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Home > Journals > Freshwater Science > Volume 29 > Issue 4
VOL. 29 · NO. 4 | January 2011
Rosemary Mackay Fund Article (1)
Climate Change and Biological Indicators: Detection, Attribution, and Management Implications for Aquatic Ecosystems (12)
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Stream invertebrate responses to a catastrophic decline in consumer diversity
Checo Colón-Gaud, Matt R. Whiles, Karen R. Lips, Catherine M. Pringle, Susan S. Kilham, Scott Connelly, Roberto Brenes, Scot D. Peterson
29(4), 1185-1198, (3 August 2010)https://doi.org/10.1899/09-102.1
KEYWORDS: macroinvertebrate production, amphibian declines, ecosystem function, community structure
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Tadpoles are often abundant and diverse consumers in headwater streams in the Neotropics. However, their populations are declining catastrophically in many regions, in part because of a chytrid fungal pathogen. These declines are occurring along a moving disease front in Central America and offer the rare opportunity to quantify the consequences of a sudden, dramatic decline in consumer diversity in a natural system. As part of the Tropical Amphibian Declines in Streams (TADS) project, we examined stream macroinvertebrate assemblage structure and production for 2 y in 4 stream reaches at 2 sites in Panama. One site initially had healthy amphibians but declined during our study (El Copé), and 1 site already had experienced a decline in 1996 (Fortuna). During the 1st y, total macroinvertebrate abundance, biomass, and production were generally similar among sites and showed no consistent patterns between pre- and post-decline streams. However, during the 2nd y, tadpole densities declined precipitously at El Copé, and total macroinvertebrate production was significantly lower in the El Copé streams than in Fortuna streams. Functional structure differed between sites. Abundance, biomass, and production of filterers generally were higher at Fortuna, and shredders generally were higher at El Copé. However, shredder production declined significantly in both El Copé reaches in the 2nd y as tadpoles declined. Nonmetric dimensional scaling (NMDS) based on abundance and production indicated that assemblages differed between sites, and patterns were linked to variations in relative availability of basal resources. Our results indicate that responses of remaining consumers to amphibian declines might not be evident in coarse metrics (e.g., total abundance and biomass), but functional and assemblage structure responses did occur. Ongoing, long-term studies at these sites might reveal further ecological consequences of the functional and taxonomic shifts we observed.
The influence of trophic complexity on preferential uptake of dissolved inorganic and organic nitrogen: a laboratory microcosm experiment
Melody J. Bernot, Erika C. Martin, Randall J. Bernot
29(4), 1199-1211, (10 August 2010)https://doi.org/10.1899/09-146.1
KEYWORDS: algae, Uptake, competition, nitrogen, snails, 15N
N is a critical element for all living things, including the flora and fauna in aquatic ecosystems. However, N exists in many forms, and some organisms might preferentially use one compound over another. We used 15N tracers in laboratory microcosm experiments to measure preferential uptake of 4 different N compounds (NH4-N, NO3-N, glycine, methionine) by filamentous green algae (Cladophora glomerata; autotrophs), microbes in stream sediment (heterotrophs), and freshwater snails (Physa acuta; consumers) in response to varying trophic complexity. Seven trophic complexity treatments were applied: 3 types of single-organism treatments (filamentous algae, sediment microbes, or snails), three types of 2-organism treatments (filamentous algae sediment microbes, sediment microbes snails, filamentous algae snails), and 1 treatment consisting of all organisms (filamentous algae sediment microbes snails). We combined trophic complexity treatments (n = 7) with 1 of 5 15N tracers: control (no 15N), 15NH4, 15NO3, 15N-glycine, and 15N-methionine (enriched to ~3000‰). Each trophic complexity treatment was replicated 4 times for each 15N tracer treatment to yield a total of 140 microcosms. We incubated microcosms for 5 d after which organisms were rinsed, dried, ground, and analyzed for 15N content. Overall, uptake of 15NH4 was greater than uptake of any other N form for all organisms. However, trophic complexity changed the relative uptake rates of different N forms. Cladophora preferentially used 15NH4 when alone, but when in the presence of heterotrophic competitors or consumers, Cladophora 15NO3 uptake doubled. Cladophora uptake of 15N-glycine and 15N-methionine decreased by ½ in the presence of other organisms. In contrast, when sediment microbes were exposed to Cladophora or Physa, 15NH4 and 15N-methionine uptake rates increased. The N form incorporated by Physa was dependent on the food source present (Cladophora vs sediment microbes). The highest N uptake rates for all N forms were associated with the presence of Cladophora. These data indicate that N uptake is a plastic trait, and organisms can alter use of N forms in response to the presence of competitors or consumers.
Predicting fish densities in lotic systems: a simple modeling approach
Daniel J. McGarvey, John M. Johnston, M. Craig Barber
KEYWORDS: body mass vs abundance, self-thinning relationship, trophic transfer efficiency, scalable model, simple vs complex models, Macroecology, primary production, stream ecology
Fish density models are essential tools for fish ecologists and fisheries managers. However, applying these models can be difficult because of high levels of model complexity and the large number of parameters that must be estimated. We designed a simple fish density model and tested whether it could predict fish densities in lotic systems with meaningful levels of accuracy and precision. We built our 6-parameter model on 2 key assumptions: 1) fish population density is a power function of mean body mass (i.e., the self-thinning relationship), and 2) energetic resources are transferred from lower to higher trophic levels at a nearly constant rate (i.e., trophic transfer efficiency). We estimated the self-thinning and trophic transfer efficiency parameters by randomly sampling from values reported in the primary literature. Remaining parameters were net primary production, trophic level, the production∶biomass ratio, and mean body mass. We used empirical parameter estimates and fish density estimates to test the model in 4 warm-water and 4 cold-water systems. Model accuracy was high in 3 test systems (deviations between the model-predicted densities and empirically observed densities <30%), moderate in 3 test systems (deviations 75–111%), and low in 2 systems (deviations >150%). Model precision was low (e.g., the interquartile ranges of model-predicted densities encompassed ~1 order of magnitude), but appropriate for predicting fish densities at coarse spatial and temporal scales. We concluded that the model is a potentially useful and efficient tool, and we provide recommendations for applying the model. In particular, we emphasize that the model is scalable, and therefore, well-suited for estimating fish densities at large spatial scales. We also point out that the model is a carrying capacity model, and therefore, can be used to predict fish densities in undisturbed systems or to approximate reference conditions.
Optimizing the use of activity traps for aquatic biodiversity studies
Ralf C. M. Verdonschot
KEYWORDS: sampling method, monitoring, passive sampling, macroinvertebrates, activity-density, mobility, attractants, drainage ditches
I investigated the effectiveness of activity traps for macroinvertebrate monitoring in shallow, heavily vegetated drainage ditches and explored 2 ways to optimize the use of activity traps for monitoring purposes. I tested the effects of trapping duration (48, 96, and 168 h) and use of attractants (bait and preconditioned leaves). The number of taxa and individuals captured increased with trapping duration. Based on the taxon accumulation curves, deployment times of 48 h and 96 h were equally efficient in capturing new taxa, but a trapping duration of 168 h was much more efficient and resulted in a larger number of taxa collected with every new sample added. Of the attractants offered in the traps, only bait caused differences in the macroinvertebrate assemblage recorded. After 48 h, more predators were captured in traps with bait than in control traps and traps with preconditioned leaves. This effect disappeared with longer trapping duration. Because of their relatively low labor requirements and high level of standardization, activity traps appear to be a valuable tool in lentic biodiversity surveys, especially when deployed for a longer period than has usually been reported. The use of bait is advisable only if capture of specific taxa is required and not for standard monitoring purposes.
Continuous response of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages to a discrete disturbance gradient: consequences for diagnosing stressors
George T. Merovich, J. Todd Petty
KEYWORDS: benthic macroinvertebrates, community structure, water quality, Coal mining, diagnosing stressors, Acid mine drainage, acid rain, mean similarity analysis, nestedness, indicator species, streams, water chemistry
In a previous study, we found that underlying geology, acidic precipitation, and acidic mine drainage (AMD) associated with coal extraction in the Monongahela River basin, West Virginia, interact to produce discrete water-quality types among streams, including: high-quality reference, soft, hard, transitional, and severely impaired AMD types. In this study, we tested the prediction that this discrete impairment template would produce correspondingly discrete benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Furthermore, we posited that unique macroinvertebrate genera would serve as strong indicators of each water-quality type. Macroinvertebrate assemblages were strongly influenced by stream water chemistry, and tests of compositional similarity identified statistical links with water-quality types. However, assemblage composition was highly variable within and among water-quality types, a finding that provides greater support for continuous than for discrete structure. High variability in assemblage composition among streams of the same water-quality type could not be explained by differences in physical habitat or by variation in water chemistry. Benthic invertebrate assemblages also exhibited significant nestedness, but only AMD assemblages were clear subsets of reference-type assemblages. Furthermore, indicator species analysis found relatively few genera that were indicators for specific water-quality types, but they were strong for reference streams (e.g., Epeorus, Dolophilodes), soft-water streams (e.g., Simulium, Leuctra), and hard-water streams (e.g., Ectopria). Therefore, little evidence was found for a direct correspondence between benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages and the discrete water-quality template. We suggest that metacommunity dynamics might prevent a strong correspondence despite the localized effects of water chemistry. Consequently, use of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage data to diagnose specific water-quality stressors might continue to be difficult until we factor in the effects of invertebrate dispersal and assemblage dynamics at a watershed scale.
Rosemary Mackay Fund Article
Why stream mayflies can reproduce without males but remain bisexual: a case of lost genetic variation
David H. Funk, Bernard W. Sweeney, John K. Jackson
KEYWORDS: facultative parthenogenesis, mayflies, genetic variation, streams, sexual reproduction, Allozyme
Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are important to the food web of most stream, river, and lake ecosystems and are critical to water-quality monitoring programs. They are widespread and ancient (predate dinosaurs) and have primitive reproductive systems and the shortest adult life spans of all insects. Here we formulate and test the hypothesis that facultative parthenogenesis occurs as a widespread adaptation in most, if not all, mayflies. A rare form of reproduction, facultative parthenogenesis combines the short-term advantages of parthenogenesis, which doubles reproductive output, with the long-term advantages of genetic variation associated with sex. For 7 species of bisexual mayflies, we show that their eggs hatched whether fertilized or not and that unfertilized eggs took longer to develop and hatch. However, once hatched, larvae produced via parthenogenesis grew and developed to the adult in a manner similar to that of larvae produced sexually. In addition, for all study species, female adults produced parthenogenetically were diploid and could reproduce either sexually (producing males and females equally) or parthenogenetically (producing mostly females and some males). Males produced parthenogenetically were viable and occurred either as 1st generation (F1) offspring or as offspring of F1 gynandromorphs (intersex individuals). Last, we show that parthenogenetic descendants lose ~10 to 22% of their genetic variation as a result of each parthenogenetic generation. We use these findings and observations and other published data to support the hypothesis that most, if not all, mayflies are facultatively parthenogenetic. We propose that this ability increases mayfly reproductive success by giving eggs from unmated or incompletely fertilized females a 2nd chance. We then formulate 3 additional hypotheses: 1) parthenogenetic development of mayfly eggs proceeds automatically soon after emergence but can be and normally is preempted by fertilization, and that this mechanism both helps to compensate for and is enabled by the peculiarities of life history and primitive reproductive biology in this ancient group; 2) that facultative parthenogenesis enhances mayfly dispersal and gene flow because it enables virgin females to transfer genes within and among catchments and to form bisexual populations in new habitat; and 3) that mayflies remain bisexual despite being able to reproduce without males because of lost genetic variation associated with the parthenogenetic process.
Species sorting in space and time—the impact of disturbance regime on community assembly in a temporary pool metacommunity
Bram Vanschoenwinkel, Aline Waterkeyn, Merlijn Jocqué, Liesbet Boven, Maitland Seaman, Luc Brendonck
KEYWORDS: community assembly, disturbance, Succession, Species replacement, temporal niche segregation, temporary pools, hydroperiod, hydroregime, large branchiopods
Ecosystems generally are not stable over long periods of time and are subject to disturbances of different frequencies and intensities. As a result, natural communities usually are not in equilibrium, and temporal snapshots can show different stages of community assembly. Nonequilibrium is especially common in temporary aquatic systems where desiccation continuously resets the development of communities and hydroperiod is an important determinant of species richness and community structure. We investigated effects of disturbance regime on community assembly of aquatic invertebrates in a cluster of 36 temporary rock pools in central South Africa. Pools were assigned to 4 categories based on their long-term disturbance regime and were sampled 4 times during 1 inundation. Disturbance modulated the relative importance of deterministic and stochastic processes driving community assembly and reduced both α and β diversity. Premature desiccation truncated community development. Initial communities were dominated by resident large branchiopods (fairy shrimp and clam shrimp). Arrival of flying colonists, including many predators, caused a drastic change in community composition and initiated a new successional phase dominated by cladocerans. For residents, the link between local environment and community structure was strongest early during inundation and decreased during community assembly. For flying colonists, variation in arrival time and habitat selection led to a better match between communities and environment later during inundation. We conclude that the combination of colonization–extinction dynamics and niche partitioning in space and time determines metacommunity structure in this extreme type of aquatic habitat.
First audit of macroinvertebrate samples from an EU Water Framework Directive monitoring program: human error greatly lowers precision of assessment results
Peter Haase, Steffen U. Pauls, Karin Schindehütte, Andrea Sundermann
29(4), 1279-1291, (7 September 2010)https://doi.org/10.1899/09-183.1
KEYWORDS: stream assessment, methodology, Quality control, quality assurance, benthic invertebrates, river, stream, ecological status, water management
Invertebrates are often used in biological monitoring of soil and water ecosystems. Because of the huge number of invertebrate species, sample processing (sorting and identification) is a labor-intensive and often difficult task that is prone to error. These errors can bias assessment results, which often are used by environmental managers to guide funding decisions for costly restoration measures. However, quality control of assessment results is not implemented in many freshwater monitoring programs. We conducted the first audit of an official European freshwater monitoring program based on 414 macroinvertebrate samples from streams and rivers in Germany. The samples were collected by personnel at 7 different commercial environmental laboratories using the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive protocol. We audited 12% of all samples at 3 different levels: 1) a sorting audit, 2) an identification audit, and 3) a total audit based on both sorting and identification. The sorting audit revealed that 29% of the specimens and every 5th taxon (20.6%) had been overlooked by the primary analyst. Differences in sorting were correlated with taxon body size (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). The identification audit showed that >30% of taxa differed between the results of the primary analysts and auditors. Taxa considered difficult to identify were not more prone to error than were taxa considered easier to identify. Primary analysts and auditors assigned 34% of audited samples to different quality classes in ≥1 of 3 assessment modules (organic pollution, acidification, and general degradation). For 16% of the samples, these changes resulted in a different final ecological assessment. Such a high rate of differences between primary analysts and auditors could lead to ineffective allocation of several million Euros. Our results clearly illustrate the need for adequate quality control and auditing in freshwater monitoring.
Landscape indicators and thresholds of stream ecological impairment in an intensively mined Appalachian watershed
J. Todd Petty, Jennifer B. Fulton, Michael P. Strager, George T. Merovich, James M. Stiles, Paul F. Ziemkiewicz
KEYWORDS: mining impacts, Appalachian streams, landscape indicators, threshold effects, Acid mine drainage, benthic macroinvertebrates, bioassessment, Trace metals
Coal-mine development is occurring at a rapid rate in the central Appalachians, but few tools exist to assess the consequences of cumulative effects of mining to downstream aquatic resources. We constructed and applied an index of mining intensity (MI) to the Lower Cheat River basin, northern West Virginia. Our objectives were to: 1) determine if the MI could be used to predict stream-water quality and biological conditions, 2) quantify the extent to which geology and the geographic position of mines modulate the effects of mining on in-stream conditions, and 3) identify thresholds of MI that produce quantifiable changes to benthic macroinvertebrate communities. We quantified water chemistry, habitat quality, and benthic macroinvertebrate communities from May 2002 to May 2003 in 39 stream segments randomly distributed across a range of MI, coal geology, elevation, and watershed area. We sampled benthic macroinvertebrates at an additional 41 validation sites in May 2002. The MI was positively correlated with dissolved metals (r = 0.65–0.85) and negatively correlated with ecological condition metrics (r = 0.49–0.78), including total richness, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera richness, and the West Virginia Stream Condition Index. Coal geology and distance from mining had a significant interactive effect on benthic macroinvertebrate responses. Streams draining watersheds with Freeport coal geology had significantly poorer water quality and ecological condition than streams draining watersheds with similar MI but with Kittanning coal geology. Mining effects on stream conditions diminished as distance from the nearest mining activities upstream increased to a distance of ∼10 km. Changepoint analysis provided evidence of threshold effects of mining on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in Freeport coal watersheds but not in Kittanning coal watersheds. Abrupt reductions in ecological condition occurred at MI values as low as 1 to 5% of maximum intensity, and ecological impairment to streams became almost certain at MI >18 to 20%. Our results provide evidence of an interactive effect of landuse intensity, underlying geology, and the spatial arrangement of disturbance on the degree of impairment to receiving water bodies. The thresholds we identified could be used by water-resource managers to protect and restore stream conditions in actively mined watersheds of the central Appalachian region.
Do Iberian and European fish faunas exhibit convergent functional structure along environmental gradients?
Maxime Logez, Didier Pont, Maria Teresa Ferreira
KEYWORDS: convergence, functional trait, fish community, Mediterranean, environmental gradients
We tested whether the functional structures of Mediterranean and temperate western European fish communities responded similarly along environmental gradients. The species pools of the 2 regions were quite different, with few species common to both regions. Each species was assigned to 1 trait for each of 6 guilds considered. We aggregated occurrences or densities of the species sharing the same traits and then computed 26 metrics describing the functional structure of fish assemblages. For each metric, we fitted and then compared 3 nested models. The 1st model related the metric to environmental variables without taking into account the region. Therefore, the response was assumed to be the same between regions. The 2nd model related the metric to the environmental variables with the region as an additive parameter. Therefore, the response was assumed to be similar between regions but with a constant deviation between them. The 3rd model took into account all interactions between the environmental variables and region. Therefore, the response to the environmental gradient was assumed to be different in the 2 regions. For the 17 metrics finally tested, 11 metrics responded similarly to environmental gradients but generally showed a constant deviation between the 2 regions, and responses of 6 metrics differed between the regions. Our results highlight the roles played by biogeographical factors and the environment on current community structure in 2 neighboring but ecologically distinct regions.
Effects of wildfire of varying severity on benthic stream insect assemblages and emergence
Rachel L. Malison, Colden V. Baxter
29(4), 1324-1338, (21 September 2010)https://doi.org/10.1899/09-022.1
KEYWORDS: wildfire, benthic insects, emergence, stream ecology, insect assemblage, disturbance
The effects of wildfire can alter the structure of stream insect assemblages. Post-fire shifts to dominance by r-strategist taxa could drive increases in productivity of primary consumer and predatory insects, but this possibility has not been explicitly investigated. Likewise, the extent and duration of such effects might be mediated by fire severity, but this hypothesis also has not been evaluated. We report results from a comparative study that examined the mid-term (5–10 y post-fire) effects of wildfire of varying severity on stream insect assemblage composition and productivity measured in terms of benthic larval biomass and flux of emerging adults. We compared benthos and emergence in a suite of 2nd- to 3rd-order, unburned streams to those that had experienced low-severity and high-severity wildfire in wilderness watersheds of central Idaho. Reaches that experienced high-severity burn had the greatest biomass of r-strategist, generalist primary consumers that included Chironomidae, Baetis, and Simuliidae. The greatest biomass of predatory insects, such as Rhyacophila, occurred in reaches that experienced high-severity burn. Differences in composition of emerging insects were more pronounced in some time periods than others, with greatest emergence from high-severity reaches in early summer. High-severity reaches consistently had the greatest emergence flux. Reaches that experienced low-severity burn had the least emergence, and unburned reaches had intermediate emergence flux. Our results suggest that burn severity might drive differences in aquatic insect assemblages and their productivity.
Stable isotope analysis of benthic fauna and their food sources in boreal lakes
Katrin Premke, Jan Karlsson, Kristin Steger, Cristian Gudasz, Eddie von Wachenfeldt, Lars J. Tranvik
KEYWORDS: autochthonous, allochthonous, dissolved organic C, stable isotopes, boreal lakes
The origin of organic C supporting zoobenthic communities in 8 boreal lakes with different concentrations of dissolved organic C (DOC) was assessed by stable-isotope analysis. Profundal zoobenthos was depleted in 13C compared to littoral zoobenthos, and this difference increased with decreasing DOC concentration. The δ13C of littoral zoobenthos suggested reliance on benthic algae, whereas depleted 13C of profundal zoobenthos could be explained by contributions from allochthonous and autochthonous C sources. In deeper lakes, profundal zoobenthos diets also included C processed by methanotrophic bacteria. Littoral zoobenthos δ13C decreased with increasing DOC concentration in the lake water. Our results suggest that littoral benthic fauna are mainly supported by benthic algae in low-DOC lakes and by phytoplankton and allochthonous organic C in high-DOC lakes and that this difference is a result of light absorbance and energy supply by allochthonous organic C. Increasing allochthonous DOC inputs, as expected in a warmer and wetter climate, might reduce benthic algal production and alter the organic C base for benthic food webs in lake ecosystems.
Climate Change and Biological Indicators: Detection, Attribution, and Management Implications for Aquatic Ecosystems
Michael T. Barbour, Britta G. Bierwagen, Anna T. Hamilton, Nicholas G. Aumen
29(4), 1349-1353, (26 October 2010)https://doi.org/10.1899/10-117.1
Before and after the deluge: rain-on-snow flooding effects on aquatic invertebrate communities of small streams in the Sierra Nevada, California
David B. Herbst
KEYWORDS: climate change, rain-on-snow, winter floods, macroinvertebrates, Sierra Nevada, hydrologic disturbance, headwater streams
Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of rain-on-snow events in the winter and spring in mountain streams. Flooding caused by such events can drastically alter stream geomorphology, but much less is known about how such floods affect aquatic life. A record flood in early January 1997 afforded an opportunity to carry out a case study of benthic invertebrate community responses to this flood in 14 eastern Sierra streams sampled in the summers before and after the event. All sites were exposed to the flood. Study sites included 8 exposed to livestock grazing disturbance (test) and 6 where grazing was absent or minimal (reference). Reference sites had more riffle habitat, coarser substrata (cobbles), and greater relative abundances of many Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) genera, whereas test sites had higher alkalinity, more pool habitats and fine substrata, lower diversity of EPT taxa, and higher densities of chironomid genera and elmid beetles. From 1996 to 1997 (before vs after the flood), the densities of total invertebrates and many taxa increased in most sites, and significantly (10×) more at test than reference sites. At all sites, bank stability and riparian vegetation coverage decreased and roots were exposed on the stream banks. At many sites, fine sediments decreased and average substrate sizes increased. Examination of 1996 to 1997 vectors in nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) space indicated differences in responses at reference vs test sites. Macroinvertebrate assemblages at reference sites changed relatively little, whereas the relative abundances of certain midges and Hydropsyche increased at test sites. Densities of filterers and small gatherers of fine particulate organic matter increased at test sites, and densities of filterers decreased at reference sites. Changes from 1996 to 1997 suggested that the winter rain-on-snow event had little effect in reference streams but increased the densities of small collector invertebrates at disturbed sites where fine sediments were flushed out and particulate organic resources increased. Given the predicted effects of climate change on mountain stream hydrology, these results indicate that benthic invertebrate communities in small pristine streams might be resilient to the effects of large rain-on-snow floods, but that small, mobile collector invertebrates in some degraded streams might increase in response to sediment flushing and increases in particulate organic matter.
Evidence for the role of climate in the local extinction of a cool-water triclad
Isabelle Durance, S. J. Ormerod
KEYWORDS: climate change, freshwater, planarians, streams, temperature, NAO, Wales
Climate change is expected to alter freshwater communities and accelerate extinction, but the exact processes are poorly known. Here, we appraise interannual variation between 2 sympatric planarians (Crenobia alpina and Phagocata vitta) in upland Welsh streams over 25 y during which 1 of this pair (C. alpina) disappeared. We tested 3 nonexclusive hypotheses involving: 1) long-term changes in stream chemistry, 2) interspecific competition, and 3) climatic variation or directional change to explain this apparent local extinction. Several lines of evidence revealed potential exploitation competition between C. alpina and P. vitta. Coexistence was confined to conditions with high prey abundance (recorded as the abundance of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) and summer temperatures <12.5°C, whereas P. vitta dominated at sites with higher temperature, greater discharge, and lower prey abundance. The loss of C. alpina in the Llyn Brianne experimental catchments coincided with the largest-ever positive amplification of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in 1989 to 1994, accompanied by increased stream temperature, increased winter discharge, 2 summer droughts, and markedly reduced prey abundance. We suggest that interspecific competition and this prolonged climatic event acted in concert to favor P. vitta over C. alpina. Since its local loss, summer stream temperatures have generally exceeded the favorable range for C. alpina and, coupled with weak dispersal ability, probably explain its continued absence. Our data are consistent with the prediction that extreme climatic events will affect small, fluctuating populations. Nevertheless, this case study demonstrates clear difficulties in identifying unequivocally the exact climatic processes causing extinction where: 1) evidence is confined to weak inference, 2) responses to complex climatic events are nonlinear, 3) interactions occur among species or between climate and ecological processes, and 4) assessments are made retrospectively following extinctions.
Vulnerability of biological metrics and multimetric indices to effects of climate change
Anna T. Hamilton
KEYWORDS: climate change, biological indicators, biological metrics, multimetric indices, vulnerability, biomonitoring, macroinvertebrates
Aquatic ecosystems and their fauna are vulnerable to a variety of climate-related changes. Benthic macroinvertebrates are used frequently by water-quality agencies to monitor the status of aquatic resources. We used several regionally distributed state bioassessment data sets to analyze how climate change might influence metrics used to define ecological condition of streams. Many widely used, taxonomically based metrics were composed of both cold- and warm-water-preference taxa, and differing responses of these temperature-preference groups to climate-induced changes in stream temperatures could undermine assessment of stream condition. Climate responsiveness of these trait groups varied among states and ecoregions, but the groups generally were sensitive to changing temperature conditions. Temperature sensitivity of taxa and their sensitivity to organic pollution were moderately but significantly correlated. Therefore, metrics selected for condition assessments because taxa are sensitive to disturbance or to conventional pollutants also were sensitive to changes in temperature. We explored the feasibility of modifying metrics by partitioning components based on temperature sensitivity to reduce the likelihood that responses to climate change would confound responses to impairment from other causes and to facilitate tracking of climate-change-related taxon losses and replacements.
The influence of extreme climatic events and human disturbance on macroinvertebrate community patterns of a Mediterranean stream over 15 y
Maria João Feio, Carlos Nuno Coimbra, Manuel A. S. Graça
KEYWORDS: long term, macroinvertebrates, chemical disturbance, climate changes, Precipitation, temperature, extreme events, Mediterranean stream
We analyzed long-term changes in macroinvertebrate communities in a Mediterranean temporary stream in southern Portugal over 15 y (1993–2008) at 10 locations with 3 degrees of physicochemical disturbance (reference, high disturbance, and mild disturbance). We related year-to-year variation of macroinvertebrate communities to long-term (59 y) information on precipitation and temperature. Our goals were to: 1) determine the stability of macroinvertebrate communities in the stream, 2) establish the influence of physicochemical disturbance on community stability, 3) assess the influence of climate change on the macroinvertebrate communities, and 4) assess the interactive effects of climate change and disturbance level on macroinvertebrate communities. Community structure varied naturally from year to year, but changes in taxon richness and evenness were much stronger and more unpredictable in disturbed than in other sites. In the long term, the more diverse (reference) and the poorest (disturbed) communities were stable, whereas communities affected by mild disturbance slowly decreased in taxon richness (slope = −0.07, r2 = 0.38). This decrease could be a response to the continuous stress or to climate change. The multivariate patterns over time of invertebrate communities at mildly disturbed sites were the only patterns significantly correlated with climatic patterns. In the past 59 y in this Mediterranean area (southeastern Europe), winter temperature has increased 1°C and precipitation has decreased 1.5 mm/d. Marked changes in community composition (70–80% Bray–Curtis dissimilarity) occurred only in years of extremely low precipitation or temperature. In years of climatic extremes and at chemically disturbed sites, Orthocladiinae and Simuliidae became dominant. In this stream, a shift in community equity occurs before species elimination. This shift might be useful as an early warning for biodiversity loss because of disturbance or climate change. We recommend continued sampling of reference sites for monitoring purposes so that effects of climate change can be established and so that contemporary human disturbance can be assessed relative to an adjusted reference condition.
Use of thermal preference metrics to examine state biomonitoring data for climate change effects
Jennifer D. Stamp, Anna T. Hamilton, Lei Zheng, Britta G. Bierwagen
KEYWORDS: traits, climate change, macroinvertebrates, biomonitoring, temperature, hydrology, cold-water taxa, warm-water taxa
Analyses of long-term data are an important component of climate-change research because they can help further our understanding of the effects of climate change and can help establish expectations for biological responses to future climate changes. We used macroinvertebrate data to assess whether biological trends associated with directional climate change could be detected in routine biomonitoring data from Maine, North Carolina, and Utah. We analyzed data from 8 long-term biomonitoring sites that had 9 to 22 y of data, and focused on thermal-preference metrics based on cold- and warm-water-preference trait groups. The thermal-preference metrics were derived primarily from weighted-average or generalized-linear-model inferences based on data from each state database and are region specific. Long-term trends varied across sites and regions. At some sites, the thermal-preference metrics showed significant patterns that could be interpreted as being related to directional climate change, whereas at others, patterns were not as expected or were not evident. The strongest trends occurred at 2 Utah sites that had ≥14 y of data. At these sites, cold-water taxa were negatively correlated with air temperature, and, when years were grouped into hottest- and coldest-year samples, were strongly reduced in the hottest-year samples. Results suggest that thermal-preference metrics show promise for application in a biomonitoring context to differentiate climate-related responses from other stressors.
Long-term macroinvertebrate responses to climate change: implications for biological assessment in mediterranean-climate streams
Justin E. Lawrence, Kevin B. Lunde, Raphael D. Mazor, Leah A. Bêche, Eric P. McElravy, Vincent H. Resh
KEYWORDS: climate change, Mediterranean streams, benthic macroinvertebrates, biological assessment, climate indicators, B-IBI, species traits
Climate change is expected to have strong effects on mediterranean-climate regions worldwide. In some areas, these effects will include increases in temperature and decreases in rainfall, which could have important implications for biological assessment programs of aquatic ecosystems. We used a consistently collected, 20-y benthic macroinvertebrate data set from 4 sites along 2 small northern California streams to examine potential climate-change effects on aquatic communities. The sites represented unique combinations of stream order and flow intermittency. The North Coast benthic macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) developed for northern California streams was not influenced by temperature extremes (cool and warm) or precipitation extremes (wet and dry). Other common indices and metrics used in biological monitoring studies, such as the ratio of observed to expected taxa (O/E), % Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) individuals, and total richness were unaffected by temperature and precipitation variability. For future monitoring of climate-change effects on small streams, we developed a local climate-change indicator that is composed of the presence/absence of 9 macroinvertebrate taxa, identified to genus level. This indicator detected significant differences between years that were grouped based on temperature, precipitation, and a combination of temperature and precipitation. It also detected significant differences between groups in an external data set including 40 reference sites throughout the San Francisco Bay area, a result that suggests this indicator could be used at larger spatial scales in this region. Two biological trait categories found in large, long-lived organisms decreased with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation at the most intermittent site. This result indicates that climate change might selectively affect taxa with certain traits. The robustness of the North Coast B-IBI and other common indices and metrics to temperature and precipitation variability demonstrates their continued applicability for examining water quality under future climate-change scenarios, but suggests that they probably will not be good indicators for detecting climate-change effects. The effects of climate change in mediterranean-climate streams can be monitored effectively within the framework of existing biological assessment programs by using regional indicators based on specific taxa identified to the generic level and information on their species traits.
Developing linkages between species traits and multiscaled environmental variation to explore vulnerability of stream benthic communities to climate change
N. LeRoy Poff, Matthew I. Pyne, Brian P. Bledsoe, Christopher C. Cuhaciyan, Daren M. Carlisle
KEYWORDS: benthic community, species traits, climate change, species vulnerability
Forecasting responses of benthic community structure and function to anthropogenic climate change is an emerging scientific challenge. Characterizing benthic species by biological attributes (traits) that are responsive to temperature and streamflow conditions can support a mechanistic approach for assessing the potential ecological responses to climate change. However, nonclimatic environmental factors also structure benthic communities and may mitigate transient climatic conditions, and these must be considered in evaluating potential impacts of climate change. Here we used macroinvertebrate and environmental data for 279 reference-quality sites spanning 12 states in the western US. For each sampling location, we described 45 environmental variables that spanned reach to catchment scales and that represented contemporary climate drivers, hydrologic metrics, and nonclimatic habitat features, as well as purely spatial metrics. We described benthic community composition at each site in terms of 7 species traits, including those considered sensitive to temperature increases and streamflow changes. All combined environmental variables explained 67% of the total trait variation across the sites, and catchment-scale climatic and hydrologic variables independently accounted for 19%. Sites were clustered into 3 community types based on trait composition, and a classification-tree analysis confirmed that climatic and hydrologic variables were important in partitioning these groups. Sensitivity of benthic communities to projected climate change was assessed by quantifying the proportion of taxa at sites having the traits of either cold stenothermy or obligate rheophily. Regression-tree analysis showed that temperature and hydrologic variables mostly accounted for the differences in proportion of sensitivity traits across the sites. We examined the vulnerability of sites to climate change by superimposing regional-scale projections of late-21st-century temperature and runoff change on the spatial distribution of temperature- and runoff-sensitive assemblages. Sites with high proportions of cold stenotherms and obligate rheophiles occur throughout the western US, but the degree of temperature and runoff change is projected to be greatest for reference sites in the Upper Colorado River and Great Basin. Thus, our results suggest that traits-based sensitivity coupled with intraregional variation in projected changes in temperature and runoff will cause reference sites in the western US to be differentially vulnerable to future climate change.
Using the reference condition maintains the integrity of a bioassessment program in a changing climate
Susan J. Nichols
KEYWORDS: long-term trends, reference condition, macroinvertebrates, bioassessment indicators, climate change
Climate change is gradual and long-term, consistently collected data are required to detect resulting biological responses and to separate such responses from local effects of human activities that monitoring programs usually are designed to assess. The reference-condition approach is commonly used in freshwater assessments that use predictive modeling, but a consistent reference condition is required to maintain the relevance and integrity of results over the long term. We investigated whether external influences, such as climate change, inhibited clear interpretation of bioassessment results in a study design using reference vs test sites. Macroinvertebrates were collected from 16 sites (11 sites affected by ski resorts and 5 reference sites) on 5 streams in 4 seasons each year from 1994 to 2008 within Kosciuszko National Park, Australia. We analyzed trends over 15 y to address questions regarding climate-change and macroinvertebrate bioindicators of stream condition (observed/expected [O/E] taxa; Stream Invertebrate Grade Number Average Level [SIGNAL] 2 scores; Simpson's Diversity; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera [EPT] richness ratio; and Oligochaeta abundance). Climate became slightly warmer and less humid (p < 0.0001), but no significant relationships between climate variables and bioindicators were evident. All bioindicators consistently distinguished between test and reference sites in all seasons. All bioindicators except for O/E taxa scores differed among streams (regardless of site type). O/E taxa are inherently adjusted for specific stream characteristics, and, thus, were robust to differences in stream type while remaining sensitive to reference and test site variation. Generally, reference and test sites did not respond differently to any gradual climate changes. Furthermore, the reference sites sampled through time remained in a condition equivalent to the previously defined reference condition and provided a valid comparison for current test sites of unknown condition. The bioindicators used here were insensitive to the small but significant changes in climate detected over the 15-y study. However, extreme climate-related events (such as severe drought and extensive bushfire) were detected by the chosen bioindicators at both reference and test sites. Ecological outcomes of climate change can be accounted for only by an appropriate study design that includes standardized sampling of fixed sites (both test and reference) over long periods.
Tracing recovery under changing climate: response of phytoplankton and invertebrate assemblages to decreased acidification
Richard K. Johnson, David G. Angeler
KEYWORDS: acidification, recovery, phytoplankton, benthic invertebrates, monitoring, boreal lakes, Climate
Phytoplankton and littoral invertebrate assemblages in 4 boreal lakes recovering from acidification and 4 minimally disturbed reference lakes studied over 2 decades were used to determine the pathways and trajectories of change under the influence of climatic variability. Assemblage composition (species presence–absence data) but not dominance patterns (invertebrate abundance/phytoplankton biovolume) of acidified lakes became more similar to those of reference lakes (distance decreased with time), indicating that detection of recovery varies as a function of chosen metrics. Acidified lakes had more pronounced shifts in assemblage composition than did reference lakes. The most marked differences were noted for phytoplankton assemblages. Assemblages in acidified lakes had mean between-year Euclidean distances almost 2× greater than those of assemblages in reference lakes. Trends in water chemistry showed unequivocal recovery, but responses of phytoplankton and invertebrate assemblages, measured as between-year shifts in assemblage composition, were correlated with interannual variability in climate (e.g., North Atlantic Oscillation, water temperature) in addition to decreased acidity. The finding that recovery pathways and trajectories of individual acidified lakes and the environmental drivers explaining these changes differed among assemblages shows that biological recovery is complex and the influence of climatic variability is poorly understood.
Using discharge dynamics characteristics to predict the effects of climate change on macroinvertebrates in lowland streams
Piet F. M. Verdonschot, Martin van den Hoorn
KEYWORDS: macroinvertebrate, climate change, discharge prediction, stream
Despite the uncertainties in the rate of climate change, the Atlantic zone of northwestern Europe is expected to experience warmer, wetter winters and wetter summers than at present. Summer precipitation probably will depend on short, heavy rain showers between dry periods. Changes in the amount, frequency, and intensity of precipitation are expected to change stream discharge patterns, especially in rainwater-fed lowland streams, which will shift toward more dynamic flow regimes. Indices of discharge dynamics were used to assess the effect of changes in climate through changes in hydrology and land and water use on natural lowland stream macroinvertebrate communities. Discharge dynamics were significantly correlated with macroinvertebrate community structure, current velocity, and organic material preference. Our results demonstrate important influences of dynamic discharge regimes and extreme flows on macroinvertebrate community structure. Predictions of the ecological effects of climate change and of changes in land and water use indicate impaired ecological conditions in lowland streams of the Atlantic zone of northwestern Europe. Scenario tests involving different climate and landuse options suggest that current restoration practices and planned restoration activities can positively interact to reduce negative effects of climate change on lowland stream ecosystems.
A review of the ecological consequences and management implications of climate change for the Everglades
Leonard G. Pearlstine
KEYWORDS: climate change, Sea level rise, Everglades, ecology, management
Southern Florida's Everglades are at the front line of potential negative effects on aquatic ecosystems from climate change and associated sea-level rise. A diversity of aquatic habitats supports a rich assemblage of aquatic and terrestrial wildlife, including 36 vertebrates and 26 plant species federally listed as endangered, threatened, or candidate species. Anticipated climate-change trends for southern Florida include increased weather uncertainty with more droughts, higher temperatures, and an increased number of more intense storms. Hydrologic regimes, temperature, and CO2 have been strongly correlated with plant community structure, coral and fish abundance and diversity, and higher trophic-level responses. Higher levels of variability in extreme climatic events, such as droughts, have the potential to destabilize aquatic communities. Sea-level rise is expected to be 0.8 to 2 m over the next century, a serious problem in a landscape that rises only 5 cm/km from Florida Bay inland. Wading birds and other wildlife species dependent on fresh water are likely to decline because of salt-water overwash and inundation. In addition to causing habitat loss, saltwater inundation of the peat substrate of Everglades freshwater wetlands may increase C emissions from sequestered C released as peat is destroyed and freshwater plant communities die. Identification of those species and habitats most at risk and ways to increase habitat and landscape resilience to large-scale environmental change will be critical for maintaining a diverse and productive Everglades.
M. Leichtfried, A. Borkent
29(4), 1527-1531, (26 October 2010)https://doi.org/10.1899/29.4.BR.1527
29(4), 1532, (26 October 2010)https://doi.org/10.1899/0887_3593-029.004.1532


PHNOM PENH - A CAMBODIAN court on Tuesday charged five Vietnamese and one Laos national with drug trafficking after police seized more than 11kg of methamphetamine from Laos in a major raid.
The six were arrested after police confiscated nearly 88,000 methamphetamine tablets, weighing 8.8kg, and three kilograms of methamphetamine powder during a raid at a Phnom Penh residence on Friday, said national police spokesman Kirt Chantharith.
'The drugs were supplied from Laos... and could have been destined for Vietnam and Thailand,' he said.
If convicted, the six men and women face 'a minimum of 20 years in prison", Hing Bunchea, a prosecutor at Phnom Penh Municipal Court, told AFP.
Local media estimated the drugs have a street value of more than half a million dollars.


Lumarca is a projection-based 3D volumetric display, which is collaboration between Albert Hwang, Matt Parker, and Elliot Woods. In 2010, they were the winners of Red Bull's "Create the Future" contest at World Maker Faire New York. With a height of fifteen feet, the latest iteration of the Lumarca concept is the tallest yet and will be on display at Eyebeam in New York City starting tomorrow night.


text:
Evariste Ngoyagoye (* 3. Januar 1942 in Jenda, Burundi) ist ein burundischer Geistlicher und emeritierter römisch-katholischer Erzbischof von Bujumbura.

Leben
Papst Paul VI. weihte ihn am 6. Januar 1966 zum Priester des Bistums Bujumbura.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 7. Juni 1980 zum ersten Bischof des mit gleichem Datum errichteten Bistums Bubanza. Die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm der Apostolische Nuntius in Burundi, Erzbischof Donato Squicciarini, am 24. August desselben Jahres; Mitkonsekratoren waren die Joachim Ruhuna, Erzbischof von Gitega, und Michel Ntuyahaga, Bischof von Bujumbura.

Der Papst ernannte ihn am 21. April 1997 zum Bischof von Bujumbura. Mit der Erhebung zum Erzbistum am 25. November 2006 wurde er zum Erzbischof von Bujumbura ernannt.

Papst Franziskus nahm am 24. März 2018 seinen altersbedingten Rücktritt an.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Burundier
Geboren 1942
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Adds the Metainfo layer to the map.
Registers a tap event listener with the tile provider responsible for the MetaInfo layer.
The listener is a callback function to be invoked when the map user taps on a map (spatial) object, for example a marker. It retrieves the object from the event passed to it and outputs information about the object to the console.
Please bear in mind that all objects are transparent by default, but they remain interactive.
Obtaining a service object for the Metainfo layer.
Creates the default map layers, including the POI layer.
Obtains the tile provider object and adds a listener function for pointerdown events to it.
Retrieves the spatial object on which the map user clicked.
Gets the meta data associated with the spatial object.
Obtains the geographic coordinates of the object (converts screen coordinates to latitude and longitude).
Displays an info bubble with the name of the object on the screen at the location on which the map user clicked.
Figure 1. Map with POIs and additional data fetched by the MetaInfo layer.


text:
NYC Top Comedy Choices for June 2018: Last Updated Tuesday 6/19
Need a book or screenplay? Hire me. To learn about my writing services, please visit BookProposal.net.
Please note that these listings are updated frequently. The best way to be instantly notified about new show postings is to subscribe to this BestNewYorkComedy.com blog and allow for email notifications. Other ways to keep up are to follow me on Twitter (@hybender) or Instagram (@hybenderny), and/or to visit the desktop version of this site at HyReviews.com.
That said, my top NYC comedy recommendations for June 2018 (with more to come soon) include:
Tuesday 6/19: Michael Showalter (director of movies Big Sick and Hello My Name Is Doris; co-creator, co-writer, and producer of TBS' Search Party and CW's upcoming The Dark; co-star & co-writer of film Wet Hot American Summer and TV spin-off on Netflix; previously MTV seminal sketch show The State and comedy troupe Stella), Michelle Collins (host of E!'s Daily Pop, People Mag TV's Search History, and SiriusXM's The Michelle Collins Show; former co-host of ABC's The View and Bachelor in Paradise: After Paradise), Jamie Lee (co-star of & writer for HBO's Crashing; TruTV, Conan O'Brien, MTV's Girl Code, The Pete Holmes Show), Clark Jones (co-host of Comedy Night at the Knit), and more perform for this seminal weekly stand-up & variety show hosted by Seth Herzog (long-time staff comic for Jimmy Fallon; 30 Rock, @midnight, CBS, VH1): Sweet (9:00 pm, $10, The Slipper Room at 167 Orchard Street)
Tuesday 6/19: Rebecca Vigil (rising star improv singer; Your Love Our Musical, The Vigilante) sings powerhouse songs she makes up on the spot, backed by a superb improv band headed by keyboardist Dan Reitz. Plus she's joined by the wonderful Ophira Eisenberg (one of the finest comedic storytellers and stand-ups in the country; host of weekly NPR/WNYC show Ask Me Another, author of bestselling book Screw Everyone: Sleeping My Way to Monogamy, comedy album Bangs!; NBC, CBS, Comedy Central, VH1, Showtime), Matt Rogers & Bowen Yang (hosts of the acclaimed Las Culturistas podcast and live show), Katie Hartman (brilliant, fearless dark comedy writer/performer; HBO's High Maintenance, Netflix's The Week Of; sketch groups Skinny Bitch Jesus Meeting and Hartman & Carl, ace improv group Straight to Video), Sydnee Washington (MTV2's Vidiots, co-host of podcast The Unofficial Expert), and Eman El Husseini (opens for Patton Oswalt): Kick It! with Rebecca Vigil (7:30 pm; $11 online using code KICKIT [otherwise $18], plus 2-drink min.; Carolines Comedy Club at 1626 Broadway)
Tuesday 6/19: The unsinkable Becca Beberaggi (above; emcee of Comedy Night at Paste Magazine) hosts an evening about "our flaws, our fears, and our issues," featurina a great lineup of Josh Gondelman (one of the sharpest comics in the country; Emmy & Peabody Award-winning writer/producer for HBO's phenom Last Week Tonight with John Oliver; Conan O'Brien, The New Yorker; stand-up album Physical Whisper), Jena Friedman (wry dark political stand-up; Conan O'Brien, Stephen Colbert, @midnight, The New Yorker, Adult Swim, Netflix mockumentary Undecided; former staff writer for David Letterman and Roseanne; former producer for The Daily Show), Marie Faustin (co-host of 99.5 FM's Tall Tales in the Big City and podcast The Unofficial Expert; former host of Oxygen's Very Real Talk; VH1, TruTV, MTV's Girl Code and Vidiots), Dan Perlman, Ariel Elias, Gracie Canaan, and Matt Hunziker: So Many Problems (8:00 pm, $10, Brooklyn's Union Hall at 702 Union Street; take R subway to Union Street)
Thursday 6/21: Stand-ups TBA perform for stellar hosts (above) Ashley Brooke Roberts (energetic, enormously likeable rising star stand-up, sketch comic, and actress; former writer for NatGeo Explorer and MTV's Guy Code; UCB Maude sketch groups The Prom and Absolutely) and/or Jim Tews (Louie, Last Comic Standing; host of Homeschooled; New York Times bestselling author of Felines of New York; comedy album I Was in Band): Fresh Out (9:00 pm, $9, UCB East at 153 East 3rd Street)
Friday 6/22: Comics & game nerds Jo Firestone, Samantha Ruddy, Eli Yudin, Alex Navarro, and Robert Dean play and make merciless fun of some of the worst video games of all time (e.g., Shaq-Fu) hosted by Mike Drucker (hilarious stand-up and staff writer for TBS' Full Frontal with Samantha Bee; previously staff writer for Comedy Central's The President Show and nearly 400 episodes of NBC's Jimmy Fallon, and contributing writer for Saturday Night Live): Shit Arcade (10:30 pm, $10, Brooklyn's Union Hall at 702 Union Street; take R subway to Union Street)
Friday 6/22: Highly talented hip-hop improv group North Coast attempts to create a Hamilton on the spot by making up a musical based on an audience suggestion of a famous historical figure: Anybody: An Improvised Historical Hip-Hopera (9:30 pm, $16.89 online or $20 at the door, LES' Caveat at 21-A Clinton Street; take F/J/M/Z subway to Delancey Street/Essex Street)
Saturday 6/23: Guests TBA perform stand-up, songs, characters, and/or more, then enthusiastically endorse some product they love…which will be handed out to lucky members of the audience! Hosted by the wonderful Chris Duffy (staff writer for NatGeo Explorer, host of You're the Expert), who makes this promise for one audience member per show: You Get A Spoon (4:00 pm; $13.71 online, $15 at the door; LES' Caveat at 21-A Clinton Street—take F/J/M/Z subway to Delancey Street/Essex Street)
Sunday 6/24: NYLaugh.org's free summer stand-up shows, which happen Sundays 2:00-4:00 pm at parks all over the city, kicks off its 2018 series today at Staten Island's Wolfe's Pond Park. All subsequent shows will take place in Manhattan—specifically, The Battery (on Castle Clinton Lawn, in front of the National Monument) July 1st and 15th, Washington Square Park (at Garibaldi Plaza, on the east side of the Fountain) July 8th, and Tompkins Square Park (on the Old Bandshell Lawn) July 22nd—with lineups TBA: Laughter in the Park (2:00 pm-4:00 pm, Free!, Staten Island's Wolfe's Pond Park at 420 Cornelia Avenue)
Monday 6/25: Singer/songwriter/musician Julian Velard (pianist for NPR's Ask Me Another; albums include Fancy Words For Failure) fulfills his lifelong dream is to be a Late Night Talk Show Sidekick, "playing Paul Shaffer to different David Lettermans in the hopes of finding his soulmate," with tonight's stellar guests Wyatt Cenac (star of TBS' Friends of Earth; former star correspondent for The Daily Show; writer for South Park; albums Comedy Person, Brooklyn, and Furry Dumb Fighter; host of Night Train), Nikki Glaser (host of You Up on SiriusXM Comedy Central Radio; star of former Comedy Central series Not Safe; films Trainwreck and I Feel Pretty; hour-long special Perfect; Jimmy Fallon, Conan O'Brien, Jimmy Kimmel, Last Comic Standing, Comedy Central Half Hour, Inside Amy Schumer, @midnight; NBC's America Ninja Warrior: Celebrity Edition; podcast You Had to Be There), Brooke Van Poppelen (co-host of TruTV's Hack My Life; The View, @midnight, HBO, CBS, VH1), Michael Cruz Kayne (HBO's Crashing, The Chris Gethard Show; ace musical improv group Baby Wants Candy, UCB Saturday night improv group What I Did For Love, co-host of monthly comedy show The Exhibition), and more: Sidekickin' It with Julian Velard (8:30 pm, $12, Rockwood Music Hall, Stage 3 at 196 Allen Street, near the F subway's Second Avenue stop)
Monday 6/25: Roy Wood Jr. (correspondent for Comedy Central's The Daily Show and host of This is Not Happening) and more TBA—mostly stand-ups, but maybe also something different such as an extreme character, a juggler, or a magician—perform for this free weekly show hosted by the multi-talented Morgan Miller (above; sharp improvisor, sketch comic, and stand-up): Dirty Laundry (11:00 pm, Free! (make reservation here), UCB Hell's Kitchen at 555 West 42nd Street)
Thursday 6/28: A glorious collection of hilarious film & TV clips and lectures by mass media experts hosted by super-fan Kevin Maher (Emmy-nominated writer whose work has appeared on HBO, Comedy Central, and AMC; former host of AMC's The Sci-Fi Dept.) and guest co-host Kate Wilkinson (Wig Wurq website "judging pop culture's wigs from lace fronts to split ends"), this month focusing on dance (for a trailer, please click here), with scheduled guests Tallie Medel (immensely talented comedic dancer/actress and rising star who's a member of the fabulous Cocoon Central Dance Team), Rob Paravonian (Comedy Central, VH1; to watch his hit video Pachelbel Rant, which has been viewed by over 13 million people on YouTube, please click here), Wendy Mays (host of the Pet Cinematary podcast), and Cristina Cacioppo (cinema programmer for Alamo Drafthouse): Kevin Geeks Out About Dance (7:30 pm; $15—buying in advance is recommended, as this show crammed with rich imagery and fascinating ideas often sells out; Brooklyn's Alamo Drafthouse Cinema at 445 Albee Square West—take the 2/3 subway to Hoyt Street)
Thursday 6/28: Learn the early history of the MTA via fun lectures, sketches, and more at the second of this comedic history series about NYC transit, with guests TBA, hosted by Meg Pierson (TEDx, Alchemy Comedy) and Justin Williams (Comedy Central; host of Death Comedy Jam): Why Your Train is F*cked: A Love/Hate Show About the History of the MTA (7:00 pm; $16.89 online, $18 at the door; LES' Caveat at 21-A Clinton Street—take F/J/M/Z subway to Delancey Street/Essex Street)
Friday 6/29: Fifty comics (TBA) gather to each share a minute's worth of observations about a bit of pop culture with which he or she can't be bothered, with hosts Matt Rogers & Bowen Yang (above; hosts of the acclaimed Las Culturistas podcast): Las Culturistas Live: I Don't Think So, Honey (8:00 pm, $20, Brooklyn's The Bell House (149 7th Street; take R subway to 9th Street or F/G to Fourth Avenue)
Friday 6/29: A one-woman show by Sydnee Washington (MTV2's Vidiots, co-host of podcast The Unofficial Expert) about her decade as a high-earning cocktail waitress and why, after a decade of working in NYC nightlife, she decided to hang up her server dress forever: Death of a Bottle Girl (9:00 pm; $12, LES' Caveat at 21-A Clinton Street—take F/J/M/Z subway to Delancey Street/Essex Street)
239 Third Avenue—moving to Union Square this summer; competitor to Comedy Cellar; no drink min.—support this policy!
moving to Brooklyn in June 2018, please stay tuned; strong weekend lineups; no cover using code HyReviews; 2-drink min.
Special Thanks to Mindy and Anya
Special thanks to comedy photographers supreme Anya Garrett and Mindy Tucker for creating so many of the stellar photos that grace this site…and the sites of hundreds of NYC comics.
Contact Hy
From legendary NYC comedy site Brooklyn Vegan: Thank God for Hy Bender's religiously updated show bible Best New York Comedy (and HyReviews.com). He is literally the only person in NYC providing daily summaries of what's happening comedy-wise. It must be exhausting keeping that monster of a website alive. It is your daily comedy itinerary and it scares me how on top of his shit this guy is.
From comedy & rock goddess Lane Moore (host of smash hit Tinder Live; author of How to be Alone; lead singer of Brooklyn band It Was Romance): Hy Bender lives and breathes comedy. He knows what he's talking about. Listen.
Please feel encouraged to reach out to tell me about comedy shows, provide feedback on my cross-genre short story anthology Ghosts on Drugs, hire me to develop your book or screenplay (please visit BookProposal.net or HyOnYourScript.com), or for any other reason by emailing me at hy@hyreviews.com.
This entry was posted on Tuesday, June 19th, 2018 at 7:42 am and is filed under Best New York Live Comedy Shows.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The play-anything video player VLC has just added another arrow to its quiver. In the latest version of its technical preview 3.0 the app now supports 360 degree video.
The VideoLan developed the technology, which supports 360 degree photos, panoramas and videos, with the help of 360-degree camera maker Giroptic and the feature can now be tried on Widows and the Mac.
The final version should roll out by the end of the month, and will eventually head to phones and tablets, where it will support gyroscopic control in place of mouse and keyboard.
The app will also eventually support VR headsets like the HTC Vive and Oculus Rift and 360-degree audio support including head tracking headphones, with those features expected to arrive next year.
Download the preview app from VideoLan here.


text:
Eunoumeana is een geslacht van vlinders van de familie spanners (Geometridae), uit de onderfamilie Ennominae.

Soorten
E. dejectaria Walker, 1860
E. fletcheri Viette, 1950
E. pannularia Guenée, 1868


text:
Q: Find a function by name in Chrome's Devtools Performance I've got a React component that uses a hook inside. It's more or less just a function within a function.
export const Comp: FC = () => {
  const [state, setState] = useSomeCustomHook(function someCallback() {});

  return (

  );
};

After measuring performance using Chrome's Devtools, I can find how much time the function Comp took. There's no trace of functions useSomeCustomHook or someCallback, however. How do I find them?
The application was bootstrapped with create-react-app.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If you want to work as a freelancer and have young children you will need a double dose of dedication to your work, as you will have more obstacles to deal with. Before starting out on a freelancer career, decide what you want out of life and make sure your work fits in with it. Think about how you wil balance client deadlines and sick kids or broken nights. You may find yourself working late into the night after the day has not gone as planned. Small children do not always understand when 'mummy is working' or 'daddy has to get this finished right now'.
I get a big buzz out of my work: I love seeing clients' news being covered in the media or my books in print, and really enjoy the great variety of work I do. If I didn't have a passion for it, it would be very hard to stay motivated. In a lot of ways my work is a far more tangible thing than raising children: the visible outcomes are easier to measure, so it makes a nice balance. I found it incredibly hard having 6 months of maternity leave after the birth of my daughter: just thinking about feeds, nappies and baby groups wasn't enough. With my third child on the way I really value the chance to balance work and family in the way I want.
This entry was posted in A Guide to Promoting Your Business, Business, Family Friendly Working, Family Life, freelancing on May 28, 2012 by Antonia.
We've been enjoying a fabulous weekend with beautiful weather. It is Dh and my 12th wedding anniversary too so we had a lovely lunch out with the kids – all good.
Now, I'm just catching up with a little work, planning for the week ahead and trying to work a little in advance to make some time for networking events for Business Mum Week and The Mumpreneur Conference which I'll be attending in Birmingham on the 3rd of October. I'm mildly terrified about the conference purely because I'll be driving up on my own (well, with Kit too) and I hate long drives … since we were driven into about 10 years ago. The drive will take around 5 hours.
Anyway, apart from that, this week I'm writing about gifts and traditions for one of the blogs I work on, plus personal finance and money saving for another. I've done a good update for Family Friendly Working which should see me past the conference – I schedule features well in advance and have mumpreneurs booked in for the profile slots right up until the end of October.
I've done the first chapter for the book on Down's Syndrome. It is not totally complete and I suspect I'll need to revise it as I work on the following chapters but it is good to make a start. I aim to do two chapters next month and two in November which shouldn't be too much pressure.
Writing that up all feels quite under control. The things I can't control are the volume of sales for the Mumpreneur Guide. The special offer ends on Wednesday, and if there is another big sales day this could push aside all my plans for a week of writing.
I'm also due to do some work on the business. I'm meeting a business adviser next Wednesday, need to do the end of month invoices and have a couple of stray invoices to chase up plus missing parcels to claim from the post office. Such excitement! Let's hope the weather stays good so I can get all this done in the sun.
This entry was posted in Antonia Chitty's Books, blogs, Business, copywriting, Down's Syndrome: A Parent's Guide, family, freelancing, The Mumpreneur Guide, writing for a living on September 27, 2009 by Antonia.
If you're thinking of starting your own business this Autumn, listen to this interview I did with new freelance site Hire My Parents. Steve and I chat about how I got started, and I share some advice to help you start your own business.
This entry was posted in Business, freelancing on September 2, 2009 by Antonia.
This entry was posted in Business, freelancing, PR, writing for a living on July 23, 2009 by Antonia.
I've been working for myself for a number of years now, and there are a few things that I am glad I knew from the start, while others I have learnt along the way.
Register as self employed within 3months of starting – contact the Inland Revenue to do this.
Start records from day one. Note down each expense and every bit of income. It is FAR easier to update a little each day or week than to create accounts from a pile of receipts. You'll save yourself money on bookkeeping or accounting fees too.
Make a database of customer and client contacts. A good database of contacts makes it easy to work efficiently, will save you time, and can even get you more work.
Know when to delegate. Everyone has weak areas and it can pay dividends to get help. There are lots of other freelance specialists who offer affordable services.
Set some working hours. It is up to you whether you work best in the early morning or late at night, or have to fit work round the kids. Whatever you do, though, make sure you have some time off and shut the laptop.
This entry was posted in Family Friendly Working, freelancing, writing for a living on January 13, 2009 by Antonia.
For anyone thinking of becoming a freelancer, my advice is to plan, plan, and plan some more. This applies double for mums and dads. If you have children you may have more financial pressures and more need to make a success of freelancing. You are also likely to have less time to work in, and no time to go back and make up for mistakes that you made when starting in business.
To make sure your freelance business is set up correctly, go on a start up course at your local enterprise agency. You will find out about whether you are best starting off as a sole trader or a limited company. You may get the chance to speak one-to-one to a business adviser about your plans: make sure you ask for an appointment if not. And chat to the Inland Revenue, who have a team of friendly and helpful advisers for people embarking on self employment. You'll make a better start armed with all these facts.
As a parent, the other thing you need to plan is childcare. Some parents manage to work without it, but you will find yourself working evenings and weekends to make the most of time when your partner is available for childcare. This can lead to a fairly joyless relationship. Try to set up some regular childcare: if you want to avoid costly care while starting up do a regular playdate swap with a friend or get grannie to commit to a time to help out each week. At the very least this gives you a chance to make vital calls without little voices in the background. As your career takes off you may want to find a childminder or nursery, or just take things slowly until you get a whole six hours a day when your child starts school.
Working freelance as a parent is an amazing experience: you will find that you can cram more in than you ever did as an employee and still be there when your child needs you.
This entry was posted in Business, Family Friendly Working, freelancing on January 6, 2009 by Antonia.
Quick Tips for Freelancers: Should you get an Office?
If you're considering renting an office, think about the pros and cons. It is lovely to have a clear office space, but can make a great difference to your business finances. Your earnings now have to cover rent every month.
If you find working from home an isolating experience a shared office is ideal. You get the buzz round the watercooler and the chance to chat to others. Do visit a few times to see the office in full swing, though, to find out whether you desk would be next to a loud sales person. And if freelancing is just the start of grand business ideas, you should incorporate the cost of an office, business rates, insurance etc into your plans.
This entry was posted in Business, Family Friendly Working, freelancing on December 15, 2008 by Antonia.


In this paper, we investigate the spectral analysis of impulsive quadratic pencil of difference operators. We first present a boundary value problem consisting one interior impulsive point on the whole axis corresponding to the above mentioned operator. After introducing the solutions of impulsive quadratic pencil of difference equation, we obtain the asymptotic equation of the function related to the Wronskian of these solutions to be helpful for further works, then we determine resolvent operator and continuous spectrum. Finally, we provide sufficient conditions guarenteeing finiteness of eigenvalues and spectral singularities by means of uniqueness theorems of analytic functions. The main aim of this paper is demonstrating the impulsive quadratic pencil of difference operator is of finite number of eigenvalues and spectral singularities with finite multiplicities which is an uninvestigated problem proposed in the literature.


text:
Overview of 1 Corinthians
B. THE IMPORTANCE OF UNITY IN THE CHRISTIAN CONGREGATION (1:10–4:21)
1. Factors contributing to unity and disunity (1:10–2:16)
Following humans results in divisions (1:10-17)
Recognizing Christ, the power and wisdom of God (1:18-25)
Boasting only in Jehovah, not in humans (1:26-31)
Preaching like Paul, not with extravagant speech or wisdom (2:1-5)
Recognizing the superiority of God's wisdom (2:6-10)
Receiving the spirit that is from God; being a spiritual man (2:11-16)
2. Cooperating with God to make the congregation grow and be united (3:1-23)
Fleshly thinking leads to strife and jealousy (3:1-4)
Humans are ministers, but God makes it grow (3:5-9)
Building with fire-resistant materials (3:10-15)
"You yourselves are God's temple" (3:16, 17)
Worldly wisdom is foolishness with God (3:18-23)
3. Further admonitions that contribute to unity (4:1-21)
Jehovah's judgment is what matters (4:1-5)
Humble Christians do not think that they are better than their fellow believers (4:6-13)
Paul admonishes his spiritual children not to be puffed up with pride (4:14-21)
+1Co 2:15; Col 1:9
w74 109-110; w74 209; w71 662; w61 719
milk, not solid food: Milk helps the young to grow and develop. Similarly, new Christians grow and develop spiritually as they draw strength from basic Bible doctrine. (Heb 5:12–6:2) These basic truths are essential to salvation. (1Pe 2:2) But Paul wants the Corinthian Christians to "press on to maturity," as he later urges the Hebrew Christians in Jerusalem to do. (Heb 6:1) He thus stresses the importance of taking in solid food, or deeper spiritual truths.
+Heb 5:12-14
1/1/1996, p. 29
Awake!,
11/8/1988, pp. 18-19
it-2 402-403; w96 1/1 29; g88 11/8 18-19;
w74 109; w71 662; w61 719; w47 163
+Ro 8:7, 8; Ga 5:17
+Ga 5:19, 20
Insight, Volume 1, p. 1260
3/1/1991, pp. 21-22
it-1 1260; w91 3/1 21-22;
w74 109-110; w66 151; w47 163
Apollos: See study note on 1Co 1:12.
+Ac 18:24, 25; 1Co 1:11, 12
w74 109-110; w66 651; w64 270; w62 118, 534; w47 163; w31 291
Ministers: Or "Servants." The Bible often uses the Greek word di·aʹko·nos to refer to one who does not let up in humbly rendering service in behalf of others. (See study note on Mt 20:26.) At Ro 15:8, the term is used to describe Jesus. (See study note.) In this verse (1Co 3:5), Paul describes himself and Apollos as ministers, or servants, who helped the Corinthians to become believers. Their ministry, like the ministry of all baptized Christians, involved filling the spiritual needs of other humans.—Lu 4:16-21.
+2Co 3:5, 6; Col 1:23; 1Ti 1:12
w78 5/1 22; w78 6/1 20; w77 277; w75 722; w66 651; g64 1/22 8; w62 118, 534; w44 326; w31 291
I planted, Apollos watered: Paul uses the work of a farmer to illustrate the Christian ministry. Paul planted the seed of the Kingdom message in the "field" in Corinth when he brought the good news to the people there. Apollos watered and nourished that seed by coming afterward to teach the Corinthians further. (Ac 18:24; 19:1) However, God by his spirit brought about the spiritual growth of new disciples. The point of Paul's illustration was that spiritual growth is not dependent on any individual human. All are ministers, cooperating together as "God's fellow workers." (1Co 3:9) God blesses the unselfish, unified efforts of his servants, and he is the one responsible for the growth.
+Ac 18:4
+Ac 18:26-28; 19:1
10/1/1996, p. 22
1991 Yearbook, pp. 3-4
Kingdom Ministry,
8/1991, pp. 3-4
w21.07 3; it-1 126; it-2 1173; w99 7/15 12; w96 10/1 22; w93 3/1 20-23; yb91 3-4; km 8/91 3-4;
w84 8/15 21-22; w83 12/15 13; w77 84; w77 277; w73 273; w66 651; g65 12/8 28; w62 81; w61 374; w60 71
+Ps 127:1; Ro 9:16
7/15/2008, pp. 12, 16
it-2 1173; w08 7/15 12, 16; w93 3/1 20-23;
w84 8/15 21-22; w78 6/1 20; w77 84; w77 277; w66 651; w64 520; w62 760; w60 71; w36 312
are one: Or "have one purpose." Paul here describes the unity among Christian ministers as they work with one another and with God. (1Co 3:9) The Greek word here rendered "one" is in the neuter gender (denoting "one thing"), not in the masculine gender (denoting "one person"). So Paul is referring to being "one" in the sense of being united in action and cooperation.—See study notes on Joh 10:30; 17:11, 21, where the Greek word for "one" is used in a similar way.
+Ro 2:6; 1Co 4:5; Re 22:12
The Watchtower (Study),
5/2018, p. 15
God's Kingdom Rules!, p. 92
Trinity, p. 24
w18.05 15; kr 92; w08 7/15 14; ti 24;
w77 84; w66 651; w65 480; w61 206; w57 255; w48 74
God's fellow workers: The Greek word for "fellow worker," sy·ner·gosʹ, appears more than ten times in the Christian Greek Scriptures, most often in Paul's letters. The expression is used regarding those who shared together in spreading the good news. (Ro 16:9, 21; 2Co 1:24; 8:23; Php 2:25; 4:3; Col 4:11; Phm 1, 24) Here Paul calls attention to the great privilege that Christian ministers have of being "God's fellow workers." (See study note on 1Co 3:6.) Paul expresses a similar thought at 2Co 6:1, where he speaks about "working together with him," that is, with God.—2Co 5:20; see study note on Ro 16:3.
You are God's field under cultivation: God, not Paul, was the true and rightful Owner of the field of growing Christians. Unless God imparted his blessing and spirit, all the work that Paul or Apollos did would be without results. (See study note on 1Co 3:6.) The term rendered "field under cultivation" (Greek, ge·orʹgi·on) appears only here in the Christian Greek Scriptures. Although Corinth's economy was mainly based on trade, the area was renowned for its fertility. In addition to this illustration based on agriculture, Paul introduces another illustration in this verse, that of construction. (See study note on God's building in this verse.) Paul appeals to different members of the congregation, since construction and agriculture were two common activities in the ancient world.
God's building: Here Paul likens the Christian congregation to a building. In the next verse, he compares himself to a builder, working together with God in a spiritual construction work to produce Christian disciples who have durable qualities. (1Co 3:10-15) At 1Co 3:16 (see study note), Paul calls the congregation "God's temple." At Eph 2:21, 22, the congregation is called "a holy temple" that God inhabits "by spirit." This means that God uses his holy spirit, or invisible active force, to motivate those in the congregation, to sustain them, and to help them cultivate its fruitage. (Ga 5:22, 23) The apostle Peter uses a similar comparison, calling the disciples "living stones." (1Pe 2:5) The apostles and prophets are likened to the foundation, and Jesus is "the foundation cornerstone."—Eph 2:20.
+Mt 9:37, 38
+Eph 2:22; 1Pe 2:5
11/15/2012, p. 17
11/1/1998, p. 8
"My Follower," p. 132
w21.07 3; lff lesson 21; w18.08 23; it-1 373; it-2 1083; w12 11/15 17; cf 132; w99 7/15 12; w98 11/1 8; w93 3/1 21; w88 3/15 15;
km 4/83 2; w81 8/1 18; w77 84; w75 708; w72 719; w66 263, 651-652, 658; w64 56; w62 181, 336; w61 8, 206, 330; yb61 11; w59 79; w52 425; w50 483
a skilled master builder: Or "a wise director of works." Generally speaking, "a . . . master builder" (Greek, ar·khi·teʹkton, which could literally be rendered "a chief craftsman") was in charge of the construction and worked at the building site. He recruited the craftsmen and had oversight of their work. In this verse, Paul likens himself to a builder, working together with God in a spiritual construction work to produce Christian disciples who have durable qualities. (1Co 3:9-16) In the Christian Greek Scriptures, this term is used only here; the related Greek term teʹkton is rendered "carpenter" and is used of Jesus and his adoptive father, Joseph.—See study notes on Mt 13:55; Mr 6:3.
+Ro 15:20; Heb 6:1
11/1/1998, pp. 8-10, 14-15
w99 7/15 13; w98 11/1 8-10, 14-15;
w84 8/1 8-10; or 123; w66 652, 654; w64 54; w61 8, 337; yb61 10; w52 425; w36 153
+Ps 118:22; Isa 28:16; Mt 21:42; Eph 2:20; 1Pe 2:6
11/1/1998, pp. 9-10
w99 7/15 13-14; w98 11/1 9-10; w91 7/1 24-25;
w84 8/1 8-10; w66 652, 654; g65 12/8 28; w63 216, 454; w61 8; yb61 10; w53 72
gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay, or straw: Paul encouraged the Corinthian Christians who followed up on his work to teach the new disciples well, helping them build Christian qualities in themselves. (1Co 3:6) To illustrate this point, Paul contrasted fine, durable, and fire-resistant building materials with disposable, temporary, and flammable materials. A wealthy but diverse city like Corinth no doubt abounded in buildings of both types. There were imposing temples made of massive, expensive blocks of stone and perhaps decorated with gold and silver. These durable buildings were probably located not far from huts and market stalls made of rough wooden frames and thatched with straw. In the figurative building work, the gold, silver, and precious stones represent such qualities as strong faith, godly wisdom, spiritual discernment, loyalty, and loving appreciation for Jehovah and his laws. These kinds of qualities are essential if a Christian is to have a strong relationship with Jehovah God, a bond that will endure tests of faith.
Family Happiness, p. 55
w99 7/15 12-13; w98 11/1 10-13; fy 55; w91 7/1 26;
w84 8/1 8-17; or 123; w69 140; w67 31, 671; yl 95; w66 658; w64 54; w63 454; w62 27; w55 474; w53 72; w52 425; w36 153
Or "will be clearly seen." Lit., "will be made (become) manifest."
+1Pe 4:12
w99 7/15 12-13; w98 11/1 10-11; w98 12/15 30; w91 7/1 27;
w84 8/1 12; w69 140; w67 671; w66 658; g66 1/22 28; w63 454; w62 27; w55 474; w53 72; w52 425; w36 153-154; g36 11/4 91
w98 11/1 11-12; w91 7/1 27;
w84 8/1 17; w66 662; w63 454; w55 474; w53 72
it will be as through fire: A Christian minister must use fire-resistant materials to build, or to help his student develop, Christian qualities that will survive tests of faith. (1Co 3:10-14) If a Christian teacher fails to do his work as instructed, he may find that his figurative building work is "burned up" if it is put to a fiery test. (Mt 28:19, 20; Ro 2:21, 22; 1Ti 4:16; 2Ti 2:15; 4:2) Also, the teacher himself may suffer like a man who lost everything in a fire and was himself just barely rescued. Paul employs the term "fire" in a figurative sense, as did other ancient Greek authors who used the expression "through fire" as a metaphor to say that someone barely escaped a trial or a difficult situation.
Reasoning, p. 299
w98 11/1 11-13; rs 299;
w84 8/1 17; w66 662, 680; g66 1/22 28; w63 454; w62 184; w55 474; w53 72; w52 427; w36 153-154, 326; g36 11/4 91
you yourselves are God's temple: This is one of several instances where the Bible likens people to a temple. Jesus used such a comparison about himself at Joh 2:19, and the Scriptures foretold that he would be "the chief cornerstone" of such a spiritual structure. (Ps 118:22; Isa 28:16, 17; Ac 4:10, 11) The Greek verb used in the expression "you yourselves are" is in the second person plural, indicating that the entire congregation makes up "God's temple" in which God's spirit dwells. These anointed Christians serving as underpriests are "God's building" (1Co 3:9; see study note), so verse 17 emphasizes the holiness of this spiritual temple and warns anyone who would attempt to defile it. At Eph 2:20-22 and 1Pe 2:6, 7, Paul and Peter use similar comparisons regarding Jesus and his followers.
+2Co 6:16; Eph 2:21, 22; 1Pe 2:5
+1Co 6:19
Revelation Climax, p. 29
it-2 1083; re 29;
w74 491; w72 719; w67 4; w65 749; w64 402; w63 203; w61 140, 145; sr55 110; w51 539; w41 140; w31 378
+1Pe 2:5
Insight, Volume 1, pp. 616, 1130-1131
it-1 616, 1130-1131; it-2 1083;
w74 491; w72 719; ad 782; w70 284; w66 177; w65 749; w64 402; w61 140, 145; sr55 110; w51 240, 539; w42 88; w41 140; w36 155
this system of things: See study note on 1Co 1:20.
+Col 2:8
it-1 1000; it-2 1193; w92 9/15 24;
for it is written: Paul here quotes Eliphaz the Temanite. When speaking to Job, Eliphaz misapplied the statement "he [that is, God] catches the wise in their own cunning." (Job 4:1; 5:13) Paul was not endorsing everything that Eliphaz said, much of which was either untrue or misapplied. (Job 42:7) However, Eliphaz' statement at Job 5:13 reflects a general observation, similar to thoughts expressed elsewhere in the Scriptures. (Ps 10:2; compare Job 5:17 with Ps 94:12.) Paul under inspiration quotes these words to show that man's wisdom can in no way compare to God's wisdom.
+Job 5:13; 1Co 1:20
5/2019, pp. 21-25
w19.05 21-25; it-2 1191-1192;
w83 2/1 22; w79 8/1 19; w66 486; w64 46; w63 210; w62 76; w61 544; w30 120, 299
Jehovah: In this quote from Ps 94:11, the divine name, represented by four Hebrew consonants (transliterated YHWH), occurs in the original Hebrew text.—See App. C1 and C2.
+Ps 94:11
it-1 1000
w75 727; w71 351; g64 12/8 6; w60 292; w35 254
Cephas: See study note on 1Co 1:12.
km 1/78 3; w75 727; w71 351-352
+Joh 17:9; 2Co 10:7
w75 174; w71 351-352; w63 539; w61 552
1 Cor. 3:19Job 5:13
1 Cor. 3:20Ps 94:11
1 Cor. 3:11Co 2:15; Col 1:9
1 Cor. 3:11Co 14:20
1 Cor. 3:2Heb 5:12-14
1 Cor. 3:3Ro 8:7, 8; Ga 5:17
1 Cor. 3:3Ga 5:19, 20
1 Cor. 3:4Ac 18:24, 25; 1Co 1:11, 12
1 Cor. 3:52Co 3:5, 6; Col 1:23; 1Ti 1:12
1 Cor. 3:6Ac 18:4
1 Cor. 3:6Ac 18:26-28; 19:1
1 Cor. 3:7Ps 127:1; Ro 9:16
1 Cor. 3:8Ro 2:6; 1Co 4:5; Re 22:12
1 Cor. 3:9Mt 9:37, 38
1 Cor. 3:9Eph 2:22; 1Pe 2:5
1 Cor. 3:10Ro 15:20; Heb 6:1
1 Cor. 3:11Ps 118:22; Isa 28:16; Mt 21:42; Eph 2:20; 1Pe 2:6
1 Cor. 3:131Pe 4:12
1 Cor. 3:162Co 6:16; Eph 2:21, 22; 1Pe 2:5
1 Cor. 3:161Co 6:19
1 Cor. 3:171Pe 2:5
1 Cor. 3:18Col 2:8
1 Cor. 3:23Joh 17:9; 2Co 10:7
The First to the Corinthians
3 So, brothers, I was not able to speak to you as to spiritual men,+ but as to fleshly men, as to infants+ in Christ. 2 I fed you milk, not solid food, for you were not yet strong enough. In fact, neither are you strong enough now,+ 3 for you are still fleshly.+ Since there are jealousy and strife among you,+ are you not fleshly+ and are you not walking as men do? 4 For when one says, "I belong to Paul," but another says, "I to A·polʹlos,"+ are you not acting like mere men?
5 What, then, is A·polʹlos? Yes, what is Paul? Ministers+ through whom you became believers, just as the Lord granted each one. 6 I planted,+ A·polʹlos watered,+ but God kept making it grow, 7 so that neither is the one who plants anything nor is the one who waters, but God who makes it grow.+ 8 Now the one who plants and the one who waters are one, but each person will receive his own reward according to his own work.+ 9 For we are God's fellow workers.+ You are God's field under cultivation, God's building.+
10 According to the undeserved kindness of God that was given to me, I laid a foundation+ as a skilled master builder, but someone else is building on it. But let each one keep watching how he is building on it. 11 For no one can lay any other foundation than what is laid, which is Jesus Christ.+ 12 Now if anyone builds on the foundation gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay, or straw, 13 each one's work will be shown for what it is,* for the day will show it up, because it will be revealed by means of fire,+ and the fire itself will prove what sort of work each one has built. 14 If anyone's work that he has built on it remains, he will receive a reward; 15 if anyone's work is burned up, he will suffer loss, but he himself will be saved; yet, if so, it will be as through fire.
16 Do you not know that you yourselves are God's temple+ and that the spirit of God dwells in you?+ 17 If anyone destroys the temple of God, God will destroy him; for the temple of God is holy, and you are that temple.+
18 Let no one deceive himself: If anyone among you thinks he is wise in this system of things, let him become a fool, so that he may become wise.+ 19 For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God, for it is written: "He catches the wise in their own cunning."+ 20 And again: "Jehovah knows that the reasonings of the wise men are futile."+ 21 So let no one boast in men; for all things belong to you, 22 whether Paul or A·polʹlos or Ceʹphas+ or the world or life or death or things now here or things to come, all things belong to you; 23 in turn you belong to Christ;+ Christ, in turn, belongs to God.


text:
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