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Interstate 75 in Michigan
Interstate Highway in Michigan, United States
This article is about the section of Interstate 75 in Michigan. For the entire route, see Interstate 75.
I-75 highlighted in red
Maintained by MDOT and MBA
395.916 mi[3] (637.165 km)
1959[1]–present
Completed November 1, 1973[2]
Lake Erie Circle Tour
Lake Michigan Circle Tour
Lake Huron Circle Tour
Lake Superior Circle Tour
Major junctions
I-75 near Erie at the Ohio state line
I-96 in Detroit
I-696 near Royal Oak
US 23 near Grand Blanc
I-69 in Flint
US 10 near Bay City
US 127 near Grayling
US 31 near Mackinaw City
US 2 in St. Ignace
International Bridge in Sault Ste. Marie
Monroe, Wayne, Oakland, Genesee, Saginaw, Bay, Arenac, Ogemaw, Roscommon, Crawford, Otsego, Cheboygan, Emmet, Mackinac, Chippewa
Highway system
Interstate Highway System
Suffixed
Michigan State Trunkline Highway System
← M-74 M-75 →
Interstate 75 (I-75) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs north–south from Miami, Florida, to Sault Ste. Marie in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. I-75 enters the state from Ohio in the south, north of Toledo, and runs generally northward through Detroit, Pontiac and Bay City, crosses the Mackinac Bridge, and ends at the Canadian border in Sault Ste. Marie. The freeway runs for approximately 396 miles (637 km) on both of Michigan's major peninsulas. The landscapes traversed by I-75 include Southern Michigan farmland, northern forests, suburban bedroom communities, and the urban core of Detroit. The freeway also uses three of the state's monumental bridges to cross major bodies of water. There are four auxiliary Interstates in the state related to I-75, as well as nine current or former business routes, with either Business Loop I-75 (BL I-75) or Business Spur I-75 (BS I-75) designations.
The freeway bears several names in addition to the I-75 designation. The southern segment was called the Detroit–Toledo Expressway during planning in the 1950s and 1960s. Through Detroit, I-75 is the Fisher Freeway or the Walter P. Chrysler Freeway, named for pioneers in the auto industry. Sections on either side of the Mackinac Bridge are the G. Mennen Williams Freeway or the Prentiss M. Brown Freeway, named for politicians who helped get the bridge built. Officially, the entire length is the American Legion Memorial Highway, after the organization of the same name. Various sections carry components of the four Great Lakes Circle Tours in the state.
Several Indian trails spanned the state along the general path of the modern freeway. After statehood, several of these were converted into plank roads that later became some of the first state highways. In the 1920s, five of these were added to the United States Numbered Highway System: US Highway 2 (US 2), US 10, US 24, US 25, and US 27. In the 1950s, a Michigan Turnpike was proposed as a tolled, controlled-access highway in the Lower Peninsula. After passage of the Federal Highway Act of 1956, this turnpike proposal was shelved as a free Interstate Highway was planned. Construction started in 1957, signs went up in 1959, and I-75 was completed in 1973. Since completion, the freeway has been upgraded with the construction of the Zilwaukee Bridge near Saginaw and improved connections to the Ambassador Bridge in Detroit.
1 Route description
1.1 Lake Erie shore and the Downriver communities
1.2 Detroit to the Tri-Cities
1.3 Central Michigan
1.4 Northern Michigan
1.5 Mackinac Bridge
1.6 Upper Peninsula
2.1 Indian trails to state highways
2.2 Turnpikes and freeways
2.3 Interstate Highway era
2.4 Gateway Project
3 Freeway names
4 Monumental bridges
5 Exit list
6 Related trunklines
Route description[edit]
Known as "Michigan's Main Street",[4] I-75 is listed on the National Highway System (NHS) for its entire length.[5] The NHS is a network of roadways important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.[6] The freeway is the busiest in the state: between M-8 (Davison Highway) and McNichols Road in Detroit approximately 194,300 vehicles used the freeway on average each day in 2010; in contrast the lowest traffic level was 3,208 vehicles between the M-48 and M-80 interchanges in Chippewa County.[7] I-75 carries segments of all four Great Lakes Circle Tours in the state. It is also the only highway located on both Michigan's Upper and Lower peninsulas (UP and LP, respectively).[8] Between the Ohio state line and Kawkawlin, I-75 contains between a minimum of six and a maximum of ten lanes total; other sections vary between four and six lanes in total.[9]
Lake Erie shore and the Downriver communities[edit]
I-75 northbound approaching exit 2 in Monroe County
Crossing the state line north of Toledo, Ohio, I-75 enters Michigan in Monroe County carrying the Lake Erie Circle Tour (LECT) near the North Maumee Bay of Lake Erie. The freeway runs parallel to the shoreline of the Great Lake and past the community of Luna Pier. Further north, I-75 passes to the southeast of Monroe and crosses the River Raisin between the city and the river mouth. North of the river, the freeway turns further inland running through farmland. Near Newport, I-275 splits off to the northwest and I-75 continues its northeasterly trek through Monroe County. When it crosses the Huron River, the trunkline enters Wayne County between South Rockwood and Rockwood.[8][9]
On the north side of the county line, I-75 begins to run inland of, and parallel to, the Detroit River, entering the Downriver area. The freeway turns northerly after the interchange with M-85 (Fort Street) near Gibraltar, and the LECT departs I-75 to follow M-85 north of the interchange. The landscape transitions to suburban residential areas instead of farmland through this area. The freeway turns back northeasterly in Taylor and intersects the southern end of M-39 (Southfield Highway) in Lincoln Park. I-75 crosses the Ecorse River and passes through an industrial area of Metro Detroit. Further north, the freeway spans the River Rouge in the southern part of Detroit.[8][9]
I-75 parallels M-85 (Fort Street) and follows the Detroit River as far east as the Ambassador Bridge. Near the bridge's approaches, the freeway turns 90° away from the river and intersects the eastern end of I-96 before turning again to follow the river further inland. From there, I-75 meets M-10 (Lodge Freeway) and passes under M-5 (Grand River Avenue). East of Grand River, I-75 travels past Little Caesars Arena,[8][9] home of the Detroit Red Wings and Detroit Pistons,[10] and passes under M-1 (Woodward Avenue). East of Woodward, the freeway travels past both Comerica Park and Ford Field,[8][9] homes of the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions professional sports teams, respectively.[11]
Detroit to the Tri-Cities[edit]
Looking south along the Chrysler Freeway to the Detroit skyline
Immediately east of Ford Field, I-75 turns northwesterly to follow the Chrysler Freeway away from the downtown Detroit area. The transition from the Fisher Freeway involves a set of one-lane ramps through the interchange with the connections to I-375 and M-3 (Gratiot Avenue). Heading north-northwesterly, I-75 passes to the east of the campus of Wayne State University and through an interchange with I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway). The Chrysler Freeway passes to the west of Hamtramck and to the east of Highland Park, enclaves within Detroit. I-75 meets M-8 (Davison Freeway) and continues through residential areas of Detroit's northern side. North of M-102 (8 Mile Road), the freeway crosses out of Detroit and into Oakland County. The Chrysler Freeway jogs through the suburb of Hazel Park,[8][9] site of the "worst freeway for accidents in Metro Detroit" at a curve near 9 Mile Road.[12]
Further north, I-75 intersects I-696 near 10 Mile Road. The freeway continues northward for about six miles (9.7 km) into Troy, where it turns westward. The route for I-75 zig-zags through Troy and Auburn Hills as the freeway alternates from north–south to east–west to bypass Pontiac. Near the M-59 interchange, I-75 passes the headquarters for Chrysler. Further north, by the M-24 interchange, it runs near The Palace of Auburn Hills. The freeway traverses through additional suburban residential areas as it runs northwesterly away from Pontiac. These subdivisions end north of Clarkston, which is the location of the northern terminus for US 24. Continuing through Holly and Newark, the freeway transitions back to a rural, wooded setting.[8][9]
As I-75 approaches Grand Blanc, the landscape changes back to suburbs. I-475 (UAW Freeway) splits off to the north to bypass the east side of Flint, and I-75 merges with US 23. The combined I-75/US 23 turns northerly to round the west side of the city. I-75/US 23 meets I-69 near the Bishop International Airport southwest of downtown Flint. The freeway continues northward along the western residential neighborhoods, encountering the northern end of I-475 near Mount Morris. I-75 passes to the west of Clio and the east of Birch Run, the latter home to a large outlet mall. From there, the trunkline travels through farmland in southern Saginaw County.[8][9]
Central Michigan[edit]
Split between I-75 and US 23 west of Standish
I-75/US 23 enters the southern reaches of the suburban Tri-Cities at Bridgeport and proceeds northward through the area. The freeway passes to the east of downtown Saginaw. I-675 splits off to run westward into downtown, and I-75 curves around to the northwest to cross the Saginaw River on the Zilwaukee Bridge in the suburb of Zilwaukee. North of the river, I-675 reconnects to I-75, which continues northward into Bay County. The freeway passes to the west of Bay City, encountering the eastern end of the US 10 freeway. From there, I-75/US 23 curves northwesterly to bypass Kawkawlin before continuing north to the Standish area through farmlands inland from the Saginaw Bay. West of Standish, US 23 splits to follow the Lake Huron shoreline, and I-75 turns northwesterly to run inland.[8][9]
West of Sterling, the landscape changes again; in this area the freeway enters forest lands. I-75 continues northwestward through Arenac County and crosses into western Ogemaw County. M-30 passes under the freeway without an interchange as I-75 rounds the west side of West Branch. On the northwest side of that city, M-55 merges onto I-75, and the two highways turn to run concurrently westward into Roscommon County. East of Prudenville, M-55 splits from the freeway. I-75 turns northward to curve around the east of Houghton and Higgins lakes. Turning back to the northwest, the trunkline bypasses Roscommon to the south and transfers into southern Crawford County. About five miles (8.0 km) north of the county line, I-75 meets the northern end of US 127,[8][9] the former US 27.[13]
Northern Michigan[edit]
Exit 254 south of Grayling
After the US 127 interchange, I-75 turns northward, and passes to the east of Grayling. There are a pair of interchanges on either end of town for BL I-75, and the southern one is a partial interchange; only northbound I-75 traffic may access the business loop and traffic entering the freeway may only access southbound I-75. There is no interchange further north for M-72; access to that highway is provided through the business loop. On the north side of Grayling, there is a full interchange for BL I-75/M-93 that provides the southbound I-75 connection to M-72 as well as access from both directions to Hartwick Pines State Park.[8][9]
Crossing into southern Otsego County, I-75 continues northward through Northern Michigan forests. It passes to the east of the community of Waters and Otsego Lake. North of exit 279, I-75 proceeds by the Gaylord Regional Airport and crosses the 45th Parallel, the halfway mark between the Equator and the North Pole by latitude. The freeway then traverses the west side of Gaylord and continues through forests in the northern sections of the county. North of Vanderbilt, I-75 enters southern Cheboygan County,[8][9] assuming the G. Mennen Williams Freeway name.[14]
I-75 continues northward through Cheboygan County, passing the community of Indian River and spanning the river of the same name. North of town, the freeway traverses the area between Burt and Mullett lakes before intersecting the southern end of M-27; that highway provides access to Topinabee and Cheboygan. I-75 continues northward through tree farms and other agricultural properties in rural Cheboygan County. Cheboygan is accessible by way of interchanges for C-64 and C-66, a pair of county-designated highways in this area. North of C-66, I-75 turns northwesterly. The freeway meets the northern end of US 31 and picks up the Lake Michigan Circle Tour (LMCT) designation before entering Emmet County on the south side of Mackinaw City. I-75 then parallels the county line on the west side of the village, meeting the northern end of US 23. After that interchange, the Lake Huron Circle Tour (LHCT) merges in from the south. There is one more interchange along the freeway before I-75 ascends the approaches to the Mackinac Bridge.[8][9]
Mackinac Bridge[edit]
I-75 crossing the Mackinac Bridge
The Mackinac Bridge carries I-75 across the Straits of Mackinac that separate Michigan's Upper and Lower peninsulas; the straits also form the connection between Lakes Michigan and Huron.[8][9] The structure, unlike the rest of the state highways in Michigan like I-75, is under the maintenance and control of the Mackinac Bridge Authority (MBA).[a] The authority collects a toll from traffic that crosses the bridge,[16] which as of January 1, 2012[update], is $4 for passenger cars and $5 per axle for commercial vehicles and motorhomes.[17] In addition to cash, the MBA offers a pre-paid debit card option for the payment of tolls[18] and accepts credit cards at the toll booths.[19] The authority also provides a driver assistance program that will drive vehicles across the bridge at no additional charge; motorists who use the service have a fear of bridges.[20] Because the bridge normally only allows motor vehicles, bicyclists and snowmobiles shuttled across are subject to fees. The authority maintains a small police department to patrol the bridge and escort vehicles across,[16][21] and a pair of radio station transmitters that broadcast bridge conditions and travel information on AM 530 and AM 1610.[22]
Upper Peninsula[edit]
North of St. Ignace
North of the Mackinac Bridge, I-75 passes to the west of downtown St. Ignace, traveling between the Father Marquette National Memorial and Straits State Park. There is an interchange north of the toll plaza that marks the eastern end of US 2 in the state and the southern end of BL I-75. The LMCT departs I-75 to follow US 2 while the LHCT follows BL I-75 through town. The freeway curves around Chain Lake and the Mackinac County Airport and meets the northern end of the business loop near Castle Rock; the LHCT returns to I-75 at that interchange as well. Continuing northward, M-123 (Tahquamenon Trail) intersects from the west as the freeway parallels H-63 (Mackinac Trail),[8][9] the former route of US 2.[23] I-75 crosses the Carp River and follows the shores of St. Martin Bay before meeting M-134. At that interchange, the LHCT departs again to run eastward. Through this area, the freeway continues northeasterly, traversing the Eastern Unit of the Hiawatha National Forest.[8][9][24]
I-75 crosses the Pine River before entering Chippewa County. The freeway takes a more northerly track as it travels under M-48 without an interchange. Farther north, M-48 curves around to connect I-75 with Rudyard, and the freeway turns back to continue northeastward. About five miles (8.0 km) northeast of Rudyard, I-75 passes next to Chippewa County International Airport, the former Kincheloe Air Force Base in Kinross and Kincheloe. North of there in Dafter, the freeway intersects M-28 (9 Mile Road). Beyond that interchange, I-75 picks up the Lake Superior Circle Tour (LSCT) designation, which it carries the rest of the way north. On the south side of Sault Ste. Marie, the freeway meets BS I-75 and picks up the LHCT designation one more time. I-75 rounds the west side of the city, passes the Sault Ste. Marie Municipal Airport and the campus of Lake Superior State University before meeting the customs and toll plazas for the International Bridge.[8][9] From there, I-75 crosses the two-lane bridge and terminates at the Canadian border.[b] As of April 1, 2012[update], the toll rates on the bridge are $3 for passenger vehicles, $2.10 for commuters, and $4 per axle for commercial vehicles; currently the same toll rate is assessed in US dollars and Canadian dollars.[27] Motorists have the option to pay with cash or an IQ Card, an electronic toll collection debit card that uses radio-frequency identification technology.[28]
Indian trails to state highways[edit]
Map of the pre-statehood Indian trails
Before Michigan became a state, the first land transportation corridors were the Indian trails.[29] The French-Indian Trail ran through southeastern Michigan between Toledo, Monroe and Detroit. The Saginaw Trail ran north from Detroit to the Saginaw area where it connected with the original Mackinaw Trail that ran roughly parallel to, and west of, the modern I-75. Another path, the Cheboygan Trail, ran parallel to the modern freeway to the east between the West Branch area and Cheboygan. In the UP, an extension of the Mackinac Trail connected St. Ignace and Sault Ste. Marie.[30] In the 19th century, the Michigan Legislature chartered private companies to build and operate plank roads or turnpikes in the state, many of which replaced the original Indian trails. These roads were originally made of oak planks, but later legislation permitted gravel as well.[29] By the first decade of the 20th century, only 23 of the 202 chartered turnpikes were still in operation; many companies that received a charter never built their specified roadways. The remaining plank roads were turned over to the state or purchased by railway companies in the early part of the century.[31]
The State Trunkline Highway System was formed on May 13, 1913, and several sections of the system were designated along the course of the then-future I-75. Division 1 connected the Ohio state line northeasterly to Detroit, and Division 2 connected Detroit with Mackinaw City. A branch of Division 7 ran north from St. Ignace to Sault Ste. Marie.[32] The system was signposted in 1919,[33] and those highways were marked on maps for the first time. The first M-10 was designated along the highways from Ohio through Detroit to Standish.[c] M-76 connected Standish with Grayling, where the first M-14 ran northward to Cheboygan. From there, M-10 connected to Mackinaw City.[34] In the UP, M-12 connected St. Ignace with Sault Ste. Marie along a route to the east of the old Mackinac Trail.[35] When the United States Numbered Highway System was formed on November 11, 1926, most of these highways were redesignated as part of the national system. From the state line northward, M-10 was included as a part of US 24 and US 25. At Detroit, M-10 was used as a part of US 10. North of Grayling, M-14 was redesignated as a part of US 27. M-12 was used for US 2.[36]
The Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD)[d] rerouted US 2 in 1933 between Rogers Park and Sault Ste. Marie. The new routing followed Mackinac Trail instead of turning east to Cedarville and north to Sault Ste. Marie; the former routing was given the M‑121 designation.[39][40]
Turnpikes and freeways[edit]
By 1945, a divided highway designated Alternate US 24 (US 24A) was opened from the state line north to Erie.[41] After World War II, the MSHD planned to convert several highways in the state to freeways. In planning maps from 1947, the modern I-75 corridor was included in the system that later became the Interstate Highway System.[42] It was also included in the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955, or Yellow Book after the cover color, that was released in 1955 as the federal government readied plans for the freeway system.[43]
1955 map of the proposed Michigan Turnpike
The Michigan Turnpike Authority (MTA), an agency which was created in 1951,[44] proposed the construction of a toll freeway to run north–south in the state. The original termini for the turnpike were Bridgeport and Rockwood.[45] The state highway commissioner at the time, Charles Ziegler, distrusted a separate agency dealing with statewide road building at the time, and he worked to stall progress on any proposed turnpikes.[46] Ziegler, who had a seat on the MTA board, publicly sparred with authority chairman George Higgins, even announcing that the MSHD would build a parallel freeway that would "reduce tolls on the turnpike 40 to 50 percent" according to consultants.[47] Trucking interests in the state also opposed the projects, preferring a moderate gas tax increase over any tolls.[48] Detroit denied the MTA permission to route a turnpike through the city over issues related to the River Rouge, Rouge Park and access across the right-of-way.[49] After a lawsuit by City of Dearborn, the legislation creating the authority was upheld by the Michigan Supreme Court in 1955, and the authority was allowed to sell bonds for its Bridgeport–Rockwood[50] and Detroit–Chicago toll roads.[51]
The original planning maps plotted the first turnpike to the west of Detroit, running near US 24 (Telegraph Road).[52] This route was later proposed for I-75 itself; I-275 would have been the freeway to loop into downtown Detroit.[53] The proposed length was increased by December 1955; the extended Michigan Turnpike would have run from a connection across the Ohio state line to Toledo north through Detroit and Saginaw and eventually to the southern end of the Mackinac Bridge.[49] By the following April, any extensions were cancelled leaving the turnpike to its original termini; the east–west companion road was also cancelled at that time.[54] The MTA proposed a state constitutional amendment in January 1956 that would allow the Michigan Legislature to issue state-guaranteed bonds for part of the MTA's construction expenses.[55] According to The Wall Street Journal, the authority "struggled for survival" in the face of opposition from the MSHD just two months later; the department's actions impaired the authority's appropriations from the state legislature and its ability to sell the necessary bonds to pay for construction.[56] When the federal government approved the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, Ziegler and the MSHD announced plans for a full freeway to run north through the Lower Peninsula and continue across to the Upper Peninsula. This announcement undermined the efforts to build the Michigan Turnpike.[57] By August 1956, the MTA voted to reduce its operations to a skeleton staff,[58] but moved forward in May 1957 on a bond sale to finance construction of the roadway.[59] Financiers stated such a sale was only feasible if the turnpike was to be safe from competition.[60] The Michigan Townships Association called for the abolition of the MTA in 1958.[61] The legislature killed a bill to do so in June 1959,[62] but it later voted to repeal the act that created the authority in 1962.[63]
Interstate Highway era[edit]
The first sections of freeway for I-75 were opened in 1957, beginning with the southern section near the Ohio state line opened in October 1957.[64] The Mackinac Bridge was opened to traffic on November 1, 1957;[65] a new section of freeway and an interchange connected US 2 to the bridge on the northern end, and to US 27 and US 31 on the southern end.[66] The MSHD formally proposed the I-75 number in 1958.[67] On June 30 of that year, the first stretch of the "Fenton–Clio Expressway" opened.[68] Construction on the Chrysler Freeway in Detroit started on January 30, 1959.[69] The I-75 signs were first installed along the Detroit–Toledo Expressway in October 1959, replacing US 24A signage in the Monroe area,[1] after the state waited for final approval of the numbering system to be used in the state.[70]
Shields such as this one bearing the state name were originally used when I-75 was first signed
In November 1960, sections of freeway opened from Indian River north to the southern Mackinac Bridge approaches in Mackinaw City and from St. Ignace to Evergreen Shores,[71] and by December, the section of freeway running between Evergreen Shores and M‑123 was scheduled to open.[72]
In 1961, the MSHD had proposed that the section of I-75 south of Detroit to Toledo be built as an electronic highway under a bid through General Motors;[73] the testing for such a roadway was ultimately done at Ohio State University instead.[74] That same year the original Zilwaukee Bridge, a bascule bridge across the Saginaw River was opened[75] along with a section of freeway north to Kawkawlin.[76][77] In October 1961, the first segment of I-75 near Grayling opened, connecting M-18 with the city.[78] By the end of the year, the freeway was completed between Kinross and Dafter in the UP,[79] and the former segment of US 27 between Grayling and Gaylord was turned back to local control. After this individual segment of freeway was completed, it left a gap between Gaylord and Indian River that was designated "To I-75" on maps for the former segment of US 27, and US 27 was truncated to about five miles (8.0 km) south of Grayling.[77][80]
The 12-mile (19 km) section of I-75 was opened between Gaylord and Waters in July 1962.[81] Another temporary To I-75 designation was applied along US 10 and US 27 from Bay City to Grayling.[80] In August, the section between Gaylord and Vanderbilt was completed.[82] On October 25, the section of freeway from M-24 near Pontiac to the Flint area opened.[83] Also late in the year, the freeway gap was filled in between Vanderbilt and Indian River.[84] The International Bridge and its approaches opened in Sault Ste. Marie on October 31, 1962.[85]
The following year, a set of segments opened in the Detroit area. The freeway was extended south from Pontiac to 11 Mile Road with a connection along M-150 to M-102 (8 Mile Road). Another section opened to connect with US 24 (Telegraph Road) in the Woodhaven area; a To I-75 designation was added to connect along US 24 and M-102 to M-150.[86][87] On the other end of the state, the gaps in the freeway across the UP were completed in 1963 as well,[88] and the section of freeway in Northern Michigan was named the most scenic new highway in the US in 1963 by Parade magazine.[89][90]
1958 numbering plan for Michigan's Interstates
The first part of the Chrysler Freeway opened to traffic on June 26, 1964,[69] the southern mile (1.6 km) of which was designated I-375.[91] The segment of I-75 through the Downriver suburbs of Detroit between the US 24 (Telegraph Road) connector and M-39 (Southfield Highway) was completed on December 28, 1966.[92] The same year, I-75 was scheduled to open southward from 11 Mile Road to M-102 (8 Mile Road).[93] In 1967, two segments of freeway opened. One was from Kawkawlin to Standish in October,[94] and the other through Detroit extended I-75 along the Fisher Freeway in December.[95] The first section of M-76 freeway from Standish northwesterly to Alger was scheduled to open in July 1968.[96] A one-mile (1.6 km) section of the Chrysler Freeway through Detroit opened on December 19, 1968, and the remainder was scheduled to open on January 10, 1969.[97]
In 1970, I-75 through Detroit was completed, and two additional sections of M-76 were converted to freeway. The northern section ran from the US 27-to-I-75 transition south of Grayling to the Crawford–Roscommon county line, and the second was an extension from Alger to the West Branch area.[98][99] The first ice-detection system in the state was installed on the River Rouge bridges in the Detroit area in an attempt to maximize driver safety. [100] The next year, the last section of the Chrysler Freeway in Hazel Park was finished when an interchange for the then-unbuilt I-696 was completed.[101] Another segment of the M-76 freeway was completed at the same time, bypassing Roscommon.[99][102] The final section between Alger and Roscommon was opened on November 1, 1973, in a dedication by Governor William G. Milliken.[2]
Since the freeway was completed in 1973, a few changes have been made to I-75 in Michigan. From 1973 to 1975, I-75 was widened from four to six lanes from south of Flint to north of Bay City.[103] MDOT truncated US 2 to end in St. Ignace by removing it from the I‑75 freeway in 1983.[104][105] In 1986, US 10 was truncated to Bay City, removing its concurrency with I-75 from there to Clarkston.[106][107] Two years later, the original bascule Zilwaukee Bridge across the Saginaw River was replaced by a much higher structure slightly north of the former bridge.[108] All of I-75 within Michigan was named the Tuskegee Airmen Memorial Highway, in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen, at the end of December 2014.[109] In May 2017, MDOT raised the speed limit on I-75 between Bay City and Sault Ste. Marie, excluding the Mackinac Bridge, from 70 to 75 miles per hour (113 to 121 km/h).[110]
Gateway Project[edit]
Not to be confused with Gateway Project in New Jersey and New York.
Construction in 2007 during the Gateway Project
Beginning on February 25, 2008, I-75 closed completely to traffic in both directions from Rosa Parks Boulevard (exit 49) to Clark Street (exit 47) in Detroit. This facilitated the complete rebuilding of the road as part of the Ambassador Gateway Project to better connect I-75 and I-96 to the Ambassador Bridge. Through traffic on I-75 was rerouted along I-94 to I-275 and local detours were posted.[111] The freeway reopened to traffic in June 2009, five months ahead of schedule.[112] The overall project to realign and connect the bridge to the freeways was mired in lawsuits between MDOT and the private company that owns the bridge. The company's owner was jailed for contempt of court during court proceedings in early 2012.[113] MDOT was later ordered to assume responsibility for construction,[114] and the department completed the project on September 21, 2012.[115]
Freeway names[edit]
Segments of I-75 in Michigan are named for Walter P. Chrysler (left) and Prentiss M. Brown (right) among others.
I-75 has five named segments in Michigan. The southernmost section from the state line north to the Detroit area is the Detroit–Toledo Expressway.[116] The segment through southern and central Detroit is known as the Fisher Freeway. It was dedicated on September 17, 1970, to the Fisher Brothers, who founded Fisher Body, later a part of General Motors.[117] After the curve in downtown Detroit, I-75 follows the Walter P. Chrysler Freeway northward. That segment is named for Walter P. Chrysler, founder of Chrysler. The name was chosen by the Detroit Common Council on November 6, 1957, and codified in state law in 1990; the state definition for the name places the northern end of the designation at the Oakland–Genesee county line.[69]
Officially, the entire length of I-75 in Michigan is the American Legion Memorial Highway. As a practical matter, this name is not used on the southernmost segments of the Interstate. The American Legion was honored with the designation in 1969 in a state law that required private interests to finance the signage. Public Act 174 of 1984 redesignated I-75 in honor of the group and placed responsibility for signage in MDOT's hands.[118] Another name that was applied to all of I-75 was the Michigan Bicentennial Freedom Way. Designated by Senate Concurrent Resolution 216 of 1975, the name only applied to the freeway in 1976.[119] The designation was formally repealed in 2001.[120]
Two other segments near the Straits of Mackinac were named in 1976 for figures instrumental in the construction of the Mackinac Bridge. From the Cheboygan–Otsego county line north to the bridge, I-75 was named for G. Mennen Williams, the former governor once called "Michigan's Politician of the Century" in the press.[14] The section in Mackinac County from the northern end of the Mackinac Bridge was named for Prentiss M. Brown, the former Congressman and Senator who served on the MBA board until his death in 1971.[121]
Monumental bridges[edit]
Main articles: International Bridge, Mackinac Bridge, and Zilwaukee Bridge
Zilwaukee Bridge
Along its route in the state, I-75 utilizes three of Michigan's monumental bridges. The first of them is the Zilwaukee Bridge near Saginaw. The original bridge across the Saginaw River at Zilwaukee was built in 1960 as a bascule bridge to allow shipping traffic to use the river. Opening the drawbridge would back traffic up on I-75/US 10/US 23 for upwards of four hours on holiday weekends.[122] Approved in 1974, construction on the replacement bridge started in October 1979. A major construction accident in August 1982 delayed completion of the new Zilwaukee Bridge; a bridge pier partially collapsed when contractors overloaded a section under construction. The affected 300-foot (91 m) deck segment tilted to rest three feet (0.91 m) higher on one end and five feet (1.5 m) lower on the other.[123] The structure was originally supposed to cost $76.8 million with a 1983 completion date; in the end it cost $131.3 million (equivalent to $289 million in 2019[124]) when the southbound span finally opened on September 19, 1988.[108] The structure is the largest concrete segmental bridge in the United States.[125]
The second is the Mackinac Bridge that connects Michigan's two peninsulas at the Straits of Mackinac. A structure was first proposed in 1888 by one of the directors of the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island. Car ferry service was started in 1923 to cross the straits, and a bridge authority was first created in 1934 to investigate the possibility of building a permanent connection across the straits. This early authority started with a 1921 proposal for a series of bridges that would have connected Cheboygan to St. Ignace by way of Bois Blanc, Round, and Mackinac islands. The federal Public Works Administration rejected loan and grant requests for that project. A second, direct crossing was then proposed based on designs used for the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. The collapse of that bridge and World War II delayed any further work on a structure beyond tests of the lake bottom and the construction of the 4,200-foot-long (1,300 m) causeway on the St. Ignace side; the first bridge authority was abolished in 1947.[126] The current agency was created on June 6, 1950.[127]
The MBA was authorized in 1952 to sell bonds to finance construction,[126] which were sold on December 17, 1953, to finance the $99.8 million (equivalent to $777 million in 2019[124]) cost of the bridge.[128] The structure was designed by David B. Steinman and built by Merritt-Chapman & Scott for the substructure and the American Bridge Company division of U.S. Steel Corporation for the superstructure. Construction started in 1954 and the Mackinac Bridge opened to traffic on November 1, 1957. Final work on the bridge was completed in September 1958. Overall, the structure has a 3,800-foot (1,200 m) central suspension span flanked by two 1,800-foot (550 m) side spans. With the two backstay spans, the Mackinac Bridge is 8,614 feet (2,626 m) long between cable anchorages, the longest in the world at the time it opened.[e] The total length of the structure is 26,444 feet (8,060 m) with two 555-foot-tall (169 m) towers and 155 feet (47 m) of clearance for passing ships under the main span.[126] In 2000, the bridge was named "Michigan's No. 1 Civil Engineering Project of the 20th Century" by the Michigan Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and the structure was named a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 2010 by the national ASCE.[131]
Part of the International Bridge
The northernmost of the three monumental bridges along I-75 is the International Bridge, linking the twin cities of Sault Ste. Marie in Michigan and Ontario. The governments on each side of the international border formed a bridge authority to build a highway bridge in 1935.[126] Construction started on the structure September 16, 1960.[85] The International Bridge is nearly three miles (4.8 km) long, encompassing spans over the American and Canadian navigation channels for the Soo Locks and the St. Mary's River. The American approach is 2,471 feet (753 m), and the Canadian approach is 2,942 feet (897 m). The center span over the river is 9,280 feet (2,830 m), flanked by 1,260-foot (380 m) and 830-foot (250 m) spans over the American and Canadian shipping channels, respectively. The bridge was designed by the same firm that handled the Mackinac Bridge for a cost of $20 million[126] (equivalent to $132 million in 2019[124]). It opened to traffic on October 31, 1962.[85]
Exit list[edit]
mi[3]
Monroe Erie Township
0.000 I-75 / LECT south – Toledo Ohio state line; LECT continues south into Ohio
2.554 2 Summit Street Southbound exit and northbound entrance
4.099 2 Erie, Temperance Northbound exit and southbound entrance; unsigned Connector 75
7.419 5 Erie Road – Erie, Temperance
Luna Pier
9.310 6 Luna Pier
La Salle Township
13.887 9 South Otter Creek Road – La Salle
Monroe Charter Township
18.277 11 La Plaisance Road – Downtown Monroe
21.649 13 Front Street – Monroe
21.860 14 Elm Avenue
Frenchtown Charter Township
24.510 15 Dixie Highway – Downtown Monroe Former M-50
29.033 18 Nadeau Road
32.686 20 I-275 north – Flint To Detroit Metro Airport; southern terminus of I-275
Berlin Charter Township
34.541 21 Swan Creek Road – Newport To Newport Road
South Rockwood
42.393 26 South Huron River Drive – South Rockwood
Wayne Rockwood
43.357 27 North Huron River Drive – Rockwood
Brownstown Charter Township
44.547 28 M-85 north / LECT north (Fort Street) Northbound exit and southbound entrance; southern terminus of M-85 and northern end of LECT concurrency
46.388 29 Gibraltar, Flat Rock Signed as exits 29A (Gibraltar) and 29B (Flat Rock) southbound
51.211 32 West Road – Trenton, Grosse Ile, Woodhaven, Brownstown Township Signed as exits 32A (east, Trenton, Grosse Ile) and 32B (west, Woodhaven, Brownstown Township)
54.368 34A Dix–Toledo Highway Signed as exit 34 northbound; converted to complete interchange in 2012[132]
54.737 34B Sibley Road Southbound exit and northbound entrance; missing connections provided via exit 34A
55.996 35 US 24 (Telegraph Road) Northbound exit to northbound US 24 and southbound entrance from southbound US 24 only; unsigned Connector 240
57.874 36 Eureka Road
Taylor–Southgate city line
60.046 37 Allen Road, Northline Road
64.173 40 Dix Highway No access from southbound I-75 to northbound Dix Highway, northbound Dix Highway to southbound I-75, or southbound Dix Highway to northbound I-75
65.518 41 M-39 (Southfield Road)
67.314 42 Outer Drive
69.200 43 M-85 (Fort Street) / LECT / Schaefer Highway Signed as exits 43A (Schaefer Highway south, M-85 [Fort Street]) and 43B (Schaefer Highway north) southbound; former northern terminus of M-85; southern end of LECT concurrency
72.198 44 Dearborn Street Northbound exit and southbound entrance
73.376 45 M-85 (Fort Street) / Springwells Street
74.809 46 Livernois Avenue
76.083 47A Clark Street Former M-3
77.281 47B Bridge to Canada
LECT To Highway 3; southbound exit and northbound entrance; northern end of LECT concurrency
77.348 47C Vernor Highway
Bridge to Canada Signed as exits 47C (Vernor Highway) and 47B (Ambassador Bridge) southbound; no northbound entrance from Vernor Highway
79.032 48 I-96 west (Jeffries Freeway) to US 12 (Michigan Avenue) to I-94 – Lansing Eastern terminus of I-96
79.032 49 M-10 (Lodge Freeway) / Rosa Parks Boulevard – Southfield, Civic Center Signed as exits 49A (Rosa Parks Boulevard) and 49B (M-10) southbound
80.742 50 M-5 (Grand River Avenue) Access to Comerica Park, Ford Field, Fox Theatre, and Little Caesars Arena
81.402 51A M-1 (Woodward Avenue) / John R. Street / Brush Street No southbound entrance; exit eliminated in 1999; northbound entrance still exists
81.621 51B M-3 (Gratiot Avenue via Fisher Freeway) to M-53
81.909 51C I-375 south (Chrysler Freeway) – Downtown Detroit Northern terminus of I-375; 25 mph (40 km/h) speed advisory northbound[133]
82.978 52 Mack Avenue
84.177 53A Warren Avenue
85.086 53B I-94 (Ford Freeway) – Port Huron, Chicago Exit 216A on I-94
86.230 54 East Grand Boulevard, Clay Avenue
88.419 55 Holbrook Avenue, Caniff Avenue
90.067 56 M-8 (Davison Freeway) Signed as exits 56A (east) and 56B (west)
91.333 57 McNichols Road
93.055 58 7 Mile Road
Wayne–Oakland county line Detroit–Hazel Park city line
94.660 59 M-102 (8 Mile Road)
Oakland Hazel Park
96.728 60 John R. Road, 9 Mile Road
Hazel Park–Ferndale–
Madison Heights–Royal Oak city quadripoint
98.503 61 I-696 (Reuther Freeway) – Port Huron, Lansing Exit 18 on I-696
Royal Oak–Madison Heights city line
100.083 62 11 Mile Road
Madison Heights–Troy city line
104.947 65 14 Mile Road Reconstructed into a diverging diamond interchange in 2020
108.516 67 Rochester Road
111.000 69 Big Beaver Road Reconstructed into a diverging diamond interchange in 2020
115.218 72 Crooks Road Indirect access to Crooks Road via trumpet interchange with Corporate Drive
Bloomfield Township
119.314 74 Adams Road
122.412 75 BL I-75 north (Square Lake Road) Signed only as Square Lake Road southbound; southern terminus of BL I-75
124.513 77 M-59 – Utica, Pontiac Signed as exits 77A (east) and 77B (west); exit 40 on M-59
126.409 78 Chrysler Drive Access to Featherstone Road
127.203 79 University Drive – Rochester Reconstructed into diverging diamond interchange (first in Michigan) in 2015[134]
130.347 81 BL I-75 south – Pontiac
M-24 north – Lapeer Signed as only M-24 northbound; double trumpet interchange; northern terminus of BL I-75 and southern terminus of M-24
133.432 83 Joslyn Road Signed as exits 83A (north) and 83B (south) southbound; east entrance to Great Lakes Crossing Outlets
135.391 84 Baldwin Road Signed as exits 84A (north) and 84B (south) northbound; west entrance to Great Lakes Crossing Outlets
Independence Township
142.832 89 Sashabaw Road Signed as exits 89A (north) and 89B (south) northbound
146.148 91 M-15 – Clarkston, Davison
149.111 93 US 24 south (Dixie Highway) – Waterford Northern terminus of US 24
157.708 98 East Holly Road
Groveland Township
162.484 101 Grange Hall Road – Fenton, Ortonville
Oakland–Genesee county line Holly–
township line
171.086 106 Dixie Highway (south), Saginaw Road (north) Indirect access in opposing directions via Michigan lefts
Genesee Grand Blanc Township
174.897 108 Holly Road – Grand Blanc
176.875 109 M-54 north (Dort Highway) – Burton Southern terminus of M-54
180.084 111 I-475 north – Downtown Flint Northbound exit and southbound entrance; southern terminus of I-475
Mundy Township
185.614 115 US 23 south – Ann Arbor Southern end of US 23 concurrency; southbound exit and northbound entrance
187.221 116 Bristol Road – Bishop International Airport Signed as exits 116A (east) and 116B (west, Bishop Airport) southbound; former M-121
Flint Township
189.359 117 I-69 / Miller Road – Port Huron, Lansing Signed as exits 117A (I-69) and 117B (Miller Road); combined ramp southbound; exit 133 on I-69
191.119 118 M-21 (Corunna Road) – Owosso
Mount Morris Township
196.288 122 Pierson Road – Flushing
199.514 — Coldwater Road Interchange eliminated in 1967[135][136]
202.530 125 I-475 south – Downtown Flint Northern terminus of I-475
202.764 126 Mt. Morris
Vienna Township
209.340 131 M-57 – Clio, Montrose
Saginaw Birch Run
219.127 136 M-54 south / M-83 north – Birch Run, Frankenmuth Northern terminus of M-54; southern terminus of M-83
Bridgeport Township
232.650 144 Frankenmuth, Bridgeport Signed as exits 144A (Frankenmuth) and 144B (Bridgeport) northbound
Buena Vista Township
240.251 149 M-46 – Sandusky, Buena Vista Signed as exits 149A (east) and 149B (west)
240.747 150 I-675 north – Downtown Saginaw Southern terminus of I-675
244.242 151 M-81 – Caro, Reese
246.193 153 M-13 (East Bay City Road) – Saginaw
Saginaw River
248.071 Zilwaukee Bridge
Zilwaukee
247.713 154 Zilwaukee
Zilwaukee Township
249.247 155 I-675 south – Downtown Saginaw Northern terminus of I-675
Bay Frankenlust Township
257.846 160 M-84 (Westside Saginaw Road)
Monitor Township
261.858 162 US 10 west – Midland
M-25 east – Downtown Bay City Eastern terminus of US 10; western terminus of M-25 and the unsigned BL I-75; signed as exits 162A (east) and 162B (west); exit 140 on US 10
263.905 164
Conn. M‑13 / Wilder Road – Kawkawlin Northbound exit and southbound entrance; northbound access to Wilder Road; southern terminus of Conn. M-13
265.180 164 Wilder Road Southbound exit and northbound entrance; southbound access to Conn. M-13
Kawkawlin Township
271.891 168 Beaver Road
Fraser Township
279.884 173 Linwood Road
Pinconning Township
292.783 181 Pinconning Road
Arenac Lincoln Township
303.390 188 US 23 north – Alpena, Standish Northern end of US 23 concurrency
307.200 190 M-61 – Gladwin, Standish
Adams Township
313.837 195 Sterling Road
Moffatt Township
326.402 202 M-33 north – Alger, Rose City Southern terminus of M-33
Ogemaw Horton Township
341.371 212 BL I-75 north (Cook Road) – West Branch Southern terminus of BL I-75
Ogemaw Township
347.087 215 M-55 east / BL I-75 south to M-30 – Tawas City, West Branch Eastern end of M-55 concurrency; northern terminus of BL I-75
Roscommon Richfield Township
358.596 222 Old 76 – St. Helen Former M-76
Backus Township
366.251 227 M-55 west to F-97 – Cadillac, Houghton Lake Western end of M-55 concurrency; Houghton Lake signed northbound only
Higgins Township
385.649 239 M-18 / BL I-75 north – Roscommon, South Higgins Lake State Park, Houghton Lake, Gladwin Southern terminus of BL I-75; BL I-75, South Higgins Lake State Park, and Roscommon signed northbound only, Gladwin and Houghton Lake signed southbound only
Roscommon–Crawford county line Gerrish–Beaver Creek township line
393.071 244 BL I-75 south – Roscommon, North Higgins Lake State Park Northern terminus of BL I-75; North Higgins Lake State Park signed northbound only, BL I-75 and Roscommon signed southbound only
Crawford Beaver Creek Township
402.585 249 US 127 south – Lansing, Clare Southbound exit and northbound entrance; northern terminus of US 127
Beaver Creek–Grayling township line
403.978 251 4 Mile Road
408.818 254 BL I-75 north to M-72 – Downtown Grayling, Traverse City Northbound exit and southbound entrance; southern terminus of BL I-75
412.203 256 North Down River Road Southbound exit and northbound entrance
Grayling Township
417.127 259 M-93 (Hartwick Pines Road) / BL I-75 south to M-72 – Downtown Grayling, Traverse City Signed as only M-93 (Hartwick Pines Road) northbound; northern terminus of BL I-75
Maple Forest Township
425.227 264 Frederic, Lewiston
Otsego Otsego Lake Township
435.839 270 Waters
Bagley Township
449.115 279 BL I-75 north (Old 27) – Downtown Gaylord Former US 27; signed as only Old 27 southbound; southern terminus of BL I-75
453.759 282 M-32 / BL I-75 south – Downtown Gaylord, Alpena Signed as only M-32 northbound; northern terminus of BL I-75
467.848 290 Vanderbilt Old US 27; eastern terminus of C-48
Cheboygan Nunda Township
484.359 301 C-58 – Wolverine
499.148 310 M-68 – Indian River, Rogers City
504.764 313 M-27 north – Topinabee, Cheboygan Southern terminus of M-27
Munro Township
519.052 322 C-64 – Cheboygan, Pellston
Hebron Township
525.815 326 C-66 – Cheboygan, Cross Village
Mackinaw Township
540.147 336 US 31 south / LMCT south – Petoskey, Charlevoix Southbound exit and northbound entrance; northern terminus of US 31 and southern end of LMCT concurrency
Cheboygan–Emmet county line Mackinaw–Wawatam township line
543.556 337 Nicolet Avenue – Mackinaw City Northbound exit and southbound entrance; southern terminus of the former M-108
Emmet Mackinaw City
544.657 338 US 23 south / LHCT south – Cheboygan, Rogers City, Alpena Southbound exit and northbound entrance; northern terminus of US 23; southern end of LHCT, signed as the GLCT from here north
545.172 338 Michigan Welcome Center Northbound exit only
545.944 339 Jamet Street Right-in/right-out interchange; signed only as Mackinaw City southbound
552.567 Mackinac Bridge (tolled)
Mackinac St. Ignace
553.070 343 Bridge View Southbound exit only
553.981 344 US 2 west / LMCT west – Manistique, Escanaba
BL I-75 north / LHCT north – St. Ignace Signed as exits 344A (north) and 344B (west) northbound; BL I-75 not signed southbound; eastern terminus of the western US segment of US 2; southern terminus of BL I-75; LMCT follows exit 344A to US 2 and LHCT follows exit 344B to BL I-75
555.121 345 Portage Street – St. Ignace Southbound exit and northbound entrance
St. Ignace Township
559.952 348 BL I-75 south / LHCT – St. Ignace
H-63 north / Mackinac Trail Signed as BL I-75 southbound and H-63 northbound; southern end of LHCT concurrency; northern terminus of BL I-75 and southern terminus of H-63
566.496 352 M-123 north – Newberry Southern terminus of M-123
578.129 359 M-134 east / LHCT east – Drummond Island, De Tour Village Western terminus of M-134; northern end of LHCT concurrency
Chippewa Rudyard Township
601.230 373 M-48 east (H-40) – Pickford, Rudyard Western terminus of M-48
Kinross Township
607.935 378 M-80 east – Kinross Western terminus of M-80
610.778 379 Gaines Highway – Barbeau Area
Dafter Township
621.474 386 M-28 / LSCT west – Munising, Newberry Southern end of LSCT concurrency
631.624 392 BS I-75 north (3 Mile Road) / LHCT – Sault Ste. Marie Southern end of LHCT concurrency signed as GLCT concurrency
635.126 394 Easterday Avenue – Sault Ste. Marie, Soo Locks
635.411 Toll Plaza (northbound)
U.S. Customs (southbound)
St. Marys River
637.165 International Bridge (tolled) to Canada[b]
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
Closed/former
Concurrency terminus
Incomplete access
Tolled
Related trunklines[edit]
Southern end of the business loop for St. Ignace
There are four auxiliary Interstate Highways for I-75 in Michigan. I-275 begins as a loop from northern Monroe County and continues to connect with I-96 and I-696. The freeway serves the population of western Wayne County and Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport.[8] The highway was originally intended to connect with I-75 north of Pontiac.[43] I-375 was the shortest signed Interstate in the nation;[f] it serves the immediate downtown Detroit area.[8] I-475 is known as the UAW Freeway and the David Dunbar Buick Freeway.[140] This freeway serves Flint's downtown areas as I-75 goes to the west side of the city.[8] The fourth auxiliary Interstate is I-675, a loop into the city of Saginaw[8] that served as an alternate to I-75 when the drawbridge over the Saginaw River was still operating.[122]
In addition to the auxiliary Interstates, there are eight current business routes related to the freeway in the state. These business loops and spurs provide signed connections into the downtowns of Pontiac, Bay City, West Branch, Roscommon, Grayling, Gaylord, St. Ignace, and Sault Ste. Marie.[8] A ninth highway was previously designated in Saginaw as well.[99] A 10th business route has been proposed for Indian River.[141]
Michigan Highways portal
^ The MBA is an independent state agency responsible for the Mackinac Bridge and thus maintains that section of the overall highway system. The MBA works with MDOT but does not report to it. The executive secretary of the MBA is appointed by MDOT with MBA approval.[15]
^ a b The sign assembly erected by MDOT indicates that I-75 ends just south of the toll and customs plaza for the International Bridge,[25] however according to MDOT's Physical Reference Finder Application online[3] and the Federal Highway Administration's Route Log and Finder List,[26] I-75 continues onto the International Bridge and ends at the international border in the middle of the St. Marys River.
^ Northeast of Standish, M-10 ran along the Lake Huron shoreline.
^ The Michigan State Highway Department was reorganized into the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation on August 23, 1973.[37] The name was shortened to its current form in 1978.[38]
^ The Akashi Kaikyō and Great Belt bridges in the Eastern Hemisphere are each longer between anchorages at 12,826 feet (3,909 m) and 8,921 feet (2,719 m) respectively,[129] but the Mackinac is still the longest between anchorages in the Western Hemisphere,[130] and crosses a wider body of water.
^ I-375 was the shortest signed Interstate Highway until I-110 was signed in 2010;[137][138] I-878 and I-315 in New York City and Great Falls, Montana, are shorter,[139] but unsigned.[137]
^ a b "Interstate 75 Road Markers Are Unveiled". The Herald-Press. St. Joseph, Michigan. Associated Press. October 13, 1959. p. 3. OCLC 10117184. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Around the State: West Branch". Traverse City Record-Eagle. United Press International. November 2, 1973. p. 3. OCLC 30098364. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c Michigan Department of Transportation & Michigan Center for Shared Solutions and Technology Partnerships (2009). MDOT Physical Reference Finder Application (Map). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
^ Meyer, Zlati (March 28, 2010). "You Haven't Lived Here Until You Drive I-75 Ohio to the Soo". Detroit Free Press. p. 18A. ISSN 1055-2758. OCLC 10345127, 137343179.
^ Michigan Department of Transportation (April 23, 2006). National Highway System, Michigan (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (2012). "Traffic Monitoring Information System". Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Michigan Department of Transportation (2016). Pure Michigan: State Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:950,400 (main map) and c. 1:158,400 (inset). Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ B11–G11, G11–M14, M14–N13 (main map); §§ B8–E11, E11–H9 (Detroit Area inset).
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Google (January 4, 2017). "Overview Map of I-75 in Michigan" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
^ Manzullo, Brian; Gallagher, John & Guile, Joe (November 22, 2016). "Detroit Pistons Moving Downtown: 'We Want to Be All in on Detroit'". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on January 30, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
^ "Detroit Teams: Where They Play, How Much It Cost". Crain's Detroit Business. July 21, 2014. Archived from the original on May 9, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
^ Oosting, Jonathan (December 5, 2010). "Worst Freeway for Accidents in Metro Detroit? Stretch of I-75 Where Tanker Exploded Last Year". MLive. Detroit: Booth Newspapers. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
^ Ranzenberger, Mark (April 27, 2008). "US 127 Signs Getting Updated". The Morning Sun. Mount Pleasant, Michigan. pp. 1A, 6A. OCLC 22378715. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
^ a b Barnett, LeRoy (2004). A Drive Down Memory Lane: The Named State and Federal Highways of Michigan. Allegan Forest, Michigan: The Priscilla Press. p. 88. ISBN 1-886167-24-9. OCLC 57425393.
^ "Bridge Legislation Signed". The Grand Rapids Press. Associated Press. December 29, 2005. p. B3. OCLC 9975013.
^ a b Gould, Karen (July 26, 2007). "A Day in the Life of the Mackinac Bridge". The St. Ignace News. Archived from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
^ "Mackinac Bridge Toll Increase". Upper Michigan's Source. Negaunee, Michigan: WLUC-TV. Associated Press. December 30, 2011. Archived from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
^ Greenwood, Tom (April 18, 2009). "'Quick Card' Payment to Be Used at Mackinac Bridge". The Detroit News. p. 3A. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
^ Ellison, Garret (June 8, 2017). "At Long Last, Drivers Can Pay Mackinac Bridge Toll with Credit Cards". MLive. Booth Newspapers. Archived from the original on May 12, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
^ Schneider, Kim (May 20, 2007). "Fear the Mighty Mac? They get you over it". MLive. Booth Newspapers. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
^ Carr, Tom (July 1, 2007). "Troubled Over Bridged Waters: Mackinac Crew Offers Rides to Those with Severe Phobia". Traverse City Record-Eagle. pp. 1E, 2E. OCLC 30098364. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
^ "WNHC787 AM 530 St. Ignace / AM 1610 Mackinaw City". MichiGuide. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
^ Collier, Edward (July 29, 1960). "Michigan's Upper Peninsula: Hiawatha's Scenic Land Opened Up by Mighty Bridge". The Titusville Herald. p. 8. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Rand McNally (2013). "Michigan" (Map). The Road Atlas (2013 Walmart ed.). 1:1,267,200. Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 50–51. §§ E8–F8. ISBN 0-528-00626-6. OCLC 773666955.
^ Superior Region. I-75 Ends (Highway sign assembly). Sault Ste. Marie: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
^ Adderly, Kevin (January 30, 2018). "Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of December 31, 2017". Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
^ "Tolls Rise for Some at Sault International Bridge". Associated Press. March 25, 2012.
^ Helwig, David (July 22, 2007). "New Bridge Cards Available Tomorrow". SooToday.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
^ a b Morrison, Roger L. (Autumn 1937). "The History and Development of Michigan Highways". Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review. Vol. 39 no. 54. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Bureau of Alumni Relations. pp. 59–73. OCLC 698029175.
^ Mason, Philip P. (1959). Michigan Highways From Indian Trails to Expressways. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Braun-Brumfield. p. 18. OCLC 23314983.
^ Mason (1959), p. 4.
^ Michigan Legislature (1915) [enacted May 13, 1913]. "Chapter 91: State Reward Trunk Line Highways". In Shields, Edmund C.; Black, Cyrenius P. & Broomfield, Archibald (eds.). The Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan. Vol. 1. Lansing, Michigan: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford. pp. 1868–1872. OCLC 44724558. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
^ "Michigan May Do Well Following Wisconsin's Road Marking System". The Grand Rapids Press. September 20, 1919. p. 10. OCLC 9975013.
^ Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1919). State of Michigan (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Lower Peninsula sheet. OCLC 15607244. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
^ Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1919). State of Michigan (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Upper Peninsula sheet. OCLC 15607244. Retrieved December 18, 2016 – via Michigan State University Libraries.
^ Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials (November 11, 1926). United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey. OCLC 32889555. Retrieved November 7, 2013 – via Wikimedia Commons.
^ Kulsea, Bill & Shawver, Tom (1980). Making Michigan Move: A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 27. OCLC 8169232. Retrieved January 18, 2021 – via Wikisource.
^ Kulsea & Shawver (1980), pp. 30–31.
^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (May 1, 1933). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:840,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ C11–D11. OCLC 12701053. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2016 – via Archives of Michigan.
^ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (September 1, 1933). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:840,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ C11–D11. OCLC 12701053.
^ Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1945). Official Highway Map of Michigan (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § N13. OCLC 554645076.
^ Public Roads Administration (August 2, 1947). National System of Interstate Highways (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Public Roads Administration. Retrieved September 4, 2010 – via Wikimedia Commons.
^ a b Bureau of Public Roads (September 1955). General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955 (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. OCLC 4165975. Retrieved September 4, 2010 – via Wikimedia Commons.
^ Michigan Department of Transportation (March 1, 2010). Section 394 Report: Analysis of Transportation Funding Distribution Formula (PDF) (Report). Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
^ "Michigan To Push Its North–South Turnpike: Toll Road To Link Centers of Industrial Areas". Youngstown Vindicator. February 21, 1955. p. 2. OCLC 5424159. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
^ Bagley, Les (October 25, 2007). "Autos Across Mackinac: Michigan Decides Against Building Turnpikes". The St. Ignace News. OCLC 36250796. Archived from the original on April 17, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
^ "Ziegler Pushes Plans For Free Road Despite Proposed Turnpike". Marshall Evening Chronicle. United Press International. August 9, 1955. p. 1. OCLC 18110507. Retrieved July 19, 2013 – via NewspaperArchive.com.
^ "Highway Politics". The Herald-Press. St. Joseph, Michigan. September 23, 1955. p. 8. OCLC 10117184. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Cross-State 'Pike Planned". Traverse City Record-Eagle. United Press International. December 14, 1955. p. 16. OCLC 30098364. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Michigan Turnpike Law Upheld". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. December 2, 1955. p. B2. ISSN 1052-4479. OCLC 11723897.
^ "Expressway Hopes Soar". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. December 5, 1955. p. 2. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Coverdale and Colitis (1955). "Map Showing Proposed North–South Turnpike in Michigan" (Map). Report on Estimated Traffic and Earnings of the Proposed Michigan Turnpike, Project No 1, North-South Turnpike. Scale not given. New York: Michigan Turnpike Authority. p. 2. OCLC 35260166. Retrieved October 30, 2012 – via HathiTrust.
^ Richard, Tim (April 3, 1986). "I-275: The Interstate that Isn't". Livonia Observer. OCLC 22646576.
^ "Michigan Drops Detroit–Chicago Turnpike Plans: Mackinac Extension of Saginaw Toll Road Also Abandoned". Toledo Blade. Associated Press. April 18, 1956. p. 5. OCLC 12962635. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
^ "Pike Bond Issue Asked in Michigan: $300 Million Sought for Toll Highways". Toledo Blade. Associated Press. January 26, 1956. p. 8. OCLC 12962635. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
^ Staff Reporter (March 27, 1956). "Michigan Pike Agency's Shaky Status Dims Chance for Early Issue". The Wall Street Journal. p. 20. ISSN 0099-9660. OCLC 4299067, 477162993. Retrieved July 19, 2013 – via ProQuest Archiver.
^ Bagley, Les (January 17, 2008). "Autos Across Mackinac: Bridge Construction Continues; Tourism Down". The St. Ignace News. OCLC 36250796. Archived from the original on April 17, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
^ "See Scant Chance for Highway". Ludington Daily News. Associated Press. August 21, 1956. p. 1. OCLC 27033604. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "World News Summary". Ludington Daily News. Associated Press. May 27, 1957. p. 1. OCLC 27033604. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Turnpike Authority Studies Financing". Traverse City Record-Eagle. United Press International. June 21, 1957. p. 17. OCLC 30098364. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Changes Are Opposed by Townships: Constitutional Convention Hit". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Associated Press. January 17, 1958. p. 10. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Legislature Scraps 450 State Bills: Agenda Cleared of Non-Essentials". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Associated Press. June 6, 1959. p. 10. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Voges, Bob (February 28, 1962). "Legislature Moves To Kill 15 Obsolete Laws". The Owosso Argus-Press. Associated Press. p. 16. OCLC 9802802. Retrieved October 31, 2012 – via Google News.
^ "Ohio, Michigan Dedicate New Expressway". Chicago Daily Tribune. Associated Press. May 23, 1959. p. 3. OCLC 1554151. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Kulsea & Shawver (1980), p. 22.
^ "Approaches Completed". The State Journal. Lansing. October 30, 1957. p. 33. OCLC 9714548. Retrieved August 20, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Michigan State Highway Department (April 25, 1958). "Recommended Interstate Route Numbering for Michigan". Michigan State Highway Department. Archived from the original on August 5, 2004. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
^ "Fenton–Clio X-Way Big Time Saver". The Owosso Argus-Press. Associated Press. June 28, 1958. p. 9. OCLC 9802802. Retrieved April 20, 2011 – via Google News.
^ a b c Barnett (2004), p. 233.
^ "Michigan Delays Road Number System". Toledo Blade. Associated Press. June 4, 1959. p. 11. OCLC 12962635. Retrieved November 21, 2010 – via Google News.
^ "Michigan To Open 35 More Miles of Freeway". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Associated Press. November 8, 1960. p. 19. OCLC 12962717. Retrieved March 22, 2013 – via Google News.
^ "122 Miles of Freeway To Be Opened by Dec. 15". The Herald-Press. St. Joseph, Michigan. October 17, 1960. p. 14. OCLC 10117184. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Electronic Wonder: State Seeks Highway". The Michigan Daily. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. July 13, 1961. p. 3. ISSN 0745-967X. OCLC 867310287, 923790299. Retrieved August 25, 2013 – via Google News.
^ "Driverless Auto Being Developed: Could Be Ready in 15 Years, Ohio Researcher Says". The New York Times. December 11, 1966. p. 132. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522.
^ "Michigan Town Wants Used Bridge". Wilmington Morning Star. Associated Press. December 11, 1979. p. 3D. ISSN 0163-402X. OCLC 4376904. Retrieved March 22, 2013 – via Google News.
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^ a b Michigan State Highway Department (1961). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ C10–G10, J12–K12. OCLC 12701120, 51857665. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1961)
^ "75 Opened". Ludington Daily News. Associated Press. October 9, 1961. p. 8. OCLC 27033604. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Upper Peninsula To Get Many Highway Projects Next Year". Ironwood Daily Globe. December 22, 1961. p. 8. OCLC 10890811. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Michigan State Highway Department (1962). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ C11, F10–G10, G10–J12, K12–L13. OCLC 12701120, 173191490. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
^ "State Briefs". The Owosso Argus-Press. July 7, 1962. p. 4. OCLC 9802802.
^ "Bypasses Gaylord". The Herald-Press. St. Joseph, Michigan. Associated Press. September 1, 1962. p. 3. OCLC 10117184. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "New Section of I-75 Opens". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Associated Press. October 26, 1962. Section 2, p. 7. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jones, Michael (February 19, 2008). "Five Nuggets of Knowledge about I-75". Gaylord Herald Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
^ a b c "New International Bridge Opened Today". Traverse City Record-Eagle. United Press International. October 31, 1962. p. 1. OCLC 30098364. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Michigan State Highway Department (1963). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ B11–D11, K12–L13. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
^ Michigan State Highway Department (1964). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ B11–D11, L13. OCLC 12701120, 81213707. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
^ "Completes Hike". Traverse City Record-Eagle. United Press International. October 31, 1963. p. 6. OCLC 30098364. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ White, Elmer E. (November 1, 1963). "Nation's Nicest". Michigan Mirror. Ludington Daily News. p. 4. OCLC 27033604. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Mackie, John C. (December 26, 1963). "John Mackie Lists Many Achievements for 1963". Holland Evening Sentinel. United Press International. p. 22. OCLC 13440201. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Michigan State Highway Department (1965). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ M13. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
^ "Open Section of Freeway". Traverse City Record-Eagle. United Press International. December 28, 1966. p. 15. OCLC 30098364.
^ "275-Mile Highway Spans State: New Buffalo to Port Huron; Other Projects". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Associated Press. September 8, 1966. p. 21. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "New Freeway Stretch To Be Opened Friday". Ironwood Daily Globe. Associated Press. October 29, 1968. p. 10. OCLC 10890811. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Part of Fisher Freeway Opens". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Associated Press. December 13, 1967. p. 34. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "New Freeway Section To Open on July 2". Ironwood Daily Globe. Associated Press. June 19, 1968. p. 14. OCLC 10890811. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
^ "Costly Freeway Piece To Open Jan. 10". Ironwood Daily Globe. Associated Press. December 19, 1968. p. 13. OCLC 10890811. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Michigan Department of State Highways (1970). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. §§ G11, H12–I12, M13. OCLC 12701120.
^ a b c Michigan Department of State Highways (1971). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. §§ G11, H12–I12, M13. OCLC 12701120, 77960415.
^ White, Elmer E. (December 15, 1970). "Detection System Started". Michigan Mirror. Ludington Daily News. p. 4. OCLC 27033604. Retrieved March 23, 2013 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "I-75 Complete Inside Michigan". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Associated Press. December 6, 1971. p. 23. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Michigan Department of State Highways (1972). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. §§ H12, M13. OCLC 12701120.
^ Michigan Department of Transportation (1987). "Section 2: Background". The Zilwaukee Bridge: From the Beginning. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. OCLC 16106385. Retrieved September 18, 2016 – via Michigan Highways.
^ Michigan Department of Transportation (1983). Say Yes to Michigan!: Official Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ C10–C11. OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
^ Michigan Department of Transportation (1986). Yes Michigan: Official Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ J12–L13. OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
^ a b Staff Writer (September 19, 1988). "Zilwaukee Bridge Now Open North, South—Partly". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. p. 1. OCLC 12962717. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
^ Wurfel, Sara & Murray, Dave (December 31, 2014). "Gov. Rick Snyder Signs Bills Focused on Creating Good Government Practices: Also Signs Memorial Highway, 'Pure Michigan Byways' Bills" (Press release). Office of the Governor. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
^ Lawler, Emily (May 11, 2017). "These Michigan Freeways Will Be 75 mph Before 4th of July Weekend". MLive. Booth Newspapers. Archived from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
^ Greenwood, Tom & Wilkinson, Mike (February 26, 2008). "Motorists Maneuver Through Gateway Project Maze". The Detroit News. pp. 1B, 5B. ISSN 1055-2715. OCLC 137348716. Retrieved October 29, 2012 – via NewsBank.
^ Greenwood, Tom (June 27, 2009). "I-75 To Open for Traffic Next Week at Gateway Project". The Detroit News. p. 3A. ISSN 1055-2715. OCLC 137348716. Retrieved October 29, 2012 – via NewsBank.
^ Helms, Matt & Gallagher, John (January 12, 2012). "Mich. Billionaire, 84, Jailed over Bridge Dispute". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
^ Wattrick, Jeff T. (March 16, 2012). "MDOT Launches 'Getting Gateway to the Finish Line' Social Campaign". MLive. Detroit: Booth Newspapers. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
^ Muller, David (September 20, 2012). "Detroit Neighborhoods To See Less Truck Traffic as $230 million Gateway Plaza Opens". MLive. Detroit: Booth Newspapers. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
^ Board of Wayne County Road Commissioners (1960). Route Location Study: FAI 75: Detroit–Toledo Expressway to Rouge River (Report). Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 23314996.
^ Barnett (2004), pp. 81–82.
^ Hunault, J. (January 8, 2002). "Public Act 142 of 2001: Second Analysis". Lansing: Michigan House Fiscal Agency. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
^ Michigan Legislature (October 26, 2001). "Memorial Highways Act (Public Act 142 of 2001)". Michigan Compiled Laws. Section 250.1100. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
^ Barnett (2004), pp. 177–178.
^ a b Hyde, Charles K. (1993). Historic Highway Bridges of Michigan. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 166. ISBN 0-8143-2448-7. OCLC 27011079. Retrieved September 7, 2019 – via Archive.org.
^ Hyde (1993), p. 168.
^ a b c Thomas, Ryland & Williamson, Samuel H. (2020). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved September 22, 2020. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
^ "A Brief History of Paving". The Grand Rapids Press. p. A8. OCLC 9975013.
^ a b c d e Hyde (1993), pp. 159–166.
^ Rubin, Lawrence A. (1985). Bridging the Straits. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 13–17. ISBN 0-8143-1789-8. OCLC 12104166.
^ Rubin (1985), pp. 103–107.
^ "Bridge Facts". The Monroe Evening News. September 2, 2007. p. 1E. OCLC 35981181.
^ Pollack, Susan R. (May 23, 2007). "The Mighty Mac Is Turning 50!: Head North This Summer for Big Doings around Mackinaw and the Upper Peninsula". The Detroit News. p. 3E. ISSN 1055-2715. OCLC 137348716.
^ Parker, Doris (June 23, 2012). "Celebrating the Soo Locks, Mackinac Bridge". Cheboygan Daily Tribune. Associated Press. p. A2. ISSN 0746-665X. OCLC 849664529.
^ "Preliminary Work on I-75/Dix-Toledo Road Interchange Begins Tuesday, Feb. 21, in Wayne County" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. February 17, 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
^ Metro Region. Northbound I-75 Advisory Sign (Highway sign). Detroit: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
^ Kampe, Paul (November 12, 2015). "Diverging Diamond Interchange in Auburn Hills Simple, Effective and Worth Wait". The Macomb Daily. Clinton Township, Michigan. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
^ Michigan Department of State Highways (1967). Michigan Water-Winter Wonderland: Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. § L13. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
^ Michigan Department of State Highways (1968). Official Highway Map (Map). c. 1:190,080. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. Flint inset. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
^ a b Rand McNally (2009). The Road Atlas. Chicago: Rand McNally. ISBN 978-0-528-93981-5. OCLC 226315010.
"Montana" (Map). 1:190,080. pp. 60–61. Great Falls inset. § N16.
"New York: New York City" (Map). 1:126,720. pp. 72–73. New York City & Vicinity inset. §§ J13–J14.
"Texas: Western" (Map). 1:190,080. pp. 98–99. El Paso inset. § WT3.
^ Texas Department of Transportation (2010). Northbound I-110/US 54/I-10/US 180 Pull-Through Sign (Highway guide sign). El Paso: Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 27, 2012 – via Wikimedia Commons.
^ Adderly, Kevin (January 30, 2018). "Table 2: Auxiliary Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways as of December 31, 2017". Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
^ Barnett (2004), pp. 40–41, 215.
^ Hahn, Kortny (March 3, 2017). "Road Comm. Eyes I-75 Business Loop". Holland Sentinel. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to I-75 in Michigan.
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I-75 at Michigan Highways
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Interstate Highways in Michigan
Transportation in Monroe County, Michigan
Transportation in Wayne County, Michigan
Transportation in Oakland County, Michigan
Transportation in Genesee County, Michigan
Transportation in Saginaw County, Michigan
Transportation in Bay County, Michigan
Transportation in Arenac County, Michigan
Transportation in Ogemaw County, Michigan
Transportation in Roscommon County, Michigan
Transportation in Crawford County, Michigan
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The VIII Baikal International School, with a subtitle of Sustained Development In Cultural Dialogue, shall be launched today in Tankhoi, Republic of Buryatia, Russia (Tankhoi is situated on the shore of Lake Baikal). Ivan Smirnov, Head of Educational Programs in IFTI, will take most active part in its organization and work. The main goal of the School shall be to setup an international site of ecological education for young people, aimed to promote the ecological research activity and development of an active attitude toward natural resource conservation. Young people coming to the School from various regions of Russia and other countries shall participate in the work of different research or projects' sections. Moreover, participants of the School are looking forward to excursions to the Baikal State Natural Biosphere Reserve, an ethnographic site and Buryatia Museum of Natural History.


ETA: This contest is now closed. Nancy won the book.
This month I'm giving away a signed paperback copy of Trade Me by Courtney Milan!
This is one of my absolute favorites of Courtney's books, up there with The Suffragette Scandal and Unraveled. It's a NA contemporary romance (the first in her Cyclone series), about a poor college student struggling to get by and keep her mother from giving away the hard-earned money she sends home for her sister's ADD meds to fellow Chinese refugees in need. Tina is offered the chance to trade lives for a month with another student desperate to escape his high-pressure life as heir to an innovative tech company and its irascible founder.
I love Tina with the fire of a thousand suns and I sobbed violently SEVERAL TIMES about her pathological sense of responsibility and fear of risk (MY FAVORITE TROPE, for personal reasons that I'm sure you will never guess).
Pictured: Spokesmodel T-Rex (not included) recharging his Tesla.
1. I've started a new project, HEAling the World, and I'm very excited about it! HEAling the World is one way for the romance community to fight against injustices going on in the United States right now and to work towards the happily-ever-after we want for our world.
Every month for eighteen months romance authors will share favorite charities or organizations. Authors will also give away books to a few donors each month.
We are starting off strong this month with Rebekah Weatherspoon sharing about Women of Color in Romance! Click this link to visit the HtW site and learn about WOCINR, and please consider donating to this vital cause. The first five $10 donors get 5 amazing free e-books!
2. My novella "All or Nothing" from the Gambled Away anthology is now up for pre-order on Amazon! Check out my stunning new cover!!!!!
Author Rose LernerPosted on January 10, 2017 Categories All or Nothing, announcement, HEAling the World, UncategorizedLeave a comment on 2 pieces of news!


Devlog #7- Widescreen support, Final boss almost finished!
Here's what I'm guessing will be one of the last devlogs before the game releases! I forgot if I wrote about this last time, but my goal is to finish the game by the end of the year, allowing me to polish and release it early next year.
The default resolution of Mobility used to be 512x384. That's a strange setting, and I'm not really sure why I originally chose it. I finally got around to changing it to 640 x 360.
This caused a bunch of issues-- for example, you could see some areas of the overworld rooms not being tiled because they weren't supposed to be seen before. UI elements that weren't anchored correctly were now misplaced, as well. Luckily, these problems were both quite easy to fix, and now, Mobility has pixel perfect scaling when set to full screen on a 1920x1080 monitor.
Especially very horizontal rooms like this one on the Starii now look quite nice.
As I predicted, it took a long time to get this baby to work. But it's almost there. And I do think it was worth my time to build it.
The boss now has a shield, which can only be de-activated when the player activates all blocks. So now it's more like a normal, though slightly longer level, but this works pretty well.
I'm still putting in the final touches, but I'm really happy with it so far. While the boss is quite easy on some difficulty levels, I'm also considering building in a function to skip the boss for people who don't or can't deal with the boss, and allow them to see the ending as well.
Something I've wanted to do for quite some time was to integrate OpenDyslexic as font for the dialog boxes in Mobility. I already had a system where you could set the dialog font, so I just had to download OpenDyslexic, install it, add the font in Game Maker, add it to my font selector, and list it in the credits. It was a really easy inclusion that I hope some players will benefit from.
This particular character will tell you about your statistics at the end of the game. I'm super interested in seeing what kind of stats people get at the end of the game!
I'm currently working on my very final task list with features that will need to be in at the release of the game. Huge remaining tasks are programming in the game's ending, finishing the final boss, adding a save system, polishing the game, bug testing, and making a trailer for the game's release. I've decided not to do leaderboards at the moment, since it would take me a lot more time to ensure these work and replays can also be uploaded and played back. Let's see if I can get most of that done by the end of the year. Thanks for reading!
Mobility's First Anniversary & v1.1.1 Update!
Mobility will release on Feb 17 (+ trailer) !


text:
Tobacco Smoking Accounts for 40 Percent of All US Cancers
HealthDay News — Health officials still estimate that 4 out of every 10 cancers is linked to smoking, although rates in the United States have declined to new lows.
The latest report from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention finds that cigarette smoking dropped from 20.9% of US adults (45.1 million) in 2005 to 15.1% (36.5 million) in 2015. Cigarette smoking is now at its lowest since the CDC began collecting data in 1965, researchers said.
According to another report released on November 10, every year between 2009 and 2013, some 660,000 Americans were diagnosed with a tobacco-related cancer and about 343,000 died from such a cancer. Cancer accounted for 3 in 10 deaths among cigarette smokers, the report noted.
However, progress has been made, Tom Frieden, MD, MPH, director of the CDC, said during a news conference, and since 1990, about 1.3 million tobacco-related cancer deaths among Americans have been avoided.
The CDC credits state tobacco programs for the continued decline in smoking. These programs focus on reducing cancer risk, detecting cancer early, improving cancer treatments, helping more people survive cancer, improving cancer survivors' quality of life and better assisting communities affected by cancer, the agency said.
"Funding for these programs will yield a return on investment," Frieden said. "States that invest in these initiatives will reduce tobacco use that will result in fewer people with cancer, fewer deaths and reduced health care costs. It has been estimated that the annual cost of caring for an ex-smoker is $1000 less than the annual cost of caring for a smoker."
"Cancer And Tobacco Use". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated November 2016. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/cancerandtobacco/index.html. Accessed November 11, 2016.
Smoking Cessation Medication Use Impacted by Medicaid Policies
Smoking Consistently Responsible for Significant Amount of Cancer Deaths
Differences Found Between Smokers and Non-Smokers Who Develop Lung Cancer
Cancer Mortality Smoking
TEDxTalk: Good News in the Fight Against Pancreatic Cancer | Laura Indolfi
Close more info about Tobacco Smoking Accounts for 40 Percent of All US Cancers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Давид Наумович Мирлин (1925—2008) — советский и российский , доктор физико-математических наук, профессор, сотрудник Физико-технического института РАН.

Биография
Родился 01.09.1925 в Ленинграде. Блокадник, в 1942 г. эвакуирован в Тихвин, где в 17-летнем возрасте призван в армию. Участник войны, радист зенитной батареи. Награждён орденом Отечественной войны II степени (20.10.1987) и медалью «За оборону Ленинграда». В 1945 г. демобилизован по зрению и продолжил учёбу в средней школе.

Окончил физический факультет ЛГУ (1951).

Работал в Институте полупроводников АН СССР (1956—1972) и в Физико-техническом институте им. А. Ф. Иоффе (1972—2007), последняя должность — главный научный сотрудник.

В 1961 году защитил кандидатскую диссертацию по теме «Исследование низкочастотных флуктуаций проводимости в полупроводниках».

В 1971 году защитил докторскую диссертацию:
 Оптические исследования локализованных возбуждений в ионных кристаллах : диссертация … доктора физико-математических наук : 01.00.00. — Ленинград, 1970. — 309 с. : ил.

Лауреат Премии имени А. Ф. Иоффе 1990 года — за цикл работ «Спектроскопия горячей фотолюминесценции в полупроводниках».

Жена — Бирштейн, Татьяна Максимовна (1928—2022), доктор физико-математических наук. Сын — физик Александр Давидович Мирлин (1962), кандидат физико-математических наук (1992), профессор Университета Карлсруэ. Дочь — Елена Давидовна Мирлина (1958), программист.

Основные работы
 Поверхностные поляритоны : Электромагнит. волны на поверхностях и границах раздела сред / [Д. Н. Мирлин, Дж. Лагуа, Б. Фишер и др.]; Под ред. В. М. Аграновича, Д. Л. Миллса. — М. : Наука, 1985. — 525 с. : ил.; 26 см. — (Соврем. пробл. науки о конденсир. средах).
 Полупроводниковые болометры [Текст] / Д. Н. Мирлин; отв. ред. А. Ф. Иоффе ; ЛДНТП, ИП АН СССР. — Ленинград : ЛДНТП, 1957. — 37 с. : ил. — (Полупроводники; вып. 4).

 Электрические флуктуации в полупроводниках / Д. Н. Мирлин. — С .516-568. В книге: Полупроводники в науке и технике : [в 2 томах] / Акад. наук СССР, Ин-т полупроводников; [отв. ред. А. Ф. Иоффе]. — Ленинград : Издательство Академии наук СССР, 1957—1958. Т. 2. — 1958. — 658 с. : рис. ; 28 см. —).

Источники
 Трудный путь к Победе: физтеховцы о днях войны [Текст] : историческая литература / Физ.-техн. ин-т им. А. Ф. Иоффе РАН, С.-Петерб. науч. центр РАН, С.-Петерб. союз женщин в науке; ред. А. П. Шергин. — СПб. : Изд-во Политехн. ун-та, 2012. — 433, 1 с. : ил., цв.ил., портр., фото. — ISBN 978-5-7422-3474-6
 https://www.rulit.me/books/shkola-zhizni-vospominaniya-detej-blokadnogo-leningrada-read-363585-9.html
 Мирлин, Давид Наумович

Выпускники физического факультета Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета
Сотрудники Физико-технического института имени А. Ф. Иоффе

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Maria field is located approximately 20 kilometres east of the Kristin field and about 45 kilometres south of the Heidrun field in the Halten Terrace in the Norwegian Sea. Wintershall Norge is the operator of the license with a 50%* share. Petoro has a 30% share and Centrica Resources (Norge) owns the remaining 20%.
*Subject to approval by the relevant authorities and after closing of the transaction by the end of 2015, Tellus Petroleum will acquire 15% of the Maria development from Wintershall.