency and head size in an optimal manner
AU - Harper, Nicol S.
AU - Scott, Brian H.
AU - Semple, Malcolm
AU - McAlpine, David
N2 - A major cue to the location of a sound source is the interaural time difference (ITD)-the difference in sound arrival time at the two ears. The neural representation of this auditory cue is unresolved. The classic model of ITD coding, dominant for a half-century, posits that the distribution of best ITDs (the ITD evoking a neuron's maximal response) is unimodal and largely within the range of ITDs permitted by head-size. This is often interpreted as a place code for source location. An alternative model, based on neurophysiology in small mammals, posits a bimodal distribution of best ITDs with exquisite sensitivity to ITDs generated by means of relative firing rates between the distributions. Recently, an optimal-coding model was proposed, unifying the disparate features of these two models under the framework of efficient coding by neural populations. The optimal-coding model predicts that distributions of best ITDs depend on head size and sound frequency: for high frequencies and large heads it resembles the classic model, for low frequencies and small head sizes it resembles the bimodal model. The optimal-coding model makes key, yet unobserved, predictions: for many species, including humans, both forms of neural representation are employed, depending on sound frequency. Furthermore, novel representations are predicted for intermediate frequencies. Here, we examine these predictions in neurophysiological data from five mammalian species: macaque, guinea pig, cat, gerbil and kangaroo rat. We present the first evidence supporting these untested predictions, and demonstrate that different representations appear to be employed at different sound frequencies in the same species.
AB - A major cue to the location of a sound source is the interaural time difference (ITD)-the difference in sound arrival time at the two ears. The neural representation of this auditory cue is unresolved. The classic model of ITD coding, dominant for a half-century, posits that the distribution of best ITDs (the ITD evoking a neuron's maximal response) is unimodal and largely within the range of ITDs permitted by head-size. This is often interpreted as a place code for source location. An alternative model, based on neurophysiology in small mammals, posits a bimodal distribution of best ITDs with exquisite sensitivity to ITDs generated by means of relative firing rates between the distributions. Recently, an optimal-coding model was proposed, unifying the disparate features of these two models under the framework of efficient coding by neural populations. The optimal-coding model predicts that distributions of best ITDs depend on head size and sound frequency: for high frequencies and large heads it resembles the classic model, for low frequencies and small head sizes it resembles the bimodal model. The optimal-coding model makes key, yet unobserved, predictions: for many species, including humans, both forms of neural representation are employed, depending on sound frequency. Furthermore, novel representations are predicted for intermediate frequencies. Here, we examine these predictions in neurophysiological data from five mammalian species: macaque, guinea pig, cat, gerbil and kangaroo rat. We present the first evidence supporting these untested predictions, and demonstrate that different representations appear to be employed at different sound frequencies in the same species.
M1 - e108154


Chase Farm Veterinary Hospital is an eight doctor practice serving Dartmouth, Fall River, Fairhaven, Freetown, Lakeville, Westport, and Greater New Bedford, Massachusetts. The goal of our team is to provide high quality care for both our clients and patients in a friendly and informative environment. We are open Monday through Thursday from 7:30 a.m. until 7:00 p.m., Friday from 7:30 a.m. until 6:00 p.m., and Saturday from 8:00 a.m. until 2:00 p.m.
In addition to routine health care and vaccinations, our hospital provides daytime emergency care for our clients and overnight care to our sick but stable patients. We provide diagnostic services such as digital x-ray, digital dental x-ray, and in-house lab work. We provide surgical procedures such as spays, neuters, abscess repairs, and dental extractions just to name a few.
We also provide holistic and alternative care in the areas of acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine.
Our hospital enlists the professional services of a Board Certified Surgeon and a Board Certified Cardiologist to aid us in our goal of providing high quality care. Through these specialists, we are able to offer our clients referral level care without the need to travel to a referral hospital.
At Chase Farm Veterinary Hospital we strive to provide the best possible care and services at all times. We always welcome feedback from our clients. Whether it be in regards to how your experience in our clinic went, for suggestions on how we can better serve our clientele, or just to let us know that one of our staff members has excelled and gone above your expectations, we are always here to listen.


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