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Carolina Quiroga-Stultz
23 - Pre Columbian Narratives
It is said that the Toltec culture fell when the king and high priest Quetzalcoatl left the city of Tula. In the afterword, we explore the reasons for his departure, the Chichimec origin of the Toltecs, and we introduced the Nonoalcas.
#quetzalcoatl #topiltzin #texcatlipoca #toltecs #toltechitory #priestquetzalcoatl #falloftula #toltecempire #kingquetzalcoatl #nonoalcas #aztecs #chichimecs
1. In the Language of Kings. An Anthology of Mesoamerican Literature – Pre-Columbian to the Present. Miguel Leon-Portilla & Earl Shorris. New York: Norton, 2001. (First story based on the version found in the book The Flayed God by Roberta H. and Peter T. Markman. Translated by Willard Gingerich. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1992. 2. Legends of the Plumed Serpent. A biography of a Mexican God. Neil Baldwin, New York: Public Affairs,1998. 3. Tula-Teotihuacán, Quetzalcóatl y la Toltecayótl. Enrique Florescano. El Colegio de México. URL: http://aleph.academica.mx/jspui/bitstream/56789/29621/1/13-050-1963-0193.pdf 4. Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca in Cuauhquechollan. Avis Dalene Mysyk. Estudios de Cultural Nahuatl No.43. Enero-Junio, 2012. P.115-138. 5. The Hungry Woman. Myths and Legends of the Aztecs. John Bierhorst. Quill, 1984. 6. Quetzalcoatl de Tula. Mitogenesis de un aLeyenda Poscortesiana. Werner Stenzel.Cuadernos de Unicornio No.13. Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León. 1991
1 Reed: It is recounted, it is said that in this year was born Quetzalcoatl, the one called Our Honored Prince High Priest One Reed Quetzalcoatl.
It was he who revealed the grandeur of wealth: jadestone, turquoise, gold – yellow and white, coral, mother-of-pearl; the plumage of the quetzal, the cotinga, the roseate spoonbill, the troupial, the trogon, and the heron.
It was he who revealed the multicolored cacao as well as colorful cotton. He was a great Toltec, a grand artisan.
In the time that he lived, he founded his temple and set its serpent columns. In the time that he lived, he did not show his face before the people. Deep within his house, he lived where he was protected.
It is recounted, it has been said that his House of Fasting was built in four parts. And it is recounted, it is said, how many times in vain the Human Owl sorcerers sought to humiliate Quetzalcoatl so that he would make his offering of humans, that he would sacrifice men.
But he never desired it nor consented. For much did he love his people, his Toltecs, and his offerings, the sacrifices he made continually, were but serpents, birds and butterflies.
It is recounted, it is said, that the owl sorcerers became greatly angered and began tormenting, mocking and humiliating him, saying they wanted in this way to make him miserable. And thus would they drive him out, and truly it was done.
Quetzalcóatl's Flee
Adapted by Carolina Quiroga-Stultz
One day, the owl sorcerers counseled together. Tezcatlipoca, Ihuimecatl, and Toltecatl said:
He must leave the city.
We must take over!
We must corrupt him!
We must disgrace him!
And so, they schemed an evil plan.
Tezcatlipoca crafted a small double-sided mirror and wrapped it. Next, he disguised himself as a white-haired older man and set out to the coral house where Quetzalcoatl was staying.
At the door, Tezcatlipoca said to the heralds who protected Quetzalcoatl: Please do the honor of reporting to the High Priest that Telpochtli has come, and wishes most humbly to show before him his own body.
Quetzalcoatl's helpers delivered the message, but he was intrigued:
What is this thing? What is this body of mine that he has brought here? Examine it; then, he may enter!
However, Tezcatlipoca did not wish them to see it, so he replied:
Truly, I must show it to him.
Upon hearing the refusal, Quetzalcoatl agreed to let him in. Once Tezcatlipoca was in the presence of Quetzalcoatl, he said:
My beloved Prince and High Priest One Reed Quetzalcoatl. I salute your grace, and I arrive to set before you your precious body.
Quetzalcoatl asked:
From where did you come, grandfather? What is this thing you call my body? Show it to me!
Tezcatlipoca passed to Quetzalcoatl the mirror and said:
My beloved Prince and High Priest, I am your humble subject. I come from the lower slopes of Mt. Nonohualca. May it please you to know, to look upon yourself, for you will appear there in the mirror.
Quetzalcoatl did so, but he was overcome with horror.
Oh! I am a monstrosity. My people must never see me again!
After completing part of his mission, Tezcatlipoca left, while Quetzalcoatl hid from the world.
Nonetheless, the High Priest grew lonely for his people. Knowing that this would happen, the sorcerer Ihuimecatl arranged for a feather-artist to visit the priest, and offer his services to him.
Feathered Artist:
My beloved Prince, I come to say to your grace in all reverence, come out, your subjects miss you. Permit me to prepare, and arrange you so that they might look upon you!
And so the feather-artist fashioned Quetzalcoatl an impressive plumed headdress, and an inlay turquoise mask with serpent teeth. The High Priest was very pleased with what he saw. He wore it and came out of his coral house, walked among his people, but deep inside; he wished he did not need to hide behind that mask.
Next the third sorcerer, Toltecatl went to the place called Xonacapacoyan, where he met a farmer who guarded the Toltec Mountain, and asked him to brew him the pulque beverage and mix it with honeycomb.
Then the three sorcerers Tezcatlipoca, Ihuimecatl, and Toltecatl, went to Tollan, the home of Quetzalcoatl, and brought that special drink, along with herbs, chili, and other vegetables.
At first, Quetzalcoatl refused to receive them, but they insisted so much that at last, he agreed to let them in. Once they were in, they humbly offered to the High Priest the food, which he ate, but he refused to drink the pulque.
So Tezcatlipoca said:
My beloved Prince, your subjects have noticed the troubles that obscure your gracious heart! Taste a drop of this drink; it will bring you joy, at last.
Quetzalcoatl thought a drop could not hurt. He tasted it with his finger, and found it enjoyable. He drank more, and the more he drank it, the more thirsty he felt. The sorcerers had come prepared and offered him much more.
Tezcatlipoca:
A second glass will quench your thirst, my lord! My beloved Prince! Don't let the responsibilities overwhelm you; free yourself!
Quetzalcoatl and his heralds drank and drank until they were clapping their hands and dancing foolishly around.
The sorcerer Ihuimecatl then raised a song for Quetzalcoatl to remember:
My house of quetzal, quetzal,
my house of troupial
my house of red shell
I must already lose them
for my carelessness
Five times Quetzalcoatl drank from that intoxicating drink of pulque, and at the peak of his joy, the High Priest called upon his sister and invited her to drink together. And she drank not once but five times. And as she did, Tezcatlipoca raised another song:
My beloved Prince, here is a verse that you may want to repeat!
My sister, where now will you live?
O Quetzalpetlatl, let's make ourselves drunk!
Ay, ya, ya, yn, ye, an
At dawn, Quetzalcoatl and his heralds did not go down to the water to pray and perform the sacraments. But as soon as the sun appeared, they were stricken with anguish; their hearts were heavy in remorse.
Quetzalcoatl said:
O! How unfortunate I am!
No longer is even a single day-sign counted in my house;
Let it be here, let it already be; let it happen!
He who owns the body of earth can be but miserable and afflicted.
All that is precious is no more;
Certainly, I return to sober virtue.
As he raised his lament, his heralds wept with him, and repeated his sad words. They felt dishonored.
At last, Quetzalcoatl decided to abandon the city. He sent his helpers to hide his earthly possessions and later departed in search of Tlillan, Tlapallan, Tlatlayan "The black, the red land, place of the burning."
He traveled everywhere until he found the place he sought, and wept in bitter contrition.
And it was again in the day 1 Reed, it is recounted, it is said, when he arrived at Teoapan Ilhuicaatenco, "Along the divine water, at the shore of heavenly water." Then he halted and stood weeping. Took off his vestments but holding onto his turquoise mask, he offered himself to the flames.
This place, where Quetzalcoatl immolated himself, came to be known as Tlatlayan, "Place of the burning."
And it is said that even as he burned, his ashes emerged and rose. And there appeared all the birds of great value, and rose into the sky: the roseate spoonbill, the cotinga, the trogon, the heron, the yellow parrot, the scarlet macaw, the white-bellied parrot, and every other bird of precious plumage.
And when the ashes where extinguished, then arose his heart, the quetzal bird itself. And so the heralds knew he had entered the sky within the sky.
The old ones used to say he was transformed to the dawn star; thus, it is said that when Quetzalcoatl died, this star appeared, and so he is named Tlahuizcalpanteuctli, "Lord of the Dawn House."
And this story has been told and retold to describe the end of a marvelous world.
Very well, dear listener, as usual, it is time to talk about the story. This time I hope my findings will surprise you as much as they surprised me. Let's start with the idea that until recently, I honestly thought that the Toltecs had been a tremendous, and very accomplished peaceful civilization. Still, perhaps there is another approach to that assumption.
Do you remember that in our last episode, I mentioned that different missionaries had collected numerous versions of the stories of the people they had recently encountered in the so-called New World? Well, one of them, Don Bernardino de Sahagún, is in part responsible for the idea that the Toltecs were great, peaceful, and crafty!
However, such rumors began even before Don Bernardino. It was a type of political propaganda that the Aztecs and others tried. Thus, the assumption of the greatness of the Toltecs was questioned only until recently. Because throughout history, some stories, especially the ones that were printed in paper, became gospels to those who sought for an opportunity.
Here is some of what Bernardino de Sahagún said: those Toltecs were very knowledgeable in Natural Astrology. They were the first ones that counted the days, nights, and hours. These Toltecs were good men, virtuous, and never lied. They worshiped only one lord, Quetzalcoatl, whose priest had the same name. They obeyed him and followed him in whatever he commanded. Those Toltecs believed him and were very devoted to their god.
Along with Bernardino's retelling, other stories assured that the story of Quetzalcoatl leaving their beloved people behind aligned with a prophecy of the fall of the city of the Toltecs, the Mythic Tula. That Quetzalcoatl was a god incarnated as a human; that the civilization of the Toltec had always been advanced, wise, and legendary. Over time, their name was associated with the myth of Atlantis.
Then in this episode, we will address what happened to the Toltecs? Who they indeed were; Was there another agent of progress in the story? And who was that guy Quetzalcoatl? Brace yourself for a tale of political ambitions, trickery, and ancient conspiracy.
In the book Legends of the Plumed Serpent a biography of a Mexican God by Neil Baldwin, we are told that "One of the destructive factors within Tula -the capital of the Toltecs - was a simmering division between theocratic powers in the culture and more militaristic groups that eventually erupted into open conflict."
A man born around the year of 935 to 945 C.E, rose to power as Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, and was one of the last representatives of the Toltec culture; a culture that appeared to have gone through a massive diaspora under his rule.
In Baldwin's words, "The exile of the legendary Plumed Serpent – as Quetzalcoatl was commonly known - may be a dramatic metaphor, passed down through the ages, for the movement of an entire culture." A forced migration attributed to the invasions of hordes of nomadic groups that is the Chichimec.
I propose then to take a closer look at the seeming culprit, and their apparent victims.
In the article "Tula-Teotihuacán, Quetzalcóatl y la Toltecayótl" by Enrique Florescano, we learn that the Toltecs had more humble origins and perhaps did not build that impressive civilization by themselves from bare ground.
Here's the story Florescano says: "In the dawn of the X century, a semi-barbaric horde erupted violently in the Valley of México, executing their dominance and subduing the people. Those were the Toltecs, led by their leader Mixcoatl. In a few years, this fearful warrior conquered the entire valley and established their culture in Culhuacán."
The author continues explaining that the Toltec-Chichimec were warriors from the highlands led by lords that practice their dominion through a complicated religious apparatus. These fierce fighters became the new political, social, cultural, and religious order in the region. Their expansion was based on a militaristic approach, whose backbone class were the soldiers.
Their social hierarchy was conditioned to the number of prisoners that a warrior caught in battle, and the highest honor was to die fighting -that sounds very Aztec-. As a matter of fact, the Toltec nobility titles were based on those type of victories. This socio-political, military, and imperialist structure, ended up influencing their culture and religion, and those who later called themselves their inheritors.
The Toltec religion, for instance, had a mystical, and providential aspect; an aspect that was foreign to the people of the valley of Mexico. In this manner, their religion, (Toltec Religion) became a political instrument in the expansion of these semi-nomadic groups.
However the occupation was not going to be as easy as they expected. The main obstacle these Toltecs had was the culture, and religion of the people of the valley Mexico. Their faith was rooted in an ancient, and complex tradition that had produced several deities, and symbols that had spread all across Mesoamerica.
In other words, the conquered people were not as docile as the invaders would have wanted. Thus, the Toltecs, as the Aztecs did later, focused their conquering efforts on the religious aspect.
So let's connect the dots. The Toltecs arrived with the sole intention of conquering and imposing their ideas, but the conquest did not go as smoothly as expected. Their new subjects were no dummies. They had ancient, rooted traditions and ways, which could indicate that these people of the valley of Mexico had been there for a while or their culture was much older than the one of the newcomers.
Florescano clarifies the issue. He says that even when the great ceremonial centers where the classic culture of Teotihuacan once flourished were abandoned, there was a cultural continuation of those centers in the people who made possible the rise of the cities of Cholula, Xochilcalco, and others.
At this point dear listener, you could be bit lost. I just threw into the mix another culture, the Teotihuacan, and on top of that, I mentioned some weird city names. Don't panic, we will get to those cities in a moment, but let's take a short detour to talk about Teotihuacan. Then, let's go back further in time.
In the book 1491 by Charles C Mann, a must-read book, we learn that around the time of Christ, Teotihuacan rose as a military power. And for four centuries, the Teotihuacans directly expanded their scope and influenced over much of central Mexico; and indirectly as far south as Guatemala. Besides the ruins and that there is a Feathered Serpent temple, archaeologist, haven't figured it out much more about them.
We do not know what language they spoke or if they called themselves Teotihuacans. They had some sort of writing, but no Rosetta stone has appeared to help decipher it.
The Teotihuacans lasted for about eight centuries, and their collapse is a mystery. But when you last for so long in the same place, you get to leave a long-lasting mark, right? Such an impressive one that whoever came after you wanted to be just like you.
And guess who wanted to do that, yeah, the Toltecs. But as we learned the Toltecs were new in the neighborhood and not that savvy in terms of arts and literature. So, how did the Toltecs managed to learn the Teotihuacan culture that had disappeared a while back?
Well, Florescano again comes to the rescue. He says that it was through the old ceremonial centers, through the priestly cults, and the oral, and written traditions, that the Teotihuacan culture was preserved.
Nonetheless, the Teotihuacan culture did no pass to the Toltecs through osmosis.
Do you remember, that I mentioned that when the Toltecs showed up, there were some people living already in the valley of Mexico? The ones the Toltecs ran into in their conquest. Well, it looks like these people of valley of Mexico were the cultural descendants of the Teotihuacans. Then, by assimilating these people, is that the Toltecs came in possession of such vast knowledge.
Florescano argues that if it wasn't for this, we couldn't explain the rapid ascension of the Toltecs, and later the Aztecs, in such a short time.
I mean things could have gone quite differently had these semi-nomadic groups, that is the Toltec-Chichimec had arrived at an inhabited territory; or chosen to ignore the knowledge that the other people had, and simply wiped them out. Admittedly, if would have taken them more time to put up the show.
Then, who were these other people that the Toltecs ran into? Florescano cites that before the Toltecs settle in Tula, another group had previously arrived. A group that brought along the knowledge of different essential professions. They were the nonoalca-chichimec.
However, although both groups where chichimec, Toltecs, and Nonoalcas, they were not related. They were both immigrants to the region of the Valley of Mexico.
Florescano points out that in an old text, it is mentioned how little the Toltecs knew. "In the year 10-House, Huactli, -Toltec- king of Cuautitlan died. This king did not know how to sow the land to grow corn. His subjects did not know how to make mantles. They dressed with animal skin. They did not inhabit houses; they just wandered." These Toltec-Chichimec were like the Huns were to the Romans.
In comparison the Nonoalcas, despite of being of foreign origin too, were very crafty and seemed to know lots of useful stuff, like agriculture and arts. They were devoted to the god Quetzalcoatl and had a very peculiar way to shave their heads.
Thus, Florescano says that the Nonoalcas should be the ones given the proper cultural recognition and credit for what the Toltecs and his political descendants, the Aztecs, attributed to themselves.
So, how did these two groups, the Toltec-Chichimec, and the Nonoalca-Chichimec came to be part of the same story?
Well, long ago there was a Toltec chief called Mixcóatl leader of the Toltec invaders. In one of his incursions, in what is today the state of Morelos, Mixcóatl, and met the lady Chimalma, and with her, he had a son. And that lady seemed to have had nonoalca-teotihuacan lineage.
Have you guessed who the lucky child that came from Mixcoatl and Chimalma is?
Indeed it was Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, our protagonist. The guy became such legend overtime that his origins, just like other messianic figures, were adorned with lots of mysticism.
The Anales de Cuahtitlan tells how Topiltzin was miraculously conceived after the death of his father when his mother swallowed an emerald. In contrast, The Histoire du Mechique claims that Topiltzin's father was the god Camaxtli and his mother, the goddess Chimalma. However, most sources agree that Chimalma died giving birth.
Continuing with the legendary account found in the Anales de Cuahtitlan, we find that Topiltzin was brought to Tollan or Tula as their king and priest, where he ruled from the year 1153 to 1175 C.E. That this man, although born into a world of conquests and trained as a warrior, for some reason chose to oppose human sacrifice.
Enrique Florescano, explains that the reason for Topiltzin to go against his paternal culture was that he had been raised by his maternal grandparents in the religion that was professed in Xochicalco, where his elders lived. By the way, Xochilcalco, was one of those centers in which some Teotihuacan traditions had been preserved.
Thus, when Topiltizin came to Tula, the capital of the Toltecs, to inherit his father's position, the young man's world view ignited a battle for the souls of the people. Around him two major groups came in opposition, those who supported the way of the Toltec-Chichimec, and those who supported the Nonoalca's ways.
In the Anales de Cuauhtitlan, it is said that "When Quetzalcoatl-Topiltzin did not obey them -regarding human sacrifices,- the demons gathered. The ones named Tezcatlipoca, Ihuimecatl, and Toltecatl said,: it is imperative that he leaves, where we shall live."
Here, Florescano points out that the so-called demons could had represented the interest of three of the Toltec-Chichimec tribes. During Ce Acatl Topiltzin's rule, the differences among the factions around him reached an unsustainable point. Then, let's take a look at other factors that contributed to such a tragic end.
Florescano says that Topiltzin-Quetzalcoatl's religion was new in the Valley of Mexico, that it did not seem to have any relationship with the old ones.
He built four houses of fasting and lived like a hermit inside a protective dark chamber. There he would meditate, inflict self-punishment, and lived in compliance under severe discipline. He had a humanistic perspective of life in which the old custom of human sacrifices was unnecessary.
All this came in opposition to the way other priests lived. In other words, he was making them look bad. He came to represent a radical shift in the moral progress of Mesoamerica.
This guy came to preach a new way of living when Mesoamerica was going through what we can call now a crisis of faith. As Florescano would put it "The old gods had left the people. The palaces, temples, crops, and lands were lost. The people were wandering throughout a fruitless land, reduced to steal and kill in order to eat. These actions were spreading the seeds of hate and destruction. The old customs, the old laws and ways were no longer protecting the people. Wars and calamities were the new order of the day. Man is asking if the gods had forgotten him, if his sins that had led to this disaster, are so grave that cannot be forgiven."
Parallel to this notion of possible salvation, also appeared the idea of a Golden Age. The longing for the good old days! That biased feeling that whatever happened in the past was always better, noble; a past where there was a sense of innocence, wisdom, and simplicity. An era when all the people where content, satisfied, where there was plenty for all. Does it sound familiar? Every old generation tends to say that.
Likely, the Nonoalcas were longing for those good times in which the founding fathers were titans and built a majestic city - referring to Teotihuacan-. Where the gods had been born and had sacrificed themselves. A perfect city where arts, science, and literature reigned. By all means, they needed to go back to that.
It was preached that in order to avert the crisis or survive it, the people must straighten up their habits. That an ethical and virtuous life should overcome war and human sacrifices. That against destruction, laziness, and abandonment, a doctrine of culture and civilization should be preached. Undoubtedly the Nonoalcas somewhat tried to convince the Toltecs.
But imposing onto the new war-like people, the sense of austerity and peace was not going to work. These warriors and their priests had their own agendas, and were comfortable with the way things were.
In addition, and although the Nonoalcas possessed the knowledge of different professions and arts, they were a minority. Still they felt that their privileged position was secured. Thus, this sense of worthiness led them to aspire to govern the city of Tula. They thought they had the upper hand. After all, one of their own had given birth to the future ruler, Topiltzin-Quetzalcoatl.
However, as we have learned from history, the intellectuals rarely make it that far. Today, like in the old times, people don't choose their leader based on their resume but on the promises they make.
Back to the struggle of power between the Nonoalcas and Toltecs, Floriscano tells us that when Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl took control, after a period of wars, and conflict, he did it not only as a ruler but as their high priest. And from then on, he tried to become the people's spiritual leader, and tried to impose a peaceful way of living onto a majority of war-like lords.
Well, of course, Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl's preaching did not sit well with the militaristic, and imperialist perspective the Toltecs were used to. So, the guy had to go.
After the last political clash between the followers of Topiltzin, and his opponents, is that the Nonoalcas realized their defeat, and left. The idea of reestablishing a glorious past of wisdom was not possible. It never is. Every person, every culture should always work on creating their own glories, and never try to emulate those of the past.
When Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl and his followers left, the Toltecs began to reorganize the house. First, they reinstalled their god Tezcatlipoca, the eye that sees at night; god of the warriors, judge, and avenger, all-knowing and omnipresent.
However, soon after, the Toltecs realized that they had been left without something valuable, and important for the progress and legitimization of their young culture.
The Nonoalcas, as I said before, knew the secret of agriculture, the art of the painted books, the construction of impressive houses and palaces. They knew the art of designing with feathers and carve precious stones. What were Toltecs going to do now? The art of war will not be sufficient to impose themselves onto the people of the valley.
Apparently, the Toltecs tried to dissuade Topiltzin from leaving. Bernardino de Sahagún tells us:
"After leaving Tula, Quetzalcatl arrived at another place a place called Coahuapan, where the necromancers – that is the sorcerers – ran into him, and tried not to let him continue by asking him:
Where are you going? Who will you entrust your people to? Where are you heading to? Why do you leave everything to oblivion? Who will pray to the gods?
And he responded: I cannot return, I must go, to the land of red color, where I will acquire knowledge. They replied: very well leave, but leave us the Toltec culture ."
Sahagún ends up saying: The necromancers took over all that. And he, Quetzalcoatl, tossed his necklaces made of precious stones in the waters, and they sank.
From this last part, we can infer that Quetzalcoatl might have instructed some of his followers to stay with the Toltecs, work for them , or teach them the Nonoalca's arts. And in return, the Toltecs swiftly erased from their history the contribution of the Nonoalcas, and gave themselves full credit for their greatness.
Soon after, the Aztecs reinforced the lie, despite the contradictory evidence. The irony here is that the Aztecs spread the lie not only by repeating it, but by burning in 1428 old codices and books of the history of the Tepaneca, a former Toltec city. Because what was in those books contradicted the slogan of greatness that they were now claiming they had inherited, from the Toltecs
In consequence, the more the victors told, and retold their own version. the Toltecs made sure to grant for themselves a halo of wisdom and greatness. Instead the Nonoalcas should have been given the credit for being the ones who led the city of Tula to its artistic peak.
Last, we will finalize our program with a poem composed by the poet-king of Tezcoco, the legendary Nezahualcóyotl, who is the protagonist of our last episode on Precolumbian Narratives of Mesoamerica.
My Flowers will not Perish by Nezahualcóyotl
My flowers will not perish.
My songs will never cease
I, the poet, raise them up.
Fragrant golden blooms,
they will scatter, they will spread.
But one day,nonetheless,
they will wither
and ascend to the heart of God.
And with this poem we give a farewell to the story of Quetzalcoatl.
Until the next Cuento, adiós, adiós.
The songs: A_Singular_Perversion_Darkness, Double_Drift, All_This_Scoring_Action, Inexorable, Danse_Macabre - Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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34 - Day of the Dead
33 - Latinx Literature in the US
32 - Latinx Literatures in the US
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Apple's Touch ID Is Probably Doomed and That's Okay
Filed to: iPhone XFiled to: iPhone X
ultrasonic thumbprint readers
Image: Apple/Gizmodo
When the iPhone X eventually arrives in November it will come loaded with a futuristic camera module that, if all goes right, should let you securely open your phone with little more than a glance. The promise is enticing—a perfect blend of convenience and security that's hard to come by in mobile computing devices. After an impressive demo of the tech on Tuesday, we're left with a glaring question: If it works as intended, then what happens to Touch ID?
Touch ID is Apple's original futuristic security measure. Press your thumb to a capacitive touch sensor that rapidly searches for a (relatively) unique pattern formed by the whorls of your fingertips. Once it spies it, the phone unlocks, and like a 90s-era hacker "you're in." It feels like magic, and even now it can feel like the future if you've been stuck on a phone with a lesser fingerprint scanner or none at all. There's no peering at the screen and racking your brain for a pin. All you need is a touch.
Only this futuristic technology isn't especially new. "Fingerprint scanners have been around a long time," Nasir Memon, a computer scientist with a focus on cyber security and chair of the New York University Tandon School of Engineering told Gizmodo. Toshiba actually introduced the tech into phones back in 2007 with the Portege G500 and G900. That's six years before Apple introduced the tech in the iPhone 5s, and Apple only introduced the tech after first acquiring one of the biggest names in fingerprint technology, AuthenTec. It bought its way into the land of Touch ID, and while the Apple-branded tech has since popularized opening your phone with a touch, it's not without problems. Chief among them is the security risk.
Touch ID doesn't just secure one unique fingerprint scan in your phone, it can have dozens depending on how many fingers you register. Memon claims that, "what it's doing is capturing small, small squares—little partial fingerprints." According to Memon, who recently published a paper in IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics & Security based on his findings, each fingerprint creates eight to ten of these partial fingerprints, and due to the size of the sensor those partials are tiny. The more fingers you add to open the phone, the more tiny partials you produce, and the more at risk you become of someone randomly (or more likely purposely) finding the right tiny partial needed to get into the device.
Memon is careful to point out this problem isn't the end of the world. The chance of a stranger randomly touching your phone and opening it is small. But it makes the device less secure, and if you're carrying big coveted secrets on your device, it makes it more likely a bad actor could have an easier time getting in. Face ID is more secure. Phil Schiller senior VP or Worldwide Marketing at Apple claimed that Touch ID had a 1 in 50,000 chance of opening with the wrong finger. He claimed Face ID had a far less scary 1 in 1,000,000 chance. There should be only one face that looks like yours, with the same curve of cheek and jut of chin. Matching to one face instead of one of ten or more partial fingerprints is instantly more secure—provided your identical twin isn't an asshole.
The bigger problem Touch ID faces is the trend of phone design. Look at the iPhone X, the Samsung Note 8 and S8, the LG G6, or even devices from less known (in America) makers like Huawei and Xiaomi. The bezel is quickly getting killed off on premium phones. Instead, the display takes up the whole front of the device, leaving little room for a fingerprint scanners. While most Android makers have simply moved the scanner to the back of the device, it's an inelegant solution. Blindly looking for the right spot to touch on the back of your phone is a minor but crucial inconvenience compared to a quick press of the home button on the front.
Qualcomm, the chief provider of CPUs to Android phone makers (and one of the primary providers of wireless chips to Apple) introduced its own solution to this thumbprint problem last year. This solution was based on the much newer ultrasonic fingerprint scanning tech, which blasts your finger with harmless ultrasonic waves to quickly create a 3D image of the skin, detailing the exact depth of every ridge and valley in your whorls.
The original solution Qualcomm introduced last year could go through glass and...not much else. That meant it couldn't go through OLED displays like those in the new iPhone X or the Samsung S8. According to Seshu Madhavapeddy, VP of Product Management of Qualcomm (and before that VP and GM of Mobile Computing there), in a conversation with Gizmodo, the limitations of the sensor made it difficult to integrate into the designs of a lot of the major phone makers. So difficult that exactly one phone launched with the tech, the Xiaomi Mi 5s. "The first generation of fingerprint sensor we had could not be universally used by all smartphone makers," he told Gizmodo.
Which is why this year the company introduced a second generation that can go through thicker glass and through other substances—like an OLED display. Problem solved, right? Apple, Samsung, and the rest should be able to immediately fold this tech into their newest neatest phones and let TouchID and its competitors happily live on.
Not exactly. Because ultrasonic fingerprint sensors are still, in many ways, bleeding edge technology, and bleeding edge doesn't gel with the demands of security technology. When it comes to securing the device you use all day every day you need to balance cool-as-hell new tech with stability and consistency.
"I think I could foresee some challenges because of the plate that is adopted that might result in some ultrasonic phenomena that might be a deterrent to getting a good quality fingerprint," Arun Ross, professor of computer science and engineering at Michigan State University told Gizmodo. Basically, it's much easier to acquire a bad scan with an ultrasonic fingerprint sensor. You have to account for every little aspect of the device. Errant signals, a bad bit of soldering, even a scratch in the glass could potentially contaminate a scan and ruin the phones ability to open with a touch. The technology is possible, but between limitations of the tech and manufacturing its much more difficult to implement than the capacitive touch sensors Apple first put in a phone four years ago.
This is a fact supported by a report in the Wall Street Journal earlier this month. "Apple tried to embed the Touch ID function, or fingerprint scanner, in the new display, which proved difficult." It proved so difficult to implement in the phone that Apple, and its manufacturers, reportedly had to scuttle the whole idea, focusing on Face ID instead.
This all seems to imply that the new flagship of the iPhone lineup probably won't be getting Touch ID anytime soon, and that means the just introduced Face ID might be the future. As with the headphone jack, Firewire, and the CD drive, it feels like Apple looked at the lay of the land, saw where the future was, and decided to just go there, flipping the past off as it sped away.
Whether or not Apple bungled the manufacturing, focusing on Face ID and the tech behind it actually feels like a smart forward looking move (I'll still miss Touch ID). Unlike ultrasonic fingerprint readers, the basic tech behind Face ID has been around a while. This is mature, relatively reliable technology that doesn't produce the frustrating manufacturing and design problems the alternative has provided. Microsoft released a version of facial recognition back in 2015 as part of the Windows 10 launch. The tech, which uses an IR camera to scan your face regardless of lighting scenarios, has achieved a measure of stability two years in—even if it will sometimes fail to read your face if you take the glasses off that you normally wear.
Apple's version of facial recognition has the potential to be even more accurate and secure. The camera module used doesn't just include an IR camera and photo camera. There's also a projector shooting 30,000 IR dots at your face to create a map. By mapping, Apple claims, it can get around problems faced by face recognition technologies by competitors like Microsoft's Windows Hello. Chief among them—Apple should be able to recognize your face whether you're wearing glasses or not.
I say "should" because Apple actually had trouble with Face ID during the live demo at the iPhone X event. During the demo Craig Federighi, senior VP of Software at Apple, failed to actually open the phone with a glance. Instead he had to, embarrassingly, open the phone by inserting a pin number.
If Face ID performs that poorly in the model shipping to consumers in November, it will leave the company's biometric security array in a world of hurt. If I can't open the phone of the future with my face than it's not actually, you know, the phone of the future.
"It all comes down to how good the facial recognition is," noted Apple fan John Gruber wrote last week amidst rumors there would be no Touch ID on the iPhone X. "If it's as fast, reliable, trustworthy, and convenient as Touch ID, then omitting Touch ID is a legitimate design choice. Forward progress on biometrics. If it's worse than Touch ID in any meaningful way, it's an inexcusable mistake."
Gruber is absolutely right, but retiring the thumb print tech (it will likely appear in cheaper iPhones for the foreseeable future) to lean on rapidly maturing and potentially more secure technology feels like a very Apple move. The company isn't always the first to arrive at a solution, but it usually does with the kind of aplomb that makes us wonder why we haven't been using it for decades.
Biometric security at Apple Sure Has Gotten Weird
I Refuse to Believe This Rumor About the iPhone With No Fingerprint Reader
Face ID Raises Some Scary Questions—Here Are Some Answers
How Apple's New Face ID Works
Senior Reviews Editor. Trained her dog to do fist bumps. Once wrote for Lifetime. Tips encouraged via Secure Drop, or DM for Signal.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Be a Nature Guide
How social media helped find Jordan's nature guide superstars.
Client: RSCN
Solutions: Branding, Digital and Interactive, Publication and Media Design,
A social media and public outreach campaign designed for Jordan's Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN). As part of the RSCN's drive to encourage ecotourism in Jordan, it needed to recruit four young Jordanians to be trained as professional nature guides in South Africa. These four future guides would become the core of a wider training program in the country.
The campaign that ran on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube was also used at public outreach meetings around the kingdom to introduce young Jordanians to nature guiding as a potential career. After attracting hundreds of applicants on the campaign's website, eight potential candidates were selected by a professional jury. The campaign followed the eight candidates in their quest to be one of the four final trainees to go to South Africa.
The campaign employed a dedicated video production team that followed the candidates on their tour around the Kingdom as they were subjected to tests and challenges, creating web episodes that were published on social media, extending the awareness of nature guiding and ecotourism even further.
AlSharq Forum
An Arab online social and political forum for youth
Amman Bus Map
Collateral Repair Project
Refugee stories


POUNDS teams with fellow New York bruiser Meyhem Lauren for a cinematic new banger, "Problem," produced by Fith.
The hard-hitting track is also the latest we're hearing from POUNDS' upcoming project, Pee Wee Kirkland.
And to make matters worse for their contemporaries, the rapper-producer combo is joined by Meyhem Lauren's arsenal of streetwise bars.
It's a perfect pairing lyrically and sonically, because these two rappers complement each other's instantly recognizable voices.
Give "Problem" a stream, and keep an eye out for the release of Pee Wee Kirkland, which will be available through all digital retailers and streaming platforms late July/ Early August, via [KSD].


text:
PhysicsCollege Physics1st Edition
Two expressions were used for the drag force experienced by a moving object a liquid. One depended upon the speed, while the other was proportional to the square of the speed. In which types of motion would each of these expressions be more applicable than the other one?
Paul Peter Urone + 1 other
Publisher: OpenStax College
1 Introduction: The Nature Of Science And Physics2 Kinematics3 Two-dimensional Kinematics4 Dynamics: Force And Newton's Laws Of Motion5 Further Applications Of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, And Elasticity6 Uniform Circular Motion And Gravitation7 Work, Energy, And Energy Resources8 Linear Momentum And Collisions9 Statics And Torque10 Rotational Motion And Angular Momentum11 Fluid Statics12 Fluid Dynamics And Its Biological And Medical Applications13 Temperature, Kinetic Theory, And The Gas Laws14 Heat And Heat Transfer Methods15 Thermodynamics16 Oscillatory Motion And Waves17 Physics Of Hearing18 Electric Charge And Electric Field19 Electric Potential And Electric Field20 Electric Current, Resistance, And Ohm's Law21 Circuits And Dc Instruments22 Magnetism23 Electromagnetic Induction, Ac Circuits, And Electrical Technologies24 Electromagnetic Waves25 Geometric Optics26 Vision And Optical Instruments27 Wave Optics28 Special Relativity29 Introduction To Quantum Physics30 Atomic Physics31 Radioactivity And Nuclear Physics32 Medical Applications Of Nuclear Physics33 Particle Physics34 Frontiers Of Physics
Problem 1CQ
Problem 10CQ
Problem 1PE
Problem 10PE
Chapter 5, Problem 6CQ
There are two expressions for drag force, in which type of fluid motion each of these expressions be more applicable than the other one?
Drag force:
drag force is much similar to force of friction, it always oppose the motion of the object, and it acts on a body when body travels in a fluid (gas or liquid).
There are two expressions for the drag force-
When an object is large, move with a high velocity, and travels in air or rarer medium than air, than the drag force is given by the formula
FD=12CρAv2
C is drag coefficient
ρ is density of fluid
A is surface area of the object
v is the velocity of the objssssect
When the object is small, moves slowly and travels in denser medium than air, the expression of drag force is given by stokes formula
&emsp
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text:
A Miracle at Worcester: The Story of The WPI Plan (Epilogue)
Michael Dorsey
In the 25 years since the WPI Plan made its dramatic entrance, many have wondered how a small band of faculty members, working against the clock and with no resources other than their own ideas and dedication, were able to make it happen. In part, it was WPI -- its heritage of innovation; its loyal, dedicated faculty, passionately concerned about education; its small, cohesive and supportive community; and its financial situation, which while not dire was certainly troubling -- that made the Plan possible. It may well be true, as Seaberg believes, that it could not have happened at another institution, and, in fact, could not happen at WPI today.
But much of the credit must go to the Planning Committee itself, an extraordinarily well-matched and forward-looking group of individuals. "We were a group of strong personalities, all a bit eccentric in our own ways," Boyd says, "but there were no hidden agendas, no competition for power -- in a short time, we gained complete trust in one another, and I never knew why. We felt we had a mission, and in the process of fulfilling it we became more than the sum of our parts. It was the kind of committee activity you dream of, but which I never knew before and have never known since."
"We all cared very much about teaching, about our students and about education in general," van Alstyne says. "We were college faculty first, and department faculty second, and we had friends in all the departments. What's more, everything we proposed we felt was something that could and should be done, and having all of us, with our different backgrounds and interests, find agreement gave us impetus to continue to the end."
After the Plan was approved, the members of the committee moved on to other challenges. Roy Seaberg went on to become director of special admissions, helping expand WPI's reputation around the world. He retired this year and was honored at Reunion for his service and devotion to WPI.
Boyd, Heventhal, Moruzzi, Roadstrum, van Alstyne and Weininger returned to their lives as teachers and scholars, earning distinction as both. Romeo Moruzzi served as secretary of the faculty from 1983 until 1985, when he retired. He died in 1993. Bill Roadstrum, who retired in 1980, died in 1994.
John van Alstyne became dean of academic advising in 1971 and spent more than a decade and a half making a profound difference in the lives of hundreds of WPI students. He retired in 1987 and lives in North Carolina.
Charles Heventhal became head of the English Department and spent several years building a humanities program and organization equal to the ideal of the Sufficiency -- one that could provide students the exposure to the humanities and arts, and the writing skills, that the Plan demanded. He retired in 1990 and lives in Vermont.
Jack Boyd , who retired in 1994, divides his time between Worcester and Maine. He became one of the Plan's most passionate advocates and watchdogs, at once applying its principles to his work as a teacher and project advisor and criticizing the changes that gradually seemed to steer the Plan away from those principles.
Steve Weininger continues today as professor of chemistry. In recent years he has become actively involved as an advisor in WPI's Global Perspective Program, through which students can complete their WPI Plan projects at sites around the world.
Bill Shipman became dean of graduate studies. One of his first tasks was to head a committee that set out to revitalize the graduate program -- to create, in essence, a WPI Plan for graduate students. In the end, though, the Institute, perhaps still reeling from the dramatic change it had just undergone, was unprepared to implement its suggestions. By the time the committee's report was released, Shipman had already decided to resign to join the Cabot Corporation, where he continued his groundbreaking work in combustion. He now lives in Maine, not far from the cottage where Boyd spends his summers.
Even before the Plan vote was taken, President Hazzard asked Bill Grogan to become the first dean of undergraduate studies. In the process, he became WPI's first dean who had never been a department head. The man who David Reisman, the eminent Harvard professor of social science who served on the NSF visiting committee that evaluated the Plan, called "the Harry Truman of higher education," spent the better part of two decades managing the gargantuan task of implementing and developing the Plan, and protecting it from internal and external forces that constantly threatened it. Grogan retired in 1990. Since then, as dean emeritus, he has remained actively involved in many WPI projects (most recently, he led the committee that orchestrated the Plan's 25th anniversary celebration).
Some years back, while in Vermont to begin a trip out West, Shipman stopped for an overnight visit with Heventhal. "Well," Shipman said as he shook the hand of his old colleague and fellow revolutionary, "a couple of years ago, we turned the place upside down." "Yes," Heventhal replied. "And some of it stuck!"
Editor's note: This story originally appeared in the October 1996 issue of the WPI Journal and is a continuation of A Miracle at Worcester: The Story of the WPI Plan (Part One)
Read the second part of The Story of the WPI Plan
Best Laid Plans at: https://www.wpi.edu/news/best-laid-plans-story-wpi-plan-part-2
This article was originally published in the WPI Journal. For the current issue, please visit the WPI Journal website.
A Miracle at Worcester: The Story of The WPI Plan (Part 1)
The Best Laid Plans: The Story of The WPI Plan (Part 2)
In Memoriam: William R. Grogan '46, Dean Emeritus of Underg...


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Solidarity 136, 24 July 2008
Solidarity 3/136, 24 July 2008: PDF
CWU debate report not accurate
Socialists and Barack Obama
Ideas for Freedom 2008: Traditions and Tasks
Review of "Global emergency" by Roy Wilkes
Coal-fired power? No thanks!
Radovan Karadzic: The politics of ethnic chauvinism
Are the unions getting tough on Labour?
US/Iraq: Retreat on "State Of Forces Agreement"
Local government: action suspended after successful strike
NUT autumn strike ballot
Local government: My first ever strike
Short industrial reports
Labour and Tories unite to make war on the poor
Before Hitler came to power (part 1)
Revolutionary Chartism Part Six: "Our strategy is revolution"
What if Israel bombs Iran? A Discussion Article
A workers' response to the crisis: fight for a workers' government!
1968: The Year 0f the Miracles!
The power next time: France May 1968
Iran, Israel and nuclear weapons
Barack Obama campaign: American workers need their own party
Being a socialist in Zimbabwe - interview with Mike Sambo
Phoenix!
Marxists on the capitalist crisis: 7. Michel Husson - A Systemic Crisis, Both Global and Long-Lasting
25 Aug 2008 |
Darcy Leigh
In Tamar Yarom's film six young Israeli women talk about their experiences during compulsory military service in the occupied territories. The women describe their roles in the physical and psychological abuse of Palestinians as well as their deliberations over alerting the press to the ritual abuse. The film is an exploration of how these women might face up to and deal with these memories and responsibilities. The title is a line from the functional protagonist — a woman who wants to track down a photo of herself taken beside a dead Palestinian with an erection — "to see if [she's] smiling"...
Rosalind Robson
Is there ever a point to examining the lives of the idle super-rich. Do we really need to know about the hyper-disfunctionality of their family life? Wait a minute — isn't that the question they usually ask about us plebians? Whatever. Savage Grace looks at the lives of Brooks Baeckelands (heir to a fortune made by his grandfather, the inventor of "bakelite"), wife Barbara and son Tony. Little Tony, who grows up to stab his multiple-abusive mother. Little Tony who was left to take care of his often suicidal mother, because his father ran off with Tony's girlfriend. Nice. Better I suppose to be...
Maria Exall
The article "A watershed moment in union politics" in Solidarity 3/135 contained misleading comments about the events at the CWU Conference earlier in the month. Firstly, it made reference to the motion that called for the CWU to campaign to reverse the decision of the 2007 Labour Party Conference in Bournemouth to restrict democracy. This motion did not "fail to reach the floor". It was on the agenda but was not reached due to a prolonged debate on a motion that called for the CWU to disaffiliate from the Labour Party and support a new workers' party. The motion on the Bournemouth changes...
Malik Miah
The following article is by Malik Miah, one of the editors of the US socialist magazine Against the Current. We print it in the interests of debate and to relate to an issue that extends beyond the American left. We invite our readers to write contributions to this discussion. Now that Illinois Senator Barack Obama has become the presumptive Democratic nominee for president, what does it say about US civil society? What stance should progressives and socialists take? When Obama crossed that 2118-delegate threshold with the final primaries in Montana and South Dakota, all African Americans —...
Duncan Morrison
"It is the specific duty of the leaders to gain an ever clearer understanding of the theoretical problems, to free themselves more and more from the influence of traditional phrases inherited from the old conception of the world, and constantly to keep in mind that socialism, having become a science, demands the same treatment as every other science — it must be studied." (Friedrich Engels, The Peasant War in Germany) One hundred and sixty people attended Workers' Liberty's annual Ideas for Freedom event on 11-13 July. It was a vibrant and youthful affair. The central theme of the school was...
Paul Vernadsky
In "Global Emergency: the Battle Against Climate Change", Roy Wilkes, a supporter of the International Socialist Group and with it George Galloway's Respect Renewal project, argues that climate change is a product of the epoch of capitalism and that it is no accident that the commodities which have come to epitomise capital in the modern era, the car and the aeroplane, are based on fossil fuels. He is clear that it is capital's drive for profit that determines the insatiable demand for fossil fuels as well as the bourgeois disregard for the consequences of capitalist production, which has...
Elliot Robinson
The fight to prevent dangerous and runaway climate change means that the energy regime in modern capitalism cannot be a matter of indifference to socialists. The pressure point now is the drive by power generation companies to build a new wave of coal-fired power stations. There are plans for seven new coal-fired power stations in the UK (and many others in Europe), starting with Kingsnorth in Kent. In August environmental campaigners will set up a "Climate Camp" near this site to protest at the programme. Elliott Robinson examines the background. The climate case against new coal stations is...
Editorial, Solidarity, 21 August, 2008
The capture in Belgrade of Radovan Karadzic, who bears political responsibility for the murder of many thousands of Bosnian Muslim civilians in the mid-1990s, undoubtedly reflects the "turn to the west" of the current Serbian government. He had been living and working in Belgrade, protected by other Serb nationalists. It is good that he has been captured and good that he will be punished. The pity is that the relatives of his victims in Bosnia won't have the chance to hang this mass murderer! The western governments will not be looking forward to having what happened in Bosnia in the mid-90s...
At the Labour Party National Policy Forum starting on 24 July [2008], the unions want to get a "Warwick 2", a second version of the list of concessions obtained by them at a Policy Forum in summer 2004, in the run-up to the 2005 general election. The Labour Party's finances make it very likely that the unions will get something. The Labour Party is in deep debt; businesses and the wealthy have cut their donations, disillusioned by Labour's repeated financial scandals and the probability that the Tories will form the next government; Gordon Brown has no-one but the unions to bail him out...
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What does Project Landscape Map mean?
What is a Project Landscape Map? A Dragon1 Term Definition.
A Project Landscape Map is a generic overview of the structure of a project.
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Free templates are available on Dragon1.


When I meet Jill Rappaport at her Upper East Side apartment in New York City, I know immediately her dogs come first. Dressed in jeans, a navy blue zip-up hoodie, and flip-flops, Rappaport enters the lobby with a huge smile. She's carrying Rubie, a red, miniature Dachshund she rescued just a week ago. Before we go upstairs, Rappaport asks for a few minutes to take Rubie outside. Her excitement for a potty break is not only charming—it's infectious.
When we sit down to talk, Rappaport fills me in on Rubie's story. While in California, winning her second Genesis Award from the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS)—the Oscars of the animal world—Rappaport visited the Los Angeles County Department of Animal Care and Control. At 5 years old, Rubie was the oldest of all the dogs at the shelter who weren't sick or otherwise classified as "unadoptable," and she was on the euthanasia list. "Most people would be happy to return with just an award, but of course, I had to come home with a dog!" Rappaport laughs.
The self-professed "pied piper of pooches" grew up in Birmingham, MI. As a little girl she dreamed of one day having a horse in her back yard. She can now say her dream came true, but there was a time when she wasn't above pretending. "There was a house that had a stable fence, and I used to go sit on that fence and pet an imaginary horse. People would be driving by. Can you imagine what that looked like?" she recalls with a laugh. She once ran up a $300 phone bill, determined to reach Timmy from Lassie. Rappaport admits her parents tolerated many other unique situations as a result of her passion for living creatures of all kinds.
While her love for animals never waned, Rappaport began her career as an entertainment correspondent. Later this year she will celebrate her 21st anniversary on NBC's TODAY show. For 17 of those years she interviewed everyone from Muhammad Ali to Barbra Streisand. If there was a red carpet to be found, Rappaport was on it. Through most of her career at TODAY, she had Jack, her German Shepherd, waiting for her at home. Jack came into Rappaport's life after neighbors in the Hamptons found him wandering around alone. They assumed he belonged to "the lady with the dogs," since she had two others at the time. She attempted to locate the 6-week-old puppy's family, but had no luck. So, of course, she welcomed him into her family.
Rappaport chronicled Jack's heroic story for TODAY show viewers, and the response was overwhelming. It was then she realized her true desire was to use her voice for those who didn't have one. She went to her boss, explaining that she felt compelled to focus on animal advocacy stories. Without a moment of hesitation, he changed her title to "official pet reporter" right there on the spot. Since then, among her many success stories, she helped save nearly 200 horses with her two-part, award-winning series, "Horses in a Race for their Lives." She also does a regular "Bow to Wow" segment, where shelter dogs receive makeovers and a second chance at life—and to date, every single one of the featured dogs has been adopted.
Rappaport's work with animals has gained her much recognition. While each achievement means a lot to her, 2011 was a big year. She is most proud of being named the first recipient of the "Voice for the Animals Award" from the HSUS, presented to her by Matt Lauer, and being named the ASPCA Good Will Equine Welfare Ambassador. Even with all the accolades, Rappaport believes there is still much more to be done.
"I'm so passionate about rescue and adoption that I wake up in the middle of the night worrying about what else I can do," Rappaport says. "I think about all the animals sitting alone in cages, and wish everybody would go to shelters when looking for a new pet." Rappaport encourages everyone she knows to adopt, not shop—most recently convincing pal Christie Brinkley to rescue a new puppy.
Rappaport's latest venture is the "Rescued Me Collection," sets of leashes and collars being sold through HSN, each one displaying clever slogans supporting rescue and adoption, such as "Heart Melter From a Shelter" and "Opt to Adopt." The best part: a portion of the proceeds goes to charity, including Animal Care & Control of NYC (nycacc.org), Tails of Hope Foundation (TailsOfHopeFoundation.org), and The Riedel & Cody Fund (RiedelCody.org).
It's not surprising that when Rappaport isn't on camera or promoting animal welfare in some way, her favorite pastime is lying in bed with all of her dogs. To her, there is nothing better than being surrounded by fur, kisses, paws, and as much doggie love as she can get at once!
Rappaport's amazing journey in her life and career has allowed her to be greatly blessed—doing what she loves for a living. As she proudly declares, "I've gone from the red carpet to the wee-wee pad!" And she—and the animals she helps—couldn't be happier.


Herzlich willkommen beim Tagesleitzettel, der kürzesten Mini-Andacht für jeden Tag einem Projekt von FCDI, dem "Freundeskreis christlicher Dichter und I nternetevangelisten"
Official site of The Week Magazine, offering commentary and analysis of the days breaking news and current events as well as arts, entertainment, people and gossip, and political cartoons.
Share this page with others! Use the buttons above to post works, collections and artists homepages on your social networks with a single click.
Realisme og naturalisme bruges ofte i flæng, og det er ikke altid lige let at definere et kunstværk som værende det ene eller det andet.
"Wie lebten die Israeliten in ägyptischer Gefangenschaft? Wer war Mose? Welchen Auftrag erhielt er von Gott? Warum ging dieser Auftrag ausgerechnet an ihn?
Archive for Gary McCoy of Shiloh, IL You may browse the cartoon site, but you will not have access to the high resolution images for reproduction.
Reclaiming my old coffee table top with wood slices and resin. What a fun weekend with my son Billy in my basement workshop. This product available for sale at my gallery, Jl. A. Yani no. 27 Ungaran.
Der Begriff Babylonische Sprachverwirrung (lateinisch: "confusio linguarum") stammt aus 1. Mose (Genesis) 11,7–9 LUT. Danach verwirrte Gott die Erbauer des Turms zu Babel, sodass "keiner des andern Sprache verstehe".


During the campaign season, there are so few opportunities to address the public in group settings. There are even fewer opportunities for the public to ask each local candidate questions in the same room and allowing the public to judge our responses for themselves.
These public debate opportunities are rare and very precious to myself as a candidate.
But one of these opportunities has been squandered after my opponent refused to accept a debate neutrally moderated by Lewis-Clark State College and the Lewiston Tribune.
I have been excited and anxious to attend two debates, but that will not be the case.
My opponent would rather hide in the shadows than come to a debate.
I thought things like this only happen on the national level.
For what it is worth, I will debate Thyra Stevenson anywhere, any time.
Heck, I'll even release my tax records and medical information.


Here's a pack based on the two standard Kroeger trailer TKD302 and HKD302 for you.
These have now received several configuration options.
First it should be said that I wanted to build the whole pack only differently, so that the pendants are only once in the shop.
If it is purchased with construction, it must also have in the other configuration with construction! On the other hand, the fillplane is too big!
The newspaper is clean with about 80 other mods.


New Market Sale: $500 VirtaPay Prize Winner for The 27th June Announce!
$500 VirtaPay Prize Winner for The 27th June Announce!
The account id for the $500.00 VP this Month is, gogo1550 Congratulations! Thank you for supporting New Market Sale to grow.


This was the first of several Mommy & Me sessions I held this year at my studio in Medina, OH. Brittany and Ellie's session was special because momma occupied my studio space before I leased it! Our session together was bittersweet and super fun being shot in her old space. She is expecting baby number two so of course we incorporated maternity shots as well. My setup included neutral bedding, different textures with a hint of boho, and simple greenery to keep the focus on her connection with her daughter, Ellie. When coaching them through the session I told them to keep close together and to keep looking at each other. Every once in a while I would have Ellie look my way to get some eye contact shots as well. One thing I tell every client is to keep their hands moving/busy/on each other. It shows the emotion and connection so much more. I just love the way that momma's run their hands through their little one's hair, how they nuzzle noses and tickle to get genuine expressions. These prompts really give them the opportunity to show their true selves and relationship as mother and daughter. I like to process my images clean with hints of film inspired settings and warmth.
Hi! I'm Molly, a wife, mom to three girls and photographer location in Medina, OH just outside of Cleveland and Akron. I shoot family, newborn and maternity sessions with a focus on lifestyle infused with some elements of portraiture. I love shooting either in-home, outdoors, or in my natural light studio. I shoot with a Nikon D700 and Sigma Art 35mm lens.


Join us in caring for the people of the Hebrides.
The Christian community of the Western Isles, inspired by an urgent need it could not ignore, has followed the example of Christ in reaching out to help the sick.
Bethesda was first thought of in 1985 when it became apparent just how many ill and elderly infirm there were in our islands, and how inadequate the existing facilities. The Free Church of Scotland's Lewis Presbytery set up the non-denominational Bethesda Nursing Home Trust to tackle the problem.
The challenge seemed impossible, but believing that the project was of God, plans went ahead. Our community rose to the challenge. The necessary 1.1 million was raised and a beautiful purpose-built unit was opened by HRH Princess Anne, the Princess Royal, in 1992. The unit comprises 21 Nursing Home beds for heavily dependent elderly and 4 single Hospice rooms where specialist care is given free of charge to anyone with an incurable disease at any stage of their illness.
"Bethesda" means "House of Mercy" and the Hospice is exactly that for all who need its care, regardless of race, creed or ability to pay. Our first matron, Miss Christina Maclean, was awarded MBE in the 1997 Honours List in recognition of her contribution to cancer care in the Western Isles.
We consider the Lord Jesus Christ as the one by whose death we can have peace with God and by whose resurrection we can have victory over death and the grave through faith. To him alone we must look for healing in body and soul, for time and eternity. At the same time, patients are not subjected to any indoctrination or even unwanted conversation. What is aimed at in Bethesda is Christian treatment for all.


GASP is widely recognised in Surrey as a provider of non-judgmental, caring and practical support. We deliver accredited AQA and Laser courses in basic motor mechanics and practical engineering skills, and contribute to students' positive personal development. We do it by providing a hands-on, specialist and personalised alternative learning environment within a focused and disciplined framework. Where appropriate, we also help to facilitate students' onward progression into education, training and employment.
As a niche provider for young people requiring specific behavioural and/or technical development, GASP delivers a vital learning and development experience to client groups. Our track record has demonstrated an ability to provide alternative learning to a wide range of young people and to open up new and life-changing possibilities for them.
Client organisations have also acknowledged that, for some individuals, GASP helps to change attitudes and reduces re-offending and antisocial behaviour.
"GASP staff showed great understanding and empathy and were very encouraging to our students. They communicated easily and effectively and were patient without appearing condescending, and never overly compensated for any shortcomings they may have detected. They operated with a lovely balance between guiding the students and yet allowing them to work through the project, even if it meant making mistakes or working at a slower pace."
"I am writing to share with you the positive impact that GASP has had on two of our more challenging students. There has been a dramatic effect on their behaviour. Both are from travelling families and there were concerns that the boys would be removed from education, prior to their 10-week course at GASP. However this is no longer the case. Prior to them starting they were the most difficult boys in their year group."


Jana, S.C., Isayev, A. I. 2001 Multi-layered article having a conductive surface and a non-conductive core and process of making the same, US Patent No. 6172155B1.
Jana,S.C., Dris, I., Balch, G.S., 2000 Method of coagulating and isolating graft copolymers from lattices, US Parent No. 6156875.
Jana, S.C., Scott, E., Sundararaj, U.T., 2000 Single extruder screw for blending of miscible and immiscible polymeric materials, US Patent No. 6132076.


"Paraiba Residencial" is an ambitious project of 5 luxury dwellings in the very heart of Marbella. 4 semi-detached dwellings and one villa with private pool for each dwelling and a jacuzzi in the villa, in a completely gated housing development.
Each dwelling has three floors and three bedrooms, flooring and bathrooms in Travertine marble and underfloor heating throughout. A luxurious residential development with premium quality materials, with attention to every last detail in design.
1 Detached Single Family Dwelling and 4 Semi-detached Single Family Dwellings, in Calle Hermanos Belón Lima.


For information: Pierce & Deana Holt 325-650-0404 or 325-656-4888 dmh444@yahoo.com.
*The trial will start on Thursday, February 15 and run continuously until completed.
*We will be combining Open Ranch & Nursery runs (if you paid for both but don't wish to compete for the prize money in both please bring a new check and we will tear up the original check.
Because of the number of entries once 1st class begin the runs will run continually.
Entries open January 2nd close January 31, 2018 Cancellation deadline is Feb. 1, 2018.
Make checks payable and mail to "TSDA", 2915 Anderson Lane, Crawford, TX 76638. Trial release form must be included with your entry fee.
The location is on the horse race track at the Kimble Co. Fair Grounds - the open will be about 350 yds.
The sponsors have required a specific release of liability to be signed by everyone competing before going to the post in addition to the TSDA release.


This is obviously the best way of contacting me. Send me the details of the problem which you might be facing. If you are having problems in purchasing the games feel free to contact me. Don't worry, I am a human being, not a robot. Please don't send me any partnership or sponsorship email or request of working with your studio(if any). This kind of emails will be ignored and eventually be deleted.
NOTE for Youtuber: If you are a Youtuber and wants to review any of my Steam games, you can ask for a Steam key but please contact me with the email stated in your Youtube channel. I will send you the key via Youtube Private Messaging system. Any fake requests will be marked as spam and will be deleted.
You can use this support system only if the administrator or developer is available online. This is a quick contact process. For serious problems or concerns use Email support only. You can also leave an offline message too.
It's currently under construction, newly designed forum will be available soon where users can register and post their problems there.
Copyright (c) 2016-17 AMAXANG GAMES. Powered by Blogger.


But why, you ask, should you spend money on new bulbs when the old ones still function perfectly well? The reason is that if they're tungsten or halogen bulbs, you're throwing money out anyway because the old-fashioned bulbs cost more to run every time they are on.
One reason I haven't switched all of my bulbs to LEDs is that I do have quite a few CFLs in the lamps I have scattered about the house, and those are energy efficient. They also last a long time as long as you don't turn them on and off too frequently, which can burn them out more quickly.
If you do have to replace a bulb, however, LEDs are the way to go. One of the many advantages of LEDs over the old tungsten bulbs as well as the CFLs is that you don't wear them out by turning them on and off. They don't get hot like tungsten bulbs, which waste most of your energy dollars giving off heat rather than light, and they last a very, very long time. If I install LEDS now at my age, I might not even have to change them again in my lifetime!
LEDs are so economical that you might want to start thinking about adding lighting to places you never thought about lighting before. For us baby boomers, that's actually not such a bad idea. Extra light seems like a necessity for aging eyes.
Light up your drawers. Not your undies. Well, I guess you could light up your lingerie drawer, why not? Putting LED pucks or portable canisters in the drawers can help you find your clothes in the dark. It's great if you get dressed before the sun comes up. No more mismatched socks!
Illuminate your closet. For the same reason you need light in your drawers, you can add LED strips and recessed lighting to the closet.
Backlight your headboard or your sofa. Add atmosphere to your bedroom or drama to your living room -- or vice versa. Use colored LEDs and change the mood or color of a white wall. Or put an LED under the bed as a night light. Because LEDs don't get hot like old-fashioned bulbs, you don't have to worry about setting the bed on fire -- at least not that way.
Perk up your pantry. Place LED light strips, cut to size, under the front of your pantry shelves to cast light on the labels and find things to the back that often get hidden.
Add task lighting all over the kitchen and bathroom. Quit struggling to see because you decided that pendant lights look better in the kitchen than an overhead fluorescent. They do, but you still need to see. Install LED tape lights under the cabinets. In the bathroom, add sconces on either side of the mirror with 20W or 25W LEDs, and put recessed lights in watertight globes in the ceiling of your shower.
With LEDs so economical and versatile, you have no excuse for not having enough lighting. If you still can't see, it's probably a good idea to visit the eye doctor.


text:
La gara di nuoto dei 400 metri stile libero maschili dei campionati mondiali di nuoto 2019 è stata disputata il 21 luglio presso il Nambu International Aquatics Centre di Gwangju. Vi hanno preso parte 47 atleti provenienti da 42 nazioni.

La competizione è stata vinta dal nuotatore cinese Sun Yang, mentre l'argento e il bronzo sono andati rispettivamente all'australiano Mack Horton e all'italiano Gabriele Detti. Durante la cerimonia di premiazione, l'australiano, in aperta protesta contro il vincitore Sun Yang, si è rifiutato di salire sul podio durante l'inno cinese e di presenziare con lui alle foto di rito.

Podio

Programma

Record
Prima della manifestazione il record del mondo e il record dei campionati erano i seguenti.

Nel corso della competizione non sono stati migliorati.

Risultati

Batterie

Finale

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Stile libero 400 M

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


in the Sidecar in 1957.
which takes you to White Mare Pool.
Posted by Don Scott on April 10, 2019, 11:47 am, in reply to "Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Strange to think...that possibly in the same moment as that photo was taken, I was servicing Canberra PR7 aircraft with No.17 Squadron at RAF Wildenrath, Germany. The coincidence is the fact that Stan and I were involved in the same game...photography. Strange also that the little boy in the sidecar and I are swapping words right now on this forum...60+ years later.
Just wondered where the low bridge was that is being signposted to the left of the picture.
Posted by N44 on April 10, 2019, 12:18 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Here it is Don, the bridge the sign is warning about.
Posted by Don Scott on April 10, 2019, 12:28 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Can't get my head around the geography of that bridge Norman. Show me on a map or aerial photo if you can. Thanks.
Posted by Jan on April 10, 2019, 12:57 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Stan & Winnie were the nicest couple you ever could meet. Their garden was always beautiful.
Posted by BJC on April 10, 2019, 2:59 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
I didn't know Stan and Winnie, but they certainly look like a genuinely, lovely couple.
Posted by Mac Cummings on April 10, 2019, 1:42 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Coming from White Mare Pool on Leam Lane A194 past the Mill Lane roundabout you come to the bridge and then to York Avenue.
It has changed since the road was dualled......it was an accident blackspot in it "offset" days.
Posted by Barrie Mortimer on April 10, 2019, 2:31 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Looking at that Google map, there seem to be two Monkton Lanes.
One goes from Mill Lane to Campbell Park Road, while the other one used to be Monkton Village when I left Monkton in 1965.
I used to trek all over that area across to Usworth aerodrome when I was a birdnesting schoolboy, but would get lost nowadays.
Posted by N44 on April 10, 2019, 3:01 pm, in reply to "Fellgate Bridge"
The photo of the bridge may not be the one James pointed out on the old map. I think that bridge (which I can't remember) is the one with the Pelaw to Sunderland railway line across it.
Posted by Mac Cummings on April 10, 2019, 3:18 pm, in reply to "Fellgate Bridge"
I made a couple of schoolboy errors in my post so I have amended it as below.
The one you pointed out James I don't believe is the one in question. In fact I don't ever recall a bridge at the point which you indicate on the map. There was nothing there to cross or be crossed. It is the position shown in the google map that I posted earlier.
It was crossed by the railway as Norman said and is one of the "highly disputed" three Spuggies bridges!
Posted by Lloyd eNZed on April 10, 2019, 9:15 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Don Can you remember the number of the PR7 with 17 Sqd.which you serviced at RAF Wildenrath. Reason for asking doing some modeling with a friend on PRs, as I was with JARIC (Uk) at that time and we had film from the MUFPUs for that Sqd.
Posted by Joseph on April 10, 2019, 12:56 pm, in reply to "Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Posted by Lilian on April 10, 2019, 1:22 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Am I right in thinking that Winnie was nee Postgate?
Posted by Don Scott on April 10, 2019, 4:13 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Take another look lads. There is a bridge there but it is a road bridge spanning the stream. The bridge referred to in the Header is the one further east which carries road traffic under it...hence the max height warning. Am I right here?
Incidentally, I have got my bearings now as to where it was.
Posted by Allan Campbell on April 10, 2019, 5:02 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Your correct Don. You beat me to it. It's a bridge for the road over a stream or small track.
Posted by Norman Dunn on April 10, 2019, 6:03 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now' For Don"
This bridge off Google Earth with the railway line across is also called Fellgate Bridge. The pic shows it contains a little bit of an original stone wall.
Posted by alan la ruste on April 10, 2019, 7:04 pm, in reply to "Two pics to compare"
is that the slip road to york avenue norman?.
Posted by N44 on April 10, 2019, 7:24 pm, in reply to "Re: Two pics to compare"
YES a little way through the bridge is the slip road to York Avenue Alan.
Posted by BJC on April 14, 2019, 9:00 pm, in reply to "Re: Two pics to compare"
1. Where were the Forster family situated? Answer: Mill Lane, just before it enters Leam Lane. (yellow dot on map).
2. Which bridge is the sign in the photograph pointing to? Answer: Fellgate Bridge (orange dot on map).
Posted by John Shearer on April 15, 2019, 11:25 am, in reply to "Re: Two pics to compare"
Thank you very much Barry for pointing that out and sorting the confusion (In my mind) I've been so long away. I do remember both bridges but, not associated with Mill Lane as I remembered it.
Re: Two pics to compare (Lilian).
Posted by Eddy Nesbitt. on April 11, 2019, 10:28 am, in reply to "Two pics to compare"
Lilian I think the photos shown by Norman are of the bridge on the approach rd to the York Ave roundabout.
Posted by Lilian on April 11, 2019, 10:44 am, in reply to "Re: Two pics to compare (Lilian)."
The bridge I remember was a footbridge,crossing the road,not a railway bridge,I thought the photograph was taken on Mill Lane.
Posted by Mac Cummings on April 11, 2019, 9:07 am, in reply to "Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
The couple are on Mill Lane John. The signpost is pointing out that to the left on Leam Lane there is a low bridge.
Posted by Lilian on April 11, 2019, 10:01 am, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
That sign was for the traffic going down mill lane from victoria road west down towards Jarrow it was the height for larger vehicles warning them about the bridge which crossed over the road,if my memory serves me right.
Posted by Mac Cummings on April 11, 2019, 12:16 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Posted by Lilian on April 11, 2019, 12:45 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Posted by Lilian on April 13, 2019, 9:36 am, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
Looking at the bridge warning sign again,it may not have been for the Fellgate Bridge,as the lovely photograph of Stan and his wife Winnie,I noticed the road in the background in earlier years went over spuggies narrow bridge past the coke oven's into Monkton lane,so that sign could have been warning of narrow bridge not height as I first thought.
Of course that road is one way only now,it cannot be entered from mill lane,just from Monkton and as we once knew as spuggies bridge.I do remember a smashing girl called Winnie Possgate but got no response on my earlier post.
Posted by BJC on April 13, 2019, 4:39 pm, in reply to "Re: Header Photo 'Then & Now'"
From my reckoning, the road sign seems to say, Warning: 1,340 yds, next left, low bridge, 13 feet.
Checking Google Street map, one can see that the distance from the yellow square (following map), on Mill Lane, where Stan, Winnie and son Raymond Forster were located with their bicycle, in abt. 1957-58, is about near enough 1,340 yards (1.225296 Kilometers, or, 3/4 of a mile) from the bridge, at the orange square.
Posted by Lilian on April 13, 2019, 7:06 pm, in reply to "Bridge location..."
Lukes lane estate was built around 1961/2,within a circular road called Marine Drive it came out,at either Monkton Lane or Over the bridge to Campbell park road,on Monkton Lane there was a turn off tinto another small lane that lead to Spuggies bridge that went past the Coke oven's,then continued round to Mill Lane,the warning sign was at the end of the road.
Posted by BJC on April 13, 2019, 8:36 pm, in reply to "Re: Bridge location..."
So, that means that the photograph of the Forster family must have been after 1958, and more like the early 60s, as Lukes Lane had been re-routed onto Mill Lane by that time, as James Goring pointed out in his photograph further up the thread.
Lilian, your in-depth local knowledge is so wide-reaching and always appreciated on the board – thank you for that.
Posted by Mac Cummings on April 13, 2019, 9:07 pm, in reply to "Re: Bridge location..."
As you can see from my posts above I am certain that the warning sign refers to the Fellgate Bridge.
The couple may well have been on Mill Lane but now I think it more likely that they we on the then junction of Lukes Lane/Leam Lane with the farm gate opposite (where the pub is now)!
Posted by BJC on April 13, 2019, 9:58 pm, in reply to "Re: Bridge location..."
As the signpost shows, the distance from the yellow square on the map, to the orange square on the map is about 1,340 yds, or 3/4 of a mile.
Posted by Lilian on April 13, 2019, 10:34 pm, in reply to "Re: Bridge location..."
Eric seems to think that the spuggies bridge road must have been named Lukes Lane,all the years I lived in the area I never knew that.he says that was probably how Lukes Lane estate got it's name.Thank you for all of your input Barry.
Posted by BJC on April 13, 2019, 11:51 pm, in reply to "Re: Bridge location..."
to as 'Spuggie's Bridge', then comes out onto Mill Lane, near the Leam Lane Roundabout (A194).
Named after: Someone named Luke?


A long, very wearable collection of large, old silver Turkoman Beads, possibly all Ersari or Saryk, but at least 5 styles, which may represent different tribes, or at least different smiths/workshops.
Together there are 18 large ovoid beads, of graduated sizes, from 47 mm down to 32 mm long.
With one even larger centre bauble, set with red and turquoise coloured glass.
The few I have seen are all pretty impressive and would be made for a specific function, so it is feasible.
The bauble alone is 77 mm long x 44 mm wide.
On many the wire filigree bands that disguise the middle join, have worn down, some almost rubbed away. Some of the others also have wire squiggle, some equally worn and smoothed.
They are now exhibiting the age worn soft patina only naturally aged silver acquires. Everything I like about old Tribal silver, a gentle rub with a dry polishing cloth would remove any excess oxide, and bring up that sort after contrast between the dark dents and the light catching surfaces.
Plain silver, they're neutral so they can be worn on any outfit, a simple, incredibly tasteful and impressive neck. They're hollow, so not as heavy as they look. Or of course you can use them in your own design work, ones this size and age are not easy to come by.
In fact you're very lucky I haven't used them in my necklaces for the shop, (they looked too good all together), but being beads they can always be rethreaded.
Overall length of beads is 870 mm, there's extra string for the back of the neck.
We may also have cuffs and rings to complement these beads, just search "Ersari" .