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Filed Under: Term Papers Tagged With: religion
Law and Religion 4/19/2012 Laws of General Applicability and Their Effect on Religion in America In 1990 the doctrinal landscape of free exercise was greatly altered by the groundbreaking case, Employment Division v. Smith. Prior to Smith, Federal free exercise cases were governed only by the opinion in Sherbert v. Verner. This required any law which placed a substantial burden on the exercise of religion be formed in the least restrictive fashion and to be justified by a compelling state interest.
However in Smith the court articulated a new test for laws that placed a substantial burden on the free exercise of religion, holding that the law need not be supported by a compelling state interest so long as the law is neutral and of general applicability. In the analysis below I wish to first address the religiously burdensome laws upheld under the Smith test, requiring only neutrality and general applicability, without regard to a compelling state interest, and second, what laws following the decision in Smith were still shot down notwithstanding their neutrality and general applicability.
The establishment clause in the Constitution states that congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion. In Lemon v. Kurtzman it was established that in order for a law to pass under the establishment clause it must have a secular governmental purpose, its primary effect must not be to advance or inhibit religion and lastly the law must not result in excessive governmental entanglement. What we are primarily interested in for the purpose of our analysis however, is the second clause of the first amendment requiring that the government not prohibit the free exercise of religion.
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Post Smith, under the free exercise clause at common law, a law must only be neutral and of general applicability to survive a constitutional analysis, even where the law substantially burdens religion and the compelling governmental interest standard is not met. In the following discussion we will address what laws have survived under this test and the effect they have had on religion in America. Religiously Burdensome Laws Upheld, and their Consequent Impact on Religion As stated above, it was in Employment Division v.
Smith that the court first implemented this standard of neutrality and general applicability. In Employment Division v. Smith, Alfred Smith and Galen Black who were both members of the Native American Church and counselors at a private drug rehabilitation clinic were fired because they had ingested peyote, a powerful hallucinogenic drug, as part of their religious ceremonies. At that time intentional possession of peyote was a crime under Oregon law without an affirmative defense for religious use.
The majority opinion in Smith stated that although ordinarily a religiously burdensome law only survives constitutional scrutiny if there is a compelling state interest, when the law applies to everyone equally and the intent behind the law is not to regulate the exercise of religion, a compelling state interest is not required. Under this standard there is no room for the individualized consideration of the reasons a person might have for using peyote. In Smith the Supreme Court has sharply limited scrutiny of incidental burdens in the context of religion.
The opinion states that if it permitted a wide approach to prohibiting religiously burdensome laws, it would be too easy for citizens to evade a multitude of important laws. This approach would run contrary to public policy and the very reason that we have a society governed by laws in the first place. Another famous utilization of this standard was in Christian Legal Society v. Martinez. Here a student organization, the Christian Legal Society, required members to subscribe to a Statement of Beliefs and refrain from certain proscribed behaviors, including homosexuality.
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The school subsequently refused to recognize the group as a student organization pursuant to its Nondiscrimination policy. Following this, CLS sued the school alleging that the policy conflicted with the group's constitutional right to the free exercise of religion. The court rejected CLS's free exercise argument, stating that the Nondiscrimination Policy did not single out religious beliefs, but rather was neutral and of general applicability. In this case the application of the Smith standard is perhaps less informative then it was in Smith.
Here we are not only using the standard to burden religion, as it was in Smith, but also as a tool to protect against discrimination. With the additional force of Civil Rights available to swell its ranks, the full extent of the standards power is perhaps not visible, however this case does illustrate a new and innovative application of this concept that Smith had first brought to the table. Laws That Failed Because of the Burden They placed on Religion In Lemon v.
Kurtzman we saw that in order for a law to pass under the establishment clause it must have a secular governmental purpose, its primary effect must not be to advance or inhibit religion and lastly the law must not result in excessive governmental entanglement. Ordinarily a religiously burdensome law would only be upheld if it survived the strict scrutiny test. However Smith changed this level of review in cases where the law in question was neutral and generally applicable. In Church of Lukumi v. City of Hialeah the U.
S Supreme Court held that a religiously burdensome ordinance passed in Hialeah Florida failed the neutrality requirement of the Smith standard and subsequently did not pass strict scrutiny as was required. The Florida ordinance forbade the "unnecessary" killing of "an animal in a public or private ritual or ceremony not for the primary purpose of food consumption. " as unconstitutional. The law was enacted soon after the city council of Hialeah learned that the Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, which practiced Santeria, was planning on locating there.
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Santeria is a religion practiced in the Americas by the descendants of Africans; many of its rituals involve animal sacrifice. The church filed a lawsuit in United States district court for the Southern District of Florida, seeking for the Hialeah ordinance to be declared unconstitutional. Adhering to the opinion in Smith, the lower court held that the law was in fact constitutional because it supported a legitimate and rational governmental interest. This application of the Smith standard did not require the law to pass the strict scrutiny test because it was a neutral law of general applicability.
In the U. S. Supreme Court however this decision was reversed and the limits of the Smith standard were clearly defined. The Supreme Court held that while it was true that the law was technically neutral and generally applicable, there was more to be looked at in such cases. The court held that the surrounding facts of the case must also be taken into account in deciding if a law was neutral, and that in this case the law was clearly targeted at the Santerian Church, being that it was passed in anticipation of the church's arrival and prohibited one of the church's core practices.
Furthermore the court pointed out that there really was no one else whom the law would effect, thus making it exclusively applicable, rather than generally applicable. Following this realization the court held the nature of this case to mandate a standard of strict scrutiny, requiring the law to be justified by a compelling governmental interest, and to be narrowly tailored to advance that interest. Because the ordinance suppressed more religious conduct than was necessary to achieve its stated ends, it was promptly deemed unconstitutional.
What we see from this case is that in utilizing the Smith standard the court is not to rigidly adhere to the technical language of "neutral and generally applicable" without looking at a law's motive and practical effect. This opinion, it would seem, was a step in the direction of legal realism, requiring legal standards to take into account the bigger picture rather then adhering to strict and easily manipulated technical language.
Another important case that highlights the "neutral" element of the Smith standard is Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton. In this case The Village of Stratton, Ohio promulgated an ordinance that, among other things, prohibited "canvassers" from "going in and upon" private residential property to promote any "cause" without first obtaining a permit from the mayor's office by completing and signing a registration form. The ordinance imposed criminal sanctions on canvassing or soliciting without a license.
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The Jehovah's Witnesses, a religious group that publishes and distributes religious materials, sought injunctive relief, alleging that the ordinance violates its First Amendment rights to the free exercise of religion, free speech, and freedom of the press. While at first the lower courts held that the ordinance did pass intermediate scrutiny, the Supreme Court in an 8-1 vote reversed this decision arguing that the law was still unconstitutional. The court held that the law failed even intermediate scrutiny as it placed too great a burden on free speech and the free exercise of religion.
Again we see in this case that while subsequent courts adhered to the application of intermediate scrutiny with respect to neutral laws of general applicability, they expanded the scope of what it was that "neutrality" covered in the first place. First in Church of Lukumi v. City of Hialeah where the court extended the neutrality standard to exclude laws even with only a non-neutral motive, and then again in Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton which additionally took into account the practical effect a law would have on free speech and religion.
This type of progression is common in our legal system today and represents the ability of laws and legal concepts to evolve and be fine tuned with each new application of their precepts. Specific Exceptions Granted to Religiously Burdensome Laws On the other hand, there are some cases in which the Court allowed a religious motivation to exempt a person from a neutral, generally applicable law. This occurs when the courts find a particular group of people on whose religion a law not only imposes but also to whom the central purpose and policy of the law does not apply.
In such cases the courts have been known to grant localized exceptions to the law. In Wisconsin v. Yoder, Jonas Yoder, Wallace Miller and Adin Yutzy, all members of the Old Order Amish religion, were prosecuted under a Wisconsin law that required all children to attend public schools until age 16. The three parents refused to send their children to such schools after the eighth grade, arguing that high school attendance was contrary to their religious beliefs.
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In a unanimous decision, the Court held that an individual's interests in the free exercise of religion under the First Amendment outweighed the State's interests in compelling school attendance beyond the eighth grade. In the majority opinion by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, the Court found that the values and programs of secondary school were "in sharp conflict with the fundamental mode of life mandated by the Amish religion," and that an additional one or two years of high school would not produce the benefits of public education cited by Wisconsin to justify the law's application.
Justice William O. Douglas filed a partial dissent but joined with the majority regarding Yoder. While the law in question was neutral and generally applicable it did not pass intermediate scrutiny with respect to the Amish. If it had been just an imposition on their religious practices, even the Amish would have been held to the law, but because the law's central purpose didn't apply in the first place, with regards to the Amish, an exception was deemed necessary. Following the Supreme Court Ruling in Wisconsin v.
Yoder all states are required to grant the Old Order Amish the right to establish their own schools (should they choose) or to withdraw from public institutions after completing eighth grade. In some communities Amish parents have continued to send their children to public elementary schools even after Wisconsin v. Yoder and in most places tensions have eased considerably after the Supreme Court ruling. The Evolution of the Smith Standard and its Effect on Religion Today
Initially the Smith standard was viewed with much apprehension by the religious community and its advocates. It was seen to grant the court a new less restrictive power to burden religion, a power that could prove to extend and grow, a power that if left untended could have a substantial negative effect on religion in America. However as the standard stands today, even its critics would agree that these fears have proven to be largely unfounded, and that its predicted harm had been grossly overestimated. Smith introduced a novel concept.
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While a law that burdens religion ordinarily must pass strict scrutiny, a neutral law of general applicability need only pass intermediate scrutiny. The policy behind this standard being an assurance that laws do not target religion and are not created in an attempt to restrict religious practice. It is this policy and mindset that has guided subsequent judges in their attempt to define the limits of this standard, and it was only in the standard's repeated application to an ever changing combination of circumstances that the definition has efficiently evolved.
From the simple application of the concept's language, in Smith, where a neutral and generally applicable law happens to burden religion, to the advanced modern analysis of what neutrality really should include, in Church of Lukumi and Watchtower, we now have a clear, historically fine-tuned precedent, guiding us in the application of this novel standard, one which we can be sure will only continue to evolve in the future. ——————————————– [ 1 ].
Harvard Journal of Law and Public policy: A Matter of Constitutional Luck (spring 2003) [ 2 ]. Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U. S. 398 (1963) [ 3 ]. Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U. S. 872 (1990) [ 4 ]. The Constitution of The United States," Amendment 1 [ 5 ]. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U. S. 602 (1971) [ 6 ]. Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U. S. 872 (1990) [ 7 ]. Id. [ 8 ]. //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Employment_Division_v. _Smith [ 9 ]. Employment Division v.
Smith, 494 U. S. 872 (1990) [ 10 ]. //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Employment_Division_v. _Smith [ 11 ]. Christian Legal Society v. Martinez, 561 U. S. ,130 S. Ct. 2971, 177 L. Ed. 2d 838 (2010 [ 12 ]. Id. [ 13 ]. Id. [ 14 ]. Id. [ 15 ]. Id. [ 16 ]. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U. S. 602 (1971) [ 17 ]. Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah, 508 U. S. 520 (1993) [ 18 ]. Id. [ 19 ]. Id. [ 20 ]. //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Church_of_Lukumi_Babalu_Aye_v. _City_of_Hialeah [ 21 ].
Church of Lukumi v. City of Hialeah, 508 U. S. 520 (1993) [ 22 ]. Id. [ 23 ]. Id. [ 24 ]. Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton, 536 U. S. 150 (2002) [ 25 ]. //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Watchtower_Society_v. _Village_of_Stratton [ 26 ]. Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton, 536 U. S. 150 (2002) [ 27 ]. Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U. S. 205 (1972) [ 28 ]. //www. oyez. org/cases/1970-1979/1971/1971_70_110 [ 29 ]. Id. [ 30 ]. //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wisconsin_v. _Yoder
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Unter Multiplizität oder Entartungsgrad versteht man in der Quantenmechanik die Anzahl der orthogonalen Zustände, die zu einer bestimmten Observablen einen bestimmten Eigenwert gemeinsam haben. Diese Zustände sind also entartete  Eigenzustände zu dieser Observablen.

Grundprinzip am Beispiel des Spins

Ein Beispiel ist die Spinmultiplizität, die sich auf die Observable Gesamtspin einer Atomhülle bezieht. Im einfachsten Beispiel, dem Wasserstoffatom, kann das Elektron im Grundzustand einen von zwei orthogonalen Spinzuständen einnehmen. Ohne äußeres Magnetfeld haben die beiden Zustände denselben Eigenwert für die Energie und können also energetisch nicht unterschieden werden, d. h., sie bilden ein zweifach entartetes Energieniveau; die Multiplizität ist hier 2, das Niveau ist ein Dublett. In einem Magnetfeld spaltet das Niveau durch den Zeeman-Effekt in zwei Niveaus auf.

Ganz entsprechend heißt bei zwei Elektronen der Zustand mit Gesamtspin  Singulett, denn er spaltet nicht auf, und der Zustand mit Gesamtspin  Triplett, denn er spaltet im Magnetfeld 3fach auf.

Allgemein hat ein System mit Gesamtspin  die Spinmultiplizität . Die  unabhängigen Zustände (und alle ihre Linearkombinationen) haben in vielen Fällen dieselbe Energie, unterscheiden sich aber z. B. in der Orientierung des Spins bezüglich einer ausgezeichneten Achse. Dies wird  durch die  verschiedenen Eigenwerte  der z-Komponente des Spins ausgedrückt (siehe z. B. Richtungsquantelung in einem Magnetfeld):

Ein Energieniveau mit Spinmultiplizität  kann sich bei Auftreten zusätzlicher Wechselwirkungen in maximal  Niveaus aufspalten. In den Linienspektren von Atomen führt dies zu einer Feinstruktur.

Multiplizität des Spins in Atomen und Molekülen
Bei Systemen aus mehreren Elektronen und/oder Atomkernen wird zwischen der Spin-Multiplizität der Elektronen und der Spin-Multiplizität der Atomkerne unterschieden.

Multiplizität des Elektronenspins

Einelektronen-Systeme
Der Eigendrehimpuls eines Elektrons hat als Quantenzahl eines Elementarteilchens mit dem Spin  projiziert auf eine beliebige Raumrichtung zwei mögliche Einstellungen: parallel oder antiparallel. Es liegt demnach ein elektronischer Dublett-Zustand vor. Die Multiplizität des Einelektronen-Systems ist .
 Beispiel: Das Elektron eines einzelnen Wasserstoff-Atoms H• (So könnte es auch als Beispiel für ein Radikal mit null gepaarten Elektronen in der Tabelle unten stehen.)

Mehrelektronen-Systeme
Bei Atomen (bzw. Ionen) mit mehreren Elektronen und bei Molekülen muss zunächst die Gesamtspin-Quantenzahl  des gesamten elektronischen Systems ermittelt werden. Für ein Atom mit  Elektronen ist  gegeben durch

wobei  die Spinquantenzahl des i-ten Elektrons ist. Da die individuellen Spins gepaarter Elektronen aufgrund entgegengesetzter Ausrichtung nicht zum Gesamtspin beitragen, reicht es aus, die ungepaarten Elektronen zu zählen. Ihre individuellen Spin-Quantenzahlen  addieren sich zur Gesamtspin-Quantenzahl

Als einfaches Beispiel kann das Heliumatom als 2-Elektronensystem dienen, dafür sind die Zustände  als Singulett (Parahelium) und  als Triplett (Orthohelium) möglich.

Der Zahlenwert der Multiplizität wird in den Termsymbolen links hochgestellt angegeben, die häufig zur Kennzeichnung der Quantenzustände von Atomen und Molekülen verwendet werden.

 Beispiel: Für Wasserstoffatome (H) im Grundzustand ist das Termsymbol 2S1/2 (Multiplizität 2).

Bedeutung: Auswahlregeln, Interkombinationsverbot
Die Spinmultiplizität spielt eine wichtige Rolle für die Auswahlregeln in der Spektroskopie bei Mehrelektronensystemen.
So erfolgen elektrische Übergänge besonders gut, wenn die Kopplung der Spins und damit die Multiplizität erhalten bleibt (erlaubter Übergang, z. B. Fluoreszenz aus dem ersten angeregten Singulett-Zustand in den Singulett-Grundzustand).

Dagegen gelten Prozesse, bei denen sich die Multiplizität ändert (Interkombination), nach dem in der Spektroskopie üblichen Sprachgebrauch als verboten (Interkombinationsverbot). Genauer ist damit ausgedrückt, dass sie meist nur in geringem Ausmaß bzw. "langsam" (d. h. statistisch selten) stattfinden, wie z. B. in der Phosphoreszenz (Übergang aus dem tiefsten angeregten Triplett-Zustand in den Singulett-Grundzustand).

Multiplizität des Kernspins
Der Spin der Nukleonen und ihr Bahndrehimpuls ergeben den Gesamtspin  des Kerns. Dieser wird meist als Kernspin bezeichnet, obwohl auch die Bahndrehimpulse der Nukleonen beitragen. Der Gesamtdrehimpuls  des Atoms ergibt sich aus Kerndrehimpuls  und Hüllendrehimpuls  und kann die Werte  annehmen, sodass die Multiplizität  für  und  für  ist.

Multiplizität des Isospins

In der Kern- und Teilchenphysik wird der Formalismus auch für Multipletts von Atomkern-Zuständen und Elementarteilchen verwendet. Dies ist sinnvoll, weil Proton und Neutron bzw. up-Quark und down-Quark sehr ähnliche Massen haben und sich bezüglich der starken Wechselwirkung (Kernkräfte) gleich verhalten. Man kann sie daher als zwei (elektrische) Ladungszustände eines Teilchens beschreiben.

Kernphysik

Beim Vergleich der Anregungsspektren von isobaren Atomkernen findet man in den verschiedenen Kernen analoge Zustände. Zum Beispiel gibt es in den Kernen ,  und  Zustände mit gleichen Spin- und Paritätsquantenzahlen und näherungsweise gleichen Energieabständen. Diese interpretiert man als Isospintripletts. Andere Zustände, die nur in  vorkommen, sind Singuletts.

Teilchenphysik

Proton und Neutron und bilden ein Isospindublett (zwei Zustände des Nukleons). Ebenso gibt es weitere Hadronen, die Multipletts bilden. Zu Details siehe Meson und Baryon.

Multiplizität des Schwachen Isospins

In der Theorie der elektroschwachen Wechselwirkung bilden linkshändige elementare Fermionen (Quarks und Leptonen) Dubletts, auf die dieser Formalismus ebenfalls anwendbar ist. Ein Beispiel ist das Dublett aus Elektron (e−) und Elektron-Neutrino ().

Literatur

Siehe auch
 Zeeman-Effekt
 Kernspinresonanz
 Entropie in der Thermodynamik
 Spinpolarisation

Einzelnachweise

Quantenmechanik
Spektroskopie
Teilchenphysik

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Preview Clips of Weezer's "Raditude" Tracks Hit iTunes
October 13th, 2009 by Daniel Kreps Leave a reply »
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Weezer fans eager to find out just how rad Raditude really is should head over to the iTunes store, as Apple's digital-music service has posted 30-second clips of the album's 10 tracks and two bonus songs. In addition to first single "(If You're Wondering If I Want You To) I Want You To," fans can also get a taste of pub rocker "The Girl Got Hot," touching closer "I Don't Want to Let You Go" and Rivers Cuomo's collabo with the All-American Rejects, "Put Me Back Together." (Word of caution: There's a band called Raditude! already on iTunes, so make sure you click the right one.)
It's hard to choose favorites among half-minute excerpts, but we're especially excited for "Can't Stop Partying," Weezer's collaboration with Lil Wayne. Even though Weezy's verse isn't previewed on iTunes, we do get a sampling of Rivers' awesomely offbeat lyrics for the track. "Monday to Sunday, I hit all the clubs, and now everybody knows me when I pull up," Cuomo sings. "I got the real big posse with me, yeah I'm deep, and if you're looking for me, I'm in VIP. Just follow the smoke, they're bringing bottles of the Goose, and all the girls in the corner are getting loose." The song is one "makin' it rain" reference away from being a Lil Jon song, even though musically it's closer to MGMT than Crunk Rock (and light years more party-worthy than the demo version that appeared on Cuomo's Alone II).
You can also check out the "Kids" portion of Weezer's iTunes bonus track mash-up of "Kids/Poker Face," plus the acoustic bonus cut "The Story of My Life." However, the four new songs that'll appear on the Delu...
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Comics Reviews: JLA 188, Legion of Super-Heroes 273, New Teen Titans 5
Justice League of America #188 – "The Metamorph War" – Gerry Conway/Don Heck/Frank McLaughlin
Last issue, a weirdo villain named Proteus used something called an Identi-Factor to change the physical forms of several Justice Leaguers (Superman, Zatanna, Aquaman, Wonder Woman, and Elongated Man) and suppress their memories. Proteus created his own JLA duplicates so he could use them to rob a jewelry store, but without the super powers possessed by the originals. Flash figured out what was happening, but when he confronted the fake Leaguers, they actually did have super powers, so Flash assumed he was mistaken. He soon found out otherwise, as Proteus ambushed him in an alley so he could be replaced with a fake Flash. The other heroes (except Zatanna) regained their memories—though not their original forms—and headed for the jewelry store. Flash reacts with super-speed to Proteus's ambush, vibrating down through the pavement and coming up behind Proteus and the doppelgänger Flash. The Scarlet Speedster knocks Proteus out, but is surprised to find his criminal counterpart has his own super-speed powers. Inside the store, the other fake JLAers also use super powers to rob the place, but they're met outside by the real Leaguers (still looking like everyday schmoes). The real JLA quickly shows the fakes how it's done, kicking the shit out of them. During the fight, they find out their foes' "super powers" are provided by mechanical devices. Flash joins the fight, dragging the unconscious Proteus with him. He interrogates the villains and learns that Proteus can't restore the other Leaguers to their real forms because his Identi-Factor was smashed during the fight. Flash makes him tell where the real Zatanna is—she's been metamorphosed into a bag lady in the subway. Flash finds her and jogs her memory by mentioning all the personal stuff she told him during their completely platonic dinner on the Satellite. Zatanna's memory returns and she changes herself back to normal. Flash tells her she needs to change the others back too and reiterates that they're just friends. I still think they banged on the Satellite.
"The Miracle at 22,300 Miles" – Gerry Conway/Rich Buckler/Frank McLaughlin
This one starts with Hawkman and Hawkgirl on the JLA Satellite, talking about how much they miss Thanagar and how they hate being exiled to Earth. In Ivy Town, Ray (Atom) Palmer and his wife Jean go to some Jewish professor's house and we get a crash course on Hanukkah … specifically the Menorah and how the Temple oil lasted for eight days instead of just one. Pay attention to that, it'll be important later. Near Gotham, Batman and Black Canary stop some smugglers (and Canary gets pissed off when none of the crooks recognize her). They get an emergency call from the Satellite and head up (arriving with Atom) to find the Satellite has been attacked by another satellite in orbit around Earth. The smaller satellite showed up out of nowhere and started blasting the JLA satellite with lasers, so Hawkman flew out to disable it. He gets wounded by one of the lasers (don't worry, it only winged him … yeah, I said it), but manages to tear the killer satellite's wiring out. Unfortunately, that knocks him out and the others are in no position to help, since the lasers screwed up all the Satellite's systems, including life support. Only one space suit is intact, so Black Canary dons it and heads out to retrieve Hawkman. Hawkgirl heads to the Thanagarian ship to bring back supplies, while Atom and Batman try to fix the life support … Atom actually shrinking down and going inside the computer. By the time Canary gets back with Hawkman, Atom emerges from the computer and passes out from he cold and exhaustion, but he managed to fix the life support systems and the environment starts going back to normal. Hawkgirl returns with replacement parts s they can fix the life support permanently, but Batman points out that a bunch of the circuit connections were never fixed. Atom wakes up and says they were beyond repair, but he tried to fix them anyway. Black Canary wonders how the life support held out with the broken circuits and Atom says it must've been a miracle, like the oil in the Temple.
Legion of Super-Heroes #273 – "A Murderer—Among Us?" – Gerry Conway/Jimmy Janes/Frank Chiaramonte
This one starts with the newly elected President of Earth (who just happens to be Marte Allon, Colossal Boy's mother) telling the Legion they have to disband. According to their own Constitution, the Legion members aren't supposed to kill, but Brainiac 5 killed a woman named An Ryd (in issue 239) and framed Ultra Boy for it. Brainy was later deemed insane (he's feeling much better now), but the fact remains that he killed someone. Brainy stipulates to the facts and resigns to keep the Legion from disbanding. The rest of the Legionnaires are pissed off, especially since there was no formal trial. A bunch of them head back to headquarters to discuss the situation, but a small contingent (Chameleon Boy, Ultra Boy, Phantom Girl, and Star Boy) decide to look into things further. Chameleon Boy hints that Brainiac 5 may not be as guilty as everyone assumes. Timber Wolf declines to help, since he's been having weird headaches lately. Apparently his wild nature is affecting him and he thinks he might have to leave the Legion soon; Light Lass says she'll go with him, if it comes to that. Colossal Boy tries to talk to his mother, but her new rank has gone to her head and she's really snotty to him. Chameleon Boy and his team head to Rimbor, where An Ryd was murdered, and they split up to look for clues. (No sign of Scooby or Velma.) Cham and Star Boy check out the scene of the crime and Cham changes into a Rigellian Seeker Hound to sniff out Brainy's scent … but there's no trace of him. Star Boy points out the blast marks and says there's no way a Legion blaster did that kind of damage. Before they can leave with their newfound knowledge, they're attacked by someone. Star Boy tries to absorb an energy blast, but burns himself out. Cham recognizes their attacker (though we can't see who it is), but gets blasted in the eyes and knocked out. At Rimbor's Port Control, Ultra Boy and Phantom Girl bribe a controller so they can check the logs from the time of the murder. They find that no ships arrived that Brainy could've been on, and none were unaccounted for, so whoever killed An Ryd must've set Brainy up and then drove him nuts. And whoever it was can travel through space without a ship. Outside, someone attacks the Port Controller and when Ultra Boy and Phantom Girl go out to check the ruckus, they find the real culprit … Pulsar Stargrave! Yup, it was him who set Brainy up for everything and he makes short work of these Legionnaires too, knocking Phantom Girl out and (seemingly) disintegrating Ultra Boy. Meanwhile, Brainiac 5 has used logic to arrive at the same conclusions as his teammates and shows up in time to save their lives, though Stargrave has already retreated to Rimbor's moon. Cham is blind, Star Boy is in a full-body cast, and Phantom Girl is basically okay … until they tell her Ultra Boy is probably dead. Brainy leaves to confront Stargrave and gets ambushed. But Brainy is ready and manages to save himself with his indestructible force field. He then uses the force field to surround himself and Stargrave, saying he'll do anything to keep Stargrave from menacing the galaxy. Stargrave may not need food or air (at this point, Stargrave was thought to be the original Brainiac android, though that was later retconned away), but being trapped inside Brainy's force field for centuries would drive him crazy. Stargrave says he won't be trapped and starts spewing out massive amounts of energy to burn through Brainy's force field. But it turns out Brainy tricked him … he actually encased Stargrave in a separate force field before throwing the second one around both of them, so Stargrave ends up destroying himself. Brainy points out how Stargrave's original computer logic was replaced by emotion and hatred, which ultimately led to his demise.
New Teen Titans #5 – "Trigon Lives" – Marv Wolfman/Curt Swan/Romeo Tanghal
Last issue, Raven revealed to her Titans teammates that she brought them together to fight an extra-dimensional demon named Trigon. Unfortunately, her methods for getting them to cooperate included using her emotion manipulating abilities on them … especially on Kid Flash, who she basically made fall in love with her. The Titans were understandably upset and walked out on her, despite the threat of Trigon. Raven vows to keep fighting Trigon, but he sics his minion (Goronn) on her and she's forced to send her astral self to plead for help from the Titans. They're discussing her betrayal and Kid Flash is lashing out at everyone (even though they all tried to warn him about Raven's weird influence on him). Cyborg tells Wally to stop acting like a dick, but when Raven's astral self shows up to ask for help fighting Goronn, Wally doesn't care. Robin, Wonder Girl, Starfire, and Changeling decide to go help her, but Cyborg stays behind with Wally to give him a little reverse psychology. Kid Flash admits he does still care what happens to Raven and zooms off to help the others, which is probably what Cyborg was going for all along. When Kid Flash catches up (followed closely by Cyborg), Goronn is surrounded by Titans but they're not having much effect. Raven refuses to join the fight, so Robin directs the others and they take Goronn down. Robin points out this is the first time they've acted as a team instead of seven individuals. They think they've won, but Raven points out this was just a servant of Trigon. The real deal shows up and we get our first good look at him. He ain't pretty, that's for sure. We also learn that he is Raven's father and wants her to join him in his takeover of this dimension. She refuses and the Titans end up back at the Tower, though I'm not sure if Trigon zapped them there or if Raven used her power to teleport them back. Trigon summons his henchman Psimon and dissipates him, then blasts Goronn for his failure. At the Tower, Raven finally comes clean about Trigon being her father and how she formed the Titans to fight him. She'd been hoping for more time, but Trigon has accelerated the schedule, so they'll just have to make the best of it. Raven tells the others to hold Trigon as best they can while she goes to Azarath for help. Kid Flash is sick of her taking off all the time and says he's quitting the team as soon as Trigon is defeated. The Titans head into Manhattan to confront Trigon and Cyborg admits to Changeling that he's scared; Changeling says they all get scared and that's why he constantly acts like such a goof. They tackle Trigon, but he's way too strong for them, tossing them around like playthings. Raven tries to convince her mother (Arella) and the Council of Azarath to help fight Trigon, but they've taken vows of pacifism and refuse. Trigon appears in Azarath and says he'll destroy everyone, but even that doesn't move Arella or the others to fight. Raven is sick of their apathy and uses her powers to bring the Titans to Azarath to help her fight Trigon. But he's still too powerful and slaps the shit out of them again. Robin begs Arella to help, since Raven mentioned the people of Azarath had the power to defeat Trigon, but Arella says she won't turn her back on the peaceful ways she's learned there. Robin says peace has to be earned and fought for, but Arella won't listen. Raven finally decides it's up to her and offers to go willingly with her father if he'll spare this dimension. She knew he could've killed her plenty of times but didn't, so she holds out hope that there's some spark of decency inside him, some part of him that actually cares about her. The others implore her not to sacrifice herself, but she says it's the only way. Wally tries to tell her he loves her, but before he can finish his sentence, Raven and Trigon are gone. We'll see whether she returns or not next issue.
We see the mysterious figure who built the Titans' Tower lurking around again. It seems like he has a connection to Cyborg, and judging by his silhouette, it could be Victor's father, Dr, Stone.
Author M.S. WilsonPosted on January 21, 2019 December 14, 2018 Categories Comics ReviewsTags JLA reviews, LSH reviews, March 1981, New Teen Titans reviews
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ALTA Names Cynthia Durham Blair NTP as President
ALTA announced that Cynthia Durham Blair NTP has been installed as president for the 2018-2019 year.
"I am truly privileged to lead such a strong group of title industry professionals who work diligently every day to ensure our customers don't have to worry about their property rights when purchasing a home," said Blair, who is also a founding member of the law firm Blair Cato Pickren Casterline LLC in South Carolina. "Helping unite our more than 6,300 members and the land title insurance industry under the ALTA umbrella is a job I am humbled to have and one I take seriously. I am enthused to start working on our upcoming strategic priorities alongside ALTA's Board, staff and membership over the next year."
ALTA's 2019 strategic priorities include helping members:
Plan for change through innovation and quality operations.
Stay relevant in the secondary market.
Communicate the benefits of what they do to consumers.
Protect their businesses' and customers' data and money.
Harness the power of ALTA values and a robust, ethical corporate culture.
"As much as technology can benefit our society, it also can destroy what we've worked so hard to build, and we must guard against constant cyberattacks and wire fraud," Blair said. "The FBI reported real-estate wire fraud losses exceeding $1.4 billion in 2017. Therefore, protecting ALTA members and their customers from wire fraud schemes and prioritizing information security will continue to be top-of-mind in the coming year. ALTA will collaborate with partners to raise consumer awareness and avoid business email compromise scams through preparation and vigilance as well as help members plan for the worst via education efforts, such as the ALTA Rapid Response Plan for Wire Fraud Incidents. ALTA and our member companies will continue to innovate for the benefit of our customers; do the right thing before, during and after the closing to assure that land transfers are accurate and efficient; and reduce risk and protect the property rights so our customers have peace of mind."
Cornelia Horner, ALTA's interim CEO and chief operating officer, added "Cynthia's skill and insight will be invaluable assets needed to assist ALTA in planning for what's ahead. Her level-headed judgment and experience as a highly regarded real estate lawyer will set up ALTA and, in turn, our membership for progress and long-term success. We are fortunate to have Cynthia's sense of fairness, loyalty and integrity as we launch into the next year's opportunities and brave forthcoming business changes."
Blair's full biography can be found on ALTA's website.
Check out the November edition of TitleNews for a feature article on ALTA's new president, Cynthia Durham Blair NTP.


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Karl Spiegel (* 4. Mai 1868 in Hilden, Kreis Mettmann ; † 22. Juli 1932 in Bielefeld) war ein deutscher Gewerkschafter und sozialdemokratischer Politiker. Zwischen 1912 und 1930 war er mehrmals Mitglied des Deutschen Reichstags.

Leben
Spiegel war Sohn eines Kleinhändlers. Er absolvierte nach der Volksschule von 1882 bis 1885 eine Lehre zum Klempner. Anschließend ging er auf Wanderschaft und leistete 1888/89 seinen Militärdienst. Danach arbeitete er bis 1901 als Metallarbeiter.

Er trat 1887 der späteren SPD und einer freien Gewerkschaft bei. Im Jahr 1889 war er Mitbegründer einiger Fachvereine. Zwischen 1893 und 1898 war Spiegel Vorstandsmitglied der SPD. Zwischen 1894 und 1901 saß er im Vorstand der Filiale des Deutschen Metallarbeiterverbandes in Düsseldorf. Von 1910 bis 1920 war Spiegel hauptberuflich Bezirksleiter des DMV für Rheinland und Westfalen. Danach war er Bezirksleiter für die Regierungsbezirke Minden, Münster, Osnabrück sowie die lippischen Staaten mit Sitz in Bielefeld. Außerdem war er von 1905 bis 1920 Mitglied der gewerkschaftlichen Agitationskommission für Rheinland und Westfalen.

Von 1925 bis 1928 und von 1930 bis 1932 war Spiegel Gauvorsitzender des Reichsbanners Schwarz-Rot-Gold für den Bereich Westfalen-Ost.

Spiegel war von 1912 bis 1918 Mitglied des Reichstags im  Kaiserreich, von 1922 bis 1924 und von 1928 bis 1930 Mitglied Reichstags der Weimarer Republik.

Weblinks und Quellen

Reichstagsabgeordneter (Deutsches Kaiserreich)
Reichstagsabgeordneter (Weimarer Republik)
SPD-Mitglied
DMV-Funktionär
Person (Hilden)
Deutscher
Mitglied im Reichsbanner
Geboren 1868
Gestorben 1932
Mann


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Summary of the First Election Debate
In the first candidates' debate of the campaign, the candidates spent as much of their time responding to each other's allegations as they did answering questions from the public.
The debate began on economic issues, with Ebrahim Raisi discussing how he would deal with smuggling and removing barriers to productivity. Amir-Hossein Ghazizadeh Hashemi outlined the problem and his solutions for the national currency.
Abdol-Naser Hemmati came out swinging, saying "unlike my friends here in front of you now, I actually know about economics", saying he had a plan for fairer distribution of wealth, and accused Mohsen Rezaei of holding the country back financially for his part in opposing Iran's signature for the FATF (Financial Action Task Force), an international body responsible for tackling money laundering and the financing of terrorism. He also accused Rezaei of obtaining his economics degree through intimidation rather than study. Hemmati attacked Saeed Jalili for having Trumpian politics, and then accused five of his opponents of being cover candidates for the sixth, Ebrahim Raisi, saying he will not respond to their criticisms unless they vow not to drop out of the race for Raisi. Hemmati then turned to Raisi, saying he had special respect for him for being a genuine candidate, unlike the others, before attacking his record in the judiciary and accusing him of oppressing the people.
Mohsen Rezaei tried to change the tone of the debate and push the heat back onto Hemmati, saying that the former Governor of the Central Bank had overseen the decline in the economy. Rezaei criticised Hemmati for offering subsidies to "rent-seekers" but not to the poor, and said he had turned the Revolutionary train into a scooter. Rezaei then emphasised that he is a soldier of Iran, and lamented "that Hemmati sympathises with the enemies of the Iranian nation is a great defect on his part".
Mohsen Mehr-Alizadeh began by outlining the problems of Iran, with 50% of Iranians subsisting below the poverty line and 7 million "heads of households" without a fixed reliable income. Mehr-Alizadeh directed most of his criticism towards Raisi, asking how a man with "seminary literacy" to solve the problems of the economy, asking the Iranian voters if they would hire an unlicensed driver to be their chauffeur. Mehr-Alizadeh said that the judiciary is still run as it was in the days of the Qajars, and Raisi suffers from "Restless Post Syndrome", meaning he does not stay in one senior role long enough to be effective.
Ali-Reza Zakani directed his criticism for Hemmati, saying that the failure to sign up to the FATF was his fault, and as recently as two years ago he was saying that the FATF was not important. Zakani also said of Hemmati: "you say you want to redistribute wealth but all you have done is redistribute poverty". Zakani also said the economy needed a leap in production, and needed to deal with tax arrears.
Saeed Jalili continued with the theme of attacking Hemmati, saying that when he was head of the Supreme National Security Council, he had several meetings with Hemmati in which the senior economist was given assistance in solving the problems of Iranian financial institutions, and he failed.
Ebrahim Raisi said "it is very bad that someone in the guise of a presidential candidate destroys others just to get votes" adding that no country has ever solved its problems through slander. Raisi then spoke to his record as an economic manager, particularly in increasing production, before speaking of his positive contributions as Chief Justice, which he said brought him in close consultation with the executive branch of government, and therefore gave him an understanding of the workings of the presidency. Raisi added that "management is the missing link in the country. I can line up many economists to solve the country's problems but today, people want good management. Today, people are looking for a powerful economic manager who can solve problems".
Amir-Hossein Ghazizadeh Hashemi echoed Raisi in his criticism of the tone of the debate and the need for good economic management. Ghazizadeh focused on tackling inflation and the housing crisis.
The take away is that Hemmati succeeded in getting all of the candidates talking about him, giving the impression that he is the alternative to Raisi. Whike Raisi succeeded in staying on track, presenting his plan and responding to Hemmati in a measured fashion, debates like these usually favour the underdog over the favourite, and it seems Hemmati turned this debate into being more about him than Raisi. Finally, the amount of time the other candidates spent in responding to Hemmati's criticisms and levelling their own made them look irrelevant. Ghazizadeh, Jalili and Zakani did nothing to break the impression that they are pro-Raisi candidates. Mehr-Alizadeh was quite sheepish and although the same cannot be said of Rezaei, who did seem well prepared, his message was confused at times.
The next debate is on Tuesday, June 8.
Watch the debate on YouTube.


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Vanna Kanavugal () is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Ameerjan and produced by Kavithalayaa Productions. The film stars Karthik, Murali and Jayashree. It is a remake of the 1984 Malayalam film Adiyozhukkukal. The film, which notably features no songs, was released on 9 July 1987 and emerged a success.

Plot

Cast
Karthik
Murali
Jayashree
Anand
Charle
Nassar
Typist Gopu
Harathi Ganesh

Production
Vanna Kanavugal is the feature film debut of Anand. The dialogues were written by Vairamuthu.

Release and reception
Vanna Kanavugal was released on 9 July 1987. The Indian Express wrote, "Karthik has shown that he can play the tough guy too". Jayamanmadhan of Kalki appreciated the lack of songs, the dialogues and outdoor photography, but felt many unnecessary characters were abundant. Though Ameerjan was sceptical about the film's commercial viability, given its lack of songs, the film was a success and ran for over 100 days in theatres.

See also
 List of Indian films without songs

References

External links

1980s Tamil-language films
1987 films
Films directed by Ameerjan
Tamil remakes of Malayalam films
Films scored by V. S. Narasimhan


A Last Will and Testament is a legal document wherein you direct how your estate (which is basically everything you own at death) should be distributed.
A Trust is a legal document wherein you place certain property in trust for the benefit of a named beneficiary and you provide instructions to a Trustee (a person of your choosing) on how to manage and distribute the property.
The biggest difference between the two documents relates to when they become enforceable. A Last Will and Testament doesn't become enforceable until the moment of your death. A Trust becomes effective the moment it's created. A Testamentary Trust, unlike the basic or general Trust, operates more like a will. In other words, a Testamentary Trust is just like a basic or general trust except that it does not become enforceable until the moment of your death.
If you would like a Last Will and Testament and a Testamentary Trust, you've come to the right place. Please read the instructions on each page of the following form before submitting your information. Once you've submitted your information, we'll immediately start working on your document and forward it back to you via your chosen delivery method. You will also receive an additional set of instructions for finalizing the document. You must follow the additional set of instructions in order for your document to become legally valid. But don't worry, the additional instructions are simple and easy to follow.


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Category Archives: Land reform
Land Reform in 2019
Posted on January 10, 2019 by Dr Calum Macleod
Following a period in the political wilderness land reform has commanded an increasingly high profile on Scotland's public policy agenda over the last four years. Much of that heighted profile has been propelled by legislation in the form of the Community Empowerment (Scotland) Act 2015 and, particularly, the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2016.
The Community Empowerment Act simplified existing Community and Crofting Community Rights to Buy land first introduced in the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 and extended the Community Right to Buy to cover urban as well as rural areas. It introduced a new Community Right to Buy land which is abandoned, neglected or detrimental to the environmental wellbeing of local communities without the necessity of a willing seller. The Act also introduced a right for communities to make requests to Scottish Ministers, local authorities and a range of other public bodies to own, lease or otherwise use land or buildings they could make better use of.
The Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2016 represents another important step forward in Scotland's land reform journey. Amongst other things it made provision for the following: a Land Rights and Responsibilities Statement to help inform policy and practice around land issues in Scotland; a register of controlling interests in land; guidance on engaging communities in decisions relating to land which may affect them; a new Community Right to Buy land to further sustainable development, again without the need for a willing seller; and creation of a Scottish Land Commission to review the effectiveness and impact of any law or policy relating to land matters and to make recommendations accordingly, as well as commissioning research and providing information and guidance on relevant issues.
In the wake of both the Community Empowerment and Land Reform Acts it may be tempting for Scotland's Parliamentarians to assume that much of the heavy lifting of land reform has been completed. That, after all, is exactly what happened when Parliament passed the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003, after which land reform went for a prolonged sabbatical as a policy issue for the remainder of the decade.
Tempting, but a mistaken assumption nonetheless.
In fact, there remains a great deal to do to maintain and deepen land reform's purchase on the public policy agenda as a force for progressive change in Scotland. Much of that work will begin to take shape over the course of 2019. Some of it is legislative in nature and involves putting flesh on the bones of provisions contained in the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2016. Part of the work is already under way; last autumn the Scottish Government consulted on draft regulations to underpin its new Register of Persons Holding a Controlled Interest in Land which will be introduced this year to improve land ownership transparency.
Other important legislative work will begin later this year when the Scottish Government introduces regulations to implement the Community Right to Buy to further sustainable development contained in the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2016. As with the Community Right to Buy abandoned, neglected or detrimental land, the 'sustainable development' Community Right to Buy does not require a willing seller. Making sure that it is fit for purpose while respecting the human rights of individual property owners and members of the wider community will be a critical task for Parliament. In particular the sustainable development right needs to be framed in a way that will enable communities to actually use it in practice in appropriate circumstances. It's not yet clear whether the recently introduced 'abandoned etc'. Right to Buy will be effective in that regard, partly because no community has yet applied to use it and partly because of concerns that the legal definitions of "harm" and communities' "environmental wellbeing" are too tightly drawn to make the right useable in all but the most exceptional circumstances.
There's also work to be done in ensuring that land reform's geographical reach continues to spread beyond its traditional rural heartland of the Highlands and Islands. The growth in community land ownership has been the most obvious manifestation of land reform since the pioneering 'first wave' of community buyouts – in most notably in Assynt, Knoydart and Eigg – in the 1990s. Data recently published by the Scottish Government indicate that, as of June 2017, there are 562,229 acres in community ownership. 527,252 acres of that total are located in the Highlands and Islands. In contrast, the Scottish Government estimates that a mere 794 acres of land in the south of Scotland (Dumfries and Galloway and Scottish Borders) are in community ownership.
One of the most important factors in helping to nurture the growth of community ownership in the Highlands and Islands was the creation of the Community Land Unit in Highlands and Islands Enterprise in 1997. In the intervening period it has provided invaluable technical, financial and capacity-building support to community groups in terms of purchasing and managing land and other assets. A comparable service is vital for the south of Scotland to help kick-start an expansion in community ownership there similar to the surge that has occurred in such ownership in the Highlands and Islands over the last 25 years. The Scottish Government has a chance to ensure that happens by ensuring that the Bill currently before Parliament to create a South of Scotland Enterprise contains explicit provisions to establish a Community Land Unit within the new development agency. Whether or not it chooses to do so will be a telling indicator of the Government's commitment towards making community land ownership a matter of importance to the whole of Scotland.
Arguably some of the most promising possibilities for advancing progressive land reform in the coming year lie in connecting seemingly disparate policy threads to move away from the conventional 'silo-mentality' that characterises much of Government policy-making in Scotland (as elsewhere).
One area of opportunity concerns the rural repopulation and renewal agenda. This policy area which has been given added urgency by gloomy forecasts, contained in Scottish Government-commissioned research by The James Hutton Institute, of plummeting populations in Scotland's Sparsely Populated Areas by the mid 21stcentury. The Planning Bill currently heading towards its final stage in the Scottish Parliament contains amendments – for which Community Land Scotland has advocated – which explicitly encourage consideration of rural repopulation in future planning policy and local development plans by Scottish Ministers and local planning authorities respectively.
Much remains to be done at both policy and practical levels to connect land with other elements of rural renewal such as affordable housing, high quality jobs, digital and other infrastructure that can help retain and grow rural populations in ways that are economically, socially, environmentally and culturally sustainable. Nevertheless, viewing these interconnected issues through the policy lens of land reform offers a fresh perspective on how to achieve rural renewal objectives that are collectively in all of Scotland's interests.
A further area where land reform and wider policy objectives may intersect more closely in future is that of human rights. An important feature of recent land reform legislation in Scotland has been the introduction of a perspective on the relationship between land rights and human rights that goes beyond focussing only on individuals' property rights. The Scottish Government made a commitment last month to legislate for an Act of Parliament to provide Human Rights leadership in Scotland. In turn, that raises intriguing and as yet unexplored possibilities for further alignment of Scotland's evolving human rights and land reform agendas. Of particular interest is the potential scope for aligning the right of everyone to take part in cultural life, as articulated in Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, with Scotland's ongoing land reform process.
2019 is not the time to slow Scotland's land reform process down. Rather, the year ahead offers an opportunity to both accelerate its pace and direct the reform process towards hitherto unexplored policy avenues. The extent to which that opportunity is grasped will largely depend on the appetite of Government and Parliament to make wider policy connections that enable Scotland's land to fulfil its function as a precious and finite resource to be used in the public interest for the common good. It promises to be an interesting year
Posted in Land reform	| Tagged community right to buy, Human Rights, Planning Bill, Rural repopulation, South of Scotland Enterprise	| Leave a reply
Small cairns, big questions: community empowerment and landscape
Posted on September 26, 2018 by Dr Calum Macleod
Norman MacCaig's epic poem 'A man in Assynt' famously asks
"Who owns this landscape? –
The millionaire who bought it or
the poacher staggering downhill in the early morning
with a deer on his back?"
Fast-forward the 50 or so years since the poem's publication and you might be tempted to add smart-phone brandishing tourists eager for a selfie and another tick on their 'beauty-spot' bucket lists to MacCaig's cast of characters laying claim to some of rural Scotland's most iconic settings. That's certainly been the case in Skye's Fairy Glen for quite some time, but tourists' encounters with that landscape have involved bestowing unwelcome – from locals' perspectives at least – punctuation marks in the form of the cairns many insist on building there to mark their visit and doubtless share on social media.
As last week's gloriously headlined front-page story in the West Highland Free Press highlighted ("Cairn madness at Fairy Glen sparks action"), some of these locals have had enough and taken it upon themselves to remove the offending items, which they maintain are a health and safety hazard and leading to the erosion of the environment. Some tourists were apparently less than thrilled at their mini-monuments to themselves being removed according to Claire Irons, the Uig resident whose Facebook post and accompanying photo inspired the cairn clear-up a couple of weeks ago. It seems that Hell hath no fury like tourists deprived of their selfie props.
In its modest way, the Fairy Glen furore provides a stone-strewn vignette of wider and more deep-seated issues concerning how rural landscapes are valued, consumed and, in another nod to MacCaig, how they are possessed. And, crucially, in who's interests these processes are played out.
Some of these questions are explored in 'Community Empowerment and Landscape', a new research report by Inherit: the Institute for Heritage and Sustainable Human Development in collaboration with Community Land Scotland, the membership organisation for Scotland's community landowners. The report examines how 'landscape policy', a convenient shorthand for the laws, designations and associated initiatives dealing with conservation and management of the 'landscape', 'historic environment' and 'natural heritage' dimensions of rural places is implemented by Scottish Natural Heritage and Historic Environment Scotland, the main Government agencies responsible for putting that policy into practice.
Not particularly well from a community perspective, as it turns out. According to the report's author, Dr Chris Dalglish, the research's key finding is that communities' feel "locked out" of landscape designation decisions that affect their lives, leading to a "participation deficit" that leaves them largely disempowered in determining the characteristics of the landscapes of which they are the living, human dimension.
Does that matter? Read the whole of 'A man in Assynt'and you'd be forgiven for concluding that it probably does not, as MacCaig dismisses his "false questions" concerning ownership and possession of a landscape that is
and intractable in any terms
that are human"
Well, perhaps. However, the human dimension certainly does intrude into the distinctly unpoetic world of landscape policy management. Or at least the institutional dimension does because, as the 'Community Empowerment and Landscape'report shows, there is a tendency to see landscape matters – in terms of defining their characteristics and "special" qualities – as the exclusive preserve of professionals and institutions underpinned by a 'fence and exclude' conservation culture that treats development simply as a threat.
The most obvious example of that approach is the creation of Scotland's 42 wild land maps covering some 3.7 million acres of rural Scotland, most of them in the West Highlands and Islands. These maps are underpinned by a highly subjective list of supposedly "special' qualities that conveniently airbrush the 'people' dimension out of great swathes of the rural landscape. You can add Scotland's 40 National Scenic Areas and countless other conservation designations into that same mix.
That's not to say that 'conservation' or 'development' should to be a binary, 'either-or' choice. However, as 'Community Empowerment and Landscape' also shows, there needs to be some radical rethinking of how landscape policy is conducted to make it more attuned to the principles of sustainable development than it currently is. That implies integrating consideration of human rights and wider social and economic consequences into the process of applying and managing natural and historic heritage designations. It also implies a culture change on the part of public agencies to enable communities' voices to be heard much more prominently in landscape policy than has hitherto been the case. Hovering high above these issues are two vital questions; namely who and what are Scotland's rural places for? Anyone who thinks these fundamental questions about the future of rural Scotland are uncontested might be well advised not to build any cairns in the Fairy Glen anytime soon.
Posted in Land reform	| Tagged Community Empowerment, Landscape	| Leave a reply
The Future of Community Land Ownership in Scotland
Posted on October 2, 2017 by Dr Calum Macleod
This is an abridged version of a discussion paper on 'The Future of Community Land Ownership in Scotland' prepared for the national Strengthening Communities conference held in Aviemore on 21st and 22nd September. The full paper is available at: http://www.hie.co.uk/community-support/community-conference/presentations.html
Community land ownership has captured Scotland's political imagination to the extent of defining and dominating the debate on land reform over the last 20 years. That debate centres on whether Scotland's extraordinarily concentrated pattern of private land ownership inhibits or encourages land use that reflects wider, shared societal objectives for the common good.
Proponents of land reform argue that concentrated ownership enables the dominant exercise of economic, political and social power by large-scale private landowners that can run contrary to the wider public interest. They consequently advocate democratising property rights through co-ordinated application of legislative and fiscal policy measures to redistribute these rights more widely within the context of an increasingly diverse and transparent pattern of land ownership in Scotland in support of sustainable development. Continue reading →
Posted in Land reform	| Tagged Community land ownership, Land reform	| Leave a reply
The Scottish Land Commission and 'robust land reform'
Posted on May 25, 2017 by Dr Calum Macleod
The new Scottish Land Commission came into operation on April 1st. That might not seem like a particularly big deal. Especially given that recent Scottish land reform has been dominated by the passing of the Community Empowerment (Scotland) Act 2015 and the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2016; both highly controversial pieces of legislation designed to help diversify Scotland's extraordinarily concentrated pattern of private land ownership. But Scotland's Parliamentarians have 'previous' when it comes to resting on their laurels while fondly imagining that the 'land question' has been legislatively fixed. As the almost decade-long policy hiatus following the passing of the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 shows, it's all too easy to let the political impetus for land reform dissipate in the absence of drivers to keep it on the policy agenda. So the creation of the Scottish Land Commission to provide "direction, leadership, and strategic thought to land reform in Scotland" matters because it represents a potentially significant institutional driver for retaining and rejuvenating that impetus. Continue reading →
Posted in Land reform	| Leave a reply
Land Reform after the 2016 Scottish Parliament Election
The SNP's victory in the Scottish Parliamentary election earlier this month was entirely predictable. However, the party's failure to win an overall Parliamentary majority makes the course it will chart on land reform as a minority Government less so.
A good deal of the SNP's manifesto offer on land reform reiterated commitments linked to the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2016, passed at the very end of the previous Parliamentary session. In practical terms that means establishing a Scottish Land Commission, publishing a Scottish Land Rights and Responsibilities statement, creating a mandatory public register of controlling interests in landowners or tenants and implementing a new community right to buy to further sustainable development. It also means implementing the deeply contentious Agricultural Holdings provisions in Part 10 of the 2016 Act. Continue reading →
Posted in Land reform	| 1 Reply
The Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2016
For most of the last decade the political answer to Scotland's 'land question' seems to have been "pass". Back in 2003 the Scottish Parliament launched its 'flagship' Land Reform (Scotland) Act with a cargo of access rights, community and crofting community rights to buy amid much overblown chatter about the legislation's symbolic significance as the lodestar for a new politics in Scotland; then watched on with apparent indifference as land reform drifted beyond the horizon as an issue of serious policy concern. Parliament's passing of a new Land Reform Act last week confirms that this most emotive of issues was carrying a return ticket.
Much of the rhetoric emanating from Government in the run-up to the new legislation's arrival on the statute book sought to talk up the Act's radical credentials. That's hardly surprising given that the SNP has spent much of the last year promoting land reform as being in the vanguard of the progressive, left of centre policies to which it apparently aspires. Even less so in light of the rude awakening delivered to Ministers by the party's membership at its conference last October when they voted to reject the legislation as too timid in its early draft form. That, together with demands for more detail on key proposals from the Parliament's influential Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment Committee responsible for scrutinising the Bill undoubtedly helped beef up some of its contents. Continue reading →
Posted in Land reform	| Tagged Land reform, Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2016, Scottish Government, SNP	| 2 Replies


text:
Hotel Best Western Executive Inn 3*
United States/
Seattle/
Book Hotel Best Western Executive Inn
200 Taylor Ave North
Property Location With a stay at Executive Inn by the Space Needle, you'll be centrally located in Seattle, within a 5-minute walk of Space Needle and Museum of Pop Culture. This hotel is 0.2 mi (0.3 km) from Chihuly Garden and Glass and 0.2 mi (0.4 km) from Seattle Center.Rooms Make yourself at home in one of the 121 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and microwaves. Your room comes with a pillowtop bed. 32-inch flat-screen televisions with cable programming provide entertainment, while complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers.Amenities Take advantage of recreation opportunities such as a fitness center, or other amenities including complimentary wireless Internet access and concierge services. Additional features at this hotel include wedding services and a ballroom.Dining Enjoy a meal at the restaurant, or stay in and take advantage of the hotel's room service (during limited hours). Wrap up your day with a drink at the bar/lounge. Buffet breakfasts are available daily for a fee.Business, Other Amenities Featured amenities include a 24-hour business center, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and dry cleaning/laundry services. Self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
Facilities of Hotel Best Western Executive Inn
Cost Hotel Best Western Executive Inn
Hotel Best Western Executive Inn cost depends on the season and prices can be much different basing on selected dates. The diagram below illustrates price changing dynamic for Best Western Executive Inn hotel by months. For example, the lowest prices - on the average $154 - are in January, and by August hotel Best Western Executive Inn cost grows on the average up to $348.
Show Hotel Best Western Executive Inn on the map
External reviews about Hotel Best Western Executive Inn
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A healthier, safer community starts with a conversation.
To start that conversation, MDC is helping promote National Prevention Week, sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). National Prevention Week, which takes place May 14-20, is an annual event that focuses on raising awareness around mental health and substance use disorders.
Through National Prevention Week, SAMHSA hopes to bring communities across the U.S. together in efforts to prevent substance abuse and mental health issues by sharing resources and information, sparking collaboration among organizations, and encouraging community leaders to take action.
The theme of this year's National Prevention Week is "Making Each Day Count," which reflects the belief that communities play large roles in preventing substance abuse by taking steps every day to help adults and youth live healthier lifestyles.
Substance use disorders and mental health issues affect our community every day, so it's time to start the conversation about prevention so we can have a healthier, safer community.
Follow along on MDC's social media this week to see the prevention resources and information we will be sharing, and use #PreventionPower to share the steps you are taking to promote health and wellness in your community.
To learn more about National Prevention Week, visit SAMHSA's website at https://www.samhsa.gov/prevention-week.


Yes, that is a magnum of 'free' Veuve Clicquot & the Easter Bunny did know my name!
Thanks, in the main, to Four Seasons Hotel London at Park Lane for an unbelievable Easter 2019 in London.
From the Four Seasons doormen wishing me happy birthday, to the 'free' magnum of Veuve Clicquot, to the Easter Bunny knowning my name and the Easter Egg desserts being to die for, an Easter Sunday that could not have been better. However, I must also mention a drink with John at 45 Park Lane/the 45 Park Lane candle he gave me with a sumptuously luxuriant smell and my chats with Andre & Alex at Four Seasons Hotel London at Ten Trinity Square on Easter Monday.
Hope the photos below help you to understand why it was such a special weekend.
A '7 teddies' () 50th birthday continued a little longer with a sublime Easter weekend.


With the new proposed budget for School Year 2019-2020 the Blackstone will be facing yet another big budget gap. If this projected budget is approved it will take away approx. 500,000 from the existing budget, as the school transitions from 'Innovation status to 'Schedule A'.
The District's funding formula does not take into account the complex needs at the Blackstone School. Over 90% of the Blackstone's students are designated as "High need" by the district. In addition, the Blackstone has been out of compliance for our English Language Learners (ELLs) for years. The plan for FY20 finally provides adequate funding for ELLs, but at the expense of Special Education (SPED) students.
We should not have to choose between our ELLs and our SPED students. Both programs must be fully resourced. Schools must not be put in the position to make deep cuts that affects multiple high needs strands disproportionately. This is not the choice in our suburban counterparts, this should not be a choice in the city of Boston.


text:
Oct 22 - Oct 28 2016
Yet Another Side of Bob Dylan?
By Goan Observer Team	 October 22, 2016 1 Comment
WINNER: Bob Dylan is the first musician to receive the Nobel prize in literature. As the Nobel Academy spokeperson said, 'His lyrics are poems for the ear'
By Dr Luis Dias
I was not yet born when American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan's epic albums 'The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan' (1963) and 'The Times They Are A-Changin'' (1964) burst upon the music scene and captured the world's imagination. But I remember growing up to those songs in 1970s Goa.
The beauty of his songs lay in their simplicity. With no frills at all, with just his guitar and harmonica backing his vocal line, they were searingly honest, unpretentious and direct. The chord progressions were simple, the verses ballad-like. You could literally just pick up a guitar and learn them in a few minutes.
UNLIKE his rock star peers, he was a wandering minstrel, a troubadour. And like those itinerant musicians of yore, he sang, sometimes in riddles, but about contemporary issues that were raging. And that seemed to appeal to his generation, jaded as they were by the diet of lies and subterfuge by their own government, and in America in particular that was reeling under protests over civil rights, and a mounting death and casualty toll (high enough on the American side, but of genocidal proportions on the 'other' side, civilian and military) in a disastrous Vietnam war to which there seemed no end in sight at the time. Is it any wonder that his songs became the anthems of that age, almost the sound track to both, the civil rights and anti-war movements?
One of his most iconic songs 'Blowin' in the Wind' (from his 1963 album) even made it into our hymn books and church services. And his 1964 title track 'The Times They Are A-Changin'' is thought by many to have at least some of its lyrics inspired by the Bible. The lines in the final verse "The order is rapidly fadin'/ And the first one now/ Will later be last/ For the times they are a-changin'" resemble closely Matthew 20:16 "So the last will be first, and the first will be last."
SONG TRADITIONS
NUMEROLOGISTS will probably find some significance in the fact that 2016 is the year in which Dylan gets perhaps the crowning accolade of a lifetime, the Nobel Prize for Literature. Yes, not for peace, but for literature. And he makes history in being the first songwriter ever to receive such an honour. The justification? It is in acknowledgment of his "having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition".
For all my admiration of his music and lyrics, I must confess to having mixed feelings on receiving the news. But first let us examine the case for the proposition that he well deserves a Literature Nobel. One could argue, as Sean O'Hagan has done in the Guardian (October 16, 2016), that it is his personal voyage of discovery as a songwriter that is being lauded through the Literature Prize, having stretched the genre – "and himself" in the words of O'Hagan – "almost to breaking point".
This personal voyage unsurprisingly was not without controversy. Born Robert Allen Zimmermann (Jewish name Shabtai Zisl ben Avraham) to Russian Jewish parents, and whose grandparents had fled to the US from the 1905 anti-Semitic pogroms in Odessa in the erstwhile Russian empire, he changed his name to Bob Dylan in the late 1950s. His explanation was enigmatic: "You're born, you know, the wrong names, wrong parents. I mean, that happens. You call yourself what you want to call yourself. This is the land of the free."
MACHO ROMANCE
WHY Dylan? Although in his memoir he gave credit to the influence of the poetry of Dylan Thomas, he also told biographer Robert Shelton, "Straighten out in your book that I did not take my name from Dylan Thomas. Dylan Thomas's poetry is for people that aren't really satisfied in their bed, for people who dig masculine romance."
In the late 70s, Dylan embraced the 'born again' sect of Christianity, mystifying and alienating some of his fans and contemporary musicians. But perhaps it was a logical culmination of a journey that had begun much earlier. Perhaps I am reading too much into his lyrics, but what is one to make of "I dreamed I saw Saint Augustine" from his 1967 album "John Wesley Harding"?
But let us return to the current issue of the Nobel Prize for Literature award for the first time to a songwriter. Why now, and why Dylan? If the yardstick was creating "new poetic expression within the great American song tradition", why did Cole Porter or Irving Berlin not qualify in their time? Or Billie Holiday or Nina Simone? And if for the social activist content of the lyrics, why not Joni Mitchell or Joan Baez?
Furthermore, as Anna North wrote in her op-ed "Why Bob Dylan shouldn't have gotten a Nobel" in the New York Times (October 13, 2016), one could take the view that by awarding the prize to Dylan, "the Nobel committee is choosing not to award it to a writer, and that is a disappointing choice." Not everyone would agree with this, of course. Because, aren't lyricists writers too?
SOUL STIRRING
BUT if one eyeballs the honours list of Nobel laureates for Literature since the inception of the award in 1901, I find it hard to put Dylan's lyrics, heartfelt and soul-stirring as they might be, up there with the writing of Rabindranath Tagore, Romain Rolland, George Bernard Shaw, Thomas Mann, Pearl Buck, Herman Hesse, André Gide, T S Eliot, Bertrand Russell, Ernest Hemingway, Boris Pasternak, Pablo Neruda, Gabriel Garcia Márquez, Octavio Paz, Toni Morrison, Seamus Heaney, Günter Grass, V S Naipaul, Harold Pinter, or Orhan Pamuk, who in fact I am reading right now. Perhaps it is a reflection of my own immaturity or ignorance, and this award has certainly spurred me to pay closer attention to Dylan's lyrics.
Ms North makes the point that apart from significantly boosting the sales of literary works, far more importantly the Nobel Literature award sends out a powerful message that "fiction and poetry still matter, that they are crucial human endeavours worthy of international recognition." There already are platforms for recognition of songwriting (the Grammy awards, for example). Bob Dylan is already celebrated in his own field, so to me, awarding a Nobel Prize for Literature to him is overkill, and bizarrely generous. I find it hard to believe that there were no contenders among poets and writers around the world to pip him to the post. Perhaps the awarding committee wanted to shed its stuffy image and appeal to a younger audience.
And if one puts Dylan's winning of the Nobel Literature prize in perspective, and contrasts this with the wisdom of choice in awarding the Nobel Peace Prize in the last few decades in some cases, for example, then yes, Bob Dylan is far, far away the more deserving.
Bob Dylan, music
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text:
Q: Get jekyll subcategory posts from collections I have a subcategories for my collection posts, but I have a problem with loop, I need to get only one specific subcategory.
config.yml
collections:
  news:
    output: true
  cat1:
    output: true
    permalink: /news/cat1/:title/
  cat2:
    output: true
    permalink: /news/cat2/:title/
  cat3:
    output: true
    permalink: /news/cat3/:title/
  cat4:
    output: true
    permalink: /news/cat4/:title/

and this is the html file
---
# this is an empty front matter
title: 'Cat 1 news'
permalink: /news/cat1/
---

{% for item in site.news %}
  {% for post in item.cat1 %}
    {{ post.title }}<br>
  {% endfor %}
{% endfor %}

there's my directory tree for this
_news
|  cat1
|  cat2
|  cat3
|  cat4

A: You can use :
{% for post in site.cat1 %}

or
{% assign myCategory = "cat1" %}
{% for post in site[mycategory] %}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Doing fitness training using a weighted pack. I use three 5kg bags of rice and blankets inside my pack which gives me an all up weight of 18kg which is heavier than I use when hiking. This means that when I do my trip is seems easy.
Don't use metal gym weights or kettle bells as these won't sit properly in you pack, don't replicate a full hiking pack, and can end up causing injury.


That celebrities were among the accused parents _ actresses Lori Loughlin and Felicity Huffman headline the list _ created much buzz, but other parents charged included people prominent in law, finance, fashion, manufacturing and other fields _ people who could afford the steep price.
Among the other parents charged was Gordon Caplan, of Greenwich, Connecticut, co-chairman of the law firm Willkie Farr & Gallagher, based in New York. Caplan ``will have no further firm management responsibilities,'' the firm said in a statement Wednesday.
Mark Riddell _ an administrator for Bradenton, Florida's IMG Academy, which was founded by renowned tennis coach Nick Bollettieri and bills itself as the world's largest sports academy _ was suspended late Tuesday after he was accused of taking college admissions tests. Riddell didn't return phone calls seeking comment.
Federal prosecutors said parents paid admissions consultant William ``Rick'' Singer millions of dollars to bribe their children's way into college. Some of the payouts went to coaches and administrators to falsely make their children look like star athletes, and Singer also hired ringers to take college entrance exams for students and paid off insiders at testing centers to correct students' answers, authorities said.
``We will make informed, appropriate decisions once those reviews have been completed,'' the university said. It did not release information on what actions would be taken.