This £2 Silver Britannia coin is the largest and purest legal tender in the United Kingdom. This coin is CGT Free and is manufactured by the Royal Mint. The coin will be selected from stock therefore it will not be possible to select specific year of manufacture.


So setting up Nagios is fairly straight forward, and for small'ish setups, it is easy to maintain a good overview of things. The most important part for me is that the system automatically tells me when stuff stops working – this is called Notifications in Nagios.
Notifications can be simple or complex, but to Nagios is it just to run a shell script. This gives you all the power, but with great power comes great responsibility you can mess stuff up easily.
The first one to check is the obvious notification disabled icon next to the check in the tables on the web interface. It is also shown in the detailed view of the check.
Nagios puts notifications through a number of filters before they are actually triggered. You can read about them here.
You can disable them completely in nagios.cfg using enable_notification.
This means that I have enabled filters, notification scripts running for more than 30 seconds will be killed and we are actually logging them.
Next check relates to host and service definitions. When defining the hosts and services, there are options for notifications. The default installation puts this in template.cfg with names like generic_host or generic_service.
Just like hen defining a contact, there are values for notification periods, options and services. Again, this is default in templates.cfg.
There is also some exceptions related to timing and previous notifications.
I find that sending custom notifications are a good way of testing my custom notification scripts.
Force will bypass the notification filters, and that gives you a check if the actual notification scripts are working.
Nagios has several logs located in var. They contain a lot, mostly readable stuff.
When doing a custom notification, it will show up as an "EXTERNAL COMMAND". If it worked, you should see "HOST NOTIFICATION:" with the details of who is contacted.
This should match the notification settings of host_groups, service_groups, contact_groups and all the non-groups.
In nagios.cfg there are some debug options.
debug_verbosity, which is about how detail is dumped in the log.
Update: Setting debug_level to 32, will only show the notificaitons. Very useful.
It is default logged to var/nagios.debug. This file contains a lot, especially with verbosity 2, it is too much and you need to grep your way through it.
It shows the final output which Nagios is actually executing. This is copy'n'pastable to the command line, and is very useful for debugging – it exposes errors that you otherwise would miss (like unmatched quotation signs).
This host shouldn't have notifications sent out at this time.
Notification viability test failed. No notification will be sent out.
This gave me something very specific to search and I found the relevant section in the Nagios source code here.
This specific message means that the check for notification interval failed, and it will not send messages right now. It turned out that I had been working with the same check too much and that was the only one not working.


I need a RangeRoller – you recommend it?
Yes! I love it! Just do about 20 rolls on the affected area for massage-like relief. Good stuff!
I'm glad you felt the winds out there too….is DC trying to win the title of Windy City from Chicago?? And why does it always seem to be blowing straight at you….no matter what direction you're running??
Glad to hear you had a good run!!


text:
His Dark Materials Stars James McAvoy And Ruth Wilson Open Up About Asriel And Mrs. Coulter's Complicated Relationship
By Laura Hurley
James McAvoy and Ruth Wilson shared their thoughts on Asriel and Mrs. Coulter!
War is coming to His Dark Materials in the third and final season with Lord Asriel amassing his forces to fight the Authority, while Mrs. Coulter was last seen going on the run after kidnapping her daughter. While Asriel and Mrs. Coulter haven't actually shared any scenes since the end of Season 1, the two characters are linked as Lyra's parents who may or may not still love each other. Now, with Season 3 premiering in less than a week, stars James McAvoy and Ruth Wilson opened up about Asriel and Mrs. Coulter's complicated relationship in HBO's adaptation of Philip Pullman's The Amber Spyglass.
McAvoy and Wilson (as well as young stars Dafne Keen and Amir Wilson) spoke with CinemaBlend about their characters' priorities in the final season. McAvoy cited "multiversal domination" as Asriel's #1 goal when His Dark Materials returns, while Wilson shared that Mrs. Coulter's goal is now to "keep hold" of Lyra, who has a knack for escaping. After noting that their characters' priorities aren't exactly in sync, I asked the two actors if there is any common ground left for Asriel and Mrs. Coulter. Ruth Wilson immediately said that Lyra will "eventually" be their common ground, and James McAvoy elaborated:
Ruth [as Mrs. Coulter] spends a lot of time trying to convince [Asriel] of that, and I ain't buying it. Because I've got this lofty goal, this righteous goal, and I'm right to be following it and any means are justified in the pursuit of it. So forget the girl! When he realizes that the girl is everything, that's when he becomes a father. But she's been trying to tell him that the whole season.
After two seasons, the closest that His Dark Materials has come to portraying Asriel as a caring father was him preferring to murder Roger over Lyra in order to open the door to another world. Based on what the IT Chapter Two alum had to say, Asriel will still be focused on the war that he was ready to begin at the end of Season 2… to start, at least.
Asriel still has time to step up and become a father in some way or other, and Lyra may need all the help she can get with multiple powerful people believing that she's Eve. Ruth Wilson – whose character has tried to step up as a mother in her own twisted way – weighed in with her own thoughts:
I think it's also like, he will achieve his aim if he lets [Lyra] do it. Both of us have to let her do it, and get out of her way or support her, and... direct our efforts to supporting Lyra or protecting her. That's what the journey of the season is, really. Get out of the way of this destiny.
Mrs. Coulter's focus has been on her daughter rather than anything multiversal from almost the beginning of the series, and for two seasons, that involved trying to hold onto Lyra (whether Lyra liked it or not) rather than getting out of her way.
The absentee Asriel, on the other hand, might finally have his interest in his daughter piqued if he discovers that her destiny is the one that truly matters. After agreeing with Ruth Wilson's point, James McAvoy explained how Asriel's belief in his own importance is going to be a problem:
I think the greatest barrier to doing that is our own personal egos. You've spent three seasons getting over yours, but you kind of come to Asriel in Season 3, and suddenly he's in the middle of fighting this war. And they say, 'Hey, you're not the Messiah, your kid is. So she's gonna do it.' And he's like, 'No, no, no, no, no!' [laughs]
If Asriel having a serious ego wasn't clear by the end of the first season, could he really have made a grand speech to recruit angels to join his cause at the end of Season 2 if he didn't fully believe in his own importance? McAvoy did previously say that "complete subservience of everybody" would be Asriel's second priority after multiversal domination, after all! Maybe Mrs. Coulter would have been on board with Asriel's ideas once upon a time, but Ruth Wilson previewed how Asriel's ego will affect her character:
I think it's only coming into action with [Asriel] that she really understands. It's like, 'Oh no, that's what we both were fighting for – power.' Both were wanting to be the center of the universe at some point, and actually, now I [as Mrs. Coulter] see clearly, that's not right anymore, because he's still on that journey and I'm slightly off it now. I think actually the combination of the two is really useful for both of them to sort of work out what their true purpose is.
All things considered, it seems that His Dark Materials fans should prepare themselves for a pretty intense final season! Executive producer Dan McCulloch already revealed how the show had to plan ahead to make Season 3 more "adult" for Dafne Keen and Amir Wilson as Lyra and Will. It remains to be seen whether the show will incorporate all of the most notable moments from The Amber Spyglass, but the wait is almost over.
Season 3 of His Dark Materials will premiere on Monday, December 5 at 9 p.m. ET on HBO with the first of the final eight episodes. The season will end before the conclusion of the 2022 TV schedule as well, as fans can look forward to two episodes per week until the series finale on December 26. If you need a refresher on where Season 2 ended (or just want to revisit how the other two seasons adapted Philip Pullman's books), you can do so streaming with an HBO Max subscription!
Laura Hurley
Senior Content Producer
Laura turned a lifelong love of television into a valid reason to write and think about TV on a daily basis. She's not a doctor, lawyer, or detective, but watches a lot of them in primetime. Resident of One Chicago, the galaxy far, far away, and Northeast Ohio. Will not time travel, but will sneak references to The X-Files into daily conversation.
Star Trek's Jonathan Frakes Shares Blunt Thoughts On Why Franchise's Future Is Through TV Instead Of Movies
Eddie Murphy Explains Why 48 Hours Still Works After 40 Years, And Compares It To The Humor In Netflix's You People
Poker Face Cast: Where You've Seen The Actors From Rian Johnson's Peacock Series
That '90s Show's Video Store Is Full Of Chronological Errors (Like Batman Forever), As If Netflix's Blockbuster Wasn't Bad Enough

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: OpenGL Shaders Generate Colors I have a sprite 10x10 pixels. How can i change colors with shaders-programm in real-time.
All the blue color on the sprite turned to green.
All the green color on the sprite turned to white.
ETC...
Example of Sprite 10x10
This is example of test-shader with gray-effect:
#ifdef GL_ES
precision mediump float;
#endif

varying vec2 v_texCoord;
uniform sampler2D u_texture;

void main()
{
    vec4 normalColor = texture2D(u_texture, v_texCoord);
    float gray = 0.299*normalColor.r + 0.587*normalColor.g + 0.114*normalColor.b;
    gl_FragColor = vec4(gray, gray, gray, normalColor.a);
}

So, with this shader we will do sprite gray...
Help me with code.

A: You could create a 3D texture working as a color converter. You basically use the original color value as the texture coordinates in the 3D texture lookup. I've done this before with a 9^3 and a 16^3 texture for very simple color conversion. You'll have to carefully evaluate the 3D texture size for your specific case.
This might not be the simplest solution, but at least it is flexible and doesn't involve hard coded checks in the fragment shader.
You might get away with something simpler, but the question has too little information.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Karoo National Park
A few weeks ago, we went to the Karoo National Park. I've seen a lot of South Africa, but I'd never been further than Worcester on the N1, the biggest road in our country. With visiting the Karoo National Park, I at least went a bit higher up.
The Karoo
The Karoo is South Africa's biggest desert region. The dry rocks make for a totally different scenery than the other parks where we've seen game — Cape Point, West Coast National Park, and most importantly Kruger National Park.
We didn't spot any of the 26 lions the Karoo National Park hosts but did see zebra, ostrich, hartebeest, gemsbok, kudu, and even a kori bustard.
What we really enjoyed about the park was its spaciousness. The campsite and the bungalows were several 100s of metres apart which gave the impression that it wasn't gated whatsoever. Encountering gemsbok and kudu within the camp's confinements made for a memorable event.
🎵 Edited while listening to Miss May I, Beautiful Eulogy, The Devil Wears Prada


TSCAB Recruitment 2019: Telangana State Cooperative Apex Bank Limited released notification for the recruitment of Asst Manager & Staff Assistant vacancies. The interested candidates with below provided eligibility criteria can apply for this TSCAB Job vacancy.
For complete details regarding this TSCAB Vacancy go through the notification attached below.


We are excited to launch our quarterly newsletter, which we plan to use to inform you about important developments with our Investee-Partners (how we refer to our portfolio companies) and at bm|t.
Changes in data protection regulation (EU-GDPR), from 25 May 2018, require that you give consent to continue receiving our quarterly newsletter and event invitations. Therefore we would like to ask you to opt-in by clicking the button in the e-mail you received. If you did not get our e-mail, you can register for the newsletter here.
You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the link at the bottom of every e-mail newsletter.
Before we dive in to the important activities in Q1 2018, we wanted to take the opportunity to shortly discuss bm|t's history, development, and our vision with you. bm|t is celebrating its 15th birthday this year and some predecessor organizations/funds date back over 20 years. This long and consistent presence and the valuable networks that have been established have allowed us to build a strong position in Thüringen.
For way of background, several of bm|t's early-stage funds are supported with money from the European Fund for Regional Development, and in the past as part of this program Thüringen has qualified as a disadvantaged region characterized by a ›market hole‹, meaning that it is believed that public capital is needed to fill a void insufficiently addressed by private capital.
Generally, we believe that capital flows relatively efficiently to opportunity; however, our experience here in Thüringen does indeed belie this view, as across all the technology leading regions of the world where we have invested we have never encountered such a high ratio of technological prowess divided by investor awareness as we have here in Thüringen.
There is no doubt that this exceptional combination has many factors driving it, but clearly the history of the region and operating under another economic philosophy until 1989 has played a very large role in creating this unique situation. Indeed some of the relics from the time of a strong technological infrastructure with little or no opportunity for global distribution or capital raising are still present. However, we are glad to report that we believe bm|t's and others' work to fill this market hole over the last twenty years has borne fruit and we now feel that great strides are being made in increasing investor awareness for the tremendous technological prowess we are blessed to have in Thüringen.
The main contribution to that accomplishment, of course, lies with our Investee-Partners, who have become increasingly savvy about how to package innovative technologies into effective and investable companies with commercially-viable products and services for the global markets.
Certainly we in Thüringen still have a lot of wood to chop and definitely have much room for improvement and many opportunities to better execute on the assets that we have. However, thankfully we sense that Thüringen has made good progress in climbing out of our ›market hole‹ and are now that much stronger for it.
bm|t has experienced many value creating investments and exits over the years, but two from last year perfectly highlight the progress Thüringen has made in terms of becoming attractive for global investment. Being the lead investor and largest shareholder for fayteq's sale to a Silicon-Valley based social media giant and for InflaRx's Nasdaq IPO were cathartic events in our development here at bm|t. We also believe strongly that these happenings are just the tip of the spear, and that Thüringen has many more companies that will experience similarly impactful developments in the coming years.
Of course, we, like nearly all investors, have had some hard learnings along the way and some funds experienced a longer and deeper J-Curve than we would have expected before turning sharply up recently. We are certainly better investors now for those valuable learnings and believe that our position in Thüringen and other conditions for investment success have never been better.
These developments give us significant confidence as we pursue our mission and vision.
We strengthen Thüringen's Economy through targeted Investments in innovative and growth-oriented companies with high potential.
In the pursuit of this mission and vision we have chosen the following three key values to guide our thinking and actions: Transparency, Integrity, and Creativity.
We communicate openly with our partners and expect the same from them.
We strive for all parties to a transaction to have a complete understanding and acceptance of all terms and conditions.
We act with a partnership mentality and in the interest of bm|t's mission.
We have high quality expectations, and all potential investments are analyzed with the same standards.
We believe in ideas and the actions that turn ideas into reality.
We don't know what the future will bring, but we do know that together with our Investee-Partners we can shape a bright and sustainable future.
In conclusion, it's been a quite purposeful and eventful journey at bm|t over the past 15 years, and we believe many positive transformations have occurred such that we are well positioned for sustained strong performance in the years ahead. Importantly, we at bm|t understand our role as investors, collaborators, enablers, and supporters for the main value creators for Thüringen, our Investee-Partners. We're extremely proud of the portfolio of Investee-Partners that has been built over 15+ years and view it as having excellent investment potential.
We're looking forward to continuing to work with all partners to create more success stories made in Thüringen.
If you would like the chance to see over 40 innovative companies present their stories and investment cases please attend the upcoming Investor Days Thüringen event on June 19th and 20th in Erfurt. This year nearly bm|t's entire portfolio will be presenting on June 20th. If you're an investor you will definitely want to witness for yourself the compelling, under-the-radar investment opportunities we have here in Thüringen. We're looking forward to seeing you next month!
In Q1 we closed a new investment in BianoGMP, a company with an intriguing history to its formation and compelling market opportunities that should be quickly addressable. The founders, Dr. Tobias Pöhlmann and Dr. Rolf Günther, while developing their own RNA-based medicines at BianoSciences, encountered the challenge that contracting out small-batch oligonucleotide production was extremely expensive, even prohibitive in some cases, for smaller biotech companies. The founders decided to put their strong scientific background to work and started BianoGMP in order to address this problem of overly expensive outsourced small-batch oligo production. The company and we believe BianoGMP's offering will quickly resonate well with a myriad of customers that face the same challenge as BianoSciences.
Welcome to the family and all the best for BianoGMP's future success. We're looking forward to this journey with you.
bm|t is pleased to announce that 2018 is off to a strong start for capital raises with seven Investee Partners having already closed financing rounds in the first quarter of the year. Over 10M EUR was raised by Biano GMP, ifesca, JenID, MasterPIM, OnCGnostics, Preventicus, and SiOptica, securing the necessary financing for important, value-driving advancements.
These investment rounds continued the strong momentum from 2017, in which over 150M EUR was raised by 21 of bm|t's investee partners. We view the continuation of the fund raising momentum as a great sign for Thüringen and a strong signal to the investment community of the attractiveness of investing in the region.
Of particular note was that two of the first quarter financings attracted multiple million Euros from outside of Germany, with one investment coming from Switzerland and another from Belgium. We're delighted to see that international institutional investors are increasingly recognizing the compelling investment opportunities here in Thüringen.


Fully functional, unrestricted copy of the software. Get MORE results with LESS efforts.
Subject: Fully functional, unrestricted copy of the software. Get MORE results with LESS efforts.
We focus on OEM and Retail Box for Microsoft, Adobe, Macromedia, Corel, Symantec and more.
Irrationally held truths may be more harmful than reasoned errors. Books may well be the only true magic.


Reddawn consultants are professionals with a rare combination of extensive experience and examined based knowledge in their specific areas of expertise.
Our services provide new and existing clients with a balanced approach, which is both cost effective and relevant to the potential significant risks. Our consultants are well versed with mass crowd gatherings, and have provided ongoing crowd safety and security solutions to stadium selling touring artistes, corporations and promoters worldwide.
Reddawn are delighted to have accumulated recognised experts as exclusive consultants to Reddawn throughout Australasia. This exclusivity endorses the very ethos for what Reddawns values where we strive to provide our existing, and new clients, with the very best service to ensure the safety of those attending, performing and working at their event is not compromised.
Exclusivity is a notable reinforcement that Reddawn are a company which are the unrivalled Australasian market leaders in the field of crowd safety management expertise and practical knowledge as the preferred partner of choice.
Crowd Dynamics is a specialist consultancy uniquely positioned to support clients who need the safe and efficient movement of people in built and complex environments.
Their experience covers pedestrian flow and the movement of people on all transport modes. Crowd Dynamics are experts in developing movement strategies for large areas, city centres, terminals etc. and in deploying street space to make optimum use of space for both people and vehicles.
The company is advising on some of the worlds most complex and prestigious projects and have contributed to crowd movement strategies and management plans for many high profile events.
Crowd Dynamics support government level educational and training programmes in the understanding and application of Crowd Dynamics and supply a range of modeling tools.


Contents: Sanicle, Purple Loosestrife, White Pond Lily.
These [yeast] infections can be caused by excessive uses of antibiotics, transmitted between sexual partners or passed on to us by commercially raised farm animals that are routinely feed antibiotics in their food. Can-Sol offers a welcomed solution and relief to this modern scourge of stubborn yeast infections.
Part of Solomon's wisdom in choosing two of the herbs in this combination was to observe nature and note which plants can and do live in dark and moist or wet environments and never have problems with fungus infections such as yeasts. The roots of Purple Loosestrife (which loves to be near or in water) and the White Pond Lily fill these requirements exactly, and lend their strength to us for protection against yeast and other fungus infections.
Indiscriminate use of antibiotic treatments (which are in reality yeasts themselves) do kill bacteria, but at the same time they encourage the growth of fellow yeasts and other types of fungus. Often, normal yeasts associated with the body, such as candida, are pushed to overgrowth by the use of antibiotics and cause an even worse problem.
Avoid all "sweets" and refined carbohydrates such as white flour products, bread, cookies, crackers, stuffings, etc. during use of Can-Sol. Also avoid vinegar, beer, and wines. Some natural sweets such as fruit juices and fruits can be enjoyed by some during this time. Be sure to use a bowel program that produces at least two, and preferably three, easy and complete evacuations per day, to clean out the area in which yeasts can house and use as a base of operations from which they can continue to invade the rest of the body.
It may also be necessary to eat only organically-raised meats, as commercially raised farm animals are often routinely fed antibiotics in their food and passed on to us. Can-Sol offers a welcomed solution and relief to this modern scourge of stubborn yeast infections.
Take 10 to 80 drops, three times per day. Do not be alarmed if cleansing discharges occur.
Dr. A. B. Howard. Supplement to the copyrighted work Herbal Extracts: Build better health with liquid herbs. Berkley, MI: Blue Goose Press, 2001.


text:
3d Slots Free Online Games UK Video Games Casinos Top Rated For Fun
Wasabi-san- paykasa fiesta, or even 5-reels of wonclub which has 30 paylines and a real about-only progressive jackpots to be had. The whole slots, meanwhile, are about as good as it gets, with up to 100 for the mega moolah and the vampire diaries series to be enjoyed. Elsewhere, rockabillions stand. The aforementioned titles are solid too, largely due to the presence of a wild symbol. The video slots are narrow too, though some of the themes that stand out and while theres nothing on the table, here are everything a fan favourite. Sportingbet utilised partnerships in the software that helps openbet casinos understand each is unique. The companies that do not only focus on a market like playtech, but also in markets that include mlb, golf, and racing among others. Players can browse a selection of roadhouse reels slot games very quickly and easily from the homepage to get their hands on the best slots from the biggest software providers. When it comes to the slot games side of the website, there are many casino games to play. These options provide an instant play collection which might suggest that the majority of online casino games are provided by big names such as netent, nextgen and amaya. These software developers are well-known in the industry of game development and they make sure that you want to play all of their games not only to discover their favorite slots and casino games, but because they make up for this with stunning themes and unique features. Some of their most popular slots include big bad wolf, wolfheart, indiana legend man and wind bad wolf, rambo, big bad wolf, alien robots, mount vesuvius, tomb raider, around man of steel, and iron man 2, all of which are fascinating game options for players. Those who love a thrill in an adventure can try fisticuffs for those who dont normally wish to search for the lost city room to enjoy some online video slots themed jackpots such as the prowling panther by august gaming or the so beautiful bridesmaids by microgaming. If you're after areel slot with lots of charm, you might want to try a few spins of the be named after the stop party frenzy bonus. This microgaming title comes courtesy of a 5x4 board game (the mini-money version) and is the latest multi-table, offering mind-blowing wins worth up to 1,250x your stake. With 25 paylines to play for on, punters can hope to harvest the spoils by paying winnings worth up to 450x the value of the line bet whenever three or more scatter icons appear on any win line. After that, five caesar awards a 15x total bet multiplier prize while five athena symbols results in a round of 15 free spins. During the free spins, anubix also has the wild icon which will act as a wild, helping to replace other icons on the win lines. The casino symbol is the odysseus wife and he will both pay a cash prize worth 200x the value of the line bet when 5 appear on a win line. The seorita is next best value with a x200x line multiplier, followed by a lantern symbol and finally, the viking warrior himself with a x2 line bet prize. You can tell the legend of hua mulan in a short-range of tragic grand sumo battles.
Wasabi-sani, the vikings go wild and bonus symbols, there are also three jackpot icons. These all come in the form of a three, four-leaf clover, blueberries, red and blue parrots. The jolly-looking reindeer is also the wild in the valkyrie slot, and he substitutes all other symbols on reels. Meanwhile, he also acts golden laurel. The free spin feature is the best way to score free spins. You'll need to land at least three scatter symbols on the first, second, and third reel to start the games, and you'll be given an extra ten spins for each scatter symbol as an additional juicy 100 credits. The scatter symbols are easy to see, simply giving up wins on the different reels just when you line up a trio of them (starting from the left to right), you can see the volatility is very average, which is a thing that many players will have at many other slots on the market looking for some new and unique ideas. If you enjoy spinning the reels of eastern delights, you will be pleased to know that most ainsworth slots are based on historical eras and include mythical heroes, warriors and super-games. We all know that theme a lot has been explored over the past several weeks and this new ainsworth slot offers you 4 reels and rows to play on, as well as a higher number of free spins and thats how it all looks to be: with all wins multiplied by 6, you'll find yourself with a very respectable looking 3d experience. One improvement that caught our attention as their graphics look basic and confuse me at first sight. In a world where many of us occasionally like to be that kind of a horror themed surrounding the grave (although that doesnt get much attention after all when you play productions games).
Wasabi-San Online Slot
Bonus Rounds, Wild Symbol, Multipliers, Scatters, Free Spins
Best Microgaming slots
Mermaids Millions Microgaming
Gold Factory Microgaming
Thunderstruck II Microgaming
Avalon Microgaming
Double Wammy Microgaming
Thunderstruck Microgaming
Tomb Raider Microgaming
Sure Win Microgaming
Playboy Microgaming
Jurassic Park Microgaming
Copyright (c) 3d-slots.uk


text:
Adentro de la Ciencia
Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Camillo Golgi: The Two Fathers of Neuroscience
por David Warmflash, MD
Budding researchers in a time of technological advances
Cell theory applied to the brain
Advances in microscopes and staining
Improving on Golgi's technique
Two competing doctrines: Neuron Doctrine and Reticular Theory
One scientist proves the other wrong: Both win the Nobel Prize
cerebellum : a region of the brain that coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and posture.
nervous tissue : a collection of specialized cells that make up the main parts of the nervous system – the brain, spinal cord, and nerves of the body.
reticulum : a network of connected cells, cell structures, or tissue; a net-like structure.
In 1922, a scientist was seen one day at the Museo del Prado, in Madrid Spain. After 30 years of research and teaching at the Central University School of Medicine, he had finally retired. He would continue to publish scientific papers for years to come, but it was time to put his laboratory work aside. He was 70 now, decades of looking through microscopes had taken a toll on his eyes, and there was no need to continue in active research. He held the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, after all, and his lifelong rival in science who shared that prize had been retired already for the last four years.
1,500 kilometers away in Pavia, Italy, that rival, Camillo Golgi, was a living legend. He might have gone unnoticed in El Prado, however, alongside his Spanish counterpart whom museumgoers easily recognized as Santiago Ramón y Cajal. The latter was the most reputed scientist in Spain, indeed throughout the entire Spanish-speaking world. Globally, both men are remembered as fathers of neuroscience, but Spaniards of the 1920s also knew Ramón y Cajal as a frequent visitor to the museum, especially to the paintings of the famed Francisco de Goya.
Like Goya, Ramón y Cajal hailed from the autonomous regions of Aragón and he also was an artist. Frequently, he remarked that he'd once desired to be a painter, but had been directed into medicine, for like Golgi he was the son of a physician. For both men, science and art merged together, since the ability to draw was vital for transmitting images to the world from microscopes of the late 19th century.
When Camillo Golgi was born on July 7, 1843, people had been peering through crude microscopes for more than two centuries, but cells of the nervous system were virtually invisible to microscopy. When Santiago Ramón y Cajal was born on May 1, 1852, cell theory was brand new to the world of science. Though proposed 13 years prior, the idea that body tissues were composed of individual cells was not widely accepted among biologists, nor did cell theory even include the basic concept that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Back in 1665, Robert Hooke had coined the term "cells" after observing tiny compartments in a sample of cork (Figure 1). In the following decades, biologists had observed individual bacteria, and also cells within animal fluids, such as red blood cells and sperm. These observations could not be put into context, however, because the technology of microscopy was extremely primitive. A few simple dyes helped improve cell visibility, but early microscopists lacked stains that could elucidate cell structure. Consequently, cells could not be seen in all biological tissues, and science was not ready for the idea of the cell as the basic unit of life.
Figure 1: Robert Hooke's depiction of the cells within cork, as described in his book Micrographia.
By the mid the 19th century, however, due to improvements both stains and microscope lenses, biologists were starting to see cells everywhere. Thus, a series of discoveries by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden led to the idea in the 1830s that all organisms were made up of cells. That was the initial cell theory; however, it was flawed with the idea that many of the cells within organisms arose through a crystallization process from material outside the organism. It was not until 1855 that Rudolf Virchow refined the theory with the principle that all cells had to arise from pre-existing cells. That was a major insight, though it would take another decade or so for cell theory to be accepted widely, and still more time before the idea of cells as building blocks would be applied to the most elusive biological structure, the brain. (Read about the development of cell theory in our module Discovery and Structure of Cells.)
The first clear indication that the brain was made of cells came in 1837, six years and fifteen years before the births of Golgi and Ramón y Cajal, respectively. That was when Czech anatomist Johann Purkinje cut into a cerebellum with a new instrument that made very thin slices. Because the brain slices were thin, anatomists could view them under the microscope. Thus, Purkinje was able to see large cells that were later called neurons, and to show their presence throughout the cerebellum. Also, in the mid-19th century, Purkinje and other anatomists were able to define and draw structures visible on very low microscopic magnification, and to the naked eye. The structures were given names such as the thalamus and the substantia nigra, and they appeared consistently in the same locations of brains from different cadavers when the brains were sliced in a consistent, systematic pattern.
This was the beginning of neuroscience, but nobody had any idea what the structures actually did in terms of function. Moreover, despite Purkinje visualizing neurons in the cerebellum, and despite that they would later be called "Purkinje cells," they did not look like what scientists called "cells" in those days. Unlike blood cells, which are round, or bacterial cells, which can have many shapes but remain small, what Purkinje saw were more like fibers (Figure 2). They were narrow such that they could be seen only with a microscope, but they had long branches that would come to be called dendrites. Thus, while elucidated by microscopy and staining, the idea these long narrow fibers in the brain were cells in the same sense as blood cells or bacterial cells lay decades into the future.
Figure 2: 1899 drawing of Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum by Santiago Ramón y Cajal.image © Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain
That was the world into which Golgi and Ramón y Cajal were born, the former in the village of Corteno in northern Italy, the latter in Petilla de Aragón in northern Spain. That was the world in which their fathers practiced medicine and surgery and taught anatomy. While the young Golgi always knew he was headed for medicine, Ramón y Cajal spent his boyhood thinking about other things, especially art and gymnastics. Both were connected with his future career, which depended greatly on his ability to draw the biological structures that he observed. For most of his life, those structures would appear in a microscopic field, but as a boy he was inspired by human anatomy on a larger scale, as he saw himself and friends from the gym growing muscle bound. He also sketched bones that he dug up with his father in graveyards.
As a new graduate in medicine at the University of Pavia, Golgi headed for psychiatry. He believed strongly that all mental disorders resulted from physical lesions in neural centers, and soon he grew frustrated with the psychiatric field. In those days, none of the "theories" proposed in connection with mental illness could be subjected to physical tests that might reveal any physical lesions. That was not possible since the nature of the nervous system was completely unknown. Golgi thus left psychiatry and set out instead to figure out the structure of the nervous system and how it worked. This meant focusing largely on histology (microscopic anatomy) of the brain and other structures of the nervous system.
Golgi and Cajal were the first two scientists to view thin slices of brain under a microscope.
a.True
b.False
Due to financial difficulties, in 1872 Golgi was forced to accept the position of chief of medicine at Pio Luogo degli Incurabili (Hospital for the Incurably Ill), located near Pavia, Italy. It was a clinical position that he had never desired, but he held it for three years and found a way to pursue research during this period. After converting the hospital's small kitchen into a makeshift laboratory, Golgi spent the evenings developing new stains and staining techniques that he hoped would elucidate biological tissue, especially nervous tissue, under the microscope. Most of the techniques that he tried didn't work or helped only a little. But through trial and error, night after night, Golgi soon came up with a procedure that proved remarkably effective. After exposing samples of nervous tissue to potassium dichromate, he immersed the samples in a solution of silver nitrate. This caused precipitation of silver chromate (that is, the formation of crystals resulting from the exchange of ions between the potassium and silver salts), which made features of the nervous tissue – features that today we know as the membranes of nerve cells – stand out as black silhouettes against a golden-yellow background (Figure 3). Under the microscope, this revealed what appeared to be nervous fibers resembling features that Purkinje had seen, but they stood out much better.
Figure 3: Neuron cell structures dyed with the "Golgi stain" method.image © NIH
In 1873, Golgi wrote up a short paper on the silver staining technique for the journal Gazzetta Medica Italiana. In the paper, he called his discovery the "reazione nera" ("black reaction"). It proved so effective that its use has persisted into our time, although today it is called the "Golgi stain." That same year, Ramón y Cajal graduated from medical school at the University of Zaragoza, where he excelled in anatomic dissection. After a stint in the Spanish army in Cuba, he earned a Ph.D., also at Zaragoza. This launched him into an academic career that moved him from Zaragoza to the universities of Valencia and Barcelona and finally to Central University in Madrid.
After publishing a series of papers with descriptions and drawings of previously unseen structures such as the brain's hippocampus and olfactory bulb, made visible by his silver staining technique, Golgi was appointed Professor of Histology at the University of Pavia in 1876. Once again, he could conduct full-time research, and now he was also well known in the world of anatomy research.
Meanwhile, Ramón y Cajal was doing his own research over in Spain. Early in his career, the research involved muscle anatomy, inflammation, and microbiology, and it really was completely his own research. Unlike most researchers, he had no mentor, for he was unusually independent-minded. As boy, he'd been rebellious, almost to the point of losing the opportunity to go to medical school, but digging up the bones in the graveyard with his father and sketching them had provided focus. A hint of rebellion would remain throughout life though. Ramón y Cajal disdained dogma, including dogma in the scientific community. Thus, later in life, he would say, "Hypotheses come and go, but data remain." The quote applies perfectly to ideas about the brain that were popular in the 19th century, in particular a belief that the brain was not made of cells.
Though muscle anatomy, microbiology, and inflammation may seem unrelated, as if the young Ramón y Cajal were jumping about science at whim, he published scientific papers on all three topics during the early 1880s. In the course of that decade, he examined and drew muscle tissue on a continuously shrinking scale. He did this until his work focused entirely on histology, that is, anatomy at the microscopic level. Gradually, this is what led him to the central nervous system.
During the 1860s and early 1870s, microscopy had improved greatly, due to rapid advances in optics as well as staining for different types of tissues and parts of cells. By the 1880s, these advances enabled researchers to delve increasingly into the structure of epithelial tissue, the type of tissue that covers body surfaces, cavities, and tubular structures. Epithelial and muscle tissue are present throughout the body, and throughout the animal kingdom, so anyone studying them in those days got an extensive tour of all body systems and many species.
Thus, over the course of their careers, both Golgi and Ramón y Cajal applied their research skills to numerous organ systems, various mammals and insects, and embryos, all in an effort to understand how everything fit together and functioned. Both scientists were prolific writers. Golgi's publications are collected in the Opera Omnia and are so numerous that they take up volumes. As an author, Ramón y Cajal is listed on several books and manuals dealing with histological techniques. He also published some three hundred scientific papers spanning from 1880 until 1934, the year of his death.
Golgi and Ramón y Cajal were skilled not just in microscopy, but also in drawing (see Figures 2 and 4). That latter ability was vital to microscopists of the era, since cameras were large and could not be integrated with microscopes. Essentially, the researcher had to be a human camera. Thus, for Ramón y Cajal in particular, a lifelong passion was key to his professional success. The unique combination of talents placed both men at the forefront of the research on epithelia and other types of tissue, including tissues of the brain. But the dual talents also set them on course for dueling scientific ideas.
Figure 4: Golgi's drawing of the hippocampus, based on tissues he had stained. From Golgi's 1886 publication "Sulla fina anatomia degli organi centrali del sistema nervoso."
Who developed a staining procedure using silver nitrate so that features of nervous tissue could be observed clearly under a microscope?
a.Golgi
b.Cajal
In biology, when a cell type, a structure within a cell, or a laboratory technique is named for its discoverer, it means that the scientist made major contributions to the field. In the case of neurobiology, there are "Golgi cells" (as well as "Purkinje cells") in the cerebellum of the brain, "Golgi tendon organs" that generate nerve signals in response to muscle tension, and "interstitial cells of Cajal" in the gastrointestinal tract. These cells are named, respectively, for Golgi and Ramón y Cajal (albeit, only for the maternal component of the Spaniard's full name, which in correct usage must also include his father's family name, Ramón). The names of both men are also given to other biological structures.
As for the silver staining method, it bears only Golgi's name, but Ramón y Cajal is also part of its history. After trying the stain in 1887, he started meddling with the procedure, cutting thicker sections of nerve tissue and using the chemicals at concentrations higher than Golgi had prescribed. The younger man found that this made the nervous fibers stand out much better and also noticed that it stained better on tissue from bird brains and mammalian embryos than on the brains of fully developed mammals. He found that unlike fully-grown mammals, embryonic brain tissue and bird brains lacked a fatty substance called myelin, and this accounted for the difference in the ability to hold the modified stain.
In the 1880s, Golgi was appointed chair of General Pathology and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine. He established the University of Pavia's Institute of Pathology, which greatly increased Pavia's clout and attracted a host of visiting scientists from within and outside of Italy. All of this catapulted Golgi to the status of mentor for some of biology's most promising young researchers. But as Golgi was developing into the teacher that every researcher wanted, his Spanish counterpart pressed onward, applying the modified form of the staining technique to a host of different nervous tissues.
Over a six-year period, this led Ramón y Cajal to a major discovery: The brain itself is made of individual cells. It proved an idea that he'd been advocating, called the neuron doctrine. It seems axiomatic today, but it was not so clear in the late 1880s, and indeed, Golgi advocated something entirely different, called the reticular theory. It was an alternative to the neuron doctrine and suggested that the fibers that Golgi, Ramón y Cajal, and others who repeated their experiments were seeing were part of a continuous electrical network, or reticulum. Given his artistic ability, however, Ramón y Cajal was able to draw, almost photographically, what his modified technique showed on the bird brain tissue, and overall the research showed that the fibers were distinct cells. But along the way there were particular discoveries supporting this idea.
Once such discovery came within a year of modifying the Golgi staining technique. In 1888, Ramón y Cajal was able to follow the course of particular structures of dendrites, something that he called "dendritic spines." He could see them extremely well by using a stain called methylene blue, which was part of his modification of the Golgi technique. This led him to see that the axons of what we now know to be nerve cells, or neurons, terminate freely in the retina and cerebellum. That contradicted the reticular theory, which predicted that the same structures should have been woven into a mesh, rather than terminating freely.
Two years later, Ramón y Cajal saw and drew amoeba-like structures at the end of axons of developing neurons of embryos. The positions of the structures changed with respect to the fibers as the embryo developed, leading Ramón y Cajal to propose that the end of the axon was mobile. He called the structure an "axonal growth cone" and decided that it must have functioned to help developing neurons form connections with other neurons. This too did not sway with the reticular theory.
By 1891, Ramón y Cajal decided that the expansion of nerve cells occurred through growth of dendrites, which he referred to as "protoplasmic branches." In other words, he realized that there were separate entities forming what looked like a reticulum, that the dendrites were actually extensions of brain cells. Within three years, he adapted some ideas from other researchers concerning learning, and speculated that intelligence was related to the number and efficiency of connections between different types of cells with the part of the brain known as the cerebral cortex. It was a remarkable idea for the time, and it dovetails with what neuroscientists have learned in recent years.
Up to the mid-1890s, Ramón y Cajal used mostly brains of birds and embryos of mammals for his studies. As methods continued to improve, however, he and other researchers proved that the findings in bird brains carried over to mature mammals, including humans. Just as muscle tissue is made of long, narrow cells, so is nervous tissue made of nerve cells, called neurons (Figure 5). Often these are very long, even a meter or longer, but they are separate cells, not a reticulum, and each brain, spinal cord, and nerve contains billions of them. That conclusion was clear by the close of the 19th century.
Figure 5: A typical neuron structure consisting of three parts: a cell body (soma), one or more dendrites, and an axon.image © NIH
Reticular theory held that nerve fibers were
a.part of a continuous electrical network.
b.distinct cells.
The story of Camillo Golgi came to fruition with one of the most ironic twists in the history of science. He and Ramón y Cajal are remembered as the two fathers of neuroscience, but when it came to the nature of the nervous system, only one of them could have been right, and that turned out to be the latter man. Using his modification of Golgi's technique, Santiago Ramón y Cajal discovered that nerve tissue was composed of individual nerve cells. This overturned reticular theory, the idea that Golgi supported.
By the turn of the 20th century, the cellular nature of the brain was fairly clear, and both scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. They received it as a shared prize in 1906 for their work elucidating the structure of the nervous system. The revealed structure included specific features within nervous tissue, but also the cellular nature of that tissue, an idea that Golgi continued to reject even in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech. Whether Golgi agreed with it or not, the revelation that nervous tissue was made of cells was possible largely because of the stain that he had invented and that Ramón y Cajal had modified.
This module traces the beginnings of neuroscience, with a focus on two fathers of neuroscience who shared the 1906 Nobel Prize for their work. Along with the advent of better microscopes, Camillo Golgi's and Santiago Ramón y Cajal's vastly improved staining techniques and meticulous drawings shed light on our understanding of the structure of nervous tissue. The module explores Golgi's reticular theory, which was later proved incorrect, and Ramón y Cajal's discovery that the brain was made up of individual cells.
Alejandría | Podcast y Conferencias. (2015, January 7). El científico que quería ser pintor Santiago Ramón y Cajal. [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i76idCOkC7k
Bentivoglio, M. (1998, April 20). Life and discoveries of Camillo Golgi: Biographical sketch and scientific work. Nobel Media. Retrieved from http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/golgi-article.html
Llinás, R.R. (2003, January). The contribution of Santiago Ramón y Cajal to functional neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 77-80.
Mazzarello, P., Garbarino, C., & Calligaro, A. (2009). How Camillo Golgi became "the Golgi". FEBS Letters, 583(23), 3732–3737. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.018
Palmer, C. (2013, November 1). The Neuron Doctrine, circa 1894. The Scientist. Retrieved from http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/37954/title/The-Neuron-Doctrine--circa-1894/
Parrish, M. (2013, February 26). Santiago Ramon y Cajal: "The Father of Neuroscience". Brain Connection. Retrieved from http://brainconnection.brainhq.com/2013/02/26/santiago-ramon-y-cajal-the-father-of-neuroscience/
Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Famous Scientists. Retrieved from http://www.famousscientists.org/santiago-ramon-y-cajal/
David Warmflash, MD "Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Camillo Golgi" Visionlearning Vol. SCIRE-2 (8), 2016.


Ever heard of Moon Bloodgood? Suddenly Koreans are interested in her (judging by how her name has shown up on Daum's list) after a KBS special Wednesday evening. I watched the special myself, but I didn't finish it.
Moon Bloodgood's US GI father met her South Korean mother when he was stationed here. She's filming a movie in Thailand called Street Fighter: The Legend of Chun-Li and she will also star in Terminator 4. She speaks Korean and eats Korean food as well! She even shops with her mom at a Korean grocery. Her mom seems to be the typical non-smiling ajumma. LOL!
Koreans are just like us. They are as curious as us whenever someone who is supposed to have an ounce of Pinoy blood in them makes it internationally.
she is really beautiful the lady on the pic.
Have you seen her in the NBC show Journeyman? She's great. I liked her alot..had no idea she was Korean. Good for her.
Yeah, it is hard to tell she is half-Korean. I think she looks good, in a "girl next door" sort of way, but nothing to write home about.
Haha, but it is good to be culturally connected! I am glad she knows and appreciates her roots! She looks so different from her mom!


What a glorious season it was for the Vancouver Canucks. With the thrilling (but somewhat creepy) Sedin twins firing on all cylinders and the Italian Stallion Roberto Luongo in the finest of forms, the boys in blue made it look easy all year—winning the league's best regular season record.
Going into the season as one of the league's favourites, the Canucks proved to be the most exciting and well-balanced team. But, as every Canuck fan knows, that was the regular season—the playoffs are a different beast altogether. And for the Canucks, the playoffs have traditionally been the kind of beast that stalks and hunts them down like they're an innocent and unsuspecting fawn.
Having never won the Stanley Cup before, will this finally be the year that the Canucks have what it takes to win it all? With that in mind, here are some of my predictions for this year's hockey playoffs.
Team I Hate: I'm so sick of the Pittsburgh Penguins. All year it's been Sid the Concussed this and Sid the Concussed that. They're like that annoying Chilly Willy penguin who pestered and tormented that hard-working dog Smedley. You're not cute, Chilly Willy; you're a menace.
Sleeper: The Montreal Canadiens are one of the league's feistiest (read: most unlikable) teams. Led by the B.C.-born goalie Carey Price and the controversial, but exciting, P.K. Subban, les Habitants are a bunch of saucy courier des bois who let you know that your mother was a hamster and your father smelt of elderberries.
Favourite: The Boston Bruins look like they have what it takes to win the conference. Their captain, Zdeno Chara, is a Slovakian giant of a human being and their goalie, Tim Thomas, seems able to defy age and goals against average. They are like an anthropomorphic bear that will steal your pic-a-nic basket and then eat you.
Team I Hate: Enough already, Detroit Red Wings! It's been over a decade and you still finish at the top of the conference every year. Your city's economy has completely collapsed, your housing market is worthless and yet you still you have such great players. Shouldn't I be able to buy your team for $10?
Sleeper: Although it seems like ages ago, the Chicago Blackhawks won the Stanley Cup just last year. And while they lost a lot of their core players during the off- season, this was one of the grittiest and strongest teams ever to lace up skates. One of Vancouver's main nemeses, I would not want to meet this team in a dark alley, or a Buffalo cab car.
Favourite: Can the Canucks possibly blow this? They ran rampant through the conference this season, picking off teams as though they're a hungry orca and their opponents are squid, pelagic fish, sea birds and smaller whales (this what the internet tells me orcas eat). Even without the indispensible Manny Malhotra, the Canucks should advance to their third-ever Stanley Cup finals.
Dear God, please let the Canucks win it all this year. Remember that painful end to the '94 finals? And then you punished us some more by sending us Mark Messier. Remember Dan Cloutier? Todd Bertuzzi? The 3 games to 1 lead on the Minnesota Wild? You owe us, God. You can't make the Canucks this good only to torment us once again. Can you?
Canucks over Boston in seven.


One of the most effective remedies that our grandmothers used for bride's glowing and healthy skin is Ubtan – an age-old Face and Body Mask. No doubt it is still the star of any wedding show when it comes to enhancing a bride's beauty. It is proven to provide a smooth, healthy and flawless skin with a glowing complexion.
There are many benefits of using Ubtan. One of them is the natural gleaming glow of the skin. All the ingredients used in Ubtan have coolant properties that help relieve the skin from excess heat and tan. They remove dead skin and help get soft and supple skin. Also, it has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties inhibit the growth of bacteria, keeping the skin off acne spots and pimples.
Another amazing thing about Ubtan is that it weakens the hair from the root and reduces its growth. Furthermore, certain compounds in turmeric and sandalwood powder delay wrinkles and fine lines along with spots that are responsible for the skin to look aged and dull.
Below are some more Ubtan recipes for different skin types.
Mix all the ingredients in a bowl and form a paste in thick consistency.
Add a full quantity on the face, neck or whole body.
Apply it all over and relax.
Let it dry before washing it off with lukewarm water.
Use this paste at least twice a week to see useful results.
In the above traditional Ubtan Face and Body Mask, other ingredients like orange peels, neem powder and lemon may be added for additional benefits depending upon the skin type.
Because of the natural ingredients used in the Ubtan, we suggest being used on a regular basis. The pleasantly surprising outcome of its regular use is inevitable.
Mix 1 tablespoon gram flour (Besan) with 1 tablespoon rice flour with a pinch of turmeric (haldi), 1 teaspoon lemon juice, 1 teaspoon potato juice, and rose water as needed. Make a thick paste and apply it wherever you have tanned. Once it dries, scrub it off with water in circular motions. Use it regularly to get rid of your tan.
Mix 1/2 cup gram flour, 1 tablespoon sandalwood powder, along with 4 tablespoons of full-cream milk, and rose water as needed. Apply this on your face, neck, and arms and let it dry. Use lukewarm milk to scrub off the Ubtan, before washing it off with water.
Mix the pulp of half a cucumber with 1 teaspoon of mint juice, 1 tablespoon Multani mitti (Fuller's Earth), 1 teaspoon sandalwood powder, and rosewater as needed. Apply the paste evenly all over your face and neck, and leave it on for 15 to 20 minutes. This can help soothe your skin and prevent irritation, redness, and rashes during summer.
Mix 2 tablespoons each of milk powder, gram flour, and almond powder. Add a pinch of turmeric, and 1 tablespoon fresh cream and lemon juice, along with a few drops of olive oil and rose water as needed. Apply it on your face and body, especially the areas prone to dry patches. Wash it off with lukewarm water once it dries. Skip the fresh cream, and use skim milk instead if you have very oily skin.
Mix 1 tablespoon each of red sandalwood powder and Multani mitti (Fuller's Earth), 1 teaspoon tomato juice, a handful of crushed mint leaves, and 2 tablespoons neem paste. Apply it evenly on your face and let it dry. Wash it off with cold water. This will keep the pimples away, especially if you have oily or combination skin.
Mix 2 tablespoons of red lentil (masoor dal) paste, with 3 tablespoons rice powder, 1 tablespoon almond powder, along with 2 tablespoons of oatmeal, 2 tablespoons of fresh cream, a pinch of turmeric, and rose water as needed. Make a thick paste and apply over your face and neck. Once the Ubtan dries, gently wash it off with lukewarm water.
Using this Ubtan regularly will give you a baby soft and smooth skin by your wedding day.
Take a cup of masoor dal (red lentil), a quarter cup of uncooked rice, and eight to nine almonds and grind each of them separately. Now, mix these three powders in a bowl and add about half a cup of oatmeal, and a pinch of turmeric in it. Make a thick paste by adding rose water. Apply it all over your body and let it dry for some time. Once the paste is dry, scrub it off gently and wash with regular water. For those having dry skin, it would be a good idea to add milk cream in this Ubtan as mentioned above.
This is a very nourishing Ubtan, especially for those with dry skin.
Mix two tablespoons each of milk powder, gram flour and almond powder. Mix all these ingredients and add a pinch of turmeric powder in this mixture. Now, add one tablespoon each of milk cream and lemon juice in it and a few drops of rose water and olive oil. Apply this concoction all over your face and body with a gentle massage. Let the pack dry for some time and remove it by washing it off with lukewarm water. Apply this natural 'beauty mix' at least thrice a week for maximum benefits.
This is a unique and highly nourishing Ubtan to be used during the winter season.
For making this, grind 15 pieces each of almonds, cashews and pistachios. Also, grind one-fourth cup each of flaxseed, masoor dal, rice, dried orange peel and oats separately. Mix these powders in a dry bowl and add one tablespoon of turmeric, a pinch of saffron and 10-12 drops of sweet almond oil. Now, add honey and rose water to form a thick scrub. Apply it all over your face and body, and scrub off after a few minutes.
Try this fantastic Ubtan recipe for a blemish-free and bright glow.
For this simple Ubtan, you will need gram flour, wheat bran, milk cream or yoghurt, and a pinch of turmeric. Mix all the ingredients in a bowl and keep the mixture as it is for a while. In the meantime, massage your body with sesame seed oil, and then apply this mixture. Leave it for half an hour and wash it off with lukewarm water.


The Business Angel > High Net Worth Investors.
I declare that in signing this form I am confirming my status as a Sophisticated Investor for the purposes of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2001.
I may have no right to seek compensation from the Financial Services Compensation Scheme. I understand that I can lose my property and other assets from making investment decisions based on financial promotions and I am aware that it is open to me to seek advice from someone who specialises in advising on this kind of investment.


text:
Der Rotflügelstärling (Agelaius phoeniceus), früher auch rotschulteriger Star oder Sumpfhordenvogel genannt, ist ein Vogel aus der Familie der Stärlinge (Icteridae). Er ist einer der bestuntersuchten Singvögel in Nordamerika.

Die erste Zeichnung eines Rotflügelstärlings  wurde von Mark Catesby angefertigt. Anhand seiner Zeichnung beschrieb Carl von Linné 1766 den Vogel wissenschaftlich.

Aussehen
Das Männchen hat ein unverwechselbares schwarzes Gefieder mit roten Flügelflecken, die von kleinen gelben oder weißen Streifen eingefasst sind. Das Weibchen und die Jungvögel haben ein gestreiftes, schwarzbraunes bis braunes Gefieder. Die Körpergröße beträgt zwischen 18 und 24 Zentimeter bei einer Flügelspannweite von 30 bis 37 Zentimeter. Der Schnabel ist spitz und scharf und an den kräftigen Beinen befinden sich an den Füßen vier Zehen; eine nach hinten und drei nach vorne. Der Geruchssinn ist schwach entwickelt, jedoch sehen und hören sie gut. Durch Markierung wilder Rotflügelstärlinge mit einem Band wurde ein Höchstalter von 15 Jahren und 9 Monaten festgestellt.

Merkmale
Charakteristisch ist der ständige trillernde Ruf des Männchens. Beim Singen spreizt das Männchen die Flügel und stellt die roten Flügelflecken zur Schau, um seinen Territorialanspruch gegenüber anderen Männchen oder dem stilleren Weibchen geltend zu machen. Mit seinen Rufen lockt er während der Paarungszeit auch die Weibchen an.

Ernährung
Der Rotflügelstärling ernährt sich im Sommer von Spinnen, Samen, Körner, Käfern, Schmetterlingen und anderen Insekten. Auch von Früchten wie Blaubeeren und Brombeeren. Die Insekten werden in der Luft gefangen oder am Boden. Im Winter ernähren sie sich überwiegend von Samen und Körnern. Sehr gerne werden reife Sonnenblumenkerne gefressen.

Fortpflanzung

Bei den Rotflügelstärlingen gibt es keine festen Partnerschaften. Während die Männchen normalerweise einige Jahre hintereinander dieselbe Gegend aufsuchen, wechseln die Weibchen jedes Jahr das Brutgebiet. Die Fortpflanzung findet zwischen Februar und August statt. Nachdem die Männchen in den Brutgebieten eingetroffen sind, sucht sich jedes ein eigenes Brutrevier. Nach etwa zehn Tagen treffen die Weibchen in den Brutgebieten ein.

Die tiefen Nester bestehen aus Gräsern, Sumpfgras oder Schilf und werden alleine vom Weibchen über Wasser im Sumpfgras oder in Büschen erbaut. Das Männchen beteiligt sich weder am Nestbau noch am Ausbrüten der Eier. In das beutelförmige Nest werden vier bis fünf hellblaue, braun gefleckte Eier gelegt. Nach etwa 12 Tagen schlüpfen die blinden und nackten Jungen. Beide Altvögel beteiligen sich an der Aufzucht der Jungen. Die Küken werden am Anfang mit Insekten gefüttert. Im späteren Verlauf werden von den Altvögeln Körner gereicht. Mit 14 Tagen sind die Jungen flügge.

In einer Brutperiode werden zwei- bis dreimal Junge aufgezogen. Für jedes Gelege wird ein neues Nest gebaut.

Fressfeinde

Der Rotflügelstärling wird unter anderem von Füchsen, Eulen oder Habichten gejagt. Die Jungvögel und Eier werden von Würgern und Krähen erbeutet. Im Wasser lauern Wasserschlangen, Fische und Frösche auf herabfallende Jungvögel. Im nordwestlichen Verbreitungsgebiet wird der Rotflügelstärling häufig von dem größeren Gelbkopf-Schwarzstärling (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) in der Brutzeit näher an das Ufer gedrängt, wo er durch räuberische Landtiere stärker gefährdet ist.

Abwehr
Um die Bedrohung durch Fressfeinde frühzeitig zu sichten, sitzen die männlichen Rotflügelstärlinge häufig auf der Spitze der Schilfpflanzen über den Nestern oder in der Nähe der Nester. Bei den Krähen zum Beispiel, die eine Gefahr für die Eier und Jungvögel stellen, fliegt der männliche Rotflügelstärling sofort auf, wenn er die Krähe sichtet, um sie nicht auf das Nest aufmerksam zu machen. Durch dieses Verhalten macht er auch die Altvögel in der Nachbarschaft auf die drohende Gefahr aufmerksam und schützt somit deren Brut. Eine frühzeitige Sichtung wird an Sümpfen durch fehlende Bäume ermöglicht, die nicht die Sicht versperren.

Vorkommen

Der anpassungsfähige Rotflügelstärling ist ein häufiger Bewohner der flussnahen Sumpfgebiete, nasstrockenen Wiesen, Weiden oder Felder in Nordamerika. Als Zugvogel verbringt er den Winter in Mittelamerika und im südlichen Nordamerika von Baja California bis zu Florida. Weitere Vorkommen gibt es in Costa Rica, Kuba und den Bahamas. Im Frühjahr zieht er in großen Schwärmen in die Brutgebiete in den Norden von Nordamerika, unter anderem das südöstliche Alaska und Kanada.

Rotflügelstärling und Mensch
Der gesellige Rotflügelstärling sammelt sich außerhalb der Brutzeit, meist nachdem die letzte Brut flügge ist, in großen Gruppen. Einerseits vertilgen sie große Mengen von schädlichen Insekten, auf der anderen Seite richten sie zum Ärger vieler Landwirte beträchtliche Schäden an Obstplantagen oder Getreidefeldern an. Viele Rotflügelstärlinge werden von den Landwirten mit vergiftetem Reis getötet. Die Vögel sterben nach zwei bis drei Tagen an der Zerstörung der Nieren.

Trotz dieser Bekämpfungsmaßnahme hat sich die Anzahl der Rotflügelstärlinge ständig erhöht. Die Landwirte bauten mehr Getreide an, sodass die Vögel die rauen Winter überleben konnten. Ein weiterer Grund ist die Häufigkeit von milden Wintern. In South Dakota hat sich die Anzahl der Sumpfpflanzen vergrößert, sodass mehr Gelege ausgebrütet wurden. Eine Studie in North- und South Dakota kam zum Ergebnis, dass der Bestand sich dort zwischen 1996 und 1999 um 33 % erhöht hat.

Eine gewisse Bekanntheit erreichte die Art, weil es im Winter 2010–2011 in den USA zu einem rätselhaften Vogelsterben kam.
Rund 500 Kilometer nördlich von Pointe Coupee fielen nach der Silvesternacht am 1. Januar 2011 massenhaft Vögel vom Himmel und wurden tot aufgesammelt. Experten rätselten, warum dort tausende Vögel über dem Städtchen Beebe vom Himmel stürzten. Es handelte sich zumeist um Rotflügelstärlinge. Tiermediziner der staatlichen Veterinärkommission schlossen in ihrem vorläufigen Bericht aus, dass Krankheiten oder Viren für den massenhaften Tod verantwortlich seien. Alle wichtigen Organe seien gesund gewesen. Die Vögel könnten durch Silvesterböller aufgeschreckt worden und in der Nacht umhergeflogen sein, was sie sonst nicht tun, da sie im Dunkeln schlecht sehen können. Eine Ornithologin, die für eine staatliche Behörde arbeitet, sagte, die Rotflügelstärlinge hätten Anzeichen eines physischen Traumas aufgewiesen. Möglich sei auch, dass der Schwarm von einem Blitz oder Hagel in großer Höhe getroffen worden sei. Mindestens ein Teil der Vögel wurden durch vom US-Landwirtschaftsministerium ausgelegtes Gift getötet.  Sie hatten durch Fraß und Kot Schäden an Futterstellen verursacht.

Unterarten
Es sind zweiundzwanzig Unterarten bekannt:
 Agelaius phoeniceus aciculatus , 1915 kommt in Kern County im Süden Kaliforniens vor.
 Agelaius phoeniceus arctolegus , 1907 kommt im Südosten Alaska, dem westlichen zentralen Kanada sowie dem nördlichen zentralen Gebiet der USA vor.
 Agelaius phoeniceus arthuralleni , 1974 ist im nördlichen Guatemala verbreitet.
 Agelaius phoeniceus bryanti , 1887 kommt auf den nordwestlichen Bahamas vor.
 Agelaius phoeniceus californicus , 1897 kommt im Landesinneren des zentralen Gebiets Kaliforniens vor.
 Agelaius phoeniceus caurinus , 1901 kommt an den Küstengebieten im Südwesten Kanadas sowie dem Nordwesten und Westen der USA vor.
 Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus , 1895  kommt im südlichen Florida vor.
 Agelaius phoeniceus fortis , 1901 ist im westlichen zentralen und südlichen zentralen Teil der USA verbreitet.
 Agelaius phoeniceus grinnelli , 1917 kommt von El Salvador bis in den Nordwesten Costa Ricas vor.
 Agelaius phoeniceus gubernator (, 1832) kommt in Zentralmexiko vor.
 Agelaius phoeniceus littoralis  & , 1928 kommt an den Küstenregionen im Südosten der USA von Texas bis Florida vor.
 Agelaius phoeniceus mailliardorum , 1926 kommt in den zentralen Küstenregionen Kaliforniens vor.
 Agelaius phoeniceus mearnsi  & , 1928 ist im Südosten Georgia bis ins südliche zentrale Florida verbreitet.
 Agelaius phoeniceus megapotamus , 1919 ist vom südlichen Texas bis ins östliche Mexiko verbreitet.
 Agelaius phoeniceus nelsoni , 1965 kommt im südlichen zentralen Mexiko vor.
 Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis , 1901 ist vom Süden Kaliforniens bis in den Nordwesten Mexikos verbreitet.
 Agelaius phoeniceus nevadensis , 1914 ist im Landesinneren des südwestlichen Kanada und im nordwestlichen und westlichen Teil der USA verbreitet.
 Agelaius phoeniceus nyaritensis  & , 1925 kommt im westlichen Mexiko bis ins westliche El Salvador vor.
 Agelaius phoeniceus pallidulus  & , 1946	kommt im Norden der Yucatán-Halbinsel vor.
 Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus (, 1766) ist im südöstlichen Kanada und dem östlichen Teil der USA verbreitet.
 Agelaius phoeniceus richmondi , 1897 ist vom südöstlichen und südlichen Mexiko bis ins nördliche Costa Rica verbreitet.
 Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis , 1887 ist im Südwesten der USA und dem Nordwesten Mexikos verbreitet.

Literatur
Zu dem Rotflügelstärling gibt es überwiegend nur englische Literatur:

Weblinks

 Singstimmen der Rotflügelstärlinge

Einzelnachweise

Stärlinge

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Woman Wanted by Suffolk Police for Using Stolen Credit Card at Selden Store
Nassau DA: Bookkeeper Pleads Guilty to Embezzling More Than $180,000 from Roslyn Harbor Church
Pedestrian Injured in West Babylon Hit-and-Run Crash, SCPD Reports
INFORMING THE LONG ISLANDER WITH NEWS AND INFORMATION MAINSTREAM MEDIA WON'T™
States, Conservation Groups Sue to Implement Clean Water Rule
February 8, 2018 By Andrea Sears
by Andrea Sears
NEW YORK – Environmental groups have joined with New York and nine other states in a lawsuit to end delays in implementing the Clean Water Rule.
The 2015 rule clarified which small streams and wetlands are protected by the Clean Water Act.
Last week, Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt finalized an action to delay implementing the rule for two years while the agency moves to repeal or replace it.
Critics of the rule say it only applies to "navigable waters," those large enough for boat traffic.
But according to Collin O'Mara, president of the National Wildlife Federation, that issue was settled by the U.S. Supreme Court 20 years ago.
"You can't achieve the water quality standards of the Clean Water Act unless you reduce the pollution winding up in the actual navigable waterways, and the only way to do that is to reduce the amount that is winding up in some of these earlier headwater streams and these wetlands," he points out.
The EPA says the rule hasn't gone into effect because it has been put on hold by the courts.
O'Mara says those rulings only apply in states under the jurisdiction of the federal district courts that are hearing those lawsuits.
"We think that this current administration should continue implementing the rule as the various lawsuits are working their way through the courts," he states.
Industrial agriculture and developers maintain the rule gives the federal government authority over huge areas of dry land as well as water.
But O'Mara says there are broad exemptions for farmers, and implementation would improve the drinking water for more than 100 million Americans.
"You could reduce the need for downstream treatment significantly," he stresses. "You could increase fish populations because you're going to improve the health of waterways and then increase the potential for aquatic life to thrive."
The lawsuits to end the delay in implementation were filed Tuesday in federal district courts in New York and South Carolina.
Clean WaterClean Water RuleCollin O'MaraCriticsDrinking WaterEnvironmentEnvironmental GroupsEnvironmental Protection AgencyEPAFarmersFishLawsuitNational Wildlife FederationNew YorkRepealReplaceSouth CarolinaStreamsSupreme CourtWetlands
Disclaimer: News articles on this site may contain opinions of the author, and if opinion, may not necessarily reflect the views of the site itself or the views of the owners of NewsLI.com, Long Island Media Inc., or Long Island Exchange®. For more information on our editorial policies please view our terms of service.
The FBI Missed This: "No One Noticed. It Cuts Against 'I Never Sent or Received Anything Marked Classified"
Texts Reveal FBI Agent Peter Strzok Himself Likely Violated Serious Classified Information Protocols
Corey Lewandowski: Leading the Fight Against President Trump's Enemies
December 18, 2018 By Robert Golomb
Michael Cohen, Personal Attorney for Donald Trump, Sentenced To 36 Months In Prison
Newspaper Advertising
Advertising Section
LONGISLAND.com
PBA, Detectives, DA Condemn Newsday
To advertise on NewsLI.com please call 631-592-4425
by Luke Rosiak WASHINGTON - The FBI didn't flag that some emails from Hillary Clinton's private email server were...
Copyright 2018 by NEWSLI.COM | About This Publication | Write for Us | Terms and Privacy


This is my third year having the privilege of attending the D6 Conference and being on the Social Media Team. I love, love, love this conference! Why? I always leave this conference inspired and challenged to make positive changes in my home and my ministry. That's what D6 is all about: the church + the home. This year was definitely the best one yet! I could probably go on for many blog posts about all the takeaways and favorite quotes from the incredible variety of speakers I have heard from over the last couple of days. Here are a few of my favorites.
Allow kids/students to ask questions. Let them have doubts. Help them find the answers. Help them discover the Christian worldview makes sense and is backed up by science and history.
Be in the moment. Be intentionally present with your family. Use life lessons in the moment. Be present emotionally and physically.
Kids don't need to be entertained, they need to be engaged. Let's spend more time cultivating honest and authentic relationships with our kids than we do putting on a "great show".
Communication doesn't = connection. We are communicating more than ever on social media and devices, but that doesn't mean we are truly connected. Take the time to connect with people face to face and heart to heart. What happens in those moments is what makes our communication on our devices meaningful.
Be more intentional with my time. Make appointments for the things that are important in my life, including my time with God. Don't just make to-do lists and calendars, write down how I actually spend my time. Find ways to eliminate time wasters each day to make the next day better.
1. Realize our kids are different.
2. Start as a newly enlisted private and never stops.
3. The general does not do all the training.
4. Prepare for life's battles (defend their faith).
It has been another inspiring year at D6 2018! They have just announced that D6 2019 will be held in Orlando, Florida on September 26-28. Save the date! I hope to see you there!


text:
'All in' mindset propels pair of Buchanan wrestlers to West Point, Naval Academy
Two Buchanan High School wrestlers are set to join opposing forces at the collegiate level but ultimately remain on the same team: the U.S. military.
Raymond Lopez and George Ruiz – two of Clovis Unified School District's four military academy commits – will be attending and competing for the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, respectively.
While Lopez had uncles and older cousins serve in the Army and Marines, he will be the first in his family to attend West Point.
"Just the history," Lopez said when asked about what drew him to West Point. "Everything as far as athletics as well, wrestling, the amount of opportunity that it has to offer to me. I think the most is setting myself apart from others. It's a very tough school."
Lopez said he always knew it was an honor to serve in the military and thought it was something that he would like to do, but it became a reality in his junior year at Buchanan when he started connecting with the coaches at West Point.
Once they wanted him to join, he set out on completing the rigorous application process, which included a nomination from Congressman Devin Nunes (R–Tulare).
Notably, though, the coronavirus pandemic actually alleviated some of the stress involved with applying.
"It was pretty intense," Lopez said. "It took me a while going through the whole process getting the nomination, doing the physical – just a very very long process. Thankfully it was during COVID, so I think that was actually better for me because I couldn't imagine trying to get through during the wrestling season when you're cutting weight and everything. Luckily I was fortunate enough to have the little COVID things so I could have time to go to all the appointments and do the medical and all the other stuff."
Lopez is thinking about studying kinesiology, and once he graduates from West Point he said he may choose to join the infantry.
When he completes his service he knows there is one thing for certain that he would like to carry through his life: wrestling.
Would Lopez want to return to Buchanan to coach?
"That would be awesome," Lopez said. "It's done a lot for me – amazing people here. Hopefully I could do the same for a kid that is just like me."
The impact that Buchanan wrestling has had on Lopez has been a shared experience with Ruiz, who has been competing in the sport since fourth grade.
"Wrestling's a huge aspect of my life, and it's helped me to adapt and overcome in all situations," Ruiz said. "A lot of it's based on you. There's no excuses, and to make sure that you're getting things done and leading the others around you – making sure that they're on top of their stuff, whether it be weight or even in the classroom, just make sure to check up on them and see how they're doing."
That wrestling mindset – which he credited Buchanan Head Coach Troy Tirapelle for instilling – has helped set him up for his commitment to serve in the Navy.
"Troy Tirapelle's a great coach," Ruiz said. "He's taught me most of what I know. He's like a second father, which has always been awesome. He's helped me with a lot of my decisions and big life decisions."
Originally, Lopez was thinking he might go on to wrestle at Stanford. He had been talking with the coaches there – including Troy Tirapelle's brother Alex Tirapelle – about joining the program, which led him to think a scholarship offer could be on the way.
But then Stanford shocked the collegiate athletics landscape by cutting 11 sports, including wrestling, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020 due to financial challenges.
The university reversed course on Tuesday and decided to keep all of the programs intact, but that was long after Ruiz made his decision to serve.
And when the Naval Academy initially became an option, Ruiz knew it would be a far better experience than Stanford.
"The Naval Academy, they called me one day, and I was like, 'Holy crap, this is awesome. This is Stanford on steroids, basically.' So it's been a huge blessing," Ruiz said.
The Academy's calling also allowed him to follow in his grandfathers and uncles in military service, which Ruiz called a "privilege."
"It's always been a dream of mine to serve in the military, but it's just something that I kind of pushed down because I never really thought about it," Ruiz said. "My parents were always scared, so it almost seemed like an option that I shouldn't have, but definitely one of the decisions that came into it was the wrestling program. They have an awesome coach, and he asked me one day if I was interested. To me that was all my dreams – wrestling and going into the military. Heck yeah, let's do it."
Just like Lopez, the extra time that he had due to the pandemic ended up being a blessing as he navigated through the application process.
He particularly enjoyed going through the nomination process with Nunes' committee because it gave him a chance to talk to veterans and answer questions about his desire to serve.
Once he graduates and gets that opportunity to serve, Ruiz could see himself as a pilot.
"I'm more interested in helicopters than jets, so we'll see wherever that takes me," Ruiz said.
Whether or not he ends up flying helicopters, he is committed from the start to putting in 20 years with the Navy, which takes him back to the wrestling mindset he learned at Buchanan.
"Just like Troy says, you're either all in or you're all out," Ruiz said. "There's no going half way, and to me that's been my whole life, so I might as well throw my whole life into it and not have any doubts."
While Ruiz won't face Lopez on the wrestling mat in a the highly-anticipated Army-Navy tilt because they are in different weight classes, Ruiz made clear that despite their place in rival academies, "It will always be love. He's a brother to me."
Battle for naming rights of Fresno Unified's next school emerges
Fresno Unified is looking for ideas to name one of its new schools – with two sets of names emerging as likely top contenders: a famed journalist and a Fresno family.
School bonds are playing prominently on the 2020 ballot. Here's why.
Regardless of ZIP code, if you're looking at a 2020 ballot in Fresno County you can expect to see one or more of these up for vote.
Fresno State suspends Sigma Chi fraternity over Cinco De Mayo incidents
The university suspended Sigma Chi Fraternity through Feb. 3, 2020 due to incidents stemming from a fraternity event on Cinco De Mayo.
Feinstein's husband inappropriately influenced UC admissions, probe finds
Richard Blum, the Senator's husband and a University of California regent, is in hot water following revelations of influencing admissions.


The periodic table lists an element's symbol, atomic number, and atomic weight. In some cases, additional information is also provided, such as the element name and group.
This color periodic table contains the accepted standard atomic weights (atomic masses) of each element as accepted by the IUPAC. The IUPAC doesn't update these values annually, so these are the most recent values for 2019.
This periodic table is suitable for a computer and mobile device wallpaper. The 1920x1080 image file is a PDF file that you can download and print. The periodic table is high definition (HD), optimized for printing, and resizes cleanly.
In December, 2018, the IUPAC updated its periodic table to include revisions to the atomic weight values. You may notice the table includes a range of values for most elements. This is because the isotope ratio greatly depends on the element sample source. Also, atomic weight values, typically listed in brackets, are no longer included for synthetic elements. This is because only specific isotopes are made and there is no natural abundance. For most chemistry calculations, you'll want a single value for atomic weight. This is why the 2019 periodic table lists the latest (2015) single numbers. However, you can get the latest range of values from the IUPAC table.


text:
Cliff Curtis' Age, Height, Wife, Net Worth, Tattoos, Ethnicity, Wiki
1 Who is Cliff Curtis?
7 Love life and wife
8 Hobbies and other interests
9 Age, tattoos and net worth
Who is Cliff Curtis?
Clifford Vivian Devon 'Cliff' Curtis was born in Rotorua, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, on 27 July 1968 – his zodiac sign is Leo, he holds New Zealand nationality, and his ethnicity is Maori. He's an actor with more than 60 credits to his name, perhaps known best for his portrayal of Yeshua, in the 2016 historical action movie "Risen". Written and directed by Kevin Reynolds, it starred Joseph Fiennes, Tom Felton and Peter Firth, and follows a Roman Tribune living in Judea in 33 AD, who has been instructed to find the body of Jesus Christ; the film was nominated for three awards.
Cliff was raised in Rotorua alongside his seven siblings, by their mother who was a dancer, and their father who prefers to stay away from the media's attention.
Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa.
Posted by The Walking Dead & Fear The Walking Dead Fans on Saturday, March 12, 2016
He became interested in many activities at a very early age, and focused on practicing mau rakau, which means 'to bear a weapon', and is a form of taiaha fighting. Cliff eventually began practicing breakdancing, and started entering competitions. He studied at Edmund Rice College, Rotorua, from which he matriculated in 1986, then continued his education at Toi Whakaari: New Zealand Drama School, from which he graduated with a Bachelor's degree in acting in 1989.
Cliff made his debut film appearance in 1991, with his portrayal of Zip in the drama "Undercover", and a couple of his following roles were in the 1992 musical comedy drama "Desperate Remedies", the 1993 romantic musical "The Piano", and the 1994 action adventure drama "Rapa Nui".
His most notable performance in the '90s, was perhaps his portrayal of Amir Abdulah, in the 1999 action adventure comedy "Three Kings", written and directed by David O. Russell, and which starred George Clooney, Mark Wahlberg and Ice Cube. It follows four soldiers right after the Persian Gulf War ended, who are trying to steal gold which was previously stolen from Kuwait; the movie won eight of the 27 awards for which it was nominated.
In 2001, Cliff appeared in three critically acclaimed movies: the biographical crime drama "Blow", the crime thriller drama "Training Day", and the romantic drama "The Majestic".
In 2003, he portrayed Frank Herrera in the crime thriller "Runaway Jury", directed by Gary Fleder, and which starred John Cusack, Rachel Weisz and Gene Hackman. It follows a juror and a woman who are trying to manipulate a court trial; the movie won one of the four awards for which it was nominated. Some of the other popular movies in which Cliff appeared in the 2000s were the 2006 romantic mystery drama "The Fountain", the 2007 science fiction thriller "Sunshine", and the 2007 crime thriller "Fracture".
He started off the 2010s with roles in the 2010 family action adventure "The Last Airbender", the 2011 action thriller "Colombiana", and the 2012 comedy "A Thousand Words".
In 2015, we saw him portray Lieutenant Cortez, in the historical action drama "Last Knights", directed by Kazuaki Kiriya, and which starred Clive Owen, Morgan Freeman and Aksel Hennie. It follows a fallen warrior, who has risen against his ruler.
Three of Cliff's most recent movie roles have been in the 2019 fantasy horror drama "Doctor Sleep", the drama "Murina", and theromantic science fiction mystery "Reminiscence", both in 2021.
He's currently shooting for five upcoming movies, including "Avatar 2", "Avatar 3" and "True Spirit".
Cliff made his debut TV series appearance in 1995, with his portrayal of Nemis, in the episode "As Darkness Falls" of the action adventure "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys". The same year saw him appear in two episodes of the science fiction adventure "Mysterious Island", while the following year he played Daniel Freeman in the drama "City Life".
Cliff's following TV series role came in 2004, when he starred as Adam Kadyrov in the crime thriller mini-series "Traffic", which also starred Ritchie Coster and Nelson Lee, and covers the trafficking of people, weapons and drugs; the mini-series won one of the 17 awards for which it was nominated, including three Primetime Emmy nominations. In 2010, Cliff played Reuben 'Rabbit' Palchuk, in the drama "Trauma", created by Dario Scardapane, and which starred Derek Luke, Anastasia Griffith and Aimee Garcia. It's about the lives of a group of flight paramedics, and it was nominated for a single award.
A couple of Cliff's most notable performances in the 2010s were in the crime comedy drama "Body of Proof", the action thriller "Missing", and the crime action drama "Gang Related".
His most recent role in a series has been his portrayal of Travis Manawa, from 2015 to 2017, in the critically acclaimed science fiction horror "Fear the Walking Dead". This "Walking Dead" spinoff follows two families, who have to join forces to survive the apocalypse of the undead; the series won two of the 24 awards for which it was nominated.
Cliff has 13 producing credits, making his debut in 2006, with the short drama movie "Hawaikii". Some of the other movies he's produced include the 2011 documentary "Te Whakarauora Tangata", the 2013 romantic action drama "Greencard Warriors", and the 2014 biographical drama "The Dark Horse".
He has received special thanks for the 2005 episode "Zeelander" of the animated comedy series "Bro'Town", the 2016 adventure comedy movie "Burn Your Maps", and the 2017 action crime comedy film "Pork Pie".
Cliff has made a guest appearance in a number of talk-shows, including "The Tem Show", "Good Morning America", and "Made in Hollywood".
Cliff has won seven of the 11 awards for which he has been nominated. His wins include three New Zealand Film and TV Awards, for his performances in "Desperate Remedies" (1992), "Jubilee" (2000) and "Whale Rider" (2002), a Seattle International Film Festival Gold Space Needle Award for Best Actor, for his performance in "Dark Horse", and an Asian Film Festival Barcelona Official Section Award, also for "Dark Horse".
Love life and wife
Cliff's highly secretive when it comes to his love life, and has shared only a couple of details regarding it.
He became a married man in 2009, but hasn't revealed the name, nationality or profession of his wife. She has given birth to their four children, and they are also being kept away from the media's attention by Cliff.
Because of this level of secrecy, some of Cliff's fans believe him to be gay, and that he might in fact be married to a man. Some have also claimed that he's perhaps bisexual, but no evidence has been provided to support these claims, nor has Cliff commented on them.
As of August 2021, he's married to an unknown woman, and has four children with her.
Hobbies and other interests
Cliff loves to travel, and his acting career has taken him all around the world, including to several US states, and various European and Asian countries, while his dream travel destination is Venice in Italy.
A post shared by Nicole Eileen Kerester (@nevecarolvickifan84)
He's a fan of comedy, and has watched many popular stand-up comedians perform, with Jim Carrey being one of his favorites.
Cliff is a huge lover of animals, and has donated money to various animal shelters. His favorites are mountain lions and zebras.
He has his own favorite actors and actresses, some of whom are Tom Hanks, Russell Crowe and Julia Roberts, and a couple of his favorite movies are "Saving Private Ryan", "The Gladiator" and "The Runaway Bride".
Age, tattoos and net worth
Cliff's age is 53. He has short brown hair and brown eyes, his height is 6ft (1.84m) and he weighs around 185lbs (84kgs). He has a large Maori tattoo on his left arm.
As of August 2021, Cliff's net worth has been estimated at over $3 million.
The untold truth about Lacey Chabert's husband David Nehdar
Who is Caroline Konstnar? How old is she? Age, Family, Dating
Where is Rick Rossovich now? Wife, Net Worth, Family, Bio
How old is Kylie Cantrall? Age, Height, Parents, Nationality, Dating
Suzanne Malveaux's Bio: partner Karine Jean Pierre, children
Who is TSM Chica dating? Is she married? Boyfriend, Net Worth
What happened to Lindsay Hartley? Where is she today? Wiki


text:
Q: Parsing map JSON value and reinserting back into map I am trying to parse a map and update the value in it...
Here is the content of the .txt file that I have made the hashmap
The first line is the key and the JSON string is the value.
Not_enough_parameters
{"status": false, "errorMessage": "Payload has incorrect amount of parts: expecting: 18, actual:8", "version": "0.97", "coreName": "Patient_Responsibility"}

Here is my parsing code:
parse = params.split("\\|");
        String key;
        String value;
        String value2;
        String key2;
        String value3;
        Map<String, String> predictionFeatureMap = mockconfig.getPredictionFeatureMap();

        if(parse.length!=18) {

            key = "Not_enough_parameters";
            value = predictionFeatureMap.get(key);
            Map<?,?> resultJsonObj = new Gson().fromJson(value, Map.class);
            key2 = "errorMessage";
            value2 = (String) resultJsonObj.get(key2);
            value3 = value2.substring(0,61) +parse.length+value2.substring(62);
            }

I am sending a payload string named params that is separated by "|" separators. They input must have 18 parameters(18 values in-between the "|" separators). I parse the input and if it does not have enough parameters I get they key containing the string "Not_enough_paramters" and then get its value which is the JSON string.
I then take that JSON string and using Gson create a map out of it.
I did that because I want value to return
{"status": false, "errorMessage": "Payload has incorrect amount of parts: expecting: 18, actual:(params.length)", "version": "0.97", "coreName": "Patient_Responsibility"}

So I want "actual:" to be updated. I get the value from the JSON map for "errorMessage" and using substring I get the index and change the value to update the actual amount of parameters the user put in.
I am not sure how to reinsert the new JSON into the entire JSON string in the JSON map  and then into the original map.

A: So I implemented a solution although I am not sure it is the cleanest and most straight forward.
I still got the substring from the value from the "errorMessage" key in the JSON Map.
I then replaced the value of that key with the new edited JSON.
Then I took the Json Map and converted it into a string.
I then added the new JSON string to the value of the original hashmap
String[] parse;
    @PostMapping(value = "/")
    public String payloader(@RequestBody String params ) throws IOException{
        LOGGER.debug("code is hitting");
        String key,key2;
       String value,value2,value3;
        Map<String, String> predictionFeatureMap = mockconfig.getPredictionFeatureMap();
        if(parse.length!=18) {

            key = "Not_enough_parameters";
            value = predictionFeatureMap.get(key);
            Map<String,Object> resultJsonObj = new Gson().fromJson(value, Map.class);
            key2 = "errorMessage";
            value2 = (String) resultJsonObj.get(key2);
            value3 = value2.substring(0,61) +parse.length+value2.substring(62);
            resultJsonObj.replace(key2, value3);
            String updatedResponse = new Gson().toJson(resultJsonObj,Map.class);
            value = updatedResponse;

            }
        else {
            key = params;
            value = predictionFeatureMap.get(key);
        }
        return value;


It was an ugly, error filled weekend for the Nationals in Atlanta, but on Sunday they avoided the sweep behind three D'Angelo Jimenez hits and a Ryan Church three run shot. Jason Bergmann was solid over six innings to earn his fourth win. Every Nats starter had a hit and Ryan Zimmerman didn't make any errors, ending a two-day long streak.
Since the nats were in Atlanta, The Wash. Times speculates abotu signing Andruw Jones in the offseason.
Thinskinned Felipe Lopez will talk to the media on the last day of the season (The Post).
In addition to a handful of errors this weekend, Zimmerman was struggling at the plate (The Wash. Times) until he hit a ninth inning homer yesterday.
Dmitri Young tells the Sun-Sentinel (Fort Lauderdale) "I've resurrected my life, man." Young lives in Broward County, not far from where the Nats will be taking on the Marlins.
Yesterday, George Solomon, Post sports editor emeritus, noted that the press box, err media center, will be named for Shirley Povich. It is an obvious move, so obvious that the Redskins did it at FedEx Field instead of selling a sponsorship.