Japan, 1603. The art of Kabuki Theater begins - and it is something that has never been seen before. Actors emerge onto a stage with painted faces which indicate who their character is. Their movements are so graceful that often the viewer cannot distinguish which movements are dance forms and which are the acting. Actors train for years to be able to possess the honor of being in a public performance. It is as if you are learning an entirely new language - the stylized motions convey the emotions that the heart speaks and the mouth has no words for.
Japan, 2015. A Kabuki Theater performance is staged. Actors and actresses perform, pride showing in their actions. They have trained for year for this. Not to shine as theater stars themselves, but to accurately portray the Kabuki performance the same way the actors before them did. A Kabuki performance stands frozen in time - performed the same way over and over again.
The performance given in 2015 is the same performance one saw in 1615.
There is great pride in the preservation of the traditional Japanese theater - the actor who plays the part of a great hero says the same words, does the very same actions and wears the very same costume design that the original master actor said, did and wore.
The Last Supper, 33. While they were eating, Jesus took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and gave it to his disciples, saying, "Take and eat; this is my body." Then he took the cup and when had given thanks, he gave it to them, saying, "Drink from it, all of you. This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. I tell you, I will not drink from the fruit of the vine from now on until the day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom." (Matthew 26:26-30).
Mass on the First Sunday of Lent, 2015. The priest leans over the host, elevates it and says, "Take this, all of you, and eat of it, for this is my body which will be given up for you." And taking the wine, he says, "Take this, all of you, and drink from it, for this is the chalice of my blood. The blood of the new and eternal covenant, which will be poured out for you and for many for the forgiveness of sins. Do this in memory of me."
As Catholics, we gather in Church and are able to participate in the same sacrifice that occurred 2,000 years ago on Calvary.
Yet our journey does not start by the foot of the cross. Through the Mass we also are able to experience Christ as we are seated at His Last Supper, and then, (spoiler, my favorite part of the Mass) we join our voices with the angels and saints as we sing in adoration to a God who rose and is in Heaven.
The Mass is not simply a performance or a ritual performed the same way and preserved for over two thousand years. The words of consecration are not recited lines said by a priest who wants to be the best priest on the altar since Christ. Instead, they are Christ's words, spoken by a man who stands in the person of Christ.
In Luke 10:16, Christ tells his priests that "He who hears you, hears me, and he who rejects you rejects me." The words "This is my body" does not come from the priest who stands in front of us. We are not called to eat the flesh of Father fill-in-the-blank and drink his blood. Instead, the priest acts as another Christ - in persona Christi.
The Catechism of the Catholic Church explains this belief as such: It is the same priest, Christ Jesus, whose sacred person, his minister truly represents. Now the minister, by reason of the sacerdotal consecration, which he has received, is truly made like to the high priests, and possess the authority to act in the power and place of the person of Christ Himself."
It is not simply a rote rehearsal of words to make sure that we get everything "just right" and preserve the perfect tradition the way Christ would have liked it if he were still here. Rather, HE is still here, in the very real way through His physical presence on the altar.
It is also not a simple show, costumes included, of bravado and strict and regulated art. The priest does not 'dress up' as Christ and carry on actions as to imitate him. Rather, he puts on Christ Himself. Rather, even the vestments of the priests symbolize this participation in the person hood of Christ.
Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI said, "The fact that we are standing at the altar clad in liturgical vestments must make it clearly visible to those present that we are there "in the person of an Other". Just as in the course of time priestly vestments developed, they are a profound symbolic expression of what the priesthood means...the essence of the priestly ministry, interpreting the liturgical vestments themselves..."
And then we lay people get to participate in that same sacrifice of Calvary on the altar and receive the body and blood of Christ, crucified and risen, into our bodies through the hands of the priest.
How beautiful! To be given the actual body of Christ through the hands of His priest, who stands in as another Christ. Saint John Vianney, patron saints of priests, wrote, ""When you see the priest, think of our Lord Jesus Christ."
Saint John Chrysostom, a doctor of the Church, said in 391 AD, "Neither angel nor archangel is able to do anything in respect to what is given by God; rather Father and Son and Holy Spirit manage it all; but the priest lends his own tongue and presents his own hand."
There is great beauty in the priest acting in the person of Christ - and the beauty of interacting with the God of the Heavens and Creator of the Universe in such a physical way. And while priests are given the honor of such an intimate way do not forget the fact that we too are asked to share in Christ's life here on earth.
In Paul's letter to the Ephesians chapter five, he wrote, "Follow God's example, therefore, as dearly loved children. Walk in the way of love, just as Christ loved us and gave Himself up for us as a fragrant offering and sacrifice to God."
Act as Christ in your world. Not as an actor, whose life after he is done impressing people returns to it's state of normalcy or even discontented malice. Instead, let Christ invade your live and take over so that we can say like Paul in his letter to the Galatians , "I have been crucified with Christ and I no longer live, but Christ lives in me. The life I live in the body, I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me."


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Secretive with their mobile phone?
Receiving an unusual amount of text messages?
Getting home later from work or away on business more than usual?
Spending more time on the computer alone?
Going out with friends more often and coming home later?
Telling you that you must be paranoid?


text:
The Powerful Lesson Elder Oaks Learned When Priesthood Blessings Didn't Heal His Father
byElder Dallin H. Oaks, excerpted from "Life's Lessons Learned" | Nov. 10, 2017
The year 1940 might have been a banner year for our family. The health and financial hardships that followed my father's 1930 graduation from medical school in Philadelphia were past. The family was happily located in Twin Falls, Idaho, where my father's medical practice (eye, ear, nose, and throat) was thriving and where he served on the high council of the Twin Falls Stake. In January 1938, he and my mother had returned from his four months of valuable postdoctoral training in ophthalmology in Vienna, Austria, and Cairo, Egypt. After years of sacrifice since their marriage in 1929, my mother could at last contemplate a life of security as the wife of a prosperous physician. In January 1940, son Merrill would be four, and in March, daughter Evelyn would be one. In August 1940, I, their eldest, would be baptized following my eighth birthday.
The anticipated happiness of 1940 was not to be. In the fall of 1939, my father was diagnosed with tuberculosis and hospitalized at a TB sanatorium in Denver, Colorado. Many of today's medications had not yet been developed, and even though he received optimal care for that day, his doctors could not stop the progress of the disease. He died there on June 10, 1940, leaving my mother struggling with a question that has troubled many faithful Latter-day Saints. During the six months of his hospitalization, my father had received many priesthood blessings containing promises of recovery. When he died, she and others struggled to reconcile his death with their faith and the numerous priesthood-declared promises of healing. Ultimately, we all learned from this experience.
Reading the letters my mother wrote during my father's last illness has reminded me of her struggles. In the first month of my father's hospitalization, she wrote him from Twin Falls, Idaho: "You shall be healed if your faith is great enough! . . . Recovery is according to our faith. . . . The blessing is ours for the faith and asking."
A week later she wrote: "If our faith is great enough there is no blessing God can withhold from us."1
Again and again, prominent priesthood leaders, including the president of the Western States Mission in Denver and a visiting member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, went to my father's bedside and gave priesthood blessings that contained promises of healing. Each of these leaders rebuked the disease and commanded that my father be made whole. The blessings pronounced by others did the same. Two years earlier, as my parents were leaving for my father's additional medical studies in Europe, they sought a blessing from a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. He told them that the time would come when my father "would heal thousands." That promise had also sustained my parents during my father's illness and then added to my mother's dismay upon his death.
Finally, 10 days before my father died, the doctors advised my mother, then in Denver, that they had done everything they could and that the disease would soon take her husband's life. Numb with shock, she nevertheless wrote their bishop in Twin Falls, Idaho, that "a very great peace" had come to her and that "I am also ready to say 'thy will be done.'" Her acceptance and her healing had begun, but her questions remained.
The answer was given at my father's funeral by President J. W. Richins of the Twin Falls Stake, on whose high council my father had served. This inspired leader declared:
"All was done medically and in faith . . . and in prayer that could be done for him. . . . No doubt the most earnest and sincere prayer that was ever offered was the one offered while the Master was in the Garden of Gethsemane and prayed most earnestly to His Father. 'May this cup pass by me' . . . but it closed with these remarks, 'not my will, but thine, be done.' So it was with the Savior Himself. His prayer was not answered because it was not the will of the Lord, and so our prayers have not been answered as we have asked . . . for [Lloyd's] recovery, but we have always said 'thy will be done.'"2
Gradually this great principle settled upon my mother's soul, healing the wounds she had felt from unfulfilled faith and promises.
Years later, in two talks given at general conference, I summarized the lessons I had learned from this experience.
In the first, I said: "Faith, no matter how strong it is, cannot produce a result contrary to the will of him whose power it is. The exercise of faith in the Lord Jesus Christ is always subject to the order of heaven, to the goodness and will and wisdom and timing of the Lord."3
In the second, I said: "Even the servants of the Lord, exercising His divine power in a circumstance where there is sufficient faith to be healed, cannot give a priesthood blessing that will cause a person to be healed if that healing is not the will of the Lord."4
Neither faith nor priesthood power can invoke a blessing that is contrary to the will of the Lord.
Lead image from lds.org
1. These letters are copied from Evelyn Oaks Moody, "The Wonder and the Anguish," chapter 9 in Lloyd E. Oaks, MD, edited by Amy Oaks Long (privately published, 2008), 220.
2. Ibid., 233.
3. "Faith in the Lord Jesus Christ," Ensign, May 1994, 100.
4. "Healing the Sick," Ensign, May 2010, 50.
"I have learned things that have shaped my life and teachings, including some things of the heart not previously shared," writes Elder Dallin H. Oaks in the introduction to this unique book. "This is an autobiography of learning and application rather than a compendium of doctrine."
Masterfully blending personal experiences with the doctrines of the gospel, Elder Oaks invites us to join him on a journey through some of the turning points in his life and the lessons he has learned through a lifetime of devotion to the Savior.
The short but potent chapters offer perceptive observations into such diverse topics as the purpose of adversity, the importance of respecting those with whom we disagree personally or politically, the merits and limitations of law, the blessings of tithing, the seeming conflict between science and religion, the Lord's use of imperfect people to further His work, and the power of the Atonement to recover those who have fallen behind.
Elder Oaks also relates the very personal lessons he learned from the death of his wife, June, and from his subsequent marriage to Kristen McMain.
Woven throughout the book is Elder Oak's powerful testimony of the Savior and His mission. Life's Lessons Learned is a rare glimpse into the experiences of the heart that have shaped the life of an Apostle of God.
Makes You Think Priesthood Blessing Healing God's Will Dallin H. OaksPriesthood Blessing,Healing,God's Will,Dallin H. Oaks,Makes You Think
Comments and feedback can be sent to feedback@ldsliving.com
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Russell M. Nelson, excerpted from "Teachings of Russell M. Nelson"
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Jessica Grimaud
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


SSO Easy provides your company with secure access to National Benefit Services, while enabling authentication via ColdFusion, or via countless other login sources, while leveraging SAML 2.0. Employees can access National Benefit Services with just one click following their initial login to ColdFusion, or any other authentication source. Administrators can control and easily manage who has access to National Benefit Services. SSO Easy's National Benefit Services Single Sign-On (SSO) solution with the desired authentication integration, while leveraging SAML 2.0, is easy-to-use and fast to deploy, with free setup and support.
Users log in once, allowing them to launch National Benefit Services and numerous other web apps with a single click of a link. Single sign-on helps employees save time, prevents lost or forgotten passwords, and reduces the risk of password phishing for your organization.
Our goal is to take care of plan advisors, sponsors and participants with understanding and interest. We have support staff dedicated specifically to advisors and referral partners to educate and service their daily compliance and plan requirements needs. We also offer call center support, as well as an internal Customer Care program focused on continually increasing our ability to serve.


text:
Frank Myler RIP
The Heritage Trust and the whole of the Rugby League fraternity will be sad to learn of the death of the Widnes and Great Britain legend, Frank Myler.
A World Cup winner with Great Britain in 1960, he remains the last person to captain the Lions to Ashes success over Australia back in 1970.
Truly one of the 'greats' of the game, Frank captained both Widnes and Great Britain and enjoyed a successful spell at St Helens and briefly with Rochdale Hornets. Originally a super quick stand off, he later became equally at home as a centre. He also coached at Rochdale as well as at Swinton and his home town of Widnes. However, for the fans of the Roughyeds it will be Frank's tenure at Watersheddings that will be best remembered.
He arrived at Oldham for the start of the 1981-82 season when Roughyeds were in the Second Division, having been relegated the previous season.
Promotion was secured and the club reached the semi-final of the John Player trophy, only losing out to the crack Hull F.C. outfit. In the following years the club went on to have its most successful spell since the heady days of the late 1950s. Frank was appointed coach for the 1984 tour to Australia and New Zealand and duly selected five Oldham players; Des Foy, Andy Goodway, Terry Flanagan, Mick Worrall and Ray Ashton, a record for the club.
The condolences of everyone at the Oldham Rugby League Heritage Trust go out to Frank's friends and family.
Geoff Sims RIP
New Exhibition at 'Gallery Oldham'
Tony Martin inducted into the Rugby League Roll Of Honour
First meeting for Oldham RL 'Partners Group'
Oldham Players Association Social Evening


text:
ABC7 salutes
From the streets to the stage: Formerly homeless veteran finds hope with USC Warrior Bards program
By George Pennacchio
Innovative USC program puts veterans on stage to share their stories
An innovative program at USC gives veterans the opportunity to heal through the arts.
Nicholas Cormier III is now thriving. As part of the USC Warrior Bards, he is part of a new community.
He had been an air-traffic controller in the Air Force.
Cormier knew he suffered from depression and anxiety, but he kept a lid on it. Until he no longer could.
Eventually, he lost his job and ended up on the streets of L.A., where he found another community.
"It was awakening for me to be sleeping on the street, sleeping on benches, figuring out what to do next," Cormier said. "And what I found was a community around me that was homeless, that was willing to teach me how to live this life on the streets."
But then he found USC Warrior Bards.
The group uses the idea of ancient Greek mythology but with original, new storytelling, all to process what it did then: that experience of war and coming home again.
Nathan Graeser is a Chaplain and social worker who is part of the USC Warrior Bards program.
"These plays are actually performed by veterans to veterans and were designed as tools. We are essentially using ancient tools to help people talk about their experiences in a way they hadn't thought about before," Graeser said.
"There's something wonderful about watching people re-birth out of uniform," Graeser explained.
Cormier says the program allowed him to put himself out there again.
He appears on stage--and he's written his own one-act play about a homeless vet on Skid Row.
He is also the director and star of a short film he calls "Smile."
"Performing has lifted my spirit," Cormier said. "The Warrior Bards program being on this campus at USC has lifted my spirits and it's inspired me to dream bigger dreams."
We say, bravo to that!
arts & entertainmentexposition parkveteransabc7 salutestheaterusc
Project presents diplomas to veterans and their families
American Military Museum in South El Monte helps preserve history
Pasadena students help donate Christmas trees to military families
Costa Mesa honors WWII veteran on 100th birthday


text:
La mancha ocular (o estigma) es un orgánulo fotorreceptor que se encuentra en las células flageladas (móviles) de algunas algas verdes y de otros organismos unicelulares fotosintéticos tales como los euglénidos. La mancha ocular permite a las células detectar la dirección e intensidad de la luz y responder dirigiéndose hacia ella (fototaxis) o alejándose ("fotoshock" o respuesta fotofóbica). Esto permite a la célula buscar la cantidad de luz óptima para la fotosíntesis. Las manchas oculares son los ojos más simples y más comunes encontrados en la Naturaleza, pues se componen simplemente de proteínas fotorreceptoras y un sistema de transducción de señales que genera una respuesta fotovoltaica.

Estructura microscópica
Bajo el microscopio óptico, la mancha ocular aparece como una mancha oscura, a menudo rojiza, como un estigma. El color se debe a las cromoproteínas que contiene, tales como chlamiopsina, volvoxopsina u otros fotopigmentos.

Euglena contiene un cuerpo paraflagelar que conecta la mancha ocular con el flagelo. Al microscopio electrónico, la mancha ocular aparece como una estructura lamelar altamente ordenada, formada por barras membranosas de disposición helicoidal.

En Chlamydomonas, la mancha ocular forma parte del cloroplasto y toma la apariencia de un sandwich membranoso. Se compone de una membrana cloroplástica (membranas exterior, interior y tilacoide) y gránulos rellenos de carotenoides rodeados por una membrana plasmática. Durante la división celular se desarma y se vuelve a ensamblar en las células hijas en una posición asimétrica en relación con el citoesqueleto.

Proteínas de la mancha ocular
Las proteínas predominantes en la mancha ocular son las proteínas fotorreceptoras que detectan luz. Los fotorreceptores encontrados en los organismos unicelulares caen en dos grupos principales: flavoproteínas y retinilidenes (rodopsinas). La flavoproteínas se caracterizan por contener moléculas flavinas como cromóforos, mientras que las proteínas retinilidenes contienen retinaldéhido. Las proteínas fotorreceptoras en Euglena son probablemente flavoproteínas. En contraposición, en Chlamydomonas son rodoposinas de tipo archaeano.

Además de las proteínas fotorreceptoras, la mancha ocular contiene un gran número de proteínas estructurales, metabólicas y de señalización. La mancha ocular proteómica de las células de Chlamydomonas se compone de alrededor de 200 proteínas diferentes.

Fotorrecepción y transducción de la señal
El fotorreceptor de Euglena se ha identificado como adenilato ciclasa activado por luz azul. La excitación de esta proteína receptora conduce a la formación de adenosín monofosfato cíclico (cAMP) como un mensajero secundario. La transducción de la señal química desencadena finalmente cambios en los patrones de movimiento de los flagelos, y por tanto en el movimiento de la célula.

Las rodopsinas de tipo archaeano de Chlamydomonas contienen un cromatóforo todo-trans retinilidene que experimenta fotoisomerización a un 13-cis isómero. Ello activa un canal fotorreceptor, produciendo un cambio en el potencial de membrana y en la concentración celular de ion cálcio. La transducción de la señal fotoeléctrica finalmente desencadena cambios en el movimiento flagelar y por lo tanto en el movimiento celular.

Referencias

Pigmentos
Orgánulos celulares
Biología molecular
Microbiología

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Emulate Crash Recovery in Internet Explorer 8 Does anybody know if IE has an API for emulating the browser's automated crash recovery feature (ACR)?
I want to be able to manually save the browser session to file (ACR writes session data to compound file binary format) and restore that session using what was saved.

A: What information do you want to store?  If you want window size/position/tab states, including history for each tab, I don't know (though I can see reasons not to expose that, from a security/malware-protection point of view).
If you want to store page state locally, there are lots of different options - though the one you're probably most interested in is localStorage. (There's an equivalent, though more ceremonious, API for IE as well.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Die 18. Champions Trophy der Damen im Hockey hat vom 10. bis zum 18. Juli 2010 in Nottingham stattgefunden.

Teilnehmer

  (Olympiasieger 2008 und Weltmeister 2006)
  (Titelverteidiger)
  (Gastgeber)
  (Sieger der Champions Challenge 2009)
  (Zweiter Olympia 2008)
  (Vierter Olympia 2008)

Ergebnisse

Finalrunde

Weblinks
 Spielreporte, Auszeichnungen, Torschützenliste Archivlink von www.fihockey.org
 Champions Trophy 2010 bei tms.fih.ch

2010
Hockey 2010
Sportveranstaltung in Nottingham
Hockeywettbewerb in England


text:
There are schools offering nurse practitioner programs in Delaware!
You may want to consider online colleges as well!
Great programs and courses just at the click of your finger!
Click to browse online nurse practitioner programs >
Schools Offering Nurse Practitioning Programs in Delaware
Nurse Practitioner Programs in New Jersey
Nurse Practitioner Programs in Connecticut
Nurse Practitioner Programs in Virginia
Nurse Practitioner Programs in Pennsylvania
Nurse Practitioner Programs in Washington DC
Nurse Practitioner Programs in Maryland
See All Schools in Delaware
Schools in DE
Each year, approximately 0.6% of Delaware graduates receive degrees in nurse practitioning. Thus, Delaware's 3 nurse practitioner schools put out approximately 159 nurse practitioners each year.
Delaware State University, which is located in Dover, is the top-ranked school in Delaware that has a nurse practitioner program. It received a ranking of 50th in the country in 2010. In 2010, 3 students graduated from Delaware State University's nurse practitioner program. Tuition at Delaware State University was $6,731 per year.
The second-ranked school in Delaware that has a nurse practitioner program is Wesley College. Wesley College, which was ranked 54th in the country in 2010, is located in Dover. The tuition rate at Wesley College was $20,580 per year.
Wilmington University, which was ranked 54th nationwide in 2010, is the third-ranked school in Delaware that has a nurse practitioner program. It is located in New Castle. In 2010, Wilmington University graduated 156 students from its nurse practitioner programs. The tuition rate at Wilmington University was $9,290 per year.
If you are hoping to attend one of Delaware's nurse practitioner schools, you can expect to pay an average tuition of $12,200 per year, though tuition can range from $20,580 per year to $6,731 per year. The highest tuition rates in 2010 at Delaware nurse practitioner schools were charged at the following schools:
Wesley College - located in Dover, students are charged $20,580 per year
Wilmington University - located in New Castle, students are charged $9,290 per year
Delaware State University - located in Dover, students are charged $6,731 per year
The nurse practitioner schools that charged the lowest tuition rates in Delaware were:
Take a look at the graphs and charts below for additional Delaware statistics regarding a career in nurse practitioning and to compare salaries with a variety of related fields such as nurse anesthetist or MSN.
Here are the different levels of study available for you to explore.
Bachelor's Degree in Nurse Practitioning in Delaware
Master's Degree in Nurse Practitioning in Delaware
Want to study at your own time and pace?
Consider Online Schools as a great alternative flexible option to earn a degree!
View Online Schools
Featured Online Schools
Kaplan University
Curious what studying Nurse Practitioner gets you?
Check out the different options and how they're looking in Delaware
Employment Number
Avg Salary
Job Growth (past 5 yrs)
Got your degree? Time to find a job!
Below are nurse practitioner related jobs in Delaware


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Casa Marisombra: Fun amenities and just steps from the beach!
Casablanca: Spacious Beachfront House with Swimming Pool!
Casa Rio (House & Studio): Alongside the river, just a short walk to the beach!


An appointment for vaccines or physicals require particular information as well as a standard update of your medical records. You can print the forms before your appointment and fill them out if you would like. Or you can simply review the forms to be sure you have the necessary information in order to complete the forms at our office. We are happy to assist in completing the forms.


text:
Lo statalismo è la tendenza ad attribuire allo Stato un ruolo molto forte nelle varie attività del Paese, soprattutto nel controllo dell'economia nazionale e nel possesso delle aziende. Il termine è anche usato in senso critico e polemico nei confronti di un'invadenza eccessiva da parte dello Stato in tutti i settori. L'opposizione allo statalismo è genericamente chiamata anti-statalismo. Diversi totalitarismi, come quello dell'Italia fascista o della Germania nazista, sono stati spesso descritti come statalisti, così come le varie forme di stato sociale. Il processo nel dare nelle mani dello Stato un'impresa privata viene definito nazionalizzazione o statalizzazione mentre il procedimento opposto è la privatizzazione.

Storia
Tra i precursori filosofici dello statalismo vi sono Thomas Hobbes, Niccolò Machiavelli e Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Anche la concezione del positivismo di Auguste Comte, quella di Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel e di molti hegeliani è statalista. Karl Marx invece aborriva lo Stato, puntando alla sua abolizione. Tuttavia, la fase socialista precedente all'abolizione dello Stato, in cui quest'ultimo controlla l'economia, la dittatura del proletariato, è da molti stata interpretata come statalista.

In Italia

Nazionalizzazioni illuministiche
Una prima ondata di nazionalizzazioni avvenne con la nascita dello stato moderno accentrato nel "secolo dei lumi". Essa riguardò in particolare le poste che fino ad allora erano state date in appalto a privati nella maggioranza degli stati. La statalizzazione delle poste comportò che i mastri di posta e i postiglioni vestissero una divisa, mentre sulle stazioni di posta campeggiava lo stemma del sovrano.
Nel Regno di Sardegna la statalizzazione avvenne con l'editto di Vittorio Amedeo II del 1718 in base al quale le poste sabaude furono gestite direttamente dallo Stato con personale stipendiato. Il testo conteneva anche il primo tariffario dettagliato per le destinazioni postali nazionali ed estere.

Il governo austriaco decise l'incameramento delle Poste del Ducato di Milano, previo indennizzo (detto "redenzione") alla famiglia Serra, che ne aveva l'appalto, per 320.000 fiorini.

Nel 1747 anche le poste interne della Repubblica di Venezia furono nazionalizzate.

Nel 1786 per ordine di Ferdinando III, il servizio postale del Regno di Sicilia fu avocato dallo stato con il nome di Poste di Sicilia ed affidato all'Ispettore Generale delle Poste in Sicilia. In tale occasione furono anche introdotti i timbri postali con l'indicazione del luogo e data di spedizione.

Nazionalizzazioni giolittiane
Nell'Italia unita la prima nazionalizzazione avvenne nel 1905: si trattava della statalizzazione delle ferrovie italiane. In quell'anno infatti scadevano le convenzioni per l'esercizio delle ferrovie in favore della Società Italiana per le Strade Ferrate Meridionali (Rete Adriatica), della Società per le Strade Ferrate del Mediterraneo (Rete Mediterranea) e della Società per le strade ferrate della Sicilia (Rete Sicula).  Benché la loro attività si svolgesse in condizioni economicamente vantaggiose, le concessionarie trascuravano la manutenzione e la innovazione, ed inoltre sfruttavano il personale. Pertanto il primo ministro Giovanni Giolitti ritenne opportuna la statizzazione. Il Regio decreto n.259 del 15 giugno 1905  istituiva l'"Amministrazione autonoma delle Ferrovie dello Stato" allo scopo di affidarle la gestione della rete fino ad allora gestita dalle precedenti compagnie.
Il riscatto delle reti delle predette società avvenne il 1º luglio del 1905, con l'entrata in vigore della legge 137 del 22 aprile 1905 sul riordino delle ferrovie detta anche "legge Fortis" dal nome del presidente del consiglio subentrato. Lo Stato assunse quindi la gestione diretta di  km di linee (di cui  già di sua proprietà), denominandola rete delle "Ferrovie dello Stato". L'anno dopo, con la confluenza della rete SFM rimasta, l'estensione della Rete di Stato raggiunse i  km, di cui  a doppio binario. La struttura dell'amministrazione ferroviaria statale venne definita nel luglio del 1907 per mezzo di apposita legge per l'esercizio da parte dello Stato delle ferrovie non concesse all'industria privata. Rimasero tuttavia numerose compagnie private che esercitavano linee minori.

Nel 1907 vennero a scadere anche le concessioni telefoniche. Anche in questo caso le infrastrutture erano obsolete e le imprese non erano interessate a investire in quanto alla scadenza delle concessioni le reti sarebbero state incamerate dallo stato senza indennizzo. Inoltre, nel 1903 vi era stato uno scandalo dovuto ai conflitti d'interessi che riguardavano i concessionari telefonici, con la nomina di una apposita commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta. In particolare fu oggetto di critiche la Società generale dei Telefoni che dovette cedere la propria rete alla Banca Commerciale Italiana. Vennero perciò nazionalizzate le reti delle due maggiori concessionarie, la Società generale italiana dei telefoni e applicazioni elettriche di Roma, legata alla americana Bell., e la Società Telefonica Alta Italia di Milano, emanazione della Siemens, che furono gestite dal Ministero delle poste e dei telegrafi. Rimanevano tuttavia sessantaquattro piccole concessionarie locali.

L'ultima delle nazionalizzazioni giolittiane fu quella delle assicurazioni sulla vita.
La legge 305 del 4 aprile 1912, emanata dal quarto governo Giolitti, ordinò la nazionalizzazione delle assicurazioni sulla vita, al fine di finanziare la Cassa per la vecchiaia e invalidità dei lavoratori senza incidere sulle casse dello stato.
Conseguentemente, nello stesso anno, fu istituito l'INA (Istituto Nazionale delle Assicurazioni), ente pubblico specializzato nel monopolio italiano delle assicurazioni sulla vita, con un decreto del ministro Francesco Saverio Nitti.
Il decreto legge 29 aprile 1923 reintrodusse la concorrenza per le assicurazioni sulla vita, ma insieme impose il sistema delle "cessioni legali", per il quale le compagnie private dovevano riassicurare, almeno parzialmente, il loro portafoglio vita presso l'INA.

Nazionalizzazioni fasciste
Negli anni Trenta in seguito alla grande depressione è avvenuto il salvataggio di molte industrie e banche in crisi. Lo Stato, attraverso lo strumento dell'Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale, ha portato tali imprese sotto il suo controllo.
L'Iri nacque come ente temporaneo con lo scopo prettamente di salvataggio delle banche e delle aziende a loro connesse. Il nuovo ente era formato da una "Sezione finanziamenti" e una "Sezione smobilizzi".
Il nuovo istituto assorbì innanzitutto l'Istituto di Liquidazioni, che deteneva i pacchetti di controllo dell'Ansaldo e del Banco di Roma.
Poi nel 1934 l'IRI stipulò con le tre maggiori banche italiane, Banca Commerciale Italiana, Credito Italiano e Banco di Roma, tre distinte convenzioni con cui gli istituti di credito cedevano all'IRI le proprie partecipazioni industriali e i crediti verso le imprese, in cambio di liquidità, necessaria a proseguire l'attività bancaria. Conseguentemente furono trasferite all'IRI, e poi messe in liquidazione, la Sfi, la Società Elettrofinanziaria e la Sofindit.
La Società Finanziaria Italiana (Sfi) raccoglieva le partecipazioni in società industriali del Credito, mentre le partecipazioni immobiliari e le partecipazioni in aziende di pubblica utilità erano state trasferite alla Società Elettrofinanziaria. Queste due società detenevano anche le quote di controllo dello stesso Credito Italiano.
La Società Finanziaria Industriale Italiana (Sofindit) era stata costituita per custodire le partecipazioni azionarie della Comit nelle industrie, mentre le azioni della Comit erano state conferite ad un'altra società, creata apposta, la Comofin, a sua volta controllata dalla Sofindit. In questo modo lo stato si trovò a gestire banche, industrie, compagnie di navigazione, elettriche e telefoniche.

La gestione di queste imprese pubbliche, tuttavia, ha seguito spesso parametri di convenienza politica e clientelismo elettorale anziché di efficienza manageriale, che erano invece i criteri auspicati da Alberto Beneduce, artefice della creazione dell'IRI e suo primo presidente.

Nazionalizzazioni durante il miracolo economico
Nel 1955 erano nuovamente scadute le concessioni telefoniche. Delle cinque concessionarie tre, la STIPEL (Piemonte e Lombardia), la TELVE (Tre Venezie) e la TIMO (Emilia, Marche, Umbria ed Abruzzo) erano controllate dalla STET che apparteneva all'IRI. La TE.TI. (Liguria, Toscana, Lazio e Sardegna) era invece controllata dalla Centrale, la finanziaria delle famiglie Orlando e Pirelli. La SET (Italia Meridionale), infine, era legata al gruppo svedese Ericsson. In virtù della buona gestione delle compagnie telefoniche controllate dalla STET, il presidente di questa, Guglielmo Reiss Romoli ottenne che anche le altre due concessionarie entrassero a far parte del gruppo statale. Perciò il decreto ministeriale 11 dicembre 1957 impose che la TETI e la SET fossero cedute all'IRI. Nel 1958 le due concessionarie passarono alla STET. Nel 1962 fu deliberata la nazionalizzazione delle imprese elettriche e la SIP, come le altre compagnie, ricevette un sostanzioso indennizzo. Così nel 1964 fu organizzata l'operazione di incorporazione nella nuova SIP - Società Italiana per l'Esercizio Telefonico delle cinque concessionarie, in modo che la nuova concessionaria unica potesse utilizzare i fondi dell'indennizzo per effettuare gli investimenti necessari alla modernizzazione della rete telefonica. La modernizzazione consisteva soprattutto nell'introduzione della teleselezione anche per i collegamenti interurbani, processo che fu completato nel 1970.

Nel 1962 furono infine nazionalizzate le imprese elettriche.
Si trattava di un punto programmatico dell'alleanza politica di centro-sinistra: istituire un ente elettrico nazionale con l'obiettivo di fare dell'energia elettrica uno strumento di sviluppo del paese e di definire una politica nazionale dell'energia elettrica, anche sulla base delle esperienze di altri paesi quali Francia e Gran Bretagna.
Perciò il quarto governo Fanfani assunse l'impegno di proporre entro 3 mesi dalla fiducia un provvedimento di unificazione del sistema elettrico nazionale..
Il 27 novembre 1962 la Camera approvò la legge 6 dicembre 1962, n. 1643 (pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale il 12 dicembre 1962) sulla nazionalizzazione del sistema elettrico e l'istituzione dell'Enel (Ente Nazionale per l'Energia Elettrica), cui venivano demandate "tutte le attività di produzione, importazione ed esportazione, trasporto, trasformazione, distribuzione e vendita dell'energia elettrica da qualsiasi fonte prodotta".
In base a ciò l'ENEL acquisì tutte le attività delle aziende operanti nella produzione, trasformazione, trasmissione e distribuzione di energia elettrica, a partire dai maggiori produttori, come la "SIP" - Società Idroelettrica Piemonte, l'"Edison", la "SADE", la SELT-Valdarno, la SRE, la SME.
In definitiva, l'ENEL si trovò ad assorbire le attività di quasi mille aziende elettriche.
Venivano esclusi dal provvedimento solo gli autoproduttori e le aziende municipalizzate, o le piccole aziende che non producevano più di 10 milioni di chilowattora per anno.
A compensazione delle acquisizioni, furono definite le modalità di valutazione del valore delle aziende e venne istituito un indennizzo da corrispondere in 10 anni ai creditori al tasso di interesse del 5,5%.

Molte aziende pubbliche sono state poi privatizzate a partire dagli anni 1990.

Descrizione

Concetto
Di solito la statalizzazione avviene attraverso l'intervento statale per aiutare aziende private in crisi, destinate altrimenti a un brusco ridimensionamento o al fallimento. Altre volte lo Stato interviene regolamentando l'economia, che spesso non può essere affidata alle sole leggi di mercato.

Si distingue quindi da: uno statalismo assoluto, uno statalismo parziale in cui vi sono degli spazi di libertà per gli individui - anche se lo Stato controlla molti rami della società in quanto considerato espressione di un patto sociale e conserva il monopolio della forza - e da una statolatria sconfinante sia nell'autoritarismo che nel totalitarismo.

Pianificazione economica

Il potere dello Stato sull'economia ha raggiunto i suoi massimi nella Guerra fredda nei Paesi dell'est europeo con un'economia pianificata.

Critiche

Mentre la teoria politica ha da tempo messo in discussione la natura e i diritti dello stato, lo scetticismo verso lo statalismo nelle culture occidentali è ampiamente radicato nella filosofia dell'Illuminismo. John Locke influenzò in particolare il pensiero moderno nei suoi scritti pubblicati prima e dopo la Rivoluzione inglese del 1688, in particolare nella Lettera sulla tolleranza (1667), in Due trattati sul governo (1689) e nel Saggio sull'intelletto umano (1690). Nel testo del 1689, stabilì le basi della teoria politica liberale, cioè che i diritti delle persone esistano prima del governo; che lo scopo del governo sia proteggere i diritti personali e di proprietà; che le persone possano sciogliere i governi che non lo fanno; e che il governo rappresentativo sia la forma migliore per proteggere i diritti.

L'anarchismo, nelle sue diverse forme, è storicamente visto come una totale opposizione allo statalismo, lo statalismo è inoltre considerato in forte contrasto rispetto al liberalismo (sebbene nelle sue forme "di sinistra" e liberal venga a volte ritenuto tendente allo statalismo), al libero mercato, al libertarianismo ed alle tesi del monetarismo e della scuola austriaca.

Note

Bibliografia
 Massimo Pini, I giorni dell'IRI - Storie e misfatti da Beneduce a Prodi, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 2004.
 Mimmo Franzinelli, Marco Magnani. Beneduce: il finanziere di Mussolini, Milano, Mondadori, 2009. ISBN 9788804585930.
 Joseph Stiglitz, Il ruolo economico dello Stato, Il Mulino, Bologna, 1992.
 Sabino Cassese,  Il partito laburista e le nazionalizzazioni, in "Tempi moderni", 1958, n. 2, pp. 122–125 (siglato B.C.)

Voci correlate
 Capitalismo di Stato
 Espropriazione per pubblica utilità
 Impresa pubblica
 Interventismo (economia)
 Partecipazioni statali
 Privatizzazione
 Leviatano
 Proprietà pubblica

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Economia politica
Economia dell'Italia fascista
Stato
Tipi di economia


#GrammarSeries – More grammar myths you need to discard!
"I.e." and "e.g." mean the same thing. Wrong! "E.g." means "for example," and "i.e." means roughly "in other words." You use "e.g." to provide a list of incomplete examples, and you use "i.e." to provide a complete clarifying list or statement.
Wondering how to remember the difference between these two words? From now on, i.e., which starts with i, means "in other words," and e.g., which starts with e, means "for example." I = in other words. E= example.
You use "a" before words that start with consonants and "an" before words that start with vowels. Wrong! You use "a" before words that start with consonant sounds and "an" before words that start with vowel sounds. So, you'd write that someone has "an MBA" instead of "a MBA," because even though "MBA" starts with M, which is a consonant, it starts with the sound of the vowel E.
You shouldn't end a sentence with a preposition. Wrong! You shouldn't end a sentence with a preposition when the sentence would mean the same thing if you left off the preposition. That means "Where are you at?" is wrong (or at least annoying) because "Where are you?" means the same thing. But there are many sentences where the final preposition is part of a phrasal verb or is necessary to keep from making stuffy, stilted sentences: "I'm going to throw up," "What are you waiting for" are just a few examples.
Time to up your grammar game Sparkle Writers! Today we are learning the difference between compliment and complement because there is a difference!
Funny enough, these almost similar words get some writers confused when they write too. Fortunately, we are here to help you the best way we can.
What exactly is the difference between 'compliment' and 'complement'? It is simple.
Apart from the obvious 'i' and 'e' difference between both words, 'compliment' means to express praise or admiration for someone or an expression of praise while 'complement' means to enhance or complete something else. Pretty easy! Let's see some examples.
Black complements white in this painting.
It is often said that the woman complements the man in most marriages.
She falls in love with every guy that compliments her beauty.
Most women do not know how to compliment their husband's strengths.
Now you know the difference. See you next time for another exciting grammar experience.


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What To Do If You Get an Unsatisfactory Rating
September 25, 2000 • by Staff
Starting Nov. 20, an unsatisfactory safety rating — for any carrier — can automatically put that carrier out of business. This is a significant change that makes it more important than ever for fleet managers to understand the ratings system and the appeals process.
Under the old rules, an unsatisfactory rating could only put hazardous materials haulers and bus companies out of business -- at least technically speaking.
Once notified of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's intent to assign the rating, carriers had 45 days to appeal and/or correct deficiencies. After 45 days the rating became final and the carrier was prohibited from hauling hazmat, more than 15 passengers, or government freight. Nothing in the rules said an "unsatisfactory" carrier couldn't haul other types of freight, as long as it could find insurance companies and customers willing to take the risk.
The new rules, mandated by Congress, retain the 45 day deadline and prohibitions for bus companies and hazmat carriers. They also add new prohibitions for other carriers, giving them 60 days to appeal a proposed unsatisfactory rating before being ordered out of service.
Safety ratings are issued after a compliance review (CR). In most cases the investigator conducting the audit will informally advise the carrier of the proposed rating at the conclusion of the review. If the CR is a follow-up, the investigator will extend this courtesy only if the rating is something other than unsatisfactory. This informal advice should be relatively detailed, thus permitting the company to immediately take corrective actions.
Official notification of the proposed rating will come by letter from FMCSA headquarters.
The 45- or 60-day period begins on the date the official notice is issued.
It's important to remember that the letter from FMCSA is only a notice of proposed rating. A final rating isn't assigned, or made public, until the statutory deadline has run out. If necessary corrections aren't made within the 45- or 60-day deadline, the carrier will receive a formal order to cease and desist.
The new regulations provide two possible responses to a proposed unsatisfactory rating. The first is to request an administrative review based upon a challenge to the investigator's preliminary findings of fact.
As a practical matter, this approach is not likely to resolve the situation within the allowable time frame. The FMCSA administrator is likely to uphold the findings made by the investigator, which means the matter must then go before an administrative law judge. There is no chance that a hearing can be held and an ALJ decision rendered within the 60-day time frame. This does not mean that a carrier shouldn't challenge an investigator's findings. It simply means that you shouldn't count on this approach to avoid a shutdown of operations.
The second response to a proposed unsatisfactory rating is to request a follow-up CR based on corrective actions taken. This is probably the best way to avoid or delay the final assignment of an unsatisfactory rating. FMCSA has said it is willing to work with carriers in avoiding that prospect. In fact, the regulations give the agency authority to extend a final decision for another 60 days if it determines that a motor carrier is making a good-faith effort to improve its safety fitness.
You might even be able to exercise both response options. FMCSA's discussion of the new rules indicates that a carrier may pursue a request for administrative review and a request for a follow-up compliance review at the same time.
Requests for administrative review must be submitted within 15 days from the date of the written notice. The request must be addressed to the Chief Safety Officer at FMCSA and must include a list of all factual and procedural issues in dispute plus any information or documents that support the carrier's argument.
A request for a follow-up review must also be submitted within 15 days.
Under the regulations, FMCSA promises to perform these requested follow-up reviews within 30 days for hazmat haulers and within 45 days for all other carriers. This time frame requires the agency to complete its action upon the follow up review within the statutory time limits before the unsatisfactory rating becomes final.
The new rules appeared August 22, 2000, in the Federal Register, which can be accessed on the Internet at www.nara.gov/fedreg. Regulations covering safety fitness procedures and ratings are found in Part 385 of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, available at the FMCSA web site, www.mcs.dot.gov.


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Principal Michelle Kefford makes Top 4 Principals To Watch In 2021
After stepping into the position in tough times, principal Michelle Kefford has done a terrific job over the past three years. Photo by Rayne Welser
Ryan Shimony and Deborah Humphreys
At Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, Principal Michelle Kefford has accomplished many things during her short time at the school. Recently, Kefford made the Four Principals to Watch List, published by K-12 Dive on Jan. 13.
"I was not aware that this list or story existed until a colleague sent me a copy of it," Kefford said. "I was surprised, but honored to be listed."
The top four principals to watch list consists of the principals who help create the most productive learning. When students are learning, test scores increase.
Although Kefford has only been the acting principal of MSD for two years following the Feb. 14, 2018 shooting, this is not her first time working at the school. Prior to being principal, she worked as a biology teacher on campus.
Throughout her duration as principal, Kefford has also managed the school's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, was named Florida's principal of the year in 2019 and even introduced two programs where she can personally address the concerns of students and teachers alike over a meal.
"In my short time at Douglas, I have quickly come to realize that Ms. Kefford isn't like most principals, so I was not at all surprised that she has received this recognition," English teacher Paula Hicks said. "She is able to balance the rigorous expectations of being a principal during a pandemic with the ability to show consideration and compassion for her staff."
Every morning Kefford stands in front of the school's red gates where she greets students as they walk into the building.
"I greet the students every day in front of the school because I want them to know how happy I am that they are here and they brighten my day. There is no better way to start my day than to see our kids!" Kefford said.
"Connection to the students is a critical component to the social/emotional component of the learning process," says principal Kefford. "Understanding students' interests, thoughts, and concerns is paramount to ensuring that we are able to meet their needs."
Through actions such as this, she has connected and formed friendships with many students. "As soon as I walk out the car, I see principal Kefford greeting everyone as they walk in," freshman Rebecca Stember said. Everyone being happy can prevent disasters.
"Core to Kefford's leadership strategy is a commitment to building positive relationships with students."Roger Riddell and Nazz Modan, authors of " Four Principals To Watch 2021," said.
Before this outstanding honor, Kefford has received numerous other awards.
"I won Principal of the Year for Broward County in 2018, Principal of the Year for the state of Florida in 2019 and then was a finalist for National Principal of the Year for 2021," Kefford said.
The Four Principles To Watch is a list of principals that have made exemplary progression as a principal. These principals have made large steps in changing the school systems for the better. These principals include Wanda Tharpe Dacusville middle school in South Carolina, Quentin Lee Childersburg High School in Childersburg Alabama, and Whitney Weathers Manual High School in Denver Colorado. Throughout all of the events from this year these principals have made it possible to convey a well-structured school system, they took the circumstances that were thrown at them and made them positive situations. That is how they made the top four and that's how they are going to lead us in better.
Childersburg High School
Deborah Humphries
Paula Hicks
Principal Michelle Kefford
Quentin Lee
Ryan Shimony
Wanda Tharpe Dacusville middle school
Whitney Weathers
Ryan Shimony, Assistant managing editor
Ryan Shimony is a writer and assistant managing editor for the Eagle Eye. Outside of writing, he enjoys to play golf and watch sports.


Speed Book Dating – Book Week Fun!
There's nothing better than sharing a love of reading and when that sharing happens right in the middle of our senior school library, excitement and passion tends to get a bit contagious!
Ten teachers battled it out during our 2014 Book Week Celebrations in our first ever Speed Book Dating event. Teachers had to convince – in just one minute – why other teachers should borrow their book. Once the teachers discovered how short a minute really is, it was awesome to witness the passionate presentation of some very convincing reasons!!
Congratulations to Mr Stockdale for his win in convincing a majority of competitors that they must read his chosen book: Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom. Thanks to all teachers who participated in this lunchtime event.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, August 13th, 2014 at 12:46 pm	and tagged with Speed Book Dating and posted in Book Week, Events.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
« Trivia Competition – Book Week Fun!


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Simon Bookish : Everything/Everything
by Jeff Terich
The first thing worth noting about Simon Bookish is his name—it's not just a name, the man is highbrow to the point of nearly caricature. He's practically a New Yorker comic strip. The next thing worth noting is that his new album, Everything/Everything, is dubbed as a "big band song cycle about science and information," which most assuredly reinforces my first point. And lastly, on the cover of Everything/Everything, Bookish has an almost Matthew Lesko-like appearance, dressed in a graphic blazer and thick glasses, while arranging the table of the elements on the desk before him.
Given these nuggets of information, Bookish (née Leo Chadburn) might seem painfully nerdy, yet the London-based songwriter and composer is blessed with a commanding and cool voice like that of Scott Walker or Jarvis Cocker, and a breathtaking knack for chaotically powerful songcraft that's at once dignified and dramatic. A majestic onslaught of fanfare opens suspenseful leadoff track "The Flood," an electro-pop showtune celebrating the "myriad mythologies" and a "deluge of all known facts and figures." In its orchestral breakdowns and odd linear structure, "The Flood" shows off Chadburn's affinity for sweeping arrangements and unconventional approach, which most certainly sets it apart from just about anything else released in 2008.
"Dumb Terminal" operates in a much more subdued fashion than "The Flood," yet erupts halfway into a chaotic breakdown, beginning with a mischievous spatter of clarinet. Yet "Portrait of the Artist as a Fountain" drones, Stereolab-style, with horns bubbling up like carbon dioxide through beakers, and ultimately becomes a stunning Reich-ian dance jam that's both bizarre and musically stunning. "Carbon" name drops Buckminster Fuller in one of the album's most upbeat and adrenaline-pumping anthems throughout its 41-minute duration. More complex rhythms abound on "Victorinox," while the RenFaire ethereality of "Il Trionfo del Tempo" has a bit of "Stonehenge" in its harp-plucking schlock. Simon Bookish makes up for this descent into over-nerdiness with "Synchrotron," as stellar a pop song as one will find on a song cycle about science (though Chadburn is quick to croon "this is not astrology"). And just when the song seems as cool as it gets initially, it bursts into a mesmerizing choreography of horns during the chorus, setting a new melodic peak.
Simon Bookish is as much a character as he is a musical persona, but whatever amount of schtick he may wield, it's not enough to get in the way of a great album. Everything/Everything is one of 2008's most pleasant surprises. It's witty, it's catchy, and it's one of the most musically innovative collections to emerge in the often-conservative indie rock realm. Of course, whether you really want to call this `rock' is another matter, entirely.
Momus – Ping Pong
The Divine Comedy – Victory for the Comic Muse
Patrick Wolf – Lycanthropy
Simon Bookish
Jeff Terich
Jeff Terich is the founder and editor of Treble. He's been writing about music for 20 years and has been published at American Songwriter, Bandcamp Daily, Reverb, Spin, Stereogum, uDiscoverMusic, VinylMePlease and some others that he's forgetting right now. He's still not tired of it.
Jeff Terich November 11, 2008


During the recent government shutdown, a lot of federal employees in area were sent home but that didn't mean they stopped working all together. A group from the local office of the Environmental Protection Agency volunteered their furloughed time to spruce up a local park. They pruned trees, put down mulch and picked up a bunch trash.
"I'd rather be able to go to work like everyone else. I'm just trying to take it one day at a time and be positive," said one of the furloughed employees, Alison Davis.
Would you like to get help with your bulk trash pickup? You might not be able to tap into some volunteers but you can always depend on Junk King Raleigh to get the job done. These are the professional junk haulers who have recently opened up a branch of this national franchise. Junk King is now operating in over 25 major cities across the country. Every day the Junk King crew fan out across Raleigh to help homeowners, apartment dwellers and businesses clear out the burdensome piles of trash that have gotten way out of control.
For businesses, this trash could be overflow bags of paper and refuse that can't be picked up by t their private contractors. Junk King steps in and picks up the slack. They also help companies get rid of oversize pieces of office equipment, storage files and furniture. There are many apartment managers who have Junk King on speed dial. Whenever a tenant moves out there is no telling what they might leave behind. One call to Junk King and all that left behind refuse can disappear.
As for homeowners, they call on Junk King to help them reclaim their homes from their own private "storage lockers." These would be the closets, basements, garages and spare rooms that have been overrun with all the family cast offs. It's where things like old chairs, sofas and tables go to live when they're not longer being used. It's where worn out holiday decorations are stored and all that exercise equipment that no longer works. Imagine how much space you can take back if you clear out your home storage locker. You could end up having enough room for a home office or arts and craft studio. First, you need to lose the junk and Junk King Raleigh can certainly help with that job. Call them today and watch how fast their two men working crew and huge truck will show up at your property. They'll fill up that truck and you can say good-bye to your junk!
This entry was posted in Junk King Raleigh, Raleigh Bulk Trash Pickup, Raleigh Concrete Disposal, Raleigh Junk Removal and tagged Raleigh Bulk Trash Pickup on October 31, 2013 by Britt Holcomb. Last updated August 1, 2017 .


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Blake Fielder-Civil >
Blake Fielder-civil Fun Facts, Quotes and Tweets
Follow Blake Fielder-Civ ...
Quote: "They're after everything. Money, fame - they're vampires." Amy Winehouse's dad MITCH likens her ex-husband Blake Fielder-Civil to a bloodsucking monster.
Fact: A wedding album containing pictures of Amy Winehouse's 207 nuptials with ex-husband Blake Fielder-Civil has been found in a north London skip, just days after the couple's divorce was finalised earlier this month (Jul09).
Fact: Amy Winehouse is the star of a new online computer game called ESCAPE FROM REHAB. Players follow the singer as she tries to get out of rehab to rescue her imprisoned husband Blake Fielder-Civil.
Fact: British soul singer Amy Winehouse left home on Thursday (08May08) night wearing a spotty head scarf with her jailed husband Blake Fielder-Civil's name emblazoned on it.
Fact: Amy Winehouse's jailed husband Blake Fielder-Civil has been voted the person least deserving of celebrity status by British men's magazine Arena. He came top of a poll of "anti-icons", being dubbed the "worst husband ever".
Fact: A painting of soul star Amy Winehouse kissing her husband Blake Fielder-Civil is being touted as a new icon of pop culture. Prints of artist Gerald Laing's The Kiss are being sold for $2,350 (GBP1,175).
Quote: "We are not going to end up like them (Sid Vicious and NANCY SPUNGEN). We're in love and have everything to live for." Troubled soul star Amy Winehouse is adamant she and husband Blake Fielder-Civil will not meet the same tragic end as the SEX PISTOL's frontman and his girlfriend, who were both heroin addicts. Vicious died aged 21 in 1979.
Blake Fielder-civil Quick Links News Pictures Film Quotes RSS
Blake Fielder-civil Quick Links
News Pictures Film Quotes RSS
Blake Fielder-Civil won't take 'any responsibility' for Amy Winehouse's death
Blake Fielder-Civil couldn't accept Amy Winehouse was dead
Blake Fielder-Civil: I regret letting Amy take heroin
Blake Fielder-civil Blames Fame For Addiction
Celebrities Index: 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


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ESL Writing
About Jolyon
IELTS Correction
Using Quotations in Academic Writing
Excellent Proofreading and Writing
An important part of academic writing is including the ideas of others into your own writing.
If the original author said something in a particularly striking way, or you believe that there's no better way of saying the same thing you can quote directly from the original.
A quote should be within quotation marks "like these". If it's small you can include it within the main body of your own text, but if it's a larger piece you could set it apart, in an indented paragraph, from your main text.
Whichever method you use you must give an in text citation and include the full reference in the reference section.
Examples of Quoting
I'll use the following paragraph from 'The Origin of Species' 6th Ed. by Charles Darwin as an original passage, from which I'll quote, paraphrase and summarize.
It is, no doubt, extremely difficult even to conjecture by what gradations many structures have been perfected, more especially among broken and failing groups of organic beings, which have suffered much extinction; but we see so many strange gradations in nature, that we ought to be extremely cautious in saying that any organ or instinct, or any whole structure, could not have arrived at its present state by many graduated steps. There are, it must be admitted, cases of special difficulty opposed to the theory of natural selection; and one of the most curious of these is the existence in the same community of two or three defined castes of workers or sterile female ants; but I have attempted to show how these difficulties can be mastered. Darwin, C (1872), On the Origin of Species, 6th Ed.
You could quote a small part of the text with an inline passage.
Understanding how the small changes lead to the evolution of species is difficult but we should be careful to claim that any structure "could not have arrived at its present state by many graduated steps" (Darwin, 1872).
You should note that the words in the quotation are exactly the same as in the original passage, it is within quotation marks and that the original source has been quoted within the sentence, that the quote is part of, the full stop comes after the citation.
If you needed to quote a larger part of the passage, it should be set apart from the main body of your own writing.
Evolution is based on many very small steps building to a larger change in a species:"It is, no doubt, extremely difficult even to conjecture by what gradations many structures have been perfected, more especially among broken and failing groups of organic beings, which have suffered much extinction; but we see so many strange gradations in nature, that we ought to be extremely cautious in saying that any organ or instinct, or any whole structure, could not have arrived at its present state by many graduated steps." (Darwin, 1872)These small steps are very difficult to observe so some people do not believe in the theory of evolution.
Here the whole passage is set apart from the main text, but it's still incorporated in a set of quotation marks and the citation is included at the end, after the full stop, as it is not part of the quotation.
They should be used very sparingly and the second type where a large block of text has been quoted should be used even less. It is much better to either paraphrase or summarize, so that the original has been rewritten in your own words and incorporated into your own writing.
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Q: How can I present a modal view on top of a tab bar controller? I made one button on the navigation bar. I made it to modal view. But the problem is I can't bring this modal view on the top of the tab bar. What should I do?
In addition, I have used storyboard's segue to present the modal view.
Enter to see storyboard image
Enter to see simulator image

A: It's hard to tell from the screenshots, but it seems like what you want is for the tab bar to become greyed out just like the background of the view inside the UITabBarController?
Where are you presenting the modal view from? If view controller A is inside your tab bar controller, then presenting the modal view from A will result in the tab bar not getting grayed out. If you present from the tab bar controller, it should do what you want.
In the presenting view controller's code, instead of
present(modalViewController, animated: true, completion: completion)

try using
tabBarController?.present(modalViewController, animated: true, completion: completion)

(Where modalViewController and completion are whatever you mean to use for these arguments, of course.)
If you are using a segue to present the modal controller, then the same concept applies. Move the segue to the tab bar controller and then perform it on the tab bar controller from the presenting view controller.
tabBarController?.performSegue(withIdentifier: "yourSegueIdentifier", sender: tabBarController)

A: You can simply use the modalPresentationStyle of your view controller and set it to fullScreen or overFullScreen and this will automatically hide the tab bar, whether the view controller is presented from the tab bar or not.
Swift 4 example:
presentedVC.modalPresentationStyle = .overFullScreen

You can check the documentation for more information: UIModalPresentationStyle


text:
Bosnien und Herzegowina nahm an den Olympischen Spielen 2016 in Rio de Janeiro teil. Es war die insgesamt siebte Teilnahme an den Olympischen Sommerspielen. Das Olimpijski Komitet Bosne i Hercegovine nominierte elf Athleten in fünf Sportarten.

Teilnehmer nach Sportarten

Judo

Leichtathletik
 Laufen und Gehen

 Springen und Werfen

Schießen

Schwimmen

Tennis

Weblinks

 Olympisches Komitee von Bosnien und Herzegowina (bosnisch)

Einzelnachweise

Bosnien und Herzegowina
Sommerspiele 2016


Highlight your unrelenting allegiance to the Philadelphia Eagles in a fresh and unique way with these bold Argyle crew socks from For Bare Feet!
For_Bare_Feet_Philadelphia_Eagles_Argyle_Crew_Socks http://images.fanatics.com/lf http://dmimages.ff.p10/chains/2400177.txt false We are unable to customize this item with the text you have entered. Please try a different entry again. Your current entry cannot be processed due to guidelines for past and present player names. Please create a new entry.


text:
Peter Joshua Sculthorpe (ur. 29 kwietnia 1929 w Launceston, zm. 8 sierpnia 2014 w Sydney) – australijski kompozytor.

Życiorys
Studiował grę na kontrabasie przy University of Melbourne (1947–1951). Po ukończeniu studiów wrócił na rodzinną Tasmanię i rozpoczął studia nad muzyką Aborygenów. Jako kompozytor zadebiutował na festiwalu Międzynarodowego Towarzystwa Muzyki Współczesnej w Baden-Baden w 1955 roku Sonatiną na fortepian. Otrzymawszy stypendium University of Melbourne uczył się w latach 1958–1960 w Wadham College w Oksfordzie u Edmunda Rubbry i Egona Wellesza. Od 1963 roku wykładał kompozycję i etnomuzykologię na University of Sydney. Wykładał gościnnie na Yale University (1966–1967) i University of Sussex (1972–1973). Laureat Alfred Hill Memorial Prize (1964), Encyclopaedia Britannica Award for the Arts (1969) i Sir Bernard Heinze Award (1994). Doktor honoris causa University of Tasmania (1969), University of Sussex (1989) i University of Melbourne (1989). W 1991 roku wybrany został na członka Australian Academy of the Humanities (1991).

Kawaler (1970) i oficer (1977) Orderu Imperium Brytyjskiego. Odznaczony Medalem Srebrnego Jubileuszu Królowej Elżbiety II (1977) i Orderem Australii (2001).

Twórczość
Po początkowych zainteresowaniach europejską awangardą muzyczną szybko zdystansował się od typowych dla muzyki współczesnej technik takich jak atonalność czy serializm. Posługiwał się uproszczonym językiem dźwiękowym, dając prymat melodii. Silny wpływ na twórczość Sculthorpe'a wywarły rdzenne tematy australijskie, kultura i sztuka Aborygenów, sięgał też po elementy muzyki balijskiej i japońskiej. W swojej muzyce operował powtórzeniami nieskomplikowanych akordów i statyczną, płaszczyznową harmonią. Często opracowywał nowe wersje wcześniejszych utworów lub czasem ich części, przeznaczając je na inny aparat wykonawczy.

Wybrane kompozycje
(na podstawie materiałów źródłowych)

Przypisy

Australijscy kompozytorzy
Urodzeni w 1929
Zmarli w 2014
Odznaczeni Orderem Imperium Brytyjskiego
Odznaczeni Medalem Srebrnego Jubileuszu Królowej Elżbiety II
Odznaczeni Orderem Australii
Ludzie urodzeni w Launceston (Australia)


Check out all the features. Printing capability and saving records disabled in trial version.
If you are updating from last year and want to keep custom plant records, save an export file first. New version will be available in your order confirmation.
Microsoft installer file (MSI) will place in your Documents folder and enable the Add/Remove program.
Zip file for PC, if MSI doesn't run on your machine.
$30.00 Purchase a registration number to unlock all the features in the trial program. Northern Hemisphere has January to December dates.
$30.00 Purchase a registration number to unlock all the features. Southern Hemisphere has July 1 to June 30 dates.
How do I update for the next year?
You need to purchase a new registration number each year. The updated version will come fully loaded with new moon data and planting dates.
If you have customized plants or data you want to save, make sure you export your data and remove the old version before installing the new release.
How do I export my records?
If you have customized plants or data you want to save, make sure you export your data before installing the new version. From Preferences page click Export. Save the MPM_export_(date).txt file outside of the program folder, such as to the desktop.
After installing and registering the new version, click Import on the Preferences page, and direct it to the exported file.
How do I register the software?
After trying the program, return here and purchase the registration key for $30. You will receive an e-mail with your user name (first and last) and valid registration number that matches this current one year version. (Please note this registration may take up to 24 hours). Copy this information exactly into the Registration fields from the Preferences page.
If you are updating from a previous version remember to Export your custom plant data and remove and replace the program.
Download the .MSI file. An installer program will open. Direct the file to be saved in the Documents folder. The folder must have read/write privileges. If you use the installer, the program will show up in the Add/Remove program list, and it will add the shortcut to your desktop. If you are updating from a previous version remember to export custom data, and remove and replace the old program.
1) Download the zip package from the website. you may get a message that the "publisher could not be verified". Our software has been certified virus-free and WILL NOT harm your computer.
2) Click on the Moon Planting Matrix Windows [version] .zip file to extract the file. A new window should open that contains the Moon Planting Matrix folder.
3) Open your Documents folder and select it as a destination to install the program (it must be in the Documents folder because the files need read & write privileges.) Copy the Moon Planting Matrix folder to your Documents folder.
4) If you are updating the software you should export data files and remove and replace the older version.
1) Download the program from the website. Click on the Moon Planting Matrix Mac [version] .zip file to begin installation. A new window should open that contains the Moon Planting Matrix folder and the Applications folder. If you are updating the software you should back up custom plant data and remove the older version first.
2) Copy the Moon Planting Matrix folder to your Applications folder.
3) Launch the program, click the CLICK HERE TO BEGIN button and then locate the app in the Applications folder.
What is the southern hemisphere version?
The moon data goes from July of one year to June the next year to cover that growing season. The time zone and units of measurement are set for Sydney, but can be changed. The new moons grow from the left, not the right.


text:
app.controller('Ctrl', function ($scope, $translate) {
        $scope.changeLanguage = function (key) {
          $translate.use(key);
          //$translate.use(*)
        };
      });

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Two weeks ago MongoDB, formerly known as 10gen, announced a massive $150M funding round said to be the largest in the history of databases lead by Fidelity, Altimeter, and Salesforce.com with participation from existing investors Intel, NEA, Red Hat, and Sequoia. This brings the total capital raised by MongoDB to $231M, making it the best-funded database / big data technology of all time.
The first reason I say this is because of the increasing returns (or, network effects) in platform markets. These effects are weak to non-existent in applications markets, but in core platform markets like databases, the rich invariably get richer. Why?
The more people that use a database, the easier it is to find people to staff teams so the more likely you are to use it.
The more people that build applications atop a database, the less perceived risk there is in building a new application atop it.
The more people that use a database, the more jobs there are around it, which attracts more people to learn how to use it.
The more people that use a database, the cooler it is seen to be which in turn attracts more people to want to learn it.
The more people that use a database, the more likely major universities are to teach how to use it in their computer science departments.
To see just how strong MongoDB has become in this regard, see here. My favorite analysis is the 451 Groups' LinkedIn NoSQL skills analysis, below.
This is why betting on horizontal underdogs in core platform markets is rarely a good idea. At some point, best technology or not, a strong leader becomes the universal safe choice. Consider 1990 to about 2005 where the relational model was the chosen technology and the market a comfortable oligopoly ruled by Oracle, IBM, and Microsoft.
Increasing amounts of data in unstructured data types which do not map well to the relational model.
A change in hardware topology to from fewer/bigger computers to vast numbers of smaller ones.
While all technologies die slowly, the best days of relational databases are now clearly behind them. Kids graduating college today see SQL the way I saw COBOL when I graduated from Berkeley in 1985. Yes, COBOL was everywhere. Yes, you could easily get a job programming it. But it was not cool in any way whatsoever and it certainly was not the future. It was more of a "trade school" language than interesting computer science.
The second reason I say this is because of my experience at Ingres, one of the original relational database providers which — despite growing from ~$30M to ~$250M during my tenure from 1985 to 1992 — never realized that it had lost the market and needed a plan B strategy. In Ingres's case (and with full 20/20 hindsight) there was a very viable plan B available: as the leader in query optimization, Ingres could have easily focused exclusively on data warehousing at its dawn and become the leader in that segment as opposed to a loser in the overall market. Yet, executives too often deny market reality, preferring to die in the name of "going big" as opposed to living (and prospering) in what could be seen as "going home." Runner-up vendors should think hard about the lessons of Ingres.
The last reason I say this is because of what I see as a change in venture capital. In the 1980s and 1990s VCs used to fund categories and cage-fights. A new category would be identified, 5-10 companies would get created around it, each might raise $20-$30M in venture capital and then there would be one heck of a cage-fight for market leadership.
Today that seems less true. VCs seem to prefer funding companies to categories. (Does anyone know what category Box is in? Does anyone care about any other vendor in it?) Today, it seems that VCs fund fewer players, create fewer cage-fights, and prefer to invest much more, much later in a company that appears to be a clear winner.
This, so-called "momentum investing" itself helps to anoint winners because if Box can raise $309M, then it doesn't really matter how smart the folks at WatchDox are or how clever their technology.
MongoDB is in this enviable position in the next-generation (open source) NoSQL database market. It has built a huge following, that huge following is attracting a huge-r (sorry) following. That cycle is attracting momentum investors who see MongoDB as the clear leader. Those investors give MongoDB $150M.
By my math, if entirely invested in sales , that money could fund hiring some 500 sales teams who could generate maybe $400M a year in incremental revenue. Which would in turn will attract more users. Which would make the community bigger. Which would de-risk using the system. Which would attract more users.
And, quoting Vonnegut, so it goes.
Disclaimer: I own shares in several of the companies mentioned herein as well as competitors who are not. See my FAQ for more.
 Because I try to avoid writing about MarkLogic, I should be clear that while one can (and I have) argued that MarkLogic is a NoSQL system, my thinking has evolved over time and I now put much more weight on the open-source test as described in the "perfect storm" paragraph above. Ergo, for the purposes of this post, I exclude MarkLogic entirely from the analysis because they are not in the open-source NoSQL market (despite the 451's including them in their skills index). Regarding MarkLogic, I have no public opinion and I do not view MongoDB's or Hadoop's success as definitively meaning either anything either good or bad for them.
This entry was posted in Big Data, Database, NoSQL, Open Source, Sequoia, Venture Capital. Bookmark the permalink.
Even though I am very excited for my friends and former colleagues at MongoDB, I think it is premature to declare 'game over' in a broad market sense. While there is greater market recognition (and acceptance) of new data management technologies from vendors outside of the oligarchy of Oracle, IBM, and Microsoft, I do not think this is a winner take all market. There are use cases where a JSON, document-oriented database is a better fit than an in-memory, SQL-oriented solution (and vice versa). The key is understanding (and articulating) the specific use cases where your solution excels (and focusing on where the largest market opportunities exist).
I do not believe MongoDB should try to solve a zero-sum problem (or if they are even trying to).
You could have easily said the same prudent thing about relational in 1985. It's only really good today at decision support queries on small volumes of data, particularly data that does not lend itself well to being mapped hierarchically. You should not use an RDBMS for transaction processing as hierarchical and network databases are already fantastic at doing that. You should not use them for central IT tasks in general which should be left to the mainframe. And hierarchical databases will be with us for the next 30 years!
All these statements would have been correct and prudent at the time. So while I don't disagree with you, Ken, the fun part is thinking a bit further out and thinking about change. Back in 1985, it's not that RDBMSs can't do transactions today, it's that the optimization to do them are well known and already implemented in the existing H/NDBMS technology and … one day RDBMS vendors can and should implement them, and it won't be that hard.
But as a market entry strategy, yes, OLTP transactions would have been terrible. But we shouldn't confuse entry-strategies with eventual, over decades, outcomes.
Put differently, I meet a startup that was putting a database of books and authors, a problem that is as relational as the day is long, in Cassandra. Why, I asked? "Because it can do the job and it's what I know," replied the freshly-minted Stanford CS grad.
Ease of adoption and functionality set to cover most used feature of relational database is key to success of MongoDB.
Agree with your points Ajay but disagree that this is why they have been successful. We are seeing 'Revenge of the Developers Part 2' (Part 1 being the previous rise of object oriented databases). Front end/web developers want to build apps but data modelling, index optimization, etc. are a pain. Mongo DB allows developers to create apps more easily with little/no regard to the back end. The problem occurs when those developers turn the apps over for IT and DBA's to maintain. Hence, Mongo DB's area of investment going forward.
"little/no regard to the back end" is the beginnings of many a tale of woe when you try to scale… I had to chuckle at that.
I had the good fortune to meet some of the MongoDB people about a year ago, and I've thought ever since that MongoDB really could be the first really serious threat to relational in a lot of use cases where relational is somehow overkill. Looks like the smart money agrees. Would love to see them do well.
Developers have their heads around workable patterns they can implement in a wide range of use cases, where relational is concerned– patterns that even take into account the needs of operations. And rich libraries have sprung up to steer developers down the right path. I wonder how long it will take to get comparable dissemination of "right thinking" among developers building on MongoDB, and a "right platform" for their use.
MongoDB have to spread the new gospel and get a lot of people schooled on good habits, or else they could get blowback from frustrated adopters of MongoDB who took their old skills with them and built inappropriate solutions that behave badly. (In this vein, here's a good read: http://ayende.com/blog/4465/that-no-sql-thing-the-relational-modeling-anti-pattern-in-document-databases) Optimizing performance on code where people do what naively seems right would help too… but really, developer education will be key.
I know Cloudera is working on making the Hadoop platform more accessible to the non-expert developer (see the work on the Cloudera Developer Kit– CDK). Perhaps MongoDB will make similar efforts.
Quite an interesting analysis. It's revealing that Gartner just released this week their MQ for Operational DBMS, in which MongoDB is not in a bad position for such a company. In fact, this MQ is made of 2 well separated clusters, which is a clear sign of a market reinventing itself (hypothesis confirmed by tweet exchanges with Merv Adrian). Gartner, with all their risk adversity, is picking a number of "bets" here. Probably one of the most forward-looking (or least backward-looking…) MQs I have seen.
Where I disagree with your analysis is that I don't think you can put MongoDB and Hadoop in the same category. It would be akin to comparing Oracle and J2EE, or SFDC and AWS (OK, I admit I had trouble finding the perfect analogy, but I think you get the point).
I believe there is room for another NoSQL "co-leader". The 451 analysis favors Cassandra, and indeed Datastax has good momentum too. Incidentally, MongoDB and Cassandra are the two NoSQL platforms on which Talend is investing the most for enhanced support/connectivity, based on customer & community demands.
I agree on the asymmetry of Hadoop and MongoDB, but I still believe that while different (e.g., Hadoop is a whole stack including things that are more DBMS-layer — i.e., HBase) that they will both be winners. My favorite description of Hadoop by the way is as the "world's sexiest ETL" because that's precisely what a lot of people use it for. I personally go back and forth on Cassandra; I think it has a shot. But if I stay true to my own analysis, increasing returns should mean that they get relegated in the market. Some folks have asked me for examples of developing categories where vendor X got an early lead only later to be replaced by vendor Y — in a sense a counter-point to increasing returns. In the markets I know best, I can't find one. Thanks for commenting!
Dave, I really liked you post. Yes, you are right. Or not. I think it is still unclear. My personal feeling is: MongoDB as a company is not there to make technology better, it's there to make a quick buck. That's how it looks to me as a naive stand-by person (otherwise they would have a better query language then this, and no global locks, …but that's another story).
Well, if I am right with this, and given the huge amount of money they got, it seems clear to me that they will not be able to sustain this growth for much longer (money they received seems disproportionate with how fast their technology improves). Art some point they will try to sell it.
What if HP buys it for example? Do you think the Mongo skills will keep up ? It's just a possible scenario….


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Cosmos » Behaviour » How well can we model the path out of lockdowns?
9 August 2021 /
Rachel McDonald
How well can we model the path out of lockdowns?
New work from the Doherty Institute points to a life free of COVID restrictions. Will it work?
George Street on day one of lockdown in Sydney, 26 June. Credit: Anadolu Agency/Getty
Mathematical Modelling: Biology by the numbers
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Very wet and very dry: unprecedented droughts and hyper-damaging floods in the future
The path out of major lockdowns in Australia looked a little clearer last week, with the federal government announcing COVID-19 vaccination targets of 70% and 80% among the eligible population as triggers for reduced restrictions.
The Doherty Institute released the modelling it provided to the National Cabinet to help set those targets. The model is based on a single national Delta variant epidemic, and looks at the outcomes for Australia if we had 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% of the population aged 16 and over vaccinated; how many cases, hospitalisations and deaths would occur and how well health departments would be able to test, trace, isolate and quarantine cases.
Population health expert Professor Ivo Mueller, of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, said in an AusSMC expert reaction that the modelling provided a framework for how Australia can transition from closed borders and frequent lockdowns to a more open way of life.
"The presence of the highly infectious Delta strain means the current strategy of aggressive suppression with early, short and sharp lockdowns will need to continue until we reach 70% vaccine coverage," Mueller said.
He said 70% was not a "magical threshold", with transmission potential continuously decreasing as vaccination coverage increases. This, he said, would lead to more effective and less frequent lockdowns and by the time 70%of the eligible population is vaccinated short lockdowns and low-level public health measures should be enough to keep the virus under control.
"Only once we approach 80% vaccine coverage will life be able to gradually approach a 'new normal'," Mueller said.
A key takeaway from the Doherty modelling is that extending eligibility to "key transmitting age groups", such as younger people, has the potential to reduce transmission further even with less vaccination coverage.
The modelling showed that at this stage of the national COVID-19 vaccine rollout, extending vaccinations to all adults, rather than the oldest first, could lower rates of death and hospitalisations.
However, because Australia's current supply of the vaccines most people desire is limited, the researchers went on to model how an "all adults" scenario compared with the planned national COVID-19 rollout, under which vaccines would available for 30–39 year olds on 31 August 2021, and 16–29 years olds from 11 October – a strategy the modelling called "transmission reducing".
This modelling found that a transmission reducing vaccine strategy was marginally better than an "all adults" strategy.
Professor Robert Booy from the University of Sydney said the question of vaccinating the young or the old is a nuanced dilemma.
"The risk of dying from COVID-19 in your 30s is four times higher than for a teenager; the risk of dying from COVID-19 in your 50s is almost 40 times higher than a teenager," Booy said. "So what to do? The priority remains to get at-risk people vaccinated rapidly."
However, he said a person in their 30s might be a schoolteacher or an essential worker delivering food and therefore unable to restrict their movement.
"We need to think more outside the box," he said. "Efforts to dramatically improve supply need to continue so that current demand and need can be met."
University of Sydney Associate Professor Alexandra Martiniuk said even younger people needed to be considered more when planning a path out of lockdowns. "Using vaccination targets in the over-16 year age group as milestones for moving between phases of the opening-up plan misses an important cohort of the population – children," she said.
The Doherty modelling did look at expanding the vaccine program to the 12–15 year age group, but if found that it would have minimal impact on transmission and clinical outcomes. Martiniuk argues that we need a scenario modelling vaccination for all ages, including kids under 12.
"We need milestones to take into account children at all times," she said.
Professor Emma McBryde from the Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine at James Cook University is also concerned about some assumptions in the modelling when it comes to children.
Her own vaccination modelling is based on an assumption that as many as five people could catch the virus from an infected person, a figure called the reproduction number. If that's the case, McBryde says we need to vaccinate children to achieve herd immunity.
"The Doherty Institute assumes that the reproduction number (they call this transmission potential) is only 3.6," McBryde said. "If we model this, we get the same findings but the results are highly sensitive to the assumed effective reproduction number."
Professor Nikolai Petrovsky from Flinders University agreed that the Doherty model was likely to be very sensitive to how strongly vaccines reduced transmission, a question to which we may yet not fully know the answer. He said vaccine effects on transmission are notoriously hard to measure, and in most cases should be considered no better than educated guesses.
"Recent Covid-19 outbreaks have occurred in populations with high vaccination coverage approximating those predicted by the model," Petrovsky said. "With Delta strain achieving exceptionally high transmission rates even amongst the vaccinated, the model and its assumptions need to be closely examined, before such data is relied upon to make any policy decisions."
Martiniuk said while we need to be cautious of the simplified nature of modelling, it was a good place to start when planning how to move forward.
"The Doherty Institute Modelling Report for National Cabinet is useful in understanding how we might transition between the various phases of opening up," she said. "The modelling is useful in that it is based on Delta in terms of transmission, severity and vaccine effectiveness.
"However, we do need to be wary that the model is based on this being a 'single national epidemic' in order to simplify the modelling. We also need to be wary of new variants of concern emerging beyond Delta, which of course would affect any current model's ability to predict future scenarios."
Originally published by Cosmos as How well can we model the path out of lockdowns?
Rachel McDonald is a journalist and media officer at the Australian Science Media Centre.
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