text:
Mental Illness in Maryland: Public Perception, Discourse, and Treatment, from the Colonial Period to 1964
umi-umd-3316.pdf (10.08Mb)
No. of downloads: 12067
Schoeberlein, Robert William
Mintz, Lawrence E.
This dissertation is an overview of the public perception of, discourse concerning, and treatment of Maryland's mentally ill citizens from the Colonial Period to 1964. The present day view of the mentally ill in the early colony is, at best, fragmentary. The numbers of such Marylanders were small and little information exists to frame a picture of what constituted their daily life or the level of care until about 1785. The decision to confine individuals at home or at an institution entered public discourse. Certain families entrusted their relatives to hospitals. Mentally ill people constituted a highly visible presence during the first half of the nineteenth century. A vacillating public interest and tepid financial support for their cause, however, prevented access to higher quality care for the majority. County almshouses and jails continued to house the "pauper insane" in a regressive manner. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the rights and well-being of mentally ill citizens came to public notice. The possibility of a sane individual being unjustly confined within a mental hospital fired the public imagination. Court cases and patient exposés persuaded legislators that some laws and formalized state oversight of institutions were required. The first three decades of the twentieth century marked an epoch of progress. A reform campaign resulted in the transfer of all patients from the county almshouses into modern, newly-constructed state mental hospitals. The insular settings, however, ultimately made them less visible. The Great Depression and Second World War era induced shortages that adversely affected state hospital patients. Many such patients languished in sub-standard conditions. A troubling 1949 photographic exposé ultimately pressured state officials to bring system-wide improvements. The 1950s ushered in a new era for Maryland's mentally ill citizens. The advent of psychotropic drugs allowed patients to leave the hospitals. Programs to assist in the transition back into the community were developed by the State and public advocates. Members of a once faceless, inarticulate group came to be perceived as individuals who could contribute to and enrich the life of our communities.
American Studies Theses and Dissertations


Congratulations to SMA Prep cadets, Naveah Harmon, Logan Claybrooke, Lilia Mosquera, Avery Alexander, Emily Brooks, and Jason Lockwood as the recipients of the November IB Learner Profile Recognition for Caring. Those that are Caring show empathy, compassion, and respect. We have a commitment to service and we act to make a positive difference in the lives of others and in the world around us.
Lilia quietly helps the other cadets at her table during art class when they are struggling. I have seen her confidence grow and with it, the willingness to assist others.
Avery is a member of the Eco Team as well as being in AgriDesign and has demonstrated the trait for other cadets, the campus and the environment. He constantly helps others, picks up trash on the Prep campus without prompting.
Logan is always the first one to step up and lead the team in getting everyone organized for warm-ups and drills. He is a person who takes the blame when he is at fault, while not putting down others when it isn't his fault. When Logan is not in the game, he is the leader on the bench in cheering on his teammates, and being emotionally invested in the game. Overall, he is just a caring person, and he shows it with his actions.
SMA Prep has transitioned its "Cadet of the Month" program to focus more directly on IB Learner Profiles as a fundamental part of the IB Middle Years Program (MYP). The new program "IB Learner Profile Recognition" selects 6 cadets monthly who display that month's learner profile. December will focus on the IB Learner Profile of Thinker.
Congratulations to SMA Prep cadets, Ethan K., Sara D-R, Lucas S., Bryanna L., Illiana W., and James D. (not pictured) as the recipients of the October Ib Learner Profile Recognition for showing Open-Mindedness. Open-Minded learners understand and appreciate their own cultures and personal histories, and are open to the perspectives, values, and traditions of other individuals and communities. They are accustomed to seeking and evaluating a range of points of view and are willing to grow from the experience.
SMA Prep has transitioned its "Cadet of the Month" program to focus more directly on IB Learner Profiles as a fundamental part of the IB Middle Years Program (MYP). The new program "IB Learner Profile Recognition" selects 6 cadets monthly who display that month's learner profile. November will focus on the IB Learner Profile of Caring.


text:
NASA rover Curiosity touches down on Mars
By Alicia Chang Associated Press
Mon., Aug. 6, 2012timer4 min. read
PASADENA, CALIF.—In a show of technological wizardry, the robotic explorer Curiosity blazed through the pink skies of Mars, steering itself to a gentle landing inside a giant crater for the most ambitious dig yet into the red planet's past.
A chorus of cheers and applause echoed through the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory on Sunday night after the most high-tech interplanetary rover ever built signalled it had survived a harrowing plunge through the thin Mars atmosphere.
"Touchdown confirmed," said engineer Allen Chen. "We're safe on Mars."
MORE:NASA rover's Mars landing sends screams into space from Toronto
Minutes after the 10:32 p.m. PDT landing, Curiosity beamed back the first black-and-white pictures from inside the crater showing its wheel and its shadow, cast by the afternoon sun.
It was NASA's seventh landing on Earth's neighbour; many other attempts by the U.S. and other countries to zip past, circle or set down on Mars have gone awry.
The arrival was an engineering tour de force, debuting never-before-tried acrobatics packed into "seven minutes of terror" as Curiosity sliced through the Martian atmosphere at 13,000 mph.
In a Hollywood-style finish, cables delicately lowered the rover to the ground at a snail-paced 2 mph. A video camera was set to capture the most dramatic moments — which would give earthlings their first glimpse of a touchdown on another world.
Celebrations by the mission team were so joyous over the next hour that JPL Director Charles Elachi had to plead for calm in order to hold a news conference. He compared the team to athletic teams that go to the Olympics.
"This team came back with the gold," he said.
The extraterrestrial feat injected a much-needed boost to NASA, which is debating whether it can afford another Mars landing this decade. At a budget-busting $2.5 billion, Curiosity is the priciest gamble yet, which scientists hope will pay off with a bonanza of discoveries.
"We're on Mars again," said NASA chief Charles Bolden. "It's just absolutely incredible. It doesn't get any better than this."
President Barack Obama tweeted his appreciation: "I congratulate and thank all the men and women of NASA who made this remarkable accomplishment a reality."
In a statement, Obama celebrated the landing as "an unprecedented feat of technology that will stand as a point of national pride far into the future."
Over the next two years, Curiosity will drive over to a mountain rising from the crater floor, poke into rocks and scoop up rust-tinted soil to see if the region ever had the right environment for microscopic organisms to thrive. It's the latest chapter in the long-running quest to find out whether primitive life arose early in the planet's history.
The voyage to Mars took more than eight months and spanned 352 million miles. The trickiest part of the journey? The landing. Because Curiosity weighs nearly a ton, engineers drummed up a new and more controlled way to set the rover down. The last Mars rovers, twins Spirit and Opportunity, were cocooned in airbags and bounced to a stop in 2004.
The plans for Curiosity called for a series of braking tricks, similar to those used by the space shuttle, and a supersonic parachute to slow it down. Next: Ditch the heat shield used for the fiery descent.
And in a new twist, engineers came up with a way to lower the rover by cable from a hovering rocket-powered backpack. At touchdown, the cords cut and the rocket stage crashed a distance away.
The nuclear-powered Curiosity, the size of a small car, is packed with scientific tools, cameras and a weather station. It sports a robotic arm with a power drill, a laser that can zap distant rocks, a chemistry lab to sniff for the chemical building blocks of life and a detector to measure dangerous radiation on the surface.
It also tracked radiation levels during the journey to help NASA better understand the risks astronauts could face on a future manned trip.
Over the next several days, Curiosity was expected to send back the first colour pictures. After several weeks of health checkups, the six-wheel rover could take its first short drive and flex its robotic arm.
The landing site near Mars' equator was picked because there are signs of past water everywhere, meeting one of the requirements for life as we know it. Inside Gale Crater is a 3-mile-high mountain, and images from space show the base appears rich in minerals that formed in the presence of water.
Previous trips to Mars have uncovered ice near the Martian North Pole and evidence that water once flowed when the planet was wetter and toastier unlike today's harsh, frigid desert environment.
Curiosity's goal: to scour for basic ingredients essential for life including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur and oxygen. It's not equipped to search for living or fossil microorganisms. To get a definitive answer, a future mission needs to fly Martian rocks and soil back to Earth to be examined by powerful laboratories.
The mission comes as NASA retools its Mars exploration strategy. Faced with tough economic times, the space agency pulled out of partnership with the European Space Agency to land a rock-collecting rover in 2018. The Europeans have since teamed with the Russians as NASA decides on a new road map.
Despite Mars' reputation as a spacecraft graveyard, humans continue their love affair with the planet, lobbing spacecraft in search of clues about its early history. Out of more than three dozen attempts — flybys, orbiters and landings — by the U.S., Soviet Union, Europe and Japan since the 1960s, more than half have ended disastrously.
One NASA rover that defied expectations is Opportunity, which is still busy wheeling around the rim of a crater in the Martian southern hemisphere eight years later.
Mars mission: http://www.nasa.gov/msl
Follow Alicia Chang's Mars coverage at: http://www.twitter.com/SciWriAlicia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
import Cell from './cell';
import CellState from './cell_state';

export default class Game {
    grid = [];
    numRows = 16;
    numCols = 16;

    constructor(rows, cols) {
        this.numRows = rows;
        this.numCols = cols;

        this.resetGrid();
    }

    resetGrid() {
        this.grid = this._updateGrid(CellState.DEAD);
        return this;
    }

    setCustomGrid(grid) {
        this.grid = grid.map(row => row.map(cellState => new Cell(cellState)));

        return this;
    }

    randomizeGrid() {
        this.grid = this._updateGrid(this.randomCellState());
        return this;
    }

    _updateGrid(state) {
        return [...Array(this.numRows)].map(() => [...Array(this.numRows)].map(() => new Cell(state)));
    }

    randomCellState() {
        return Math.round(Math.random());
    }

    getCell(row, col) {
        return this.grid[row][col];
    }

    getNumberOfAlive(row, col) {
        let stateValues = {
            [CellState.ALIVE]: 1,
            [CellState.DEAD]: 0
        };

        let sum = 0;

        for (let rowOffset = - 1; rowOffset < 2; rowOffset++) {
            for (let cellOffset = - 1; cellOffset < 2; cellOffset++) {
                let x = (row + rowOffset + this.numRows) % this.numRows,
                    y = (col + cellOffset + this.numCols) % this.numCols;

                let cell = this.getCell(x, y);

                sum += stateValues[cell.state];
            }
        }

        sum -= this.getCell(row, col).state; // subtract current row + col - SELF

        return sum;
    }

    getNextGridState() {
        return this.grid.map((row, rowNum) => row.map((cell, colNum) => {
            let aliveNeighbours = this.getNumberOfAlive(rowNum, colNum);
            let nextState = cell.getNextState(aliveNeighbours);

            return new Cell(nextState);
        }));
    }

    nextGeneration() {
        return this.grid = this.getNextGridState();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Dev Logs
[Josh] Monday, May 21, 2018
Return to "Dev Logs"
Re: [Josh] Monday, May 21, 2018
Flatfingers wrote: ↑
I agree with this, within reason. If I'm commanding a magnificent fleet of a thousand ships, I don't really want to be getting spam from 30 of them all the time telling me "nope."
But clear "yes" or "nope" responses from immediate subordinates sounds very useful.
Its mostly a question of how the UI will present the information.
There should be lists/filters of course, that let the player adapt to his current magnitude of assets.
If there is only one or two other ships in the players fleet, then detailed information could be selected to alert with details.
"Negative, my weapons-loadout is insufficient to protect me on that route..., send me a guard ship or something"
With dozents of ships, some kind of asset overview (how is their status, where they are, what is the next order) can let the player have more control.
Marking problems for ships with a simple icon/message.
Selecting a ship/agent can then pop up details, what their current objections/problems are, and what orders they should follow.
X3 had a pretty powerful UI to give all kinds of orders to ships (follow me, follow this ship, go to that system/station, patrol this area etc..)
Just the UI navigation was at time annoying.
Cornflakes_91
#47 by Cornflakes_91
Damocles wrote: ↑
And the fact that you could only order one ship at a time.
Limit Theory IRC Channel FAQ big QA Thread Retroshare
Jstorm
#48 by Jstorm
Just off the top of my head (meaning I expect others here can do a lot better), I can see two design decisions that need to be made. First: how are goals to be expressed? Is there a giant Master List of goals that the game understands, and you pick one goal from that list? (Presumably this list would have some internal organization so it's not a hundred pages long.) Or can players (and NPCs) create their own goals by stringing together several constraints, sort of like Mad-Libs where you pick a goal type from a list and then fill in the blanks with the specifics you want?
Those few articles are extremely interesting. It's refreshing that the macro discussion has come up a couple times at least. And I like your thoughts on this and I do believe your right on the nail on the big questions of how the player is going to tell the AI their wishes so that the AI can understand and act on them.
So how can both these interests be satisfied?
Are we talking about a global "Level of NPC Autonomy" slider that's basically the percentage chance that any individual NPC will refuse an assignment?
If I recall correctly Josh has mentioned a reputation system
What if that system is used and two reputations are added. One is a sort of broadcast "Saftey" rank for a faction and the other is a "Loyalty" rank of the NPC towards the faction they are apart of.
Let me elaborate
The "Saftey" rank could be a composite rank determined by how a faction uses its NPCs. If a faction has a history of high combat casualties with low enemy kills due to bad tactics the "safety" rank would be lower and vise versa. Or if the faction is expanding too quickly and isn't sparing the resources needed to protects its miners on the edge of its control and is losing them in droves to pirates then the "safety" rank for NPCs who know of the faction lowers and vise versa. This could apply to NPC owned factions and player owned Factions. The lower the "Saftey" rank the harder it will be to find NPCs willing to be hired without offering a huge amount of monetary gain to them. Whether that be salaries of some sort of huge potential profit from owning rare ore fields or something.
The "Loyalty" rank would apply to the atomic NPCs hired into a faction. This would be determined by a multitude of things. Namely time and/or gain. The longer an NPC has been in the faction without incident and how much money it has made or is capable of making would increase this rank. Over time the rank would get so high that they would become almost mindless drones because no matter what you tell them they will blindly believe that whatever you order them to do is in their best interests. Even if there is a high threat level to the command. And what if high "Loyalty" NPCs could give off a "Loyalty" boost to fellow NPCs in the same fleet or area. Then it would become a necessity to preserve the lives of your NPCs during the course of a game because if you're in conflict and having to hire a large number of recruits then you'll need the experienced NPCs to inspire loyalty in them so they'll fight for you. This would mean that NPCs would carry more worth than simply the cost of ore it took to build the ships. You could also, in times of need, raise the amount you pay them substantially to inspire "Loyalty" much quicker. Yes, this could be really expensive if you have thousands of ships fighting a huge war. But then again, war isn't supposed to be cheap. Not to mention a faction couldn't send masses of ships into a slaughter because then you would never have enough experienced NPCs to keep recruits inline, much less the "Saftey" rank to even hire them in the first place without investing huge fortunes into each and every individual NPC.
This type of system would give you military goals and make sabotage missions, surgical strikes, and the like much more meaningful. If you attack the economic engines of a faction and remove its ability to fund a huge military then it could be possible for their fleets to disintegrate to mutiny. Likewise, you would need to defend your own points of interest.
0111narwhalz
#49 by 0111narwhalz
Jstorm wrote: ↑
The lower the "Saftey" rank the harder it will be to find NPCs willing to be hired without offering a huge amount of monetary gain to them. Whether that be salaries of some sort of huge potential profit from owning rare ore fields or something.
Hazard pay.
Ringu
Slough, UK
#50 by Ringu
A minor point about the 'random event' thing: to what extent are we comfortable that it still fits under the 'procedural' banner?
If using a specific seed value generates you a universe with a 10-planet system at co-ordinates X,Y,Z, is that enough for everyone?
Or are we expecting there to be a Pirate Kingdom ruling that system as well, from that same seed value?
Random events obviously break that, to the point that it seems to me they could mine the entire asteroid fields, cause a black hole to turn their Sun off, or whatever, making the 'procedural' part minimal, especially the longer it takes the player to visit a system.
#51 by charles
Ringu wrote: ↑
I suspect that the combination of LOD simulation for remote systems, heuristics, and possible statistical approaches to AI (i.e. random numbers), mean that there may be differences in AI behaviour from the same seed. And definitely, once players enter the scene, their path definitely will affect AI results. If in one start from a singe seed, the player visits systems 1, 2, and 3 in that sequence and in another start from the same seed, the player visits 1, 3, and 2 in that sequence, their actions will have different impacts on the behaviour of AIs.
So I think that all you can depend on is physical structure being the same. Social structures should be similar each time, but necessarily identical.
charles wrote: ↑
That's the bit I'm most curious about, with this update from Josh: I can't find any reason the social structures should be even vaguely similar each time. In an entire universe, where random events occur, chances that one planet, much less one system, will have the same series of random events happen during their entire evolution before we get there (for the same seed) is basically zero.
I'm not certain to what extent I'm concerned about it, which is why I was seeking opinion.
In thinking about a procedural universe, I'm sure there will be seeds that produce something spectacular at certain points, and there is a thrill in sharing those with other people since there is no multiplayer. But if events that are not derived identically from the seed can occur, then really, what's the point? A civilisation may have built a Dyson sphere around the only cold star in the neighbourhood, but this would be the only time you'd ever see it.
Worse, if a system is sufficiently advanced, they could physically alter the structure of the system itself - that's what I meant about the black hole, or the hollowing out of the asteroid field - in which case, there *really* is no point having a procedurally generated universe.
In an entire universe, where random events occur, chances that one planet, much less one system, will have the same series of random events happen during their entire evolution before we get there (for the same seed) is basically zero.
Pure speculation here: what are the chances that in the first releases there are system altering technologies beyond the currently announced?
warp rails
asteroid bases
Given some of Josh's previous musings about the universe generation and LOD simulation of initial history, I'd see no reasons that the general social structure of a universe should radically change when the same seed is re-used.
#54 by Flatfingers
This is actually a gripe I've had since the word "procedural" started popping up in game development. (Ringu, no personal irritation at you here -- your post is just a springboard.)
The working definition of procedural content generation is a set of algorithmic rules that reliably produce the same outputs, mapped to visible features, from a small number of (usually numeric) inputs. The beauty of this is that you can have what appears on-screen to be highly complex behavior but which is actually represented by a relatively very small amount of data that needs to be stored -- the complexity is potential that exists within the code that implements the algorithms.
But what most people mean when they talk about PCG is actually the random generation of content types. This generally isn't output from an algorithm; it's a table look-up based on binning a pseudorandom number.
The numbers "2, 13, 2015, 33, 184" coding for the specific appearance of a fighter ship is procedural content generation. A 0.001% chance every day that a red dwarf star will produce a coronal mass ejection that blinds all sensors in a star system for [2-10] hours is random content generation.
I generally don't fuss about this distinction. But I think it might be helpful to point it out here, since we're specifically talking about the difference between random events and the "procedural generation" of content that Josh has said he wants to do.
Basically, my view is that as long as we understand that "random" and "PCG" aren't the same thing, it's completely fine to say there can be random events in Limit Theory and that Josh is still holding true to the "lots of procedural content generation in LT" pledge.
To my mind, there are two points of failure in this theoretical ideal (not a criticism of Flatfingers )
it assumes that it is easy to regenerate. It may be 'cheaper' to store some intermediate or even final results.
it depends on there not being actors that can effect change. This requires that somehow the entire current state of the changed object is stored in addition to the original generator number of the 'system' (not necessarily the star system, a 'system' could be, for example, a planet that now hosts a colony).
As I understand it, both of these issues can be overcome by the same mechanism.
(Ringu, no personal irritation at you here -- your post is just a springboard.)
No worries at all, Flat, your post was excellent (and far more eloquent than mine!).
I fully agree with your definitions, and to be clear, I don't have a problem with random events. What I'm debating is whether the random events that produce a colony would produce an outcome potentially so variable that the only really viable procedural content would become the physical structure of the star systems, and potentially even that might be up for grabs if the colony is sufficiently advanced by the time the player visits.
It's really an unanswerable question of determining the point at which we can say procedural generation is no longer useful (because it gets overridden by so many colonys' random events).
I've thought of a simpler way to get at the distinction between "procedural" and "random" generation of content:
Procedural generation is about writing logic that reliably interprets input data values as visible and dynamic representations.
Random generation is about writing logic that produces good input data values.
I think this formulation makes it pretty clear that Limit Theory will need good efforts in both of these different but related areas of automated content generation.
Sure... though this case implies you may be better off using some generation system that isn't procedural.
That's also a good point. I'd argue it's part of why Spore's content creation system worked:
Spore's creatures were pleasing because the PCG operated at a relatively low level. All the procedurally generated pieces of a thing needed some logic to make them operate plausibly together, but each piece was at a sufficiently low level that it wasn't disturbed by outside influences.
I don't have a problem with random events. What I'm debating is whether the random events that produce a colony would produce an outcome potentially so variable that the only really viable procedural content would become the physical structure of the star systems, and potentially even that might be up for grabs if the colony is sufficiently advanced by the time the player visits.
Maybe the simplified/focused functional distinction I suggested at the top of this post could help here?
If I understand you, it sounds like you're suggesting the difficulty is developing code that generates good random values (where "good" means "produces generally enjoyable gameplay objects, dynamics, and events"). It's easy to imagine wildly random values producing an unplayable star system. But a smartly-constrained random value generator (that's not too constrained!) should work with the procedural content generation systems, rather than swamping them in bizarre configurations.
This definitely puts a lot of work onto the shoulders of Josh and Adam. I think I'd like to see what they come up with before I conclude they may not be up to this challenge, but that's me.
Please excuse my blundering attempts to explain myself; I'm off my game at the moment with too many work and personal things going on.
My perception of a procedurally-generated universe as LT has been described as having, is that a single seed value would produce an entire universe that was always the same, each time I ran the generator.
My best example for this is not really 100% accurate, but please take the original Elite.
Each new star system had a name, a species description, and so on. And the same seed value meant that they would be consistent across runs.
So, Lave was always called Lave, etc.
My only point here was, in LT, if the system's natives had sufficient random events in the evolution of their colony, would they eventually decide that Lave was a name that restricted profits somehow, and if they changed it to Eval, they could make more money.
At that point, with the same seed value, you've suddenly generated a different civilisation.
Whereas I'd expect the same seed value to produce a system called Lave, if I tried to share that with someone, giving them the seed wouldn't necessarily help.
And then you can take this to extremes and suggest that all systems could be affected in greater or lesser ways, to the point that 'procedural generation' doesn't really mean anything because the random events change it all anyway.
So if I take a seed, and come up with 4 star systems and 12 planets, your use of the same seed might generate 3 star systems with 16 planets.
If that happens, why bother with procedural generation at all?
Of course this is reductio ad absurdum, mainly because I'm being thick and unable to write what I mean
So my question from all this is, at what point does procedural generation get subsumed by random events, to the point where it's not worth generating it that way at all? It seems to me that we're kinda assuming that the physical structure of a star system is the baseline procedurally generated data, and the social structure can't have a sufficiently large impact to change that physical structure, but that means that we shouldn't consider the civilisations to be procedurally generated at all, and therefore, do we end up with something that isn't really worth procedurally generating in any aspect?
I think what I'm really questioning is whether random input data is useful alongside procedurally generated input data, in universe generation.
To be clear, I'm not in any way questioning their ability, here; this is a higher-level purpose question, instead.
I'm now not sure if your question is so abstract that it is not actually about Limit Theory at all.
Assuming for the moment that it is about Limit Theory, I suggest that you go to the proposed functionality list and work through it to see what changes that the AI might be able to achieve in any star system. Then assume that's pretty much the possible variation in you might see if you visit a specific system at different timespans after starting from the same seed.
AI's changing their system's names for marketing reasons is not in the list, neither is the creation of black holes that can blow up a system, so I assume that they are not planned for version 1.
If, however, your question is actually abstract, then, as I understand it, a completely reproducible procedural universe is just not compatible with the concept of allowing you play in that universe and make even the smallest change.
Ah, gotcha, Ringu -- you're thinking about the "seed" question.
I don't know if this will assuage your concerns, but here's my personal guess at how Josh may handle this.
A seed value is one of the two components for guaranteeing "identical universes"; the other is elapsed time, which must be a fixed value.
There should be zero random events between the start and end of universe generation.
The moment that universe generation is complete, the same seed should produce identical universes. Only after the clock starts ticking -- the player starts playing -- should identical universes start to diverge as random events begin to occur.
There's a thought: what if there are zero random events? As long as players take zero action in the gameworld, this should mean that universes with identical seeds remain identical forever. Basically the old Cartesian definition of a clockwork universe.
What I don't know is whether Limit Theory can be fun with no random events of any kind. Seriously, that's a Josh-level question: to what extent are random events (at any level from generating space station resources to stars exploding) necessary in Limit Theory to insure that there's always something interesting/fun happening somewhere?


text:
Ludwig Friedrich August von Mackensen (Haus Leipnitz, Wittenberg megye, Poroszország, ma: Trossin, Szászország, 1849. december 6. – Burghorn, ma Habighorst, Eschede, Alsó-Szászország, 1945. november 8.) szászországi születésű porosz királyi katonatiszt, majd német császári tábornagy, sikeres első világháborús hadvezér.

Élete

Ifjúkora, tanulmányai
Ludwig Friedrich August Mackensen  1849. december 6-án született a Porosz Királyság Szászország tartományában (Provinz Sachsen), protestáns családban. Édesapja Ludwig Mackensen (1817–1890) uradalmi intéző, majd földbirtokos gazdálkodó, édesanyja Marie Rink (1824–1916) volt.

A dahlbergi községi elemi iskola elvégzése után 1859-ben a torgaui állami gimnáziumba került. Tanulmányai mellett zongorázni is tanult, és színköri eladásokban is részt vett. 1865-ben átment a halléi reálgimnáziumba. 1866-ban konfirmált.

1868-ban a mai 12. osztálynak megfelelő Unterprima elvégzése után önkéntesnek jelentkezett, de gyenge fizikuma miatt alkalmatlannak minősítették, ekkortól apjával együtt gazdálkodott, és mezőgazdasági ismereteket tanult. 1869. október 1-jén ismét jelentkezett a hadseregnél, ekkor alkalmasnak minősítették. Egyéves önkéntesként (Einjähriger Freiwilliger) szolgálatba lépett a 2. lovas testőrezrednél (Leibhusarenregiment) Lissában, Posen tartományban (ma: Leszno, Poznań megye, Lengyelország). Az 1870–71-es porosz–francia háború előtt Mackensen még mezőgazdasági tanulmányokba kezdett a halléi Luther Márton Egyetemen. Itt többek között Julius Kühn (1825–1910) professzor, a német agrártudományi oktatás egyik legjelentősebb személyisége is tanította. Történelmet Gustav Droysennél (1838–1908) hallgatott, akinek fő szakterülete az európai nagyhatalmi viszonyok kutatása volt.

Katonai pályájának kezdete

1870–71-ben ezredével részt vett a porosz–francia háborúban mint tartalékos tiszthelyettes (Reserveoffiziersanwärter). Párizstól délre, Orléans környékén egy vakmerően végrehajtott lovas felderítő akcióért 1870 októberében megkapta a 2. osztályú Vaskeresztet. Decemberben (tartalékos) hadnaggyá léptették elő. A háború után visszatért Halléba, ahol 1871. októbertől újra felvette mezőgazdasági tanulmányait. Csatlakozott a Corps Agronomia Hallensis zu Göttingen diákszövetséghez, amely szeniorává választotta az 1872/73 téli szemeszter előtt.

A háborús tapasztalatok után azonban unalmasnak találta a mezőgazdászatot, ugyanakkor tetszett neki az a társadalmi elismerés és megbecsülés, amelyet rangjával és kitüntetésével szerzett. Hivatásos katonai pályára kívánt lépni. Apja beleegyezett, hogy biztosítsa ehhez a pénzügyi támogatást.

1873 tavaszán August Mackensen megszakította egyetemi tanulmányait és jelentkezett hivatásos tisztnek. Alhadnagyi (Sekondeleutnant) rangot, majd szorgalma és becsvágya nyomán igen jó minősítéseket kapott. Jól értett ahhoz, hogyan nyerje meg magának elöljáróit. Előmenetelét segítették hadtörténeti írásai is. 1877-ben jelentette meg "A 2. lovastestőrezred a Franciaország elleni háborúban" ("Das Leib-Husaren-Regiment Nr. 2 im Kriege gegen Frankreich") c. munkáját, amelyet tetszéssel fogadtak.

Első házassága, gyors karrierje
1876-ban adjutánsként az 1. lovassági dandárhoz (Kavallerie-Brigade) helyezték, Kelet-Poroszországba, a königsbergi helyőrségbe (ma: Kalinyingrád, Oroszország). Itt ismerte meg jövendő feleségét, Dorothea von Hornt (1854–1905), akinek apja, Carl von Horn, Kelet-Poroszország tartományi elnöke volt. Dorothea bátyja, Georg von Horn elesett a háborúban. A fiú katonai érdemeit Mackensen könyvében is méltatta. 1878 közepén Mackensent főhadnaggyá léptették elő. 1879. május 14-én eljegyezték egymást, s november 21-én egybe is keltek. Mackensen katonai és társadalmi karrierjét jelentősen segítette a befolyásos nemesi családba való benősülése. Házasságukból öt gyermek született:
 Else (1882–1888)
 Hans Georg(1883–1947) államtitkár
 Manfred
 Eberhard (1889–1969) vezérezredes, második világháborús hadseregparancsnok
 Ruth (1897–1945)

1880-ban Mackensent ezrede törzskarához helyezték anélkül, hogy valaha is látogatta volna a vezérkari akadémiát (Kriegsakademie). 1881-ben kinevezték az 1. Danzig–Langfuhri lovastestőr-ezred (Leibhusarenregiment) parancsnokává. 1882-ben századosi rangban a német haderő nagyvezérkarához (Grosser Generalstab) rendelték, 1891-ben a nagyvezérkar akkori főnökének, gróf Alfred von Schlieffen tábornagynak első segédtisztje lett. 1892-ben megjelentette "Fekete huszárok" ("Schwarze Husaren") című kétkötetes művét, amelyben ezredének történetét dolgozta fel. 1894-ben kinevezték a danzigi 1. testőrhuszárezred parancsnokának, és hamarosan ezredessé léptették elő.

1898-ban II. Vilmos császár szárnysegédje lett. 1899-ben, Vilmos születésnapja alkalmából az immár Von Mackensent nemesi rangra emelték. Ezredét 1901-ben lovastestőrdandárrá szervezték át. A császár utasítására Von Mackensent tábornokká léptették elő, és dandárparancsnokká, majd 1903-ban a császár főszárnysegédjévé (Generaladjutant) nevezték ki.

1908-ban kinevezték a XVII. hadtest parancsnokának, és előléptették lovassági tábornoknak (General der Kavallerie).

Második házassága
Első felesége, Dorothea 1905-ben meghalt. 1908-ban Mackensen, 58 éves fejjel, feleségül vette a nála sokkal fiatalabb Leonie von der Ostent (1878–1963). Az asszony mellette maradt Mackensen haláláig, (1945-ig). E házasságból nem született utód.

Az első világháborúban

A keleti fronton
Az első világháborúban Mackensen tábornoknak vezérkari főnökével, Hans von Seeckt tábornokkal együtt, jelentős része volt a nagy stratégiai jelentőségű győzelmek megtervezésében Gorlice–Tarnównál, Breszt-Litovszknál, Pinszknél, valamint Szerbia és Románia ellen. Katonai sikerei nyomán a tiszteletteljes Új Hajrámarsall (Neuer Marschall Vorwärts) melléknevet adták neki, emlékezve Blücher tábornagyra, akinek ezt a melléknevét katonái adták, a Napóleon elleni felszabadító háborúkban.

1914 augusztusában először a német 8. hadsereghez tartozó XVII. hadtest (Armeekorps) parancsnokává nevezték ki, amely a gumbinneni csatában rendkívül súlyos vereséget szenvedett Rennenkampf orosz tábornok erőitől. Mackensen hadteste szenvedte el a legnagyobb veszteségeket (9000 embert mindössze két óra alatt). Emlékirataiban maga Mackensen is "tömeggyilkosságot", "tömegmészárlást" említ. Ennek ellenére csapatait vasúton gyors ütemben át tudta csoportosítani, és augusztus végén sikerült bekerítenie Szamszonov orosz tábornok előrenyomuló hadoszlopait. A gumbinneni csatát követő második tannenbergi ütközetben Mackensen döntő helyzetbe manőverezte a IX. hadtestet, és meghatározó szerepet játszott az orosz 2. hadsereg bekerítésében és megsemmisítésében. A reménytelen helyzetbe jutott Szamszonov augusztus 30-án főbe lőtte magát.

1914 őszén Mackensen sikeresen megvédte az ostromlott Łódź városát. E haditettért megkapta a Pour le Mérite érdemrendet, és vezérezredessé léptették elő. Az év október és november folyamán a Visztulánál és Varsó alatt harcolt. Kinevezték a német 9. hadsereg parancsnokává. Részt vett a Mazuri-tavaknál támadó orosz erők elleni harcokban. 1915. április 16-án kinevezték az újonnan alakított német 11. hadsereg parancsnokává, amellyel a  galíciai front dunajeci szakaszára vezényelték. A 9. hadsereget Lipót bajor királyi herceg, tábornagy vette át.

1915. április elején Mackensen 11. hadserege nyitotta meg a tavaszi offenzívát, a Tarnów környéki ellenséges állások nehéztüzérségi ágyúzásával. Az 1915. május 1–3. között lezajlott gorlicei áttörés során Mackensen hadserege, nagy erejű támadással, mérgező harci gázokat is bevetve, egész Nyugat-Galíciában sikeresen törte át az orosz haderő teljes frontját. E győzelem után vezértábornaggyá (Generalfeldmarschall) léptették elő, és megkapta a Fekete Sas érdemrendet. A legnépszerűbb német hadvezérek sorába emelkedett, nevét Hindenburggal és Ludendorffal, a keleti front parancsnokával és vezérkari főnökével egy sorban emlegették.

A front áttörése után Mackensen elrendelte az előrenyomulást, de a nehéz terepen, a harcolva visszavonuló oroszok ellenállása miatt csak lassan haladhatott. Június elején a 11. hadsereg elérte Przemyśl városát és erődrendszerét, majd támogatásukkal 1915. június 22-én az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia csapatai visszafoglalták Lemberget. Ennek során a német Mackensen tábornagy irányította a császári és királyi 10. huszárezredet is.

Szerbia legyőzése

Az Oroszország elleni hadjárat győzelmes befejezése után, 1915 őszén Mackensen megbízást kapott egy Szerbia elleni hadjárat vezetésére. Nagy határozottsággal végezte ezt a feladatot. A hadművelet során egy három hadseregből álló csoportosítást (Heeresgruppe) irányított: a német 11. német hadsereget Max von Gallwitz tüzértábornok parancsnoksága alatt, Kövess Hermann gyalogsági tábornok osztrák–magyar 3. hadseregét, és a bolgár 1. hadsereget Bojadzsijev vezérőrnagy parancsnoksága alatt. Október 9-én Kövess 3. hadserege elfoglalta Belgrádot. A Duna jobb partján október 22-én Bojadzsijev csapatai elfoglalták Prahovót, és október 23-án egyesültek Gallwitz német hadseregével. Szerbiát legyőzték, területét megszállták.

Románia megszállása

1916. augusztus 28-án Románia hadat üzent a központi hatalmaknak, és a román hadsereg megtámadta Erdélyt. A német hadvezetés attól tartott, hogy a Monarchia egész hadserege meginoghat. Erdélyben Arz Artúr altábornagy 1. hadserege felvette a harcot a románokkal, és kitartóan lassította előrenyomulásukat az erősítés megérkezéséig. Mackensen vezértábornagyot Bulgáriába vezényelték, ahol bolgár, török, német és osztrák–magyar egységekből megszervezte a Dunai Hadsereget, amellyel elfoglalta Dobrudzsát és a Duna deltavidékét. Szétverte a románok felmentésére érkező orosz csapatokat is. Október végére Arz tábornok 1. hadserege, együttműködve Erich von Falkenhayn tábornok német 9. hadseregével kiszorította Erdélyből a román csapatokat. Hadserege átkelt a Dunán, és elvágta a visszavonulók útját. 1917 februárjában Románia kapitulált. Mackensen megkapta a Vaskereszt kitüntetés Nagykeresztjét, ezzel az egész világháború során csak két tábornokot tüntettek ki. A megszállt Románia katonai kormányzójának őt nevezték ki, ebben a tisztségben működött a háború végéig.

A magyar forradalom után
Az Amerikai Egyesült Államoknak az antant oldalán történt hadba lépését követően, 1918 végén mégis bekövetkezett az osztrák–magyar és német haderő általános összeomlása. A visszavonuló Dunai Hadsereg német és osztrák egységei október és november folyamán Romániából Magyarországon keresztül vonultak hazafelé. Mackensen ekkor felajánlotta, hogy intakt csapataival megvédi Magyarországot a román betöréstől, de a fegyverszüneti egyezmény értelmében a Magyar Köztársaság kormányának le kellett őket fegyvereznie. A túlbuzgó Károlyi Mihály miniszterelnök utasítására a magyar lakosság körében igen népszerű Mackensen vezértábornagyot Budapesten letartóztatták és internálták. A szociáldemokrata és kommunista politikusok nagy lelkesedéssel fogadták az intézkedést. Amikor azonban a román csapatok, az antant hallgatólagos jóváhagyásával mélyen benyomultak Magyarország területére, a közhangulat Károlyi ellen fordult. Élesen bírálták, amiért hálátlan módon, ellenségként kezeli a gyűlölt Románia egykori legyőzőjét. 1919 márciusában Károlyi átadta Mackensent az antant képviselőinek. Egy angol katonai hajón tartották fogva, majd néhány nappal Károlyi bukása és a Kun Béla vezette bolsevik hatalomátvétel, a Tanácsköztársaság kikiáltása előtt kivitték az országból. Az antant Szalonikiben internálta, majd decemberben visszatérhetett Németországba.

A weimari köztársaság idején
A weimari köztársaság kikiáltása után, 1920-ban Mackensen visszavonult az aktív katonai szolgálattól. Az 1920-as években a német nemzeti újjászerveződési mozgalmakat támogatta; a régi (monarchisztikus) rendszer konzervatív felfogású képviselője maradt, a liberális demokrácia távol állt tőle, elutasította a weimari köztársaságot. Ugyanezt vallotta akkor gyakorlatilag az egész német jobboldal.

Az első világháború elvesztéséért – a legtöbb német katonai vezetőhöz és harctéri parancsnokhoz hasonlóan – Mackensen is a belső defetista bomlasztást, a liberális demokraták politikai machinációit okolta ("tőrdöfés-elmélet"), és nem az ellenség katonai-gazdasági erőfölényét. E felfogás szerint a konzervativizmus politikai ellenfelei, a weimari köztársaságban hatalomra jutott szociáldemokrata és liberális erők felelősek a háború elvesztéséért, és a súlyos versailles-i "békediktátumért".

1921. augusztus 26-án német katonatisztek megölték Matthias Erzberger pénzügyminisztert, aki 1918. november 11-én a fegyverszüneti bizottság tagjaként (Paul von Hindenburg vezértábornagy, császári vezérkari főnök kérésére) Compiègne-ben aláírta a franciákkal a fegyvernyugvást, és 1920-ban, már a birodalmi gyűlés képviselőjeként a versailles-i békeszerződés elfogadását javasolta. A katonák szemében ő testesítette meg a tőrdöfést, őt tették felelőssé a béketárgyalások kimenetele miatt. A gyilkosság hírének hallatán Mackensen elégtételt érzett. "Megszabadultunk a kártevőtől" ("Den Schädling sind wir los"), nyilatkozta. A korabeli német jobboldal többségéhez hasonlóan ő is a "békediktátum" felülvizsgálatát tekintette a német állami politika legfontosabb feladatának.

1921-től elvállalta a "Jungsturm" ifjúsági szövetség fővédnökségét. A következő években számos katona- és veteránegyesület hagyományőrző találkozóján vett részt, és tartott hazafias beszédet.

A nemzetiszocializmus idején
Mackensen viszonya a német nemzetiszocialistákhoz ellentmondásos. A hagyománytisztelő, "régi" porosz kultúra sok konzervatív képviselőjéhez hasonlóan ő maga is bizalmatlanul és gyanakodva nézte a nemzetiszocialista mozgalom megszületését és megerősödését. Adolf Hitler irányában viszont kifejezett csodálatot érzett. Mackensen ekkori viselkedése éles ellentétben állt Hindenburgéval. Mindkét öreg monarchista tábornagy megengedte a nemzetiszocialistáknak, hogy hatalomátvételük után úgy szerepeltessék őket mint a régi Poroszország velük egyetértő képviselőit, Mackensen azonban – szemben Hindenburggal – soha nem foglalt nyíltan állást az új rendszer mellett. A nemzetiszocialisták 1933-ban porosz államtanácsossá nevezték ki. A nemzetiszocialista propaganda rendszeresen felhasználta a nevét, emiatt arisztokrata körökből sok bírálat érte. Habsburg Ottó osztrák–magyar trónörökös a Harmadik Birodalom úri poroszának nevezte ("Edelpreuße des Dritten Reiches").

1935-ben, Hindenburg halála után már csak Mackensen volt életben az első világháború tábornagyai közül. Hitler kinevezte őt az 5. lovasezred parancsnokának, amellyel a tábornagy népszerűségét igyekezett a maga számára kiaknázni. A hírneves vezértábornagy gyakran kísérte a Führert az ünnepi díszszemléken is. Szembetűnő rokonszenve a nemzetiszocialistákkal javította a Harmadik Birodalom legitimitását. Személyét a nemzetiszocialista propaganda arra használta, hogy megteremtse a Német Császárság és a Harmadik Birodalom közötti kontinuitást. Nyáron Magyarországra is ellátogatott a régi fegyverbarátság szellemében. 1935. október 22-én Hitler jelentős birtokadományt juttatott Mackensennek, neki ajándékozta az 1231 hektáros brüssow-i földbirtokot, Prenzlau megyében, Poroszországban.

Ugyanakkor Mackensen többször is hevesen tiltakozott a Sturmabteilung (SA) rohamosztagosainak erőszakos tettei ellen. 1940-ben nyilvános tiltakozó levelet írt Walther von Brauchitsch tábornagynak, a haderő főparancsnokának, amelyben elítélte a német katonák és az SS-tagok által Lengyelországban elkövetett rémtetteket és erőszakos bűncselekményeket. Mint a hitvalló egyház tagja, aktívan segített több üldözöttet, főleg egyházi személyeket, köztük Martin Niemöller teológust (1892–1984). A háborúban elkövetett szörnyűségek megrázták a mélyen hívő protestáns Mackensent, de a Führer iránti rokonszenve nem csökkent.

1941-ben a megszállt Hollandiába utazott, hogy részt vegyen az utolsó német császár II. Vilmos temetésén, Haus Doornban. Ez a régi monarchia melletti kiállás volt, ami kiváltotta Hitler dühét. Mackensen ugyanakkor élesen elítélte a Hitler ellen 1944. július 20-án elkövetett, a német hadsereg tisztjei által szervezett pokolgépes merényletet. 1944 novemberében Mackensen felhívást intézett a német ifjúsághoz, amelyben – a nemzetiszocialista propaganda hangnemében – a végsőkig való kitartásra, áldozatkészségre és fanatikus harcra szólított fel. Hitler iránti tisztelete haláláig változatlan maradt, annak ellenére, hogy megérhette a háborús vereséget, összeomlást, országa lerombolását és megszállását.

A Harmadik Birodalomban játszott szerepe alapján Mackensen személye olyan aktív nemzetiszocialista szimpatizánsként értékelhető, aki a régi rendszer militarizmusa és az új rendszer vezérkultusza közötti jogfolytonosságot kereste. A nemzetiszocialista ideológiától bizonyos fokú személyes távolságtartását konzervatív, monarchista és mélyen hívő gondolkodása magyarázza. A nemzeti büszkeséget, a hagyományos porosz értékeket (Preussentum) kereste a Harmadik Birodalomban, viselkedése emiatt – akarva, akaratlanul – támogatta a nemzetiszocialista rendszer propagandájának sikerét.

Halála
1945 elején az idős tábornagy, feleségével együtt Alsó-Szászországba menekült az előrenyomuló Vörös Hadsereg elől. Celle közelében, Burghornban (ma Habighorst néven Eschede város része) hunyt el, alig egy hónappal 96.  születésnapja előtt, 1945. november 8-án.

Jegyzetek

Irodalom
 Galántai József: Magyarország az első világháborúban, Korona, Budapest, 2001
 Klopsch Béla 1923: Mackensen vezértábornagy hadseregének átvonulása Magyarországon az összeomlás után, Budapest
 Urai Dezső 1916: Mackensen katonáival, Budapest

További információk
 Az első világháború eseményei, személyiségei (weltkriege.at)
 Az első világháború dokumentumai (stahlgewitter.com)

  Mackensen életrajzi adatai (dhm.de)
Geml József: Mackensen Temesvárott; Csanádegyházmegyei Ny., Temesvár, 1916

Német hadvezérek
19. századi katonák
Harmadik Birodalom
A Német Birodalom katonái az első világháborúban
1849-ben született személyek
1945-ben elhunyt személyek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Czim\Repository\Criteria\Common;

use Czim\Repository\Criteria\AbstractCriteria;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder as EloquentBuilder;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Relation;
use Illuminate\Database\Query\Builder as DatabaseBuilder;

/**
 * @template TModel of \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model
 * @template TRelated of \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model
 *
 * @extends AbstractCriteria<TModel, TRelated>
 */
class WithRelations extends AbstractCriteria
{
    /**
     * @param array<int|string, string|callable> $withStatements
     */
    public function __construct(protected array $withStatements)
    {
    }

    /**
     * @param TModel|Relation<TRelated>|DatabaseBuilder|EloquentBuilder<TModel> $model
     * @return TModel|Relation<TRelated>|DatabaseBuilder|EloquentBuilder<TModel>
     */
    protected function applyToQuery(
        Model|Relation|DatabaseBuilder|EloquentBuilder $model
    ): Model|Relation|DatabaseBuilder|EloquentBuilder {
        return $model->with($this->withStatements);
    }
}


"...When you did it to one of the least of these, you were doing it to me."
This usually a good mission trip for college-age young people who feel a call to missions. They can get a view of working in Albania and ministering to the young children in the orphanages through Bible Studies, crafts, games and various types of recreation. Many times it can be centered at the beach as school is out and the orphans get to spend some time each summer at dorms provided for them at the beach. Usual cost is figured on the cost of the airline ticket, plus another $75 per day to cover room and food in Albania.
Along with caring for the needy in Albania for over 25 years, Roger and Cherie have spent a lifetime in Evangelism, Gospel music and soul-winning services for Christ Jesus.


Here is the kiiiiiiiiiii BBS!!!!!!!
Please, don't write long message.
I am *sure* I have already heard these wonderful chicken sounds (around 2:10) in some computer game about making music, when I was a little boy, maybe 15 years ago. Any idea of the name of this game?
And I just love your songs ♥ you are amazing!
I wanna go to NZ!


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Jerry Cope, Contributor
Producer, Filmmaker, Activist
Interview: James Hansen on the Tar Sands Pipeline Protest, the Obama Administration and Intergenerational Justice
On the first day of a planned two-week sit in at the White House organized by TarSandsAction over 70 people were arrested including one of the lead organizers organizer Bill McKibben. In an attempt to intimidate concerned citizens and policy makers from continuing the sit-in, the National Park Service did not honor its previous agreement with McKibben and others to "catch and release" participants but is holding them in jail over the weekend. Numerous environmental organizations and leading climate scientists have condemned the Keystone XL Pipeline project which would bring 900,000 barrels of dirty oil from the Alberta Tar Sands to Texas refineries. Preeminent climate scientist and director of NASA's Goddard Institute James Hansen has described the Alberta Tar Sands oil extraction development as a game-over proposition for climate change. Sunday afternoon, he addressed the continuing struggle to address the ever increasing threat of anthropogenic climate change. Dr. Hansen will be participating in the protest against the Keystone XL tar sands pipeline in Washington, DC on August 29th with religious leaders.
JC: President Obama had lofty promises regarding climate change and the environment during his campaign. To date, his administration has failed to deliver and is now positioned to approve the Tar Sands Pipeline, the worst idea in many years in terms of its impact on climate. Do you see any signs that the Obama administration is moving to seriously address climate change? Do you feel they administration deserves a second chance?
JH: Are they serious? The tar sands pipeline approval or disapproval will provide the sign of whether the Obama administration is serious about climate change and protecting the future of young people.
Do they deserve a second chance? Yes, everybody deserves a second chance.
Obama's first chance was when he was elected -- he could have made energy independence and climate a top priority. Talking nice about sun and wind and green jobs is just greenwash. The only effective policy would be a rising carbon fee collected from fossil fuel companies with 100 percent of the funds distributed to the public -- stimulating the economy and moving us rapidly toward a clean energy future. Anything less is just blather.
JC: CO2 levels have now exceeded 391 ppm, and US emissions are growing again at a record rate, over 4% this year so far. This in spite of an ever increasing body of scientific evidence that unequivocally demonstrates anthropogenic climate change to be seriously affecting global climate life support systems. It would seem that policy makers and business leaders the world over are incapable of altering the dead-on course to climate collapse. What can be done?
JH: The problem is that the policy makers the world over are paying more attention to the fossil fuel lobbyists than they are to the well being of young people and nature, as my colleagues and I have described in the paper "The Case for Young People and Nature".
Until the public demands otherwise, the policy makers will continue to serve their financiers.
That's the point of the present action -- to draw attention to the inter-generational injustice of current policies -- our children and grandchildren are getting shafted by our well-oiled coal-fired politicians who do not look beyond their next election.
The tar sands verdict will show whether he really intends to move us to clean energy or whether he will instead support going after dirtier and dirtier fuels (tar sands, oil shale, mountaintop removal, long-wall coal mining, hydro-fracking, deep ocean and Arctic exploration, etc.).
Gus Speth, Bill McKibben, and others at White House protesting the proposed Tar Sands Pipeline/Photo Credit: Josh Lopez/Tarsandsaction
JC: As you know over 70 people including our friends Bill McKibben and Gus Speth were arrested yesterday in front of the White House. As always, Bill and the group had repeated discussions with the authorities prior to the action and were assured that this would be "catch and release". As it turns out the National Park Service changed the terms of engagement and are holding everyone (except DC residents) over the weekend to discourage others from participating in the two weeks of protest. Do you think this change of tactic by the National Park Service will be effective in dissuading others from attending?
JH: No. What we are doing to the future of our children, and the other species on the planet, is a clear moral issue. As Albert Einstein said, "thought without action is a crime." Choosing silence and safety is not an option.
Jail threats did not dissuade Martin Luther King -- and intergenerational justice is a moral issue of comparable magnitude to civil rights.
Bill McKibben Climate Change Obama Administration Civil Disobedience James Hansen


A jury found defendant insurance broker liable to plaintiff art gallery owner for damages resulting from an insurance carrier's denial of a dealer fine art policy claim after plaintiff sued insurer and incurred fees in pursuing insurance coverage. After the jury verdict, the trial judge awarded attorney's fees incurred in pursuing claims against the insurance carrier (which settled), prompting an appeal by insurance broker in Koeppel v. John O. Bronson Co., Inc., Case No. H041697 (6th Dist. Aug. 11, 2017) (unpublished).
The Sixth District affirmed, after a discussion of the tort of another doctrine. Although acknowledging that joint tortfeasors cannot utilize the tort of another doctrine, the appellate court did not find that this applied to the innocent plaintiff in these circumstances, finding persuasive the reasoning in Third Eye Blind, Inc. v. Near North Entertainment Ins. Services, LLC, 127 Cal.App.4th 1311, 1316, 1325 (2005) when insurance coverage was involved and plaintiff sought to vindicate rights against the carrier—after all, the broker's negligence forced plaintiff to sue the carrier. With respect to the causation element of the tort of another doctrine, the Sixth District found that the substantial factor test approved in Mitchell v. Gonzales, 54 Cal.3d 1041, 1049-1054 (1991) was applicable.


Published 04/19/2019 08:55:35 pm at 04/19/2019 08:55:35 pm in Slate Blue Living Room.
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The South Korean government will create a US$1.2 billion ship investment fund to aid the shipping industry which has been struggling due to decreasing global trade.
A report by South Korea's Yonhap News Agency said the fund will help shippers buy and sell vessels with less financial risk. The fund, aims to "aid the shipping industry which has been struggling due to decreasing global trade".
Fund will "help shippers buy and sell vessels with less financial risk as the Korea Trade Insurance Corp. and the Korea Maritime Guarantee Insurance Co. will offer insurance for the process."
Local financial companies and state-run policy lenders including the Korea Development Bank will participate in the $1.2 billion fund.
Commercial banks will provide 50 percent of the necessary fund in the form of senior bonds while state-run financial institutions including the Korea Development Bank, Export-Import Bank of Korea and Korea Trade Insurance Corporation will contribute 40 percent in the form of subordinated bonds. Shipping companies, meanwhile, will be responsible to cover the remaining 10 percent of the fund.
A contracted slump in global trade weighs heavily on the shipping industry of South Korea, which depends highly on exports. Two big leaders of Hyundai Merchant Marine Co. and Hanjin Shipping Co. have faced strong headwinds of weak demand throughout the year, while Asia's fourth largest economy suffered an 11-month drop in its outbound shipments.
Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., South Korea's largest shipyard, and its rival Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co. have reported massive losses so far due to a sharp fall in new orders and increased costs stemming from a protracted procedure in building offshore facilities, triggering a shockwave in the entire industry.
"The country's leading shipping companies have taken various measures to restore their financial health, but the industry conditions have deteriorated more rapidly," said Kim Yong-beom, secretary general at the Financial Services Commission.
The government of South Korea also plans to require downsizing and restructuring of its shipyard industry.


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Q: Store scaler with mlflow keras-model We are looking into using mlflow to handle our keras models, and we would also like to use mlflow to deploy the models in e.g azure. But the models require some simple preprocessing of the data, in our case the use of a minmax scaler. For the deployed models to answer correctly they must apply the scaler on the input (and inverse on the output). I have not found any way to include the scaling in the persisted/deployed models. Have I overlooked something, or is it not possible?

A: Mlflow's mlflow.keras and mlflow logging APIs persists your model and reload it as desired, which you presumably know and are doing it right.
If you reload the model saved in h5 format, and supply your new input processed the minmax scalar, it should work.
On another note, we have a mlflow-user group on google. Please post this there too.
You can find the URL here:https://mlflow.org/#community
Cheers
Jules

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


MTA Brasil, founded in 1995 in the industrial area of Arujá near São Paulo, is a strategic location supplying the important Mercosur market.
Constantly expanded to respond to producers who have established production facilities in the area, over the years MTA Brasil has aligned with the standards that distinguish the other sites of the company. Now it is certified IATF 16949, after having obtained the ISO 14001 environmental certification.
To support the production increase of these last years, the site has been equipped with a molding department with presses having a tonnage range from 80 to 300 tons.


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You are here: Home / Abortion911.com / St. Louis Planned Parenthood Hospitalizes 75th Woman as Abortion License Hangs in the Balance Over Patient Dangers
St. Louis Planned Parenthood Hospitalizes 75th Woman as Abortion License Hangs in the Balance Over Patient Dangers
November 25, 2019 By Operation Rescue Leave a Comment
St. Louis, MO – For the 75th time, emergency responders were called to the Reproductive Health Services Planned Parenthood in St. Louis – the last abortion facility in Missouri – for a woman suffering an apparently serious medical emergency.
The Coalition for Life St. Louis reported that on November 21, 2019, a fire unit arrived at the RHS Planned Parenthood at 1:26 p.m. followed fifteen minutes later by an ambulance that had shut off lights and sirens before approaching the abortion facility.
Minutes later, paramedics emerged from RHS Planned Parenthood pushing a gurney on which laid a woman in the Fowler's position completely covered by a sheet. The Coalition for Life St. Louis reported that the woman appeared to be unconscious.
The Fowler's position is a seated position with the gurney angled at between 30 and 90 degrees. This is done to aid in respiration and is used for women suffering from vaginal hemorrhages.
This incident underscores the dangers of this particular Planned Parenthood at a time when the Department of Health and Senior Services is fighting to enforce a decision not to renew RHS Planned Parenthood's abortion facility license in the wake of an investigation into mishandled life-threatening medical emergencies that took place last year.
"This emergency shows that nothing has changed at RHS Planned Parenthood to improve their sloppy practices that are endangering the lives of women," said Troy Newman, president of Operation Rescue, which has been tracking and documenting medical emergencies at the St. Louis Planned Parenthood for more than ten years. "In fact, RHS Planned Parenthood staff continues to defy the Missouri authorities by refusing to fully cooperate with an investigation into patient safety issues."
A 62-page deficiency report was issued on June 13, 2019, detailing the horrific incidents in which multiple failed abortion attempts were made on three women, one of which nearly died from blood loss and another who suffered from sepsis, a life-threatening infection.
Residents who were part of the UCSF Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health Family Planning Fellowship, an abortion training program affiliated with Washington University St. Louis and Barnes Jewish Hospital, participated in the failed abortion attempts at RHS Planned Parenthood. Five of the residents involved refused to submit to interviews requested by the DHSS.
In fact, instead of attempting to comply with licensing regulations, Planned Parenthood has attacked the DHSS with falsee stories that the state was forcing women to undergo two pelvic exams prior to abortions and that the DHSS was tracking women's menstrual periods. Both stories were fabricated to publicly smear the DHSS through the use of a compliant, abortion-friendly main-stream new media.
An administrative hearing was held in October to determine whether the DHSS was within its rights when it ordered that RHS Planned Parenthood's abortion facility license not be renewed due to the dangerously sub-standard patient care practices. The facility is currently operating on a stay from the Administrative Court.
A decision is expected from Administrative Hearing Commissioner Sreenivasa Rao Dandamudi sometime in February 2020.
Meanwhile, Planned Parenthood of the Greater St. Louis Region and Southwest Missouri, which operates RHS Planned Parenthood, has opened a new surgical abortion facility across the Mississippi River in Fairview, Illinois, where abortion facilities undergo very little oversight. The facility was built in secret as a back-up plan, in the event RHS Planned Parenthood lost its abortion facility license in Missouri.
"All Planned Parenthood has done is export its dangerous practices to Illinois where it knows it can get away with them," said Newman. "That makes the Fairview abortion facility even more dangerous that the St. Louis Planned Parenthood, because in Illinois, there is little to no accountability. That shows how little concern these people have for the lives and safety of the women they pretend to serve."
Read about other medical emergencies at RHS Planned Parenthood.
Read Operation Rescue's archive of report on RHS Planned Parenthood's licensing scandal.
Filed Under: Abortion911.com, Medical Emergencies, Planned Parenthood, PP St. Louis Licensing, Pro-Life Tagged With: 911, abortion, abortion complications


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Thoughts on Turkey's Penal Code 301
Simon Maghakyan on 13 Oct 2007
By Prof. Fatma Muge Gocek, Published by permission
Sociologists look for patterns in social behavior. The pattern I observe in the recent Turkish court decision convicting Serkis Seropyan and Arat Dink, the owners of the Agos newspaper, to one year imprisonment in accordance with the infamous Penal Code 301, for publishing an interview with Hrant Dink where he discussed the Armenian Genocide, is one of blatant discrimination based on prejudice. Just as it had been in the previous lawsuit and subsequent sentencing against Hrant Dink. I think this lawsuit has been brought against Seropyan and Arat Dink and they have been subsequently sentenced — just as the lawsuit previously brought against Hrant Dink leading to his sentencing — because they are Armenians. That is, because they are minorities in Turkey.
Why do I think so? Because the interview that Hrant Dink had given and Agos printed , the one that formed the legal grounds of the decision against Seropyan and Arat Dink, was also printed in all other Turkish media outlets. Yet those outlets were not targeted by either Turkish public prosecutors or by Turkish courts. As a consequence, those other Turkish newspapers and journalists will therefore not be targeted or gagged the way Seropyan and Arat Dink now are and will be in the future.
Previously, in the Hrant Dink case, while there had been many of us who had been talking critically about the Turkish past in general and 1915 in particular, only he from among us was singled out and targeted by the Turkish public prosecutor and then by the Turkish court because he was an Armenian. He was a minority member in Turkey. We did not go through that entire legal process culminating in the delivery of a sentence. I think we did not because we were ethnic Turks, and educated white Turks to boot. While some of us stood there watching, while some of us tried to help Hrant Dink by conducting signature campaigns aimed at Turkish state officials foolishly thinking it would make a difference, he went through a grueling trial process, was found guilty, and sentenced.
Hrant Dink was sentenced on what I consider to be trumped-up charges, after an intentional, willful misreading and misinterpretation of what he had written. I would contend that not only had Hrant Dink not 'insulted Turkishness' in what he had written, but that anybody holding a college degree ought to have had the knowledge, intelligence or capacity to have recognized that. Hence, in my opinion, it was a travesty of justice that a group who had the alacrity to call themselves 'deliverers of justice' reached what I view as a shameful, illegal decision based on untruth and prejudice. In my mind's eye, I shall always continue to see that group as 'deliverers of death' because I think it was as a consequence of the process they set in motion, the process they sanctified with their legal decision that Hrant Dink was assassinated.
Until that decision to sentence Dink was reached in Turkey, I had thought legal systems were instituted to protect individuals. Yet the Hrant Dink decision taught me that the Turkish legal system can also set individuals, especially minority members, up for destruction by placing them as offers upon the altar of ethnic nationalism: it would then quietly withdraw and watch some people gather 'in the name of the majority.' These would chant ignorant songs of unity, thus feeling superior against the unprotected. And they certainly did. Yes, some also stood against them and protested, but they were so few in comparison…
Now, today, when there had been many Turkish newspapers that had also published or referred to the interview Hrant Dink had given, once again it was only the Agos newspaper among them that was singled out and targeted by the Turkish public prosecutor and then by the Turkish court in exactly the same manner as Hrant Dink had once been because, once again, the people involved were Armenians. The rest were not because they were ethnic Turks. And, once again, all the other newspapers were all owned by white Turks. Once again, Seropyan and Arat Dink are minority members in Turkey and I think that is why they alone have been convicted.
What are we going to do now? Are we going to stand and watch? Or are we going to conduct media and signature campaigns that will lead us who knows where?
At this point, I am certain of only one thing: I am sickened at the possibility of the pattern of death repeating itself. I am also sickened by the timing of the Turkish court decision regarding Seropyan and Arat Dink, given the Genocide Bill that has just passed in the U.S. and given how the Turkish media, society and state are now reacting to it — as always, emotionally and, due to lack of knowledge about the past, with vengeance. I personally think this conviction date was intentionally chosen by the Turkish court to intersect with the U.S. Bill to further foster and justify Turkish ethnic nationalism, and that intentionality further sickens me.
What to do? I look back at those signature campaigns we conducted for Hrant Dink thinking it would make a difference, thinking it would protect him… After all, all of us who signed those pleas of protection — at least I personally — believed that there was a state in Turkey that somehow, somewhat upheld the delivery of justice and the protection of the rights of all of its citizens among its fundamental principles, that is, it at least aspired toward such principles, even if it could not reach them. What on earth was I thinking, given how the Hrant Dink trial is going at the moment, given how all attempts of Hrant Dink's lawyers to investigate and uncover the real instigators and culprits behind his assassination that reach deep into the Turkish state and the military are being stonewalled! How could I have been so delusional! There is only one thing I can think of doing at this moment: if those Turkish officials who once received our signatures and pleas about protecting Hrant Dink did nothing back then, if they just put them aside, did not act upon or investigate them, I now condemn each and every one of those Turkish officials. For in collecting those signatures, we might have deluded ourselves in relation to what the Turkish state might have been capable of, but at least our intentions were good. Yet those Turkish officials who, in relation to the assassination of Hrant Dink, did not uphold the delivery of justice and the protection of all of its citizens as the fundamental principles of the Turkish state back then and who still do not uphold them today by enabling a full, open and transparent investigation fully, I condemn each and every one of them. I do so because I find their intentions foul, and their behavior complicitous; I think those particular officials uphold and foster an alternate vision of the Turkish state that is no different, in my view, from the state that once condemned hundreds of thousands of its subjects to death by deportation.
I also condemn the naturalized prejudice and the subsequent discrimination that still perseveres in Turkish society today, as it has ultimately led to the targeting of minorities in this manner. And I also condemn the falsified Turkish Republican history taught in school textbooks that has erased all the violence the Turkish state once committed in the past. Not only has that violence created the category of minorities in our society to start with, thereby fostering all this prejudice and discrimination against them, but it has also been exploited by the same Turkish state and especially by segments of the Turkish military to create an ethnic Turkish identity, an identity which was then periodically mobilized against the minorities both to replenish that hallowed ethnic unity and also to sustain the political status quo.
As I see the same pattern that eventually led to Hrant Dink's assassination unfolding right in front of my eyes in this case, that is, in the case of Serkis Seropyan who happens to be a very dear friend of mine and of Arat Dink who I regard as a very precious gift entrusted to us all for safekeeping by his slain father whom we obviously were not able to protect, I end up with a final condemnation. I condemn and curse myself for my own present state of helplessness.
Fatma Muge Gocek
Uncategorized | Comments (0)


The 2019 World Rally Championship is just around the corner, and we all wish we could be a part of the exciting live experience. Just imagine watching the race as it happens or participating in the entire program for the rally! Instead, all too often fans end up watching highlights of the rally on the sports channel and reading about it in online sports sites and newspaper articles.
Well, we are glad to inform you that you don't have to do that this year. You have the option of watching every second of the action from any device, anywhere you please! The only things you'll need are a charged device, internet connection, and the streaming site. It's that simple! In this post, we will explain how you can watch the World Rally Championship Live.
How to watch World Rally Championship with VPN Unlimited?
You are more likely to stream using a Wi-Fi connection to avoid depleting your mobile data. If you lack access to your private connection, you will probably opt for a public one or the connection offered by your school or institution. Either way, you will need to make sure that your connection of choice does not limit (or even threaten) your viewing experience.
This is where KeepSolid VPN Unlimited comes into play. A good virtual private network should offer the user a secure internet connection and KeepSolid VPN Unlimited does just that. When connected, your online traffic is kept encrypted and secured from any unauthorized external access. This benefit is necessary especially if you are streaming on a paid subscription and you key in personal login information. The last thing you want is for your details to be compromised and hinder you from enjoying the Championship live.
VPN Unlimited is designed to maintain a fast and smooth connection. This feat is achieved through KeepSolid offering servers in more than 70 locations across the world and the different continents. Also, this means you can access geo-restricted streaming sites that will be showing the rally live. It is as simple as selecting a server located in the country the site is restricted to, and you get to enjoy all the services offered.
You are the one to choose which five devices you will use to watch the rally live with VPN Unlimited. We would suggest you choose devices that will be with you as you go about your day so that you can use any free time you get catching up with the events of the championship. You can pay for the subscription per month, per year, every three years, or purchase a lifetime subscription. This rally championship season will extend till November. Choose the subscription that suits your needs best.
What is WRC+ and how to use it to watch World Rally Championship Live?
The last feature gives you the time you should watch the rally live based on your time zone and location. The stress of having to calculate the time backward or forward from the time difference is no more.
The difference between the All Live and the Basic options is in the services offered to the user.
If you do not want to use WRC+ to view the Rally Championship Live, you can also watch it via the licensed broadcasters. The broadcasters, whose website links are made available on the WRC site, are numerous and span across various countries in different continents.
As the technology is advancing, you don't have to restrict yourself to the broadcaster assigned to your country. If the streaming is interrupted, you can just connect to a server in a different country and stream using the broadcaster provided for that country.
Different broadcaster websites might have different requirements that need to be fulfilled before you can enjoy their broadcasting services. It is therefore advisable that you browse through the site and understand what you are asked to do.
If you need to sign in, login or if you cannot, create an account. It is helpful if you can go through user reviews and experiences with the broadcaster. They will give a good indication of the quality of service offered. There are many technology blogs that offer tips if you're stuck anywhere.
You can't watch the World Rally Championship live if you are not aware of the dates when the rally will take place. The website provides both a schedule and countdown for the upcoming rally. And if you are the type of a motorsport lover who tends to forget dates and locations, here is a small timetable to remind you of the forthcoming rally dates.


Chawton will host a 6-a-side cricket tournament on Sunday 16th September. There will be a mix of teams from Chawton, friends of the club and other touring teams. The day will start at 12pm with a round robin, followed by a final later in the day.


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Randy Hillier: Being an Independent MPP More Civilized, Rewarding and Productive
December 10, 2019 · Flag · Add your comments
Although unplanned and unexpected, my exile in March turned out to be a refreshing deliverance from a political party and a caucus that had devolved into a "Lord of the Flies" re-enactment, distant from the statement of principles encoded in the Progressive Conservative Party's constitution.
The Ontario PC Party, after the 2018 general election, soon devolved into a primitive tribe where domination and authority was its sole purpose and objective. Where fealty to a mysterious elevated authority was demanded. Not just domination of the caucus, but of other tribes in the Legislative Assembly, municipal councils, media, police, and advocacy groups.
However, these actions are not the exception to the rule, but with regularity the rule of every governing party, as witnessed with the federal Liberals and the affair Wilson-Raybould, SNC-Lavalin, and the Vice Admiral Norman debacles. Often, the same holds true for all parties, whether in power or seeking to obtain power, with some deviation either in frequency or magnitude.
While I always chafed somewhat under the constraints of partisan politics, it was generally a healthy and robust relationship where we found common ground, even while holding differing opinions on either policy, communications, or strategy. I know this caused some tensions, however, important policies and laws that impact millions of people ought to bring out the best arguments and be debated with passion and vigour.
After the 2018 Ontario general election, as an Ontario PC, we found ourselves in a place where dissent, disagreement, or diversity was evidence of disloyalty and a weakness to the tribe, and resulted in censure, admonishment, and in some cases, exile. It was a real life replication of the "Lord of the Flies."
Life as an independent member is not only far more civilized, but also more rewarding and productive. My exile has also reawakened my belief that people from different backgrounds, with different perspectives, and different ideologies, can indeed work together effectively, without rancour, discord, or malice.
While there were 11 elected representatives who are without a recognized party in the assembly, they were elected under three party brands, Liberal, Green, and Conservative. All 11 are considered independent members of the house, although only three are not associated with a registered party.
Astonishingly to many, these 11 independent members have found ways to work together to reform the standing orders of the house, share opportunities on standing committees, and share time for debates, statements, and questions. All without any one person or group having authority nor dominance over any others.
As a member of this civilized and respectful independent group, I am free to both criticize and applaud a government policy, bill, or initiative. I have the unfettered liberty to vote in a manner that is consistent with my conscience, and as I believe my constituents expect.
No longer are questions or talking points handed to me along with the instructions to deliver on the party's behalf; to bolster their narrative and party brand to the detriment of representation. Rather, I am free to examine and evaluate any and all subjects through the lens of a representative of my community.
I no longer have to look over my shoulder when speaking with another elected member, or have people reporting back to an overlord when I speak with a journalist. All these previously seen as indicators or proof points of suspicious, disloyal activity with conspiratorial undertones.
There can be value in being a member of a caucus, so long as it respects democracy and representative government, rather than being a primitive, authoritarian political tribe. However, it is a breath of fresh air being an independent member, when the alternative fails.
Full Story: https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2019/12/09/randy-hillier-being-an-independent-mpp-more-civilized-rewarding-and-productive.html
Randy Hillier published this page in News & Radio 2019-12-10 08:57:11 -0500
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Presenters: Spina, J., Aries, S., Barnard, D,. McIntyre, L., Pulcini, J.
Spina, J., Aries, S., Barnard, D,. McIntyre, L., Pulcini, J.. An intervention to increase high school students compliance with carrying auto-injectable epinephrine: A MASNRN Study. Jun 2010. National Association of School Nurses (NASN) Annual Conference, Chicago, IL.


laundry facilities with washer and dryer,Tasmanian oak polished floor and real flame open fire.
The environmentally friendly design using tank water to feed the toilets and laundry, and town water to the kitchen and bathroom. Large north facing windows heat the home throughout the winter months and R 2.5 Wool Fibre insulation has been used for all the walls with R 3.0 to the roof and silver foil to the floor creating a comfortable environment in summer and winter.
The most economical instantaneous gas hot water system has been installed and never runs out. The kitchen appliances are Euro stainless steel and energy efficient.
This holiday house is a stones throw from the Yarra Valley and the Yarra River is 5-minute walk to the township. Strictly No Pets and No Smoking.