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When Is It OK to Tell a Lie?
Also: is obsessing over your mental health bad for your mental health?
Produced by Rebecca Lee Douglas
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Episode Transcript
DUCKWORTH: "Wow, maybe she doesn't really have it together."
DUCKWORTH: I'm Angela Duckworth.
DUBNER: I'm Stephen Dubner.
DUCKWORTH + DUBNER: And you're listening to No Stupid Questions.
Today on the show: When is it okay to tell a lie?
DUBNER: I feel that I get more honest the older I get. Or maybe it's just "cranky" is the better word.
Also: is obsessing over your mental health actually bad for your mental health?
DUCKWORTH: You don't, as they would say in my family growing up, hang your dirty laundry outside.
DUBNER: Hello, Angela!
DUCKWORTH: Stephen.
DUBNER: I want to talk about something that you recently touched on in your conversation with Laurie Santos when she sat in for me. By the way, I really enjoyed that conversation.
DUCKWORTH: I just really enjoy Laurie. She's actually one of my favorite humans.
DUBNER: You guys talked a little bit about lying. And I hope you don't mind me asking you a fairly personal question about it, but I want to know: how many times a day do you tell a lie? And when and why is it okay to lie? And maybe the answer to both questions is "never," but I think that would put you well outside the normal range of humans.
DUCKWORTH: I would like to say that I go days — if not weeks or months — without a single lie.
DUBNER: Wow!
DUCKWORTH: I said, "I would like to say that."
DUBNER: Oh, you'd like to say that. I would like to be 6'5″.
DUCKWORTH: Right. Okay. I do think, though, Stephen, that, if we define a lie as intentional deception, then I definitely go days without lying. I'm not saying that, every day, I go without lying. I'm going to just ballpark this and say that my average lying rate is .5 lies per day.
DUBNER: Okay, so your A.L.R. — average lying rate — is .5 daily. How do you think that compares to the rest of humankind?
DUCKWORTH: I would imagine — and I'm guessing this, in part, because I'm pretty familiar with Dan Ariely, the psychologist, and his research on lying. And he says that most people lie a little — not many people lie a lot, but most people lie a little — and by the way, when I'm talking about a lie every other day, that includes white lies.
DUBNER: So, give me an example of your median lie.
DUCKWORTH: For example, if somebody asks me to review an article for a scientific journal, and I click, "No, I decline." And then the next screen says, "Why are you not able to review this article?" And the default response is, "I don't have expertise," I usually just press "next." I don't think, like, "Oh God, I should probably be honest," which is to say that, "This journal is terrible. Are you kidding? I would never review for this journal."
DUBNER: So, this leads to the question of — I guess you'd call them "prompted lies" versus "unprompted lies," perhaps. Right?
DUCKWORTH: Like, as in, in response to this conversational cue, or this request, I'm now lying, versus, like, just spontaneously telling an untruth?
DUBNER: Maybe not "spontaneously," but maybe a little bit more driven by some internal incentive. Like, I want to get something, or I want to avoid something, and therefore, I will proactively create a different version of the truth.
DUCKWORTH: Let's call that "first-degree lying." I can't call to mind a single instance of first-degree lying, but that doesn't mean I haven't done it. I'm sure I have. I'm just saying that seems bad, Stephen, and I hope I don't do it very often.
DUBNER: Okay, but let me ask you this. We talked about the Eisenhower Matrix a few weeks ago. And I got to thinking: I wonder if it would be useful to create a lying matrix for ourselves. Here's my little attempt. There'd be big lies and little lies, and then there'd be lies for self-gain and lies for, let's say, the benefit of others.
DUCKWORTH: So, like, prosocial versus personally motivated.
DUBNER: Or at least neutral. So, you'd have your big lies for self-gain, small lies for self-gain, big lies for the benefit of others or neutral, and small lies for the benefit of others. I think everybody could imagine what's most desirable and terrible about that matrix. Telling a big lie for self-gain sounds pretty terrible, yeah?
DUCKWORTH: Oh yes. Absolutely. Like, lying so that you can get the vaccine earlier than other people, or cheating on your taxes. I mean, these are all lies for personal gain.
DUBNER: Or, like, saying things on your resume that aren't true, which is apparently a very common lie.
DUCKWORTH: Mmm. Interesting. Yes. So, we're all in consensus that lying in a big way for personal gain: bad.
DUBNER: Now, what about a big lie for the benefit of others?
DUCKWORTH: Like Jean Valjean in Les Misérables?
DUBNER: Ooh. Isn't there something called "The Valjean Effect" in the psych literature about lying? I'm looking at this paper by Williams, Pizarro, Dan Ariely and J.D. Weinberg called "The Valjean Effect: Visceral States and Cheating." This is from the journal Emotion. That's a nice name for a journal, it's like Smokey Robinson.
DUCKWORTH: It's a good journal.
DUBNER: Is it?
DUCKWORTH: I would definitely do a review for Emotion.
DUBNER: They write that visceral states — like thirst, hunger, and fatigue — can alter our motivations, predictions, and even memory. And they demonstrate that these so-called "hot states" can shift moral standards and increase dishonest behavior. It's a form of behavior driven by incentives, right?
DUCKWORTH: That's right.
DUBNER: Well, Jean Valjean — as many of us may remember from reading or seeing some version of Les Misérables — he stole a loaf of bread because he was starving and had no money. And then spent, I think, 19 years in prison, was released, but was then given a kind of scarlet letter for being a forever-criminal. And so, I guess the Valjean Effect is about the fact that he was in a state — a hot state, a hungry state — where he needed to do something dishonest, which was taking bread that did not belong to him. It would seem to make sense, I think, to just about every human, that cheating, or stealing, or lying when under — if not duress, then under some, you know, pretty strong emotional motivation — we'd be more likely to do it. But you and I aren't really talking about lying in a hot state. We're talking about lying in a neutral state.
DUCKWORTH: At least that's what I'm thinking about when you say, "Angela, about how many times a day do you tell a lie?" You know, not under duress, not starving, not dying of thirst.
DUBNER: Let me ask you this, my dear friend: do you think you would be interested in, let's say, an app, or some kind of tracking paraphernalia, where you'd be able to learn exactly how often you tell a lie?
DUCKWORTH: If I had, like, the equivalent of a pedometer?
DUBNER: Yeah. A built-in lie detector. But you're the only one with the data. Do you think you might, perhaps, lie more or less than you think? Because part of it is the lies we tell other people, and then there are the lies we tell ourselves.
DUCKWORTH: I would love to have an app if I believed that, uh — what's that word for a lie detector? Isn't it, like, a polygraph?
DUBNER: I think polygraph is the right word.
DUCKWORTH: Okay, anyway, if there were a reliable polygraph — and I don't know whether the science says that those polygraphs are reliable or not. I think they're based on skin conductance and, like, sweating associated with lying. And then, if it were really possible — yeah, I'd go for it. Totally. I'm all into this kind of, like, self-improvement in all possible ways.
DUBNER: And what would happen if this polygraph app told you that you were lying a lot more than one-half a day?
DUCKWORTH: If I believed it — if I thought, "Oh, yeah, there you go. That wasn't exactly true. I hadn't thought about all this motivated reasoning that's happening in the moment," I think I would begin to lie less. Because I do think lying erodes the trust we have in other people.
DUBNER: So, that's the external cost of lying. But what about the internal? How does lying change one's self-perception as a person of integrity? That's important to most of us.
DUCKWORTH: It's interesting to think about what it means to lie to yourself, and why that's bad — if it's bad. And by the way, many psychologists — and I think neuroscience would be in rough consensus with this — that in a real sense, there are multiple selves. There's, like, tired Angela, and energetic Angela, and there's Angela with a lot of other people around, and there's Angela all by herself, and future Angela, and present Angela, and past Angela. And I think the idea that one of the Angelas could be lying to the other Angelas would probably cause some kind of distress — to have that inner dissonance.
DUBNER: Of all those Angelas that you just named — and there were many, and I'm sure there are many more. I'm sure there's pizza Angela, and sushi Angela, chopped-liver Angela — which one lies the most, or maybe the least?
DUCKWORTH: Well, if you believe the Dan Ariely study that you were just talking about, then I think it would be some kind of distressed Angela, desperate Angela, instrumentally lying to get her way. And maybe that's why — if I am roughly accurate in my belief that I'm not inclined much to lying — maybe it's because I'm privileged. And maybe because I have not a lot of need. I'm the opposite of Jean Valjean. I don't need to steal a loaf of bread to feed my family. I don't need to lie about my credentials. There's not a lot of duress, honestly, in my life.
DUBNER: So, I am looking here at some research by Ipsos, the market research firm, surveyed about 1,000 Americans about their views on lying. 64 percent said that lying was sometimes justified, 36 percent said never justified. Now, we don't know how many of them were lying about that answer. Does that result strike you as believable? Useful?
DUCKWORTH: It does strike me that there are occasions on which the lie is a price that you're willing to pay for some greater good. And Barry Schwartz — our common friend and a psychologist now at Berkeley — Barry would very often bring out the example of: your wife wants to show you her new dress. And she says, "How does it look?" And you're thinking, "It makes your ass look a mile wide." And the question is: do you tell the truth? Barry probably wouldn't have been so crass in his description, but Barry would say that's an example where honesty, which is obviously a virtue, should be trumped by something else like empathy, and that's also a virtue. So, I think those Americans who say, "Hey, there are occasions on which lying is a good thing," are probably thinking about the white lies that we tell each other, and maybe even ourselves — in moments where there's a greater virtue.
DUBNER: We have that scenario, exactly, in my house all the time. Not "is my ass a mile wide?" scenario, but my wife will put on some thing — it might be an outfit, or shoes, or maybe a piece of jewelry — and say, "This one or that one?" Or, "Do you like this?" And I have learned to be very honest with her, because my wife is very honest in those kind of things.
DUCKWORTH: And she wants that.
DUBNER: But what's interesting is that she will often — in fact, I would say almost always — disagree or overrule me. She'll come out with, like, black shoe on one foot and a brown shoe on the other, and say, "Which of these do you think goes with this outfit?" And I look at it, and I'll say, "The black." She's like, "Okay, yeah, I'm wearing the brown." Now, what's interesting is, I was so conditioned when we first got married, years and years ago, to do the opposite — to do the, the Barry Schwartz, you know, just —.
DUCKWORTH: Yeah. "You look great!"
DUBNER: Yeah. Fish around for what she wanted to hear, and then go with that. Or, "They both look fantastic! I couldn't imagine any third shoe in the world looking better." So, maybe I've been informed by marriage in that way. But I really do — I mean, what I'm about to say is so self-serving, I can't believe I'm about to say it, because I'm sure everyone would say this — but I really do try to not lie. And I think about why, and I think there are at least two reasons. One is, it feels terrible. It just feels like a small but significant emotional trauma every time you tell a lie.
DUCKWORTH: It doesn't feel good.
DUBNER: The other part is that it becomes costly to lie, in that you have to keep track of your lies, or otherwise you'll be caught, and then the cover-up is worse than the crime. This gets me back to the question of why we lie. So, I read a really interesting piece of research. It was from almost 20 years ago, by a psychologist at UMass-Amherst named Robert Feldman, that was looking at lying among undergrads. He had 120-some pairs of undergraduate students, and he told them the study was about how people interact when they meet someone new. And these participants would have a 10 minute recorded conversation with a hidden camera. And in one condition, the students were told to try to make themselves seem likable. Another, they were told to try to seem competent. And a third was a control group; they didn't get any direction like this. Afterward, he told the participants that they had been videotaped. Then he got consent from them. And then he had them watch the videos after and identify where they had told an untruth. And the results, I'm reading here, "60 percent of the people in that 10 minute conversation lied at least once and told an average of two to three lies." But here's what I'm getting to — this is a side result that I find really interesting — women were more likely to lie to make the person they were talking to feel good, while men lied most often to make themselves look better.
DUCKWORTH: That resonates so deeply, by the way. I wondered whether, in addition to lying to make the other person feel better, there was going to be a gender difference on claiming, or owning up, to lies. Because, by the way, what one person defines as a lie and what another person defines as a lie could be very different things.
DUBNER: Ah. Good point. Let me ask you this — you know a little something about children and their brains: at what age does lying start?
DUCKWORTH: I know from Jerry Kagan's research that these moral emotions — like, to even feel a sense of what it means to do the right thing, and to also feel guilt and shame when you do a wrong thing — I think he would argue that that starts around the age of two or three. And so, I'm assuming that, if you need some self-awareness about a lie to be a lie, then it would be around then. But, as we all know, young children do say things that are untrue, and I don't even think they know that it's bad when they're really little.
DUBNER: Wait, I'm a little confused. Is there a period where a child is capable of talking and doesn't lie? Or does the lying start as soon as they can talk?
DUCKWORTH: Well, let's talk about, like, a very young toddler. If they are saying something that's not true, but they don't have a metacognitive sense that, like, "Ha-ha-ha, I'm telling this untruth, because I want to get something," I think Jerry Kagan might have argued that, to tell a lie, you have to know, at some level, that you're telling a lie. And I think very young children would not have that capacity.
DUBNER: Does it diminish over time as we get older? Because I'll be honest, I feel that I get more honest the older I get. Or maybe it's just "cranky" is the better word. And I don't like to mince words.
DUCKWORTH: So, our prefrontal cortex — the stuff behind the forehead, the stuff that is the reason why human beings have foreheads. You know, like —.
DUBNER: Really?
DUCKWORTH: Yeah.
DUBNER: That's the reason I have a forehead?
DUCKWORTH: Pretty much. I mean, if you look at other primates, of course they have foreheads, but they're not as big as the human forehead, and that accommodates the prefrontal cortex. And the prefrontal cortex is the seat of executive function in the brain. And executive function is many things, but one of them is to inhibit impulses. And so, there's an impulse to lie, and then there's the inhibition of the impulse to lie. And prefrontal function does follow a sort of inverse "U," where it's terrible when you're really, really little, and then it gets better. There's a little blip in adolescence, by the way, but that's a slightly more complicated story. But then, your 70s and 80s, for sure — prefrontal function is declining over those later years. And just the other day, Stephen, Jason and I are at the top of a church steeple — we're on vacation.
DUBNER: Wait, you're at the top of a church steeple?
DUCKWORTH: Well, yeah, it was one of those scenic lookouts that you could pay five bucks and climb the church stairs. 96 stairs. And at the very top, there's a 90-year-old.
DUBNER: 90? Nine-zero?
DUCKWORTH: 90. Nine-zero.
DUBNER: Wow. Did they get her up there with a crane?
DUCKWORTH: She goes up and down these really steep, ladder-like stairs every day.
DUBNER: Ooh. Cause or effect?
DUCKWORTH: I will say this: probably selection bias. It's certainly not the reason why she's 90, but, for sure, she's doing well. And if anybody's got a good prefrontal cortex, it's got to be this 90-year-old, at least compared to other 90-year-olds. However, she's 90. So, we're leaving, and we're there with our 18-year-old, Lucy. So, we thank her. We've had a lovely conversation. She's made all these jokes about how as long as she doesn't do the knitting while she's walking down the steps she's fine. And she said, "Oh, are you guys together?" And she points to Lucy and my husband, and says, like, "Are you married?" And we laugh, and we think, "Wow, maybe she doesn't really have it together." We, you know, explain that I'm married to Jason and not our daughter, Lucy. And then she just looks at me, and said, "Well, you're really robbing the cradle." And the idea was, basically, that I look really old relative to my beautiful, handsome husband. And when we get to the bottom of the stairs, I was like, "Ugh, 90-year-olds, they have no ability to inhibit themselves. She has lost the capacity to tell a white lie." That was a thought that was probably to protect my ego. The other thought I had is, "Do I really look that old?"
DUBNER: Now, if we could take a chainsaw and cut off one leg of you and Jason, how many rings would we see on each of you? In other words, is he younger than you?
DUCKWORTH: That's a lovely image. Thank you.
DUBNER: Yeah. Sorry, that's not the easiest way to tell age, I guess.
DUCKWORTH: But next time I want to know somebody's age, I'm just going to say, "If I could take a chainsaw and chop off one of your legs —."
DUBNER: If that seems too violent, you could use a handsaw of some kind. But is Jason significantly younger than you, however?
DUCKWORTH: He's two years younger than me! He's 49, and I'm 51. And I don't know, maybe I was having a bad day. But I really couldn't believe it. This woman thought that I looked old enough to be my husband's mother. And she felt no desire to lie.
DUBNER: Okay. Question: how did that incident change your view of 90-year-old women, generally?
DUCKWORTH: I hate them.
DUBNER: Yeah, that sounds about right.
DUCKWORTH: Damn you all! No, I thought it was actually kind of charming. And, honestly, if it's true at all that the older you get, the less you lie — whether it's because your prefrontal cortex isn't what it used to be, or you have learned that honesty is the best policy — I kind of like it, honestly.
DUBNER: Well, I'm not going to lie; I enjoyed this conversation, every word of it.
DUCKWORTH: Yeah. How do you like this dress?
Still to come on No Stupid Questions: Stephen and Angela debate whether there's a downside to destigmatizing mental illness.
DUCKWORTH: Oh, I would like everyone to think I'm depressed. I would like everyone to think I have generalized anxiety disorder.
DUBNER: Angela, here's an email from a listener who wishes to remain anonymous. He writes to say, "I have served as an officer in the British army for the past 15 years, including two tours of Afghanistan. As a young officer, I can barely remember mental health being discussed, except during a mandatory period of post-operational decompression at the end of deployments. It certainly didn't pervade the everyday management of my soldiers, as it can do at the moment. Putting my professional experience to one side," he continues, "it does seem like over the last decade, society writ-large has become more mental-health conscious. I don't dispute that for the most part, this seems like a really positive progression." You can feel the "but" coming here. "People are now far more comfortable verbalizing their struggles and accessing the treatment they need," he writes. "But," he goes on, "cold-heartedly, I can't help but wonder if the focus on mental health has caused widespread hypersensitivity and/or hypochondria. Could our modern-day obsession with mental health be bad for our mental health?" "At this point," he concludes, "I would add the massive caveat that, of course, I am not advocating cutting people adrift. Clearly, there is a threshold at which mental health becomes a medical issue, and I really believe in helping anyone who is suffering." So, Angela, I find this a really interesting question, which is essentially: can paying a certain sort of attention to a problem turn into a problem itself, or at least magnify the problem? You know, there's the old saying, "When you're holding a hammer, everything looks like a nail." So, I'm really curious what you have to say about that in the context of mental health.
DUCKWORTH: Well, I am going to argue that understanding that mental health and mental illness — "they're a thing," as the teenagers say. You know, they're real issues. I'm going to argue that that is a good thing and a big advance, actually. I think that we now live in a time where most people would say that depression and anxiety are diseases and that they can be understood in the same way that we would understand any other disease. I think that is a major advance for humanity. But before I argue that side of things, I do think that what this question gets at is the fact that we're shining a light on our anxiety or our insecurity — could that create the self-fulfilling prophecy that now we are anxious? And I think that's a legitimate concern, even if, net, it's clearly better to understand these things for what they are, which is real conditions.
DUBNER: So, it is true that it's common to hear someone say, you know, "I have O.C.D.," when they're simply bothered by a sloppy area.
DUCKWORTH: Mm. Oh yes, by the way, I remember taking psychopathology my first year in my doctoral program. And my professor said that it really bothered her as a therapist who treats people with actual obsessive-compulsive disorder, that people who are like, really don't want to miss their workout would say that they were O.C.D. And she was just like, "No. O.C.D. is when you go back to your house 50 times in a morning to check the stove. That's O.C.D."
DUBNER: I think what this British army officer is writing about is something a little bit beyond that, which is the idea that hypochondria is maybe on the rise. According to the Cleveland Clinic — do you have any idea what share of Americans are affected by it? It's also called "illness-anxiety disorder." Just take a guess.
DUCKWORTH: Gosh, I would guess maybe — what, 5 percent?.
DUBNER: That's what I would have guessed too. Point-one percent. On the other hand, it could be wildly underdiagnosed. But what this writer is implying is that there's been a rise in attention paid to mental illness, and then some people are selecting into that group. So, can you tell us what's known about the incidence of mental illness over time and the incidence of diagnosing mental illness over time?
DUCKWORTH: Most of the reports suggest that issues like anxiety and depression are on the rise. Those are two of the biggest categories, and actually the ones that create the most suffering — particularly among young adults.
DUBNER: Right. So, I've seen a report that says that 25 percent of all college students in the U.S. have a diagnosable psychological disorder. So, that suggests that either there is more mental illness or more mental-health issues in younger people, or there's a lot more diagnosis than there used to be. Or both, theoretically.
DUCKWORTH: When they say "diagnosable," it may be that they are diagnosed, but my suspicion is that somebody is extrapolating from data, because it would be hard for me to believe that one in four college students have been diagnosed. That would mean that colleges around the country had big mental-health divisions that could even do all that testing.
DUBNER: So, to go to the big issue that he's raising: what's a bigger problem? Undiagnosed and untreated mental illness, or the opposite?
DUCKWORTH: And that's why I think this is a net problem. In other words, I think there could be pros and cons of increased awareness of mental illness. But to me, the pros outweigh the cons. I mean, the cons are, like: does it create a self-fulfilling prophecy? Maybe. You know, medical students, famously, in their first year of medical school are, like, diagnosing themselves with everything that we just learned about in class. Like, "Oh, my gosh, I must be having appendicitis!" No, you don't. But I do think that when I was a kid, my dad and mom were given the advice that they should take one or all of us to a counselor for various problems that we were having when we were growing up. And my dad rejected it wholly out of hand. Like, "over my dead body" was, essentially, his attitude toward that. And I think it was because there was such a stigma. I guess for my dad, it wasn't that he didn't believe that people could have mental health problems. It was just, "God forbid our family had any of them." So, I think that's why this awareness is, like, net so much better.
DUBNER: If you could transplant your father, the same person from when he came to the U.S. to — let's say he's coming to the U.S. now: do you think the environment is now different enough that he that he would have a totally different view of the wisdom of seeking out therapy? Or do you think that was his character?
DUCKWORTH: I think it would be better now, because even within his own lifetime, I could see my dad's attitude shift along with culture — you know, questions of sexuality, et cetera, race. But I will say this, you know, my dad was raised in 1930s China, where not only do you not talk about mental health issues— I don't even know if they would know what the phrase "mental health" means — but also, you don't, as they would say in my family growing up, "hang your dirty laundry outside." I was like, "Wouldn't you definitely want to hang it outside?" Like, why would you want to keep it in the house?
DUBNER: So, let me ask you this: how is America an outlier in thinking about mental illness? I've seen a World Health Organization study looking at the number of mental disorders in 28 countries. The lowest rate of reported mental disorders with Nigeria, and the highest was the U.S. So, is this about existence and incidence, or diagnosing, or what?
DUCKWORTH: You know, it will be impossible, I think, in cross-cultural data, to tease apart how much of this is having the language and the awareness and how much of this is just true — like, we are more depressed or we have more anxiety. I don't think we can ever definitively do that. I have to say that it's got to at least be some element of, like, we have the words for it and we think it's okay.
DUBNER: So, now you're talking about the change in stigma associated with mental illness. By the way, I learned this recently: in ancient Greece, stigma referred to a brand to mark a slave or a criminal. So, when we destigmatize, it's a fairly heavy meaning. But when we're talking about the destigmatization of mental illness, plainly the upsides are large. It makes me think back to P.T.S.D. — post-traumatic stress disorder. That is a relatively newly-identified condition, correct? Newly recognized. What can you tell us about the origin of that classification?
DUCKWORTH: Post-traumatic stress disorder, which is the psychological consequences of having been through something traumatic, like war, or rape, or witnessing a murder. This phenomenon, I think, actually came about in the wake of World War II and Vietnam, as well. There was federal funding and federal recognition of a problem, and that actually spawned, in some ways, the whole mental health industry, because now there were federal dollars going to therapy, diagnosis, et cetera. But P.T.S.D. is when you experience something which is truly traumatic, that you have this over-sensitization of your vigilant system. And so, you respond in an exaggerated way to stimuli that are mildly threatening or even, like, neutral. There are now formal treatments. There's lots of argument about what the best treatment is. Is it cognitive therapy, is it exposure, et cetera. But I do think that P.T.S.D. is a good focus for this conversation, because I think that would be the sort of thing where some would say like, "Oh, we used to say 'keep calm and carry on,' and now, you know, everybody wants to be diagnosed." And again, I can understand that sentiment, but isn't it worse for people who are, like, genuinely suffering to feel like it's all made up?
DUBNER: Right. So, on balance, it's a gain.
DUCKWORTH: In my view, it really is. And I, by the way, don't think we have to worry about people running out and falsely getting stickers that say they have mental health disorders who don't, because even if we're trying to remove the stigma, I don't think a lot of people are like, "Oh, I would like everyone to think I'm depressed. I would like everyone to think I have generalized anxiety disorder." So, I think it's more like, hey, people sprain their ankles, and some people need to work on their hamstrings because they're too tight, and you can break your femur, and your brain can have some problems that you have to get help with. That said, I do see on social media people spending just a lot of time talking about their issues and problems. And you do wonder whether it starts to even verge on exhibitionism, which I think is also a formal diagnosis. So, it's not like there's an either/or, like, "Oh, this is always good."
DUBNER: The anonymous listener who wrote in, I have to say — I don't think he sounds unsympathetic, but it does make me want to know how hard is it for someone without mental illness, or experience with mental illness, to empathize with someone who does have a mental illness. And for anyone listening, how can they improve that?
DUCKWORTH: You know, my uncle by marriage, Ken Duckworth, is a psychiatrist. He is the chief medical officer for N.A.M.I., which is the National Alliance on Mental Illness. So, I always like to think of him as "the nation's psychiatrist." And he would say — both as a lifelong clinician and as the chief psychiatrist for N.A.M.I. for years, and also as the son of somebody who had florid, manic depression — that one of the most important things you can do is just say that these things are real and they are more like diseases than they are not like diseases. But I think Ken would say that understanding these things as being more common than people think, and more treatable than people think, is a very important advance.
DUBNER: I understand there is an effort underway to change how mental illness is diagnosed from the National Institute for Mental Health. There's something called the Research Domain Criteria Project, which is, from what I understand, an effort to make these disorders less black and white and more on a spectrum, which sounds like common sense.
DUCKWORTH: Well, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, which everyone else calls it, the D.S.M., in the latest revision — I think the major sea change is to to understand that the majority of mental-health issues are more like continua than they are like categories. So, rather than saying, "you are A.D.H.D." or "you are not A.D.H.D.," it's more like, "How A.D.H.D. are you, and does it pass a threshold of dysfunction?"
DUBNER: And we should say the D.S.M., is famous for including, until I believe 1972, homosexuality as a mental disease, yes?
DUCKWORTH: Yes, that's true. it's almost like a history of cultural change, right? Even just how it is written about.
DUBNER: So, let me just bring you back to a portion of the listener's question. He writes, "Cold-heartedly, I can't help but wonder if the focus on mental health has caused widespread hypersensitivity and/or hypochondria. Could our modern-day obsession with mental health be bad for our mental health?" Let's just focus on that very last part. Could the "obsession," he calls it, be bad for mental health? Your answer on balance, then, is what?
DUCKWORTH: No. If I were only allowed one syllable, I would say on balance, "No."
DUBNER: The potential overflow costs are well worth the benefits, you're saying?
DUCKWORTH: Correct. I consider it net unequivocally positive.
DUBNER: Angela, I thought this was a great conversation. I thank you, and I really thank this listener who not only raised an interesting point, but I think what he did for us, in a public sphere, is set a really good example for how to struggle with an interesting and difficult topic. And so kudos to you, Mr. Anonymous British Army Officer. Thank you.
No Stupid Questions is part of the Freakonomics Radio Network, which also includes Freakonomics Radio, People I (Mostly) Admire, and Freakonomics, M.D. This episode was produced by me, Rebecca Lee Douglas. And now, here is a fact-check of today's conversations.
In the first half of the episode, Stephen and Angela discuss the work of Israeli-American psychologist and Duke University professor Dan Ariely. After this recording, the blog Data Colada published research revealing that a 2012 Ariely field study about dishonesty was based on fabricated data. Ariely denies making up the figures, and it is possible that the fabricated data came from the company where the study took place. So while nobody disagrees that there is a smoking gun here, it's not clear who pulled the trigger.
Later, Angela said that she doesn't know whether polygraph tests are an effective tool to detect lies. Research has confirmed that polygraphs can detect physiological reactions associated with stress, fear, guilt, anger, excitement and anxiety. These reactions include elevation of pulse, respiration, blood pressure and electrodermal activity due to sweat. But according to the National Academy of Sciences, quote, "the absolute magnitude of an individual's physiological response to a relevant question cannot be a valid indicator of the truthfulness of a response."
Also, Stephen remembers reading that 25 percent of all college students in the United States have a diagnosable psychological disorder. I wasn't able to locate that exact statistic. However, according to survey results published by the National Institute of Mental Health, 20.6 percent of all Americans have some form of mental illness. And for young adults aged 18 to 25, that figure is 29.4 percent.
Finally, Stephen says that homosexuality was listed as a psychopathology in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders until 1972. He was actually one year off. In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association removed the diagnosis from the D.S.M.
That's it for the fact-check.
No Stupid Questions is produced by Freakonomics Radio and Stitcher; our staff includes Alison Craiglow, Greg Rippin, Eleanor Osborne, Joel Meyer, Tricia Bobeda, Emma Tyrrell, Lyric Bowdich and Jacob Clemente. We had additional help this week from Anya Dubner. Our theme song is "And She Was" by Talking Heads — special thanks to David Byrne and Warner Chappell Music. If you'd like to listen to the show ad-free, subscribe to Stitcher Premium. You can also follow us on Twitter at NSQ_Show and on Facebook @NSQShow. If you have a question for a future episode, please email it to nsq@freakonomics.com. And if you heard Stephen or Angela reference a study, an expert, or a book that you'd like to learn more about, you can check out Freakonomics.com/NSQ, where we link to all of the major references that you heard about here today. Thanks for listening!
DUCKWORTH: Can you remember the last time you lied?
DUBNER: Well, remember at the beginning of this conversation? I said it was so great to speak with you.
DUCKWORTH: Total, flat-out untruth.
Read full Transcript
Laurie Santos, professor of psychology at Yale University.
Dan Ariely, professor of psychology at Duke University.
Barry Schwartz, visiting professor of management at University of California, Berkeley.
Robert Feldman, professor of psychological and brain sciences at University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Jerome Kagan (deceased), professor of psychology at Harvard University.
Ken Duckworth, Chief Medical Officer at the National Alliance on Mental Illness.
"Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondria, Hypochondriasis)," Cleveland Clinic (2021).
"Fraudulent Data Raise Questions About Superstar Honesty Researcher," by Cathleen O'Grady (Science, 2021).
"Americans Becoming More Open About Mental Health," The American Psychological Association (2019).
"Past Year Prevalence of Serious Mental Illness Among U.S. Adults," National Institute of Mental Health (2019).
"The Valjean Effect: Visceral States and Cheating," by Elanor F. Williams, David Pizarro, Dan Ariely, James D. Weinberg (Emotion, 2016).
"64% of Americans Today Think It Is Sometimes Justified to Lie, Compared to 42% in 2006," by Chris Jackson (Ipsos, 2016).
The Human Spark: The Science of Human Development, by Jerome Kagan (2013).
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, by the American Psychiatric Association (2013).
Practical Wisdom: The Right Way to Do the Right Thing, by Barry Schwartz and Kenneth Sharpe (2011).
"Self-Presentation and Verbal Deception: Do Self-Presenters Lie More?" by Robert S. Feldman, James A. Forrest, and Benjamin R. Happ (Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2002).
"The Global Burden of Mental Disorders: An Update From the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys," by Ronald C. Kessler, Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, Jordi Alonso, Somnath Chatterji, Sing Lee, Johan Ormel, T. Bedirhan Üstün, and Philip S. Wang (Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2009).
"The Invention of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the Social Usefulness of a Psychiatric Category," by Derek Summerfield (BMJ, 2001).
"How Contagious Is Behavior? With Laurie Santos of "The Happiness Lab." (NSQ Ep. 63)," No Stupid Question (2021).
"Why Do We Complain? (NSQ Ep. 60)," by No Stupid Questions (2021).
Les Misérables, by Victor Hugo (1862).
Research Domain Criteria Initiative.


I've been given so much (not least the stem cells necessary to build a new, functioning immune system to keep the leukaemia away), but some of my greatest joy over the past couple of years has come from opportunities to give something back. Of course, there's only so much I can do as an individual with a job and around 400 Twitter followers, and a mixture of a wonderful crazy wife who keeps me very busy and occasional fatigue means I never manage to do nearly as much as I could, and should. But when I know I've done something I know could potentially help someone else going through the sort of experience I've faced, it feels very right.
So perhaps you'd like to help me through a Christmas gift this year?
It's not just me, actually, and that's what makes it even more special. Shine supports young adults who have / have had cancer, not least through getting us together and enabling us to share experiences, learn how to deal with our changed circumstances, inspire each other and celebrate life together. That's what we'll be doing at the Great Escape for a few days in January, and on the final day we'll be pulling together to get every Escapee from the start to the finish of the Hengistbury Hike. Please sponsor me: quite simply, the more money we raise, the more young people facing the uncertainties and challenges of a cancer diagnosis Shine will be able to support.
GIVE to Shine this Christmas!
That would be more than enough for me this year. Thank you!
Have a happy, happy Christmas!
Thank you, Gemma! Happy Christmas, and see you at at the WKB!
Lots of love from both of us.


text:
Holey Molar!
By Annette Cook, MAC Lab Public Archaeology Asst.
An unusual artifact was recently discovered at Smith's St. Leonard, a tobacco plantation site inhabited by the Smith family from approximately 1711-1754, located on Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum in Calvert County, MD. A single human tooth, the only human remain found on the site thus far, was excavated in the plow zone layer. Plow zone refers to the top layer of soil which has been disturbed due to farming activities. The Smith family cemetery is known, from both historic records and archaeological testing, to be in the area of the Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory, some distance from the site. Therefore, the tooth is not associated with a grave or burial, but was found with normal "trash" associated with the site.
Teeth are often valuable tools for archaeologists to learn details about a person's life. While drawing conclusions from study of a single tooth is not possible, its discovery brings up interesting questions about the overall health, dental health, diet and personal hygiene of the people that inhabited Smith's St. Leonard.
Dr. Gary O'Shea of Calvert Dentistry confirmed that the tooth is from the lower right side of the jaw-- a right mandibular molar, probably a second molar. Second molars generally erupt at about age 12 and are the last teeth in the back of the mouth until eruption of the third molars, or wisdom teeth, around age 18.
The tooth has a few distinctive characteristics. Its surface is completely worn flat, with no raised lobes left intact. There is a very large, deep cavity present on the distal surface of the tooth. Two small chips are broken from the tooth on opposite sides, on both the mesial and distal surfaces. Mesial refers to the part of the tooth facing the front of the mouth, while distal refers to the backward facing surface (Figure 2).
Tooth wear can sometimes be an indicator of age in an individual. The coarse diet-- including stone ground corn-- that the inhabitants of the Smith site would have eaten, makes any such determinations difficult, as above-normal wear can be expected. Doctor O'Shea suggests that the large cavity could have been caused, in part, by contact with the neighboring wisdom tooth, and that possibly that wisdom tooth was impacted, creating crowding. If this is true, the individual would have probably been at least 18 years old.
The small chips could very well be marks from the extraction of what was almost certainly a very painful tooth. A "dental key" may have been used for extraction of the tooth, or something as simple as a pair of pliers. The process was probably far from pleasant.
Dental care in the 18th century was dubious, at best. Formal dentistry did not truly emerge until the mid 19th century (Lewis 1964:268-269). The people at Smith's St. Leonard likely looked to barbers and blacksmiths for removal of damaged or painful teeth. Preventative dental care was minimal. Tooth powders were sprinkled on rags and rubbed on the teeth. While toothbrushes did exist in the 18th century, none have been found on the site. Homemade tooth cleaning mixtures could include ingredients such as vinegar, salt and tobacco ash (Walker 2009:96). The acidic and abrasive qualities of these concoctions probably did as much harm as good, and deep grooves on teeth could result.
The colonial diet, high in corn (which not only breaks down into sugar, but also sticks to the teeth), caused a high rate of dental caries or cavities (Walker 2009:132). At the nearby 17th century Patuxent Point site in Calvert County, 13 of the individuals from 18 burials had dental cavities. (King and Ubelaker 1996:136-181). Most of those without cavities were children. The most common type of cavity was in the area between the surfaces of two teeth. During colonial times tooth loss, due to periodontal disease, and abscessed teeth were also very common. An abscess would not only be painful, but could pose a serious health risk.
Only if more teeth were located could more information be gathered about the dental health of the people who lived at Smith's St. Leonard. For reasons of respect no plans exist to excavate in the family cemetery. We know from historical documents that members of the Smith family often died very young. Three family members and 4 enslaved people died in 1748 alone. It is almost certain that poor dental health, as well as disease and accident, affected the quality of life for these colonial people.
Antique Medical Tools for Dentistry, Health Fiend Online Health Magazine
http://www.healthfiend.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Dental-Tooth-Keys.jpg Picture attributed to www.phisick.com
King, Julia A. and Douglas H. Ubelaker
1996 Living and Dying on the 17th Century Patuxent Frontier. The Maryland Historical Trust Press, Crownsville, Maryland
Lewis, Carl P. Jr.
1964 The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery and the Birth of Professional Dentistry, 1840. Maryland Historical Magazine 59:3
O'Shea, Gary, Calvert Dentistry
2011 Personal Communication.
Walker, Sally M.
2009 Written in Bone, Buried Lives of Jamestown and Colonial Maryland. Carolrhoda Books, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
White, Tim D.
1991 Human Osteology. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


* Warning: Image-heavy post !
Nothing like a banquet in a factory to start things off.
Some frightened, fluffy ducklings along the way.
My granduncle has a shrine in his bedroom, documenting all of his post-retirement travels, I kid you not.
The first of many homes we'll visit, this one equipped with its own table tennis room.
One relative also reared pigs in a now-disused house. My mom recalled that another relative (whoops, can't remember, maybe one of her uncles) used to live there when she was a child.
Was told that grandma's family owns a pastry shop. We still make Teochew pastries and breads today, but on a much smaller scale as the family has branched into the more profitable business of manufacturing stainless steel kitchen cookware some years ago.
Another home, another round of tea.
More often than not, rural life in China today look more like this. Typically in villages where tourism is not a key attraction, quaint old houses still exist, though in small numbers and usually not in a good state, amid modern boxy concrete low-rises, a sign of new wealth.
Late afternoon along the Han River on the relatives' boat.
Our relatives have a modest vegetable plot, mostly grown for their own consumption.
Almost ready for harvest, I suppose.
… I successfully worked up a good stamina and finished my share of food.
Kway chap and braised duck with tangy chilli dip, oh such lipsmacking goodness ! So it's proven that my love of spicy dips (and coriander) does come from my Teochew heritage.
The main entrance to mom's childhood abode.
More traces of the Communist years.
The other homecoming, my mom standing in front of the cramped living quarters where she spent her childhood in. Three generations of women – my mom, grandmother and great-grandmother great-great-grandmother – once stayed here while my grandfather toiled away in Southeast Asia as a shopkeeper's assistant. He eventually saved enough money to send all three of them over to Kuala Lumpur, where he was at.
A migrant worker lives here today, the space converted into a no-nonsense bedroom and a makeshift kitchen.
A virtue that still stands important in Chinese families today, so many years after the revolution. We see traces from the past, a past that my family has escaped. I can't help but wonder what would have happened instead if they hadn't left ? What would have become of me ?
Also, looking at the elders in the family, I wonder about what they had gone through during those tough years… things we don't see or talk about that stay quiet behind those smiling faces.
Familiar faces from the village.
The ancestral hall in the village may have seen better days.
No wall in Chaozhou is complete without the digital wall clock. We saw it in most living rooms. Even the ancestral hall has one too.
View from the roof of a relative's house.
Even our relatives, who are Chaozhou locals, got lost while trying to look for the ancestral hall on my dad's side of the family.
After stopping a couple of times and asking around, we finally found it. The ancestral hall is obviously more well-maintained than the one in my mom's village.
Unfortunately we don't know anyone in this village.
So time was mostly spent at the ancestral hall burning paper offerings and viewing the generation poem of our clan. Yes, found ! It's a good start… even though my sister and I don't know which generation we belong to.
That signature stamp totally resembles a toy soldier cartoon character, doesn't it ?
We now know we are descendants of a Northern Song scientist. It doesn't add up though, I barely passed physics when I was in junior college.
With the old men who tend to the ancestral hall. They told us about other clan members from Thailand who made annual trips back.
Along the Han River again, mother river of the Teochews. My mom told me there was a saying about how all Teochews grew up drinking water from the Han River.
For those who may head this way, I'll definitely recommend a walk along Chaozhou's old city walls.
Yet again, the juxtaposition of the new and old.
From the wall, I caught sight of Lenin's portrait, along with those of other Chinese communist leaders, on the walls of a school.
More views from the wall.
Boiled shrimps fresh from the Han River.
Our newfound big fat Teochew family !
No trip to China is complete without karaoke and here in Chaozhou, it's serious business with makeshift machines and public singing !
Yup. He's the father-in-law of our relatives.
i really like the photo of the fan and the entire naked electrical circuit. and, the electrical clock on the old wall… very rustic chic.
luzette – Ah, I love the fan-shaped circuit/switch board in that picture. Why don't we have that (and those black knobby switches) anymore ?


text:
Sam rapidly intensifies into a major category 3 hurricane » Yale Climate Connections
After leveling out in intensity on Friday upon attaining category 1 hurricane strength, Hurricane Sam put on an impressive burst of rapid intensification overnight, reaching major hurricane status at 11 a.m. EDT Saturday. Sam is expected to be a powerful long-track Cape Verde-type hurricane that could threaten Bermuda late next week. Sam is not expected to directly impact the Leeward Islands, and it will most likely recurve too far east to make landfall on the U.S. East Coast. The Maritime Provinces of Canada could see impacts from Sam by next weekend, though.
At 11 a.m. Saturday, Sam was in the central tropical Atlantic about 1,095 miles east-southeast of the northern Leeward Islands, headed west-northwest at 10 mph with top winds of 120 mph and a central pressure of 960 mb. Satellite images showed an impressive storm with a concentrated area of heavy thunderstorms with cold cloud tops surrounding a well-defined eye.
This is elite company to be in for sure. The 1996 and 1999 analogs are two in particular that have shown up since pre-season, so kudos to the seasonal forecasters for nailing that! https://t.co/D32lQ1fZpw
— Andy Hazelton (@AndyHazelton) September 25, 2021
Six of this year's seven hurricanes have intensified by at least 35 mph in 24 hours – the National Hurricane Center's definition of rapid intensification. Only Henri did not do so:
Sam: 45 mph ending 15Z Sep. 25;
Nicholas: 35 mph ending 3Z Sep. 14;
Larry: 45 mph ending 3Z Sep. 4;
Ida: 65 mph ending 15Z Aug. 29;
Grace: 55 mph ending 6Z Aug. 21; and
Elsa: 35 mph ending 12Z Jul. 2.
This is cool – I was looking at our 06Z HAFS-B run and realized it explicitly predicts an ERC in #Sam (in ~5 days, so who knows if it will happen). It's a fairly classic one, not something you see all the time in a 3-km model. I've added some captions to each step of the process. pic.twitter.com/dcUuGU6eX1
Intensity forecast for Sam
Sam has good model support for continued intensification, and conditions appear quite favorable for it to intensify throughout the next two days. Wind shear is predicted to be light (5-10 knots), and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) will be 28.5-29 degrees Celsius (83-84°F). The atmosphere is predicted to be on the dry side, though, with a mid-level relative humidity of 50-60%. The NHC forecast calls for Sam to peak as a category 4 storm with 140 mph winds on Sunday night and Monday. An eyewall replacement cycle, common in major hurricanes, is a good bet to interrupt the current intensification cycle by Monday. The 12Z Saturday run of the SHIPS model gave a 0% chance that Sam would intensify into a 160-mph category 5 hurricane by Sunday morning; the experimental DTOPS model gave that prospect a 5% chance of occurring.
Tuesday through Thursday, Sam will likely encounter less favorable conditions for intensification, with wind shear rising to a moderate 10-15 knots, and the atmosphere surrounding the storm remaining dry. Sam is a small hurricane, and small storms are more prone to rapid changes in strength, so it would not be a surprise to see Sam fluctuate in strength by 10-20 mph during the week as a result of eyewall replacement cycles or ingestion of dry air.
Figure 1. Track forecasts out to 10 days for Sam from the 6Z Saturday, September 25, run of the GFS ensemble model. Individual forecasts of 31 ensemble members are lines color-coded by the wind speed (in knots) they predict for Sam; red colors correspond to a category 1 hurricane. The heavy black line is the ensemble mean forecast. Times in hours from model initialization time are in black text. None of the forecasts showed Sam passing through the Leeward Islands; a number of forecasts showed a threat to the Maritime Provinces of Canada in seven to nine days. (Image credit: weathernerds.org)
Track forecast for Sam
Sam is predicted to track west-northwest to northwest around 10 mph over the next five days and pass 100-200 miles northeast of the Leeward Islands on Thursday. The islands are expected to avoid Sam's tropical storm-force winds, but could see a few heavy rain showers from Sam's outer spiral bands. These islands were just outside the NHC's 5-day cone of uncertainty as of the 11 a.m. EDT Saturday advisory.
A strong trough of low pressure passing to the north of Sam will cause the hurricane to turn to the north and accelerate by Thursday, bringing it within several hundred miles of Bermuda next Friday or Saturday. Sam could be a threat to the Canadian Maritime Provinces on Saturday and Sunday, but it is impossible to judge this threat with any confidence so far in advance. It is also too soon to rule out a potential threat to the Northeast U.S., as there is a possibility that an East Coast upper-level trough of low pressure could dive far enough south to pull Sam northwestward.
The first hurricane hunter mission into Sam is scheduled for Sunday morning.
Subtropical Storm Teresa short-lived
Subtropical Storm Teresa formed at 5 p.m. EDT Friday, September 24, a few hundred miles northeast of Bermuda. However, cool waters, dry air, and higher wind shear weakened Teresa to a tropical depression at 11 a.m. Saturday, and the system is expected to be a remnant low by Saturday night or Sunday. Teresa is the type of weak, short-lived storm that would likely not have been given a name in the pre-satellite era.
Atlantic likely to run out of names for 2nd year in a row
Teresa was the 19th named storm of 2021, and according to Phil Klotzbach of Colorado State University, only one other season has had as many as 19 named storms by September 24: 2020. In that insanely active year, we'd already burned through the full list of 21 names by September 24, and were two letters into the Greek alphabet (Beta). So far in 2021, the Atlantic has had 19 named storms, seven hurricanes, and four major hurricanes. The 1991-2020 averages for an entire season were 14.4 named storms, 7.2 hurricanes, and 3.2 major hurricanes.
On average, we can expect to see five to six more named storms, two to three more hurricanes, and one additional major hurricane after September 25. This makes it very likely that we will run through the full list of 21 names in the Atlantic for the second year in a row. Only two names remain in the 2021 list: Victor and Wanda. The 22nd named storm of 2021 would be called Adria, as the season cycles through a new alphabetical list of 21 supplemental names (naming storms after Greek letters has been permanently discontinued).
New tropical wave expected to emerge from coast of Africa Monday
A new tropical wave is expected to emerge from the coast of Africa by Monday morning. This wave has strong model support for development after it emerges from the coast and moves west at 10-15 mph over the eastern tropical Atlantic. In its 8 a.m. EDT Saturday Tropical Weather Outlook, the NHC gave the wave 2-day and 5-day odds of development of 0% and 50%, respectively.
The NHC also is watching the remnants of Tropical Storm Peter several hundred miles south of Bermuda for regeneration. In its 8 a.m. EDT Saturday Tropical Weather Outlook, the NHC gave ex-Peter 2-day and 5-day odds of development of 10% and 20%, respectively.
There were two other tropical cyclones active worldwide on Saturday (see Tweets below): category 4 Typhoon Mindulle, expected to recurve east of Japan, and Tropical Cyclone Gulab, expected to hit India's Bay of Bengal coast on Sunday as a tropical storm.
Bob Henson contributed to this post.
Website visitors can comment on "Eye on the Storm" posts. Please read our Comments Policy prior to posting. Comments are generally open for 30 days from date posted. Sign up to receive email announcements of new postings here. Twitter: @DrJeffMasters and @bhensonweather
Older Advisory #004 Forecast Track [kmz] – Subtropical Depression Teresa (AT4/AL192021)


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Coming up at IT-Defense (Feb. 3 - 5) and RSA USA 2010 (Mar. 1 - 5) it will be my great honor to introduce each of the top ten during my "2010: A Web Hacking Odyssey" presentations. Each technique will be described in technical detail for how they work, what they can do, who they affect, and how best to defend against them. The opportunity provides a chance to get a closer look at the new attacks that could be used against us in the future.
How to use Google Analytics to DoS a client from some website.
Collections of Free Malicious Removal Websites!!!


text:
Topics: Leadership,Risk Management
By Jim DeLoach
COVID-19's Impact on the Workplace: A Test of the Board's Resiliency
The unprecedented nature of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has set in motion one of the most abrupt disruptions in decades, leaving organizations reeling. For that reason, it could present the ultimate test of resiliency for everyone leading companies in every industry—including the board. How well companies pivot in this environment and in the aftermath could have a lasting effect on their reputations and brands. More importantly, as organizations focus on transitioning their people to a remote workplace, opportunities may come about to learn new ways of doing business for the long-term. This is a time when the board can prove its mettle as a strategic advisor to the CEO.
As the pandemic brings many businesses to a halt, the effects of quarantine, isolation, and travel restriction strategies are having a brutal impact on the economy and multiple industries, with the financial markets punishing investors with steep declines. Up to this point, new and total infections, fatality rates, reductions in economic activity, and massive fiscal and monetary measures by the public sector have overshadowed the impact on people in the workplace and what companies must do to sustain operations as best they can under the most extenuating of circumstances. But that is fast changing.
Now that countries, provinces, states, and cities are instituting lockdowns, shelter-in-place directives, or similar requirements to limit the spread of this highly contagious virus, companies are focused on transitioning their organizations and workforces to environments where their managers and employees will be working remotely for an indeterminable period of time. Given these optics, what role should the board play as their organizations transition to a distributed workplace?
There are a number of items boards should consider acting on as CEOs and organizations grapple with the people-related challenges of the COVID-19 crisis. Ten suggestions for boards are offered below, some of which relate to the basics found in any crisis management playbook. Rather than addressing the decisions associated with navigating an economic slowdown (e.g., downsizing headcount; compensation adjustments; asset divestitures; selling, general, and administrative expense cuts; and other options) the focus is on managing the effects of transitioning to a distributed workplace, including the impact on organizational culture.
1. Know the board's place at the table. The board's role should be delineated from management's role. Management is responsible for developing and implementing the overall strategy to protect the health of the workforce while putting it in a position to continue to work productively. The board is responsible for advising the management team as it executes the company's response and monitors progress. Directors need to resist getting too hands-on. The CEO's job is tough enough at the moment.
2. Understand management's internal communications plan. Communications are vital during any crisis. While disclosing the impact of the crisis is important, the most important communications are to the organization's employees. What is the plan, its objectives, and its tone? Is there an appropriate cadence of communications from various leaders so that employees know when to expect messages, as opposed to feeling left in the dark? Do internal communications convey empathy to employees? Are they forward-looking to give everyone an idea as to what's happening around the company? In lieu of droning on in negativity, offering something grounding and trustworthy can be valuable in these difficult times.
3. Ask management how the company's transition to a remote work environment is going. Highly mobile organizations can make the transition to a remote, work-from-home workplace relatively seamless—that is, among employees who can work remotely. But this transition can present formidable challenges to organizations that are anchored to their offices and physical facilities. During check-ins with management on crisis response, ask what the company is doing to support the technology, tools, and cultural challenges created by the sudden shift to virtual work, if applicable.
4. Encourage a watchful eye for new leaders who emerge from the fire. These are extraordinary times. Everyone in the organization from top to bottom will be battle-tested. Boards should encourage management to watch for those who flourish in this environment and to support them as they provide leadership. History teaches us about many generations of leaders who have been steeled by extraordinary events. This fluid environment creates a unique opportunity for team members to shine and show what they are made of.
5. When the sun rises, request management to conduct a post-crisis assessment in the cool of day. For companies unprepared for this crisis, a process should be put in place to capture the lessons learned in real time. Before memories fade, company plans and procedures for navigating abrupt business disruptions—including a global pandemic—should be updated using these lessons. And, as stated above, the employees who took the initiative to lead should be noted.
6. Ensure that the organization focuses on its customers. The crisis may present opportunities to deepen relationships with customers. Now is the time for out-of-the-box thinking on how to help customers, particularly for those companies that may be struggling to survive. This will help to differentiate the companies that are flexible and agile from those who are not.
7. Point out the opportunity to improve remote work policies and procedures. Whether deployed selectively or mandated outright, decisions to work remotely—beyond present remote arrangements—offer an opportunity to learn how to ensure that such arrangements work effectively and efficiently into the future. These lessons may be invaluable for companies as the trend toward telework continues to evolve, worker flexibility programs expand, and the volume is turned up on improving quality of life.
8. Suggest that management make it a priority to regroup on a regular basis. Keeping everyone on the same page in a remote environment requires special attention. The unique stresses, pressures, and concerns the COVID-19 crisis presents to employees create a difficult environment for preserving morale. Whether as a small group, the whole team, or even through one-on-one interactions, remote workers should meet at least weekly to stay in touch and ensure that everyone is on the same page about specific expectations, project deliverables, and timelines using the tools the organization has available. It is especially helpful when those tools allow for face-to-face meetings as nonverbal cues and body language are an important part of human interactions.
As the "touch" in the workplace is removed, the "trust" between colleagues and senior leadership becomes even more important. Through appropriate electronic tools, leaders should spread awareness of successes in order to build motivation and develop social involvement among employees. In uncertain times, employees can be motivated by seeing positive actions recognized and a strong focus on the future from their leaders.
9. Ask the question: When the crisis passes, what will we have learned about how we do business? Two years from now when the CEO and executive team look back on this crisis, what will they observe? Will they recognize that what they learned from temporary transitions, as discussed above, served as a catalyst for accelerated shifts in workplace design? Will what they learned inform ways of altering company strategy, including the way the company does business and goes to market? Will the lessons from the crisis alter management's views regarding the organization's real estate needs? These important questions point to the power of technology to transform how and where people work.
10. Ask another question: Will our people be more or less loyal based on how we managed the crisis? The crisis presents an opportunity for leaders to let their people know that the company truly cares about them and their well-being. Their actions in both word and deed carry the possibility of strengthening culture. Does the company's response to the crisis meet this test?
The COVID-19 crisis is a new test of resiliency for directors, managers, and employees alike and everyone must learn how to meet it together, with a focus on continuous improvement, shared values, and mutual trust. It also presents a test of leadership. Prioritizing and reprioritizing tasks and activities is going to be a necessary art for most organizations over the next several weeks. Keeping teams focused on the greatest issues and risks, avoiding needless distractions, positioning themselves to ramp back up to normal operations, and building a culture of trust and empathy is the name of the game.
For an expanded discussion, see Protiviti's companion piece.
NACD: Tools and resources to help guide you in unpredictable times.
Become a member today.
Read Related Content
COVID-19Crisis CommunicationCrisis ManagementEmployee Relations


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Sopore Encounter: one militant killed, operation on | KNO
Top commander believed to be trapped; internet services snapped in south Kashmir districts
Pulwama, June 14 (KNO) : Authorities on Friday suspended the train service between Srinagar and Banihal following a gunfight between militants and the government forces in Bandana village of Pulwama area in south Kashmir. Official sources told KNO that the service has been suspended as a "precautionary measure" in view of the ongoing gunfight in Bandana village of Pulwama district. "Trains will chug normally on Srinagar-Baramulla route," he said. A fierce encounter is underway in Bandana village of Pulwama district, where two militants, including a top Hizb commander are believed to be trapped. Earlier a joint team of forces including 55 RR, CRPF and SOG launched cordon and search operation in the area after receiving specific inputs about the presence of militants in the area. Meanwhile the authorities have snapped the internet services in all the four districts of south Kashmir. (KNO)
test news 123


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Home Private Equity News & Analysis B-business appoints new CEO
B-business appoints new CEO
Emerging Technologies chief Lennart Johansson is to replace Hans Dieter Koch as CEO at the VC firm that has E750m under management.
As part of its plans to develop closer relationships with its partner companies, European venture capital investor b-business partners has named Lennart Johansson to replace current CEO Hans-Dieter Koch.
Johansson is currently CEO of another European VC, Emerging Technologies. Prior to this he worked for Atlas Copco, one of b-business partners' investors, for 16 years. While at Atlas Copco he held several executive positions, including senior vice president.
"The appointment of Johansson is part of our plans to forge closer links with our business partners," said Börje Ekholm, b-business partners chairman. "With his broad background combined with venture capital experience, he will take b-business partners to the next stage of our development."
Ekholm said the departure of Koch was connected to the firm's wish to further develop its operations in Europe. "We see the firm as having different stages of development. [Koch] provided us with an excellent platform for growth, but we decided it was time for us to bring somebody else in."
Koch will stay with b-business partners until April 2003. His future plans have not as yet been announced.
b-business partners invests primarily in Germany, UK and Nordic companies, although the firm's current portfolio includes eleven companies in six European countries including France, Ireland and the Netherlands. The firm has E750m of committed capital to invest in B2B technologies through its partnerships with companies including Investor AB, SEB, ABB, AstraZeneca, Atlas Copco, Electrolux and Ericsson.


This song was created for Game of Bands round 77 : "Fracking & Minced Oaths"
to get the precious fuel.
that the safety of it's true.
to our water and our air?
we won't have to buy abroad.
Does it pollute water and air?
are we all fully aware?
....Will fractured earth be there?


text:
Lashell Bell, 18, right, of Tampa places candles spelling out ''We Love You'' during a vigil on July 22, 2015 in Florida, in memory of India Clarke who was found dead on Tuesday near the University Area Community Center basketball courts in Tampa.
Photo by Octavio Jones/Tampa Bay Times/Zuma
The LGBT equality law that might have saved India Clarke
By Mara Keisling
India Clarke, a twenty-five year old cosmetology student, was found beaten to death at University Area Community Center in Tampa on Tuesday—becoming at least the tenth trans woman we know of to be murdered so far in 2015.
While we still don't know who killed India or why, we know that she faced incredible hurdles since transitioning four years ago. According to friends and family, it seems no one in Tampa wanted to hire a transgender woman like India; she relied on the love and support of her parents and at times resorted to sex work to get by.
"We cannot know if a non-discrimination bill could have done anything to make India Clarke less vulnerable to being killed at 25, but it would likely have helped her get a job and further her education."
She attended community college, but faced barriers there as well—the school would only use her male legal name. She had been out of school for four months, but planning to return. Now she will never get the chance.
India's murder and the murder of so many others is a stinging reminder that for many LGBT people, social stigma and discrimination create not only economic barriers but also vulnerability to deadly violence. This violence has many causes and disproportionately affects transgender people, especially poor people of color.
Like other movements, basic anti-discrimination laws are a key part of ensuring equality and opportunity for LGBT people. Today, members of Congress introduced the much-anticipated Equality Act, which would update historic civil rights laws to protect LGBT people from bias in the workplace, housing, education, and in everyday situations like riding a bus or shopping in a store.
Discrimination in any of these areas can sidetrack any trans person from the life they should lead, causing joblessness, homelessness, and helplessness. More than three-fourths of respondents in the 2011 National Transgender Discrimination Survey reported experiencing workplace discrimination. And 90% of all the respondents said they had experienced disrespect, discrimination or violence in some critical aspect of life including employment, housing, and public accommodations.
RELATED: Which #BlackLivesMatter? The killings no one's talking about
Today, only 19 states and the District of Columbia have clear LGBT nondiscrimination protections in employment and housing on the books. This patchwork of protections means LGBT Americans constantly live in fear of discrimination – a significant contributing factor in the violence so many trans people face every day. That's why the National Center for Transgender Equality has helped develop and is very excited to support the new Equality Act.
With a deeply divided Congress, passage of the Equality Act may be a few years away. Its introduction will help advance the social and political conversation about transgender lives in state legislatures, the courts, media, and in American living rooms. When passed, it will be a substantial, but not final step forward. The bill will also strengthen civil rights protections for women and racial and religious minorities in everyday areas like transportation services and retail stores.
view photo essay
Portrait of a trans community
Expanding on an earlier project that focused on transgender women from Central America, Benedict Evans photographed a cross section of trans and GNC individuals
Even as we make progress with the Equality Act, we will still have so much more to do: educating the public, supporting trans people in their everyday lives, and addressing other issues like economic inequality and police accountability that disproportionately affect trans people. No single policy change, public education moment, or empowerment campaign will provide the answer. Like related movements for racial and economic justice, the LGBT movement must work on many fronts.
But the Equality Act is an enormously important new tool for advancing equality. We cannot know if a non-discrimination bill could have done anything to make India Clarke less vulnerable to being killed at 25, but it would likely have helped her get a job and further her education. Transgender people are strong and resilient as individuals and as a community. But we need respect and opportunity like anyone else. And as so often in the American story, much more needs to be done to ensure we all get it. Something as simple but fundamental as non-discrimination protection is a key part of that story.
Mara Keisling is the executive director of the Center for Transgender Equality.
Correction: The article originally stated that India Clarke was found beaten to death on the campus of Hillsborough Community College. The correct location is the University Area Community Center.
Equality, LGBT and Transgender
NASA mission finds 'Earth 2.0'
Ex-officer: 'Gun-free zones' aren't the issue


Mark Hutto of J. Austin & Company answers commonly asked questions.
How do I know if an item I have is real gold?
When looking to sell gold jewelry the markings are a key indicator as to the gold content and the value. American markings after 1900 are very clear with the traditional 10K, 14K and 18K stamps. However, many pieces that are antique or come from overseas are not as clear. For example, British made pieces may be marked .333 which indicates 9K gold. .585 is the equivalent of our 14K gold marking and .750 is indicative of 18K gold. Gold jewelry made in the Middle East might contain Arabic numerals, while Asian jewelry which is often 18K or 22K has many different markings. Being professionals in the buying business we recognize these markings and know how to test gold to insure it is marked properly. Of course yellow dental gold is never marked, but is commonly 16K gold.
Are all marked items authentic?
Most gold items that are marked 10K, 14K or 18K are authentic. Sometimes these stamps are followed by a marker indicating gold plating such as GP, GF (gold filled) or HGE (Heavy Gold Electroplate). Also, any fraction in a marking such as "1/20" indicates that the item is plated. If you are in doubt, bring it in, we can evaluate it for you free of charge. Also, keep in mind older items and worn items might not have a marking at all, but could be gold.
Do plated items have much resale value?
Unfortunately there is no real market for plated items. The precious metal content on plated items is so little, that it costs more to remove the plating than what can be recovered. There is also no substantial collectibles market for plated goods. For this reason we do not purchase plated items.
How can you tell if an item is plated?
The first thing we do is look at it, gold items that are solid do not change color, flake, nor turn green, so any indication of these point towards a plated item. The next step is to remove a microscopic portion of the item and test it with acid. Acid will not dissolve gold and certain mixtures of acid will tell us what the purity of the gold is. The final test we use is unique in the valley. We use a specific gravity machine to determine purity. This is used for both coins and jewelry. It is very difficult to fake the specific gravity of a precious metal, so this particular test is very valuable.
Does the specific gravity test hurt the item?
No, it leaves no marks whatsoever. It is simply a method of weighing an item in water, then in air, in order to determine its' metal content. We of course do not use this test with watches or any item that might be susceptible to water damage.
If I have diamonds in my jewelry, how do I determine the value of my own diamonds?
If you have a GIA certificate for your diamonds, we can provide you with online resources to find out the retail value of your diamonds. Generally speaking, diamonds less than half a carat in size have a lot lower resale value than larger stones. Round, gem quality diamonds one carat or larger are the highest in demand. If you don't have a GIA certificate we can evaluate your diamond for the purpose of finding its' value. We can even involve you in the process of grading it to make sure you become more knowledgeable in the trade. We have found that customers are more comfortable if they understand how the value of their items is determined, and they are in turn more likely to recommend their friends to visit us.
If you have a coin or jewelry question, stop by and see Mark, Andrea or Raymond at 1642 Ashland St. two doors down from Radio Shack.


text:
package waveview.wavedata;

import java.util.Iterator;

///
/// Transitions and information about a single net.
///
public final class NetDataModel {
    private final String shortName;
    private final String fullName;
    private TransitionVector transitionVector;
    private final String decoderName;
    private final String[] decoderInputNets;
    private String[] decoderParameters;

    public NetDataModel(String shortName, String fullName,
            TransitionVector transitionVector) {
        this.shortName = shortName;
        this.fullName = fullName;
        this.transitionVector = transitionVector;
        decoderName = "";
        decoderInputNets = new String[0];
    }

    public NetDataModel(String shortName, String fullName,
            String decoderName, String[] decoderInputNets,
            String[] decoderParameters,
            TransitionVector transitionVector) {
        this.shortName = shortName;
        this.fullName = fullName;
        this.transitionVector = transitionVector;
        this.decoderName = decoderName;
        this.decoderParameters = decoderParameters.clone();
        this.decoderInputNets = decoderInputNets.clone();
    }

    public String getFullName() {
        return fullName;
    }

    public String getShortName() {
        return shortName;
    }

    public String getDecoderName() {
        return decoderName;
    }

    public String[] getDecoderInputNets() {
        return decoderInputNets.clone();
    }

    public String[] getDecoderParams() {
        return decoderParameters.clone();
    }

    public TransitionVector getTransitionVector() {
        return transitionVector;
    }

    public void setTransitionVector(TransitionVector transitionVector) {
        this.transitionVector = transitionVector;
    }

    public Iterator<Transition> findTransition(long timestamp) {
        return transitionVector.findTransition(timestamp);
    }

    public long getMaxTimestamp() {
        return transitionVector.getMaxTimestamp();
    }

    public int getWidth() {
        return transitionVector.getWidth();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Marjorie Reynolds (ur. 12 sierpnia 1917, zm. 1 lutego 1997) – amerykańska aktorka filmowa i telewizyjna.

Filmografia
 Seriale
 1951: Racket Squad
 1953–1958: The Life of Riley jako Peg Riley
 1960: Shirley Temple's Storybook jako Betty
 1978: Pearl jako pielęgniarka #3

 Filmy
 1933: College Humor jako studentka
 1937: Murder in Greenwich Village jako Molly
 1942: Gospoda świąteczna jako Linda Mason
 1940: Up in the Air jako Anne Mason
 1944: Ministerstwo strachu jako Carla Hilfe
 1962: The Silent Witness jako Mary

Wyróżnienia
Posiada swoją gwiazdę na Hollywoodzkiej Alei Gwiazd.

Bibliografia

 Marjorie Reynolds; projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk

Amerykańskie aktorki filmowe
Urodzeni w 1917
Zmarli w 1997

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Cosmic Circus
Blog about Marvel, DC, Superhero, Sci-Fi, and Fantasy Films and Television series
State of the Cosmos
Pitches and Fan Casts
Cosmic Crew
Character AnalysisThis category is for analysis and examination of various film or TV characters.
Speculative Space
Assembling ElementsDetective work, evidence based articles
What I Heard
Review: 'Superman and Lois' Season 2 Premiere
Features Reviews
January 12, 2022 Brian Kitson
After what felt like a very short break, Superman & Lois returned to our screens in true superhero fashion. With lots of action, just as much drama, and Tyler Hoechlin donning that bright red and blue suit, fans are always in for a treat. However, compared to the previous season, how did the premiere hold up? Buckle up readers as we soar to extraordinary heights with Superman, saving the world one article at a time with Lois (Elizabeth Tulloch) and diving into "What Lies Beneath."
[Warning: Below are Spoilers from the Season 2 Premiere of Superman & Lois]
The show picks up three months after the season one finale ended. Summer is coming to a close and life in Smallville seems to be settling back into normal. However, nothing is very normal in the Kent household.
Lois is struggling with the arrival of Natalie Irons (Taylor Buck), a daughter from a different universe while Clark is attempting to balance being a superhero with being a super father and husband. This is something he isn't doing very well – a fact that Lois points out repeatedly. Their boys continue to be sex-crazed drama magnets, serving as reminders that this is still very much a CW show.
The CW/DC
This premiere episode leaned more drama-heavy than some of the episodes last season. While there was still plenty of great action sequences with Superman, the focus was more on the struggle of Lois and her inability to embrace a child that wasn't hers. However, this struggle gave way to so many fantastic scenes between the titular characters. One specifically showed a vulnerable side to Lois as she finally understands her mother and her decision to walk away. The panic, pain, and anger that Tulloch exhibited in that one scene alone showcase why she was the right choice as Lois in the Arrowverse.
Taylor Buck was absolutely fantastic as Natalie Irons in this episode. She was sprinkled into flashbacks throughout season one, but her take on someone displaced from her universe was great. The anger she showed, masking the pain she felt at seeing her mother alive and living a different life, elevated the character to a new level. I am thoroughly excited to see her continue to grow and interact with Jonathan (Jordan Elsass) and Jordan (Alexander Garfin). While they might be related on this planet, they have the making for a new blended superfamily.
Tyler Hoechlin continues to embody Clark Kent perfectly. Whether it be a serious moment or a light-hearted scene with his family and friends, he makes me believe it. There's not a moment that goes by in the show that I'm not in awe of his acting abilities. He may be my favorite version of Clark so far in both television and movies.
Now that we have moved past the first season drama of Jordan gaining control of his powers, the twins' storyline felt a little flat. It was mostly focused on teenage love and lust, showcasing how each sibling handle that. Garfin has a bit more to chew on in his storyline, which sees Jordan Kent dealing with a changing relationship with Sarah Cushing (Inde Navarrette). Any adult that watches this show can easily relate to that feeling of loss one experiences when a relationship started to flicker out.
The action of the episode was excellent, which is something that I have almost come to expect from Superman & Lois. The CGI seems leagues above that used in any other Arrowverse show. It kept me on the edge of my seat and whooping with joy when Superman saves the day once more. Out of the two Arrowverse premieres on the CW, this one was definitely the strongest in my opinion. But if the action and adventure continue in this fashion, Tuesdays are bound to be dominated by some strong comic book entries. But what do you think? Was this premiere a Strong return from the Man of Steel, or was it weaker than tin foil? Let us know!
Superman & Lois airs Tuesdays on The CW and the next day on The CW App.
Tagged cw, DC, Superman and Lois
Brian Kitson
CW's 'Naomi' Series Premiere Review
Evidence Surfaces that Ikaris May Return Sooner Rather than Later
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text:
Evita Museum Argentina - Buenos Aires
Description: Learn about one of the world's most famous first ladies at Evita Museum.
2 User Insights
Grace - September 11, 2008
My daughter and I were in BsAs visiting family all the month of July! We rented an apt. about 3 blocks from this museum...it is fantastic! It is a must see. They have many of her outfits, shoes, etc. Even documents and books of hers. Very interesting story of Argentinian history!
Julie - May 20, 2010
This museum is in an elegant house that Evita convinced the government to purchase. She created a temporary home for homeless women and children who were in transition. The best part of the museum are excerpts from Evita's speeches on behalf social justice, health and education of the poor of Argentina. The footage of huge crowds gathered in the Plaza is particularly moving, both during her life and on the news of her death. She lay in state for 14 days! after which her body was stolen. The video details the rest.
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Dab-smack in the center of the back of an Amish woman's dress, at the waist, is a tiny, half-moon shaped piece of material. A "leppli," it is called.
When Mom was about eight, my grandma started adding a "leppli" onto her dresses. Mom was peeved because grandma insisted on topstitching the "leppli." The topstitching made it a "shtepp leppli," and only the plainest Amish had a "shtepp leppli." When Mom was finally old enough to sew her own dresses, she decided to be fancy and did not topstitch her "leppli." I promise you I am not making this up.
Years ago, a modest lady's dress had an extra piece of material on the back, starting at the waist and covering her backside. The piece gave her an added layer of modesty when she bent over to do something. Over the years, this extra piece gradually got smaller and smaller and smaller, and today all that's left of it is the tiny half-moon.
When my husband and I were on the Amish Experience in person tour over the Labor Day Weekend, I asked what that extra piece of fabric was for and the woman I asked was unable to remember. Thank you for your blog post as it answered my question.