text:
Q: 'dict' object has no attribute 'y'. I am confused about what this means and how it can be fixed I am using odeint to solve a system of 6 equations. I am then wanting to save my solution into the variable x6a, y6a, z6a, x6b, y6b, z6b with the line:
x6_a, y6_a, z6_a, x6_b, y6_b, z6_b = sol6.y

but my code starts to fail at this point because of the error:
'dict' object has no attribute 'y'

Here is a minimal reproducable example of my code:
import numpy as np
from scipy.integrate import odeint
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

def coupled_jac(X, t, sigma, r, b, C1, C1x, S, O, C2, C2x, tau):
    jac = np.array([[-sigma, sigma, 0, -C1*X[3], 0, 0], [r+X[2], -1, -X[0], 0, C1*S, 0], [X[1], X[0], -b, 0, 0, C1x*S], [-tau*C2, 0, 0, -tau*sigma, tau*sigma, 0], [0, tau*C2, 0, tau*r-S*X[5], -r*tau, -tau*S*X[3]], [0, 0, tau*C2x, tau*S*X[4], tau*S*X[3], -b*tau]])
    return jac

def lorenz_coupled(X, t, sigma, r, b, C1, C1x, S, O, C2, C2x, tau):
    rhs = [sigma * (X[1] - X[0]) - C1 * (S*X[3] - O), r*X[0] - X[1] - X[0]*X[2] + C1 * (S*X[4] - O), X[0]*X[1] - b*X[2] + C1x*S*X[5], (sigma * (X[4] - X[3]) - C2 * (X[0] + O)) * tau, (r*X[3] - X[4] - S*X[3]*X[5] + C2 * (X[1] + O)) * tau, (S*X[3]*X[5] - b*X[5] + C2x*X[2]) * tau]
    return rhs

#Initial conditions
X0 = np.array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])

#maiximum time
t_max = 50
t = np.linspace(0, t_max, 1000*t_max + 1)

#parameters
sigma = 10
r = 28
b = 8/3
tau = 0.1
S = 0.5
C1 = 1
C2 = 1
C1x = 1
C2x = 1
O = -11

#solve function
X, sol6 = odeint(lorenz_coupled, X0, t, args=(sigma, r, b, C1, C1x, S, O, C2, C2x, tau), Dfun=coupled_jac, full_output=True)

x6_a, y6_a, z6_a, x6_b, y6_b, z6_b = sol6.y

# time
t = np.linspace(0, t_max, 10*t_max + 1)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16, 8)) #specify the size of plot
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 2, 1, projection='3d')

#plot the fast equations
ax.plot(x6_a, y6_a, z6_a)
ax.set_xlabel('x')
ax.set_ylabel('y')
ax.set_zlabel('z')
plt.title("The Fast Coupled Lorenz Attractor")

#plot the slow coupled equations
ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 2, 2, projection='3d')
ax.plot(x6_b, y6_b, z6_b)

#title and axis label
ax.set_xlabel('x')
ax.set_ylabel('y')
ax.set_zlabel('z')
plt.title("The Slow Coupled Lorenz Attractor")

A: Note 0
Some errors are more difficult to understand than others.
I am going to "baby" you a little bit, because most programmers would understand your error message (dict has no attribute named 'y')
Please forgive me if the following discussion seems "too easy," or simplistic.
Note 1
The following code will produce the same error as your code:
sol6 = dict()
z = sol6.y

The error message you received was:
'dict' object has no attribute 'y'

It is easier to tell what the mistake you made in your programming if you eliminate all of the extraneous code.
Whenever a python script is not working, a very useful approach is to:

*

*Save a back-up copy of your code.

*Copy and paste your python script into a new file

*delete a small piece of code

*re-run the script

*act based on changes in error message:
a. If the error goes away:
* put the deleted code back in.
* Then, go to step 3 (delete code)
b. If the same error message is displayed, continue deleting code (go to step 3).

The goal is to "whittle" away all of the code untill only the mistake remains.
If your script is hundreds of lines long, it is too difficult to find the mistake.
Try to create the least amount of python code possible which reproduces the same error message.
Note 2
Why you have an error is very obvious to programmer comfortable with using something called a "class".

The dictionary class has no member variables or methods, named "y"

You would have almost the same error in C++, Java, or any other language, not just Python.
A "class" represents a complex thing, such as a human person.
The "member variables" of a class record short simple facts about the more complicated "class"
A first name is an example of a good member variable for a Person class
A class is like a fill-in-the-blank sheet which records small facts.
For example, a JobApplicant class might have:

*

*a job applicant's first name

*an applicant's last name

*an applicant's age

*an applicant's phone number

*a job applicant's email address.

*etc...

Suppose that someone is writing code for a website where people buy and sell houses.  You might write a class named House which stores statistics about a house for sale:
class House:
    * number of bedrooms
    * number of bathrooms
    * square footage of the house
    * asking price to buy the house
    * mailing address/location of the house
    * etc...

A class's member variables are usually things (not actions), such as:

*

*mass

*velocity

*color

*temperature

class "methods" are functions for manipulating the member variables. Nethods are actions, such as:

*

*change_first_name

*change_phone_number

*delete

*insert

*rotate

*reflect

*translate

*enlargen

*shrink

WHAT IS A "CLASS INSTANCE" or "OBJECT"?
Below are some vocabulary words:

*

*instance of a class

*class object

*object
All of the above terms mean the same thing.

An instance of a class  is like a job application will all of the information filled-in.
An instance/object of a job application might say "first name" and also says "Sarah"

CLASS

A class is like a paper job-application form which has not been filled-out yet.
A class says "first name" and there is a blank line.
A class usually does NOT specify what a person's first name actually is (Robby, John, Sarah, Ian, Fred, etc...)

Pseudocode for classes:
The following is "pseudo-code."
pseudo-code is easier to read than python.
If English is at one end of a spectrum, and python is the other end of the spectrum, then "pseudo-code" is somewhere in the middle of the spectrum.
begin class named `Rectangle`:

    begin member variables:

        integer my_length;
        integer my_width;

    end of member variables.

    begin methods:

        def get_area():
            return my_length * my_width;

    end of methods.
end of class named 'Rectangle'

Consider the following pseudo-code:
Robby = Rectangle(4, 8);
w = Robby.my_width;

I will translate the code above into English:

*

*Construct a new Rectangle having width = 4 and length = 8

*store the new Rectangle in a hotel room named Robby

*get the my_width variable from Robby

*Put the my_width variable from Robby
Note that code like the following:
Robby.my_width
Robby.get_width()

means "get the width of Robby" in English.
Something like x = Robby.favorite_ice_cream_flavor makes no sense because rectangles do not have a ***favorite ice cream flavor.
Recall that Robby is a rectangle.
Your code is something like this:
this_dict = {
    "brand": "Ford",
    "model": "Mustang",
    "year": 1964
 }
 blah = this_dict.y

Dictionaries, such as this_dict do NOT have member variables named y
A dictionary is like a table of inputs and outputs:
+-------+---------+
| INPUT | OUTPUT  |
+-------+---------+
| A     | APPLE   |
| B     | BANANA  |
| C     | CHARLIE |
+-------+---------+

+-------+--------+
| INPUT | OUTPUT |
+-------+--------+
| x     |   54.1 |
| y     |   15.3 |
| z     |   99.3 |
+-------+--------+

A dictionary is essentially a "look-up table."
You search the input column for an a specific input.
Then you follow the row to see what the output is.
A python "dictionary" is lot like a finite function from mathematics.
There are inputs, and output.
Python dictionaries are very finite. Try to keep the number of elements less than 10,000
even 10,000 is pushing the boundaries a little bit.
Computer programming "functions" are neither like functions from math class, nor are they like dictionaries.
A computer programming "function" is like a cook-book recipe.
A computer programming "function" explains how to bake a cake.
A computer programming "function" is not very finite (infinitely many inputs are possible)
Anyway, python dictionaries don't have an attribute named y for the same reason rectangles do not have an attribute named favorite flavor of ice-cream. It does not make any sense.
The major difference between a "dictionary" and an "array" is that:

*

*the inputs to an array are always whole numbers 1, 2, 3, .... n

*the inputs to a dictionary might be whole numbers, but they could be other things, such as English words: "red", "blue", "orange".

Below is an example of how to create dictionary, and how to use it afterwards:
student_grades = {
    "Joe McCormic": 95.7
    "Lance Armstrong": 87.4,
    "Sarah McPherson": 99.83
    "Kenneth Moer": 77.1
 }

def number_to_letter(number: float):
    number = float(number)
    if number > 90:
        return "-A"
    return "F"

    # if number <= 90
    #     return "F"

Joe_McCormic_number = student_grades["Joe McCormic"]

print("Joe_McCormic_number = ", Joe_McCormic_number)

Joe_McCormic_letter_grade = number_to_letter(Joe_McCormic_number)

Anyway, dictionaries do not have an attribute named y.
Attributes always go to the right of the dot (.):
    object.attribute

    my_house.number_of_bedrooms

    Sarah.first_name

    Sarah.phone_number

    my_car.year_of_manufacter

Below is a list of some of the attributes which a dictionary does have:
y is not a valid dictionary attribute.

*

*clear()   deletes/clears all of the elements from the dictionary.
car_dict = {               #
    "brand": "Ford",       #
    "model": "Mustang",    #
    "year": 1964           #
}                          #
                           #
print(len(car_dict))       # prints '3'
car_dict.clear()           # deletes everything from the dictionary
print(len(car_dict))       # prints '0'

*__len__() "len" stands for "length". The __len__() method outputs the length the dictionary. In other words, it outputs the number of allowed inputs to the dictionary.
car_dict = {               #
    "brand": "Ford",       #
    "model": "Mustang",    #
    "year": 1964           #
}                          #
                           #
print(len(car_dict))       # prints '3'
print(car_dict.__len__())  # equivalent to the above

*copy() Returns a copy of the dictionary.
new_dict = old_dict.copy()

*

*fromkeys()    Returns a dictionary with the specified keys and value

*get() Returns the value of the specified key

*items()   Returns a list containing a tuple for each key value pair

*keys()    Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys

*pop() Removes the element with the specified key

*popitem() Removes the last inserted key-value pair

*setdefault()  Returns the value of the specified key. If the key does not exist: insert the key, with the specified value

*update()  Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs

*values()  Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary

The bottom two lines in the following code snippet are equivalent:
d = dict()
d["ham"] = 83

# The following two lines are equivalent:
x = d["ham"]
x = d.__getitem__("ham")

I am just trying to show that everything involving dictionaries involves accessing attributes of the dictionary. Even the  [] operator is actually just the __getitem__ attribute.
There is no attribute of a dictionary named y
d = dict()
temp_var = d.y

ERROR
AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'y'


Below are powerful quotes of Bishop Wayne Malcolm the initiator of The International Christ Ambassadors Network (iCAN).
He was a guest preacher at House On The Rock Church Cathedral, Lekki, Lagos where he preached on the message titled: "The Next Wave". His text was taken from Habakkuk 2:12-14.
1. If you have ever experienced a divine intervention, you will notice that it comes in waves.
2.The experience of the knowledge of the glory of the Lord will be in waves.
3. If you don't know what to expect, then you haven't heard from God.
4. Revelation raises your aspiration and expectations.
5. The interesting thing about the new wave is that it starts as a revelation.
6. Never take the wave of revelation for granted because it's proof that manifestation is imminent.
7. Whenever a wave of revelation sweeps through your life, then a manifestation is imminent.
8. Theologians wondered why speaking in tongues left the Church, they kept speaking till there was a manifestation.
9. God creates by speaking. When He is speaking with you, He is creating something inside of you.
10. If you want to know what the kingdom looks like, look at how Christ deals with people.
11. Jesus said we would do greater works than He did. This means that there's more significant work that we can do.
12. God is repositioning the church from the corner to the center of society.
13. The Most High rules in the affairs of men and gives positions to who He wants.
14. Often times when men reject you, it is so to protect you from being at the wrong place at the wrong time.
15. Systemic evil is what is referred to as principalities & powers. An evil system is worse than an evil person.
16. When the Church is at the center of society, you can impact the destiny of nations.
17. Evil systems are the tools used by evil people.
18. There is a system governing the church and if you don't understand the system, everything will be confusing to you.
19. A cycle of disillusionment is where no matter how you try to change, it remains the same because it is a system.
20. When you pray for an evil person to die and they die, you create a vacuum for another evil person because it's an evil system.
21. Work on your system so that even when you're not there, the system goes on.
22. It is not your individual strength that will determine your success.
23. An organization is weak or strong based on the system. You can put weak people in a great system and you'll get great results.
24. Evil people can use the legal system to oppress people. The legislation has to be changed to favour the people of faith.
25. People react to their environment and if the system is oppressive, the people act out.
26. If you liberate the system, you liberate the people and that's part of the gospel, to set the captives free!
27. God loves the people of the world but hates the system of the world.
28. To wrestle with systems, you need to be in close proximity, in the system.
29. People riot because most people do not understand the legal system.
30. Unless you understand that everything is governed by systems, you will be confused.
31. Understand that when you get to the center stage, God will use you to change the world.
32. When you are ready, it won't take God long to position you.
33. Darkness is the absence of light. It means that if an institution is dark, it means that light is absent. Be the light!
34. The best ideas will fill your head, you will invent new ways of doing things. When you see a problem, you'll be the solution.


Adults today are spending a lot of time online which makes them vulnerable mainly because of not understanding the relevance of data. They either too freely provide their own data and thus run the risk of identity theft or of an unwanted third party being able to target them, or they too easily believe the actuality of data provided by others and thus could become targeted by a third party who is disguised by a false identity. During WEB era citizens where encouraged to upload their data, mainly through social channels. Nowadays, the WEB era has at its disposal a database of all the already collected data. WEB is characterized by advanced data mining and machine learning technologies capable to extract knowledge and key information that can be exploited in any possible way. A major concern is the use of such data by companies.
Adults should learn to appreciate the relevance of data, both the data they provide and data they receive. They should learn how to validate incoming data and evaluate when to provide and validate outgoing data.
We are looking for a French organisation with an interest in the subject or in adult education in general.
The proposal is completed and we are only looking for a French organisation willing to become applicant.


Dress up and join us at this FREE, family friendly and alcohol-free community event with over 13 hours non-stop entertainment on 2 stages!
It's almost that time of year again … where ghouls, ghosts, ballerinas and fairy's dominate the landscape, bent on thrilling and chilling in the most fun way possible! That's right, it's time to start preparing yourself for the Manly Harbour Village Halloween Street Party!!
Best Dressed Parade at 4:30 on the School Band Stage. Register online to be part of the Best Dressed Parade and your chance to share in $2,000 of prizes. There will be prizes for best dressed boy and girl, adults and groups.
Please remember there will be road closures in place throughout the day – we suggest catching a train to Manly Station and walking to the event.
Are you interested in a MARKET stall at the Halloween Street Party?
Applications for MARKET stalls can be downloaded HERE.
Applications for Food Stalls have now closed.


Book author: Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
In this powerful indictment of George W. Bushs White House, environmental attorney Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., charges that the administration has taken corporate favoritism to unprecedented heights — threatening our health, our national security, and our democracy.
Kennedy lifts the veil on how the administration, in order to enrich its corporate paymasters, has eviscerated the laws that protect our nations air, water, public lands, and wildlife. He describes the White House doling out lavish subsidies and tax breaks to energy barons while allowing the corporations to profit by poisoning the public and eliminating security at the more than 15,000 nuclear and chemical facilities that are prime targets for terrorist attacks. He shows how right-wing White House ideologues have taken the conserve out of conservatism and trampled the free-market democracy in favor of a kind of corporate-crony capitalism that is as antithetical to democracy, efficiency, and prosperity in America as it is in Nigeria.
Crimes Against Nature is a book for both Democrats and Republicans, people like the traditionally conservative farmers and fishermen whom Kennedy represents in lawsuits against polluters. Without exception, he writes, these people see the current administration as the greatest threat not just to their livelihoods but to their values, their sense of community, and their idea of what it means to be American.
Press button "GET DOWNLOAD LINKS" and wait 20 seconds. This time is necessary for searching and sorting links. One button - 15 links for downloading the book "Crimes against Nature: How George W. Bush and His Corporate Pals Are Plundering the Country and Hijacking Our Democracy" in all e-book formats!
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., is senior attorney for the Natural Resources Defense Council, chief prosecuting attorney for Riverkeeper, and president of Waterkeeper Alliance. He is also a clinical professor and supervising attorney at the Environmental Litigation Clinic at Pace University School of Law. A former assistant district attorney for New York City, he is the coauthor of The Riverkeepers: Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right.
ish subsidies and tax breaks to energy barons while allowing the corporations to profit by poisoning the public and eliminating security at the more than 15,000 nuclear and chemical facilities that are prime targets for terrorist attacks. He shows how right-wing White House ideologues have taken the conserve out of conservatism and trampled the free-market democracy in favor of a kind of corporate-crony capitalism that is as antithetical to democracy, efficiency, and prosperity in America as it is in Nigeria.
Of course not. Best of all, if after reading an e-book, you buy a paper version of Crimes against Nature: How George W. Bush and His Corporate Pals Are Plundering the Country and Hijacking Our Democracy. Read the book on paper - it is quite a powerful experience.


text:
Trump car
Mar 10, 2017 (WiC 357)
WiC doubts that the White House would consider switching its presidential fleet to a Chinese car brand, even if its name echoes that of the commander-in-chief. The Financial Times reported this week that Guangzhou Automobile Group (GAC) plans to sell its Trumpchi sedan in the US – a car that's been on sale in China (and popular) since 2010. In January the Trumpchi became the first Chinese brand to feature on the main floor of the Detroit Auto Show, and general manager Yu Jun told the FT: "If we want to become a global leading brand and enter the global market, we must enter the US market." The company says it came up with the name long before Donald Trump entered the political scene and it has no connection to the former reality star and real estate tycoon. Instead it says the name's two Chinese characters mean to 'to excel' or 'surpass', as well as the first syllable of the word "cheerful" respectively. Yu says GAC now has a dilemma whether to use the same Trumpchi name in America, where the Trump brand is now proving divisive.
"We were debating whether to use this name even before Trump was elected," he admits. He also says American customers will have to wait till at least 2019 before they are able to buy a Trumpchi. (For more on Guangzhou Auto's global plans, see our Sinopolis guide to Guangzhou – downloadable from the Books section of our website.)
Sino-File"The gap in capabilities with the US is enormous, but China's military development and construction will continue in keeping with our need to defend our national sovereignty and security"
Corporate Q&AAn industry expert explains how China is now driving diamond sales
Media & GamingChina's leading online publisher pushes ahead with e-books
And FinallyChina's national ice hockey team just got hammered 10-0 by South Korea
EconomyWhat were the takeaways from Li Keqiang's 2017 policy address?
More on Guangzhou Auto
Li Shufu's great car chase
Geely swoops for James Bond carmaker as its bid to go global continues
Ad nauseum
Is SAIC's runaway advertising budget worth it?
Didi and Uber's epic fundraising battle fuels merger talks

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
GST To Be Effective From July 1, Know The Difference Between The UPA's 2011 GST And The Current Bill
The Logical Indian
31 May 2017 12:23 PM GMT
Editor : The Logical Indian
Courtesy:�prsindia | Image Credit: North Bridge Times | Times Of India
Courtesy:�prsindia | Image Credit: North Bridge Times | Times Of India
The Good and Services Tax (GST) is all set to be rolled out from July 1 after the centre and the states arrive at a middle ground on the contentious surrounding sharing of administrative powers.
Till now, twenty one states and Union Territory Puducherry have passed the state GST Acts.
In 2011, the Congress-led UPA government introduced the Bill in the Lok Sabha and had set the rollout date for the new indirect tax regime as April 2012. Incidentally, BJP-ruled states, including PM Modi's Gujarat had red flagged the reform. In the last two years, the opposition has never failed to mention this during GST negotiations.
As Congress claims credit over the country's single biggest tax reform, let us have a look at the difference between the 2011 GST Bill and the current (2014) Bill.
GST coverage
The 2011 Bill defined GST as any tax on the supply of good and services, apart from taxes on the supply of petroleum crude, high-speed diesel, motor spirit (petrol), natural gas, aviation turbine fuel, and alcoholic liquor for human consumption.
The 2014 Bill has the same definition for GST, however, it excludes the tax on supply of alcoholic liquor for human consumption. Further, the Centre will impose an additional levy on tobacco.
Provisions in the 2011 Bill that have been deleted from the 2014 Bill
Good and Services Tax Dispute Settlement Authority: The 2011 Bill provided for the creation of a Good and Services Tax Dispute Settlement Authority to arbitrate disputes between the central and state governments. But it was believed that this will negatively impact the tax system by affecting its harmonised structure and also cause loss of revenue. The 2014 Bill has deleted the provision for the creation of such a dispute settlement authority.
Restrictions on states in the taxation of special goods: In the previous Bill, the Constitution had imposed restrictions on states in the taxation of goods that were declared under law by the Parliament – of special importance in inter-state trade or commerce. This provision has been deleted from the current Bill.
Article 366: The 2011 Bill had removed the goods listed under Article 366 (related to the sale or purchase of goods) from its ambit. It further specified that this provision was not to apply to a state law which has already imposed GST. Both these provisions have been removed from the 2014 Bill.
Entry tax of goods into a local area for use or sale only to the extent levied by a Panchayat or Municipality: This was allowed in the 2011 Bill, but has been deleted from the current Bill. The GST Committee justified this move by saying that states must be empowered to collect entry tax for distribution to local bodies instead of leaving the collection power in the hands of different local bodies.
GST Council: Functions under the 2011 Bill – recommendations on taxes to be subsumed, exempted goods, threshold limits, rates. Decisions to be taken by consensus. Contrastingly, the functions of the 2014 GST Council, in addition to this, also includes model GST laws, principles of levy and place of supply, and apportionment of IGST. For decisions, Standing Committee recommendations will be incorporated.
Additions made to the current GST Bill
Additional Tax (in interstate trade): Tax (up to 1%) on the supply of goods in interstate trade will be given to supply states, for two years or more. However, the Congress demands withdrawal of the 1% tax on manufacturing and providing for an independent dispute redress mechanism.
Compensation to states: Parliament may provide for compensation to states for a maximum of five years.
GST rate: The BJP government has raised the cap on GST tax from UPA's recommendation of 18% to 28%, dividing the tax payable into four – 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.
Four different GST bills: The Lok Sabha on April had approved the four bills — Cental GST Bill, Integrated GST Bill, Union Territories GST bill, and Compensation law.
After the Congress government had introduced the Constitution (115th Amendment ) Bill, 2011 or GST Bill, the Standing Committee had made various recommendations to it. However, in the end, the party was unable to convert it into a law even though it tried to extend the session by a few days to push the Bill through the opposition.
The current GST Council has urged states to complete the legislative work by the end of May and the Bill is most likely to become a law from July 1.
All You Need To Know About The Goods And Services Tax (GST)
Rajya Sabha Passes 4 GST Bills, Possible Roll Out On July 1; Consensus Between BJP & Congress


text:
Birthdays Music Spotlight The 1960's The 1970's Worth a Read
*The Life And Career Of Janis "Pearl" Joplin On Her 77th Birthday
January 19, 2020 January 19, 2020 Pop Expresso	0 Comments 1943, 1960's, 1970, 60's, Big Brother and The Holding Company, Birthdays, Blues, Classic Rock, Janis Joplin, Music, Rock
Janis Joplin was born on this day in 1943
She paved the way for the modern female Rock Star, through her attitude, looks, and voice, her unique vocals and charisma have placed her on the Rock Stardom Pantheon, we look back at the force of nature that was Janis Joplin
Early Years: Texas, Blues and Beatniks
Janis Joplin or Pearl as friends called her, was born Janis Lyn Joplin on January 19th, 1943 in Porth Arthur, Texas. Janis, it's a legend that lives in the highest pantheon of Rock stardom, her immortality was already assured during her short lifetime, unfortunately, cut too short at the age of just 27. Janis grew up in an environment that wasn't too kind for girls who didn't care about looks or didn't aim at being beauty queens, she was rough, she liked to smoke and hang out with the boys and outcasts and sing the blues As a teen, she became overweight and suffered with acne, leaving her with deep scars. Other kids at school would routinely taunt her and call her names like "pig", "freak", "nigger lover", or "creep". She stated, "I was a misfit. I read, I painted, I thought. I didn't hate niggers.". When she studied at the University Of Texas, newspaper The Daily Texan, ran a profile of her in the issue dated July 27, 1962, headlined "She Dares to Be Different."The article began, "She goes barefooted when she feels like it, wears Levis to class because they're more comfortable, and carries her Autoharp with her everywhere she goes so that in case she gets the urge to break into song, it will be handy. Her name is Janis Joplin". She cultivated a rebellious manner and styled herself partly after her female blues heroines and partly after the Beat poets. Her first song, recorded on tape, was called "What Good Can Drinkin' Do".
"She goes barefooted when she feels like it, wears Levis to class because they're more comfortable, and carries her Autoharp with her everywhere she goes so that in case she gets the urge to break into song, it will be handy. Her name is Janis Joplin", The Daily Texan, 1962
Moving To California: Big Brother & The Holding Company
Feeling ostracized at her hometown, Janis moved to San Francisco, California during the mid 1960's, at the right moment in time, when everything was changing culturally and socially, to a place she knew she would find acceptance, however, acceptance was something that Janis ended up struggling for all her life, even when she was adored by millions all around the world. Her bluesy vocal style attracted the attention of the San Francisco-based psychedelic rock band Big Brother and the Holding Company based in the nascent hippie community in Haight-Ashbury. She was recruited to join the group by Chet Helms, a promoter who had known her in Texas and who at the time was managing Big Brother. Unfortunately, this was also a time that saw Joplin beginning her downward spiral into heavy drugs such as amphetamines and heroin. In early 1967, Joplin met Country Joe McDonald of the group Country Joe and the Fish. The pair lived together as a couple for a few months, but relationships would be proved to be hard for her to handle for the rest of her life. Joplin and Big Brother began playing clubs in San Francisco, at the Fillmore West, Winterland, and the Avalon Ballroom and got massive attention from all over the country, playing gigs coast to coast. Their debut album self-titled "Big Brother & The Holding Company" was released in 1967, and with it came success. Their big breakthrough was when they appear in June of the same year at the Monterey Pop Festival, the "Ball And Chain" performance left the audience stunned by Joplin's vocal capabilities, including Mama Cass Elliot, and launched the band internationally. Joplin's success and charisma grew so big that by 1968, the band was being billed as "Janis Joplin and Big Brother and the Holding Company", and the media coverage given to Joplin generated resentment within the band.The other members of Big Brother thought that Joplin was on a "star trip", while others were telling Joplin that Big Brother was a terrible band and that she ought to dump them.Their second album "Cheap Thrills" was released in 1968, it was their first on a major label, Columbia. The album became an absolute, influential and enduring Rock classic, it produced some of the band's biggest hits such as "Piece of My Heart", "Summertime" and also "Ball And Chain", which was recorded live. The album reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 album chart eight weeks after its release, remaining for eight (nonconsecutive) weeks. It was certified gold at release and sold over a million copies in the first month. The lead single from the album, "Piece of My Heart", reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the fall of 1968 and became one of Janis' signature songs. By the end of 1968, Joplin was confident enough to know she could engage on a solo career without worrying to be attached to a band, after all, Joplin always loved freedom.
"She had been amazing at Monterey, but tonight she wasn't at her best, due, probably, to the long delay, and probably, too, to the amount of booze and heroin she'd consumed while she waited. But even Janis on an off-night was incredible", Pete Townshend
Kozmic Blues: Woodstock and Full Tilt Boogie Band
Towards the end of 1968, she left Big Brother & The Holding Company and formed her own band that included Big Brother guitarist Sam Andrews, The Kozmic Blues Band that later would be renamed The Full Tilt Boogie Band. With a sonority distinctively different from what she had done with Big Brother, the first album "I Got Dem Ol' Kozmic Blues Again Mama!" released in 1969, was mainly based on Hard R&B featuring the use of horns and a funky, pop-oriented sound in contrast to many of the psychedelic/hard rock bands of the period.The album included some of Joplin's most well-known songs such as "Try (Just a Little Bit Harder)", "Maybe" and "Kozmic Blues". But not all was golden in Joplin's new solo career, she missed being in Big Brother and noticed that her music had better reviews and appreciation when she was in the band, Some music critics, including Ralph J. Gleason of the San Francisco Chronicle, were deeply negative. Gleason wrote that the new band was a "drag" and Joplin should "scrap" her new band and "go right back to being a member of Big Brother…(if they'll have her)." it was a situation that made her regret her decision to pursue a solo career at times. The true was Big Brother also needed Janis after she left, their subsequent albums, as good as they were, sold poorly and didn't produce any more hits. Despite that, Janis did a successful European tour in 1969 and in August she played the Woodstock Festival. Initially, Joplin was eager to get on the stage and perform, but she got nervous after seeing the enormous Woodstock crowd from a helicopter. Faced with a ten-hour wait after arriving at the backstage area, Joplin shot heroin and drank alcohol to calm herself. The reviews of the concert that night are mixed, some saying Joplin was not at her best as she was when she did Monterey with Big Brother. The Who's Pete Townshend, that watched the performance on site, states: "She had been amazing at Monterey, but tonight she wasn't at her best, due, probably, to the long delay, and probably, too, to the amount of booze and heroin she'd consumed while she waited. But even Janis on an off-night was incredible.". With an increasing drug and alcohol habit, in February 1970, Joplin traveled to Brazil to try to kick the habit, she stopped using any type of drugs while there. In Brazil, Joplin was romanced by a fellow American tourist named David Niehaus, who was traveling around the world, a man who was not in the showbiz, David did his best to help Janis keeping clean while both fell in love with each other. Her relationship with Niehaus soon ended because he witnessed her shooting drugs at her new home in Larkspur, California. The relationship was also complicated by her ongoing romantic relationship with Peggy Caserta (Janis was bisexual), who also was an intravenous addict, and Joplin's refusal to take some time off and travel the world with him. Prior to beginning a summer tour with Full Tilt Boogie, she performed in a reunion with Big Brother at the Fillmore West, in San Francisco, on April 4, 1970. She again appeared with Big Brother on April 12 at Winterland, where she and the band were reported to be in excellent form. Among Joplin's last public appearances were two broadcasts of The Dick Cavett Show. In her June 25, 1970, appearance, she announced that she would attend her ten-year high school class reunion. When asked if she had been popular in school, she admitted that when in high school, her schoolmates "laughed me out of class, out of town and out of the state", during her college years, Joplin had been voted "Ugliest Man on Campus" by frat boys. Joplin attended her high school reunion on August 14, but it was reportedly an unhappy experience for her. She held a press conference in Port Arthur during her reunion visit. Rolling Stone journalist Chet Flippo reported that she wore enough jewelry for a "Babylonian whore". When asked by a reporter if she ever entertained at Thomas Jefferson High School when she was a student there, Joplin replied, "Only when I walked down the aisles." She denigrated Port Arthur and the classmates who had humiliated her a decade earlier.
"My schoolmates laughed me out of class, out of town and out of the state", Janis Joplin
Buried Alive In The Blues: The Last Party
After she returned to Los Angeles, Janis and the band rehearsed and recorded a new album in Los Angeles with famous producer Paul A. Rothchild, best known for his lengthy relationship with The Doors. The last recording Joplin completed was on October 1, 1970, "Mercedes Benz". On Saturday, October 3, Joplin visited Sunset Sound Recorders to listen to the instrumental track for the song "Buried Alive in the Blues", which the band had recorded one week earlier. She and Paul Rothchild agreed she would record the vocal the following day. On October 4, 1970, Rothchild became concerned when Joplin failed to show up at Sunset Sound Recorders for a recording session, earlier she had been upset and disturbed by finding out through a phone call that her boyfriend Seth Morgan had met and was going out with other women, that reminded her of all the failed relationships and rejections she had during her life. Full Tilt Boogie's road manager John Cooke drove to the Landmark Motor Hotel in Hollywood where Joplin was staying. He saw Joplin's psychedelically painted Porsche in the parking lot. Upon entering Joplin's room he found her dead on the floor beside her bed. The official cause of death was a heroin overdose, possibly compounded by alcohol. Cooke believes Joplin had been given heroin that was much more potent than normal, as several of her dealer's other customers also overdosed that week. Joplin's last will and testament funded $2,500 to throw a wake party in the event of her demise. The party took place on October 26, 1970, at Lion's Share in San Anselmo, California and was attended by Joplin's sister Laura, Morgan, and other close friends. "Pearl", her second album was released on January 11th, 1971, it became her most successful solo album and unlike her debut, a timeless Rock classic. It included several hits for Janis, "Move Over", "Cry Baby", "Me And Bobby McGee", "Mercedes Benz", "Half Moon" and "Get It While You Can". The album was acclaimed and praised by critics, but Janis was no longer able to witness her triumph as a solo singer.
Janis Joplin was the third Rock Star to die during one month period at age 27: Alan Wilson from Canned Heat on September 3 and Jimi Hendrix on September 18. But this bizarre circle of Rock Stars dead at 27 started exactly on July 3rd, 1969 with Brian Jones from The Rolling Stones; after Janis, Jim Morrison of The Doors closed the circle exactly two years after it begun, on July 3rd, 1971.
Joplin's last will and testament funded $2,500 to throw a wake party in the event of her demise
Janis Joplin's legacy to music and culture it's enormous, the artists she influenced over the last decades are just too many to name, together with friend Grace Slick from Jefferson Airplane she paved the way for the modern female Rock Star, through her attitude, looks and voice, proving that a woman could be capable of being Rock Star as much as a man, even when fighting, like the famous episode that happened during a party in 1968 where Janis broke a bottle of Jack Daniels on Jim Morrison's head, both drunk and stoned were dragged out of the party. The amazing music she did during her short career it's timeless, she's part of that restrict group of artists that have left a legacy so strong that remains contemporary and fresh. Her death was a big loss for music and we can only imagine the things she could had done. She has received numerous posthumous honors and awards, and she still gets them regularly. Janis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, in 2013 Joplin was awarded the 2,510th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the music industry, her star is located at 6752 Hollywood Boulevard, in front of Musicians Institute and most recently in 2015, Amy J. Berg released her biographical documentary film, Janis: "Little Girl Blue", narrated by Cat Power. It was a New York Times Critics' Pick. Janis is eternal.
Watch the famous Big Brother & The Holding Company with Janis Joplin live at Monterey Pop Festival 1967
Watch a clip of a Janis Joplin interview at The Dick Cavett Show, 1970
Listen to an Anthology of Janis Joplin including Big Brother & The Holding Company songs compiled by Pop Expresso on Spotify
Also, check
15 Quotes By Janis Joplin
*This article was originally published by Pop Expresso in October 2017
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← 15 Quotes By Janis Joplin
Remembering Robert Palmer →
The Beatles Animated Series Debuts in 1965 on ABC
September 25, 2020 September 25, 2020 Pop Expresso 0
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The Bangles "Walk Like An Egyptian" all the way to No.1 on the Hot 100 in 1986


Firestone Diamonds on Tuesday confirmed reports of a police raid at its mine in Liqhobong, Lesotho.
The company said local authorities removed computer equipment from the site without a search warrant or court order on January 16th.
Firestone insisted there was no disruption or impact to operations.
Police are investigating current and former government ministers for alleged corruption, the Lesotho Times can reveal.
Yesterday Police Commissioner Kizito Mhlakaza confirmed that he was investigating several current and former ministers.
He however refused to name them for fear of jeopardising investigations.
Mhlakaza's confirmation comes a few days after Prime Minister Tom Thabane called on the police to arrest corrupt current and former ministers.
Thabane was speaking at a gathering in Hololo constituency in Butha-Buthe on Sunday.
When I arrived in the tiny country of Lesotho in Southern Africa in 1975 I immediately started to look around for a local band. I had been a drummer in rock bands in Switzerland, a DJ at parties, and had a large record collection part of which I brought with me to Africa. There were no bands to talk about.
I went to every club in Maseru where there were bands playing (not many!) and soon found the most amazing guitar player. His name was Frank Leepa. I just stood awed in the crowd watching this young genius playing with amazing grace and making it look so easy! At about the same time, and by a miracle I must say, a certain 'Black Jesus' had returned to Lesotho after having certain 'problems' in Germany where he had been living for many years. Black Jesus was a real character, he spoke fluent German (as I do) and had picked up the European mentality, and so we became very good friends. We both decided that it was time to form a local band and that this band would be the BEST EVER and would be the pride and glory of all the Basotho people.
We asked Frank who was the BEST drummer in town and he suggested MOSS NKOFE. Finding a singer was the most difficult part. One night I heard TSHEPO TSHOLA and immediately fell in love with his voice. It had to be him! I remember being worried when I saw him drinking more than he should. The name of our first bass guitarist was MATHABATHA. Besides beging an amazing musician I seem to remember that the was also involved in politics. We also had an amazing Afro – American keyboard player who was stationed in Lesotho with the Peace Corps. This was the first formation of UHURU. Remember that we were in the middle of the apartheid era, things were very rough, and dangerous too as you will see later on in this article.
BirdLife South Africa and BirdLife International are very concerned that the proposed development of a wind farm at Letšeng in Lesotho could have severe impacts on the already declining populations of Cape Vultures and Lammergeiers. South Africa and Lesotho share the responsibility of safeguarding the populations of Lammergeiers and Cape Vultures in the Lesotho Highlands and the surrounding escarpment of South Africa.
I am based in-between Maseru, Lesotho and Cape Town, South Africa throughout the year. Recently, when in Lesotho, I decided to see how far the Hip-Hop scene had progressed, seeing that I have been involved directly in it for more than ten years. Some things impressed me, but most things did not. So I decided to give you an idea of what's going down there in the form of a list of emcees whom I think will be making a considerable amount of noise in 2013.
"Lesotho achieved a robust growth in economy as compared to other countries globally despite the shocks it experienced over the past years. The shocks included a decline in South African Custom Union (SACU) revenue, drought and floods that seriously affected the agricultural sector to mention a few. The IMF Mission Chief to Lesotho Jiro Honda said this in his presentation on Lesotho's macroeconomic challenges and the role of IMF during a brief meeting with the local media in Maseru on Friday."


text:
Monopoly market! China establishes anti-monopoly bureau to secure fair
Grams darknet market search Guide to darknet markets How to access darknet markets
ByAbram
The four major types of markets can be viewed on a continuum. Perfect. Competition. Monopolistic. Competition. Oligopoly. Monopoly. Figure 7-1. Perfect. The latest version of the suitalso cuts allegations that Google monopolizes a market for ads shown in YouTube videos but does add. A monopoly is a specific type of economic market structure. A monopoly exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular good. As. In a Monopoly Market Structure is when there is only firm prevailing in a particular industry. Ex: De Beers is known to have a monopoly in. The State Administration for Market Regulation has tightened regulation of firms flouting the Anti-monopoly Law. (PHOTO PROVIDED TO CHINA. "Antitrust enforcement in Big Tech markets is not a partisan issue," Facebook had "monopoly power" in the market for social networking. For a monopoly, the price depends on the shape of the demand curve, and measurement of monopoly power, also called market power.
Google has long defended itself against charges of monopoly by but it holds a smaller share of the overall digital advertising market. These programmes aim to provide a regulatory pathway to improve the availability of biosimilar insulins. Upon greater market participation of. A monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition where there are many sellers in the market who are competing against each other in the same. Further, Apple's "monopolization" of the app market allegedly caused a reduction in the supply of apps. Plaintiffs argue that competition is. Tops Friendly Markets provides groceries to your local community. Shop wall market darknet at Tops beginning March 7, and receive a Tops MONOPOLY ticket with every purchase. Conclusion Monopoly Examples. Thus monopoly is the industry or the sector which is dominated by one firm or corporation. It is the market structure that is. Judge weighs whether iPhone users can bring App Store monopoly class choices that they would have provided in a competitive market.
China's vice city market darknet Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) was adopted in vice city market 2007 and talks about The State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) released a. Monopolistic competition The model of monopolistic competition describes a common market structure in which firms have many competitors, but each one sells a. A monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition where there are many sellers in the market who are competing against each other in the same. Discover the most important characteristics of a monopoly market, including regulations and antitrust laws that the government has put in. A natural monopoly exists when average costs continuously fall as the firm Therefore, the greater Microsoft's market share, the lower the average cost.
The historical record tells the story of Facebook's monopoly power in the social media market. Facebook tried, but could not, degrade the. Definition: A market structure characterized by a single seller, selling a unique product in the market. In a monopoly market, the seller faces no competition, as he is the sole seller of goods with no close substitute. All these factors restrict the entry of other sellers in the market. A monopolistic market is a theoretical condition that describes a market where only one company may offer products and services to the public. By G Brennan 1983 Cited by 5 This article explores the provision of a price-excludable public good under conditions of monopoly, in which the monopolist sets a uniform all-or-none. What is a monopoly? It turns out, it's more than just a board game. It's a terrible, terrible economic practice. The Monopoly man monopoly market juggling Facebook, Apple, Amazon, and Google icons with about 90 percent market share globally and more than 85 percent.
With a market that isn't nearly monopolized? She wakes up to browse the internet, access to which is sold through a local monopoly. Monopoly (from the greek mnos, single, and polein, to sell) is a form of market structure of imperfect competition, mainly characterized by the. Companies that have monopoly power set their own prices since unlike in a perfectly competitive market where operations are guided by demand and supply forces. In Defense of Monopoly: How Market Power Fosters Creative Production McKenzie, Richard B., Lee, Dwight R. on monopoly market. *FREE* shipping on qualifying. The State Administration for Market Regulation has tightened regulation of firms flouting the Anti-monopoly Law. (PHOTO PROVIDED TO CHINA. Markets. President of Mauldin Economics Without realizing it, we've become a nation of monopolies. A large and growing part of our.
According to court documents, the defendants are alleged to be members of vice city darknet market one of the most prolific online drug trafficking organizations in the United States and allegedly specialized in the manufacturing and distribution of more than one million fentanyl-laced counterfeit pills and laundered approximately $2. GME and AMC stock surge may impact crypto meme coins, BTC not so much? Because of the replica online wholesalers, they always seem to not make public appearances. German police have shut down the "Wall Street Market," one of the biggest black market platforms on the dark web. The impact of the pandemic on the Swiss retail trade A topical study conducted by the IRM-HSG reveals that a majority of the interviewed retail companies can discern an opportunity in the crisis. Greed may have been a motivation for the exit scam, but some observers argued that the operators of the site may have taken the money and run based on the increasing threat of being caught by law enforcement. Hydra serves versus project market mainly as a market for narcotics, although other contrabands including counterfeit passports, stolen credit cards, and falsified currency are also available. Onion Browser is the nearest substitute to the Tor Browser for iOS gadgets, and it's accessible on the iTunes store. Betweenness centrality provides yet another measure of importance of a node to the network, albeit with potentially different interpretation and use.
By Abram
Dec 19, 2021 Vicky
Dec 19, 2021 Sim
Dec 19, 2021 Denis
Reddit Darknet Markets 2021
Dec 19, 2021 Corinna
Dec 19, 2021 Hughie
Dec 19, 2021 Vinty
Dec 19, 2021 Ollie


New videos are now available in our Handlebars & Stems Repair Help section! Click below to get a grip on handlebar and stem service for your bike.
Park Tool is proud to announce the winners of their 2019 Community Tool Grants, as well as the first-ever President's Choice award.
Park Tool is visiting Monterey once again for the Sea Otter Classic. Stop by and say hi at booth R22! Click below to find us on the event map.


text:
// $Id: CbcDummyBranchingObject.cpp 1902 2013-04-10 16:58:16Z stefan $
// Copyright (C) 2002, International Business Machines
// Corporation and others.  All Rights Reserved.
// This code is licensed under the terms of the Eclipse Public License (EPL).

// Edwin 11/10/2009-- carved out of CbcBranchActual

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
// Turn off compiler warning about long names
#  pragma warning(disable:4786)
#endif
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cmath>
#include <cfloat>
//#define CBC_DEBUG

#include "CoinTypes.hpp"
#include "OsiSolverInterface.hpp"
#include "OsiSolverBranch.hpp"
#include "CbcModel.hpp"
#include "CbcMessage.hpp"
#include "CbcDummyBranchingObject.hpp"
#include "CbcBranchActual.hpp"
#include "CoinSort.hpp"
#include "CoinError.hpp"

//##############################################################################

// Default Constructor
CbcDummyBranchingObject::CbcDummyBranchingObject(CbcModel * model)
        : CbcBranchingObject(model, 0, 0, 0.5)
{
    setNumberBranchesLeft(1);
}

// Copy constructor
CbcDummyBranchingObject::CbcDummyBranchingObject ( const CbcDummyBranchingObject & rhs) : CbcBranchingObject(rhs)
{
}

// Assignment operator
CbcDummyBranchingObject &
CbcDummyBranchingObject::operator=( const CbcDummyBranchingObject & rhs)
{
    if (this != &rhs) {
        CbcBranchingObject::operator=(rhs);
    }
    return *this;
}
CbcBranchingObject *
CbcDummyBranchingObject::clone() const
{
    return (new CbcDummyBranchingObject(*this));
}

// Destructor
CbcDummyBranchingObject::~CbcDummyBranchingObject ()
{
}

/*
  Perform a dummy branch
*/
double
CbcDummyBranchingObject::branch()
{
    decrementNumberBranchesLeft();
    return 0.0;
}
// Print what would happen
void
CbcDummyBranchingObject::print()
{
    printf("Dummy branch\n");
}
/** Compare the original object of \c this with the original object of \c
    brObj. Assumes that there is an ordering of the original objects.
    This method should be invoked only if \c this and brObj are of the same
    type.
    Return negative/0/positive depending on whether \c this is
    smaller/same/larger than the argument.
*/
int
CbcDummyBranchingObject::compareOriginalObject
(const CbcBranchingObject* /*brObj*/) const
{
    throw("must implement");
}

/** Compare the \c this with \c brObj. \c this and \c brObj must be os the
    same type and must have the same original object, but they may have
    different feasible regions.
    Return the appropriate CbcRangeCompare value (first argument being the
    sub/superset if that's the case). In case of overlap (and if \c
    replaceIfOverlap is true) replace the current branching object with one
    whose feasible region is the overlap.
*/
CbcRangeCompare
CbcDummyBranchingObject::compareBranchingObject
(const CbcBranchingObject* /*brObj*/, const bool /*replaceIfOverlap*/)
{
    throw("must implement");
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: normal subgroup and its element Suppose $N$ is a normal subgroup of $D_n$. Show that if $N$ contains a reflection, then$ N $contains $R^2$ and either $r$ or $rR$.
I'm not sure I understand which reflection $N$ contian, because $D_n$ has many reflection, and hot this can be use to show that $N $contains $R^2$ and either $r$ or $rR$

A: Suppose that $N$ contains a reflection, say $rR^k$ for some $0\le k<n$. (Here, I suppose that $R$ is the basic rotation and $r$ the basic reflection.) Since $N$ is a normal subgroup of $D_n$, then for any $m\in D_n$, we have $mNm^{-1}\subseteq N$, so in particular, $m(rR^k)m^{-1}\in N$. Your job, here, is to find some $m\in D_n$ such that $m(rR^k)m^{-1}=r$ or $m(rR^k)m^{-1}=rR$. (Hint: $R^jrR^kR^{-j}=rR^{k-2j}$.) Once you've done that, use the closure of $N$ to show that $R^2\in N$. Your given reflection, and the one you've just proved to be in $N$, should be enough to get the job done.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Nicky Brett (right) and Greg Harlow (left) after enjoying pairs success together.
Huntingdon bowler Nicky Brett faces a mouthwatering Just Retirement World Indoor Championships clash against his pairs partner today.
World number one Brett eased into the quarter-finals of the men's singles with a 9-4, 8-5 triumph against Les Gillett at the Potters Resort, Hopton-on-Sea last night.
Now he must negotiate the challenge posed by former City of Ely clubmate and fellow England international Harlow as he bids to land the world title a whopping £55,000 payday.
Second seed Brett has never made it past the semi-final stage of the game's flagship tournament in six previous attempts.
Brett and Harlow were knocked out of the men's pairs at the quarter-final stage by eventual winners Darren Burnett and Stewart Anderson in a tie-break.


text:
Pollution: not "an unavoidable consequence" of development
Environment cmonforton | October 20, 2017
The headlines are grabbing people's attention: CBC News: "Pollution causing more deaths worldwide than war or smoking"; CNN: "Pollution linked to 9 million deaths worldwide in 2015, study says"; BBC: "Pollution linked to one in six deaths"; Associated Press: "Pollution killing more people every year than wars, disaster and hunger, study says"; The Independent: "Pollution is killing millions of people a year and the world is reaching 'crisis point', experts warn." News outlets are referring to a report released yesterday by The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health. The report's authors…
Throwback Thursday: Hurricanes and putrid refrigerators
cmonforton | September 22, 2017
It's been nearly a month since Hurricane Harvey made landfall on August 25 off the Gulf coast of Texas. The Houston Chronicle continues its excellent coverage of the massive "clean-up" efforts in cities across the region. Today's edition features photos and interviews from Dickinson, TX, a town about 30 miles southeast of Houston. More than 7,000 homes in Dickinson were either destroyed or damaged. Officials are telling "weary residents" it's going to take some time to get all of the debris removed that they've placed outside of their houses, apartments, mobile homes. Jessica Martinez and…
Trump administration's de-regulatory agenda: "Watching the American safety net unravel before our eyes"
lborkowski | August 7, 2017
In late July, while many of us were preoccupied with Republican Senators' attacks on healthcare, the Trump administration released its first regulatory agenda (technically, the Current Unified Agenda of Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions). These routine updates are published so the public can see what they can anticipate from federal agencies in the way of rulemaking. (Celeste Monforton has been tracking the Department of Labor regulatory agenda for years.) The Trump administration's first entry into this genre is better described as a de-regulatory agenda. It's a dizzying array of delays,…
Occupational Health News Roundup
kkrisberg | July 26, 2017
At PBS Newhour, Aubrey Aden-Buie reports on the shipbuilders that receive billions in federal contracts despite histories of serious safety lapses. In a review of federal contracts, Aden-Buie and colleagues found that since 2008, the federal government has awarded more than $100 billion to companies with records of safety incidents that injured and killed workers. In a transcript of the broadcast (which you can also watch at the link above), Aden-Buie interviews Martin Osborn, a welder at shipbuilder Austal USA in Alabama: MARTIN OSBORN: I was up in a boom lift, as we call it, or a man lift,…
"He couldn't tolerate injustice": Remembering Dr. Herbert Needleman
Education cmonforton | July 26, 2017
My favorite way to capture students' attention about lead poisoning is to tell them about Dr. Herbert Needleman and his use of children's baby teeth. In the late 1960's, Needleman recruited school teachers in Chelsea and Somerville, MA to collect their young students' deciduous teeth when they fell out. It was a non-invasive way----no needlesticks, no bone biopsies---to get data on lead burden in children. Needleman's team analyzed the teeth for lead which helped them establish a population distribution of tooth lead levels. (It did not exist up to that time.) In 1972, he published the…
UCS tallies assaults on science during Trump's first six months
Environment lborkowski | July 24, 2017
Members of the public health community are aware of many of the ways the Trump administration and the 115th Congress are hindering and reversing evidence-based actions for public health – from an executive order requiring agencies to scrap two regulations each time they create a new one to advancing legislation that would make it harder for EPA to obtain and use the most up-to-date science in its work. With so many threats to public health arising each month, it can be hard to catch all of them, though. The Union of Concerned Scientists has performed a tremendous service by producing the…
Zika remains a serious threat. Federal funding cuts will make the problem even worse.
Medicine kkrisberg | June 13, 2017
Last year's emergency Zika funding is about to run out and there's no new money in the pipeline. It's emblematic of the kind of short-term, reactive policymaking that public health officials have been warning us about for years. Now, as we head into summer, public health again faces a dangerous, highly complex threat along with an enormous funding gap. "The Zika threat will get worse," said Claude Jacob, chief public health officer at the Cambridge Public Health Department in Massachusetts and president of the National Association of County & City Health Officials (NACCHO). "And the…
Trump's budget is a disaster for public health: 'If you're not at the table, you're on the menu'
kkrisberg | June 6, 2017
When you ask public health advocates about President Trump's recent budget proposal, you typically get a bewildered pause. Public health people don't like to exaggerate — they follow the science, they stay calm, they face off against dangerous threats on a regular basis. Exaggerating doesn't help contain diseases, it only makes it harder. So it's concerning when you hear words like this about Trump's budget: "devastating," "not serious," "ludicrous," "unfathomable." Released in late May, Trump's fiscal year 2018 federal budget proposal calls for cutting the budget at the Centers for Disease…
The PRIDE Study is open for enrollment: People are 'hungry to be heard and represented'
Education kkrisberg | May 23, 2017
Last week, researchers officially opened enrollment in the nation's first decades-long study of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer health — an effort they hope will transform our understanding of the health challenges LGBTQ people face and begin narrowing a giant data gap on their physical, mental and social well-being. "Sexual and gender minorities make up between 2 and 6 percent of the population, however sexual orientation and gender identity are rarely asked about in health studies and they're not included in fundamental metrics like the Census," said Juno Obedin-Maliver, one…
Community groups, labor applaud new California refinery safety protections
cmonforton | May 22, 2017
Former Mayor Gayle McLaughlin remembers the phone calls from that evening. It was August 6, 2012. Constituents were calling McLaughlin at home to describe a huge cloud of black smoke infiltrated their neighborhoods. The cloud of pollution was coming from the Chevron refinery. A corroded pipe at the Chevron refinery failed, causing a massive cloud of hydrocarbon and steam that ignited. Next was the shelter-in-place warning. It covered the mayor's town of Richmond, CA town and neighboring San Pablo. The warning lasted lasted five hours. Four transit line stations were closed. Residents of…
Study: U.S. Zika burden could cost billions in medical care, lost productivity
kkrisberg | May 18, 2017
A Zika attack rate of just 1 percent across the six states most at risk for the mosquito-borne disease could result in $1.2 billion in medical costs and lost productivity, a new study finds. That's more than the $1.1 billion in emergency Zika funding that Congress approved last year after months of delay and which is expected to run out this summer. "One of the troubling things last year was that (Zika funding) was viewed as a cost — every week, there was another delay and more people becoming infected and more chances of birth defects," study co-author Bruce Y. Lee, an associate professor at…
At BuzzFeed, Kate Moore tells the story of the "radium girls," the hundreds of women during WWI who worked painting watch dials with luminous radium paint — a substance that would eventually poison and kill them even though they were told it was perfectly safe. What followed was years of employers covering up and denying evidence that radium was killing workers, while berating the women for attempting to get help with their mounting medical bills. Eventually, Moore writes, their fight for justice led to one of the first cases in which an employer was held responsible for the health of workers…
Study: One-third of U.S. children with harmful lead exposures going unidentified
kkrisberg | May 5, 2017
Right now, according to public health officials, about half a million U.S. kids have blood lead levels that could harm their health. However, new research finds many more children — hundreds of thousands more — are likely going unidentified. In a study published last week in Pediatrics, researchers estimated that while 1.2 million cases of elevated blood lead levels (EBLL) likely occurred between 1999 and 2010, only 607,000 were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. That data gap not only means kids are likely going without needed treatment and services, but that public…
Report: After years of cuts and even more proposed, public health faces funding crisis
Technology kkrisberg | April 14, 2017
Public health is in trouble. Last month, President Trump released his proposed budget for fiscal year 2018. It was more of an outline, really, and didn't provide many details, but it did call for a nearly 18 percent cut to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and for block granting the budget at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. At the same time, the White House supports repealing the Affordable Care Act. That repeal would also eliminate the Prevention and Public Health Fund, which now accounts for about 12 percent of CDC's budget and funds critical public health…
House passes bills that will make it harder for EPA to protect public health
Technology lborkowski | April 11, 2017
The House of Representatives has passed two bills that, if they clear the Senate and are signed by President Trump, will make it much harder for EPA to do the important work of analyzing, warning about, and regulating health threats in the environment. The HONEST Act, introduced by House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology Chair Lamar Alexander (R-Texas), would severely limit the research findings EPA could use in creating a wide range of communications, standards, and regulations. The EPA Science Advisory Board Reform Act, introduced by Representative Frank Lucas (R-Oklahoma), would…
Midnight 28 years ago: Exxon Valdez ran aground, 11 million gallons crude oil released
cmonforton | March 24, 2017
Dan Rather was the newscaster. His lead for the CBS Evening News on Friday, March 24, 1989 was: "An oil tanker ran aground today off the nation's northern most ice-free port, Valdez, Alaska." The Exxon vessel was holding 53 million gallons of crude oil. By 3:30 am, the Coast Guard estimated that 5.8 million gallons had already been released from the tanker. Ultimately, nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil contaminated the region. I was reminded of today's 28th anniversary of the Exxon Valdez disaster by my colleague Mark Catlin. At the time he was with the Alaska Health Project, a non-…
Health organizations warn about "regulatory reform" bills sweeping Congress
cmonforton | March 8, 2017
The American Public Health Association, the American Lung Association, and other health protection organizations have put Members of Congress and the Trump Administration on notice: dismantling regulations and slashing agency budgets will have dire consequences for Americans. The groups urged lawmakers to oppose several "regulatory reform" bills which were moving at lightning speed through the House of Representatives. Bills such as: The Searching for and Cutting Regulations that are Unnecessarily Burdensome Act of 2016 (SCRUB Act H.R. 998)) The Regulatory Integrity Act (H.R. 1004) The…
Study: Seven-fold increase in antibiotic-resistant infection among children
Social Sciences kkrisberg | March 3, 2017
Most news on the dangers of antibiotic-resistant infections focus on adults. But children are very much at risk too. In fact, a recent study found that U.S. children have experienced a 700 percent surge in infections caused by particular bacteria that's both resistant to multiple antibiotics and responsible for growing numbers of serious bacterial infections in kids. "These organisms are scary, they're hard to treat and respond to few antibiotics…and it's the type of antibiotic resistance that's capable of spreading itself to adjacent bacteria even if those bacteria haven't been exposed to…
Labor-Enviro-Community coalition wins stronger California oil refinery regulations and showcases a winning strategy for worker and community health
Policy garrettbrown | March 3, 2017
by Garrett Brown On February 10th, California's Department of Industrial Relations (DIR) proposed revised and stronger regulations for oil refineries in the state after a 4½-year joint campaign by labor unions, environmental and community organizations to protect both refinery workers and nearby communities. The regulatory proposal now goes to the state's Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board for consideration and final approval. This successful "blue-green" coalition held off industry pressure and reversed earlier back-door revisions to the proposal by DIR to benefit the oil…
Researchers identify thousands of fracking spills, highlight why data is critical to prevention
Environment kkrisberg | March 1, 2017
In 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released a report finding 457 fracking-related spills in eight states between 2006 and 2012. Last month, a new study tallied more than 6,600 fracking spills in just four states between 2005 and 2014. But, as usual, the numbers only tell part of the story. Not every spill counted in that new number represents a spill of potentially harmful materials or even a spill that made contact with the environment. In fact, the study's goal wasn't to tally an absolute number of fracking spills. Instead, researchers set out to collect available spill data…


Readiness for piano lessons can vary widely among 3-5 year olds. Consider the following when assessing whether your child is ready to begin piano lessons. If you find you are answering "no" or "not quite" to many of these questions, it is suggested that you wait a few months before beginning WunderKeys piano lessons. Little ones develop and change rapidly! WunderKeys is designed to help them grow and learn, and creates the most feelings of success when children begin lessons once they are able to do most of the tasks listed.
I Know My Child Is Ready!
Do you have a piano or an adequate keyboard at home (or do you have plans to obtain one?) A home instrument will be needed.
Do you have the ability to make sure your child attends lessons regularly? Consistency is important to your child's success.
Does your child like listening and moving to music?
Is your child excited about the prospect of piano lessons?
Is your child comfortable being away from you for shot periods of time?
Does your child know the difference between "banging" on the piano keys vs. playing carefully?


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EntertainmentStar Wars: The Rise of SkywalkerShareSubscribe
Why Kylo Ren and Rey's big 'Rise of Skywalker' moment cheapens Star Wars
Reylo stans deserved better than this.
By Eric Francisco
Filed Under Fandom, Kylo Ren, Relationships, Rey, Romance, Sexuality & Star Wars
Look, friends, I'm not here to debate you on shipping. Wondering which fictional characters I want to see boning isn't my bag, for Star Wars or any of my other fandoms. That's fine if it's your thing! Just not mine. But the new Star Wars trilogy introduced one of the most compelling romantic relationships in movie history with Kylo Ren/Ben Solo and Rey — and then ruined it in The Rise of Skywalker for reasons that remain unclear (other than to please the fandom's most vocal fans).
Warning: Minor spoilers for Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker ahead.
Despite not being into ships, I've long been intrigued by "Reylo," the pairing coined by fans who wanted (and got) Adam Driver's Kylo Ren and Daisy Ridley's Rey to kiss and fall in love. I'm especially compelled because it's canon now. I'm intrigued because, for the first time in Star Wars, it is something that is very, very horny.
Yes, Han/Leia and Anakin/Padmé were lovers, but in that old movie matinee way that's just a bit sexless. The furthest the franchise went was Natalie Portman's increasingly revealing wardrobe in 2002's Attack of the Clones, a detail you can't shake off after you notice it.
I'll never forget one of the teaser posters for Attack of the Clones, featuring Hayden Christensen's Anakin back to back with Padmé Amidala. The tagline promoted the ascetic side of the Jedi: "A Jedi shall not know anger. Nor hatred." And spaced further down closer to Padmé, "Nor love." (Attack of the Clones was an epic sci-fi romance and you can't convince me otherwise.)
But The Last Jedi cloaked its romantic opponents in visual metaphor, engulfing them in red lighting, warm color temperatures, and glistening moisture. Rey is regularly soaked; Kylo Ren doesn't wear a shirt. Their stint talking through Force-powered FaceTiming ended in a climax, a hot and heavy lightsaber battle (surrounded by enemies brandishing whips and chains). But immediately after, Rey sees through Kylo, the disappearing cloud of their encounter sobering her to the grim reality of his true, unwholesome nature.
As others have pointed out, Kylo and Rey in The Last Jedi was a bad date. And I loved it! It was refreshing to see Star Wars embrace sexuality in a way that felt dangerous for its characters. And it was profound to filter their "connection" to the Force (much, much later, we learn was due to Palpatine, but that's so lame). Kylo and Rey shared a deep, primal bond that can't ever be cleanly defined.
'Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker' is very much a "Reylo" movie, and it almost ends their story on a perfect note. Almost.
Such relationships really exist. They're never healthy, but they are fun. To feel a deep connection with someone, maybe fueled by lust but sometimes with something more, can be a reminder that you feel alive. That's why people skydive. The threat of danger is an adrenaline shock to the system that reminds you that, holy shit, you're here and alive. It's intoxicating.
And it was fun to see this in The Last Jedi as metaphor. It was less fun to see it realized in The Rise of Skywalker, a movie plagued with giving fans everything they want almost, never for better and exclusively for worse. Again, I'm not opposed to these characters feeling something for each other; their fight on the Death Star wreckage is charged with so many primal feelings that the scene is a strong early contender for the new decade. I'm not even mad about their fight with Palpatine, if we're going by sheer cool factor.
I'm not even mad about Kylo's touching of Rey's stomach, inspiring new fan theories of a Force-made pregnancy. Again, metaphor; the Force is a power of life, and the power to give life. If Rey is pregnant with Kylo's child and did so through using the Force, then that's so very Star Wars.
There's just something ugly about their kiss. It's ineffable, but director J.J. Abrams showing an actual, physical intimacy between the two characters just feels cheap. Maybe even gross. I know, it's a contradiction! They're a hot pair that shouldn't be together. As Kylo Ren is a violent extremist whose personality equals that of a school shooter, it is bizarre to see anyone, let alone the fiercely competent Rey, show any physical affection towards him.
Rey/Kylo Ren, to my estimation, works better in metaphor. Their connection together existed beyond our actual parameters of love and lust. Like many people's relationships, they are fundamentally flawed together but they can't help from wanting to be together. That is infinitely more interesting to see play out, and would have been more interesting in a better movie than The Rise of Skywalker.
How "Reylo" almost ended was perfect. If only it weren't for the kiss.
Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker is now in theaters.
Media via Netflix, Twitter.com/roguewn, Twitter.com/reysroses, Lucasfilm
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Interview Francesco Starace, CEO Enel: "We have stopped investing in projects that take more than 2 or 3 years"
October 11, 2016 by Karel Beckman
Francesco Starace, CEO Enel
"Our aim is to grow the use of electricity as energy vector". This is how Francesco Starace, CEO of Enel, one of the world's largest utilities and perhaps the biggest producer of renewable energy in the world, describes the strategic goal of his company. According to Starace, the utility of the future owns and manages a digitised grid that connects up decentralised green energy sources and is at the centre of a whole new system of energy products and services. But he is concerned that many utilities are still engaged in a futile effort to deny the future. "There are still a lot of us who think they should own large centralised fossil fuel plants." Enel gives priority to flexibility: "we have decided to stop investing in projects that take more than two or three years to complete". This interview was first published in World Energy Focus 2016, a magazine produced by Energy Post for the World Energy Congress in Istanbul.
If there is one major utility company in the world that has fully embraced the low-carbon energy transition, it has to be Enel. The Italian company was probably the first in the world to replace all its conventional meters in its home country with smart meters. Through its subsidiary Enel Green Power, which owns over 10 GW of renewable energy capacity in 17 countries, Enel is also one of the world's largest (if not the largest) renewable energy producers. About half of the company's generation capacity is now carbon-free, and this number will only go up, says Francesco Starace, who became head of Enel in May 2014 after six years as CEO of Enel Green Power: "We have stopped investing in large-scale centralised power generation."
In the period 2016-2019, Enel will invest for growth some €17 billion of which almost 90% will go to renewables and grids. This is where the utility of the future is headed, says Starace: "The key for us is to own and manage a digitised grid, which will connect as many decentralised units as possible. Who owns the generating capacity is less important."
"There are still a lot of us who think they should own large centralised fossil fuel plants with some transmission and distribution and without much technology"
In a country like Italy, there are already some 670,000 small renewable energy plants, he notes, and this trend will continue. "As network operator you don't only need to move electricity from high-voltage to low-voltage lines, but also increasingly across low-voltage and medium-voltage lines, and sometimes even in counterflow." This kind of very fragmented and intermittent generation can be handled by the grid, says Starace. But only if that grid is digitised. Digitisation will, moreover, enable the development of new products and services that will make the energy system much more flexible and efficient.
"Over the next ten years grids are going to be extremely important," says Starace. This is all the more so because of the worldwide trend towards urbanisation and "megacities". Enel owns or operates grids in many cities in the world, also outside of its large domestic markets of Italy and Spain, e.g. in Bucharest (Romania), Santiago (Chili), Bogota (Colombia), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Lima (Peru). "People are increasingly migrating from the countryside to these cities. We are committed to make them as livable as we can. As efficient and as modern as possible."
Starace emphasises that the energy system cannot be modernised and adapted to the low-carbon energy transition if the grids are not digitised. "Digitised grids will enable a lot of features that are not there today. They will make electricity use much more efficient and will lead to many more new applications. Consumers will interact much more with their energy providers and become more conscious of their energy use."
"Over the next ten years grids are going to be extremely important"
He views this trend as a great opportunity. Indeed, the Enel CEO is concerned that the world is moving only very slowly to digitisation. "In many countries there still is fear of digitisation. We still need to convince many regulators that this is not a cost, but an investment that pays out in 2-3 years. We really have to put this debate to rest, otherwise we won't be able to grow."
Europe and Japan are furthest ahead in digitisation, says Starace. In other parts of the world the trend is even slower. "We have to bring people up into 2016. We are carrying out pilots in many countries to show how it works and why it's beneficial."
Digitised grids are also key to enabling the transformation of the transport system. "It's very clear today that electric cars can quickly become a viable alternative to the internal combustion engine," says Starace. He believes that for the next twenty years the two systems will be moving together – then new cars will be all electric. "We want to push this development as much as possible, because for us it's another use of clean electricity in a world of polluting inefficient fossil fuel use."
Electric cars are not only welcome new consumers of electricity, they can also be an important source of storage and flexibility for utility companies, notes Starace. "For us electric cars are batteries on wheels. We can pay car owners for connecting their batteries to the grid when they are sitting in their office and not using their car. For us it means we will be better able to manage the grid."
"We need to grow with others. So we need to completely open up our processes, our minds. That is strange for a utility."
The growth of electric mobility will come at the expense of oil companies. Is Starace worried that they may try to move into the utility space? "Oil companies are eyeing the utility market, yes. For us it is a sign that we have value in our hands. But we are not particularly concerned about this. They tried it before, in the 1990s, and they all left again. The utility sector is a very special business, with relatively low margins. It's not an easy environment."
Then there are the Silicon Valley type of companies that are interested in the energy market. They are very different from the oil companies, Starace says. "They are not making the mistake of entering our core business. They look at the value they can add at the customer end. As utilities we have millions of customers. Thus, there is a lot of space for cooperation with these high-tech companies. I don't see this as a threat, but as a tool for value creation."
For innovative ideas, Enel looks outside the own company anyway. Starace has an outspoken vision on innovation. "There are several reasons why companies innovate. It can be because they are in a crisis. Or because it is built into their genes right from the start. Neither applies to us. We innovate because we want to grow. But how? Our industry tends to be risk-averse, because when you make a mistake in our business, this can have big consequences. But this is not an environment in which innovation thrives. That's why we decided to look for innovation outside the company. We stopped sitting around and trying to do it ourselves."
"The world changes so fast that five years from now, you find yourself wondering why you ever made this investment"
For growth to be sustainable, it needs to be inclusive, says Starace. "We need to grow with others. So we need to completely open up our processes, our minds. That is strange for a utility. We are now working with a great many start-ups. But we don't want to own or manage them exclusively. We want their ideas, adopt them fast, so we can create new revenue streams and do our job more efficiently."
Big mistake
In fact, Starace would like to see other utilities do the same. "We don't want to keep innovative ideas to ourselves. Our main aim is to grow the use of electricity as an energy vector. Our competition is not with other utilities, but with fossil fuel based electricity."
If the electricity market as a whole grows, Enel will grow with it, says Starace. "We are already very large. Growth for us is not a zero-sum game. We want people to use more electricity and less fossil fuels." One of his main worries is that other utility companies are not moving in the same direction. "There are still a lot of us who think they should own large centralised fossil fuel plants with some transmission and distribution and without much technology. That's a big mistake. It is futile to try to stop current technological trends. The opportunity is there, but if we as a sector don't jump on it, we will not be able to grow our market."
"We have €10.5 billion invested in growth and all of this investment will be completed around 2018"
Starace notes that Enel's commitment to renewable energy and digitised grids is fundamentally changing the way the company operates. "We have always been a long-term industry. If you take a decision today, you see the result in five years. If you make an investment, you will start earning money on it five to ten years later. This was fine for a long time. But it's not fine anymore today. The world changes so fast that five years from now, you find yourself wondering why you ever made this investment."
For this reason Enel decided to stop investing in projects that take more than two or three years to be completed. "This is a big management challenge," Starace points out. "You have to invest in many more smaller things. This means you need more smart people. But what you gain is huge flexibility. We have €10.5 billion invested in growth and all of this investment will be completed around 2018. This means we will have cash again from 2018 to invest. This freedom is a great value for the company."
And as with innovation and digitisation, Starace would like to see other utilities take the same approach. "If we all do this, the sector as a whole will become more flexible."
Filed Under: *, Energy, Energy Outlooks, Markets Tagged With: carbon bubble, climate change, electricity market, energy storage, energy transition, energy2030, financing, renewables
About Karel Beckman
Karel Beckman is editor-in-chief of Energy Post.
Diarmuid Foley says
What is meant by a ' digitised grid ' ? Is this where information about the system i.e. voltage, frequency , usage etc flows back to the utility in real time ( like a ' smart grid ' ? )


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Illnesses and conditions
Munchausen's syndrome
Munchausen's syndrome is a psychological disorder where someone pretends to be ill or deliberately produces symptoms of illness in themselves. Their main intention is to assume the 'sick role' to have people care for them and be the centre of attention.
Symptoms and types of behaviour
Any practical benefit in pretending to be sick – for example, claiming incapacity benefit – isn't the reason for the behaviour of someone with Munchausen's syndrome.
People with Munchausen's syndrome can behave in a number of different ways, including:
pretending to have psychological symptoms – for example, claiming to hear voices or claiming to see things that aren't really there
pretending to have physical symptoms – for example, claiming to have chest pain or a stomach ache
actively trying to get ill – such as deliberately infecting a wound by rubbing dirt into it
People with Munchausen's syndrome can be very manipulative. In the most serious cases, they may undergo painful and sometimes life-threatening surgery, even though they know it's unnecessary.
Signs and symptoms of Munchausen's syndrome
Causes of Munchausen's syndrome
Munchausen's syndrome is complex and poorly understood. Many people refuse psychiatric treatment or psychological profiling. It's unclear why people with the syndrome behave in the way they do.
Based on the available research and case studies, several factors have been identified as possible causes of Munchausen's syndrome. These include:
emotional trauma or illness during childhood – this often resulted in extensive medical attention
a personality disorder – a mental health condition that causes patterns of abnormal thinking and behaviour
a grudge against authority figures or healthcare professionals
Munchausen's syndrome may be caused by parental neglect and abandonment, or other childhood trauma.
As a result of this trauma, a person may have unresolved issues with their parents that cause them to fake illness. They may do this because they:
have a compulsion to punish themselves (masochism) by making themselves ill because they feel unworthy
need to feel important and be the centre of attention
need to pass responsibility for their wellbeing and care on to other people
There's also some evidence to suggest people who've had extensive medical procedures, or received lengthy medical attention during childhood or adolescence, are more likely to develop Munchausen's syndrome when they're older.
This may be because they associate their childhood memories with a sense of being cared for. As they get older, they try to get the same feelings of reassurance by pretending to be ill.
Some examples of the different personality disorders thought to be linked with Munchausen's syndrome include:
antisocial personality disorder – a person may take pleasure in manipulating and deceiving doctors, giving them a sense of power and control
borderline personality disorder – where a person struggles to control their feelings and often swings between positive and negative views of others
narcissistic personality disorder – where a person often swings between seeing themselves as special and fearing they're worthless
It could be the person has an unstable sense of their own identity and also has difficulties establishing meaningful relationships with others.
Playing the "sick role" allows them to adopt an identity that brings unconditional support and acceptance from others with it. Admission to hospital also gives the person a clearly defined place in a social network.
Diagnosing Munchausen's syndrome
Diagnosing Munchausen's syndrome can be challenging for medical professionals.
People with the syndrome are often very convincing and skilled at manipulating and exploiting a doctor's concern for their patients, and their natural interest in investigating unusual medical conditions.
Investigating claims
If a healthcare professional suspects a person may have Munchausen's syndrome, they'll look at the person's health records. This is to check for inconsistencies between their claimed and actual medical history. They may also contact the person's family and friends to find out whether their claims about their past are true.
Healthcare professionals can also run tests to check for evidence of self-inflicted illness or tampering with clinical tests. For example, the person's blood can be checked for traces of medication they shouldn't be taking but which could explain their symptoms.
Doctors will also want to rule out other possible motivations for their behaviour, such as faking illness for financial gain or because they want access to strong painkillers.
Munchausen's syndrome can usually be confidently diagnosed if:
there's clear evidence of fabricating or inducing symptoms
the person's prime motivation is to be seen as sick
there's no other likely reason or explanation for their behaviour
Treating Munchausen's syndrome
Treating Munchausen's syndrome can be difficult. This is because most people refuse to admit they have a problem and won't co-operate with suggested treatment plans.
Some experts recommend that healthcare professionals should adopt a gentle non-confrontational approach, suggesting the person has complex health needs and may benefit from a referral to a psychiatrist.
Others argue that a person with Munchausen's syndrome should be confronted directly and asked why they've lied and whether they have stress and anxiety.
One of the biggest ironies about Munchausen's syndrome is that people who have it are genuinely mentally ill, but will often only admit to having a physical illness.
If a person admits to their behaviour, they can be referred to specialist psychiatric services for further treatment. If they don't admit to lying, most experts agree the doctor in charge of their care should minimise medical contact with them.
This is because the doctor-patient relationship is based on trust. If there's evidence the patient can no longer be trusted, the doctor is unable to continue treating them.
Psychiatric treatment and CBT
It may be possible to help control the symptoms of Munchausen's syndrome if the person admits they have a problem and co-operates with treatment.
There's no standard treatment for Munchausen's syndrome, but a combination of psychoanalysis and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has shown some success in helping people control their symptoms.
Psychoanalysis is a type of psychotherapy which attempts to uncover and resolve these unconscious beliefs and motivations which can cause many psychological conditions.
CBT helps a person identify unhelpful and unrealistic beliefs and behavioural patterns. A specially trained therapist teaches the person ways of replacing unrealistic beliefs with more realistic and balanced ones.
People with Munchausen's syndrome still in close contact with their family may also benefit from having family therapy.
The person with the syndrome and their close family members discuss how it's affected the family and the positive changes that can be made.
Who's affected
From the available case studies, there appear to be two distinct groups of people affected by Munchausen's syndrome. They are:
women who are 20 to 40 years of age, often with a background in healthcare, such as working as a nurse or medical technician
unmarried white men who are 30 to 50 years of age
It's unclear why these two groups tend to be affected by Munchausen's syndrome. It's also not known how common the syndrome is.
Fabricated or induced illness
Fabricated or induced illness, also known as Munchausen's by proxy, is a variant of Munchausen's syndrome.
This is where a person fabricates or induces illness in a person under their care. Most cases involve a mother and her child.
How to use your health services
The information on this page has been adapted from original content from the NHS website.
For further information see terms and conditions.
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