The corporate entity of Brisk Infrastructure & Developers Private Limited was specifically incorporated in the year 1996, to initiate the foray of the diversified group, into Real estate development. Unlike many a peer organizations, the vision of Brisk is to restrict itself to the Gurgaon- Manesar master plan 2021 & Delhi Masterplan MPD 2021.
Brisk is backed by a professional management team with rich & relevant experience in Real estate, for more than 25 years. The group companies have operated as a land consolidator and colonizer in Delhi & NCR for more than 25 years, with transactions of over 2000 acres of Land.
Besides Real estate, the promoters have proven credentials in the Education sector with successful operations of Higher secondary schools and professional degree college in Delhi, governed and managed by an independent board of governors consisting of Academicians, business leaders, and technocrats.
Brisk stakeholders, employees & vendors are bound by the Business Code of Ethics and are committed to further the "business & benefit delivery" through a well-audited system of "People – Policy – Process". It is committed at all times to bring to fore Global best practices of a Transparent value-driven approach.


A carload of teenagers returning home from a night at Knott's Scary Farm crashed on the 5 Freeway in Irvine early Saturday, killing five and seriously injuring a sixth, authorities said.
The fiery single-car accident happened around 2:15 a.m. between Sand Canyon Avenue and Alton Parkway, said Fire Capt. Steve Concialdi of the Orange County Fire Authority.
Three males and two females were killed inside the four-door BMW sedan, and a sixth was transported to Mission Hospital in serious condition with a head injury, Concialdi said. The fire captain said he didn't know if the survivor, a male, was the driver.
The survivor told responding paramedics that the group had just spent the night at Knott's Scary Farm and was on its way home. Concialdi said he didn't have the ages or names of the victims but KTLA reported that they were teenagers.
Officials say the car caught on fire after it left the freeway shoulder and crashed into an embankment. A photograph taken at the scene shows a badly burned and flattened sedan being hoisted from the scene.


Of the Earth. Among timeless stones.
Below the memory of water.
An untouched eternity some place beyond the attics of time.
It's a place I know. A place I've been.
A place I long for, remembered.
Still a place I am.
A place I'll always be.
This entry was posted in Images and Words. Tagged bamboo fly rods, bellingham, fly fishing, flyfishing, jimmy watts, mount shuksan, photography, poetry, shuksan rod company, split-cane fly rod, trout, writing.
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offering welcoming bus trips, professional guided tours and airport transfers upon request.
Over the course of 50 years, Thingvallaleið ehf has always believed in providing quality service at cheap prices.
And off course still do to this day.
Thingvallaleið ehf - Bustravel Iceland also believes in providing its customers with expert knowledge about Iceland and the country's unique landscape and history.
Guided tours are definitely one of the easiest and most enjoyable ways to spend your Iceland vacation.
from the waterfall of Gullfoss in the highlands, the spectacular Geysir, to the site of the first Viking parliament at Thingvellir.
Amongst its numerous services, Bustravel offers five separate departures to the Blue Lagoon natural spa per day from Reykjavik.
Bustravel also offers a free pick-up service from the customers chosen hotel accommodation in Reykjavik city center.
From all at Bustravel Iceland.
Enjoy your stay in Iceland!


text:
package api_test

import (
	"context"
	"io"
	"net/http"
	"net/http/httptest"
	"reflect"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"github.com/meiraka/vv/internal/log"
	"github.com/meiraka/vv/internal/vv/api"
)

func TestImagesHandler(t *testing.T) {
	songs := []map[string][]string{
		{"file": {"/foo/bar.mp3"}},
		{"file": {"/baz/qux.mp3"}},
	}
	for label, tt := range map[string][]struct {
		label string
		// wait got := <-handler.Changed() and compare got and *changed before requests, if not nil
		changed    *bool
		method     string
		url        string
		body       io.Reader
		songs      []map[string][]string
		want       string
		wantStatus int
		img        *imageProvider
	}{
		"ok/GET": {{
			method:     http.MethodGet,
			songs:      songs,
			want:       `{"updating":false}`,
			wantStatus: http.StatusOK,
		}},
		"ok/updating/running": {{
			label:      `POST/{"updating":true}`,
			method:     http.MethodPost,
			body:       strings.NewReader(`{"updating":true}`),
			songs:      songs,
			want:       `{"updating":false}`,
			wantStatus: http.StatusAccepted,
			img: &imageProvider{
				getURLs: func(t *testing.T, s map[string][]string) ([]string, bool) {
					// TODO: check input
					return []string{"/foo/cover.jpg"}, true
				},
				rescan: func(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, s map[string][]string, id string) error {
					// TODO: check input
					<-ctx.Done()
					return nil
				}},
		}, {
			label:      `POST/{"updating":true}/already running`,
			method:     http.MethodPost,
			body:       strings.NewReader(`{"updating":true}`),
			want:       `{"error":"api: update already started"}`,
			wantStatus: http.StatusInternalServerError,
		}, {
			label:      "GET",
			changed:    boolptr(true),
			method:     http.MethodGet,
			want:       `{"updating":true}`,
			wantStatus: http.StatusOK,
		}},
		"ok/updating/stopped": {{
			label:      `POST/{"updating":true}`,
			method:     http.MethodPost,
			body:       strings.NewReader(`{"updating":true}`),
			songs:      songs,
			want:       `{"updating":false}`,
			wantStatus: http.StatusAccepted,
			img: &imageProvider{
				getURLs: func(t *testing.T, s map[string][]string) ([]string, bool) {
					// TODO: check input
					return []string{"/foo/cover.jpg"}, true
				},
				rescan: func(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, s map[string][]string, id string) error {
					// TODO: check input
					return nil
				}},
		}, {
			label:   "(waiting update event)",
			changed: boolptr(true),
		}, {
			label:      "GET",
			changed:    boolptr(false),
			method:     http.MethodGet,
			want:       `{"updating":false}`,
			wantStatus: http.StatusOK,
		}},
		"error/POST/invalid json": {{
			method:     http.MethodPost,
			body:       strings.NewReader(`invalid json`),
			songs:      songs,
			want:       `{"error":"invalid character 'i' looking for beginning of value"}`,
			wantStatus: http.StatusBadRequest,
		}},
		`error/POST/{"updating":false}`: {{
			method:     http.MethodPost,
			body:       strings.NewReader(`{"updating":false}`),
			songs:      songs,
			want:       `{"error":"requires updating=true"}`,
			wantStatus: http.StatusBadRequest,
		}},
	} {
		t.Run(label, func(t *testing.T) {
			img := &imageProvider{t: t}
			h, err := api.NewImagesHandler([]api.ImageProvider{img}, log.NewTestLogger(t))
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("api.NewLibraryHandler(mpd) = %v", err)
			}
			defer h.Close()
			defer h.Shutdown(context.TODO())
			for i := range tt {
				f := func(t *testing.T) {
					if tt[i].changed != nil {
						want := *tt[i].changed
						select {
						case got := <-h.Changed():
							if got != want {
								t.Errorf("got chaned = %v; want %v", got, want)
							}
						case <-time.After(time.Second):
							t.Errorf("no changed event in 1sec")
						}
					}
					if tt[i].songs != nil {
						h.UpdateLibrarySongs(tt[i].songs)
					}
					img.t = t
					if tt[i].img != nil {
						img.rescan = tt[i].img.rescan
						img.update = tt[i].img.update
						img.getURLs = tt[i].img.getURLs
					}
					if tt[i].method != "" {
						r := httptest.NewRequest(tt[i].method, "/", tt[i].body)
						w := httptest.NewRecorder()
						h.ServeHTTP(w, r)
						if status, got := w.Result().StatusCode, w.Body.String(); status != tt[i].wantStatus || got != tt[i].want {
							t.Errorf("ServeHTTP got\n%d %s; want\n%d %s", status, got, tt[i].wantStatus, tt[i].want)
						}
					}
				}
				if len(tt) != 1 {
					if tt[i].label == "" {
						t.Fatalf("test definition error: no test label")
					}
					t.Run(tt[i].label, f)
				} else {
					f(t)
				}
			}
		})
	}
}

func TestImagesHandlerConvSongs(t *testing.T) {
	var m sync.Map
	for label, tt := range map[string][]struct {
		label string
		// wait got := <-handler.Changed() and compare got and *changed before requests, if not nil
		changed *bool
		songs   []map[string][]string
		want    []map[string][]string
		img     *imageProvider
	}{
		"ok": {{
			label: "before updates",
			songs: []map[string][]string{
				{"file": {"/foo/bar.mp3"}},
				{"file": {"/baz/qux.mp3"}},
			},
			want: []map[string][]string{
				{"file": {"/foo/bar.mp3"}},
				{"file": {"/baz/qux.mp3"}},
			},
			img: &imageProvider{
				getURLs: func(t *testing.T, s map[string][]string) ([]string, bool) {
					// TODO: check input
					if _, ok := m.Load("ok"); !ok {
						// before update: return false
						return []string{}, false
					}
					// after update: return false
					return []string{"/foo/cover.jpg"}, true
				},
				update: func(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, s map[string][]string) error {
					// TODO: check input
					m.Store("ok", struct{}{})
					return nil
				},
			},
		}, {
			changed: boolptr(true),
			label:   "(waiting update event)",
			songs:   []map[string][]string{},
			want:    []map[string][]string{},
		}, {
			changed: boolptr(false),
			label:   "after updates",
			songs: []map[string][]string{
				{"file": {"/foo/bar.mp3"}},
				{"file": {"/baz/qux.mp3"}},
			},
			want: []map[string][]string{
				{"file": {"/foo/bar.mp3"}, "cover": {"/foo/cover.jpg"}},
				{"file": {"/baz/qux.mp3"}, "cover": {"/foo/cover.jpg"}},
			},
		}},
	} {
		t.Run(label, func(t *testing.T) {
			img := &imageProvider{t: t}
			h, err := api.NewImagesHandler([]api.ImageProvider{img}, log.NewTestLogger(t))
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("api.NewLibraryHandler(mpd) = %v", err)
			}
			defer h.Close()
			defer h.Shutdown(context.TODO())
			for i := range tt {
				f := func(t *testing.T) {
					if tt[i].changed != nil {
						want := *tt[i].changed
						select {
						case got := <-h.Changed():
							if got != want {
								t.Errorf("got chaned = %v; want %v", got, want)
							}
						case <-time.After(time.Second):
							t.Errorf("no changed event in 1sec")
						}
					}
					img.t = t
					if tt[i].img != nil {
						img.rescan = tt[i].img.rescan
						img.update = tt[i].img.update
						img.getURLs = tt[i].img.getURLs
					}
					if got, want := h.ConvSongs(tt[i].songs), tt[i].want; !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
						t.Errorf("got\n%v; want\n%v", got, want)
					}
				}
				if len(tt) != 1 {
					if tt[i].label == "" {
						t.Fatalf("test definition error: no test label")
					}
					t.Run(tt[i].label, f)
				} else {
					f(t)
				}
			}
		})
	}
}

func TestImagesHandlerConvSong(t *testing.T) {
	for label, tt := range map[string]struct {
		song map[string][]string
		want map[string][]string
		ok   bool
		img  *imageProvider
	}{
		"ok/not indexed": {
			song: map[string][]string{"file": {"/foo/bar.mp3"}},
			want: map[string][]string{"file": {"/foo/bar.mp3"}},
			img: &imageProvider{
				getURLs: func(t *testing.T, s map[string][]string) ([]string, bool) {
					// TODO: check input
					return []string{}, false
				},
			},
		},
		"ok/indexed": {
			song: map[string][]string{"file": {"/foo/bar.mp3"}},
			want: map[string][]string{"file": {"/foo/bar.mp3"}, "cover": {"/foo/cover.jpg"}},
			ok:   true,
			img: &imageProvider{
				getURLs: func(t *testing.T, s map[string][]string) ([]string, bool) {
					// TODO: check input
					return []string{"/foo/cover.jpg"}, true
				},
			},
		},
	} {
		t.Run(label, func(t *testing.T) {
			img := &imageProvider{t: t}
			h, err := api.NewImagesHandler([]api.ImageProvider{img}, log.NewTestLogger(t))
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("api.NewLibraryHandler(mpd) = %v", err)
			}
			defer h.Close()
			defer h.Shutdown(context.TODO())
			img.t = t
			if tt.img != nil {
				img.rescan = tt.img.rescan
				img.update = tt.img.update
				img.getURLs = tt.img.getURLs
			}
			if got, ok := h.ConvSong(tt.song); !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) || ok != tt.ok {
				t.Errorf("got\n%v, %v; want\n%v %v", got, ok, tt.want, tt.ok)
			}
		})
	}
}

type imageProvider struct {
	t       *testing.T
	update  func(context.Context, *testing.T, map[string][]string) error
	rescan  func(context.Context, *testing.T, map[string][]string, string) error
	getURLs func(*testing.T, map[string][]string) ([]string, bool)
}

func (i *imageProvider) Update(ctx context.Context, a map[string][]string) error {
	i.t.Helper()
	if i.update == nil {
		i.t.Fatal("no Update mock function")
	}
	return i.update(ctx, i.t, a)
}
func (i *imageProvider) Rescan(ctx context.Context, a map[string][]string, b string) error {
	i.t.Helper()
	if i.rescan == nil {
		i.t.Fatal("no Rescan mock function")
	}
	return i.rescan(ctx, i.t, a, b)
}
func (i *imageProvider) GetURLs(a map[string][]string) ([]string, bool) {
	i.t.Helper()
	if i.getURLs == nil {
		i.t.Fatal("no GetURLs mock function")
	}
	return i.getURLs(i.t, a)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Since it is the Christmas Season, I am going to take a little break from my Missouri Vacation Posts and share some Holiday Season Travel Posts. This past weekend my husband and I went to LaCrosse Wisconsin to see the Rotary Lights. We have lived in this area for over 25 years, and would you believe we had never done this before? Why, you may ask? I never knew it was there...but apparently this is a 22 year old tradition of LaCrosse! I was made aware of this wonderful holiday event by a friend's Facebook post. My husband was not to thrilled about driving an hour and a half on back country roads in the dark (we have a large deer population in our area and car/deer collisions are a common occurrence). So we took the oldest, most beat-up car we own (cause what difference would one more dent make if a deer collided with it?) and after I packed it full with blankets and food in case we got stranded overnight off we went!
You can drive through the park to see the lights (but be prepared to wait in a very long line) or you can walk through. They also have carriage rides available (which was another long line). It was a mild winter evening for Wisconsin, around 32 degrees, so we chose to walk. And I'm so glad we did, because I think you get so much more out of it walking through it verses driving.
They have a living nativity which my husband and I were very pleased to see. They had several scenes of the Birth of Christ story, marked by scripture.
The angelic choir was actually singing, and they were pretty good!
More than 400,000 lights illuminate LaCrosse's Riverside Park. They also have a 140 foot illuminated Christmas Tree and animated lighted displays.
Frosty the Snowman was always one of my favorite animated holiday t.v. shows, so I was super excited to see him here!
They had multiple ways of keeping people warm on frosty nights. They had two warming shelters. We stopped in this one, which was a lighted igloo. I couldn't believe how warm it was inside. They also had a wood camp fire and plenty of hot chocolate, cappuccino, coffee, and tea for only $1.00.
It was such a beautiful, romantic evening. It's so rare when we can just walk outside in Wisconsin and not want to run back inside as quickly as we can because it's too cold to bear. The weather was perfect for such a night as this, and judging by the crowd of people that were there, others agreed.
This eagle sculpture is always at the park (eagles are a common sighting in this area). They put a circle of carolers around it.
And here is the 140 foot illuminated Christmas Tree I told you about earlier. This was truly breathtaking to behold; especially when I got under it and looked up!
Of course, everyone around here is a Green Bay Packer fan so we had to have a lit up Packer player as well!
I love the nutcrackers and Rotary Lights sign with the tree in the distance as you enter the park.
Santa and his reindeer are at the park too! You can see Santa every night from 5 to 8 pm until December 23rd; after that, Santa is busy!
This is Santa's Elf House. I already have everything I could ever want, so I didn't stop in to see Santa today. He looked like he had a very long line of children who wanted to talk to him.
Even though it was warm for a Wisconsin evening, I dressed very warm in a long down-filled parka, beanie, gloves, and boots.
They had the cutest area set up where you could take photographs on Santa's sleigh, with his reindeer, or in winter scenes. This stuffed reindeer was just too cute!
I love these vintage snowmen!
Aren't these wooden Victorian carolers lovely?
As if there wasn't enough to do for the kids, they also had "train" rides and free family hay rides!
After we walked through the park, we blissfully headed back to our car. We had never been to downtown LaCrosse before, and I was stunned by the beautiful architecture. This is a toy store all decked out for Christmas. I love the wreaths in all the upper story windows and the window displays.
This candy/ice cream store was packed! We laughed that they had so many customers on a cold winter evening.
I thought downtown LaCrosse was so beautiful I said to my husband that we must go back in the summer or fall to explore more!
And the best part of the three hour drive there and back? We got to look at the GORGEOUS super moon! Did you get to see it where you live?
LaCrosse's Rotary Lights is open 5 to 10 pm daily except for Christmas Eve and Christmas Day (5 to 9 those days) and New Years Eve they are open 1:00. The Rotary Lights display opens the day after Thanksgiving with a parade! There is no cost to walk or drive through the park, but they do ask for a cash or food donation. I looked in my kitchen pantry for canned goods, but would you believe everything I had was expired? haha! I guess I'm a fresh or frozen kind of gal, so we gave them cash instead!
Thanks Mica! It definitely was worth the drive!
This looks so pretty and I love that they offer cocoa and coffee. Only Gluehwein is missing (a sort of hot spiced wine they sell at Christmas markets in Germany).
My daughter's best friend from preschool moved to LaCrosse years ago, we were going to visit them but sadly never did and we have lost touch with their family unfortunately. It looks like a really pretty city!
Thanks Elli, I've never heard of that drink before. How interesting. I always see pictures of European Christmas markets and would love to go to one someday. That's sad about your daughters friend. Did you check FB to see if they are on there? That's how I found a lot of long lost friends.
What a cool place. So beautiful. Love it. Thanks for sharing.
Amy, this looks like it was absolutely a wonderful experience. I love the living nativity too.
It was Carrie! We need to take time out from the busy stuff of Christmas and do things like this more often.
32 is mild?! You can tell I'm a cold weather wimp, when it's 32 here I hide indoors! But these lights are beautiful and worth a little walk in the cold. Glad you enjoyed it Amy!
haha! Yes Brooke, anytime it's in the thirties or forties in Wisconsin we break out the flip flops! That is mild for us. Most people don't even wear a winter coat when it's that warm. You should come here now...we had a cold front move in and were freezing! It's only 11 degrees as I write this! Yikes! But it can get far, far colder than that too...double digits below zero.
Thanks Carrie! I've actually lost count of how many deer we've hit over the years! I wonder if your botanical gardens or zoo has a light display?
Thanks so much for sharing your pictures of the Christmas light display! It makes me want to go there! I think it would have been fun to hear the choir, too! I'm glad that the weather was warm for you. And, now, you've made me want to LaCrosse -- but I definitely will visit it when the weather is warm! Thanks for participating in our Party in Your PJs link party!
Thanks so much! We hope to go back this summer/fall and explore more ourselves!


text:
Court reinstates suit against Saban"s daughter
NewsCrime & Public Safety
By Associated Press and Jay Reeves |
BIRMINGHAM, Ala. (AP) — A judge in Tuscaloosa was wrong to throw out a lawsuit claiming the daughter of University of Alabama football coach Nick Saban beat up a sorority sister during a fight after a night of drinking, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled Friday.
The justices revived the lawsuit filed by Sarah Grimes against one-time friend Kristen Saban over what evidence showed was a brawl sparked by a Facebook post in August 2010 when both women were 19-year-old students at the university.
Tuscaloosa County Circuit Judge James Roberts dismissed the suit in February, citing Alabama"s "Stand Your Ground Law" as he ruled Kristen Saban was only defending herself during a fight that left Grimes with injuries.
The Supreme Court, in a 17-page opinion by Justice Tommy Bryan, said there was enough of a dispute about what happened for the case to move forward in circuit court.
Grimes" attorney, Stephen A. Strickland, said the case could be ready for trial as early as late summer.
"We"re excited about the decision and look forward to getting down to Tuscaloosa and getting it before the community there and letting them decide what happened," Stickland said.
Josh Hayes and Bob Prince, attorneys representing Kristen Saban, said they will ask the Supreme Court to reconsider its decision.
"All evidence submitted by neutral bystanders indicated that (Grimes) was the aggressor from start to finish and that Kristen Saban did no more than anyone would have done to protect him or herself," said a statement by the lawyers. "We are disappointed in the ruling, but are confident that Kristen will ultimately prevail."
Grimes filed suit in 2012 seeking an unspecified amount of money for injuries she said she suffered in the fight. Arguments during a hearing and court documents showed the two women got into a fight at Kristen Saban"s apartment after a night of partying in Tuscaloosa.
Saban posted "No one likes Sarah yayyyyy!" on Facebook, and Grimes banged on her bedroom door demanding that the post be deleted. In his decision, Roberts said Grimes became the aggressor by yelling within inches of Kristen Saban"s face, so Saban was justified in pushing Grimes.
Evidence showed the two women became involved in a fight that included pushing and hair pulling. Grimes portrayed Kristen Saban as the aggressor and claimed she suffered serious injuries, including a concussion and nasal problems that required surgery.
Nick Saban and his wife, Terry Saban, aren"t parties in the lawsuit.
Jay Reeves

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Empire Begins, The
26868 0 2 0 13
9-10 stars
14 results - showing 11 - 14
Ordering Most recentOldestLast updatedMost helpfulMost discussedBest Audio/Video QualityBest Visual EditingBest Audio EditingBest NarrativeBest Enjoyment
Honestly, this is about the best one could hope for when it comes to Prequel edits. Darth Awesome has put together what is, by far, the most bearable version of the narrative I've seen. "The Empire Begins" removes the fluff and gets on with the story, and the results are impressive, most impressive.
Visual and sound editing are solid. There are some hiccups in the musical score where cuts are made, and there was that one awkward transition between Anakin and Padme's reunion on Coruscant at the beginning of "Revenge of the Sith." Otherwise, the editing was technically superb.
"The Empire Begins" opens with the Kenobi/Jinn/Maul fight from the end of "The Phantom Menace." That is to say, the scene comes before the opening crawl. It's a creative way to begin the movie, and it would've been more effective had the scene added anything to the story. Unfortunately, none of the material from "The Phantom Menace" is necessary to include in the tale of Anakin Skywalker (not only does Qui-Gon being Obi-Wan's master contradict pre-established canon, the outright exclusion of "The Phantom Menace" would warrant cutting that silly scene from the end of "Revenge of the Sith"). This is a striking way to begin the film, but an unnecessary one.
The Padme/Anakin romance is cut down to the least cringe-inducing scenes, and the story of their love is told mainly visually. And it's actually pretty engaging. Though it comes off as a bit rushed, it's the best that could be done, given the material, and the inclusion of the scene at the Amidala home was well-implemented in fleshing out that subplot. Honestly, I thought it couldn't be salvaged, and Darth Awesome has surprised me. Well done.
Past the opening crawl, the pacing gets a little clunkily, and the character introductions aren't really introductions. Characters are just... there. It's clear by the way the scenes are shot that the audience should already know who these people are, which, in many ways, can't be helped. The first time Jango Fett appears, Obi-Wan is rushing out the door, swinging a lightsaber at him, and the audience is sitting there thinking, "What? Who?" Again, this is largely because many of the character introductions are tied up in dialogue that is either awful or deals with plot elements that have been removed or altered. A minor issue at most, though, and, for the most part, a necessary evil.
Probably the most satisfying elements of this edit was the transition from "Attack of the Clones" to "Revenge of the Sith." Phenomenal. Simply beautiful.
The problem with fanedits is that editors are working with material that the audience has already seen. Nothing is new. Often, even if an edit makes for a better movie, it's hard for the viewer to feel really satisfied because they're just watching the same thing they saw before with a few parts removed, and maybe rearranged a little. Perhaps the aim of a fanedit shouldn't be to make a better movie, but a different one. For example, "Pulp Empire" took "The Empire Strikes Back" and turned it into something drastically different. New music, new voiceovers, a completely different tone and a significantly more cohesive story. Njvc's fanedit is a model to aspire towards.
Darth Awesome's transition between Episodes II and III was something drastically different. It was the most striking, memorable, exciting, and emotionally connective moment of the film. The rest just felt like the same poorly-written schlock that I've been watching for the past ten years, and that's not Darth Awesome's fault. I've analyzed and re-analyzed them and cross-analyzed the Prequels with the Original Trilogy and repeated the whole damn process, and I'm sick of them, I'm sick of talking about them, and I'm sick of thinking about them. It's hard for me to enjoy a Prequel edit because I think the movies are unsalvageable garbage. However, Darth Awesome did just about the best anyone could, and I did enjoy his fanedit.
All in all, great job, Awesome. Keep up the good work. You took some of the worst movies in cinema history and made them into something watchable, something I can emotionally connect with and enjoy. Well done. You've taken your first step into a larger world.
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augmoff Top 1000 Reviewer 1 reviews
I thought this was a really interesting take on merging the 3 prequels into one film. It certainly covered all the main elements that contribute to episodes 4, 5 and 6. It seemed very well done and certainly felt seamless. The only crits I have would be,
1) I think the crawling into text should always come at the start. Personally, other than letting us know who Qui Gon Jinn is, I felt the Darth Maul sequence could be missed out.
2) I felt the discovery of the clone army seemed very dumbed down. I remember it being a bit more exciting in Attack of the Clones and it was a lot more mysterious and interesting seeing the clones in production and training.
Other than that I was pretty impressed. I enjoyed seeing the deleted scenes inserted into the film as I hadn't actually seen those before. Good job :)
homegrownheroz Top 500 Reviewer 4 reviews
Brief Summary: A great 3-in-1 Prequel edit, although the first half feels a bit rushed.
Some negatives & nitpicks:
I don't know why you used "Episode III" in the crawl. You should have just gone with the title and no Episode numbering.
We should have seen more on Kamino. We see Obi-Wan leaving and thanking the alien, then he makes a report to the Council about the droid army, but we didn't see any of that. Remember, show don't tell. Also, the Jango and Boba introduction scene should have been kept.
I didn't buy the romance between Anakin and Padme. But to fair, so far the only prequel edit I've seen that handled the romance well was L8wrtr's Episode II.
I agree that Anakin and Obi-Wan's duel should have been cut down. I especially hate the moment where they just twirl their lightsabers and look like idiots.
Some positives:
I really liked the opening.
Overall the way you stream-lined the story was wonderful. Amazed at how much can be cut out without losing anything too important.
Excellent work cutting out the Geonosis battle and the way you transitioned to Episode III.
Damn fine work cutting out Grievous!
neglify #1 Reviewer 464 reviews
May 23, 2020 (Updated: May 23, 2020)
I still don't know how I really feel after the prequels. I think I regard them much higher than the Disney attempt and I even have a soft spot for Phantom Menace, but I can understand why the editor mostly left that out (only the Maul/Jinn/Kenobi fight remains) due to focusing on Anakin's story. I think it was an interesting choice to start with that. But I think it was a little odd to have the title crawl appear straight after Qui Gon's death. I know the audience isn't supposed to know who he is, so would have little sympathy, but for me it still felt like an oddity and didn't feel very Star Wars to open with that. Maybe the title crawl should have been placed at the beginning before that scene? But just that's my lowly opinion and feel free to ignore it. That's my main criticism over with.
I was overall happy with the trimming down of Attack of the Clones (as I've never been a fan) and you can't tell where the editor has cut for the average casual viewer such as myself. You may see a lot of screen wipes at times, but I can't say that it put me off as I was simply happy watching the bare bones of the story without the filler. The main narrative is put forward such as Anakin and Padme falling in love, Count Dooku announced as a Sith and the creation of the Clone Army. When watching it I never thought "Oh, I really missed the Yoda/Dooku confrontation" or "This film could really do with Dexter". Finally, some other things to note is that Hayden Christensen's mostly bad acting is toned right down (or better still - removed) and that helps lift the entire film and actually helps with his portrayal of Anakin. I find that you can actually sympathise with Anakin more when his mouth is actually closed. The love scenes flow and are mostly minimal so that the audience can fill the in-betweens themselves. All of the AotC's chapter is seamlessly made within a snappy 55 minutes. What fans may miss? More battle on Geonosis footage. But that's it, frankly.
The clone army is announced, we do see some minimal footage of the battle on Geonosis and led straight into "Revenge" onto the Palpatine rescue mission with a quick title. The actual rescue of Palpatine is done and dusted in around 10 minutes from when they land, but the suspense is left in. What is missing from the entirety of "Revenge" is General Grevious and it makes you realise how inessential he is to the plot. I can't say I missed him or his little multiple lightsaber action at all.
From this vision of "Revenge" I felt Anakin's battle with his thoughts was at the front of the edit. Something happens and then it's back to Anakin unsure of himself. Something else happens and Anakin is still in turmoil. The editing and pacing works in that regard, which somehow never really works in it's original release as there's simply too much going on. Additionally throughout the film I should add that the audio is spot on and nothing seems strange or off-key.
The rest of the film is pretty straight forward and there's no "shocking" things taken out. Some lines have been trimmed down or removed. Bail Organa witnessing the padawan's death is gone - probably for pacing, I don't know. Some things that I thought may have been taken out such as the Yoda's/Sidious fight and Padme dying of "unexplained circumstances" or a "broken heart" remains. But it's the editors work and I applaud the editor for it.
Finally, Jar Jar Who? .... midi-whatiants? Gone. ;)
davie Top 500 Reviewer 10 reviews


Time for the quarterly sales information meeting, everyone has to come together to see how well the company is doing compared to competitors and the rest of the economy. Before that can happen decisions has to be made to make it an effective message between all entities of the company. Analyzing the audience always helps; effective communication with the audience depends on selecting the method and tool of communication that will reach them.
It is important to try to reach as many of the people that need to be informed get informed. Organize a smaller group for participants that could not be present due to personal reasons. The presenters focus should remain on targeted audience and message. Encouraging feedback, teamwork and, communication implies emotions. There is nothing more satisfying and encouraging to employees than knowing and believing that they are making a difference in the company and the community. If every employee had a sense of pride in his or her work, the production and, quality would be at its best. With the quality being top notch the stockholders, employees and management should all reap the rewards of increase sales.
With the ever increasing need for information and creativity, diversity in the workplace and internationally is a must. Producing products and materials in multiple languages are considered through cultural sensitivity and preferences are a great tool to reach the community. More diversity within the team equals a stronger team because of all the resources and diverse backgrounds. Diversity training for managers and employees only makes sense of cultural differences and helping them through the diverse situations. The training should cover real-life situations, be interactive and, applicable toward the workplace. Teambuilding from different cultures and backgrounds will overcome work style barriers. Companies with high levels of racial and ethnic minorities have the highest profits in business.


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Journal of Intensive Care
Low-chloride- versus high-chloride-containing hypertonic solution for the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage–related complications: The ACETatE (A low ChloriE hyperTonic solution for brain Edema) randomized trial
Ofer Sadan1,
Kai Singbartl2,
Jacqueline Kraft1,
Joao McONeil Plancher1,
Alexander C. M. Greven3,
Prem Kandiah1,
Cederic Pimentel1,
C. L. Hall1,
Alexander Papangelou4,
William H. Asbury5,
John J. Hanfelt6 &
Owen Samuels1
Journal of Intensive Care volume 8, Article number: 32 (2020) Cite this article
A Commentary to this article was published on 26 September 2020
A Correction to this article was published on 01 September 2020
This article has been updated
Recent reports have demonstrated that among patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) treated with hypertonic NaCl, resultant hyperchloremia has been associated with the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). We report a trial comparing the effect of two hypertonic solutions with different chloride contents on the resultant serum chloride concentrations in SAH patients, with a primary outcome aimed at limiting chloride elevation.
A low ChloridE hyperTonic solution for brain Edema (ACETatE) trial is a single-center, double-blinded, double-dummy, randomized pilot trial comparing bolus infusions of 23.4% NaCl and 16.4% NaCl/Na-acetate for the treatment of cerebral edema in patients with SAH. Randomization occurred when patients developed hyperchloremia (serum Cl− ≥ 109 mmol/L) and required hyperosmolar treatment.
We enrolled 59 patients, of which 32 developed hyperchloremia and required hyperosmolar treatment. 15 patients were randomized to the 23.4% NaCl group, and 17 patients were randomized to the 16.4% NaCl/Na-acetate group. Although serum chloride levels increased similarly in both groups, the NaCl/Acetate group showed a significantly lower Cl− load at the end of the study period (978mEq vs. 2,464mEq, p < 0.01). Secondary outcome analysis revealed a reduced rate of AKI in the Na-acetate group (53.3% in the NaCl group vs. 11.8% in the Na-acetate group, p = 0.01). Both solutions had similar effects on ICP reduction, but NaCl/Acetate treatment had a more prominent effect on immediate post-infusion Na+ concentrations (increase of 2.2 ± 2.8 vs. 1.4 ± 2.6, (p < 0.01)). Proximal tubule renal biomarkers differed in concentration between the two groups.
Our pilot trial showed the feasibility and safety of replacing 23.4% NaCl infusions with 16.4% NaCl/Na-acetate infusions to treat cerebral edema in patients with SAH. The degree of hyperchloremia was similar in the two groups. 16.4% NaCl/Na-acetate infusions led to lower Cl− load and AKI rates than 23.4% NaCl infusions. Further multi-center studies are needed to corroborate these results.
clinicaltrials.gov # NCT03204955, registered on 6/28/2017
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), a life-threatening condition that results from a rupture in a cerebral artery [1]. Although a relatively rare type of stroke, it carries a disproportionally high risk for mortality and morbidity. For example, even with treatment improvements in recent years, aSAH in-hospital mortality rates remain around 20% [2].
Aside from CNS-related complications such as hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, or delayed cerebral ischemia, systemic complications account for up to 40% of all deteriorations during inpatient care [3]. Acute kidney injury in aSAH patients is associated with a greater than four-fold increase in hospital mortality, along with less favorable neurological recovery in patients who survive [4,5,6].
Among critically ill patients, it has been suggested that hyperchloremia can precipitate or worsen AKI and increase the need for renal replacement therapy [7,8,9]. Prospective comparative studies between isotonic NaCl and balanced crystalloid solutions have consistently shown an association between isotonic NaCl infusions, an increased risk for AKI, and subsequent poor outcome in critically ill patients [10,11,12,13].
Hyperosmolar therapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of aSAH-related cerebral edema, which is necessary in approximately 20–30% of SAH patients [14]. Osmotherapy commonly includes infusions of hypertonic saline, which has a significantly higher chloride concentrations in comparison with standard NaCl 0.9% solution. It is of no surprise, therefore, that in a recently published retrospective analysis of SAH patients, we observed correlations between hyperchloremia and AKI, and between AKI and increased morbidity and mortality. We identified treatment with hypertonic NaCl as a risk factor for the development of hyperchloremia [5]. We were not, however, able to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between chloride load and the subsequent development of hyperchloremia. Instead, a great variability in chloride exposure was observed [5]. The large variability appeared to be related to a high incidence of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome in our study population, resulting in the need for extensive sodium and volume replacement with intravenous (IV) fluids, particularly with NaCl solutions of various concentrations [15].
Therefore, the question arises as to whether avoiding further worsening of hyperchloremia by differential use of hypertonic solutions might be a better strategy for the prevention of AKI in aSAH patients. At our institution, we began utilizing a compound solution that replaces part of the NaCl solution with sodium-acetate, offering a lower chloride load per dose. Further analysis of the previously published cohort allowed us to identify a Cl− concentration of 109 mmol/L as a threshold that differentiates between patients at high versus low risk for AKI [16].
Focusing on at-risk patients, this trial aimed to reduce exacerbations of hyperchloremia in aSAH patients treated with hypertonic saline who developed mild hyperchloremia by using a double-blind, double-dummy, pragmatic approach.
Patient population and problem investigated
Our trial protocol has been published previously [16] and was approved by the Emory University institutional review board (IRB). We utilized a single-center double-blinded, double-dummy, pilot design to compare NaCl 23.4% and NaCl/Na-acetate 16.4% (Table 1) for the treatment of cerebral edema in patients with aneurysmal SAH and evolving hyperchloremia (serum Cl− ≥ 109 mmol/L).
Table 1 Composition of the two hypertonic solutions compared in the trial
All patients admitted to the Emory University Hospital Neuroscience Critical Care Unit, Atlanta, GA, between June 25, 2017, and June 24, 2018, were screened. Adult patients with a diagnosis of aSAH, or their legally authorized representatives, were approached for consent, excluding those with a poor prognosis (e.g. brain death, or progressing towards brain death) and known end-stage renal disease.
Intervention and comparison
After enrollment, patients who required hyperosmolar therapy and had developed hyperchloremia (i.e., Cl− ≥ 109 mmol/L) were ultimately randomized to infusions of 23.4% NaCl or 16.4% NaCl/Na-acetate. As a pragmatic protocol, the decision on initiation of hyperosmolar therapy was made by the attending physician. The indications were either cerebral edema evident on imaging, or increase in intracranial pressure, or both. All other IV fluids administered to the patients were balanced IV solution (PlasmaLyte®), in all groups, apart from carrier solution needed for IV medications. All IV treatments were used to calculate the sodium and chloride exposure. For randomization to NaCl or the NaCl/Na-acetate group (1:1 ratio), we used random block sizes stratified by (a) serum creatinine level on admission (normal vs. abnormal according to our clinical laboratory normal range) and (b) SAH Hunt & Hess score, i.e., low [1, 2] vs. high [3,4,5]. Due to volumetric variations between the treatment arms, we used a double-dummy approach. Two IV bags were administered at the same time via different ports: one with the hypertonic solution and the other with PlasmaLyte® matching the volume of the solution from the other trial group. Central and systemic complications rates were followed, by using commonly accepted definitions (vasospasm/DCI [17], ARDS [18], and sepsis [19]). Patients' functional outcomes were assessed with the modified Rankin scale at discharge, and again at 90 days, either during clinic visits or by telephone interview.
We intended to randomize 60 patients for this pilot trial (30 patients per group), to have a 63% power to detect a six-point difference in the change in serum Cl− levels between treatment groups (two-sided test, type I error rate 0.05), based on our retrospective data. Our data analysis followed the intent-to-treat principle.
Urine samples were collected and frozen in a – 70 oC freezer. We analyzed urine samples for biomarkers of renal injury (IL-18, KIM-1, NGAL, and cystatin C), using a multiplexed immunoassay (Meso-Scale Discovery, Gaithersburg, MD). Data were analyzed by laboratory personnel blinded to trial conditions using MSD integrated data analysis software that converts ECL signal to pg/mL values based on standard curves of calibrator proteins.
The primary outcome was to assess longitudinal serum chloride concentration changes in aSAH patients treated with either NaCl 23.4% (30 mL) or NaCl/Na-acetate 16.4% (50 mL), between the pre-randomization concentration and the highest result following it during the admission. Secondary outcomes included new-onset AKI during hospital admission as defined by an increase in serum creatinine and/or a decrease in urine output according to the KDIGO criteria [20], incidence of all causes of in-hospital mortality, also counting withdrawal of treatment or discharge to a hospice facility, and assessment of the treatment effect of NaCl/Na-acetate 16.4% and NaCl 23.4% for intracerebral hypertension.
Continuous data are presented as mean ± SD or as median ± Q1–Q3. Categorical data are presented as counts and percentages. Continuous outcomes were compared using two-sample t tests or ANOVA with post hoc Scheffe testing where appropriate. The Pearson chi-square test was used to compare binary proportions. Risk factors associated with AKI were assessed with univariate logistic regression analysis. Results are given as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS v. 25 (IBM, NY). p < 0.05 was considered significant.
The patient cohort
Within 1 year, 250 patients with a diagnosis of SAH were admitted and screened. Of those, 59 patients were consented for the trial (Fig. 1). Patients' demographic information, relevant risk factors, severity of illness, and surgical treatment are detailed in Table 2. There was no statistically significant difference between the two randomized groups in all of the captured parameters. Angiography was performed on admission to all patients, including those who required clip ligation for the securing the aneurysm. Recruitment was stopped at 1 year due to lack of funding and therefore was short of the enrollment target.
Patient allocation scheme. aAs per the protocol, consent was obtained within 48 h of admission, when symptoms began within a day of admission. In cases where the symptom onset was unclear, patients were excluded. bDuring the study there was national shortage of Na-acetate solution, which led to a temporary delay in recruitment. LAR, legally authorized representative
Table 2 Demographic information of the study cohort. There were no statistically significant differences between the two randomized groups in terms of the various clinical parameters. Results are presented as percentage with 95% confidence interval. H&H Hunt and Hess, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment score, HTN hypertension, DM diabetes mellitus, CKD chronic kidney disease
Hypertonic saline was used in 74.6% of all patients. Of the 44 patients who received hypertonic saline, 33 developed hyperchloremia. There was one protocol deviation: one patient meeting randomization criteria was not randomized to a treatment arm due to a clerical error. Therefore, a total of 32 patients were randomized, 15 to the NaCl group and 17 to the NaCl/Na-acetate group. Pre-randomization, the baseline serum electrolytes were similar in both groups: Na+ was 142.8 ± 2.3 mmol/L in the NaCl group compared with 142.2 ± 3.1 mmol/L in the Na-acetate one; Cl− concentrations were 111.8 ± 2.8 mmol/L compared with 112.1 ± 2.6 mmol/L, respectively; and HCO3− concentrations were 23.4 ± 3.1 mmol/L compared with 22.4 ± 3.2 mmol/L, respectively. Randomization occurred on average 3.1 ± 0.8 days post admission in the NaCl group, and 2.8 ± 1.1 in the Na-acetate group (p = 0.5).
The effect of hypertonic solution on serum electrolytes
There was a non-significant trend (p = 0.36, Fig. 2a) towards a smaller increase in serum Cl− in the Na-acetate group (1.6 ± 3.2 mmol/L) when compared with the NaCl group (3.3 ± 6.1 mmol/L). The increase in serum Na+ was higher in the Na-acetate group, although not statistically significant (6.5 ± 4.4 vs. 9.1 ± 6.6 mmol/L, p = 0.18, Fig. 2b). Patients randomized to the Na-acetate group also had mildly higher mean serum Na+ concentrations throughout their ICU stay than patients in the NaCl group (on average: 142.3 + 3.4 mmol/L vs. 140.1 + 3.6, p = 0.09). Mean serum Cl− concentrations (across all of the ICU stay) were nearly identical (Na-acetate group 106.0 + 3.4, NaCl group 106.2 + 2.5 mmol/L, p = 0.8). Mean serum HCO3− concentrations were higher in the Na-acetate group (26.3 ± 1.8 mmol/L) than in the NaCl group (25.0 ± 1.8 mmol/L, p = 0.05). The increase in serum HCO3− was also significantly higher (p < 0.05, Fig. 2d) in the Na-acetate group (5.3 ± 4.2 mmol/L) than in the NaCl group (2.7 ± 2.9 mmol/L).
The effect of hypertonic solution content on serum electrolytes. a ∆ Chloride between time of randomization and the highest recorded value post randomization during the ICU stay was marginally lower in the NaCl/Na-acetate group, yet not statistically significant. b ∆ Sodium between time of randomization and the highest value post randomization during ICU stay was marginally higher in the NaCl/Na-acetate group, yet not in a statistically significant manner. c ∆ creatinine was similar between the groups. d ∆ Bicarbonate (HCO3) was higher in the NaCl/Na-acetate group in a statistically significant manner. e Change in sodium pre- and post-dose was higher in the NaCl/Na-acetate group. f Reduction in ICP was similar between the groups at 20 and 60 min post-administration. *p < 0.05
The immediate effects of the hypertonic solutions
When treated with hypertonic solutions, patients' sodium is measured every 4–6 h. One dose of 23.4% NaCl increased serum Na+ levels by 1.4 ± 2.57 mmol/L within 4 h, while one dose of 16.4% NaCl/Na-acetate raised serum Na+ concentrations by 2.18 ± 2.81 mmol/L (p < 0.01, Fig. 2e).
In cases of intracranial hypertension, i.e., a sustained ICP increase of more than 20 mmHg, infusions of 23.4% NaCl decreased ICP to 59.9 ± 23.1% of baseline within 20 min. Infusions of 16.4% NaCl/Na-acetate lowered ICP to 67.4 ± 22.5% of baseline (18 events, p = 0.6, Fig. 2f). After 1 h, the reduction in ICP was sustained: 58.6 ± 18.7% of baseline in the NaCl group and at 53.9 ± 29.6% in the NaCl/Na-acetate group (p = 0.4).
The effect of hypertonic solution on renal function
AKI occurred in 23.7% of this cohort (see KDIGO grading in Fig. 3a). AKI events occurred on median hospital day 3 (IQR2–7, Fig. 3b). Hyperchloremia preceded AKI in most cases (eight of the fourteen cases of AKI). The rate of AKI was higher in the NaCl group as compared with the NaCl/Na-acetate group (53.3% vs. 11.8% respectively, p = 0.01, Fig. 3a). In the group that was not randomized, AKI occurred in 14.8% of the cases, all KDIGO grade 1. Time between the appearance of hyperchloremia and the appearance of AKI was very short with a median of 0.75 [0.13–2.75] days between the two events—a result observed in both randomized groups. Hence, AKI post randomization occurred in 13.3% of the NaCl group and in 0% in the NaCl/Na-acetate one. Hyperchloremia as a biomarker for elevated risk of AKI achieved a sensitivity of 36.4% and specificity of 16.2%. In the NaCl group, 37.5% of AKI events were grade 1, and 62.5% were grade 2. In the Na-acetate group, one event was grade 1 and the other grade 2.
The effect of hypertonic solution on renal function and ICP reduction. a The rate of AKI was lower in the NaCl/Na-acetate group as compared with the NaCl group in an intention to treat analysis. b Comparison of Na+/Cl− loads with the study intervention doses, post-randomization. c Histogram of AKI frequency by group of treatment and hospitalization day. *p < 0.05. AKI, acute kidney injury; KDIGO, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes grading for AKI
Post randomization, the Na-acetate group received a lower number of doses in total (12.2 ± 10.3 on average), compared with the NaCl group (20.5 ± 14.4, p = 0.07). However, when normalized, both groups received a similar number of hypertonic solution doses per day of treatment: 2.2 ± 0.8 doses per day in the NaCl group and 1.8 ± 0.9 in the NaCl/Na-acetate one (p = 0.12). The total sodium load from hypertonic solutions post randomization was also similar between the groups, while the chloride load was more than doubled in the NaCl group compared with the NaCl/Na-acetate solution (p < 0.01, Fig. 3c).
When correlating different risk factors to AKI, using a binary regression analysis, the only parameters that were correlated in a statistically significant manner were treatment with NaCl/Na-acetate (which demonstrated a protective effect) and ∆ chloride (Table 3).
Table 3 Binary logistic regression correlating between clinical parameters and AKI (*p < 0.05)
With the exception of AKI, there was no difference in major ICU-related complications between the randomized groups (Additional file 1: Table S1). Although there was no difference between the randomized groups, there was a clear difference between the enrolled patients that were randomized versus those who were not. The latter had lower rates of cerebral vasospasm, DCI, and all of the systemic complications monitored.
The effect of hypertonic solution on patient outcomes
In terms of patient outcome, comparison between the two randomized groups (NaCl vs. NaCl/Na-acetate) showed no difference in outcome (survival and functional outcome) in this small cohort (Additional file 2: Table S2).
Change in urine AKI biomarkers
We further measured four urine biomarkers of AKI to study the development of AKI. Samples were collected on the day of recruitment (days 2–3 of admission), day 5, and day 10. Differences in KIM-1 concentrations were only apparent at day 5. NGAL, cystatin C, and IL-18 did not demonstrate any significant differences between the groups (Fig. 4).
Change in urine AKI biomarkers along the first 10 days of admission. a–d Change in biomarker concentration between the different treatment groups (non-randomized, randomized to receive NaCl 23.4% and randomized to receive NaCl/Na-acetate 16.4%). The first time point is days 2–3, which was the day of consent, which was either admission day 2 or 3. *p < 0.05 between the groups. AKI, acute kidney injury
Our pilot study demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of replacing infusions of 23.4% NaCl with infusions of 16.4% NaCl/Na-acetate to treat cerebral edema in patients with aSAH. When compared to NaCl, NaCl/Na-acetate infusions yielded a non-significant trend towards lower ∆ serum Cl− concentrations. Our trial was budgeted to run for only 1 year. It had to be stopped early for financial reasons and was intermittently interrupted by an unexpected national shortage of sodium-acetate solution. This prevented us from enrolling all of the intended 60 patients within 1 year. Consequently, the trial ended up underpowered for the primary outcome, a reduction in ∆ serum chloride.
Hyperosmolar therapy is a mainstay in the treatment of acute brain injuries leading to cerebral edema. For the last few decades, hypertonic saline and mannitol have been the two main hyperosmolar agents used in clinical practice. Available studies suggest a preference for the use of hypertonic saline [21, 22] because of its favorable efficacy, though evidence is limited. There remain concerns about the morbidity associated with hypertonic saline solutions, in particular hyperchloremic acidosis and AKI [5].
Stimulated by the development of balanced solutions that are increasingly replacing NaCl 0.9% and demonstrating reduced AKI rates [12, 13], we set out to mix two existing hypertonic solutions, namely NaCl and Na-acetate. The solution created was used off-label in our unit for the treatment of severe hyperchloremia in the setting of brain edema necessitating hyperosmolar treatment. The components are "off-the-shelf" solutions that were mixed by the hospital pharmacy for off-label use. The result was a solution that had a slightly lower sodium concentration (23.4 vs 16.4%) and a slightly higher volume (50 ml compared with 30 ml), yet delivered a higher amount of sodium per dose, with a smaller amount of chloride. Acetate, the alternative electrolyte used, serves as an energy source, mainly for hepatocytes, in a normal physiological state [23]. Acetate is widely employed in various clinical settings, in particular as a component of parenteral nutrition. Germane to the patients with acute brain injury, sodium-acetate solutions have been proven to be beneficial for the treatment of cerebral edema [24]. Another option for hypertonic solution without chloride that was recently studied is sodium-lactate. The latter was evaluated in several small-scale clinical trials in the setting of acute brain injury [25, 26] with favorable results. It is currently unknown what is the best counterpart for sodium in terms of efficacy and safety.
Our study design aimed to identify and then randomize patients with a high risk for AKI, i.e., patients with hyperchloremia. Our prior results suggested that patients with chloride of 109 mmol/L or above are those with the highest risk for AKI, and therefore, this threshold was selected [16]. Serum Cl− was used as a biomarker for AKI risk and triggered our randomization. The selection for randomization based on the need for hyperosmolar therapy and mild hyperchloremia led to a selection of patients with higher rates of systemic and central complications (e.g., DCI, days of ventilation, etc.), regardless of the treatment arm to which these patients were randomized. Similarly, the outcomes of the randomized patients were worse in any parameter compared to those who were not randomized, probably due to their poorer baseline status, such as higher admission H&H scale.
Serum Cl− was elevated prior to most AKI events, although the time gap was rather small. Therefore, only some AKI patients received the study intervention before AKI could be diagnosed by standard clinical criteria. Chloride failed in its role in two different aspects: first, its sensitivity and specificity for prediction of the risk for AKI were low; and second, the hyperchloremic event happened too close from a temporal standpoint to the AKI event. Therefore, only in some AKI cases did the patient receive the study intervention before AKI occurred. Interestingly, there were no AKI events post-randomization in the NaCl/Na-acetate group, but 25% of AKI events in the NaCl group were diagnosed post-randomization. It might be that the hypertonic content impacts delayed AKI, and not early events. Overall, the results suggest that a future trial should randomize patients early, and not wait for hyperchloremia to develop.
The primary outcome of this study was the reduction in ∆ serum chloride post randomization. While underpowered for this purpose, the results did show a non-significant trend toward a lower ∆ in the NaCl/Na-acetate group. However, the data also demonstrated a trend toward an increase in ∆ sodium in the NaCl/Na-acetate group, and an even more pronounced difference when measuring the ∆ between the pre- and post-dose sodium serum concentrations. These results suggest that the absolute content of sodium per dose is more significant than the change in percentage from 23.4 to 16.4%, in our particular case. The results also show that when administered specifically for elevated ICP, the performance of both solutions is comparable. In the absence of adverse effects (similar efficacy, similar long-term outcome, reduced rate of AKI), the results may suggest that future trials could test an alternative hypertonic solution without further selecting higher risk patients, as this study did.
From a mechanistic standpoint, the study evaluated a panel of urine biomarkers and their association with AKI. The panel allowed for a better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying AKI in the settings of SAH and hyperchloremia. Measures of IL-18, an inflammatory biomarker [27]; cystatin-C, a marker of glomerular filtration rate; and NGAL, a distal nephron injury marker [28], did not differ between the groups. However, a signal was found in the measurement of KIM-1, a marker of proximal tubular injury [28]. Interestingly, patients who were randomized to the NaCl 23.4% group showed a marked increase in urinary NGAL up to day 5—a change that was not apparent in the NaCl/Na-acetate group, even though per time point, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. In the case of KIM-1, the best differentiation between the groups was possible only post facto, since the median appearance of AKI in this cohort was on day 3.
Our study was severely limited by the number of patients enrolled. The study was funded for 1 year and aimed to randomize 60 patients. We were, however, only able to randomize 32. The lack of power does allow us to formulate hypotheses but not to generalize our results.
To this end, our pilot double-blinded, double-dummy, single-center clinical suggests that 16.4% NaCl/Na-acetate is a safe and effective alternative to 23.4% NaCl to induce hypernatremia and reduce ICP in SAH patients with cerebral edema. Our study further showed that NaCl/Na-acetate may modify the risk of AKI by reducing chloride load. All of these require further scrutiny in appropriately powered, randomized, multi-center trials.
This pilot trial showed the feasibility and safety of replacing 23.4% NaCl infusions with a chloride-lean, 16.4% NaCl/Na-acetate infusions to treat cerebral edema in patients with SAH. Although the chloride load in patients receiving the alterative solution was lower, the degree of hyperchloremia was similar in the two groups. 16.4% NaCl/Na-acetate infusions was associated with lower AKI rates than 23.4% NaCl infusions, and had a similar effect on ICP reduction. Further multi-center studies are needed to corroborate these results.
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
AKI:
ARDS:
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
aSAH:
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
CNS:
DCI:
Delayed cerebral ischemia
ICP:
Intracranial pressure
IRB:
KDIGO:
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes
LAR:
Legally authorized representative
NGAL:
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
Rinkel GJ, van Gijn J, Wijdicks EF. Subarachnoid hemorrhage without detectable aneurysm. A review of the causes. Stroke. 1993;24(9):1403–9.
Rincon F, Rossenwasser RH, Dumont A. The epidemiology of admissions of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in the United States. Neurosurgery. 2013;73(2):217–22.
Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, Torner JC, Rosenthal ES, Biswal S, Zafar SF, et al. A randomized trial of nicardipine in subarachnoid hemorrhage: angiographic and transcranial Doppler ultrasound results. A report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. J Neurosurg. 1993;78(4):548–53.
Zacharia BE, Ducruet AF, Hickman ZL, Grobelny BT, Fernandez L, Schmidt JM, et al. Renal dysfunction as an independent predictor of outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a single-center cohort study. Stroke. 2009;40(7):2375–81.
Sadan O, Singbartl K, Kandiah PA, Martin KS, Samuels OB. Hyperchloremia is associated with acute kidney injury in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(8).
Eagles ME, Powell MF, Ayling OGS, Tso MK, Macdonald RL. Acute kidney injury after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and its effect on patient outcome: an exploratory analysis. J Neurosurg. 2019:1–8.
de Vasconcellos K, Skinner DL. Hyperchloraemia is associated with acute kidney injury and mortality in the critically ill: A retrospective observational study in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2018;45:45–51.
Marttinen M, Wilkman E, Petäjä L, Suojaranta-Ylinen R, Pettilä V, Vaara ST. Association of plasma chloride values with acute kidney injury in the critically ill - a prospective observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016;60(6):790–9 8.
Suetrong B, Pisitsak C, Boyd JH, Russell JA, Walley KR. Hyperchloremia and moderate increase in serum chloride are associated with acute kidney injury in severe sepsis and septic shock patients. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):315.
Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C, Story D, Ho L, Bailey M. Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA. 2012;308(15):1566–72.
Raghunathan K, Shaw A, Nathanson B, Stürmer T, Brookhart A, Stefan MS, et al. Association between the choice of IV crystalloid and in-hospital mortality among critically ill adults with sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(7):1585–91.
Self WH, Semler MW, Wanderer JP, Wang L, Byrne DW, Collins SP, et al. Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Noncritically Ill Adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):819–28.
Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, Wang L, Byrne DW, et al. Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):829–39.
Claassen J, Carhuapoma JR, Kreiter KT, Du EY, Connolly ES, Mayer SA. Global cerebral edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency, predictors, and impact on outcome. Stroke. 2002;33(5):1225–32.
Manzanares W, Aramendi I, Langlois PL, Biestro A. Hyponatremia in the neurocritical care patient: An approach based on current evidence. Med intensiva. 2015;39(4):234–43.
Sadan O, Samuels O, Asbury WH, Hanfelt JJ, Singbartl K. Low-chloride versus high-chloride hypertonic solution for the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage-related complications (The ACETatE trial): Study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):628.
Frontera JA, Fernandez A, Schmidt JM, Claassen J, Wartenberg KE, Badjatia N, et al. Defining vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: what is the most clinically relevant definition? Stroke. 2009;40(6):1963–8.
Definition Task Force ARDS, Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Ferguson ND, Caldwell E, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526–33.
Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brunkhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A, et al. Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):762–74.
Kellum JA, Lameire N, Aki K, Work G. Diagnosis , evaluation , and management of acute kidney injury : a KDIGO summary ( Part 1 ). 2013;(Part 1):1–15.
Kamel H, Navi BB, Nakagawa K, Hemphill JC, Ko NU. Hypertonic saline versus mannitol for the treatment of elevated intracranial pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(3):554–9.
Jagannatha AT, Sriganesh K, Devi BI, Rao GSU. An equiosmolar study on early intracranial physiology and long term outcome in severe traumatic brain injury comparing mannitol and hypertonic saline. J Clin Neurosci. 2016;27:68–73.
Pouteau E, Piloquet H, Maugeais P, Champ M, Dumon H, Nguyen P, et al. Kinetic aspects of acetate metabolism in healthy humans using [1-13C] acetate. Am J Physiol. 1996;271(1 Pt 1):E58–64.
Qureshi AI, Suarez JI, Bhardwaj A, Mirski M, Schnitzer MS, Hanley DF, et al. Use of hypertonic (3%) saline/acetate infusion in the treatment of cerebral edema: Effect on intracranial pressure and lateral displacement of the brain. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(3):440–6.
Ichai C, Armando G, Orban J-C, Berthier F, Rami L, Samat-Long C, et al. Sodium lactate versus mannitol in the treatment of intracranial hypertensive episodes in severe traumatic brain-injured patients. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35(3):471–9.
Bouzat P, Sala N, Suys T, Zerlauth J-B, Marques-Vidal P, Feihl F, et al. Cerebral metabolic effects of exogenous lactate supplementation on the injured human brain. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(3):412–21.
Rizvi MS, Kashani KB. Biomarkers for Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury. J Appl Lab Med An AACC Publ. 2017;2(3):386–99.
Malhotra R, Siew ED. Biomarkers for the Early Detection and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(1):149–73.
The authors appreciate Dr. Michael Connor's contribution to the review of the final version of the manuscript. The CONSORT checklist was used with this submission.
The study is funded in part by PHS grant UL1TR000454 from the Clinical and Translational Science Award program, National Institutes of Health, and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. The funding body did not have a role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Division of Neurocritical Care, Emory University Hospital and Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
Ofer Sadan, Jacqueline Kraft, Joao McONeil Plancher, Prem Kandiah, Cederic Pimentel, C. L. Hall & Owen Samuels
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
Kai Singbartl
School of Medicine, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
Alexander C. M. Greven
Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University Hospital and Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
Alexander Papangelou
Department of Pharmacy, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
William H. Asbury
Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
John J. Hanfelt
Ofer Sadan
Jacqueline Kraft
Joao McONeil Plancher
Prem Kandiah
Cederic Pimentel
C. L. Hall
Owen Samuels
OS contributed to the design, acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of the data. KS contributed to the design, analysis, and interpretation of the data. JK contributed to the acquisition and analysis of the data. JMP contributed to the acquisition and analysis of the data. AG contributed to the acquisition and analysis of the data. PK contributed to the design, acquisition, and analysis of the data. CP contributed to the design, acquisition, and analysis of the data. CLH contributed to the acquisition and analysis of the data. AP contributed to the acquisition and analysis of the data. WA contributed to the design, analysis, and interpretation of the data. JH contributed to the design, analysis, and interpretation of the data. OS contributed to the design, acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Ofer Sadan.
The study was conducted with adherence to ethical guidelines, was approved by the Emory University (Atlanta, GA, USA) IRB, and informed consent was obtained from all the participants (or their LAR) as detailed in the manuscript.
Additional file 1: Table S1.
ICU complications rate. No statistically significant difference was noted between the two treatment groups.
Patient outcomes. No statistically significant difference was noted between the two treatment groups. Ten patients were lost to long-term (90 day) follow up. mRS – Modified Rankin Scale.
Sadan, O., Singbartl, K., Kraft, J. et al. Low-chloride- versus high-chloride-containing hypertonic solution for the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage–related complications: The ACETatE (A low ChloriE hyperTonic solution for brain Edema) randomized trial. j intensive care 8, 32 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-020-00449-0
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Hyperosmolar therapy
Hyperchloremia


A.W. Marshall has lived in Oklahoma for the last eight years, but grew up on the beaches of Southern California. His work is published or forthcoming in Red Wheelbarrow, TheNewerYork, Fiction Attic, Austin Review, and Vestal Review. In 2005, he wrote and directed the professional theater production of his play, Pan, with Long Beach Shakespeare Company. In 2003, his play, Emptier, was produced at the Hudson Theater in Hollywood and directed by Kristin Hanggi. He received his MFA in playwriting from University of Southern California and a MFA in Writing from Vermont College of Fine Arts. He is co-editor of Piece Meal, an online magazine that exclusively reviews poems and short stories from literary magazines. For the last four years, he has been writing a novel about a half man, half rabbit in 1850's California called Hendo.


In my 35 years on this earth, I have spent a lot of time searching for that thing that would let me know why I was put here. What was my purpose? How can I leave the world a better place than I found it? I wanted to know that I was doing good in this world.
Holl & Lane is my purpose.
Since starting this magazine three years ago, there has been nothing thrown at me on this journey that has made me question that. Times have been hard, I've thought about quitting numerous times, but I always knew this was the point of my life. I was made to share the stories of women from around the world.
We've talked about this before, but running a magazine is not only exhausting and draining, but it's also incredibly expensive. One issue costs over $5000 just to print and ship. This doesn't include any of the behind the scenes costs to make the issue happen (like the software, design time, gathering of information, and so much more). We are printing the bare minimum each time and yet, it's still $5000.
We dream of doing really big things with this magazine. We want to connect women from around the world in new and exciting ways. But in order to do that, we need help. And that is where the Indiegogo campaign comes in. Through this campaign, we're hoping to raise enough money to cover nearly a full year of printing and shipping issues. If that money is covered, we'd be able to use the money from sales of the issues to donate copies to women's shelters, to host retreats and in-person meetups, to donate money to the charities that mean something to us. Not to mention, it'll be reassurance to us that our magazine is needed, worthwhile, and special.
I know that money can be tight. I know that $18,000 is a lot of money. But I also know that we have an incredibly loyal community of readers who believe in our mission. And it is to those of you that I ask - will you please help us? Every little bit counts.
$5 not only gets us closer to our goal, but it's you standing up saying "I BELIEVE IN HOLL & LANE".
Please visit our campaign. Learn a bit more about why we're doing it. And donate if you're able. Please help us continue bringing you this magazine that has been called a lifeline. We believe in you and your stories, and we're hoping you believe in us, too.
Ps... You can watch a video I made here talking more about why I started H&L and why this campaign is so important for us.


text:
Ordinary People, Extraordinary Deeds
Beth Dreher
Who says you have to be a household name or hold an advanced degree to change the world? At Reader's Digest we're all about celebrating seemingly ordinary people doing extraordinary things. Here are a few of my recent favorites:
1. A Texas postman by day, Kermit Oliver, 69, is the only American artist to design scarves (left) for French luxury goods maker Hermès. Listen to an NPR story about his art and life here, and don't miss this slideshow of his scarf designs.
2. Lakewood Ranch, Florida, teenager Brittany Wenger recently won the Google Science Fair Grand Prize for an app she developed that helps doctors diagnose breast cancer. Check out her website for the impressive details of her project. "I think it might be hospital ready," says Wenger.
3. Members of Planet Hunters, a group of armchair astronomers who volunteer to comb through data gathered by the NASA Kepler space mission, discovered a new planet. Even better: The new planet, called PH1 (for "planet hunters") is six times bigger than Earth and has four suns!
Photo credit: Jason Sheeler


• Head: John Atcherley, 37, draper's assistant, born Baschurch, Shropshire.
• Wife: Sarah Atcherley, 26, born Ellesmere, Shropshire.
• Daughter: Fanny Atcherley, 4 months, born Manchester.
[S2] 1851 census of England and Wales.
Piece 2229, folio 7, page 7.


Once again this year parking for rigs if you arrive before the gates open or after the gates are closed will be in the spectator parking lot.
Trey, I should be arriving in Bradenton the Sunday before and plan on dropping the trailer at the track then or Monday morning. What would I need to do, Thursday? pay as we go thru the gate in the truck, then move trailer if necessary once we get thru the gate Thursday.
Yes Sam if you have made arrangements with the track to store you trailer out of the way leading up to the event, all you will do i pay when you come in on Thursday and move your rig to you spot.


text:
Partners and Project
We continue to engage and work with a range of groups, organisations and volunteers who support people across Mansfield District. Through the Community Champions programme, we work closely with a range of community organisations and businesses alongside partners from Mansfield District Council (MDC), the NHS and the Nottingham & Nottinghamshire Clinical Commissioning Group (NN CCG)
Working as an alliance with other infrastructure organisations across the County we deliver the Public and Patient Engagement Contract alongside the NN CCG Communication & Engagement Team. Working with local communities, patient groups and voluntary sector representatives we ensure that we capture the experience of local people in relation to health care.
The experience of people in our community is reported back to colleagues at the NN CCG, the Mid Notts Place Based partnership team and the Public & Patient Engagement Committee (PPEC) at a County Level. By working together and understanding the experiences of local people partners can ensure that services are designed and delivered effectively.
Partnership work has been a key priority for Mansfield CVs during the Covid-19 pandemic. Mansfield CVS has played a pivotal role bringing together a range of community organisations and partners, ensuring that all partners have access to up-to-date support service information.
Working closely with MDC we have developed a support information sheet and a food provision sheet which will give information to people in immediate need and act as a resource for those who support them.
Community Network Meetings
We hold regular Community Networking Meetings throughout the year. These meetings were formerly known as the Food for Thought Breakfast meeting, held at the John Fretwell Centre, but have changed to an online meeting during the Covid Pandemic. The meetings are an opportunity for partners to share information, promote their services/events and discuss how we can all work together to support people across Mansfield District.
If you would like to be invited to our networking meetings, please email jwakefield@mansfieldcvs.org to be added to our mailing list.
For more information on our Partnership and Engagement work or to discuss an agenda slot at a future Network Meeting please contact lwatkins@masfieldcvs.org


Install and rehabilitate improved drinking water and sanitation infrastructure using a service delivery framework.
The project is implemented a consortium of International and Local organizations that bring complementary expertise, experience, and skills, RTI -Research Triangle Institute, being the prime partner and Relief International/EnterpriseWorks-Vita intervening mainly in two components.
RI-EWV is the lead orgnaisation for component 2 of the project. The RI/EnterpriseWorks-VITA (RI/EWV) approach is to work with the private sector to develop their capacity to respond to demand for products and services. In addition, RI/EWV works to promote the products and services to increase the demand. Under the project RI/EWV identify the opportunities for private enterprises to respond to the needs in the rural water supply sector and provide training and support to these business to enable them to respond to demand. Businesses that are supported include: manual well drillers, well drilling tool manufacturers, pump repairers and installers, pump manufacturers, and quality controllers. Support for these businesses includes both practical and theoretical technical training, business training, as well as tools and jigs for manufacturing. The project staff provides oversight as these enterprises begin to respond to demand from this project and from other projects and from individuals and businesses for improved water sources. The quality controllers are encouraged to provide coaching to enable the well drillers and pump installers to improve their practices. The goal is to leave a viable private sector that can respond to demand in the future.
Training of local NGOs, WUA personnel on proper O&M and contracting with local O&M service providers for wells and pumps systems developed by local project-trained entrepreneurs, in collaboration with staff from RI/EWV working on Component 3.
RI/EWV personnel provides subject-area expertise and leadership to ensure that technologies introduced to local entrepreneurs are technically consistent with the definitions of "improved services" established by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program.


text:
Faces in the water: Rakhshanda Jalil reviews 'From Volga to Ganga' by Rahul Sankrityayan, trs Victor Gordon Kiernan, Kanwal Dhaliwal
Rahul Sankrityayan's rare erudition and imagination power this chronological series of vignettes recreating the past
July 17, 2021 05:00 pm | Updated July 18, 2021 05:31 pm IST
Rakhshanda Jalil
scenic view of sunrise on the ghat of Varanasi, India
This book is quite unlike any I have read in recent times. Though, of course, the river as a metaphor for ceaselessly flowing time as also a cradle of civilisation is not a new literary device.
There have been books written on a grand, epic scale about peoples and cultures linked to rivers — such as Mikhail Sholokhov's And Quiet Flows the Don or Qurratulain Hyder's Aag Ka Darya (The River of Fire) — and about journeys from one river to another signifying journeys across civilisations, such as Conrad's Heart of Darkness . But none can match the scale and magnitude, the erudition and fine detail, the sheer sweep of terrain and ideas of Rahul Sankrityayan's Hindi classic Volga se Ganga.
(Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. Subscribe here. )
Born Kedarnath Pandey in a modest home in Azamgarh, Sankrityayan took the name by which he is known when he embraced Buddhism in Sri Lanka after a brief dalliance with the Arya Samaj. Forever the traveller (he liked to use the Hindi word ghumakkar ), he journeyed across vast expanses of lands and civilisations, imbibing new ideas and philosophies, translating, writing memoirs, philosophical treatises, biographies, fiction, even science fiction.
Written during 1940-42 — by when he had been sufficiently impressed by Marxist ideals to join the Communist Party of India and was taking a brief, albeit forced, respite from his travels, interned as he was first at Hazaribagh Jail and then at Deoli by the British government — Volga se Ganga became an instant bestseller and was soon translated into several languages. All of Sankrityayan's vast and varied reading over the years, his prodigious recall of names and places and his phenomenal imagination come together in this book.
River of time
Spanning 8,000 years of human history, it takes the longue durée approach to 'narrativising' history. The waves of transcontinental
migration from the Eurasian landmass, from the Volga and the Oxus to the Indus, and subsequently the Ganga, as it travels across the breadth of the Indian subcontinent to meet the sea, are recorded in the form of 20 stories. Each story is named after a central character signifying an era.
The first story is located on the banks of the Upper Volga in 6,000 BCE, some 360 generations ago, when the survival of the fittest meant a mother drowning her daughter in a bid to retain power within her tribe. The last, dated 1942, is about Sumer, the son of a domestic worker, who sacrifices his life as a fighter pilot in the war of empires.
And so we travel down the river of time, holding the author's hand, as he paints a panoramic view of history which is also rich in small details and wondrous sights, sounds, smells. Some characters are known to us through history books, others find mention in the Vedas , Upanishads and Buddhist treatises; but many are imaginary characters though they are perfectly rooted in their time and place. Not stories in the conventional sense, what emerges in these pages is a chronological series of vignettes of a recreated past.
High and low
Always a rationalist, Sankrityayan subjects all received knowledge to rigorous scrutiny, though it is distinctly coloured by his Marxist worldview. He talks of the breaking up of simple Aryan societies into families, the division between 'high' and 'low', ruler and the ruled, creation of organised religions, emergence of the varna system, delegation of women to an inferior position and, worst of all, the practice of slavery. The first milestone among the Vedic Aryans marking the emergence of a new order is when chiefs, kings or priests start living on the "labour of others without working themselves". In 'Pravahan', located in 700 BCE, "ordinary people have been reduced to indigence" because of men who "play upon the pauperised masses — craftsmen, peasants and slaves" by telling them stories about karma and rebirth.
The English translation by V.G. Kiernan (first published in 1946) is built upon by Kanwal Dhaliwal. Maya Joshi's excellent introduction and notes provide a valuable context for the modern reader possibly unaware of the author's formidable reputation as a polymath and polyglot. So do the two fine essays by the Buddhist monk Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan and Comrade S.A. Dange, each in his own way providing a unique lens to view Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan. "I am large, I contain multitudes," said Walt Whitman. It could well have been said of Sankrityayan. And of India.
From Volga to Ganga; Rahul Sankrityayan, trs Victor Gordon Kiernan, Kanwal Dhaliwal and edited by Kanwal Dhaliwal, Maya Joshi, LeftWord Books, ₹595
The reviewer is a writer, translator and literary historian .
Literary Review / The Hindu Sunday Magazine / books and literature
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The first of the four: On the 2023 Australian Open
With buoyant tax collections, Tamil Nadu halves revenue deficit
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This is way too easy to prepare. Great last minute dinner!!!
This lettuce wraps are full of flavor and lots of CRUNCH!
This sauce is incredible and yummy on just about EVERYTHING!
This is always a hit, thanks Julia!!!
Guava Stuffed Chicken with Mango "Fries"
Oh how fresh this dish is!
Search The Saucy Gourmet's recipes by Course!


text:
<?php
# Generated by the protocol buffer compiler.  DO NOT EDIT!
# source: google/ads/googleads/v12/common/policy_summary.proto

namespace Google\Ads\GoogleAds\V12\Common;

use Google\Protobuf\Internal\GPBType;
use Google\Protobuf\Internal\RepeatedField;
use Google\Protobuf\Internal\GPBUtil;

/**
 * Contains policy summary information.
 *
 * Generated from protobuf message google.ads.googleads.v12.common.PolicySummary
 */
class PolicySummary extends \Google\Protobuf\Internal\Message
{
    /**
     * The list of policy findings.
     *
     * Generated from protobuf field repeated .google.ads.googleads.v12.common.PolicyTopicEntry policy_topic_entries = 1;
     */
    private $policy_topic_entries;
    /**
     * Where in the review process the resource is.
     *
     * Generated from protobuf field .google.ads.googleads.v12.enums.PolicyReviewStatusEnum.PolicyReviewStatus review_status = 2;
     */
    protected $review_status = 0;
    /**
     * The overall approval status, which is calculated based on
     * the status of its individual policy topic entries.
     *
     * Generated from protobuf field .google.ads.googleads.v12.enums.PolicyApprovalStatusEnum.PolicyApprovalStatus approval_status = 3;
     */
    protected $approval_status = 0;

    /**
     * Constructor.
     *
     * @param array $data {
     *     Optional. Data for populating the Message object.
     *
     *     @type array<\Google\Ads\GoogleAds\V12\Common\PolicyTopicEntry>|\Google\Protobuf\Internal\RepeatedField $policy_topic_entries
     *           The list of policy findings.
     *     @type int $review_status
     *           Where in the review process the resource is.
     *     @type int $approval_status
     *           The overall approval status, which is calculated based on
     *           the status of its individual policy topic entries.
     * }
     */
    public function __construct($data = NULL) {
        \GPBMetadata\Google\Ads\GoogleAds\V12\Common\PolicySummary::initOnce();
        parent::__construct($data);
    }

    /**
     * The list of policy findings.
     *
     * Generated from protobuf field repeated .google.ads.googleads.v12.common.PolicyTopicEntry policy_topic_entries = 1;
     * @return \Google\Protobuf\Internal\RepeatedField
     */
    public function getPolicyTopicEntries()
    {
        return $this->policy_topic_entries;
    }

    /**
     * The list of policy findings.
     *
     * Generated from protobuf field repeated .google.ads.googleads.v12.common.PolicyTopicEntry policy_topic_entries = 1;
     * @param array<\Google\Ads\GoogleAds\V12\Common\PolicyTopicEntry>|\Google\Protobuf\Internal\RepeatedField $var
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setPolicyTopicEntries($var)
    {
        $arr = GPBUtil::checkRepeatedField($var, \Google\Protobuf\Internal\GPBType::MESSAGE, \Google\Ads\GoogleAds\V12\Common\PolicyTopicEntry::class);
        $this->policy_topic_entries = $arr;

        return $this;
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    /**
     * Where in the review process the resource is.
     *
     * Generated from protobuf field .google.ads.googleads.v12.enums.PolicyReviewStatusEnum.PolicyReviewStatus review_status = 2;
     * @return int
     */
    public function getReviewStatus()
    {
        return $this->review_status;
    }

    /**
     * Where in the review process the resource is.
     *
     * Generated from protobuf field .google.ads.googleads.v12.enums.PolicyReviewStatusEnum.PolicyReviewStatus review_status = 2;
     * @param int $var
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setReviewStatus($var)
    {
        GPBUtil::checkEnum($var, \Google\Ads\GoogleAds\V12\Enums\PolicyReviewStatusEnum\PolicyReviewStatus::class);
        $this->review_status = $var;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * The overall approval status, which is calculated based on
     * the status of its individual policy topic entries.
     *
     * Generated from protobuf field .google.ads.googleads.v12.enums.PolicyApprovalStatusEnum.PolicyApprovalStatus approval_status = 3;
     * @return int
     */
    public function getApprovalStatus()
    {
        return $this->approval_status;
    }

    /**
     * The overall approval status, which is calculated based on
     * the status of its individual policy topic entries.
     *
     * Generated from protobuf field .google.ads.googleads.v12.enums.PolicyApprovalStatusEnum.PolicyApprovalStatus approval_status = 3;
     * @param int $var
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setApprovalStatus($var)
    {
        GPBUtil::checkEnum($var, \Google\Ads\GoogleAds\V12\Enums\PolicyApprovalStatusEnum\PolicyApprovalStatus::class);
        $this->approval_status = $var;

        return $this;
    }

}


The C used in 4D Plugin API is written to be as much easy to read as possible for beginners. We want to keep it as simple as possible to allow developers to write a plugin even if they are not experienced C developers. Keep that in mind if you edit the sources.
The goal is to provide a bridge between functions exposed in 4D and your plugin. It should include the minimal programming logics, complex algorithms should be in 4D or in the plugin code, but not in 4D Plugin API. If you want to share some useful routines to others, we would prefer that you create a separate folder where you share your sources.
Also, we know that experienced developers would appreciate an C++ API based on classes. If you start this project, it could be also stored in a different folder, so beginners can still continue to use the more easy to understand C procedural API while others can use the C++ one.
Also we take care of not tying the API with any platform API, we'll appreciate if it can continue like that. If you want to provide some utilities to use Windows or MacOSX native objects, it can also be in a separate utility file.


text:
Na medicina, o sinal do psoas é indicativo de irritação do músculo psoas, sendo um dos sinais de apendicite aguda.

Semiotécnica: Posiciona-se o paciente em decúbito lateral esquerdo, e o examinador deve realizar a hiperextensão passiva de membro inferior direito (ou flexão ativa contra resistência). Em caso de dor a hiperextensão passiva ou a flexão ativa, o sinal é positivo.

Ver também
 Sinal do obturador
 Sinal de Rovsing
 Sinal de Blumberg
 Sinal de Lenander
 Sinal de Lapinski
 Sinal de Dunphy

Dor na região do músculo psoas durante extensão passiva da coxa ou flexão ativa da mesma.

Psoas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia