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A Guide to Australian Bushranging
Discover the intriguing world of Australia's outlaws, rogues and highwaymen
What is a bushranger?
Feature, Overview (Collective), Profile, The Kelly Gang, The Riverina Bushrangers, Victorian Bushrangers
The Kelly Gang: An Overview
Few figures in history reach the notoriety and cultural impact of the Kelly Gang. As so much is easily available on the subject already, here is an easily digestible summary of the so-called Kelly Outbreak. For more detailed information, there is a swathe of articles available on A Guide to Australian Bushranging that examine elements of the history in more deeply.
A contemporary postcard said to depict members of the Kelly Gang while on the run
The story of the Kelly Gang begins on 15 April, 1878. Constable Alexander Fitzpatrick was sent by Sergeant Whelan at Benalla to take charge of the police station at Greta. Greta was well-known to police in the district as members of the Kelly, Quinn and Lloyd families (all related) had selections there. These families were under particularly strict scrutiny by the police due to their recidivism and suspected involvement in crimes such as stock theft. In fact, Constable Fitzpatrick had heard there was a warrant out for the arrest of Dan Kelly, the seventeen year-old son of the notorious Ellen Kelly, for his suspected involvement in horse stealing. He made it known to Whelan that he intended to arrest Dan en route to Greta police station. Despite popular understanding, Fitzpatrick was not required by law to carry a copy of a warrant with him.
Constable Fitzpatrick [Source: Victoria Police Museum]
When Fitzpatrick arrived at the Kelly selection, Dan was not at home so he spoke with Ellen Kelly (who was nursing a newborn) for a period, then rode to their neighbour, William "Brickey" Williamson, and questioned him about whether he had a permit for the logs he was splitting. He lingered until dusk and returned to the Kelly selection in case Dan had returned rather than riding to Greta to take charge of the station as ordered. Dan Kelly answered the door and Fitzpatrick made his intentions known. Dan agreed to go quietly with Fitzpatrick on condition that he could finish his dinner first as he had been riding all day. He denied having stolen any horses and it would later be revealed that he had been in gaol when the animals in question were stolen, corroborating his assertions. What happened next is not known for sure due to conflicting evidence. What seems to have been the case, according to popular understanding, is that Fitzpatrick possibly made an unwanted sexual advance on fifteen year-old Kate Kelly and a fight broke out. Fitzpatrick claimed that Ellen Kelly hit him in the head with a coal shovel and Ned Kelly entered the house and shot him in the wrist, accompanied by Brickey Williamson and Ellen Kelly's son-in-law Bill Skillion who were both brandishing revolvers. Ned Kelly would claim he was never there and Ellen would indicate that Fitzpatrick was drunk and had fought with Ned and Dan. Another version of the story states that Fitzpatrick injured his arm on a door latch and claimed it was a bullet wound, cutting himself to make it look like he had removed a bullet. Regardless, Fitzpatrick returned to Benalla and lodged a report. The following day Ellen Kelly, Brickey Williamson and Bill Skillion were arrested and charged with aiding an attempted murder. Ned and Dan Kelly had gone into hiding at Dan Kelly's hut in the bush, and a £100 reward was posted for the capture of Ned Kelly for attempted murder.
Ellen Kelly
While the brothers were hiding in the Wombat Ranges Ellen Kelly, Brickey Williamson and Bill Skillion were sentenced. Ellen Kelly received three years hard labour, the two men were given six years each. Days later a search party was sent from Mansfield to find the Kelly brothers. Word soon reached the bushrangers that they were being hunted and they tracked the police as they ventured into the bush from Mansfield on 25 October, 1878. Despite the fact they had constructed a fortified hut with huge logs for walls and an armoured door made of sheet metal to protect them in an ambush, they remained on edge. The Mansfield police party consisted of Sergeant Michael Kennedy and Constables Thomas McIntyre, Michael Scanlan (of Mooroopna) and Thomas Lonigan (of Violet Town). They set up camp on the banks of Stringybark Creek, less than a mile from Dan Kelly's hut. The following day Kennedy and Scanlan headed off to scout for the brothers, leaving McIntyre and Lonigan to tend the camp. McIntyre shot some parrots with a shotgun Kennedy had left him for the task of hunting something for supper. He returned to camp and began cooking bread. Unknown to them, the sound of McIntyre shooting had been heard and Ned Kelly decided to bail up the police. He and Dan were joined by Joe Byrne, a young man from the Woolshed Valley who had recently been involved in stock theft with Ned, and Steve Hart, a jockey from Wangaratta. Ned claimed his intention was to rob the police of their food and weapons.
[Source: State Library of Victoria]
In the afternoon of 26 October, 1878, the Kelly Gang emerged from the bush and ordered McIntyre and Lonigan to bail up. McIntyre did as instructed but Lonigan ran and was shot by Ned with a quartered bullet. A piece of shrapnel pierced Lonigan's eye and entered his brain, killing him. Ned insisted that Lonigan had gotten behind a log and was about to shoot him. McIntyre would refute this, stating that there was not enough time for Lonigan to have done so. The bushrangers raided the camp, gathering what they could. Dan Kelly insisted McIntyre be handcuffed but Ned refused. He ordered McIntyre to tell the other police to surrender when they returned or be shot. Joe Byrne drank tea and smoked with McIntyre as they waited. When Kennedy and Scanlan returned the gang hid and McIntyre attempted to get the police to surrender. Very suddenly shots were fired. Ned shot Scanlan in the back as his horse tried to run away. Kennedy jumped out of the saddle and began shooting with his pistol. McIntyre escaped on Kennedy's horse and rode into the bush. Kennedy attempted to follow McIntyre and shot Dan Kelly in the shoulder. Ned pursued Kennedy and they fired at each other in a running gunfight. Kennedy was wounded and fell a considerable distance from the camp. Ned finished him off by shooting him in the chest at close range. He would claim it was a mercy killing. The bushrangers then looted from the corpses and took everything they needed from the camp before burning the tent. Constable McIntyre, meanwhile, had been badly injured as he escaped and hid in a wombat hole overnight. The following day he walked to a farm and raised the alarm.
Almost immediately parliament passed the Felons Apprehension Act, which gave them the power to declare people "outlaws". This was based on the legislation of the same name passed in New South Wales in response to bushrangers such as Ben Hall and Dan Morgan. It meant that the outlaws were not protected by the law and could be murdered without provocation and the killer would not only be exempt from any repercussions, they would receive the reward money. Ned Kelly, Dan Kelly and their two accomplices (Joe Byrne and Steve Hart had not yet been identified) were officially declared outlaws in the colony of Victoria. £1000 was put on Ned's capture, another £1000 was offered for the others. The assistant commissioner of police, Charles Hope Nicolson, was assigned to lead the hunt for the gang.
Assistant-Commissioner Nicolson. [Source: State Library of Victoria.]
On 10 December, 1878, the Kelly Gang re-emerged. They stuck up Younghusband's Station at Faithfull's Creek and imprisoned the staff in a storeroom. That evening a hawker arrived to camp at the station and he was bailed up as well. The outlaws took new outfits from the hawkers wagon and spruced themselves up with perfume. Later, Ned held a Q&A session in the shed where he answered all the questions his prisoners had about his life and crimes. The next morning, Dan guarded the prisoners while the other gang members destroyed the telegraph lines. A hunting party was also captured and added to the prisoners in the shed.
The storeroom where the Kelly Gang kept their prisoners, photographed in 1940 [Source: State Library of Victoria]
In the afternoon of 8 December, Ned, Dan and Steve rode to Euroa to rob the bank. Dan guarded the back door as Steve went into the manager's homestead via the kitchen. Here he was recognised by one of the servants who had been a schoolmate of his. He locked her in the drawing room with the rest of the manager's family before heading into the bank. Meanwhile, Ned had tried to get in the front door with a dodgy cheque he had made the superintendent of Younghusband's Station write out. When the bank clerk tried to tell him they were closed, he burst in and bailed the staff up and ordered them to give him all the money. Once the till was emptied he ordered them to open the safe but they needed the manager's key. Ned and Steve bailed up the manager, Robert Scott, and after much hassle, including sending Scott's wife to get the key from the study, the safe was emptied too. The outlaws then took the staff and the Scotts with them back to the station where Joe had been guarding the prisoners, and had even captured the linesman sent to repair the broken telegraph wires. The gang stayed until night time and then left, ordering the prisoners to wait until they were gone before leaving themselves. The gang escaped with over £1500 on gold and money. In response the reward was raised to £4000 and Assistant Commissioner Nicolson was replaced by Superintendent Francis Augustus Hare.
Steve Hart and Ned Kelly bail up Robert Scott and his staff. [Source: State Library of Victoria]
With all four gang members now officially named, it was harder for them to move around, so they got Joe Byrne's best friend Aaron Sherritt to keep the police distracted by giving them false information. In early 1879 he informed Superintendent Hare that the Kelly Gang would be going to Goulburn. The police immediately headed for Goulburn, but the outlaws were actually heading for Jerilderie, further west. They split up and Ned and Joe went to the Woolpack Inn to get information about Jerilderie. They soon rejoined Dan and Steve and headed into the town.
At midnight on 7 February, 1879, the Kelly Gang woke the Jerilderie police up and captured them. They locked the police in their own lock-up cell and planned their next heist. The next day Ned and Joe disguised themselves as police reinforcements and went through the town with one of the constables. They made note of where everything was. Later, Joe and Dan traced the telegraph lines and got their horses shod. The next day Dan guarded the wife of the town's Sergeant as she decorated the town hall for mass. The gang then began to round the townsfolk up and imprisoned them in the Royal Hotel. Joe went into the bank via the back door and bailed up the staff. Ned and Steve soon appeared. They robbed the till, but again had to get the manager's key for the safe. Steve was sent to find the manager and caught him having a bath. Eventually the safe was opened and emptied. Ned began destroying records of the bank's debtors and the bank staff were added to the prisoners in the hotel. Ned and Joe had written a letter that was to be published in the local newspaper, but the local news editor had run out of town once he realised the Kelly Gang were robbing the bank. Ned gave the letter to one of the bankers to be passed onto the press. The gang soon headed off with £2000 pounds of stolen money and gold. This caused the New South Wales government to contribute another £4000 to the reward.
Bailing up the Jerilderie police [Source: State Library of Victoria]
For months the gang seemed to disappear. During this time Aaron Sherritt kept the police distracted by hosting watch parties at the Byrne selection every night. Sub-Inspector Stanhope O'Connor was sent from Queensland with a party of native police. The native police were feared for their incredible tracking abilities and their discipline. During the latter months of 1879, Superintendent Hare took ill and was replaced by Assistant Commissioner Nicolson. Nicolson stopped the watch parties and relied on a syndicate of police informants to keep track of the Kelly Gang. Unfortunately a lot of information the police received was either outdated, false or cases of mistaken identity. The media criticised the police for their apparent ineptitude.
Aaron Sherritt and Superintendent Hare watch the Byrne selection.
At this time the outlaws had begun to collect steel plates, mostly plough mouldboards, in order to craft bulletproof armour. Ned Kelly would claim his original intention was to wear the armour during bank robberies as the banks were now all guarded by armed soldiers. Each gang member had their own suit, but mystery still surrounds who made the armour. Many believe it was made by blacksmiths or by the gang themselves.
The Kelly Gang armour: Ned; Joe; Dan; and Steve.
The gang had also been very reliant on their sympathisers for fresh horses, food, shelter and information. The proceeds from the bank robberies had all gone to their supporters. The most prominent sympathisers were Tom Lloyd, Wild Wright, Paddy Byrne, Ettie Hart and the Kelly sisters. Aaron Sherritt was a sympathiser too, but many of the gang's other supporters thought he was working for the police and had told the gang to murder him. Sherritt's brothers had actually been working as police informants, Jack Sherritt in particular, but Aaron had remained a supporter of his closest friend. Nevertheless, the rumours were persistent and Joe Byrne and Dan Kelly frequently tested the Sherritts by giving them useless information to see if it reached the police. When Superintendent Hare returned as head of the pursuit, he re-employed Aaron to take watch parties to spy on Mrs. Byrne. When the threats against Aaron became worrisome, Detective Michael Ward, one of the heads of the hunt based in Beechworth, had arranged for Aaron to be guarded day and night by police.
Meanwhile, Ned Kelly had decided to escalate the conflict with the police and take out as many of them in a single go as possible. He planned to lure them out on a special train and derail it. A commotion at Aaron Sherritt's hut would cause the police, who were based in Benalla, to go by train to Beechworth and resume the hunt with a fresh trail. In order to get to Beechworth they had to pass through Glenrowan, where the train line would be broken on a treacherous bend, causing the train to fly off the tracks. The intention seems to have been to murder the police on board in order to force the government to stop pursuing the gang out of fear.
On 26 June, 1880, Dan Kelly and Joe Byrne bailed up a German neighbour of Aaron Sherritt named Anton Wick. They took him to Sherritt's hut and used Wick to lure Aaron to the back door. When Aaron opened the door Joe murdered him, shooting him twice with a shotgun. Aaron died instantly. The four police constables that had been assigned to protect Aaron cowered and hid in the bedroom. Joe and Dan tried to force the police out of the bedroom for two hours before giving up and riding off to join Ned and Steve at Glenrowan.
Some of Thomas Carrington's images from the Glenrowan tragedy depicting Sherritt's hut, Joe Byrne's horse, Music, and a view of the battlefield. [Source: State Library of Victoria]
At Glenrowan, Ned and Steve bailed up a team of quarrymen and some plate-layers to pull up a section of the train track. Ned also captured Ann Jones, proprietor of The Glenrowan Inn, and her daughter Jane. The prisoners were taken to the gatehouse where Joe and Dan arrived at around five in the morning. At daybreak the prisoners were split into two groups: women and children were kept in the gatehouse to be guarded by Steve, everyone else was taken to The Glenrowan Inn. Throughout the day more prisoners were captured as Ned waited for the police. To keep the prisoners occupied there were sporting games held at the inn, card games were played inside, drinks flowed freely and there was even a dance in the bar room. Still, there was no sign of police. As it was a Sunday, no civilian trains would be running and Ned expected the police to arrive as soon as they heard the news of what had happened at Aaron's hut. What Ned had not discovered was that the news of Aaron's murder did not reach the police in Benalla until after lunchtime. The police took a long time to make any arrangements but as dusk approached, arrangements were made for a special police train to be sent to Beechworth.
That evening Ned decided to bail up the local policeman, Constable Bracken. Thomas Curnow, the schoolteacher, had been trying to convince Ned he was on his side all day and Ned finally agreed to let Curnow take his sick wife home when they went to capture Bracken. As soon as he got home, Curnow gathered materials to help him stop the train. He took a candle and a red scarf and rode off to the train line. Back at the inn there was more dancing and after midnight Dan Kelly told everyone to head home. However, Ann Jones stopped them from leaving so Ned could give a speech. As Ned was talking the police train finally arrived and stopped at the station. Curnow had used the lit candle behind the red scarf as a danger signal and warned the train about the damaged line. The Kelly Gang donned their armour and prepared for battle. Constable Bracken escaped and ran to the train station where he informed Superintendent Hare that the gang were in The Glenrowan Inn. The police headed to the inn and a battle commenced.
Police battle the Kelly Gang. [Source: State Library of Victoria]
In the initial exchange Superintendent Hare's wrist was smashed by a shot, Joe Byrne was shot in the calf, and Ned Kelly was shot in the foot and his left elbow was smashed. As the battle continued, the prisoners tried to escape. Jane Jones led a group of women and children to safety after she had been hit in the head by a police bullet and her little brother had also been mortally wounded by police fire. Over the next few hours, Ned escaped into the bush, most of the women and children escaped even though the police continued to try and shoot them, and Joe Byrne was killed by a police bullet to the groin. Police reinforcements continued to arrive throughout the early hours of the morning and just before sunrise Ned Kelly reappeared behind the police lines.
Thomas Carrington's depiction of Ned Kelly's last stand. [Source: State Library of Victoria]
Ned fought the police for almost half an hour before Sergeant Steele blasted his unprotected knee. He was captured alive but badly wounded. Dan and Steve remained in the inn. At ten o'clock the rest of the prisoners were let out. By this time people from all around had descended upon Glenrowan to watch the siege. At three in the afternoon the police decided to burn the inn down to flush Dan and Steve out. They had previously ordered a cannon to be sent from Melbourne to blown the inn up but it had not yet arrived. As the inn was set on fire a Catholic priest, Matthew Gibney, ran inside to rescue anyone that was still in there. Joe Byrne's corpse was dragged out and the dead bodies of Dan and Steve were found in the bedroom but could not be retrieved before the fire took hold. Another civilian shot by police, Martin Cherry, was rescued from the fire but only lived long enough to be given the last rites. After the fire had stopped, Dan's and Steve's bodies were retrieved. They were charred beyond recognition. The onlookers crowded around to get a good look at the dead bodies and to grab any souvenirs they could. Photographers captured images of many of the scenes.
Joe Byrne's corpse strung up against a cell door in Benalla. [Source: State Library of Victoria]
Ned Kelly was taken to Benalla, where Joe Byrne's corpse was strung up against a door of the police lock-up to be photographed. Ned was then sent to Melbourne Gaol to be treated for his wounds but was not expected to survive. Meanwhile, Dan and Steve were buried in unmarked graves to prevent the police taking the bodies away from the families. Months after Glenrowan there were still bullets and bits of shot being removed from Ned's hands, feet and limbs. When he was deemed fit, he was sent to Beechworth for a committal hearing. Authorities were worried that having a trial in Beechworth would mean there was a strong likelihood of there being sympathisers in the jury so in order to have the best chance at convicting him, he was transferred back to Melbourne for his murder trial.
Ned Kelly being carried on a stretcher into Melbourne Gaol. [Source: State Library of Victoria]
The trial in the Supreme Court was quick and Ned Kelly was found guilty of murdering Constable Thomas Lonigan and sentenced to death by Sir Redmond Barry, the judge that had sentenced his mother to gaol in 1878. While he was held in Melbourne Gaol to await his execution, his sympathisers tried to get a reprieve. Petitions with tens of thousands of signatures were gathered and there were protests and riots in the streets of Melbourne. Kate Kelly met with prominent politicians to beg for mercy but the Executive Council were unmoved and the sentence was upheld. Ned dictated several letters from his cell in order to make his version of events heard. As he was unable to write due to his injuries another prisoner was made to write for him. On 11 November, 1880, Ned Kelly was hanged in Melbourne Gaol. Thousands of people gathered outside the prison and Ellen Kelly worked in the prison laundry within earshot of the gallows. After his execution, his body was taken to the dead house, his head was shaved and a cast made, then his body was removed to be dissected by university students. The remains were buried in the gaol.
The Kelly Gang was not prolific by a far stretch. They did fewer robberies than the Hall Gang; they murdered less people than Jimmy Governor; they were not at large as long as Captain Thunderbolt; and there were not as many members as The Ribbon Gang. But what distinguished the Kelly Gang was that there was a political element to their story that was unprecedented, and a sophistication to their operations that surpassed similar feats from the "golden era" of bushrangers. Most people believe bushranging ended with the Kelly Gang, but in fact bushranging continued well into the 1920s before it began to evaporate.
Certainly the armour is a powerful piece of iconography and it encapsulates a lot of what makes the Kelly story so unique. In almost 100 years of bushranging, starting with Black Caesar in 1788, nobody had thought to protect themselves from bullets. Ned Kelly mixed the best bits of old fashioned bushranging with a fresh, more methodical approach: to prevent being shot they made armour; because mail coaches were not lucrative targets they robbed banks; they destroyed telegraph lines to prevent information reaching the police quickly; to gain sympathy they gave speeches and wrote letters to the press and politicians; to prove they were not cold blooded murderers they performed intricate heists with no bloodshed. They were bushrangers that didn't act like typical bushrangers and that made them a cut above the rest.
A policeman with some of the gang's revolvers and pieces of Dan Kelly's and Steve Hart's armour in the 1960s [Source: National Archives]
Because the Kelly Gang came from the selector class and so many people identified with them, they became representatives of people in a way not seen since Jack Donohoe became the hero of the convict class. They came to represent everything one group of people tried to suppress, at the same time as being everything the other group wanted to be, which struck a chord and captured the imagination. Even now, they capture that same spirit because a lot of the class conflict in the modern day is merely a mutation of what it was then and stems from the same things. People will always be able to find something in the Kelly Gang they either love or hate because they have transcended history and become part of the cultural tapestry.
Sep 14, 2019 Mar 30, 2020 AJFPhelan561800s, 1878, 1879, 1880, Aaron Sherritt, armour, bank robber, Beechworth, Benalla, Constable Fitzpatrick, Constable Lonigan, Constable McIntyre, Constable Scanlan, Dan Kelly, Ellen Kelly, Euroa, Euroa bank robbery, execution, Glenrowan, Glenrowan siege, Greta, hanging, Jerilderie, Joe Byrne, Kelly gang, Melbourne Gaol, murder, Ned Kelly, Robbery Under Arms, Sergeant Kennedy, Sergeant Steele, Steve Hart, Stringybark Creek, Sub-Inspector O'Connor, Superintendent Hare, Superintendent Nicolson, The Jerilderie Letter
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Every day leading up to Valentine's Day this year, The Key is recapping 14 songs that scream "love" just as strongly as they scream "Philly." The Essential Love Songs of Philadelphia continues with "I Saw The Light" from Todd Rundgren's 1972 album Something / Anything?.
Now, in 2018, Rundgren is returning to an occasionally more peaceful (or existentially humanist) set of lyrics and a Technicolor progressive rock-ist sound with his ensemble Utopia, a box set of collected works and a tour that brings him home to Upper Darby and the Tower Theater on May 5.
Upper Darby native Todd Rundgren has announced his 27th studio album and shared its lead single featuring Swedish pop favorite Robyn. White Knight will be out on May 12th via Cleopatra Records, and "That Could Have Been Me" is just the tip of the LP's collaborative iceberg.
Tonight's Communion Residency at Milkboy features Athens, GA based outfit Mothers. Performing in the gritty rock and roll vein of Those Darlins' and Alabama Shakes, Mothers are prepping for the release of their debut LP When You Walk a Long Distance. Listen to their latest single "Copper Mines" below and pick up tickets to the 21+ showcase here.
Australian brother-sister act Angus and Julia Stone make an appearance at Union Transfer tonight. The duo teamed up again for this year's self-titled LP, following a handful of solo efforts that were released after 2010's critically acclaimed Down the Way. While primarily an acoustic folk project, the Stones approach their songs from a blues angle. Watch their video for "A Heartbreak" below and pick up tickets here.
Todd Rundgren and David Uosikkinen's In The Pocket each performed a set at this year's Philly Folk Festival on Saturday night, however, during the In The Pocket set, Rundgren came out to perform his classic "Open My Eyes," which was one of the highlights of the night. Watch the video below, and check out our recap of the show here.


From the local restaurant to the lawyer's office, to the graphic designer, WebSelf helps small businesses and freelancers to create a professional web presence for years now. Anyone who knows WebSelf could testify to the fact that one of our strengths is the quality of our designs and (good news), we've recently created several new online store templates! Here they are!
When a customer arrives on an e-commerce website, several factors influence its purchases: their shopping habits, quality of the products or services, trust, but also the price. People would think that the majority of consumers choose the cheapest price when faced with a buying situation, but some buyers' mind automatically links price to the quality and prefer to pay more for the same product/service. Therefore, before selling your products online, you should create a solid pricing strategy.
Positioning your e-commerce website on the first page of search results should be your first priority, as it will greatly increase the number of visitors and sales volume of your online store. In terms of SEO, there are several things you can do to improve it, some of it directly from the WebSelf editor.
Today, we showcase five actions you can take, some of them won't take you more than an hour and can have a significant impact on your business. Ready to start?
We know very well that the future of sale is in the online business. If so, you've probably already created your Webself online store and for it to be as efficient as possible, you must make sure that the design is top-notch, so your customers take you seriously and your visitors have enough trust to buy your products or service on your online store! Therefore, here are some tips to improve the overall design of your e-commerce website!
From the local bakery to the accounting firm, to the new local restaurant, WebSelf has been helping small businesses and freelancers to create a professional web presence for several years now. All those who already use WebSelf know that one of our strengths is the quality of our templates and we are pleased to introduce you to our new ones, available today!
Nowadays, when launching your own business, with the web that almost dictates our decisions, it's important to make wise choices that risk determining the success of your business.
For example, choosing Webself for your website is a pretty easy decision (we do have to brag a little), but determining your target audience and the price of your products, for example, can be a little more difficult. In addition, when our target market is determined and your website created, you must ask yourself: should my website be translated into multiple languages?
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We have good news for all WebSelf users! We have worked hard to bring you a new dashboard by improving the user experience and we are very proud of the result! Here is a little overview so that you can take full advantage of its many features!
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Management Systems » Do I need to terminate library membership account first before moving to new academic year?
Do I need to terminate library membership account first before moving to new academic year?
It is not necessarily to terminate library membership accounts for those students who are confirmed leaving or transferred before moving to new academic year. If it is the School Policy to allow the school leavers to use school library, the library membership accounts need not be terminated.
On the other hand, if the school leavers are no longer allowed to use the school library, the library membership accounts have to be terminated. This activity is best to be carried out before moving to new academic year. To terminate library membership account, please click on the link Membership Mgmt ~> Close Membership ~> Student for details.


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10.4103/0973-1075.191774
The Palliative Care Information Act and Access to Palliative Care in Terminally ill Patients: A Retrospective Study
Kitty Victoria, Sarita Patel1
Department of Medicine, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
1Department of Palliative Care Services, Kingsbrook Jewish Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
Address for correspondence: Dr. Kitty Victoria; E-mail: kev9011@nyp.org
Copyright: © Indian Journal of Palliative Care
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
Studies have shown that over 50% of end-of-life discussions take place for the first time in the hospital and that terminally ill patients often have unrealistic views regarding the possible scope of treatment. The Palliative Care information Act (PCIA) was passed in an attempt to address the lack of access for terminally ill patients to palliative care services. A multi-database systematic review was performed on published studies from 2010 to present, and there were none found measuring the effectiveness of the PCIA.
We aimed to study the effect of the PCIA on access to palliative care services.
We conducted a retrospective chart review of all terminally ill patients who died at Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center from January 2010 to August 2013 in relation to passing of the PCIA.
Prelaw (prior to the law passing), 12.3% of the terminal patients received palliative care consults, 25% during the transition period (time between passing of law and when it came into effect) and 37.7% postlaw (after coming into effect) (P < 0.001).
Legislation can have a significant effect on terminally ill patient's access to palliative care services and can change the culture of a hospital to be more pro-palliative for the appropriate populations.
Access to palliative care in terminal patients
New York Palliative Care Law
Palliative Care Access Act
Palliative Care Information Act
Show Related Articles from PubMed
The majority of serious and terminally ill patients lack advanced directives.[1] Nearly, 90% of Americans would prefer to receive end-of-life care at home[2] and one-third of Americans die in the hospital, 20% of those in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU).[3] Recent studies have shown that over 50% of end-of-life discussions take place for the first time in the hospital rather than in the outpatient clinic setting with their primary doctor. Patients often have unrealistic views regarding the scope of treatments for which they are agreeing. In one study of patients with metastatic cancer, 69% of those with lung and 81% of those with advanced colo-rectal cancers were unaware that chemotherapy was palliative rather than curative.[4]
Data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey show that 64% of the health care spending is concentrated on 10% of the population with the majority of those patients having serious illness and much of the money spent toward end-of-life care. This amounts to a large part of what is driving up health care spending as intimately tied to patients not being given the information necessary to make informed decisions.
On February 9, 2011, "The Palliative Care Information Act" (PCIA) of New York became effective. A multi-database systematic review was performed on published studies from 2010 to present. We were not able to find any measuring the effectiveness of the PCIA or its effect on access to palliative care services for its target population, terminal patients. On the subject of the law itself, there have been a few reviews and editorials.
Review of the law
The attending health-care practitioner (one who has the primary responsibility for the care and treatment of the patient) must offer patients with a terminal condition (expected to cause death within 6 months) information and counseling about palliative care and end-of-life options appropriate to the patient. Some of the specific goals outlined in the law are to (1) ensure that patients are fully informed of the options available to them (2) empower patients to make choices consistent with their goals and beliefs and to optimize their quality of life.
Palliative Care is defined as, "Health-care treatment, including interdisciplinary end-of-life care and consultation with patients and family members to prevent or relieve pain and suffering and to enhance the patient's quality of life, including hospice care."
If the health-care practitioner is not willing to provide counseling on treatment options including palliative care, then they must refer this responsibility to a qualified professional. The discussions are to include prognosis, risks versus benefits of treatment options, and options regarding pain and symptom management. Violators of the law can face up to $5000 fine for repeat offenders and up to $10,000 fine or 1 year imprisonment for willful violation.[5]
The purpose of our study was to study the effect of the PCIA law on the access to and utilization of palliative care services by terminal patients at a Brooklyn community hospital, Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center (KJMC). A public opinion poll carried out by the Center to Advance Palliative Care and the American Cancer Society showed that majority of patients needed palliative care if they knew of its existence.[6] In another study of patients with late-stage cancer, over 60% of patients were identified as having an interest in palliative care services; however, they were only willing to proceed if suggested by their primary oncologist.[7]
We look at the number of palliative care consults in relation to the law as an indicator of physicians being compliant with the PCIA law, as it is implied from previous studies that when patients have accurate information about palliative care, the majority feel they would benefit.
The study included all patients who had a terminal diagnosis and expired at KJMC prior to the passing of the law (January to August 12, 2010), between the law being passed and going into effect (August 13, 2010 to February 8, 2011), the year following the law going into effect (February 9, 2011 to February 8, 2012), and a follow-up year of the whole of 2013.
Quality assurance data
Mortality data files were obtained through the quality assurance department from their annually generated reports. The information available via the mortality reports included age, medical record number, sex, date admitted, date expired, terminal diagnosis, cause of death, and attending physician. The data acquired here were supplemented with data extracted from chart review including details of end-of-life discussions, discussions of advanced directives, and palliative care consults.
We used a data collection tool to go through each patient's chart and identify charts with palliative care consults. The data was organized into the previously noted time periods as to compare our results in relation to the law. During the time between when the law was passed and took effect, there were in-services given to administration, faculty, house staff, and nursing, around the meaning of the law and the importance of compliance given by the director of palliative care services. A hospital-wide memo was also sent to all physicians and hospital staff to make them aware of the law in addition to links for further reading online.
Our palliative care team comprised a board-certified pain and palliative care physician and a registered nurse specialized in palliative medicine. Our consult service used the Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment form, almost exclusively in documenting patient's preferences. Our team had a standard procedure for every consult, in that, prior to speaking with patients or their families, we would meet with all the concerned medical teams to understand what treatments were and were not being offered. We would, in this way, have the ability to thoroughly go over treatment options, palliative care and hospice, pain management, and advanced directives with every patient and family.
Comparison between palliative groups was assessed with Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables. All statistical tests were two-sided with a test level of 0.05 used in assessing significance. All analyses were conducted using R, version 3.22 (R Core Team (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/).
There were 754 total patients surveyed whom had expired in the hospital during the previously mentioned time periods and also had a terminal diagnosis at the time of death. There were 171 patients studied during the "pre-law" period from January 1, 2010 to August 12, 2010, 163 patients during the "transition" period from August 13, 2010 to February 8, 2011, 324 patients during the year following the law going into effect from February 9, 2011 to February 8, 2012, and 96 patients in the follow-up year of 2013. Out of all patient charts reviewed during the four periods, 70.6% did not and 29.4% of patients did have palliative care consults. Of the total patients whom had consults, the patients' stated terminal diagnoses were 34.9% respiratory failure, 42.9% sepsis, 17.9% cancer, and 10.4% end-stage renal disease. From this same group, 56.1% were females and 43.9% were males. In relationship to location at time of death, from the palliative consult group, 46.2% were on the regular floor, 27.8% in the coronary care unit, and 25.9% in the ICU [Figure 1].
Figure 1: Study population characteristics
We found statistically significant differences in the number of patients with palliative care consults between all times periods with the largest percentage being during the postanalysis year. Out of all patients reviewed who had palliative care consults, 12.3% were in the prelaw period, 25% were in the transition, 37.7% in the postanalysis year, and 25% in the follow-up year [Figure 2]. In addition, we found that 30% of all patients during all time periods had no discussion documented regarding advanced directives or palliative care. Within the patients who had no documented advanced directives discussion, 95.6% also did not have a palliative consult. Patients with palliative care consults were much less likely to have had a resident or attending document discussion of advanced directives in the chart, whereas of the patients who had not had a palliative care consult, the opposite was true. In the palliative consult group, 17.5% had a resident and 15.6% had an attending physician also documenting advanced directives, whereas, in the no palliative consult group, 32% had a resident and 24% had an attending with the same.
Figure 2: Chronological comparison, in relation to passing of the law, of percentage of patients receiving palliative care consults in the total discussion group
The PCIA and now more recent Palliative Care Access Act (PCAA) were passed in a reaction to studies like the landmark study published in the 2010 NEJM, showing that patients with terminal lung cancer referred to palliative care from the time of diagnosis, not only had greater quality of life with better moods and pain control, but also lived on an average of 3 months longer.[8] A 2011 survey by the Center to Advance Palliative Care found that once patients are provided the appropriate information regarding palliative care, 95% agreed that it was important to be educated about palliative care and 92% would consider it for a family member with serious illness.[9]
Both the PCIA and PCAA address overuse by increasing access to various forms of support, potentially underused therapies, and beneficial conversations. Chemotherapy,[10] radiation therapy,[11] feeding tubes, surgery,[12] nonbeneficial medications,[1314] and therapies at the end-of-life[1516] can have a potential for overuse. Levels for family distress[17] may rise while quality of life for patients may decrease[18] as the amount of life-sustaining treatments and interventions increases.
The majority of terminally ill patients do not want emergency life-sustaining interventions; however, often their physicians are not aware of their preferences.[19] Most patients nearing the end-of-life would rather die at home, but fail to ever document these wishes[20] and believe that quality of life in the seriously ill is paramount, even if that means a shorter life.[21]
In a review of the PCIA law by Dr. Beth Popp published in the 2013 American Medical Association Journal of Medical Ethics, she discusses the ways in the law falters as to not ensure the accuracy of information provided. She makes the point that the decision to enroll in hospice or utilize palliative care services is frequently based on the way in which the physician presents such options. Although the law does not specifically address these deficiencies, we can look at passing of this law in New York as an initial step toward patients gaining access to deserved care, having a law that changed access to palliative care in terminal patients from a personal preference of the primary attending to a patient right and tagged on penalties for not honoring this right.
We can surmise from the statistical data gathered that a combination of the passing of the PCIA law and the justification it gave to the proceeding educational interventions led by the director of palliative care services was the primary driving force behind the number of palliative consults in terminally ill patients at KJMC increasing by more than 50%. We also observe that if patients had a palliative consult, they were much less likely to have had a resident or consultant documenting any discussion pertaining to advanced directives. As the law states, if the primary care provider opts to not discuss these issues with patients, they may refer to another qualified professional, such as a palliative physician or NP, this outcome would be expected if practitioners were attempting to be complaint with the law. Although the number of palliative consults increased by greater than 50%, we see the overall percentage of patients without palliative care consults as 70.6% in a population of terminal patients, an unfortunately common finding among many US hospitals.
The PCIA and other such laws may serve as a means to justify allocation of resources and energy toward educating physicians and staff on the importance of palliative care and also as to what kinds of patients are entitled. We were able to find a statistically significant rise in the percentage of terminal patients with referrals to palliative consultation in correlation chronologically with the passing of the law. Although there have been many positive advances in the last decade in relation to chronically ill patients's access to palliative care, we still have a long road ahead and laws may act as part of a whole driving force towards change. Legislation can have significant effect on terminally ill patient's access to palliative care services and can change the culture of a hospital to be more pro-palliative for the appropriate populations.
Kass-Bartlemes BL, Hughes R, Rutherford MK, Boches J, . Research in Action Issue #12: Advance Care Planning: Preferences for Care at the End of Life. In: AHRQ Pub No. 03-0018. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ); 2003.
86% of Americans Believe that People with Terminal Illness Would Prefer to Receive End-of-life Care at Home. 2002
Angus DC, Barnato AE, Linde-Zwirble WT, Weissfeld LA, Watson RS, Rickert T, . on behalf of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ICU End-of-Life Peer Group. Use of intensive care at the end of life: An epidemiological study. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:638-43.
Weeks JC, Catalano PJ, Cronin A, Finkelman MD, Mack JW, Keating NL, . Patients' expectations about effects of chemotherapy for advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1616-25.
Palliative Care Information Act. NY Pub Health Laws. Ch. 331, Sec. 2997-c. Available from: http://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/patients/patient_rights/palliative_care/information_act.htm
2011. Center to Advance Palliative Care 2011 Public Opinion Research on Palliative Care. Available from: http://www.capc.org/tools-for-palliative-care-programs/marketing/public-opinion-research/2011-public-opinion-research-on-palliative-care.pdf
Schenker Y, Park SY, Maciasz R, Arnold RM, . Do patients with advanced cancer and unmet palliative care needs have an interest in receiving palliative care services? J Palliat Med. 2014;17:667-72.
Temel JS, Greer JA, Muzikansky A, Gallagher ER, Admane S, Jackson VA, . Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:733-42.
2011. Center to Advance Palliative Care, 2011 Public Opinion Research on Palliative Care 3. Available from: http://www.capc.org/tools-for-palliative-care-programs/marketing/public-opinionresearch/2011-public-opinion-research-on-palliative-care.pdf
Earle CC, Landrum MB, Souza JM, Neville BA, Weeks JC, Ayanian JZ, . Aggressiveness of cancer care near the end of life: Is it a quality-of-care issue? J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3860-6.
Toole M, Lutz S, Johnstone PA, . Radiation oncology quality: Aggressiveness of cancer care near the end of life. J Am Coll Radiol. 2012;9:199-202.
Teno JM, Mitchell SL, Gozalo PL, Dosa D, Hsu A, Intrator O, . Hospital characteristics associated with feeding tube placement in nursing home residents with advanced cognitive impairment. JAMA. 2010;303:544-50.
Bain KT, Holmes HM, Beers MH, Maio V, Handler SM, Pauker SG, . Discontinuing medications: A novel approach for revising the prescribing stage of the medication-use process. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:1946-52.
Vollrath AM, Sinclair C, Hallenbeck J, . Discontinuing cardiovascular medications at the end of life: Lipid-lowering agents. J Palliat Med. 2005;8:876-81.
Fisher ES, Wennberg DE, Stukel TA, Gottlieb DJ, Lucas FL, Pinder EL, . The implications of regional variations in medicare spending. Part 1: The content, quality, and accessibility of care. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:273-87.
Lee SJ, Back AL, Block SD, Stewart SK, . Enhancing physician-patient communication. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2002;2002:464-83.
Wright AA, Zhang B, Ray A, Mack JW, Trice E, Balboni T, . Associations between end-of-life discussions, patient mental health, medical care near death, and caregiver bereavement adjustment. JAMA. 2008;300:1665-73.
Wright AA, Zhang B, Keating NL, Weeks JC, Prigerson HG, . Associations between palliative chemotherapy and adult cancer patients' end of life care and place of death: Prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2014;348:g1219.
Teno J, Lynn J, Wenger N, Phillips RS, Murphy DP, Connors AF, . Advance directives for seriously ill hospitalized patients: Effectiveness with the patient self-determination act and the SUPPORT intervention. SUPPORT Investigators. Study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45:500-7.
Pew Research Center 2006: Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. Strong Public Support for Right to Die: More Americans Discussing and Planning. 2006. End-of-Life Treatment. Telephone Survey of 1,500 Older Adults Conducted 9.27 November, 2005 Under the Direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. Available from: http://www.people-press.org/report/266/strong-public-support-for-right-to-die
Regence Foundation/National Journal. 2011. Living Well at the End of Life: A National Conversation. Available from: http://www.regencefoundation.org/docs/FDRegenceNationalJournalSurveyResults.pdf
An Observational Study on the Effects of Delayed… February 17, 2021
Erratum: What Does the Informal Caregiver of a… March 31, 2019
Pain Severity and Adequacy of Pain Management in… December 31, 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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I do like a nice bowl. These were from Habitat. I wasn't even sure they still existed.
Minty most things don't taste like mint. Funny isn't it? Same with strawberry, apple, banana and cherry. Even orange. When we see those flavours specified we accept that they will taste nothing like a strawberry, a banana, a cherry or a piece of mint. The original flavours exist only as some distant reference point. A bit like the association between Coke/Pepsi and the fizzy brown water stuff you get in fast food outlets. You need to have drunk actual Coke or Pepsi; to have that memory, not be be deeply offended by the barrel of watery guff you're now sucking up to lubricate the oesophageal journey of your horse burger. Not so much flavour as fiction. Mint fiction. A story once told. Well, it's time to get back to the origins.
And so to mint ice cream. Much of it tastes like toothpaste. The colour is glow-in-the-dark GREEN. A hue so vivid it's never seen in nature, apart from perhaps the plumage of some Amazonian parrot. It's 'mint' in an industrial sense. MINT! I've made mint granita before but I wanted to see what real mint ice cream was like. There are several recipes, most seemingly following the great David Leibovitz's lead.
Natural mint ice cream a very different experience; obviously far more subtle than the petrochemical variety but also more... not grassy, but... herbaceous. You can tell it was made from leaves. Making your own also means you can use a good quality chocolate. Here I used, as usual, Valrhona 70%.
Fresh mint choc chip ice cream.
Makes just over a litre.
Summary: infuse milk with mint. Make a custard base. Churn that. Melt chocolate and drizzle into ice-cream to make the chips.
No need to remove the stems.
In a saucepan mix 500ml double cream, 250ml full fat milk and 130g caster sugar. Warm over a low heat. Take 75g of mint - that's three of the stupidly small supermarket packs or one big hearty hank from the corner shop - and bruise it by squeezing and twisting the leaves. This helps to release the mint oil. Submerge the mint in the milk mix and bring to the boil just briefly. Cover and leave to infuse for two hours. Any less and you're missing out on flavour, any longer and it doesn't seem to make a difference. I fancy it might allow in a slight bitterness too, but I'm not sure.
At the end of two hours you'll have this: a vaguely green but very minty milk. Strain the milk using a sieve and use the back of a spoon or ladle to press out as much minty moisture as you can.
Whisk in six egg yolks to the milk and stir over a low heat until it starts to thicken. This happens at about 77°C. Well, apparently it does but I often find I'm in the low 80s. I check using my food thermometer, this has the advantage of allowing me to heat the mix quickly until it approaches the low 70s, then I can pull back and stir constantly. If you heat too quickly you will of course have minty, creamy scrambled yolks. Try as I might, I can't think of a use for that. Don't expect a heavy custard, this is just thick enough to coat the back of a spoon.
During one batch, the egg yolks I used were very orange which turned the gently green milk a rather unfortunate khaki colour. So I'd say try for pale yolks but how on earth can you tell?
This custard base should now be chilled for a few hours before it can be churned for about 30 minutes in your ice cream maker.
While your base is churning... take 200g (one bar) of decent, dark chocolate. You need the darkness to contrast with the cream and mint. Milk chocolate doesn't work as well. You have two options here. You can just chop it finely and stir in or you can go the Italian 'straciatella' route and melt the chocolate before pouring it in to the ice cream, thread like and allow the final few minutes of churn to break up the threads. The one advantage of this is you can add a little oil to the melted chocolate (something neutral tasting like groundnut or rice bran). This will lower the melting point of the chocolate so instead of ending up with a mouthful of chips, the chocolate will melt in your mouth with the ice cream. I've done it both ways. Both are delicious.


Paying for Quality instead of Quantity: The new home care payment models are "value-based." In particular, a significant and growing share of home care reimbursement will come from bundled payments (such as a single fee for a joint replacement and associated recovery) and accountable care organizations (where the organization gets a fixed fee per member and profit comes from lowering the cost of care per patient while improving outcomes). Additionally the Home Health Value-Based Purchasing program has been rolled out in 9 states.
Coordinating Care: In a home health episode, nurses and therapists make short visits to check vitals, med adherence, expected progress and red flags. A more holistic view of care also focuses on activities of daily living, and behavior change. Forward thinking agencies are delivering a care with a combination of skilled workers, aides, call centers and technology. Substituting aide visits, call center check-ins and automated monitoring for nurse and therapist visits can often improve outcomes while reducing cost.
Unlocking Health Data: In addition to coordinating care, there is tremendous value in sharing data. Most home health visits focus on the specific condition that brought the patient to the hospital, whereas home case visits focus on activities of daily living and health claims data usually focuses on primary diagnosis. Holistic care looks at all of a patient's health conditions and leverages the combination of professional, paraprofessional and technology interventions to each do their part in monitoring and providing treatment.
What's the Action Plan for Your Agency?
Let's face it, we never have enough time to focus on strategy in our agencies. But in this case, the strategy is laid out: Quality, Coordination, and Using Data. So what are we doing to achieve that strategy. If you have success stories, send them to us at info@ankota.com. We'll give you all the credit and share them.
Ankota, through our partnership with Triple Aim Technologies is offering an effective and affordable remote monitoring technology that addresses all of the patient's health concerns and costs roughly 50 cents a day. You can learn more by downloading our free e-Book entitled Winning with the Home Health Value-Based Purchasing Program that you might also enjoy and find value in.


Crazed cult leader Charles Manson wants some music advice -- and he's turning to new jail mate Phil Spector for some help.
Manson welcomed the legendary music producer to California's Corcoran State Prison where he's serving a 19-year sentence after being convicted in the murder of actress Lara Clarkson by requesting he stop by his pen for a chat, the music man's wife told The New York Post .
"It was creepy," Phil's wife, Rachelle Spector told ThePost. "Phillip didn't respond."
Shortly after Spector arrived at his new home, a guard delivered a note penned by Manson, that said "he considers Philip the greatest producer who ever lived," according to Rachelle.
Both have a common interest in music. Spector earned a spot in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for a lifetime of churning out top albums such as the Beatles' "Let it Be" and hits like the Ronettes' "Be My Baby."
Manson, who tried to befriend famous musicians during his stint in a band, put out a handful of songs, like "Cease to Exist," that picked up some traction after he rose to fame as a crazed killer.
Spector's publicist thinks the aging Manson -- whose been serving out a life sentence for orchestrating the 1969 murder of Actress Sharon Tate and three others -- wants to talk business.
"I think Manson wants to glean some musical advice from Phil, who was a '60s music god with his 'Wall of Sound,' " he said. "But Phil's like, 'I used to pick up the phone and it was John Lennon or Celine Dion or Tina Turner, and now Charles Manson is trying to get a hold of me!' "


With millions being invested in regeneration, our towns and cities are thriving and in light of new industries being created, our economy has a new lease of life. There is a new cultural vitality, pride and optimism. Instead of emigrating, our brightest graduates are staying. Tourism is growing at an unprecedented rate too, with visitors discovering our hospitality, humor, beautiful scenery and quality of life.
Building on the region's rich industrial heritage Northern Ireland's economy continues to perform well in the current economic climate. The unemployment rate currently stands at 6.9%, slightly above the UK average, but below the Republic of Ireland and EU averages. Outside of London, Northern Ireland is the leading UK region for attracting inward investment; in fact Belfast is the world's top destination city for financial services technologies investments. The success of such inward investment has led to ver 800 international companies employing in excess of 75,000 people. In addition, expenditure on research and development and levels of entrepreneurship are also on the rise.
Northern Ireland's excellent business credentials are supported by a strong and resilient infrastructure. The region has the highest availability of superfast broadband in the UK and there are almost 30 daily flights to London and a daily direct connection to New York. Belfast is only one hour from London by air and two hours from Dublin by rail and road.
Northern Ireland's population enjoys a low cost of living on many of life's key expenses for example property prices in Northern Ireland remain well below those in other UK locations and in the Republic of Ireland.
See how Craigavon compares with your local town by using this handy cost of living comparison index.


text:
André Paul Henri Albert Tondu né le  à Marpain (Jura) et mort le  à La Croix-en-Brie (Seine-et-Marne) est un peintre français.

Biographie
André Tondu est élève de Fernand Cormon, d'Émile Renard (1850-1930) et de Jean-Pierre Laurens à l'École des beaux-arts de Paris. Lauréat pour l'Afrique-Équatoriale française en 1927, il devait peindre des scènes africaines jusqu'en 1929 et participer à l'Exposition coloniale de 1931. Il réalisa quelques études conservées au musée du quai Branly à Paris.

Lauréat du grand prix de Rome de 1931 pour son tableau intitulé Le Retour, il part à Rome comme pensionnaire à la villa Médicis dirigée par Paul Landowski.

André Tondu est nommé directeur de l'École nationale des beaux-arts de Dijon.

Œuvres dans les collections publiques

 Algérie
 Musée national des beaux-arts d'Alger.

 France
 Dijon, musée des Beaux-Arts.
 Paris :
 École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts : Le Retour, 1931.
 Institut de France.
 musée d'Art moderne de Paris.
 Petit Palais.
 Vesoul, lycée Édouard-Belin, hall : L'Invitation au voyage, 1964, peinture murale, commande publique.

Élèves

 Anne-Marie Debelfort, entre 1967 et 1972.

Expositions
 « André Tondu. La vie heureuse », Centre Cristel Éditeur d'Art, Saint-Malo, 2016.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

Peintre français du XXe siècle
Peintre muraliste
Élève de l'École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts au XXe siècle
Prix de Rome en peinture
Naissance en février 1903
Naissance dans le département du Jura
Décès en mai 1980
Décès en Seine-et-Marne
Décès à 77 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A whole Lotta Music Tom Rimmer, Phil Richard, Greg Reamsbottom and Cookie Losee make up the new lineup for A Whole Lotta Led. They play at Dusty's for the Canadian BBQ Championships on Friday, Aug. 1.
After 12 years, and plenty of performances of "Dazed and Confused," Whistler's Led Zeppelin tribute band A Whole Lotta Led has expanded with new bass and mandolin player Cookie Losee.
"He's played around Whistler for a while. Funnily enough everybody who plays with A Whole Lotta Led lives in Pemberton now and it's easier for us to get together now. Our former bassist live on Denman Island," says frontman Greg Reamsbottom.
"Cookie is an excellent musician. He's helping us learn how to play better! He's primarily a reggae player," Reamsbottom says. "He's such a trained, intelligent musician and he had no trouble picking up our sound."
And, as they do at this time of year, they are performing as part of the A Whole Lotta Ribs night during the Canadian BBQ Championships at Dusty's on Friday, Aug. 1.
"We've been doing this for five, six years now. Led Zeppelin is such a generational draw. There are as many 19 year olds with Zeppelin T-shirts as there are guys and girls who saw them in 1972," he says. "It's one of those timeless bands."
This is one chance for A Whole Lotta Led to roll out their acoustic set of Zeppelin.
"People ask for it but because there is a lot of production involved, we don't always get to do it. And it's really fun," he says.
Six budding movie producers from across Canada will learn more about the film industry this winter.
The second WFF Feature Project Lab, an intense, four-day business and marketplace immersion experience, is being presented by the Whistler Film Festival in association with Telefilm Canada.
It takes place from Dec. 2 to 5, during the 2014 Whistler Film Festival and Summit.
With the aim of advancing Canadian creative talent, the WFF Feature Project Lab focuses on strengthening dramatic feature projects from script to screen by facilitating feedback as well as collaboration on and investment in film projects that have US and international appeal.
Producers may enter a maximum of three projects. A selection committee consisting of two WFF representatives and two industry professionals, including a key international sales representative, will vet the applications and shortlist candidates for interviews before making final decisions.
Once projects have been selected, producers will receive feedback on their packages and some strategy discussions with Lab facilitators prior to the Lab. Two facilitators will provide high-level strategic advice and counsel to producers over the course of the Lab helping them to address feedback from industry advisors.
At the Feature Project Lab in Whistler, producers will receive strategic guidance and packaging feedback from international market experts and sales agents who have relationships with U.S. and international partners, select distributors and financiers most relevant to the projects, and experts in alternative distribution and marketing.
Canadian producers are invited to submit an application for the WFF Feature Project Lab by Sept. 30. Application forms and guidelines are available at whistlerfilmfestival.com.
Canadian screenwriters and film producers who are interested in co-producing their movies in China are invited to submitt their ideas for the third China Canada Gateway for Film Script Competition.
Presented by the Whistler Film Festival and Telefilm Canada, the competition introduces experienced writers and producers to Chinese studios looking to finance new projects.
"This initiative provides a unique opportunity to develop relationships with production companies in China, forge co-production deals, and ideally secure distribution of films into the massive Chinese marketplace," says Jane Milner, WFF's director of China Canada Gateway For Film.
Teams must submit an application and script synopsis by Sept. 30. For information, visit www.whistlerfilmfestival.com.
Vancouver-based singer-songwriter Jess Cullin will be performing in front of thousands after winning the Squamish Valley Music Festival (SVMF) and Galaxie's Rising Stars talent competition.
Cullin, who also took home $3,000, grew up in Australia, toured Europe and decided to plant her folky-rock roots in B.C.
She will perform on the Meadow Stage at the festival on Friday, Aug. 8.
Musicians submitted videos to the competition online and thousands of fans voted for their favourite. Five judges made the final winner selection.
The SVMF is also participating in the Pianos in the Street project.
The project brings free, playable pianos to public spaces in Metro Vancouver from July 24 to Aug. 6 in the run-up to the festival.
The project will also be a part of the festival weekend, from Aug. 7 to 10.
Any amateur or professional pianist is encouraged to play, with cash prizes of up to $400 and a performance with the North Shore Symphony in 2015. Visit www.supportpiano.com.
For more information on SVMF visit www.squamishfestival.com.
The annual Into the Woods wearable art fashion show is a chance for 13 adventurous artists to design pieces inspired by Squamish's forests and logging heritage.
The show, part of the 57th Squamish Days Loggers Sports Festival, takes place at the Whistle Stop Boutique on Friday, Aug. 1 at 5:30 p.m.
Artists are challenged to explore Eco Chic, Upcycle and Recycle. Participants include Kylie Rebecca Milne, Myriam Millins, Karen Yaremkewich, Carol Ann Berkley, Vanessa Thackery Cunningham, Krisztina Egyed, Wazzo Kuku, Breanna Wilson, Lynn Wong, Billie's Bouquet, Jan Corkin, Elizabeth Harris, Catherine Nicholls, Masahiko Masuda and Shweta Bhattad.
The event is free. For more information visit www.squamishdays.ca.
The District of Squamish is hosting a community picnic to celebrate its 50th anniversary. The district was incorporated in 1964.
Representatives of the town's sister city, Shimizu, Japan, will also be on hand.
The picnic takes place on Monday, Aug. 5 from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. at O'Siyam Pavillion Park on Cleveland Avenue.
This is a family-friendly free event with live music, storytelling and cake.


text:
El término villenense o villenero hace referencia a:

Persona natural de Villena, situada en la provincia de Alicante, Comunidad Valenciana, España.
Perteneciente o relativo a esta ciudad de la provincia de Alicante, Comunidad Valenciana, España.
Variedad del dialecto murciano hablada en esta ciudad y su área de influencia.

Variantes y uso
Si bien villenense es el término estándar y el más utilizado, de manera popular o afectiva está también muy extendido el gentilicio villenero. Como error continuado, ya que el término nunca se ha utilizado, se suele listar el cultismo vigerrense, procedente de Vigerra (o Bigerra), que supuestamente era la ciudad romana correspondiente con la actual Villena (al estilo de gentilicios tales como ilicitano, accitano, hispalense, etc.). Dicha hipótesis se había desterrado ya en el siglo XIX por diversos motivos, entre ellos que no existe constancia documental ni arqueológica de que hubiera un núcleo de población estable más allá de unas villas en todo el término de Villena durante la época romana y tardorromana.

Véase también
 El español en Villena
 El origen de la ciudad

Referencias

Gentilicios
Villena


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Home/Lifestyle/Sephora Canada Launches a Lunar New Year Campaign
Sephora Canada Launches a Lunar New Year Campaign
Brigitte Truong and her mother, Michelle. Courtesy of Sephora Canada.
Starring Canadian influencers Brigitte Truong and Angel Zheng.
Natasha Bruno
This year, Lunar New Year welcomes The Year of The Ox and Sephora Canada is getting the festivities started early with the release of its fifth annual Lunar New Year campaign.
Beginning today, Sephora fans can shop an assortment of limited-edition beauty goods as well as custom Lunar New Year gift cards and promo offers. What is most noteworthy, however, is the campaign's much-welcomed push past the commercial by featuring meaningful moments of cross-cultural exchange that highlight different values and traditions behind the holiday. (Lunar New Year is an annual 15-day festival that's celebrated by multiple East Asian cultures around the world. It officially kicks off on February 12th.)
The Lunar New Year campaign is the latest extension of Sephora Canada's We Belong To Something Beautiful series, a platform that's been championing diversity and inclusion since its inception in 2019. To bring the campaign to life, the beauty retailer has brought on Canadian influencers Brigitte Truong and Angel Zheng.
A selection of limited-edition Lunar New Year beauty offerings available at Sephora Canada.
Through videos and images shared across Sephora Canada's social media platforms, both women will be seen highlighting the significance that the holiday holds to them. Truong will also be featured in campaign imagery, alongside her mother, both online and in select stores.
"On the first day of Lunar New Year, which is the busiest day, my parents and I always visit the Buddhist temple around the corner from their home. This is an opportunity for us to pray to deities for good luck, blessings and prosperity in the coming year," explains Truong who's based in Toronto and describes herself as first-generation Chinese Canadian. "We also enjoy other festivities that are held throughout the afternoon, like a celebratory lunch, a traditional dragon dance, unique holiday treats and festive music."
"The holiday is an important time for our immediate and extended family to come together to enjoy food, love and the exchange of red envelopes," she adds. "More importantly, it's a time for us to really pay homage to our loved ones who have passed on: Family gatherings allow us to honour the blessings they gave us when they were still with us."
Brigitte Truong photographed alongside her mother Michelle. Courtesy of Sephora Canada.
For Vancouver-based Zheng, celebrating family ties rings true, too. "Since my parents and I moved to Canada from China when I was four, we've never really been able to celebrate Lunar New Year in its entirety, however we always like to host a family dinner and celebrate with traditional Lunar New Year food, like rice cakes, noodles, glutinous rice balls and dumplings," she says.
The world of beauty is also very closely linked. "I look forward to this time of the year because the family gets bolder with the colour red: red lipstick, eyeshadow, jewelry, and clothing. Red represents joy, happiness and good luck — three things we all strive for," reveals Truong. "My mom still gives me lucky money in traditional gold and red envelopes and, in recent years, I've been gifting her red lipstick."
It's this very connection that makes participating in the Sephora campaign even more special for Zheng. "Ever since Sephora started to showcase Lunar New Year, another tradition that my mom added to our celebrations was shopping for Lunar New Year-inspired beauty products. Since my sister and I receive hong baos (lucky red pockets that are filled with money) from our aunties and uncles, my mom would take us to Sephora to shop for beauty and skincare products" she says. "This is not a cultural tradition at all, but it's something unique to my family that I enjoy every year."
'A River of Lies:' 23 Women on Four Years of Covering Trump
Taylor Swift and Joe Alwyn Wear Hunter Boots in London


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Splendid: The Europa Universalis IV Demo Is Here
News by Adam Smith former Deputy Editor
Published on 8 Aug, 2013
Cancel all plans. Paradox have just dropped the Europa Universalis IV demo on to Steam. They could have waited until the end of business hours on Friday, leaving it there as a pleasant treat for weary commuters to discover as they crack open the first beer of the weekend, or take the first sip of calm-inducing brewed leaves, but no. They have released the demo on a Thursday afternoon. Enjoy the next few hours, as the office walls close in and dreams of conquest swim through your mind. Enjoy dragging yourself to work tomorrow, leaving a world of possibilities behind. I love pre-release demos, even if the timing is cruel. Check below for demo details.
A good mix of nations are available, allowing EU III players to explore some of the new and updated systems:
In the demo version of Europa Universalis IV, players can take up the flag of one of four available nations, sampling the trade system as Venice, going to war as the Ottoman Empire, founding new colonies as Portugal, or engaging in shrewd diplomacy as Austria. Demo games will last for 28 in-game years and include an extensive tutorial and hint system. The demo will not include multiplayer capabilities, and please note that the abilities to save & load have been disabled.
Paradox also confirmed Steam Workshop support and cross-platform multiplayer.
...the battle for conquest will take shape exactly as players desire, thanks to support for Steam Workshop for game modifications, and cross-platform multiplayer which will allow rulers to clash with the rivals of their choice across Windows, Mac, and Linux. Both Workshop support and cross-platform play will be included at launch.
If you've never tried a grand strategy game in its multiplayer guise before, now is the time. I'll help to set up some communities after launch.
Free PC Games


Principal contractor Hampshire Mezzanine Floors have worked with dynamic new electrical wholesale company Yesss Electrical to fit out seven of their branches across the UK and the Channel Islands.
Experienced electrical wholesale company Yesss Electrical have over 50 years experience in the industry and have got over 400 branches across Europe, enabling them to deliver the highest possible service.
Southampton based HMF have been industry leaders in mezzanine floor installations throughout the UK for over 26 years. HMF have already completed four of the new branches for Yesss Electrical including Guernsey in the Channel Islands, Yeovil, Weymouth and Hounslow.
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HMF provide designs using latest AutoCAD technology and have their own directly employed fitters who are well trained to offer excellent customer communications and deliver a quality fit out package.


Hot country duo Dan + Shay are starting off the month of April with a string of accolades: The pair released its debut, "Where It All Began," on the first of the month…then followed that up with a trip to Las Vegas for the 2014 Academy of Country Music Awards, where they were nominated for Vocal Duo of the Year.
They also had a little time amid all that fun to stop by the Ram Country studios to perform this exclusive acoustic rendition of their single "19 You + Me." Oh wait, they weren't in the studio. They decided to do it outdoors! Enjoy!
The two are currently on a tour with Hunter Hayes, and will be joining Blake Shelton on the road this summer. Keep up with their schedule here.


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The company has produced safe and advanced signal boosters for more than 10 years. Myamplifiers focuses on a customer-oriented approach, affordable prices and the first-rate quality of the products. It is involved in the international charitable projects.


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Independent Hill, Virginia
Moving to Independent Hill, Virginia is a big decision
Should you move to Independent Hill, Virginia? Is Independent Hill,Virginia a good place to live? When determining what cities are good for your personality type, life situation, and personal preferences, there are many factors to consider including climate, cost of living, community, job opportunities, population makeup, activities, and things to do.
With data on over 50,000 cities in the United States, Dwellics makes it easy to find the best place for you to move based on your personal preferences. This page contains detailed facts and statistics to help you determine if moving to Independent Hill, Virginia is the right decision for you.
Cost of living in Independent Hill, Virginia
Is it expensive to live in Independent Hill, Virginia? When calculating the cost of living in Independent Hill, Virginia we factor in state income tax rates, average housing rental prices, average property values, cost of living index, and more.
The cost of living in Independent Hill, Virginia is highAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest in the United States and highAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest in Virginia, while median household income in Independent Hill is $173,358 which is the highest Analytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest in the United States and the highestAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest in Virginia.
Taxes in Independent Hill, Virginia
The sales tax rate in Independent Hill, Virginia is 6%. Last year, the average property taxes paid was 1% Independent Hill, Virginia.
Here is the table with the State Income Taxes in the state of Virginia:
Virginia Income Tax Rate
$0 $3,000 2.0%
$3,000 $5,000 3.0%
$5,000 $17,000 5.0%
Housing costs in Independent Hill, Virginia
In Independent Hill, Virginia, 93.6% of the population owns their homes, while approximately 6.4% rent. The average cost of a single-family home in Independent Hill, Virginia in 2021 is $496,003 which is the highestAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest in the United States and the highestAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest in Virginia. The average one-bedroom apartment cost is approximately $1,770 per month.
Compared to Virginia
Climate in Independent Hill, Virginia
What is the climate like in Independent Hill, Virginia? There are many important factors that may affect your personal climate preferences including average temperature and humidity, annual rainfall and snow, number of cloudy days, wind speeds, and more.
Climate comfort in Independent Hill, Virginia
In a typical year, Independent Hill, Virginia temperatures fall below 50F° for 141 days per year. Annual precipitation in Independent Hill is typically 39.7 inches per year (moderateAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest in the US) and snow covers the ground 18 days per year or 4.9% of the year (lowAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest in the US). It may be helpful to understand the yearly precipitation by imagining 8 straight days of moderate rain per year. The humidity in Independent Hill, Virginia is below 60% for approximately 50.2 days or 13.8% of the year.
Sunrise and sunset times vary by region in the United States. The duration of each day and the amount of sunlight can affect people's moods in a significant way. In Independent Hill,Virginia, the shortest day starts at 07:36 a.m. and ends at 04:47 p.m. and lasts for 9 hours 27 minutes. The longest day starts at 05:44 a.m. and ends at 08:38 p.m. and lasts for 14 hours 51 minutes.
Is Independent Hill, Virginia a safe place to live?
Dwellics analytics team assigned the score 89.5 to Independent Hill, Virginia (with 100 being the best). This score helps find the safest places to live in America. When determining if Independent Hill, Virginia is a safe place to live, we analyze factors including air quality, water quality, crime rates, natural disaster frequency, substance abuse rates, cancer instances, and more.
Crime rates in Independent Hill, Virginia
In Independent Hill, Virginia, violent crime rates are considered to be data not availableAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest in the United States according to our research. Arson crimes are data not availableAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest and property crimes, including vandalism rank data not availableAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest.
Environmental Hazards Independent Hill, Virginia
In Independent Hill, Virginia, cancer instances are considered to be the lowestAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest in the United States according to our research. Substance abuse in Independent Hill, Virginia is lowAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest in the United States according to our research.
Natural Disasters in Independent Hill, Virginia
Earthquakes Earthquakes in Independent Hillare unlikely
Hurricanes Hurricanes inIndependent Hill are unlikely
Severe Storms Severe Storms inIndependent Hill are possible
Tornados Tornadoes in Independent Hillare possible
Volcanoes Volcanic hazard in Independent Hill is unlikely
Wildfires Wildfires in Independent Hillare very low
Smoking Laws in Independent Hill, Virginia
Smoking is allowed inside restaurants and bars in Independent Hill. Smoking inside of workplaces in Independent Hill is not prohibited. The use of e-cigarettes is banned. In Independent Hill, Virginia marijuana use is not legal.
Air & Water Quality in Independent Hill, Virginia
Independent Hill, Virginia has good air quality 99% of the time or 361 days per year. The water quality index calculated by Dwellics team in Independent Hill is 100 out of 100 (100 being the best) based on the number of acute health-based violations for every water utility in the last 5 years.
Does Independent Hill, Virginia have good schools?
When determining if Independent Hill, Virginia, has good schools, we analyze key factors including math proficiency, reading/language proficiency, students-per-teacher ratio, average teacher salaries, National Blue Ribbon awards, Spelling Bee and STEM/non-STEM national competitions, and more.
Elementary schools in Independent Hill Rank 77.8Dwellics analytics team assigned the score 77.8 to elementary education in Independent Hill, Virginia (with 100 being the best). in the country. 3.6%
Middle schools in Independent Hill Rank 74.5Dwellics analytics team assigned the score 74.5 to middle education in Independent Hill, Virginia (with 100 being the best). in the country. 9.5%
High schools in Independent Hill Rank 73.1Dwellics analytics team assigned the score [r_high] to high education in Independent Hill, Virginia (with 100 being the best). in the country. 9.4%
Dwellics searched for winners of 69 nationwide competitions for school children in both STEM and non-STEM fields and found 0 winners in the Independent Hill, Virginia in the last 5 years.
Elementary Schools in Independent Hill, Virginia
There are 3 public elementary schools in Independent Hill, Virginia. The public elementary schools in Independent Hill are rated 77.8 (with 100 being the best) in the United States according to our research. Among elementary school students, approximately 3.6% are enrolled at private schools in Independent Hill.
The average percentage of students proficient in math in Independent Hill, Virginia at the elementary level is 88.2%, and proficient in reading & language arts 82.8%.
The average salary of an elementary school teacher in Independent Hill is $59,425 per year. The average number of elementary school students assigned to a teacher's classroom in Independent Hill is 17.
Middle Schools in Independent Hill, Virginia
There are 1 public middle schools inIndependent Hill, Virginia. The public middle schools in Independent Hill are rated 74.5 (with 100 being the best) in the United States according to our research. Among middle school students, approximately 9.5% are enrolled at private schools in Independent Hill.
The average percentage of students proficient in math in Independent Hill, Virginia at the elementary level is 86%, and proficient in reading & language arts 85%.
The average salary of a middle school teacher in Independent Hill is $59,425 per year. The average number of middle school students assigned to a teacher's classroom in Independent Hill is 17.
High Schools in Independent Hill, Virginia
There are 1 high schools in Independent Hill, Virginia. The public high schools in Independent Hill are rated 73.1 (with 100 being the best) in the United States according to our research. Among high school students, approximately 9.4% are enrolled at private schools in Independent Hill.
The average salary of a high school teacher in Independent Hill is $59,425 per year. The average number of high school students assigned to a teacher's classroom in Independent Hill is 18.
Infrastructure and Government in Independent Hill, Virginia
Independent Hill, Virginia is a small suburb in a metro area in the Eastern Time Zone. The wireless internet speeds in Independent Hill are approximately 57 Mbps, while wired internet connections average a speed of 204 Mbps.
Transportation in Independent Hill, Virginia
The nearest airport to Independent Hill is 23 miles away. The nearest coastline is 8 miles away. Compared to national averages, traffic on highways and roads in Independent Hill is the lowestAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest. The road network is highAnalytics team at Dwellics grouped locations into 5 ranges for each metric: Lowest, Low, Moderate, High, Highest.
Community Demographics in Independent Hill, Virginia
In terms of political views, the Independent Hill population skews Democratic. The top religion in Independent Hill is Protestant. The top age group is 45-64 per census data.
Household Types in Independent Hill, Virginia
Singles in Independent Hill 33.4%
Married Couples in Independent Hill 66.6%
Age Groups of People Living in Independent Hill, Virginia
65+ year olds 7%
Race Diversity in Independent Hill, Virginia
The Race Diversity score in Independent Hill, Virginia is 32.Race diversity score ranges from 0 to 100. The more diverse, the higher the score.
Latino/Hispanics 10.8%
Black or African Americans 19.8%
The Religion of people living in Independent Hill, Virginia
The primary religious affiliation in Independent Hill, Virginia is Protestant. The Religion Diversity score inIndependent Hill, Virginia is 26.6.Religion diversity score ranges from 0 to 100. The more diverse, the higher the score..
Mormon 1%
Other / Non-Christian 0%
Industry and Occupation in Independent Hill, Virginia
The top industry present in Independent Hill, Virginia is Public administration. 58.8 % of residents work in Management, business, science, and arts occupations, while only 3.2% work in Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. The Industry Diversity score in Independent Hill, Virginia is 60.2.Industry diversity score ranges from 0 to 100. The more diverse, the higher the score.
Retail trade 6%
Public administration 22.7%
The Occupation Diversity score in Independent Hill, Virginia is 51.6.Occupation diversity score ranges from 0 to 100. The more diverse, the higher the score.
Average Educational level of people living in Independent Hill,Virginia
81.9% of residents in Independent Hill, Virginia have earned a Bachelor's degree or higher, compared to the U.S. average of 46.6%. 40.5% of residents in Independent Hill, Virginia hold STEM degrees (STEM = Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics). The Educational level Diversity score in Independent Hill, Virginia is 72.6.Educational diversity score ranges from 0 to 100. The more diverse, the higher the score.


The Official Podcast of Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Offering helpful advice for patients and survivors straight from our experts.
In this informative podcast, Christos Fountzilas, MD, discusses the need for Esophageal Cancer Awareness, and the promising new therapies and efforts to develop an organoid/spheroid approach, allowing for testing of new esophageal cancer drugs.