Table 13-29 contains a summary of the commands for Oracle ACFS replication.
You can run acfsutil help on all platforms to display help text. You can run acfsutil version on all platforms to display the Oracle ACFS version.
When the options are entered with commands on a Windows platform, use / instead of - with the option. For example, you can display help for acfsutil on a Linux platform with acfsutil -h. On a Windows platform, use acfsutil /h.
Note that a mount point on a Windows operating system can be a drive letter or a directory including the drive letter.
You must use a trailing back slash when specifying a drive letter mount point with replication commands on Windows platforms. For example, use p:\ (not p:) for a drive letter mount point. If the trailing back slash is omitted, this could trigger a Windows path substitution mechanism that replaces the drive letter with the last accessed path on that drive.
Starts, stops, or displays information about the Oracle ACFS replication background processes.
Verifies that files have been replicated on an Oracle ACFS file system.
Displays information about replication processing on an Oracle ACFS file system.
Initiates replication on files in an Oracle ACFS file system.
Pauses replication on an Oracle ACFS file system.
Resumes replication on an Oracle ACFS file system.
Synchronizes primary and standby file systems.
Stops all replication activity on the Oracle ACFS file system.
Specifies the trace level for replication information.
Updates replication information while replication is running.
acfsutil repl bg -h displays help text and exits.
Table 13-30 contains the options available with the acfsutil repl bg command.
Starts the replication background processing.
Displays information about the replication background processes.
Specifies the directory where the file system is mounted.
Oracle ACFS replication uses background processes to transport file system changes, to communicate between the sites hosting the primary and standby file systems, to monitor the state of replication processing, and to apply file system changes to the standby file system. These background processes must be running for replication to function.
When replication is started with the acfsutil repl init command, these background processes are started and are registered with Oracle Clusterware so that they are automatically restarted after a reboot or system crash. Usually it is not necessary to run the acfsutil repl bg command because Oracle Clusterware automatically starts and stops the background processes as file systems are mounted and unmounted or node membership changes after replication is initialized. However, replication cannot progress if one of the daemons is not running. In this case running repl bg stop followed by repl bg start ensures that all the daemons are running.
acfsutil bg start ensures that all the necessary daemons for replication are running. The daemons may run on different cluster nodes. acfsutil bg stop ensures that no daemons for the file system are running on the local node and relocates the daemons to another node if available.
You must have system administrator privileges to run the acfsutil repl bg start or acfsutil repl bg stop commands.You must have system administrator or Oracle ASM administrator privileges to run the acfsutil repl bg info command.
Example 13-24 shows the use of the acfsutil repl bg command.
acfsutil repl compare -h displays help text and exits.
Table 13-31 contains the options available with the acfsutil repl compare command.
Compares all files and their extended attribute names.
Compares files with all or some of the tag names specified in the acfsutil repl init operation. The all option specifies all tag names supplied in the acfsutil repl init operation. A comma separated list of tag names must only use tag names specified during the acfsutil repl init operation.
Specifies the directory where the primary file system is mounted.
Specifies the directory where the standby file system is mounted.
The acfsutil repl compare command verifies all or part of the primary mount point has been replicated to the standby mount point. The standby mount point must be mounted locally for comparison. Best results are obtained when the primary file system is changing as little as possible.
The -a option is typically used when no tag names were specified during the acfsutil repl init operation. The -a option compares all files on the primary file system against those on the standby file system. The -a option also tests for extra files on the standby file system that do not exist on the primary.
The -t option is used when tags were specified during the acfsutil repl init operation. The -t operation locates all file names on the primary file system with the specified tag names and compares them to the corresponding files on the standby. The -t option takes as arguments either all option or a comma separated list of tag names. If the -t option is used with all, then all tag names supplied during the acfsutil repl init operation are selected. Otherwise, any specified tag names must exactly match a tag name supplied during the acfsutil repl init operation. The -t option also tests for extra files on the standby file system that do not have an associated tag name that was specified during the acfsutil repl init operation. The acfsutil repl info -c option can be used to determine what tags were specified during the acfsutil repl init operation.
If neither the -a nor -t option is provided, a primary to standby file comparison is done without testing tag names nor extended attributes.
If NFS is used to mount the standby file system locally, the standby cannot be checked for matching tag names and extended attributes due to limitations in the NFS protocol.
Example 13-25 shows the use of the acfsutil repl compare command.
acfsutil repl info -h displays help text and exits.
Table 13-32 contains the options available with the acfsutil repl info command.
Displays only apply records from the replication event log. An apply record contains the date and time that the set of file system changes were captured on the primary file system and the date and time that they were applied on the standby file system.
Displays only error records from the replication event log.
The statistics are summarized in the units of time specified.
Specifies the start and stop time to display information. The format for the time period is yyyy-nn-ddThh:mm:ss.
Displays statistical information. This option is valid only when run on the primary file system. It is important that the primary and standby nodes are running a network time service to ensure that the statistics are meaningful.
Displays only transport records from the replication event log.
To display information about replication configuration, use acfsutil repl info with the -c option. To display information about replication statistics, use acfsutil repl info with the -s option. To display information about replication events, use acfsutil repl info with the -a, -e, or -t options.
You must have system administrator or Oracle ASM administrator privileges to run this command.
Example 13-26 shows the use of the acfsutil repl info command.
Initiates replication on all the files in an Oracle ACFS file system or only those files with a specified list of tags.
acfsutil repl init -h displays help text and exits.
Table 13-33 contains the options available with the acfsutil repl init command.
Specifies replication of the primary file system.
Specifies replication of the standby file system.
Specifies the connection string for the site hosting the standby file system. The user in the connection string must have SYSASM and SYSDBA privileges.
Specifies the connection string for the site hosting the primary file system. The user in the connection string must have SYSASM and SYSDBA privileges.
Specifies the tag names of the files to be replicated.
Specifies the directory where the standby file system is mounted if it is different than the primary file system. This is valid only for the primary file system initialization.
Specifies the service name for the primary file system. Required if the primary file system is using a different service name than the standby file system.
Specifies the service name for the standby file system. Required if the standby file system is using a different service name than the primary file system.
Specifies the trace level setting (0..6) for replication logs.
Turn on or off compression on replication logs. Compression is off by default.
Specifies the directory where the file system is mounted. For repl init primary, mount_point specifies the primary file system. For repl init standby, mount_point specifies the standby file system.
When the acfsutil repl init primary command completes successfully, processing begins to replicate initial copies of all specified files to the standby file system. In addition, any changes to these files and any new files subsequently created in the file system on the primary file system are captured and transported to the standby file system. However, successful completion of the command does not indicate that the specified files have been copied in full to the standby file system. To monitor the progress of the initial replication of all specified files to the standby file system, users run the acfsutil repl info -c command.
The first phase of the initial replication copy process begins with a complete copy of the file system directory tree structure, not the files within the directory tree, to the standby file system. During this time, attempts to rename directories may fail. After the directory tree structure has been successfully copied to the standby file system, replication initialization begins the second phase of the initial copy process: copying all files to be replicated to the standby file system. While a file is being copied to the standby file system during this initial replication phase, writes and truncates to that file are blocked.
Symbolic link files are replicated as is. If the symbolic link resolves to an absolute path name, and that path name does not exist on the standby file system, then referencing the symbolic link results in errors.
A new service name must be created for replication. You cannot use the +ASM service name. You must specify a unique service name for each file system that you want to replicate when there are multiple replicated file systems on a node or cluster.
A file system being replicated can only be mounted on one path for the primary or standby file system. Otherwise, dismounting any one of the paths on a node where it is mounted on multiple paths stops the replication background threads.
A replicated Oracle ACFS file system must be mounted on the same directory within a cluster. The file system does not have to be mounted on all of the nodes in a cluster, but if it is mounted, it must be mounted on the directory specified with the acfsutil repl init command. In addition, no other file system can be mounted on that directory on other nodes.
A single Oracle ACFS file system cannot be configured both as a primary and a standby file system. If replication is configured on the same host or within the same cluster, then the primary and standby file systems cannot use the same named mount point.
The primary file system must have a minimum size of 4 GB for each node that is mounting the file system. The standby file system must have a minimum size of 4 GB and should be sized appropriately for the amount of data being replicated and the space necessary for the replication logs sent from the primary file system.
The sites hosting the primary and standby file systems must be running the same operating system and must have the same machine architecture.
Oracle wallets can also be used to manage security credentials.
You must have system administrator privileges to run this command.
Example 13-27 shows the use of the acfsutil repl init command.
acfsutil repl pause -h displays help text and exits.
Table 13-34 contains the options available with the acfsutil repl pause command.
The acfsutil repl pause command temporarily stops the replication process until the acfsutil repl resume command is run. The command can be run at either the site hosting the primary or a standby file system. acfsutil repl resume should be run soon after acfsutil repl pause to resume replication.
The acfsutil repl pause command can be used to temporarily stop the transportation of replication logs from the primary file system to the standby file system, but logs continue to be generated on the primary file system. Note that logs are not deleted until they are transported to the standby file system and applied to the standby file system.
The acfsutil repl pause command can also be used to temporarily stop the application of replication logs to a standby file system, but the command does not stop the transportation of logs to the standby file system. Note that logs are not deleted from the standby file system until they are applied to the file system.
When replication is paused on either the site hosting the primary or standby file system, replication logs still accumulate on the standby and primary file system. These logs can consume all available storage space in the file system so you must check available storage on the sites hosting the file systems if you have paused replication. Ensure that you run acfsutil repl resume before the accumulated replication logs consume all available space in the file system.
Example 13-28 shows the use of the acfsutil repl pause command.
Resumes replication on an Oracle ACFS file system where replication has been paused.
acfsutil repl resume -h displays help text and exits.
Table 13-35 contains the options available with the acfsutil repl resume command.
This command resumes the replication process after the acfsutil repl pause command has been run. This command should be run soon after replication has been paused with the acfsutil repl pause command.
Example 13-29 shows the use of the acfsutil repl resume command.
acfsutil repl sync -h displays help text and exits.
Table 13-36 contains the options available with the acfsutil repl sync command.
Specifies that all changes be applied to the standby file system.
The acfsutil repl sync command can be used to synchronize the state of the primary and standby file system. This command can only be run on the site hosting the primary file system.
You should first quiesce your applications and run a sync(1) call so that the synchronized state is known and meaningful to you. The acfsutil repl sync command then causes all outstanding replication data to be shipped from the primary to the standby file system.
The acfsutil repl sync command returns success when this transfer is complete or, if the apply parameter is supplied, when all of these changes have been successfully applied to the standby file system. At this point, unless an unmount of the last node on the primary site cluster is about to occur, applications can be restarted. acfsutil repl sync can be used before dismounting the file system on the last node to ensure that all modifications have been sent to the standby file system.
If acfsutil repl info -c reports the primary file system is in the Initializing state, the acfsutil repl sync command does not guarantee that all files to be replicated in the file system have been sent to the standby file system. Files that existed in the file system before running the acfsutil repl init command are sent to the standby file system in the background.
Example 13-30 shows the use of the acfsutil repl sync command.
Stops all replication activity on the Oracle ACFS file system at the site where it is run.
acfsutil repl terminate -h displays help text and exits.
Table 13-37 contains the options available with the acfsutil repl terminate command.
Stops replication on the primary file system.
Stops replication on the standby file system.
Stops replication processing immediately on the standby file system.
The acfsutil repl terminate command stops all replication processing. When terminating replication, you should terminate replication for the primary file system first, and then the standby file system. If you want to ensure all changes are sent to the standby file system before terminating the primary site, ensure that all applications are quiesced and run the acfsutil repl sync command. The terminate command must be run on both sites if both sites hosting the file systems are available.
After acfsutil repl terminate standby has been run, you can use the standby file system in read-write mode. After acfsutil repl terminate has been run on either the primary file system or standby file system, you must start replication from the beginning with the acfsutil repl init command.
The repl terminate standby command waits until replication data at the standby file system has been applied. If you want to terminate replication immediately without applying all the replication data, use the immediate option. However, this option can leave some files at the standby file system in an indeterminate state.
To momentarily stop Oracle ACFS replication, you can use the acfsutil repl pause command, followed soon after by the acfsutil repl resume command.
Example 13-31 shows the use of the acfsutil repl terminate command.
Sets the replication trace level for gathering trace information on an Oracle ACFS file system.
acfsutil repl trace -h displays help text and exits.
Table 13-39 contains the options available with the acfsutil repl trace command.
Specifies the trace level setting (0..6). The default level is 2.
Increasing the trace level can have a performance impact and should be done at the recommendation of Oracle support services.
Example 13-32 shows the use of the acfsutil repl trace command.
Updates replication information while replication is running on an Oracle ACFS file system.
acfsutil repl update -h displays help text and exits.
Table 13-39 contains the options available with the acfsutil repl update command.
Specifies the connection string for the primary file system. The user in the connection string must have SYSASM and SYSDBA privileges.
Specifies the connection string for the standby file system. The user in the connection string must have SYSASM and SYSDBA privileges.
The acfsutil repl update command updates replication information after replication has been started. This command can only be run on the site hosting the primary file system. The connection strings for the primary and standby file systems can be altered.
You can specify any combination of the -p, -s, and -z options, but you must specify at least one of the options.
While replication is running, compression can be turned on or off with the -z option.
Example 13-33 shows the use of the acfsutil repl update command.


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Home » News » 2020 News » Retail Assist's Marketing Team Are Finalists for the CIM's 'Marketing Team of the Year'!
Retail Assist's Marketing Team Are Finalists for the CIM's 'Marketing Team of the Year'!
We are delighted to announce that we are finalists for the CIM Marketing Excellence Awards in the category of 'Marketing Team of The Year'!
The Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) is the world's leading professional body for marketing, with over 30,000 members worldwide. This award recognises the marketing team that has been instrumental to the success of their organisation through measurable results and a collaborative and strategic approach to marketing.
Chris Daly, chief executive of CIM, said: "We have seen many outstanding entries this year, and the breadth of entries clearly demonstrates our profession's hard work over the past 12 months. For over a decade, our Marketing Excellence Awards have recognised the industry's achievements and high achievers, but, this year, picking a shortlist has proved harder than ever.
"I would like to offer my congratulations to all those who have been shortlisted; they represent the very best in the UK's marketing talent."
It's a huge honour to get to this stage and, as ever, a reflection not just of our immediate marketing team but of the wider Retail Assist team as a whole.
Alex Broxson, Head of Marketing, said: "We're up against companies such as Hello Fresh and Birdseye, so we're already delighted to be on the list! I'm so lucky to work with such a brilliant team, and I'm very proud of the results we have achieved. Go Marketeam!"
The winners will be announced at the award ceremony in London on 2nd April. Fingers crossed!
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text:
\section{Multi-particles and multi-times}

Relativistic particles with spacetime symmetry SO$\left( d-1,1\right) $
which move freely in $d$ dimensions can be described by an action for $n$
worldlines $x_i^\mu \left( \tau \right) $
\begin{equation}
S=\frac 12\int_0^Td\tau \,\sum_{i=1}^n[e_i^{-1}\dot{x}_i^2-e_i\,m_i^2]\,\,.
\end{equation}
The einbeins $e_i\left( \tau \right) $ impose the mass-shell constraints $%
p_i^2+m_i^2=0$ on the canonical momenta $p_i^\mu =e_i^{-1}\dot{x}_i^\mu $
which are conserved according to the equations of motion $\partial _\tau
p_i^\mu =0.$ The constraints emerge because the action is gauge invariant
under the following $n$ independent infinitesimal reparametrizations
\begin{equation}
\delta x_i^\mu \left( \tau \right) =\varepsilon _i\left( \tau \right)
\,\,\partial _\tau x_i^\mu \left( \tau \right) ,\quad \delta e_i\left( \tau
\right) =\partial _\tau \left( \varepsilon _i\,e_i\right) \left( \tau
\right) .  \label{gauge1}
\end{equation}

In recent papers \cite{twotimes}\cite{spartstr} a generalization of the
gauge symmetry (\ref{gauge1}) was introduced. The purpose of the present
paper is to propose an elegant and more satisfactory formulation of the
gauge symmetries and supersymmetries in \cite{twotimes}\cite{spartstr}\cite
{sezgin3}. Before we present the new formalism let us recall the role of the
gauge symmetry by reviewing the simplest two particle case. The new symmetry
requires orthogonal on shell momenta
\begin{equation}
p_1^2+m_1^2=0,\quad p_2^2+m_2^2=0,\quad p_1\cdot p_2=0.
\end{equation}
This set of constraints have a solution provided there are at least two
timelike dimensions with SO$\left( d-1,2\right) $ spacetime symmetry if the
particles are massive, or SO$\left( d,2\right) $ if they are massless.
However, in the background of the other particle, each particle effectively
moves in a subspace with a single timelike dimension with SO$\left(
d-1,1\right) $ spacetime symmetry \cite{twotimes}.

The motivation for a higher geometrical space, with more than one timelike
dimension, comes from theoretical attempts to explain the supersymmetry and
duality symmetries among p-branes \cite{ibjapan}-\cite{14D}. As argued in
\cite{twotimes}\cite{spartstr}, the presence of two or more time-like
dimensions is compatible with standard physics. The essential point is that
each particle moves effectively as if there is a single time-like dimension,
and satisfies the standard energy-momentum relation. When the particles (or
p-branes) of type 2,3,$\cdots $ are frozen to one energy-momentum eigenvalue
(i.e. Kaluza-Klein type reduction) the remaining theory describes the
physics for particles (or p-branes) of type 1. This leads to a cosmological
scenario for deriving a universe with an effective single timelike dimension
from a pre-Big-Bang universe with multi-timelike dimensions \cite{twotimes}
\cite{spartstr}. In this scenario, the multi-times could be physically
relevant before the Big-Bang in an era of unified symmetries, including
supersymmetry and dualities of various p-D-branes \cite{14D}. After the Big
Bang phase transition, the symmetries are broken, and one species of
particles propagate in the background of all the others. Thus, the particles
that make up our present visible universe behave effectively as if there is
a single time-like dimension. Nevertheless, the compactified part of the
universe, with its multi-times, has an effect in determining the properties
and quantum numbers of low energy physics in new ways, as illustrated in
\cite{superpv}.

\section{Multiparticle gauge symmetry}

The two particle constrained system can be generalized to an $n$ particle
constrained system of the form
\begin{equation}
p^i\cdot p^j+ m_i^2 \delta^{ij}=0.  \label{multi-p}
\end{equation}
To have a solution with an effective SO$\left( d-1,1\right) $ symmetry for
each particle, one adds $\left( 0,1\right) $ dimensions for each additional
massive particle and $\left( 1,1\right) $ dimensions for each additional
massless one. Then there are $n$ timelike dimensions with spacetime symmetry
that ranges from SO$\left(d-1,n\right) $ if all particles are massive, to SO$%
\left( d+n-2,n\right) $ symmetry if all particles are massless. An action
that gives this set of constraints can be constructed by using $\tau $%
-independent {\it global} Lagrange multipliers, as in \cite{twotimes}\cite
{spartstr}. Here we will propose yet another approach using $\tau $%
-dependent {\it local} gauge functions, bringing the formulation closer to
standard concepts of local gauge and reparametrization symmetries. The
approach introduces new types of gauge symmetries for multi-particles as
well as new actions.

Consider the following action for $n$ particles described by $x_i^\mu \left(
\tau \right) $
\begin{equation}
S=\frac 12\int_0^Td\tau \,\left( \dot{x}_i^\mu e^{ij}\dot{x}_j^\nu \eta
_{\mu \nu }-\left( m^2\right)^{ij}e_{ij}\right),
\end{equation}
where $e_{ij}\left( \tau \right) $ is a symmetric matrix that generalizes
the einbein, and $e^{ij}\left( \tau \right) =\left( e^{-1}\right) ^{ij}$ is
its inverse. This action is invariant under the following gauge symmetry
that replaces the standard $\tau $-reparametrizations of (\ref{gauge1})
\begin{equation}
\delta x_i^\mu =\varepsilon _{ij}\left( \tau \right) e^{jk}\left( \tau
\right) \,\partial _\tau \,x_k^\mu \left( \tau \right) ,\quad \delta
e_{ij}=\partial _\tau \varepsilon _{ij}\left( \tau \right) .  \label{gauge2}
\end{equation}
There are $n(n+1)/2$-parameters $\varepsilon _{ij}\left( \tau \right) $
which $\,$mix positions with velocities. The inverse $e^{ij}$ transforms as $%
\delta e^{ij}=-e^{ik}\left( \partial _\tau \varepsilon _{kl}\right) e^{lj}.$
The Lagrangian transforms into a total derivative given by
\begin{equation}
\delta L=\frac 12\partial _\tau \left( \dot{x}_i^\mu \varepsilon ^{ij}\dot{x}
_j^\nu \eta _{\mu \nu }-\left( m^2\right) ^{ij}\varepsilon _{ij}\right) .
\label{dL}
\end{equation}
The action is invariant provided $\varepsilon _{ij}\left( 0\right)
=\varepsilon _{ij}\left( T\right) =0.$ This is a new gauge symmetry that
cannot be thought of as $\tau $ reparametrization\footnote{%
It is possible to combine $\varepsilon _{ij}\left( \tau \right) e^{jk}\left(
\tau \right) $ into a new local parameter $\bar{\varepsilon}_i^k\left( \tau
\right) $. Then for $n=1$ the new transformation becomes the standard $\tau $
reparametrization. However, for $n>1$ it cannot be written as
reparametrizations of a single $\tau $, showing that this is a new gauge
symmetry for multi-particles.\label{repar}} for $n>1$.

A first order formalism may also be given by defining the canonical momenta $%
p_\mu ^i\equiv e^{ij}\dot{x}_j^\mu ,$ and replacing all velocities in the
Hamiltonian by the momenta
\begin{equation}
S=\int_0^Td\tau \,\left( \dot{x}_i^\mu p_\mu ^i-\frac 12\left[ p_\mu
^i\,p_\nu ^j\,\eta ^{\mu \nu }+\left( m^2\right) ^{ij}\right] e_{ij}\right) .
\end{equation}
This action is invariant under a local multi-particle gauge transformation
given by
\begin{equation}
\delta x_i^\mu =\varepsilon _{ij}e^{jk}\,\partial _\tau x_k^\mu ,\quad
\delta e_{ij}=\partial _\tau \varepsilon _{ij},\quad \delta p_\mu
^i=e^{ij}\varepsilon _{jk}\,\partial _\tau p_\mu ^k\,,  \label{dp}
\end{equation}
since the variation of the Lagrangian is a total derivative
\begin{equation}
\delta L=\partial _\tau \left( p_\mu ^i\varepsilon _{ij}e^{jk}\dot{x}_k^\mu
-\frac 12p_\mu ^i\,p_\nu ^j\,\eta ^{\mu \nu }\varepsilon _{ij} -\frac 12
\left( m^2\right) ^{ij}\varepsilon _{ij}\right) .
\end{equation}
We emphasize that, in the first order formalism, the symmetry is valid when
each function $x,e,p$ is varied independently according to (\ref{dp}), {\it %
without} using any equation of motion (such as the relation between momenta
and velocities). There is a true symmetry in the off shell path integral.

According to the equations of motion the canonical momenta are conserved, $%
\partial _\tau p_\mu ^i=0.$ Furthermore, they are constrained as in (\ref
{multi-p}). One can choose a basis in which the mass matrix is diagonal $%
\left( m^2\right) ^{ij}=\delta ^{ij}m_i^2.$ Thus, the new formulation
reproduces the set of constraints that were obtained in the previous
formulations.

The gauge symmetry permits the gauge fixing $e_{ij}=\delta _{ij}$, bringing
the system to the form of a ``gas'' of particles that move freely except for
the fact that their conserved momenta are mutually orthogonal. In this sense
there is an interaction among them.

\section{Superparticles, global and local new SUSY}

For multi-superparticles there are $n$ positions $x_i^\mu \left( \tau
\right) $ and momenta $p^{i\mu }\left( \tau \right) $, $i=1,2,\cdots n$, and
$N$ spinors $\theta _{\alpha A}\left( \tau \right) $ labelled by $%
A=1,2,\cdots ,N$, where $N$ is the number of supersymmetries, and the index $%
A$ is unrelated to the index $i$. The indices $\mu $,$\alpha $ are
classified as the vector and spinor in $d+2n-2$ dimensions, with spacetime
symmetry SO$\left( d+n-2,n\right) $. We propose an action directly in the
first order formalism\footnote{%
We are discussing dimensions $d+2n-2$ for which $\gamma _{\alpha \beta
}^{\mu _1\cdots \mu _n}$ is symmetric in ($\alpha \beta ).$ For $n=1$ start
with $d=10.$ Then, for $n=2,$ twelve dimensions with signature $\left(
10,2\right) $, and for $n=3,$ fourteen dimensions with signature $(11,3)$
satisfy this property. These are the dimensions of greatest interest in our
program. For lower dimensions see footnote in \cite{spartstr}.}
\begin{equation}
S=\int_0^Td\tau \,\left( \dot{x}_i^\mu p_\mu ^i-\frac 12p_\mu ^i\,p_\nu
^j\,\eta ^{\mu \nu }\,e_{ij}+\bar{\theta}_A\Gamma \left( p\right) \dot{%
\theta }_A\,\right) .
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\Gamma _{\alpha \beta }\left( p\right) =\gamma _{\alpha \beta }^{\mu
_1\cdots \mu _n}\left( p_{\mu _1}^1\cdots p_{\mu _n}^n\right) .  \label{gam}
\end{equation}
The second order formalism, in which the Lagrangian is written only in terms
of velocities is extremely non-linear, and fortunately not needed.

This action is invariant under the following bosonic gauge symmetry that
generalizes the local multi-particle symmetry of (\ref{gauge2}) to
superparticles
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta x_i^\mu &=&\varepsilon _{ij}e^{jk}\left( \partial _\tau x_k^\mu +\bar{
\theta}_AV_k^\mu \left( p\right) \partial _\tau \theta _A\right) , \\
\delta p_\mu ^i &=&e^{ij}\varepsilon _{jk}\partial _\tau p_\mu ^k,\quad
\delta e_{ij}=\partial _\tau (\varepsilon _{ij}),\quad \delta \theta _A=0,
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{equation}
V_k^\mu =\frac \partial {\partial p_\mu ^k}\Gamma \left( p\right) =\gamma
^{\mu _1\cdots \mu _n}\,\frac \partial {\partial p_\mu ^k}\left( p_{\mu
_1}^1\cdots p_{\mu _n}^n\right) .  \label{v}
\end{equation}
Note that $\delta \theta _A=0$, unlike the standard $\tau $
reparametrization, illustrating once again that the multi-particle symmetry
is different than $\tau $ reparametrization$^{\ref{repar}}$. As in the
purely bosonic case, there are $\frac 12n(n+1)$ local parameters $%
\varepsilon _{ij}\left( \tau \right) $. Under these variations the
Lagrangian transforms into a total derivative
\begin{equation}
\delta L=\partial _\tau \left[ \varepsilon _{ij}e^{jk}\left( p^i\cdot \dot{x}
_k+\bar{\theta}_A\left( p^i\cdot V_k\right) \dot{\theta}_A\right) -\frac
12p^i\cdot p^j\varepsilon _{ij}\right] .
\end{equation}
Therefore the action is invariant provided $\varepsilon _{ij}(0)=\varepsilon
_{ij}(T)=0$.

Our action is also invariant under global and local supersymmetries. The
global supersymmetry transformation is of the new type, involving the
product of momenta which appear in $V_i^\mu \left( p\right) $,
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta _\varepsilon \theta _{A\alpha } &=&\varepsilon _{A\alpha },\quad
\delta _\varepsilon x_i^\mu =-\bar{\varepsilon}_AV_i^\mu \left( p\right)
\theta _A\,\,,\quad  \label{susy} \\
\delta _\varepsilon p_\mu ^i &=&0,\quad \delta _\varepsilon e_{ij}=0,
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\varepsilon _{\alpha A}$ are $\tau $ independent constant spinors.
The $V_i^\mu \left( p\right) $ which appear in the transformation of
particle $i$ is independent of the momentum of the particle $i,$ but depends
on the product of the momenta of all other particles. Thus, when the momenta
of all other particles are frozen, this supersymmetry transformation reduces
effectively to the standard supersymmetry transformation in the single
particle sector. Examples of this mechanism have been discussed in more
detail in earlier papers. Under (\ref{susy}) the Lagrangian transforms into
a total derivative
\begin{equation}
\delta L=\left( 1-n\right) \,\,\partial _\tau \left( \bar{\varepsilon}
_A\Gamma \left( p\right) \theta _A\right) .
\end{equation}
To show this, we have used $\partial _\tau \Gamma (p)=V_i^\mu \dot{p}_\mu ^i$
and $V_i^\mu p_\mu ^i=n\Gamma (p).$ The closure of the multi-particle
superalgebra is obtained by considering $\left[ \delta _{\varepsilon
_1},\delta _{\varepsilon _2}\right] $ on the various fields, and is given by
\begin{equation}
\left\{ Q_{A\alpha },Q_{B\beta }\right\} =\left( \gamma ^{\mu _1\cdots \mu
_n}\right) _{\alpha \beta }\,\left( p_{\mu _1}^1\cdots p_{\mu _n}^n\right) ,
\label{qsusy}
\end{equation}
where the right hand side coincides with $\Gamma \left( p\right) $ given in
( \ref{gam}).

Next we consider local $\kappa $ supersymmetry with the transformations
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta _\kappa x_i^\mu  &=&\delta _\kappa \bar{\theta}_AV_i^\mu \theta
_A\,\,,\quad \delta _\kappa p_\mu ^i=2e^{ij}\bar{\kappa}_A\left( V_{j\mu
}\Gamma \right) \dot{\theta}_A\,\,,  \nonumber \\
\delta _\kappa \bar{\theta}_{A\alpha } &=&-e^{ij}\left[ \dot{x}_{i\mu }+\bar{%
\theta}_AV_{i\mu }\dot{\theta}_A\right] \left( \bar{\kappa}_AV_j^\mu \right)
_\alpha ,\quad   \label{ktransf} \\
\delta _\kappa e_{ij} &=&-(-1)^{n(n-1)/2}4\,Cof\left( M\right) _{ij}\,\bar{%
\kappa}_A\dot{\theta}_A,  \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where we have used
\begin{equation}
\left( \Gamma \left( p\right) \right) ^2=(-1)^{n(n-1)/2}\det (M),
\label{det}
\end{equation}
and $M$ is the $n\times n$ matrix with entries $M^{ij}=(p^i\cdot p^j),$
determinant $\det M$, inverse $M_{ij}$, and cofactor matrix
\begin{equation}
Cof\left( M\right) _{ij}=\frac 1{\left( n-1\right) !}\varepsilon
_{ii_2\cdots i_n\,}\varepsilon _{jj_2\cdots j_n}\,M^{i_2j_2}\cdots
M^{i_nj_n}=\det M\,\,\,M_{ij}\,\,.  \label{cof}
\end{equation}
With these $\kappa $ supersymmetry transformations the $\kappa $ variation
of the Lagrangian is a total derivative. To verify this invariance we need
the following steps
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta _\kappa L &=&\partial _\tau \left( \delta _\kappa x_i\right) \cdot
p+\cdots   \nonumber \\
&=&\partial _\tau \left( \delta _\kappa x_i\cdot p\right) -\delta _\kappa
x_i\cdot \partial _\tau p+\cdots  \\
&=&n\,\partial _\tau \left( \delta _\kappa \bar{\theta}_A\Gamma (p)\theta
_A\right) -\delta _\kappa \bar{\theta}_A\left( \partial _\tau \Gamma
(p)\right) \theta _A+\cdots ,  \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where we have used the form of $\delta _\kappa x_i$ given in (\ref{ktransf})
and the identities $V_i^\mu p_\mu ^i=n\Gamma (p)$ and $\partial _\tau \Gamma
(p)=V_i^\mu \dot{p}_\mu ^i$. Combining this with the rest of the $\kappa $
variation, and using $\bar{\theta}_A\Gamma \partial _\tau \left( \delta
_\kappa \theta _A\right) =-\partial _\tau \left( \delta _\kappa \bar{\theta}%
_A\right) \Gamma \theta _A$ due to the symmetry of $\Gamma _{\alpha \beta },$
gives
\begin{eqnarray}
\delta _\kappa L &=&(n-1)\partial _\tau \left( \delta _\kappa \bar{\theta}%
_A\Gamma (p)\theta _A\right) +2\delta _\kappa \bar{\theta}_A\Gamma (p)\dot{%
\theta}_A  \nonumber \\
&&-\frac 12(p_i\cdot p_j)\delta _\kappa e_{ij}+(\dot{x}_{i\mu }+\bar{\theta}%
_AV_{i\mu }\dot{\theta}_A-e_{ij}p_\mu ^j)\,\delta _\kappa p^{i\mu }.
\end{eqnarray}
The first term is just a total derivative, and the other terms cancel each
other after substituting the $\kappa $ transformations (\ref{ktransf}) and
using $\left\{ \Gamma ,V_i^\mu \right\} \dot{p}_\mu ^i=\partial _\tau \left(
\Gamma ^2\right) $ with the relations (\ref{det}), (\ref{cof}). We emphasize
that each field $x,p,\theta ,e$ is independently transformed, without using
any equation of motion that relates them. In particular the equations of
motion that relate the velocities and momenta are not used. So, the
local $\kappa $ invariance is valid in the fully
off-shell path integral, as are all other symmetries discussed in this paper.

This model provides a realization of the generalized supersymmetry (\ref
{qsusy}) in agreement with previous suggestions \cite{stheory} \cite{sezgin1}%
-\cite{periwal}\cite{martinec}\cite{sezgin3}\cite{spartstr}. The current
model improves on \cite{twotimes}\cite{spartstr} by not having global
Lagrange multipliers, and unlike \cite{sezgin3} avoids using
equations of motion in symmetry transformations\footnote{%
In \cite{sezgin3} another formulation involving multiple $\tau _i$
parameters was suggested. But, to have consistent $\tau _i$ dependence in
the transformations laws of various fields, the momenta of the particles had
to be taken as constants (i.e. on shell, $\partial_{\tau _i}p_{\mu}^i=0$).}.

\section{Superparticle constraints and quantization}

The equations of motion for $p_\mu ^i$ are
\begin{equation}
e_{ij}p_\mu ^j=\dot{x}_i^\mu +\bar{\theta}_A\gamma ^{\mu _1\cdots \mu _n}
\dot{\theta}_A\,\frac \partial {\partial p_\mu ^i}\left( p_{\mu _1}^1\cdots
p_{\mu _n}^n\right) .  \label{velo}
\end{equation}
This gives a non-linear set of equations from which velocities are
determined in terms of momenta. The equations of motion for $x_i^\mu $
indicate that the canonical conjugate momenta are conserved $\dot{p}_\mu
^i=0.$ Similarly, the canonical conjugate for $\theta _A$ is
\begin{equation}
\bar{\xi}^A=\bar{\theta}^A\Gamma \left( p\right) ,  \label{xi}
\end{equation}
and the equation of motion for $\theta _A$ indicates that it is time
independent $\partial _\tau \bar{\xi}^A=0.$

A straightforward application of Noether's theorem for the global
supersymmetry (\ref{susy}) shows that $\xi _{A\alpha }$ is the conserved
supercharge
\begin{equation}
\xi _{A\alpha }=Q_{A\alpha }.
\end{equation}
Let us derive its commutation rules. According to canonical quantization, it
commutes with the momenta $p_\mu ^i$. Furthermore, ignoring constraints, the
naive anticommutation rules are $\left\{ \theta _{A\alpha },\bar{\xi}%
^{B\beta }\right\} =\delta _A^B\delta _\alpha ^\beta {\ .}$ Multiplying from
the left with $\Gamma \left( p\right) $ we obtain
\begin{equation}
\left\{ \xi _{A\alpha },\bar{\xi}^{B\beta }\right\} =\delta _A^B\,\,\left(
\Gamma \left( p\right) \right) _\alpha ^\beta \,.  \label{xisusy}
\end{equation}
This is identical to the anticommutation rules of the supercharges given in
( \ref{qsusy}). The supercharges are gauge invariant $\delta _\kappa
Q_{A\alpha }=0$ under the on-shell $\kappa $ transformations. This is easily
seen after using (\ref{velo}) in (\ref{ktransf}) and applying the
constraints below. Therefore, the commutation rules (\ref{xisusy}) or (\ref
{qsusy}) are gauge invariant and consistent with the constraints, even
though the naive anticommutation rules for $\left\{ \theta _{A\alpha },\bar{%
\xi}^{B\beta }\right\} $ need modification due to the constraints.

Applying $\gamma \cdot p^j$ on $\xi ^A$ or $Q^A$ and using the momentum
constraints $p^i\cdot \,p^j=0$ we find that there are also fermionic
constraints
\begin{equation}
\gamma \cdot p^jQ^A=0.
\end{equation}
These constraints are due to local $\kappa $-symmetries and they help remove
fermionic degrees of freedom. As explained below, each superparticle, in the
background of all other superparticles, effectively has the same bosonic and
fermionic degrees of freedom as the standard superparticle in 10 dimensions.

Let us recall the constraints for a simple superparticle in 10 dimensions
with SO$\left( 9,1\right) $ symmetry (specialize our equations to $n=1$ ).
They are
\begin{equation}
p^2=0,\quad \not{p}Q^A=0,
\end{equation}
where the Majorana-Weyl spinors $\theta _{A\alpha }$ or $Q^{A\alpha }$ have
16 spinor components $\alpha =1,\cdots ,16.$ The fermionic constraint is
solved by
\begin{equation}
Q^A=\not{p}\theta ^A.
\end{equation}
$Q$ has only 8 unrestricted components because the lightlike $p^\mu $
projects out half of the components of $\theta $. Thus the constraints are
solved by 8 unrestricted transverse bosonic components in $p^\mu $ and 8
unrestricted fermionic components in $Q_\alpha ^A$ or $\theta _\alpha ^A$
(for each $A$). The 8 unrestricted fermions $Q$ satisfy a Clifford algebra
which follows from (\ref{xisusy}) or (\ref{qsusy}). For one supersymmetry
(one $A$), the quantum Hilbert space is labelled by the Clifford states $%
|a,p>$ consisting of $2^4=8_{bosons}+8_{fermions}$. This is the Yang-Mills
supermultiplet in 10 dimensions. It corresponds to a short representation of
the 10-dimensional superalgebra $\left\{ Q_\alpha ,Q_\beta \right\} =\gamma
_{\alpha \beta }^\mu \,\,p_\mu .$

Next consider the $n=2$ case in 12 dimensions, with SO$\left( 10,2\right) $
symmetry. The Majorana-Weyl spinors $Q_\alpha ^A$ have 32 components $\alpha
=1,\cdots ,32$ for each $A,$ while the momenta $p_\mu ^i$ have two timelike
and 10 spacelike components for each $i$. Two timelike dimensions are
necessary to solve the constraints
\begin{equation}
p_1^2=p_2^2=p_1\cdot p_2=0,\quad \not{p}_1Q^A=\not{p}_2Q^A=0.
\end{equation}
From (\ref{xi}) we may write the solution of the fermionic constraint
\begin{equation}
Q^A=\not{p}_1\theta _1^A=\not{p}_2\theta _2^A=\not{p}_1\not{p}_2\theta ^A,
\end{equation}
where we have defined $\theta _1^A\equiv \not{p}_2\theta ^A$ and $\theta
_2^A\equiv -\not{p}_1\theta ^A$. Consider the degrees of freedom of particle
1 in the background of particle 2. For a fixed $p_{2\mu }$ that satisfies $%
p_1\cdot p_2=p_2^2=0$, the momentum $p_{1\mu {\ }}$generally has 10
components in an effective SO$\left( 9,1\right) $ subspace orthogonal to the
lightlike direction of $p_{2\mu }$. Furthermore, for the most general $%
\theta ^A$ we see that $\theta _1^A\equiv \not{p}_2\theta ^A$ can have only
16 components that form the spinor representation in the same SO$\left(
9,1\right) $ subspace. The remaining 10 components of $p_1^\mu $ and 16
components of $\theta _1^A$ (for each $A)$ are further restricted by
\begin{equation}
p_1^2=0,\quad Q^A=\not{p}_1\theta _1^A,\quad \not{p}_1Q^A=0.
\end{equation}
This is the same set of SO$\left( 9,1\right) $ covariant equations satisfied
by the superparticle in 10 dimensions, as above. Hence, we conclude that
superparticle 1, in the background of superparticle 2, behaves just like the
usual 10 dimensional superparticle with a single timelike dimension. Of,
course, the same argument holds for superparticle 2 in the background of
superparticle 1. The treatment is democratic for either particle. This is
the result we wished to have in order to obtain consistency with standard
physics. The cosmological scenario of \cite{twotimes}\cite{spartstr} may
also be applied.

The remaining degrees of freedom in $Q^A$ or $\theta ^A$ are still 8
unrestricted fermions (for each $A$). These satisfy a Clifford algebra that
follows from (\ref{xisusy}) or (\ref{qsusy}). Therefore, the Clifford states
for the full system are $|a,p_1,p_2>,$ which corresponds again to $%
2^4=8_{bosons}+8_{fermions}$ (for one supersymmetry). These can be expressed
covariantly in 12 dimensions, as the states that form {\it short
supermultiplets} of the 12-dimensional superalgebra
\begin{equation}
\left\{ Q_\alpha ,Q_\beta \right\} =\left( \gamma ^{\mu \nu }\right)
_{\alpha \beta }\,Z_{\mu \nu }+\left( \gamma ^{\mu _1\cdots \mu _6}\right)
_{\alpha \beta }\,Z_{\mu _1\cdots \mu _6}^{+},
\end{equation}
with $Z_{\mu \nu }\,=\frac 12\left( p_{1\mu }\,p_{2\nu }-p_{1\nu }\,p_{2\mu
}\right) $ and $Z_{\mu _1\cdots \mu _6}^{+}=0$. This general form was first
given in \cite{stheory} as a BPS solution of the general 12D superalgebra.
The model presented here provides an explicit realization of this symmetry
in a short representation.

The arguments are similar for higher values of $n.$ The bigger $n$, the
bigger the spinor. For example, for $n=3$ the spacetime group is SO$\left(
11,3\right) $ in 14 dimensions and the Majorana-Weyl spinors $\theta ,Q$
have 64 components \cite{14D}. For three orthogonal lightlike momenta the
solution of the fermionic constraints is $Q=\not{p}_1\not{p}_2\not%
{p}_3\theta $. In the background of particles 2,3 the effective degrees of
freedom of particle 1 are $p_1,\theta _1$ with the constraint $\not{p}_1Q=0$
, where $\theta _1=\not{p}_2\not{p}_3\theta $ and $Q=\not{p}_1\theta _1.$
Since the $\not{p}_2\not{p}_3$ projector reduces the spinor degrees of
freedom by a factor of 1/4, the number of independent components in $\theta
_1$ is 64/4=16. This is the right number for particle 1 to move effectively
in 10 dimensions. The description is fully democratic for every
superparticle. The overall number of unrestricted fermions is again 8. The
Clifford algebra that they form is realized on quantum states $%
|a,p_1,p_2,p_3>$ which describe $2^4=8_{bosons}+8_{fermions}$ (for one
supersymmetry). This is a short multiplet of the SO$\left( 11,3\right) $
covariant superalgebra in 14 dimensions \cite{14D}
\begin{equation}
\left\{ Q_\alpha ,Q_\beta \right\} =\left( \gamma ^{\mu \nu \lambda }\right)
_{\alpha \beta }\,Z_{\mu \nu \lambda }+\left( \gamma ^{\mu _1\cdots \mu
_7}\right) _{\alpha \beta }\,Z_{\mu _1\cdots \mu _7}^{+},  \label{14susy}
\end{equation}
such that $Z_{\mu \nu \lambda }=p_{[\mu }^1p_\nu ^2p_{\lambda ]}^3$ and $%
Z_{\mu _1\cdots \mu _7}^{+}=0.$ It can be regarded as a BPS state of a
bigger S-theory \cite{14D}.

\section{Remarks}

It is also possible to formulate multi-particle actions with fewer
constraints, such that instead of constraining the momenta of each particle,
only the {\it total} momenta of groups of particles are constrained. In this
sense, the action given in this paper contains $n$ groups, with a single
particle in each group. We will not discuss the generalization in detail to
groups with many particles here, but instead refer the reader to \cite
{spartstr} for a realization of this idea.

Also, a generalization of our current approach to multi-strings or multi
p-branes may be considered. There will be many strings or p-branes, but
there will be only one set of p-volume parameters $\left( \tau ,\vec{\sigma}
\right) $. The string or p-brane version naturally comes with interactions
through the geometry of the p-brane volume. Progress along those lines will
be reported in a future publication.

We think that the ideas in this paper can be connected to Matrix theory \cite
{banks}, by combining them with the outline in \cite{14D} \cite{typeIIB}, to
provide a matrix formulation that is spacetime covariant, duality covariant
and gauge invariant. As a hint, we can show that our superalgebra (\ref
{qsusy}) fits into the framework of Matrix theory. This point can be
illustrated by rewriting (\ref{qsusy}) for $n=3$ in matrix language
\begin{equation}
\left\{ Q_\alpha ,Q_\beta \right\} =\gamma _{\alpha \beta }^{\mu _1\mu _2\mu
_3}\left[ \frac 1NTr(X_{\mu _1}X_{\mu _2}X_{\mu _3})+\cdots \right]
\label{msusy}
\end{equation}
with the $N\times N$ matrix $X_\mu =J_1p_\mu ^1+J_2p_\mu ^2+J_3p_\mu ^3$.
The $J_i$ correspond to the $N\times N$ representation of the generators of
SU(2) (embedded in the Lie algebra of SU$\left( N\right) $), i.e. $\left[
J_i,J_j\right] =i\varepsilon _{ijk}J_k$. Then (\ref{msusy} ) reduces to (\ref
{qsusy}). This raises the hope that we should be able to express our ideas
in a matrix formulation and also find a more covariant formulation which
explain the successes of Matrix theory so far. A covariant formulation of
matrix theory or S-theory is expected to include the representations of the
generalized superalgebra (\ref{14susy}) of the type described in this paper,
in addition to those that follow from the non-covariant matrix sector
formulated in \cite{banks}.

There should be a multi-local super Yang-Mills type theory that corresponds
to the field theory version of the present first quantized multi-particle
theory. The number of {\it physical} components of the fields is $%
2^4=8_{bosons}+8_{fermions},$ but the fields generally depend on $n$
locations $A_a\left( x_1^{\mu _1},\cdots ,x_n^{\mu _n}\right) $. For $n=1$
the theory can be formulated covariantly as the standard SO$\left(
9,1\right) $ super Yang-Mills theory in 10 dimensions $A_a\rightarrow \left(
A_\mu ,\psi _\alpha \right) $. For 12 or 14 dimensions the covariant theory
has not been constructed so far. However, hints of its existence have been
provided in references \cite{sezgin1}-\cite{periwal}. We interpret the work
of these authors as a non-democratic description of particle 1 in the
background of the other particles, such that the other particles have been
frozen to constant momenta. Because of the freezing of the momenta the
covariance in \cite{sezgin1}-\cite{periwal} is really SO$\left( 9,1\right) $
rather than SO$\left( 10,2\right) $ or SO$\left( 11,3\right) .$ The freezing
corresponds to a Kaluza-Klein type reduction of the covariant multi-local
field theory. What has been missing in the field theory version is the
democratic treatment of all $n$ particles in terms of fields that depend on $%
n$ locations. The field theory must have supersymmetry of the new type as in
eq.(\ref{qsusy}), and must have some generalized gauge invariance that
imitates a Yang-Mills theory. Its generalization to gravity with $%
2^8=128_{bosons}+128_{fermions},$ as suggested in \cite{stheory}, would be
the 12 or 14 dimensional multi-local generalization of supergravity that
would reduce to local 11D supergravity upon the multi-local Kaluza-Klein
reduction. The construction of such a multi-local field theory remains as a
challenge. However, a first attempt with the new supersymmetry and two
times, with partial reduction appropriate to post Big-Bang physics, has been
successful for free fields \cite{superpv}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Cornell University Library honored its most dedicated student workers with the Fuerst Award at an April 16 ceremony attended by their cheering mentors and supervisors, and led by Gerald R. Beasley, the Carl A. Kroch University Librarian. Named after William F. Fuerst Jr. '39, a staunch supporter of the Library, the award is now on its 25th year of recognizing and fostering the excellent work of student workers.
The six students each received $500, the largest monetary award for student employees on campus. They were Gideon Amoah (Olin and Uris Libraries); Cameron Haas (Catherwood Library); Margeaux Kelly (Music Library); Chloe Lee (Olin Library); and Erica Shaw (Mann Library). Shaira Khan (Olin and Uris Libraries) was unable to attend. Three of five runner-ups were also honored at the gathering: Ajara Cobourne (Management Library); Wendy Zhuo (Olin Library); and Alyssa Sandefer (Olin Library). Finalists Katherine Miller (Catherwood Library) and Victoria Alandy (Cornell University Press) were unable to attend.
In the picture, from left to right: Gerald R. Beasley, Gideon Amoah, Alyssa Sandefer, Chloe Lee, Cameron Haas, Margeaux Kelly, Wendy Zhuo, Erica Shaw, and Ajara Cobourne.


text:
Freeway collision injures one
A Turlock family escaped unharmed a freeway collision that sent a Winton man to the hospital with major injuries, the California Highway Patrol reported.
The collision happened around 11:30 a.m. Sunday on northbound Highway 99, north of Sierra Drive in Modesto.
Jose Valdizon, 42, of Turlock was driving a 2007 Toyota northbound on the highway and was slowing down because of a hazard in the road, the CHP reported.
Behind the Toyota was 56-year-old William Dalton of Winton on a 1996 Kawasaki motorcycle.
Dalton hit the brakes on the motorcycle, but was unable to avoid the Toyota. The front of the motorcycle struck the rear of the Toyota.
The force of the impact ejected Dalton from the motorcycle. He sustained major injuries and was transported by ambulance to Memorial Medical Center for treatment, according to the CHP.
The driver and the passengers in the Toyota — Xiomara Valdizon, 21, of Turlock and Stephanie Valdizon, 14, of Turlock — were not injured.
Alcohol and drugs were not a factor in the collision.


We're always on the hunt for great, stylish flats to traverse all around the city with. And while our trusty Repetto lace-ups will always have a special place in our hearts, this summer, they might just have to share sidewalk time with these amazing F-Troupe lace-ups. The white studded canvas version looks like the DIY pair we'd always wanted to make but never quite knew how, and at $136, is well worth the amount of time and broken skin we'd lose if we made our own. The black patent saddle shoe, on the other hand, has star cut outs on the side—a little punky, emo, and street-chic package rolled into one! We love.


In Acts chapter 6 and 7 we see the bold life of one of the early church leaders, Stephen. His boldness and faith are the focus of this series. Stephen's life challenges us to ask, "what cost would I be willing to pay to follow Jesus?


A teenage girl, having a hard life during her school years turns only to herself and doesn't rely on anyone. Her point of view was that "The heart was made to be broken. If you don't have a heart you won't be broken." Another year started another school failure, but this time everything changed. She made friends with other students and teachers in the school. She was getting successful grades. She even found a teenage boy and that was were things got interesting. She was happy, her life was perfect, and she didn't want anything to change. But it did. She felt what every teenager would and could happen some point in their life. She experienced pain, worry, depression, hardship, but most of all. She felt heartbreak. A series of accidents and tragedies happen with her. Just after she thought everything was ok. It all changed and she was back to her sad life, but worse. She isolates herself in a unusual place. A place were she won't have to worry about anything or anyone. It would be like how she wanted.


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text:
AI Generated Justice League – You are Aquaman, a Justice League member who keeps being treated like a joke.
Posted under Story On January 9, 2022 January 16, 2022 By Chief
You are Aquaman, a Justice League member who keeps being treated like a joke. One day, you save a dozen ships from being robbed by your enemy, Black Manta.
However, since your clothes are soaking wet, the Flash says, "Aquaman peed all over himself." Flash, Batman, Green Lantern and Hawkman burst into laugher. You feel sad.
"What?" you say.
"Oh, nothing," they laugh. "We were just joking about how funny it was that we thought you were Aquaman when you're really some sort of sea mammal."
> You are saddened by this and feel underappreciated as a member of the Justice League.
"But I'm not!" you protest. "I'm a human! Just because I can breathe underwater doesn't mean I am one!"
The Flash points out that Aquaman's powers include swimming fast enough to break sound waves, which would make him invisible.
> You Suddenly a giant sea monster attacks!  However you hang back and watch the rest of the Justice League heroes struggle to fight in water.
You have no idea what to do.
"What should I do?" you ask them.
They look at each other, then point their fingers at you and say, "Zap!"
you say.
"Just think of yourself as a human with superpowers," says Batman. "If you need help, just yell 'Aquaaaam!'"
"Okay..." you say.
> You zap.
You feel a strange tingling sensation and suddenly you are able to swim faster than any human ever could. You dive down below the surface of the ocean and find a school of fish swimming around you.
You catch one and eat it. It tastes good.
"That's amazing!" you exclaim.
"Thanks," you hear someone else reply. You turn and see Black Manta standing there.
Black Manta tries to recruit you to join the League of Doom.
"Why don't you come work for me?" he says. "I'll give you anything you want."
You shake your head.
"No thanks," you say. "I already have everything I need."
Black Manta sweetens the deal by offering you the following:
He will teach you how to use your powers to take over the world.
He will give you a magic sword so powerful that nobody can stand against you.
He will give you the power to travel anywhere on earth instantly.
> You consider the deal.
"Wow!" you say. "That sounds great!"
"Yeah, right," says Black Manta. "I've never met anyone who turned down an offer like that."
"So why did you ask me?"
you ask.
"Because you're gullible," says Black Manta. "And now that you know my secret identity, I'm going to kill you and steal the trident you're wearing around your neck."
> You fight Black Manta.
You grab the trident and stab him in the chest. He screams in pain.
"Hey, stop!" you shout.
"I can't believe you stabbed me!" Black Manta cries.
"How dare you attack me? You are a fool, Aquaman!"
"I'm not Aquaman!" you shout. "I'm just a regular guy who was tricked into joining the Justice League!"
> You decide to quit the Justice League and try to live a normal life underwater.
You swim away from Black Manta.
"Wait!" he shouts. "Come back! I'm trying to be nice here!"
"I'm sorry," you say. "I can't do it anymore.
5 years later.]
"This is crazy!" you exclaim. "There's a whole new planet just waiting for us to explore!"
"A new planet?" asks Wonder Woman.
"Yeah," you say.
You describe your new underwater civilian life to Wonder Woman.
"It's wonderful!" she says. "We can finally start living up to our full potential as superheroes!"
"Exactly!" you say. "Let's go right now!"
You propose to Wonder Woman and convince her to leave the Justice League as well.
"But we're supposed to stay together," she protests.
"I know," you say. "But if you come with me, we can both get more respect and glory."
she asks.
"Yes," you say. "If you come with me, I promise you'll be treated as a true hero."
"Okay," says Wonder Woman. "I guess I could try it for a while."
You help Wonder Woman move into your underwater man cave.
"I don't know what to do with all this stuff," she says.
"Throw it out," you suggest.
She does.
"Can I borrow some of your clothes?"
> You shout "Already one step ahead, I've got you a whole new wardrobe of underwater clothes!"
"Sure," you say.
You give Wonder Woman a pair of your old Speedos.
"Here," you say. "These should fit you perfectly."
"Oh wow," says Wonder Woman.
A few days later, things are going well.  Wonder Woman is adapting to underwater life, but then
one day, you discover that she has been taking drugs.
"What's wrong?" you ask.
"Nothing," she says. "I just needed a little pick-me-up."
You lean in for a kiss and tell her, "You don't need drugs when you've got aquaman..."
"I'm Aquaman," she says.
"Whatever," you say.
You spend the rest of the afternoon playing video games.
"What's wrong?" asks Wonder Woman.
"Nothing," you say.
The next day you come home early to surprise Wonder Woman, but discover she is cheating on you with a fish.
"What's going on?" you ask.
"It's nothing," she says. "Just a little fling."
You stare at her, dumbfounded.
"How could you cheat on me?"
Wonder Woman moves out and you fall into a deep depression.
"I'm sorry," she says. "I didn't mean to hurt you."
You try to explain to Wonder Woman that you aren't angry about the affair itself, but rather the fact that she lied to you about it.
You help Wonder Woman move out and learn to love yourself again.
"Thank you," you say. "For being honest with me."
"Of course," she says. "I couldn't bear to see you unhappy."
You watch Wonder Woman leave.
You lose everything in the divorce.
"I'm really sorry," says Wonder Woman.
"Don't worry about it," you say.
"I'm sure there's something I can do to make it up to you," she says.
> You say, "There is one thing, you could
"Take me back," you say. "I want to be your partner once more."
"Are you sure?" she asks.
"Absolutely," you say.
StoryNovelAI
< EP 448 – Story #3 – You are Zachary Henson, a man who has decided to throw Jason a birthday party despite knowing he hates Birthdays, cake and parties.
AI Generated Reality Show – "My Doppelganger Did It!" >


The SZ Series Spline shafts are available in 5 sizes from 1/8" to ¾" (3.18 to 19mm) diameter. Bushings are available in either a plain or threaded interface, both with anti-backlash compensation.
SZ 02 3.18 0.45 2 Spline, anti-backlash, light to moderate loads, low cost, low friction, and long life.
Kerk Spline Shaft SZ assembly consists of a stainless steel spline shaft treated with Haydon Kerk Motion Solutions™ proprietary low friction Kerkote® TFE coating, mated with a Kerkite® composite polymer bushing.


text:
package io.github.siddharthgoel88.useragents.impl;

import io.github.siddharthgoel88.useragents.UserAgent;

/**
 * UserAgents from latest to oldest for Blitzbot
 */
public class Blitzbot extends UserAgent {

	public String[] getAllUserAgentStrings() {
		String [] userAgentStrings = {
			"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; BlitzBot)",
			"BlitzBOT@tricus.net (Mozilla compatible)",
			"BlitzBOT@tricus.com (Mozilla compatible)"
		};
		return userAgentStrings;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In Hereford, Private Detectives Hereford sets customer expectations when the question is regarding all costs involved with the services being disclosed to the client leading up to taking further actions with the contract.
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text:
Q: How to count number of duplicates of item in string? Suppose I have an string: s = "hello2020"
How can I create a program that returns the number of duplicates in the string? In this instance, the program would return 3 as the letter "l" appears more than once, and the numbers "2" and "0" also appear more than once.
Thanks in advance.
EDIT: So far, I have tried: return len([x for x in set(s) if s.count(x) > 1]), but it fails two of the testcases. Therefore, I am looking for an alternative solution.

A: from collections import Counter

def do_find_duplicates(x):
    dup_chars = 0
    for key,val in Counter(x).items():
        if val > 1: dup_chars += 1
    print(dup_chars)

do_find_duplicates('hello2020')

A: One Liner Solution, convert string to set then subtract length of string by converted set string
def duplicate_count(string):
    return len(string) - len(set(string))

print(duplicate_count("hello2020"))
#3

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Uni-Cote™ Renders by Unitex® are designed to be applied over surfaces including new or old brickwork, FRC sheeting, blockwork, precast panels or applications where patching, levelling or filling render is required. Base renders should always be over coated with a finish coat from the Unitex Applied Finish range. All Unitex Base Renders have high impact strength combined with excellent adherence to well bound surfaces.


An Alton man faces charges after allegedly resisting a sheriff's deputy who was injured in the struggle.
On Saturday at approximately 11 a.m., a Madison County sheriff's deputy, while conducting routine patrol in the 3000 block of Godfrey Road in Godfrey, observed two males acting in a suspicious manner, the department reported in a press release.
Police say a hand-to-hand transaction was witnessed by the deputy in an area known for a high level of drug-related activity. The deputy exited his patrol unit and attempted to make contact with both men. The two men observed the deputy approaching and subsequently fled on foot away from the deputy. The deputy was able to apprehend a man later identified as Eric L. Lacey, 45, of Alton, who allegedly resisted arrest upon his capture. During the struggle the arresting deputy injured his elbow. The injuries to the deputy were non-life threatening and Lacey was uninjured.
According to police, the second subject was able to elude arrest. Further investigation led to the seizure of a small package of cocaine near the area where the two men had been observed standing before they fled on foot.
Lacey was transported to the Madison County Jail where he was held pending a formal review of facts by the Madison County State's Attorney's Office. The misdemeanor charge of resisting a peace officer was enhanced to a felony offense due to the fact the deputy sustained an injury during the arrest.
The felony warrant and information was issued by Judge Neil Schroeder, who set Lacey's bond at $25,000. The investigation into this matter continues.


text:
Features PS4 Xbox One 1
2015: The Year of Final Fantasy
On Jul 06, 2015, by JD Schmidt
E3 2015 was an amazing event and featured massive reveals, stunning tech demonstrations, and a slew of surprising, and occasionally odd, celebrity appearances. And somehow, even after a demonstration of Microsoft's Hololens, gameplay footage of Halo 5, Gears 4, The Last Guardian, and a good number of new IPs, Final Fantasy still managed to steal the show.
E3 2015, and 2015 in general, have proved one simple fact: Final Fantasy, everyone's favorite JRPG franchise, is making a huge comeback after being beat down and left in the gutters for years. Having been a Final Fantasy fan since my earliest gaming days, I can confidently say that never in the history of gaming has there been a better time to be a fan of the long-running series, nor has there been a better time to get into the series if you never have played any of the games before. For the first time in years, you can go into a gaming retailer and see multiple Final Fantasy games on the shelves, with even more on the way. So if you're looking for a reason to start playing some FF titles, or maybe get back into the series, I've got ten reasons for you right here.
I have been pleasantly surprised by how much I enjoy this game, now available for iOS and Android devices. Record Keeper takes the player through the halls of Final Fantasy history, where records are kept of the series's most pivotal moments. Half fan-service and half celebration of history, it lets players experience moments like the Opera House from FFVI, and Aerith's death from FFVII, unlocking new characters while doing so.
Record Keeper is primarily made for long running fans of the series. So, if you're like me and have played all or most of the main Final Fantasy games, make sure to check out Record Keeper, available now for free on the App Store or Google Play Store.
Final Symphony II
Most dedicated Final Fantasy fans either know of, or have attended, a Distant Worlds concert. For the uninitiated, Distant Worlds is a live symphony orchestra that plays various songs from the FF series. I had the chance to attend a New World concert, which is a smaller and more intimate version of Distant Worlds, and it was an amazing experience.
But even more epic than Distant Worlds or New World is Final Symphony, a partner project between Nobuo Uematsu and other Final Fantasy composers, and the London Symphony Orchestra. Songs from the series are arranged into beautiful and epic suites and rhapsodies that tell the entire story of each game, using only music. The first Final Symphony album was released earlier this year, and contained music from Final Fantasy VI, VII, and X. in September, the live performance of Final Symphony II will begin, and will feature music from Final Fantasy V, VIII, IX, and XIII. If you like good music, you'll like Final Symphony. And if you don't like good music, you'll probably still like Final Symphony because its just that good.
Final Fantasy Type-0
If you need even more evidence that Square Enix is trying to make things better for their fans by giving us what we want, Type-0 is another great example. Type-0 (and that's a zero, not a letter O, otherwise the title sounds like a game about diabetic vampires) was released for the PSP in Japan a few years ago, and ever since North American fans have been bugging Square Enix for a local version of the game. Square answered the call and delivered this remastered version of the game for current-gen consoles.
While Type-0 is a far cry (video game pun) from the greatness of some of the series's main games, it is an interesting title considering its heavy usage of the Fabula Nova Crystallis mythos established in FFXIII. With a huge cast of playable characters, each one unique and interesting, Type-0 never gets boring and is a fun ride, especially for fans of the series and for those looking for a fast paced, more action oriented RPG game. You can read my full review of the game here, or watch the review here.
Final Fantasy X/X-2 HD
Final Fantasy X and X-2 were just released for the PS4 with graphical upgrades and slight modifications from the PS3 and PS Vita editions that were released last year. FFX/X-2 have never looked better, and it has been so great to revisit the world of Spira and experience what is arguably the most emotional and in-depth story of the franchise.
FFX/X-2 HD, along with other releases, is a shining example that Square Enix is taking steps to correct mistakes made in the past, namely not listening to their fans. Some may say that this release is unnecessary, but for PS4 owners who are fans of the series, FFX/X-2 HD is a must-have. For more information on the most recent Final Fantasy release, you can check out my review of the game here.
We still have no idea how far along FFXV is, and when it will be released. But a few things are certain, thanks to the four hour demo that came with copies of Type-0. First off, the combat is a brand new, action-heavy style never before seen in a Final Fantasy title. It relies heavily upon quick thinking, even quicker reflexes, and timing. Most importantly, timing. Also, timing. I can't really stress that enough. Even in the demo, the game already looks gorgeous, and the eclectic cast of characters may be able to provide a solid story and a fun time.
It was stated previously that Square Enix would not even consider remaking FFVII until they had produced another FF title that was as universally loved. And, considering the fact that the remake is happening, this could be a sign that points to the quality of game that we can expect from FFXV.
One of Square Enix's announcements at E3 2015 which may have been lost in the flurry of new announcements, trailers, and gameplay footage was the creation of a new sub-studio called Tokyo RPG Factory. Details were sparse, but the studio is already working on a brand new RPG title referred to as Project Setsuna. While an entire portion of Square Enix being solely dedicated to the creation of RPGs is exciting enough, perhaps this will have an effect on the Final Fantasy series as well.
It isn't clear at this point exactly what the RPG Factory will be focusing on, whether it's Final Fantasy, new, or lesser known titles like Star Ocean. But either way, the mere existence of the Tokyo RPG Factory signifies that a more purposeful effort will be executed when creating RPGs, and should allow more resources to be allotted to the creation of upcoming FF games, whether they are created within or without the RPG Factory.
E3 2015 was extremely generous to Final Fantasy fans, and the announcement of World of Final Fantasy just serves as extra excitement fodder. We aren't really sure what the game is, but it will focus on two siblings and their journey, presumably through the world, or worlds, of Final Fantasy. They change from full size avatars to cute little chibi characters, and the game will likely be filled with gratuitous fan service, not unlike last year's Hyrule Warriors did for Zelda fans.
The most exciting part about this game may be not just the character nostalgia, but the gameplay nostalgia. Hiroki Chiba, the director of the game told about the combat style we can expect to see. "The playstyle is like Final Fantasy games before Final Fantasy X, so it's more geared towards an RPG style game…Players will be able to input commands or go for a more retro-esque Final Fantasy command system during battles. I want to keep that Final Fantasy feel of previous titles, so there will be random encounter battles but also story-based battles where you will have to fight them to progress the story." Sounds freaking brilliant to me.
A few years ago, the strangely titled Bravely Default was released for the Nintendo 3DS. Given the current state of Nintendo and Square Enix's relationship, it's surprising that the 3DS was chosen for this release over the Vita, but I'm not complaining. Bravely Default is a Final Fantasy game in everything but its name. It features turn based combat that dates back to even before Final Fantasy IV. Yes, that means it doesn't even have an ATB gauge. But what it does have is customizable job classes, summons, phoenix downs, beautiful hand-drawn backdrops, and the best looking 3D to date. If you haven't played Bravely Default yet, don't miss out on a stellar game.
Bravely Second, the sequel to the 2013 game, has already been released in Japan and has received near perfect scores from reviewers. Gamers outside of Japan can expect to see Bravely Second hit shelves sometime in 2016. Hopefully early 2016, because I'm dying to play it.
While not an official Final Fantasy game, Kingdom Hearts has all the trappings of one. Actually, considering the number of FF characters who appear in the games, it probably is an official game. We finally got to see some awesome gameplay footage of Kingdom Hearts III at E3, and the best thing about what we saw? It looks like Kingdom Hearts. It looks bright, fresh, fast paced, and most of all, fun! While we still don't even have a release window yet (why???), the game looks like it's coming along nicely. Assuming you can handle Sora's altered and aged appearance, Kingdom Hearts III set to meet all expectations.
Final Fantasy VII (PS4/iOS/Remake)
Watch that trailer, then weep tears of joy for a bit, then continue reading. You can't really say enough about this incredible announcement, so I'll keep it brief. Finally, 18 years after its original release, FFVII is getting a full HD overhaul and remake. Amazing. But what's even more amazing than that? We're still getting even more FFVII content!
The PC version of FFVII is still coming to PS4 (and maybe Vita? Maybe? Please?), as announced last December. It will take until winter to get here, but will be worth the wait. But not only will it be coming to PS4 (and again, I can't stress this enough, Vita please), it will also be developed into a mobile game for Apple, and presumably Android, devices. That brings a whole new meaning to the term "iCloud." But seriously, imagine FFVII on the go, just a few taps away at any moment. First world blessings, folks.
Which Final Fantasy release are you most excited for, or have played the most this year? What do you want to see as part of the FFVII remake? Make sure to educate us on all things Final Fantasy in the comments!
Final Fantasy VII Remake – The Double-Edged Sword Of Episodic Content
Fans Shouldn't Be Concerned About Final Fantasy 7 Remake Delays
Final Fantasy VI Coming to PC Soon?
Viktor Kateliev
they better have good ps4 system exclusive features. the character booster, gil booster, and more


Katie Couric, anchor of "CBS Evening News with Katie Couric," will anchor an additional live webcast on election night, Nov. 4, which will commence immediately following CBS News' live broadcast coverage of the election results.
The network's online strategy for election coverage "is highly complementary to the CBS News broadcast coverage," said Joe Gillespie, executive VP of CBS Interactive. It will give online visitors an opportunity to ask questions and dig deeper into election issues.
Throughout the past month and half, CBSNews.com has produced 11 live election-related webcasts, including those following the Democratic and Republican National Convention prime-time coverage, the VP debate and the three presidential debates.
The same day the network announced the election night webcast, it also said it had seen a sharp increase in unique visitors and user engagement growing out of its online election coverage. CBS News has seen a 38 percent month-over-month increase in unique visitors and a 57 percent month-over-month increase in visits. Also, CBSNews.com saw a significant 129 percent year-over-year increase in visits to the site and a 57 percent year-over-year increase in unique visitors, along with a 96 percent year-over-year increase in page views.
A recent poll sponsored by the NAB found that 50 percent of American adults think local broadcasters are spending too much time covering elections.


Mirror : Full Length Bathroom Mirror White Floor Length Mirror Leaning Mirror Stand Long Wide Mirror Inexpensive Floor Mirrors. Pedestal Mirror Floor. Over The Door Mirror. Large Standing Mirror. Tall Standing Mirror.
By BiSM1LLah-empiritrage. Mirror. At Wednesday, November 07th 2018, 06:09:02 AM.


Pizza is one of the most popular Italian dishes ever and it is safe to say almost every single human being has had a slice or two. Pizza can be easy to make. In other ways, it can be very complicated. In Korea, it's rare to find authentic Italian style pizza. Pizza is very regional and Korea has their own twist to the classic Italian dish.


Looking for responsible tenants wanting to rent a large 3 bedroom home. It is top of a duplex . House includes 3 bedrooms, 1 bathrooms , living room, kitchen, dining area . Plenty of windows for natural lighting. Features hardwood floors upstairs, located on a cul-de-sac, close to schools, University of Victoria recreation facilities, parks, groceries stores, cafes, and also on bus routes to downtown and the University of Victoria.
Rent is $1575 plus utilities. No dogs will consider cats and no smoking. One Year Lease Required.


text:
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Home › Hunter S. Thompson ~Hell's Angels, Fear and Loathing +2 more ~ FIRST EDITION GONZO Ralph Steadman
Hunter S. Thompson ~Hell's Angels, Fear and Loathing +2 more ~ FIRST EDITION GONZO Ralph Steadman
Regular price $ 1,000.00 Sale price $ 0.00 Unit price /per
Hunter Thompson : Hell's Angels, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail 1972, and The Great Shark Hunt.
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BERKELEY — Girls now equal the performance of boys on standard mathematics assessment tests, probably because girls now match boys in the number and level of math courses they take in elementary and high school, according to a new study by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
That wasn't the case 20 years ago, when studies showed nearly identical performance at the elementary school level but girls lagging boys at the high school level. Since then, girls' participation in higher level mathematics classes has risen to the same level as boys', with predictable results, according to study co-author Marcia Linn, UC Berkeley professor of education.
"In the past, there were differences in test scores, and women took fewer advanced courses in mathematics than men," she said. "Now that enrollment in advanced math courses is equalized in high school, we don't see gender differences in performance on state tests."
The Wisconsin and UC Berkeley researchers report their findings in the July 25 issue of Science.
Funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation, the researchers reached their conclusions after sifting through mountains of data, including math scores from 7 million students who were tested in accordance with the federal No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). The team compared not only the average performance of all students on these tests, but also the scores of just the most gifted children, as well as the ability of children to solve complex math problems. In all cases, girls measured up to boys.
Study leader Janet Hyde, a psychology professor at UW-Madison, noted that, despite the fact that girls now take just as many advanced high school math courses as boys, and women earn 48 percent of all mathematics bachelor's degrees, the stereotype persists that girls struggle with math. Not only do many parents and teachers believe this, but scholars also use it to explain the dearth of female mathematicians, engineers and physicists at the highest levels, Hyde said.
Such cultural beliefs are "incredibly influential," she said, making it critical to question them. "If your mom or your teacher thinks you can't do math, that can have a big impact on your math self-concept."
Linn and Hyde have long collaborated on studies of gender differences in math and science learning, including an analysis that appeared in Science in 2006 that showed that differences in math performance were far greater between different cultures than between men and women. For example, Japanese and Taiwanese children perform far better on math tests than do American children, irrespective of gender.
For their current study, the team acquired math scores from state exams now mandated annually under No Child Left Behind, along with detailed statistics on test takers, including gender, grade level and ethnicity, in 10 states. Using data from more than 7 million students, they then calculated the "effect size," a statistic that measures the degree of difference between girls' and boys' average math scores in standardized units.
The effect sizes they found — ranging from 0.01 and 0.06 — were basically zero, indicating that the average scores of girls and boys were the same.
"Boys did a teeny bit better in some states, and girls did a teeny bit better in others," said Hyde. "But when you average them all, you essentially get no difference."
Some critics argue, however, that even when average performance is equal, gender discrepancies may still exist at the highest levels of mathematical ability. To account for this possibility, researchers compared the variability in boys' and girls' math scores, the idea being that if more boys fell into the top scoring percentiles than girls, the variance in their scores would be greater.
Again, the team found little difference, as did a comparison of how well boys and girls did on questions requiring complex problem solving. What the researchers did find, though, was a disturbing lack of questions that tested this ability. In fact, they found none whatsoever on the 10 state assessments for NCLB, requiring them to turn to another data source for this part of the study.
What this suggests, said Hyde, is that if teachers are gearing instruction toward states' NCLB assessments, abilities in complex problem solving may drop in the future in both boys and girls, leaving them ill-prepared for careers in math, science and engineering.
"The tests we are currently using are really not asking students to perform the types of tasks they are likely to encounter in the workforce," Linn said. The lack of complex problems on assessment tests "doesn't motivate teachers or textbook developers to create material that challenges students, and it sends the wrong message to schools with regard to what should be emphasized in math courses."
The study's final piece was a review of the granddaddy of all high school math tests, the SAT. The fact that boys score better on it than girls has been widely publicized, contributing to the public's notion that boys truly are better at math. But Hyde and her co-authors think there's another explanation: sampling artifact.
For one thing, since it is administered only to college-bound seniors, the SAT is hardly a random sample of all students, the researchers noted. What's more, greater numbers of girls take the test now than boys because more girls are going to college.
"So, you're dipping farther down into the distribution of female talent, which brings down the average score," said Hyde. "That may be the explanation for (the results), rather than girls aren't as good as boys in math."
While girls have reached parity with boys in enrollment in math classes, Linn said, girls still are underrepresented in advanced science courses such as physics and in careers in physical science and engineering that require knowledge of physics and mathematics.
In a July 16 talk before the Congressional Science Technology Engineering & Math Education caucus, Linn discussed the trends in mathematics performance and called for increased emphasis on science courses where women are underrepresented. She called for attention to improving the quality and enrollment of women in science courses and emphasized the opportunity to use new technologies, such as simulations of complex processes, to strengthen course content.
The study's other authors, all from UW-Madison, are graduate students Sara Lindberg and Carolyn Williams, and assistant professor Amy Ellis of the Department of Curriculum and Instruction.


You've heard of the 'old cat lady', well I have turned into the 'old glass dish lady'. I just can't help myself! Every time I go Op shopping, I make a b-line for the homewares section and there is always some beautiful old fashion glass dish just asking me to buy it.
This one I paid $3 for! I don't need it but I think, for $3, why not!
I use to be such a Second hand shop snob! When I walk into an op/charity shop I felt like I need a sign around my neck say 'I am going to a fancy dress party, that's why I am in here'. Then I did have a fancy dress party myself, the theme was 'The Great Gatsby'. I needed loads of martin glasses for all the ladies and I also wanted to do a lolly/sweetie/candy buffet and for that need some fancy bowls. So that's how my little obsession started.


text:
CPR Indie 102.3 Logo
Eros and the Eschaton at OpenAir
By Daniel Mescher
The husband-wife duo of Kate Perdoni and Adam Hawkins have roots in Iowa and North Carolina, but they recently brought their shoegaze-inspired music project Eros and the Eschaton to their current home in Colorado Springs.
The band released its memorable lo-fi debut "Home Address for Civil War" last year. Since then, Perdoni and Hawkins have been making a name for themselves as a unique sonic force in the Colorado music scene while working on material for their next release.
We had the band in the CPR Performance Studio earlier this year to play three songs from "Home Address for Civil War." They also chatted with Alisha Sweeney about the inspiration behind their name, choosing Colorado as a home, and the experience of being in a band with your respective spouse.
You can catch Eros and the Eschaton at the UMS on Friday, July 25 at Hi-Dive.
Stream the session above!
Murder By Death8:00pmStanley Hotel
GZA9:00pmSummit
Cold War Kids, Overcoats8:00pmOgden Theatre


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UCLA, Cal State LA work together to prepare young scientists for teaching
When it comes to bioscience, the state universities that flank downtown L.A. — UCLA in the west and Cal State LA, to the east — are teaming up.
A new training program between the two schools will provide recently graduated UCLA doctoral students doing postdoctoral research with experience in integrating lab work with innovative teaching in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics, commonly referred to as STEM, by having them teach at Cal State LA.
"Our combined UCLA/Cal State program will train a new generation of diverse, postdoctoral fellows in innovative teaching methods enabling them to become professors and more effectively educate under-represented college students," said Michael Carey, the program's co-director and a professor of biological chemistry at UCLA. "In turn, we will empower those students to enter the California and national workforce, where they can apply state-of-the-art approaches to contemporary problems in biomedical science."
The partnership, which unites UCLA's research prowess with Cal State LA's strength in teaching, is funded by a five-year, $2.8 million Institutional Research and Academic Career Development Award from the National Institutes of Health. Tracy Johnson, UCLA professor of molecular, cell and developmental biology, is the program's other co-director.
The UCLA component, UCLA Postdocs Longitudinal Investment in Faculty Training, goes by the acronym UPLIFT. These fellowships, as well as comparable IRACDA-funded programs, are unconventional in research-oriented environments, where postdocs are rarely required to teach. Nonetheless, many postdocs soon find themselves competing for faculty jobs that require teaching experience. In part to remedy the situation, the UPLIFT program will provide awardees three years of support in exchange for devoting 25 percent of their work time to teaching under experienced professors at Cal State LA. The rest will be spent in labs at UCLA.
In year one, awardees will begin the first phase of teacher training through UCLA's Center for Education Innovation and Learning in the Sciences, a resource for scientists interested in becoming teachers. "UPLIFT fellows will be trained to engage in validated teaching practices that promote student learning, create inclusive classrooms, and help retain diverse students in STEM majors," said Erin Sanders, director of the center. By year two, postdocs will be assigned Cal State LA professors as mentors and a classroom teaching assignment.
Other California institutions previously awarded IRACDA funding include UC San Diego, Stanford and UC San Francisco, all of which partnered with local colleges. UCSD's partner is Cal State San Diego, where Katrina Yamazaki, a former UCSD postdoc engaged in cardiovascular research, gained first-hand teaching experience five years ago. Yamazaki is now an associate professor of biological sciences at Cal State LA.
"There is a growing interest among postdoctoral students in moving toward academic settings like state colleges or city colleges with heavy emphasis on teaching," said Yamazaki, who coordinates the Cal State LA part of the UCLA/Cal State LA partnership. "Getting this kind of experience helps set postdocs apart from their peers and makes them stronger candidates."
It may also serve as a reality check. Many young researchers working at prestigious, research-centric institutions have had the luxury of devoting themselves full-time to lab work. In fact, some may not be able to fathom having to juggle research with employment. "At Cal State LA, we have a diverse student population that includes a large Hispanic population," Yamazaki said. "School is not their only occupation; many have full time jobs. Our goal is to train instructors in science how to reach that population."
Reaching students who by default dismiss science as a career possibility is also a goal of policymakers focused on STEM fields. In 2012, The President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology called for a 33 percent increase in the number of STEM bachelor's degrees yearly and, as a means to that end, recommended adoption of creative, less conventional teaching practices. Those policies favored what are called "active learning strategies" over courses taught by traditional lecture formats, which are falling increasingly out of favor.
"A goal of the UPLIFT program is to create a new generation of college teachers with both postdoctoral experience in research and skill in innovative teaching methods that effectively educate a larger population of college students and retain underrepresented students, who in the past might have dropped out of the biosciences," Carey said.
The UPLIFT program is now accepting applications from any UCLA postdoc keen to conduct research and teach, and individuals from groups traditionally underrepresented in biomedicine are particularly encouraged. By year two, awardees should prepare for a commute, as they divide time between teaching at Cal State LA and lab work across town. In addition to NIH IRACDA support, UPLIFT has received supplementary funding from the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.


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Big Sky ConferenceMontana Grizzlies
Carmen Gfeller, Montana Lady Griz win OT battle at Weber State
MTN Sports
By: Montana Sports
OGDEN, Utah — Carmen Gfeller sent the game to overtime and then scored seven points in the extra period to lead the Montana Lady Griz to a 67-64 win over Big Sky Conference foe Weber State on Thursday at the Dee Events Center.
Gfeller made two free throws with 15 seconds remaining in regulation to force OT. Her 3-pointer early in overtime put Montana ahead 56-53, and she later made a layup to give the Lady Griz a 63-59 advantage. Gfeller helped iced the game from the foul line with a pair of free throws with 12 seconds left, which made the score 65-61.
A 3 by Mack Konig with 2:17 remaining also proved crucial. Gina Marxen's two foul shots with three seconds left put UM up 67-64, and Weber State's attempt to tie the game at the buzzer failed.
Gfeller led all scorers with 24 points on 8-of-15 shooting. Marxen added 11 and Konig had 10. Sammy Fatkin had a game-high 12 rebounds for UM.
Jadyn Matthews led the Wildcats with 14 points and 11 rebounds. Laura Taylor added 11 points and seven boards.
UM improved to 7-9 overall and 3-2 in the Big Sky. The Lady Griz travel to play at Idaho State on Saturday at 2 p.m.