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Heroes and Narratives
Updated Friday, 13th May 2005
John Shaw examines the way that heroes, heroines and saints shape our view of history.
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The western historical tradition began with tales of heroes and villains, victors and vanquished. Homer's epic myths The Iliad and The Odyssey, written during the 8th century BC, tell tales of adventurers and voyagers in the age of gods and heroes. For those more fastidious about what counts as history, The Histories of Herodotus, written three centuries later, begin by recounting the downfall of the vainglorious King Croesus of Lydia whose name is still a byword for wealth and power. History, has a claim to pre-eminence as the narration of the lives and deeds of heroic or vicious individuals.
Ancient and Medieval times
Since then heroic narratives have been central to many traditions of explaining the past. The Greek and Roman tendency to shape the social past around the deeds of great men was augmented by the accounts of the lives of the prophets in the great monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. In Christian lore, the life of Jesus, narrated from multiple perspectives in the Gospels, gives the ultimate imprimatur to this form of historical account. It helped form medieval hagiography, (telling the stories of the lives of saints) which, although not always linear narratives, tend to end in a culminating moment of conversion.
Age after age has found its own focus for heroic narrative, each expressing the values and mores of their society. For writers Chretien des Troyes in twelfth-century France and Sir Thomas Mallory in fifteenth-century England, medieval chivalry provided the moral purpose as well as the narrative drive for mythological histories of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. By the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, this form of narrative, this way of telling, was alive and well even if the heroes had changed in character. For John Foxe, the lives of the Christian martyrs and particularly the Protestant victims of Catholic persecution provided the cast of characters in narratives that simultaneously vilified Catholicism and provided a heroic basis for the history of Protestantism.
Kings, princes, and engineers
By the eighteenth century, the need to narrate the origins of a structure as complex as the nation-state was already a problem. As modern histories replaced medieval romances, national histories, replete with military heroes, came to replace the story of monarchs and monarchy. Monarchies are powerful institutions, however, and their importance has never been eclipsed in modern historiography.
The power of heroic individualism as a way of narrating history does not end with the noble and the highborn; it has been translated into a modern idiom. Histories of a phenomenon as structurally complex as the industrial revolution began with explanations that prioritised the deeds of a couple of generations of entrepreneurial adventurers.
The inventors' spinning-jennies, self-acting mules, power looms and steam engines transformed industry; they reshaped the face of the country with their canals, roads, great bridges and finally the railways. The mid-Victorian version of Britain's rise to greatness through the vision of Arkwright, Watt, Telford, Brunel and a host of others is given full moral, didactic and historical force in The Lives of the Engineers (1861) by Samuel Smiles, the most determined chronicler of heroic individualism of his time.
Narrating history through the medium of the individual is still an important way of explaining the past. Walk into any good bookshop and you will see ample evidence in the publishing explosion in popular science, much of it getting its momentum from highly contextualised biographies of established heroes like Sir Isaac Newton, or the recovery of 'unjustly neglected' figures. Richard Hamblyn's Invention of Clouds (2002), explaining Luke Howard's part in the creation of modern meteorology is an excellent example.
The growth of complexity in history
Modern societies need histories that reflect their own complexity. What is demanded of history and historians has changed to reflect the underlying transformation of the industrialised, globalised world and, in response to this, approaches to history have had to be adapted. Since at least the eighteenth century, critical standards of evidence and verification emerged to become the industry standard of what is now the historical profession. Here, history exists alongside other disciplines in the arts, sciences and social sciences, each with their own exacting standards of scholarship. In spite of this, history organised around the straight line of a significant lifetime remains a mainstay both inside and outside the academy.
Why this persistence? Why this pre-eminence? One obvious factor is that these stories are easily told and easily understood. But biography can be an exacting form and, in any case, there has to be more than the offer of undemanding amusement, important as that might be. The role of the valorised individual, the exemplary life of great purpose, must play some part.
Certainly, setting up moral examples of courage, devotion, chivalry, integrity, probity, industry, intelligence, even for that matter wickedness, cunning and ruthlessness, has been a consistent feature of historical writing since the earliest times. The particular content of the moral message may change from the chivalric to the industrious but the need for moral example seems to be a recurrent theme.
Beyond heroes and villains?
The key questions for our own society seems to be less to do with whether we do or don't need these historical tales (we clearly do) but whether they alone are adequate for our needs? It is not that we have outgrown the needs felt by our ancestors but that we have developed new needs that reflect the complexity and diversity of society's economic, social and political processes, structures and institutions.
The reasons for this are reflected in the names of the major sub-disciplines of modern history: political history, economic history, social history, cultural history. We need political histories that reflect the intricacies and interplay of factors involved in the development of our political system - not just accounts of the lives of politicians. In the case of modern economies, their vaster, more impersonal structures like institutions and markets make the need for complex impersonal histories even clearer. Heroic accounts of the industrial revolutionaries have been all but eclipsed by the interplay of supply and demand, the role of population growth, of labour supply, the contribution of agricultural development, the part played by empire and slavery – the list could go on.
If one answer to the question is that we now write more complex histories because we need to explain the origins of more complex social formations, another might be that we actually also write more complex forms of heroic narrative. History told through exemplary lives was always about meeting the needs of people and society; our histories reflect our needs just as much as the Greeks did.
Just as the monarch was an individual cipher for a complex political institution, so we turn complex institutions and structures into quasi-individuals to help make sense of them and turn them into functioning explanations. Peter Ackroyd's London (2000) has the subtitle 'the biography'. John Birmingham's Leviathan (2000) claims to be Sydney's 'unauthorised biography'. Nation-states have always been imbued with a kind of personality, and in the English language this personality is even gendered as 'she'. Business corporations are built around the legal fiction that they are corporate individuals. In E.P.Thompson's The Making of the English Working Class previously unknown heroes brilliantly emerge from obscurity but the working class itself seems to take on the organic unity of an individual.
The wonder is not so much that we have failed to transcend the need for heroic accounts of our collective pasts. Instead, it is the ability of this mode of recalling and retelling to shape itself to astonishingly different social needs.
Samuel Smiles The Life of George Stephenson (University Press of the Pacific, 2001) - one of Smiles' highly influential works of hero-worship, designed to inspire as much as to inform.
Richard Hamblyn The Invention of Clouds: how an amateur meteorologist forged the language of the skies (Picador 2002) – an example of the widespread modern genre of historical writing which uses the story of one person's life to illuminate an issue.
John Birmingham Leviathan: the unauthorised biography of Sydney (Vintage, 2000) - an urban history written by an Australian journalist, in which Sydney is the hero, (or the villain).
Robert Bickers Empire Made Me: An Englishman Adrift in Shanghai (Penguin, 2004) - an evocation of the twentieth-century British Empire through the life of a Shanghai policeman.
Great Britons - the 2002 series in which the nation voted for the "Greatest" Briton of all time
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Originally published: Sunday, 4th July 2010
Body text - Copyright: The Open University
Image 'Gherkin building in London' - Copyright: BBC
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New University of Hawaii West Oahu campus boosts creative media program | Techy Kings
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Where the average person might just see a fancy new building in the Academy for Creative Media Student Production Center at the University of Hawaii West Oahu, others see a launching pad for huge dreams for their students as well as the state.
For government and business leaders, the $37 million college academy, which held its grand opening Friday, represents a major step in Hawaii's growth in entertainment, esports and digital media. They see potential to build a workforce for media jobs on the islands, build an adjacent production studio and more than double the $400 million a year in direct spending that TV and film projects alone attract to the state.
For students like Mikaela Briones, a junior at UH West Oahu, the addition of the academy on the Kapolei campus is a boost to the often-beleaguered reputation of her nearby hometown on Oahu's Waianae Coast. And as Briones, who dreams of one day animating for movie giant Pixar, is now getting her general creative media degree, she sighs happily: "I don't have to leave home."
For instructors like Marion Ano, who teaches app development, the state-of-the-art academy is an opportunity to put powerful tools in the hands of Native Hawaiians and other people so they can solve human problems and their stories and cultures can be immortalized.
"That's why I continue to teach," said the part-Hawaiian lecturer.
And for the academy's kamaaina founder, Chris Lee, former head of entertainment giant Columbia TriStar, the Academy for Creative Media's official launch after years of painstaking research, lobbying, planning and construction means finally having a connection to the 16 creative media programs he directs at all 10 UH campus.
"I am excited for the students. I'm excited because this is a truly state-of-the-art, industrial-ready production center that's as good as any other school in the world has to offer," Lee told the Honolulu Star-Advertiser.
"From the beginning, my mantra has been, if all I've done is create something that sent more kids to the mainland, I feel like I'll have failed. But if it's populated our local economy, where digital workers fill the needs in the creative economy, and they stay here, that's really my goal."
Visitors to the Academy for Creative Media are first drawn in by a massive LED screen on the facade that illuminates an outdoor amphitheater. Its cavernous lobby, with a small amphitheater and another giant LED monitor, serves as a central hub for spokes in classrooms and suites: on the first floor, a massive sound stage built to industry specifications; a "mill shop" for building sets and other projects; a Dolby Atmos 100-seat screening room and mixing stage; an eSports arena with 24 gaming stations; digital post-production suites; and an "emerging media lab."
Upstairs there are classrooms and an artistically decorated "incubator space" called the hatchery.
Construction on the 33,000-square-foot building was completed in 2020, and classes quietly began in 2021, but the covid-19 pandemic delayed the grand opening.
Friday's celebration drew more than 300 guests and featured choral music by UH West Oahu students, a blessing by kahu Hailama Farden and rousing speeches by Lee, Gov. David Ige and UH President David Lassner. A celebrity panel discussion followed, with praise for the Academy from actors Ronny Chieng, Mark Dacascos, Amy Hill and Kimee Balmilero, and producer Bird Runningwater.
The Bachelor of Arts in Creative Media is now UH West Oahu's fastest growing degree program, with more than 300 student majors; the university's goal is to grow to 500 majors in five years.
A quarter of the academy's majors claim Hawaiian ancestry. Along with the rest of the creative media programs across the UH system, Lee said UH has "the first majority of Native Hawaiian, Asian American and Pacific Islander media programs in the world."
Majors at UH West Oahu Academy choose from four concentrations: Communication and New Media Technology, Design and Media, Video Game Design and Development, and General Creative Media.
Students are prepared for jobs in moving image, video production, design and social media as well as digital content creation, video game design and development, and the integration of storytelling and technology, a UH statement said. Hawaii's creative sector, which includes the film, music, digital media and arts industries, already accounts for nearly 54,000 jobs statewide.
And more growth to come for academia and society. Already, the academy has been a catalyst for half a dozen Hawaii high schools' creation of feeder programs and early college courses in creative media and new industry partnerships, said UH West Oahu Chancellor Maenette Benham.
"There are many ways in which this particular program is not only good for our students and their families in terms of their careers, but how the program reaches down to K-12 and reaches into a much larger business environment as well as the community," said she.
Additionally, a "Phase 2" for the academy, including an adjacent film production studio, is already in early discussions, Lassner and Governor-elect Josh Green separately confirmed.
"We are looking at developing a commercial studio," Lassner said in his speech at the ceremony. "We do not expect to ask for government funding for this; we are looking for a private operator who knows how to build and do it. And our conversations are very positive.
"And we want to take it much further, really create a destination around the studio that can support not just local filmmakers, but global filmmakers can come here, create jobs, create opportunities, create commercial activity, provide housing – there's so much we can do here with this 500-plus acres in this lower part of UH West Oahu. So we're beyond excited."
Green said he expects the state to welcome the development of a studio along with nearby homes.
"Having the capacity to actually house people here means a lot more production can occur," he said. "It's a priority because this could very well be the next piece of our economic stool."
Categories Media Tags boosts, campus, Creative, Hawaii, Kings, media, Oahu, program, Techy, University, West
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I've been home for a week, and I've got to say, it has never felt so good. This week, I have done all the things I didn't have time to do over the quarter, like drawing, writing, catching up with old friends, and best of all, sleeping. I forgot what it was like to sleep in my own bed.
As much as I have caught up with people, talked about college, and taken time for myself this week, it has also given me a lot more time to just think. For the past year, as of May, I have been working on this drawing of each of the Hogwarts crests together on a page. It's quite complicated and takes my complete and utter focus in order to get it right. In the process, I've realized that some of our best work, or better accomplishments, require us to be doing nothing else at the same time.
Some things require our undivided attention. That being said, I am now beginning to understand one problem; it almost seems like nothing I have done since I got to Cal Poly ever truly had my full attention. I never stopped multitasking.
That's the funny thing that I discovered about college and the schoolwork it involves— all of the classes almost seem like distractions from each other. Question is, is it all simply a distraction from something else, a to-do list per say? Let me explain.
Between the classes, the social life, the clubs, and the attempt at figuring out college, it was all multitasking. Maybe there was too much to do without enough time to just do it all one by one. From what I could tell, even if we tried, we might stop in the middle of one assignment to remember another task we forgot to do. Ever been in the middle of relaxing with friends before looking at the time, seeing 11:34, and remembered a bill you forgot to pay or an assignment due at midnight?
Just because we multitask doesn't mean we remember to do everything… If anything, I think we may actually be more unproductive than ever.
7 days back at home and it's given me time to slow down, to focus on one thing and actually finish that drawing I told you about. Being back on familiar ground, driving on familiar streets, I am even reminded of how easily time passes while we do other things with our lives. In visiting my advisory teacher whom I had for the same class with the same people all four years of high school, I got to take a look from the outside to see all the freshman students who have now taken our place. This is their start, everything is still so fresh and new to them. They've got choices to make and a path to take those first steps on— that's where we used to be.
Today I got a chance to catch up with an old friend who is a grade above me, someone I was lucky enough to run with from sixth grade through to my junior year of high school. We talked about college, about life and where our paths are headed now. I've been out of high school for almost a year, she's been out for almost two, and yet we're both still trying to figure things out. I guess that never really changes. Looking at her, I could almost see that time that had gone by; she looked a little older and more mature than I remembered.
I wonder if that's how I look to all the people I went to go visit.
Because now, I'm on a different path than I thought I would be when I started high school. Is that a bad thing? I'd like to think it isn't. Personally, I would like to think that the paths we take and the turns we make along the way all put us where we need to be. Sooner or later, none of the things we do are distractions while each and every one of them are no longer just a to-do list.
Sooner or later, I hope that the things we do are exactly what we want to be doing, and if not, I hope that they will help us get there. At least that's what I'm striving for in my future.
So here's to my last quarter of freshman year being something more than multi-tasking. And here's to each and every one of you finding something in the world that means enough to you to give it your full and undivided attention.
Maybe it's just the way time passes, but 11 weeks later, and I'm headed back home again. My finals for this quarter finished up on Tuesday and I am officially 2/3 the way through my freshman year.
And they say time flies.
This quarter has been quite a hard one for a lot of us here, especially without the week break we had for Thanksgiving last quarter. It seemed almost as if once we started, there was no stopping until it was over. Though I've learned a lot from my classes this quarter, I mean that is the goal isn't it, I think I've learned the most from what was happening outside of them.
What is the most important idea I came across this quarter? Well, it is simply that plans change.
I came into college with certain expectations of what it would be like, until first quarter came around to adjust them a little bit. From there, I entered second quarter with high hopes but somewhat low expectations for these 11 weeks– after all, I would much rather a pleasant surprise than disappointment.
Then we got to week 4, midterms week, as I looked at my friend who was suffering through Chem with me, and our expectations sank a little lower. That's when we both knew we were both switching out of our majors.
That's when I knew that things were changing.
Keeping in touch with friends from home, it seems to me that many of our paths have changed a few times since we all graduated together. Some of us are switching majors, some of are switching schools, others are going into the military and of course, some paths are yet to be paved. Even so, with all the deviations and decisions we are finding ourselves coming up against, we are all still moving forward towards the futures we are no longer so sure about.
Maybe it has come from years of reading books or watching movies where everything seemed so cut and dry; there was a beginning, a middle, and an end, maybe some conflict throughout with a sound resolution before it was all over. I used to think that if I set my mind to something then nothing could derail my future.
Funny thing is, the one "derailing " my future is me. Except now I don't see it as such a bad thing, I should have known the 10 year plan I made in Econ last year would change a little bit.
As much as we search for success and a sufficient job to build a life with in the future, this is the time when we are supposed to figure it all out, to wrap out heads around what it means to grow up.
Not only have I experienced that this quarter, at this point I have found myself accepting it. For that is what this age is about, we're not supposed to have it all figured out or know exactly how we are supposed to get there. At this point, as long as we know that there is something more we want out of this life, the next step is really just to take one.
Because before you know it, you've caught up to that 10 year plan and it's not a plan anymore. It's a reality.
Question is, is it a reality that changed for the better, or one that never changed at all?
It's been a little while since I put up my last Poetry Place, but today is a special day after all… It's World Poetry Day! So in honor of the day and the fact that my finals are now over, I have a new poem for you.
P.S. Just in case you didn't know, there was a video in my last blog so if you didn't get a chance to check it out, click on the To This Day Project at the end of the post! Have a beautiful week.
Back in 2013, I was a sophomore in high school and somewhere along my needs for procrastination, I found something that changed how I looked at poetry and at people— it was so honest, so incredibly beautiful… I had no idea what to with this gem I had just found.
For I had stumbled upon the To This Day Project video on youtube, by Shane Koyczan.
Years later I am still impressed with what it has to say and now, now I know that it was there not only for us to to see, but to think about what it means. It is there for the bullies and the people and the lives it is all talking about, for the people who need a touch of inspiration. That is what spoken word is— it is honest, it is true, and for so many people, it is a reality.
There are countless lines within this video that I wish I could hold onto but this one applies to all of us.
Every day I look around this campus and I see people who are still trying. I talk to friends away at other schools or hear about the ones I miss still at Vista and I can tell every one of us is still trying… Trying to what?
We are trying to live our lives, to find our way to a place we know we deserve to be. Because in a society where it is believed we are defined by the amount of money we make or the degree that will be written on our diplomas, there are a lot of people who have a hard time feeling like they will ever get there.
Let me tell you this, if you believe you can get there and you do everything in your power to do so, the only thing standing in the way is yourself.
Our mentalities and the belief we hold in ourselves is one of the most important things we can hold onto in this life. Because in eighteen years, if I have learned anything else, it is how to keep on trying.
Maybe sometimes it gets hard to believe in what we are doing when the world around keeps telling to turn in a different direction. Think of the women this month is about and the ones it has hopes to inspire— where would they be if they took "no" for an answer?
It seems that with every month comes something new to discover and a new idea to think about. With March comes Daylight Savings time, the beauty of Spring, and last but never the least, Women's History Month. Welcome to the celebration of some of the most amazing people I have ever met and the history of the women this nation is built on.
Back in January, I had a small post on the Women's March, speaking on the Beauty of Standing Up. Just in case you haven't read it and want to check that out, go ahead and click that link. Last month I told you all about black history, whether it was through poetry, experience, or the help of another perspective. This month, I don't think I need to tell you all about the importance of Women's History and how far we've come, from the wage battle to the fallacy of equality.
Women are an integral part of this world, I don't know where I would be without the incredible ladies I am blessed to have in my life.
So here's to each and every one of them.
Did you know that Women's History Month started off as just a week in 1978, designated by the the Education Task Force of the Sonoma County (California) Commission in order to educate more people? Fast forward eight years and by then, 14 states had made March Women's History Month… A year later, in 1987, Congress declared the month nationally.
If the history of women in our nation was important enough to go through Congress to add to the monthly celebrations of who we all are, then why are we still struggling to pay attention?
Just like I said that black history is more than a month, and so is Women's History. There is a wide array of ethnicities, cultures, and people who make up this world that we live in— we ought to be celebrating every single one of them.
Though the definition of a "woman" may be changing to incorporate the circumstances of every person's life in the 21st century, it does not take away from the incredible potential each woman here in America has. Considering that Wednesday, the 8th, was International Women's Day, should we still have to fight for the equality that it seems this world knows we deserve to have?
Barely sixty years ago, as a woman, I would not have been admitted to Cal Poly. As a black woman, I may have been hired as cooking staff… Maybe. You see, we've come quite a ways from where we used to be in regards to our inclusion as part of society, however, we are still so far behind men that baby steps don't seem to be enough anymore. Though the genetic difference comes down to a single Y chromosome, apparently it makes all the difference when it comes to wages, career outlook, and even perceived positions of power.
By more, I mean equality in not only the way we work or what we get for working, but in the way we are treated every single day. Stereotypically, women are seen as less intelligent, more emotional, and weak. It still surprises me that people believe women aren't as strong or capable as men are— have you met my mother? From the woman whom I owe my life (and half my genes) to, to so many others who have changed my life, the this month is a celebration of everything each of us can be. So why not talk about it?
It's one thing to have a month designated to celebrate a certain group of people, and it's another thing to actually celebrate it. I feel like there is a tendency to assume we all already know what we need to know, whether it's the meaning behind this month or the knowledge that comes with it. Let's be honest, many people believe in the idea that "ignorance is bliss". Depending on your opinions, sometimes this is true.
They make up 3.4 billion of the world population.
This is a call for action, to understand why we have this month designated to 3.4 billion people. This is a month where I want to say thank you to each and every woman who has impacted my life, from my teachers to my best friends. This is a time for women empowerment.
May it forever be more than just a month.
It's that time of year again, if you're part of the Class of 2017, then you know exactly what time I'm talking about— it's time to make some decisions.
You will end up right where you need to be.
I know it sounds cliche, but the point is, there are always more options. This is a big month for most of you and there are a lot of college acceptance decisions coming out within the next few weeks. While some of you know where you're headed, some of you don't.
Just know this— that's okay.
Last year, two hours before I needed to submit my decision of intent for one college, I was sitting in my room with a list of four colleges, their pros and cons, and a coin in my hand. I took one look at Nick and I asked him, "Heads or tails?" After a lot of back and forth, I finally settled on Howard University in DC and Nick chose Purdue University in Indiana (currently waitlisted by Cal Poly).
Did you notice that neither of us ended up at either of those schools?
If there was one thing I wish I knew, it would be that there are so many ways for your circumstances to turn out the way they need to be. I thought I would be at Howard University, with about two months left of school to go. Instead I am here at Cal Poly with Nick, on the other side of the country from where I was going to be, and now we have three months left to go with finals in two weeks. That's the crazy fact about college and our futures, it's always going to change.
I think one of the main concepts I was worried about when getting into college was not feeling like I chose the right school, or finding myself stuck in a position I couldn't get out of. Committing to a school felt like I was etching my future into stone— once I made that decision, I couldn't change it.
Because right now, I am changing my major. A month before I was supposed to start at Howard, I changed my college. Don't underestimate the power of an appeal, or a waitlist. If you really want something, do everything in your power to make it happen. The decisions you make now have the potential to impact a lot, but no matter what you choose, believe in the choice you make. Last year, I wish I remembered to congratulate myself for choosing to pursue more education in a future I wanted. As long as you're going after success and happiness in the future (whether you're going to college or pursuing another path), you cannot ask any more of yourself. So be proud of it.
A key point about choosing your college, pay attention to the people you're about to surround yourself with for the next four years. I'll be completely honest, I was not prepared for the lack of diversity at this school. Would that have changed my decision? I have no idea, but I've made a handful of wonderful friends that have made all the difference in my freshman year so far. When you toured colleges, maybe you paid attention to the campus hills and the dining options, but don't forget about the people. They can make a pretty big difference.
Are you going to want to wake up on that campus every day to go to class?
Can you handle being surrounded by the demographics and the attitudes of the people around you?
Just make sure that you're asking the hard questions, considering anything and everything you can about both opportunity and what it'll be like to live there. This is yo ur future, a bright one, and this decision is completely yours to make.
No matter what you end up doing, just remember that you deserve to be proud of yourself. You've made it through 4 years of high school, you're graduating in two months… This is a time to get excited about your future. You've done the work, you are everything you need to be.
Choose your school wisely, but take a moment to look around at where you want to be for the next four years. Here's to an amazing journey coming to an end just for another one to start, why not make it count?
I wish each and every one of you the best of luck in all the decisions you're about to make, you've got 2 months left of high school. Trust me, it all goes by pretty quickly.


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Economic Policy Council
Finland's Economic Policy Council was established in 2014 to provide independent evaluation of the objectives of economic policy and the effectiveness of the policy measures chosen. Through its work, the Council aims to improve the quality of economic policy decision-making and preparatory work, and to bring an independent and research-based perspective to the public discussion on economic policy. The Council publishes an annual report evaluating recent economic policy decisions. Council's most recent report was published on January 26.
Report 2020, pdf
Background reports
The members of the Council are appointed based on proposals made by the economics departments of universities and the Academy of Finland. The Council consists of a chairperson and four other members. The chairperson of the Council is Prof. Jouko Vilmunen. Other members are prof. Hilde Bjørnland, prof. Seija Ilmakunnas, prof. Johanna Niemi and prof. Jukka Pirttilä.
The Report 2020 was published on 26.1.2021.
Report 2020 »»
VATT Institute for Economic Research
Evaluation of Economic Policy, Economic Policy Council Report 2020


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U.S. charges four police officers involved in fatal shooting of Breonna Taylor
A memorial for Breonna Taylor in Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.
U.S. prosecutors on Thursday charged four current and former Louisville, Kentucky, police officers for their roles in the botched 2020 raid that killed Breonna Taylor, a Black woman who was in her home, in a case that sparked nationwide protests.
The charges represented the Justice Department's latest effort to crack down on abuses and racial disparities in policing, following a wave of controversial police killings of Black Americans.
Former Louisville Metropolitan Police Department Detective Joshua Jaynes and current Sergeant Kyle Meany were charged with civil rights violations and obstruction of justice for using false information to obtain the search warrant that authorized the botched March 13, 2020, raid that killed Taylor in her home, the Justice Department said. Current Detective Kelly Goodlett was charged with conspiring with Jaynes to falsify the warrant and then cover up the falsification.
A fourth officer, former Detective Brett Hankison, was charged with civil rights violations for allegedly using excessive force, U.S. Attorney Merrick Garland said.
"Breonna Taylor should be alive today," Garland told a news conference. "The Justice Department is committed to defending and protecting the civil rights of every person in this country. That was this department's founding purpose, and it remains our urgent mission."
The death of Taylor, a 26-year-old emergency medical technician, was one in a trio of cases that fueled a summer of protests against racial injustice and police violence two years ago, in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic.
"Today was a huge step toward justice," lawyers for the Taylor family said in a statement following the news.
Louisville police on Thursday began the process of firing Meany and Goodlett, the department said in a statement. Hankison and Jaynes were previously fired by the department.
The Justice Department also is conducting an investigation into whether the Louisville Metro Government and Louisville police engaged in a pattern or practice of abusing residents' civil rights.
Louisville police were investigating alleged drug trafficking when they broke down the door of Taylor's home in a "no-knock" raid, leading her boyfriend, who was carrying a legally owned firearm, to shoot at the officers, who then fired 22 shots into the apartment, killing Taylor, prosecutors said.
Hankison, prosecutors said, moved away from the door, firing 10 shots into Taylor's apartment through a window and a glass door that were covered with blinds and curtains.
Hankison told a Kentucky grand jury that he opened fire once the shooting started. As he saw flashes light up the room, he said, he mistakenly believed one of the occupants was firing an assault-style rifle at his colleagues. Instead, mostly what he heard was other police firing their weapons.
Prosecutors said Jaynes and Goodlett met in a garage days after the shooting to agree on a false story to cover for the false evidence they had submitted to justify the botched raid.
Lawyer Stew Mathews, who represented Hankison at a trial in Jefferson County Circuit Court where he was acquitted in March of wanton endangerment, said he had spoken Thursday morning with the former detective as he was on his way to surrender to the FBI.
Mathews said the federal charges looked similar to the previous state charges Hankison had faced. Until Thursday, Hankison had been the only officer to face charges in connection with the raid.
"I'm sure Brett will be contesting this just like he did the other indictment," Mathews said.
Lawyer Thomas Clay, who represents Jaynes, could not be immediately reached for comment. It was not immediately clear if Meany and Goodlett had attorneys.
The killing of Taylor, along with other high-profile 2020 killings of George Floyd in Minneapolis and Ahmaud Arbery in Brunswick, Georgia, sparked nationwide protests.
August 5, 2022 SledgeAmerica, Crime, GlobalBlack Lives Matter movement, Breonna Taylor, Brett Hankison, Joshua Jaynes, Kelly Goodlett, Kyle Meany, Merrick Garland, Stew Mathews, Thomas Clay
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AIMS Retail's goal is to leverage these favourable economic conditions and to seek creative and innovative ways to support and serve the growing population that reflect the Group's Values. One area in which we have accomplished this is in the clothing sector with our investment in two Hajj clothing brands, Nusuki and Ibadati. Both brands specialise in providing respectful quality men and women's garments worn during the Ihram pilgrimage. The ethos of both brands underpins our Mission to deliver exceptional value to our customers with an emphasis on quality.


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Uran ruled out of Worlds team time trial
Colombian aims to line up in road race
Rigoberto Uran (Omega Pharma-Quick Step) (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com)
Rigoberto Uran (Omega Pharma-QuickStep) has a mechanical and gets help from his teammate (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com)
Cava for Tony Martin (Omega Pharma-Quick Step) (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com)
Rigoberto Uran will not form part of Omega Pharma-QuickStep's line-up in the team time trial at the world championships in Ponferrada, Spain on Sunday as he has not recovered from the asthmatic bronchitis that cut short his Vuelta a España. Uran had been lying in 6th place overall at the beginning of the third week but abandoned the race after losing ground on the road to La Farrapona.
Uran resigned to his fate at Giro d'Italia
Uran withdraws from the Vuelta a España ahead of stage 17
Betancur: I'm sure Urán will be back for World Championships
Omega Pharma-QuickStep have won the first two editions of the team time trial Worlds, in Valkenburg in 2012 and in Florence 12 months ago. Uran, who arrived from Sky this season and was an impressive winner of the Barolo time trial stage at the Giro d'Italia, was set to bolster their squad still further.
In a statement on Tuesday afternoon, Omega Pharma-QuickStep said that Uran will "will follow therapy for the next five days and be ready for the UCI World Road Championship on the 28th of September." Uran crashed out of the winning break on the last lap of the Worlds in 2013.
Even without Uran's services, Omega Pharma-QuickStep will line up as favourites for the Worlds team time trial, as they boast a formidable squad for the 57 kilometre test, and they will be led by three-time individual time trial champion Tony Martin. The German underlined his pre-Worlds form by winning the Borja time trial at the Vuelta.
Michal Kwiatkowski and Niki Terpstra also return from last year's winning sextet, and will be joined by Tom Boonen (a team member in 2012), Pieter Serry and Julien Vermote.
"The parcours looks more difficult than the one of last year, more technical for sure," said directeur sportif Tom Steels. "But fortunately we will fly there Wednesday, so we will have three days to get into the rhythm of the race, to study details, and prepare as best we can.
"We believe this team can repeat the success of the first two attempts. All the guys showed they are in good condition for the race where they each competed in the last week."
Omega Pharma-QuickStep team for team time trial at world championships: Tom Boonen, Michal Kwiatkowski, Tony Martin, Pieter Serry, Niki Terpstra and Julien Vermote.


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Best-selling Author Judith Viorst: Six Grandkids to Love.
Posted on April 14, 2010 by Christine Crosby in Celebrity GRANDparents, Encore Parenting
To her six grandchildren, Judith Viorst is known as Grandma Judy or Juju, while her husband, Milton, is called Papa. But, she says, "If only one of us is present, the grand- kids always want to know where the other one is—I think they see us as some kind of collective glob."
To the world at large, Viorst is known as the author of eight collections of verse and five books including the best-selling Necessary Losses (1986), which explores how our lives are shaped by the various losses we experience. Her children's books include the popular Alexander stories (inspired by the trials and tribulations of her son, Alexander), most notably Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day. Two of the Alexander books have been turned into musicals, for which Viorst wrote the lyrics. And she's also found time to earn a graduate degree from the Washington Psychoanalytic Institute.
Viorst and her husband, a political writer, live in Washington D.C… They have three married sons and serve as collective glob to six grandchildren: Miranda, Brandeis, Olivia, Nathaniel, Benjamin, and Isaac, ranging in age from 4 to 10. And—oh yes—another grandkid is on the way. Grandparenting helps you to experience the world in fresh ways, says Viorst. "Things you take for granted are greeted by grandchildren with amazement and delight, and you see your surroundings through their eyes.
I'm constantly surprised at the things they notice and the connections they sometimes make. For instance, my granddaughter Olivia will point out that the blue in her pigtail bow is the same color as the polka dots in another girl's dress.
"I spend the most time with Olivia, because the family lives close. She's 5 and has a very strong character. I find her endlessly funny. I often buy two jigsaw puzzles, and we'll sit on the floor and do them together. I give it my absolute best, but she always kills me—I'm still doing the border, and she's already finished. I once told her that I did a lot of reading when I was growing up, and she sighed heavily and said, 'Juju, if you hadn't spent so much time reading as a kid you could have been practicing jigsaw puzzles.'"
The whole Viost clan gathers three times a year—Thanksgiving, Passover, and once in the summer. "Everybody likes being together, and the kids have a real sense of 'cousinhood,'" she says. "When you're younger, you could never imagine the things that make you blissful when you're older—watching your kids care for their nephews and nieces, for instance, throwing them up in the air, taking them in the corner to have a heart-to-heart— that's not the kind of thing we called happiness when we were 21. And there are so many sweet little moments—like Brandy and Nathaniel standing and watching a video and not realizing they're holding hands. Or Miranda playing her role as the fashion queen of America and being looked at with adoration by Olivia.
"Also, grandparents don't have an agenda in the same way parents do—the grandkids are not the fulfillment of our youthful dreams. You can lean back and simply enjoy them." Some 20 years ago, Viorst made this same point in Necessary Losses, writing then from the perspective of a parent: "Parenthood can also serve a reconciling function by giving our parents better parts to play, by freeing them to be…more loving, indulgent, tender, patient, generous, you name it, than they had ever been as mother and father. No longer concerned with instilling moral values, no longer in charge of discipline and rules, no longer dedicated to building character, they become their best selves."
Viorst is clear on the boundaries of her role as grandmother. "If you disagree with the way the parents are handling or disciplining their children," she says, "there's just one basic rule: shut up! And, as the kids grow up, you'll find that even without your great words of wisdom it's amazing that they turn out so well.
"Milton and I do try to set a good example, of course. We're big believers in good manners, for instance, and we try to instill that in the grandkids, even though they may not always get the message exactly right. When Olivia was young she asked me to put her on a chair so she could look through the window at our outdoor pool. After hoisting her up, I asked "And what do you say, Olivia," and she replied, 'hello, pool.'
"Our three sons have all become fabulous fathers. They're total equal partners with their wives, in part because of the example set by their dad. Milton is a sports- man and areal jock, but he was in the kitchen every morning making a great breakfast.
The boys grew up distrusting all the clichés about maleness. We never had a conversation exactly, but the message was: It's all right to put on an apron and tenderly hold your son.
"There's one thing that makes me sad about grand parenting. These are perilous times, and, when my granddaughter sings It's a Wonderful World with Louie Armstrong, I get kind of tearful. I just pray that these precious children will grow up in a safe world."
Viorst has repeatedly drawn on her family as an inspiration for her writing, and her books of verse have documented personal milestones. "It's Hard to Be Hip Over Thirty," "How Did I Get to Be Forty," "Forever Fifty, Suddenly Sixty" and "Other Shocks of Later Life," and now "I'm Too Young to Be Seventy." Presumably, these celebrations of key turning points—of births and birthdays, of new roles and relationships—will continue for a long time to come.
Originally Published on GRAND Magazine in July-August 2006 Issue
Against Childhood Obesity, Fighting Fat In Kids
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The Benefice of Aberdeen (St Clement)." Crockford's Clerical Directory. Church House Publishing. Web. 19 Apr. 2019.<https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/28269/the-benefice-of-aberdeen-(st-clement)>.
The Benefice of Aberdeen (St Clement)." Crockford's Clerical Directory. Church House Publishing, accessed April 19, 2019, https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/28269/the-benefice-of-aberdeen-(st-clement).


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I ordered the first set of the Corporate LLR series as a sample. I was disappointed in the packaging. Being these are higher end clientele, I expected a more completed presentation for the materials, such as a box (sent in the plain white envelope), like the Financial Fitness (Leadershift and Freedom Pack) books and cds arrive in. I realize this is a monthly series, but for someone who keeps their materials shelved and wants to keep the audio with the coralating book it makes it easier. Not to mention the visual impact which may bring a reference from an associate's inquiry.
I would also like to request a Corporate LLR selection for the branded emails.
We'll get to work on it!
I am pretty excited about the LLR corporate, I am on LLR subscription, but I have signed on other business owners and payroll specialist and Sales reps from major food companies, I think this corporate Pack will be our niche. I am also showing some product to our church on Sunday. The brand new second leg of my team is mainly business owners and salespeople. I have huge hopes that we are going to Fly and Watertown NY will have it's very own meetings. Thank you to John and Penny Graff for getting this skeptical entrepreneur involved. I am just sorry it took me a year to get into it. The Lens cd grabbed me. My ex boss and dear friend and his wife are almost on the bottom of my second leg but they are hungry and they get it!! We did an online meeting last night, did a q and A with upline and are off to Liverpool NY after work tonight for a live meeting. We have 6 on the team but the 4 of us are going to rock this thing without a doubt and that LLR is going to take us places. So exciting. I have the mental fitness challenge coming and cannot wait to get started!!
I agree. I think a special packaging for that would be spectacular, such a wealth of information needs a special important package.
I apologize if my concerns have been addressed in another area of the forum and I just missed it. Anyway, will corporations eventually be able to purchase the 6 month LLR corporate product from our personal webpage? Currently, it is not listed as one of our products on our personal webpage.
Also, is there information such as links or videos that we can send to potential clients? For example, if I were to send a branded email to a corporation, there is currently nothing available that I can embed in the email that would give them more information about our LLR corporate product.
Do these questions and concerns make sense?
Do the customers get the Corporate LLR all at one time or shipped to them monthly?
Monthly I believe would be the preferred method.
The reason for the question is that many companies have multiple people who work at remote locations or from home and they may not want the logistics hassle of shipping to their employees.
The second reason for shipping monthly is that employees can come and go and they may not want to commit all of a 6 month program and then have an employee leave mid term and they invested into someone no longer with the company.
They can purchase it either way. Most, as you guessed, prefer to get it monthly. But we make it available either way.
It is on our project list to create the Personal Website page and we also have it on the list to create a promotion video to support. Stay tuned for these . . . .
For branded emails we will add the brochure and curriculum (that we already have in PDF form) so they can be linked in a branded email. This we can do very quickly, so stay tuned even shorter . . .
Awesome, Chris! Thanks so much for the prompt response.
Wow! I am so excited about this program and all the great feedback and info from everyone! It is a product like this that will make the world realize we are the real deal and we are going to a million people! I cannot wait to start putting this program in the hands of companies.
I have a question. If a corporation decides to buy multiple 6 month training systems in bulk, is there any kind of discount available? For example if a company ordered 20 or more at one time. Just curious, I know the question is coming.
Any volume discounts to be offered come from you, the business owner. From the company's perspective, we have already pushed everything out to the field, paying in excess of 70% of gross PV revenue back out. That means that we have already given all the volume discounts that we can.
However, since those in the field receive 25% right off the top for registered customer sales, AND then make up to 25% more money on those sales from the bonus chart, then even more beyond that in other bonuses, you are free to offer whatever volume discount you want out of these percentages and administer them to the customer yourself. (This can also be worked into the invoicing that the office will do on your behalf for larger sales).
I have a question that hasn't been directly answered yet. I have a company that has expressed interest. They see it as an optional education program to offer it's employees. However, they would like to have each of their employees purchase the program individually and they would then reimburse them after they successfully completed the 6 months and passed the tests. They want to see if there is interest among their staff to participate before committing. In addition, they felt that if employees shelled out their own money initially, they will be more serious about taking and completing the course work. Now the question. If the employee needs to purchase their own as an individual, do I have each individual register as a company so they can get the monthly subscription or must I have each person purchase the bundle in full as an individual or is there a way to register the company providing separate payment info for each subscription?
Great question. We currently do not have a way to register a company and establish separate subscriptions for each employee. You have hit on a couple of solutions in your post, but there is also the following option: The company could enroll and purchase the monthly subscriptions via the website for the employees and the set up employee payroll deductions. At they end of the 6 months with passed tests, they can then reverse the payroll deduction. Let us know if there is anything we can do to help.
I don't have an exact date, but I approved the artwork for the new packaging last week. It's coming soon . . .
Awesome, keep up the great work Chris, My wife and I love what you have been doing. Any word on the Corperate Branded email link? I'm guessing the promo video is coming, Amazing things come when you are patient..looking forward to it.
All the best of success to you and yours Chris and fellow forum visitors.
Yes, the branded email link is very close.
The LLR commercial, well, it's in line behind the professional one being made in Hollywood to help you guys sell the Financial Fitness pack.
How do I attach the link to the LLR flyer or curriculum via the new branded email?
I sent it to IT to see if they could fix.
I was thinking about the 3 for free program for customers, but for companies, as Mark Haas mentioned.
per his example: say a company who has 15 employees on subscription (750PV), signs up 3 businesses with each having 15 employees subscriptions each (3x750PV). I understand the referring company gets their subscriptions for free.
How is the volume calculated, for you, the member, with so many free subscriptions?
To make this an easier example: Say, you, the member, are at the 50% Bonus Bracket.
Sorry for the question. I just don't understand how the volume is calculated with the 3 for Free's in the mix.
I off to see some large companies about the LLR corporate this week. I heard from some people from PA say that someone sold 500 subscriptions to a company called SHEETZ. Is this correct because I don't want to misrepresent myself or the LIFE business. Thank you and your team for all the hard work you do.
Maybe the LLR packaging can be ordered empty when available to complete already purchased sets.
We are not at liberty to divulge who our customers are nor how much they purchase. In the cases where companies are interested in allowing us to share such information, we will make it available to you (as shown elsewhere on this forum and will be shown in our upcoming commercial).
Therefore, unless you have it straight from Life Leadership that a particular organization or company has agreed to share publicly that they are our customer, please refrain from making statements to that effect, or guessing, or going off the random comments of other people. Only those approved by Life Leadership (which means they have given their permission) may be mentioned.
This has been fixed to have an option to attach either of these flyers in the branded email.
Thank you Chris for the straight answer. Good news today, I met with the local chamber of commerce president again today. Last time we met I let him borrow the 1st month pack to get his opinion of it. He really enjoyed the leadership defined CD. As I mentioned in a previous post this chamber has a leadership program that cost $1100.00 per member and we have a audio program that will complement it. He liked that idea and wants me to talk to the board. I believe this will be very good for the community I live in. This is going to raise awareness on the awesome information we have to offer.
The speed and efficiency of LIFE Leadership never ceases to amaze me.
Great job Paul! Keep rocking!
Gosh my apologies. I don't know how to do this - yet! I sent this by clicking on report before but obvi its not correct. I'm learning. Ok here is my ? and comment. My priest is on the LIFE subscription and he said, "This material is should be for every clergy." He is now on the Corporate Education and I just sent him his first test. It has been pretty easy to find forms. But I'm looking for some ideas or suggestions for process. Thanks.
What are peoples thoughts on placing our personal contact info on each corporate employee package for future reference? Similar to car dealers putting their sticker on the cars they sell. This, I believe, would be a good way to have your name inside of the organization incase the original decision maker leaves the company or moves to a different position. Additionally if an employee refers a friend then they know who to refer them to. Thoughts anyone? Would this be over stepping any boundaries with the customer? Infringing on any of LIFE's copy rights or policies?
Question , we are showing this to a large corporation in a few days . Can we enroll each employee as a subscription so they can get the 3 for free discount & also get shipped directly to each employee's home ? Just want to have an answer if they ask . Some large companies don't want to deal with handing out each package . Thanks for all you do !
When a customer or Member receives a rebate for all or a portion of their subscription via the 3 for Free Program, the PV associated with the original sale of those products is reversed (or subtracted) as we can't pay out commissions and a rebate on the same sales volume.
To clarify, then the member bonuses would be calculated on the 3 subscriptions not the 4? Where I mention "OR" in my last post?
Thanks for helping ease my confusion!
The links work great! Thanks. Would we also be able to have a link to "lifeleadership.com/llrcorp" for customers who want to read a little bit more about the product? or have that available at the bottom of the branded emails for them to click on?
I know you can add a photo of yourself to the email, but is there a way to add a signature? If not, their should be a way to do that to make the email more intimate/intuitive. Either when composing, at the end in message review, under "Admin", or all three areas.
I would read through both threads about the LLR Corporate System, as there are great nuggets and a lot of helpful insights on what others are doing. They have helped Selina and I out tremendously. A lot of your questions will be answered on here. I think that any one looking to do Corporate selling should go back through and read the each post because they eliminate your questions and confusion.
Same probably goes for a script to ensure duplication and professionalism.
When I grow up I want to be like ... Charley.
any recommendations for the following?
1) discount for volume purchases.
2) who should pay for subscription?
Just to clarify, are you saying that if a business is not specifically listed on this forum or somewhere on/in our promotional materials, then we don't have permission to mention them by name?
If a business is not listed by one of the administrators of this forum as being approved for mention, it is not approved. We have to be very respectful of the privacy and wishes of our customers.
And just so you know, there are MANY very high profile and exciting companies, sports teams, etc, that are enthusiastic users of our products, and we are working to secure approval to tell you (and therefore allow you to tell others) about them.
1. IF YOU ORDER A CORPORATE LLR KIT (ALL 6 MONTHS TOGETHER) RIGHT NOW, IT WILL SHIP IN THE NEW PACKAGING.
YOU HAVE TO BE LOGGED IN TO YOUR LIFE LEADERSHIP ACCOUNT IN ORDER TO SEE THE EMPTY PACKAGING THAT'S NOW AVAILABLE.
Is there a plan to have the LLR Corp in Spanish? And if yes, what is the time frame?