Here we will cover the process involved in making a very simple email form in Flash using PHP. Be aware that Flash alone is incapable of sending email. PHP, or some other server-side script like PHP, is needed to handle that operation. Put the two together, though, and you got yourself a great way for people to email you directly through your Flash-based web site.
Because PHP is being used to send an email, Flash needs a way to communicate to PHP to let it know when to send an email and with what information. Flash relies on PHP to handle the email sending responsibility. When a Flash movie is ready to have an email sent, it needs to talk to a PHP script on the server so that script can then instruct the server to send the email with the information provided.
A way Flash can send information to an external PHP page is through the loadVariables Actionscript command. This allows Flash to open a page on the server, like a PHP script, and send it specific information that allows you to control how that script behaves. In the case of this tutorial, to have a PHP script email information inputted in a Flash form. Flash sends the PHP page the information filled out in the form. The PHP script then inserts that information into a mail function which instructs the server to send an email with that information to the email address specified. Easy enough, right? Lets begin creating the Flash form.
The Flash form consists of 2 basic parts. One part is the group of text fields that make up the form. These are actually contained within a movieclip aptly named "form." Secondly, you have the send button. This will be the button that activates the code that sends the form information to the PHP file. At that point, Flash's job is done. It's then up to the PHP script to make sure the email gets sent.
Start off by making the appropriate form fields. Make sure these are input fields and not static or dynamic text fields Include as many as you want. Each will be sent to the PHP file where they can then be sorted. This example uses 3.
Assign each text field a var value. This is NOT an instance name. The var field allows you to associate a variable with the given text field Because loadVariables is being used to transmit the information, this is needed to make the value of these text fields easily recognized as variables to that command. This example uses name, email, and body for field variable names.
Once you have created and named each field, select them all and create a new movieclip out of them. This will be the form movieclip. Give it the instance name form when you're done.
This calls loadVariables through the form movieclip sending all variables saved in that movieclip to email.php using the POST method. Because all the text fields in form have variables associated with them, this effectively sends all information filled out in those fields to the email PHP page. From that PHP page, the sent information can be retrieved using each field's var name. One thing to be cautious of is that you need to make sure the movieclip you are using loadVariables with exists long enough for it to send its variables to the URL specified. Because this mailer has a thank you screen after sending an email, you'll need to wait until Flash does that before showing that screen and losing the form movieclip.
You can tell when a movieclip has sent its variables out from its onClipEvent(data) event. This is event is called when the movieclip receives data from the server either confirming its variables have been sent or in the case where new variables are brought into Flash. We aren't bringing variables in, just sending out. But we do need to know when that's taken place. So on the form movieclip we can add the script that checks for that. When the event runs, we can then go to the next frame showing the thank you screen.
Now we can write that PHP script, email.php, that really makes this happen. Luckily, it's not really all that difficult to write. Maybe not as easy as the previous Flash script, but not difficult nonetheless. The PHP all revolves around one function; the mail function. All you need to do is to grab the information sent from Flash and pass it in to this mail function in PHP to have that information sent to your email of choice.
Create a PHP file if you haven't already. If you're not sure how, just make a text file. A PHP file is basically nothing more than a text file with a .php extension instead of .txt. To a server, though, a php file is seen not as text, but as a script for carrying out commands - commands like our email command.
Using Dreamweaver or your text editor of choice, start writing your PHP script. This will consist of 3 basic parts. One will be a place for constant variables that will always remain the same. This will include things such as your email. Another is the capturing of those variables sent to the script from Flash - those filled out in the Flash form. Finally, that information is then setup in the third part, the call of the mail function.
Part 1: Begin the file with a php tag and the setting up of constant variables. This includes your email and most likely a subject line as well.
Part 2: Now you can start getting the variables that Flash sent. Since Flash sent the variables using post, we would use $_POST to get them into variables of our own. $_POST is a special global variable in a PHP script that contains all of the posted variables sent to that script as an associative array. Using brackets () and a variable name, you can then retrieve those variables. For those variables sent by this particular example, you would obtain their value in PHP using $_POST["name"], $_POST["email"], and $_POST["message"].
With our previous variable definitions, we can easily just plug and play to run this command in the final php script. Note that "from" and "reply-to" are not separate parameters within the mail call. These are part of the 4th parameter, additional headers, where information beyond the recipient, subject and email message go. With that, we can finish off the script with the following.
Save as email.php and you're set.
All that remains now is uploading your published swf (with accompanying html) and PHP file to your server. Be sure you keep the PHP file in the same directory as your swf and html or your script may not be found when called from Flash. If you don't want it to be in that same directory, be sure you correctly reference the location of the PHP file in the loadVariables command used in Flash. Once uploaded, play your movie and send yourself a message! It'll be fun - and it will also test to make sure this actually works ;) since, if you didn't already know, you can't test from your own computer's hard drive unless you have the proper configurations and PHP installed (which, more than likely, is not the case). It's ok though, since you don't need it on your personal computer, just your server. And if its working from there, then you should be in the clear.


This week, a London Market Group(LMG) update report indicated that London Market had a reducing market share of reinsurance and in emerging countries in 2015 and is behind on diversity-the International Underwriting Association(IUA) took a positive view saying there is a clear opportunity for the London Market to serve as a truly global centre for specialised insurance business. The Ogden discount rate change drama also featured in several major first quarter results, but the Lloyd's Market Association(LMA) and the Association of British Insurers(ABI) both revealed their alternative solutions in response to the Ministry of Justice consultation. Marsh released a paper on The Enterprise Act which has just come into force, relating to policyholder rights to claim damages over late payment of claims. US P&C insurers suffered a $4.7bn net underwriting loss in 2016, according to a ISO/PCI report, but Fitch reported that the US commercial lines segment produced its fourth consecutive underwriting profit. Insurance Europe commented on the International Association of Insurance Supervisors(IAIS) consultation paper on group corporate governance.
European majors were amongst the first quarter financials and trading updates, which included Allianz("a good start" says cfo), Ageas(solid quarter result except for Ogden revision), Generali(CFO said "The first quarter's results confirm the excellent performance in terms of the Group's profitability and capital strength"), Zurich(feeling Ogden impact), Liberty Mutual(net income down and combined ratio deteriorated), Sun Life Financial(lower return from US business), Beazley(GWP down 2%), Hannover Re(on target), Hiscox(Retail boosts Group GWP), Munich Re(cfo "very pleased" with first quarter result), Novae Group("Establishing a point of differentiation in today's market is critical" says Fosh), Aon(4% organic growth), and Towergate(strong performance in fourth quarter).
AXA is to IPO a minority stake in its US operations next year, Aviva sold joint venture interests in Spain, and investment groups HPS and MDP are to create KIRS, which will be the UK's leading independent diversified insurance Group and intermediary with global reach-John Tiner will be Group chairman, and David Ross Group ceo. Generali announced a new strategy for its asset management unit. There were senior appointments at AXA, AXIS Capital, ERS, and Markel International.
AGCS is working with InsurTech Praedicat to better predict the key catastrophe liability risks of the future. Digital networking will become more important for UK brokers than networking face-to-face within the next ten years, according to a new Chubb survey, and KPMG International moved for the Matchi FinTech Matchmaking platform, and InsurTech Sherpa is to collaborate with Gen Re. CyberScout and ICMIF are to work together on cyber risk	Insurance. Duck Creek is to partner with the Independent Insurance Agents & Brokers of America's Agents Council for Technology(ACT), and Insurity is to offer One, Inc's payment processing suite of products.


Fully extending the knee and standing is essential for the elderly in order to have a certain measure of independence. Yet, flexibility and strength is normally lost as we age. Performing certain exercises can help to combat this loss and may prolong the possibility of independence. Strong muscles and flexibility can also help to reduce the risk of falls and increase balance in the elderly. Strengthening the knee should not cause any pain and should be done at a slow pace.
Stand straight up holding onto the back of a chair. Bend your right knee as you lift your foot upward as far as you can. Bring your foot back to the ground. Repeat 10 times. Do the exercise again with your left leg.
Sit in a chair with your feet flat on the ground. Straighten your left leg, holding it off of the ground. Point your toes toward the ceiling and hold it in place for 10 seconds. Return your leg to the starting position. Repeat 10 times. Do the exercise again with your right leg.
Remain seated in the chair. Fold a pillow in half and place it between your legs. Push your knees together for five seconds. Release your muscles. Repeat this exercise 10 times. Relax for a few minutes and do another set of 10.
Lay down flat on a bed or mat. Place a bed sheet along the bottom of your right foot with one end of the sheet in each hand. Straighten your right leg as much as possible and lift it off of the ground pulling the sheet slightly with your arms to help lift and guide your leg. Repeat one more time. Repeat the exercise on your left leg.


text:
Q: Sorted Iteration of HashMap Java I know that HashMap is not sorted but is there any away i can create iterator which returns values in sorted order of key. I can use Sorted versions of the collections but I am looking for a way to do the same with Hash Based map.

A: Any such iterator would have to internally sort all the keys of the HashMap in order to be able to iterate over them in sorted order. It would be more efficient to use an already sorted Map implementation.

A: You can use TreeMap since its a sorted map.

A: With Java 8 this is very simple:
import static java.util.Map.Entry.comparingByKey;

public <K extends Comparable<? super K>, V> Iterator<V> orderedIterator(final Map<K, V> map) {
    return map.entrySet().stream()
            .sorted(comparingByKey())
            .map(Map.Entry::getValue)
            .iterator();
}

Note, this is slow, as the Stream needs to be sorted each time - so iteration becomes O(n lg n) rather than O(n). If you need to do this a lot, you would be better off using a TreeMap -  where insertion is O(lg n) (rather than O(1)) but iteration is still O(n).

A: I'm not sure this is completely possible, at least from a map point of view, although we could create a special hash map the returns keys from a sort order.
The map could extend HashMap and have a variable the contains the sort order and then have a method that returns the keys and values in the sort order.
You could have a static utility method that takes a HashMap and returns an array of Map.Entrys in the sort order.
While the above may work, TreeMap is probably the way to go. It's designed for this task and was written by Josh Blotch so it's bound to be fast at what it does. Reinventing the wheel always takes longer and doesn't work as well.
Note: This depends on the use case. If you only need to use the sorted values once, then the utility method or custom HashMap implementation will be best. If you're planning on using the Map often, then go with a TreeMap.

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text:
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Before any great accomplishment there is first of all an activity. Income generating ideas and thoughts coupled with income generating activities leads to increased revenues. The point here is that we need to be intentional in our thought, word and deed in terms of improving our money habits. There are three things that impact our journey to any successful outcome – to be, to do and to have; at the heart of these are and attitudinal mind-set, knowledge or skill set and the experience or outcome of our desire. Underneath these elements are sets of values and beliefs as well as attitudes that subconsciously drive our behaviours.
I have always been interested in figuring out how these dynamics affect the decisions and therefore the actions we take. In order to change our financial destiny and indeed any area of our lives, we need to really envision what we need to really desire to happen in our financial universe of experience. This is because it's our belief and value about what we consider to be possible have resulted in our present experience in terms our relationship with money. When our brain is given mixed messages in terms of our money and wealth blue print we have mixed result in terms of our visible results with money. The reason is that we sabotage even the possible avenues to create wealth and money. We have the power at our disposal every moment of the day to change the belief systems that have created our present moment. You need to know what they are, and figure out ways to move out of this "prison of yours" – your comfort zone.
All these three approaches will shift you out of your old comfort zone. To change the cycle you must focus instead on thinking, talking, and writing about the reality you want to create. You flood your unconscious with thoughts and images of the new reality.
You need to develop the habit to move yourself from mediocrity to success. This is possible by learning to ask questions to challenge your ideas and thoughts, decisions, action and your experiences. The questioning habit will open a new horizon of possibilities in the way you do things. The following prescription will be valuable in any process of change.
You need to remember that the question you ask or fail to ask determines your chance to succeed or not. The questions determine where you focus, how you think, how you feel, and what you do; which does impact on the outcome you experience.
If you want to change your finances you've got to hold yourself to higher standard, change you beliefs about what is possible and develop a better strategy.
Your financial climate over a period of time follows a particular pattern. Over a long period these patterns become blueprint to describe the results or outcome from such system. For this pattern or blueprint to change you need to adopt the following three principles described by Anthony Robbins in his book – Awaken the giant within.
The above three principles are very important and they focus on different aspects of our personality as we become creative. The raising your standard is a call to accountability and responsibility and deals with "who you are"; namely purpose, value, belief and attitude we bring to the creative process.
The change of limiting beliefs is to focus on those limiting thoughts that are limiting and are part of our habitual thought pattern. You need to change your story from the WAY IT IS TO WHAT YOU WANT IT TO BE. The former may be limiting but the later should be empowering. Align your thoughts constructively to your desire.
Change your strategy deals with "how". For you to change your experience you need to change your thinking as well as the way you do things which results in your experience.
Who you are determines what you see and how you think. In raising your standard about your money blueprint, you'll be giving yourself permission to cultivate the habit of big picture thinking. What type of person do you want to become in terms of your relationship with money? How can you figure out the habits in terms of the behaviours brought you to the present situation?
What decisions / actions can you take now to shift from your old standard to a new one?
You have the choice and freedom to choose your path. Whatever you decide to do write it down, and follow through to the next step.
Are you aware of how your own thoughts may be holding you back from your financial destiny?
Your belief and values (life rule and priorities) about what is possible or not around money have this far. Your belief create your reality meaning that what you belief will affect your actions which in turn will gradually reinforce and will persist; therefore results in your experience. Your values are set of intangible and tangible ideals that affect your experience and the degree of attention that you give to them.
These attribute – belief and values are not written in stones and the evidence that you receive in life in terms of your experience are good indicators as to whether they support or limit us towards the realisation of our dreams.
What are your beliefs – positive or negative around money?
Every successful outcome or failure is due to strategy. You can change your strategy by modelling the strategy used by successful people in the area that you want to develop expertise. The idea here is that you master the skill at a very short time than it took most of them to develop expertise; this is leverage.
For the experience you desire to be realisable you must take action. Knowing what to do is not enough; sustained, consistent and determined action towards your desired result is what matters.
Affirmation and visualisation with consistent and sustained action works – an example from Jack Canfield will suffice.
In the above sections, we've looked at the principles that will enable you to raise your "financial temperature" by raising the "financial thermostats" that will unlock your future wealth and financial success.
It requires intelligence and good thinking. Intelligence enables you to position yourself in the light of the changing environment as well as use your ability and capability to creatively through divergent and convergent thinking to map out a new direction for yourself so as to move you forward in the direct of you destiny.
The following examples from Jack Canfield will provide you with inspiration and courage to change your financial blueprint by adopting or reshaping the principles highlighted here.
Robert Allen – Co-author the One minute millionaire.
These examples from Jack Canfield's book illustrate the fact the affirmation works. In his book Jack Canfield explained in detail adapted and used the principles of affirmation and visualisation to raise his earning from $25,000 a year to $100,000 or more.
His decision was based on taking action on the lessons shared with him by his mentor W. Clement Stone who himself was a millionaire. He challenged hin to set a goal so far beyond his current circumstances, the reason being that he would be amazed by what he'll be able to achieve. He accepted the challenge when he wanted to raise his earnings. This is a case of raising your standard.
The key idea here is that you need to declare your intention. You may not have the need to raise your income to the turn of $100,000 as jack did, but the idea is to have a map of what you want and put it in a written form.
· He created a huge replica of $100,000 bill which he affixed to the ceiling above his bed. The idea here is for him to see the bill on awaking. He'll then close eyes, repeat his affirmation and visualize what he could be enjoying if he work living a $100,00 a year life style. He envisioned the house he would live in, the furnishings and artwork he would own, the car he would drive, and the vacations he would take. He created the feelings he would experience once he already attained the lifestyle.
· He woke up one morning with his first idea on how to make $100,000. It occurred to him that if he could sell 400,000 copies of his book, "100 ways to achieve self-concept in the classroom." In which he received a 25cents per copy royalty. I would earn a $100,000 income. He added on his money visualisation the image of his book flying off the book shelf and his publisher writing him a $100,000 check. Not long after, a freelance journalist approached him and wrote an article about his work in National Enquirer. As a result thousand additional copies of his book were sold that month.
· Also daily, more and more money making ideas flowed into his mind. For instance, he took out small ads and sold the book on his own - making $3.00 per copy instead of just 25 cents.
· He started a mail order catalogue of other books on self-esteem and made more money from the same buyers.
· The University of Massachusetts saw his catalogue and invited him to sell books at a weekend conference, helping him to generate more than $2,000 in 2 days – and introducing him to another strategy for making $100,000 a year.
· At the same time he was visualizing greater book sales, he also got the idea to generate more income from his workshops and seminars. He asked a friend who did similar work how he could charge higher fees, he realised he was already charging more than double what he was being paid, As a result he tripled his rates and discovered that the schools that were hiring him to speak had budgets even higher than that.
· His affirmation was paying off big time. He realised that if he hadn't set the goal to make $100,000 and been diligent about affirmation and visualizing it, he would never have raised his speaking fees, started a mail order bookstore, attended a major conference, or been interviewed for a major publication. As a result, his income was skyrocketed from $25,000 to $92,000.
· He reasoned that he missed his $100,000 goal by $8,000, but he wasn't depressed about it. On the contrary, he was ecstatic – his income quadrupled in less than one year, using the power of visualisation and affirmation, coupled with the willingness to act when he has an "inspired idea".
· The rest is history. From then on they've used the power of visualisation and affirmation to achieve the $100,000 as well as as well as continued to make $1 million or more every year since.
Thanks wetnosedogs for your comments. I'm pleased that it inspired you to do more.
Great hub. I need to dwell on this to accomplish more. Thank you.


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A much-hyped network upgrade called "5G" means different things to different people.
"5G speeds, and ever-faster home broadband, will mean that existing applications will get richer, and also that new applications will emerge — new Flickrs, YouTubes or Snapchats. We don't know what yet," Benedict Evans, a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz, wrote in a January blog post .


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The following is a guest post from licensed clinical social worker and addiction counselor Kimberley Berlin.
What impact does drug and alcohol use by millennials have on their ability to obtain a security clearance? How do the differing substance abuse patterns and outlooks of millennials alter traditional personnel security assumptions? In this article, we explore not only the unique challenges for this generation, but also the consideration of how millennials may ultimately alter the Richter scale of security clearance adjudications in the future.
"Millennials" are the demographic cohort born between the 1980's and 1998, coming of age approximately in 2004. They range from 23 to 35 years old and are more sophisticated than any previous generation; primarily because they are the first to have grown up exclusively with technology as the foundation of their lives. They do not use checks – they use on-line banking and finance almost exclusively. They are not familiar with cassette tapes, and even CD's are old technology – everything they listen to is downloaded, using MP3 or other formats. They multi-task and use truncated language in order to simultaneously text, email, post on social media, and check in with their manager. They may well have no idea what cc and bcc stand for. Newspapers have always been in color, they have always had access to email, and Beta is a preview version of software, not a VCR format.
For a generation that is castigated for being self-absorbed, entitled, and reckless, the reality is far from popular opinion. Millennials almost exclusively disapprove of cigarette smoking and daily drinking and according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), they engage in significantly lower rates of drug and alcohol abuse than in previous years.
Millennials actually use fewer drugs and consume less alcohol than their parents or baby boomers. Tempting though it may be to point fingers, according to NIDA, teenage drug use declined by more than 34% between 1993 and 2013; a crucial time period that encompasses the teenage years of almost all millennials.
By all accounts, alcohol use is also less common for millennials. According to the same NIDA report, teen drinking has decreased by 42% since 2003 alone, and by more than 60% since 1995. Now that most millennials are in their 20's or 30's, this demographic is also leaning away from hard liquor, preferring craft beer and wine.
As marijuana became decriminalized and legalized across the U.S., this generation has had a completely different exposure to what has always been referred to as "the gateway drug." The mind-set of this group tends to view legalization as legitimate whether they are liberal or conservative. In a 2013 Harvard study 44 percent of participants supported legalization of marijuana for recreational use and 66% supported legalization for medical purposes. Just three years later, the Pew 2016 study showed that support for legalization had risen to 71% across all political platforms in the millennial cohort.
What is interesting to note in this study is that respondents were not influenced by whether they themselves smoked marijuana or not. This is an idealistic generation that views legalization as less of a personal or political question, and more of an issue whose time is long overdue.
So how do the opinions of and drug/alcohol use patterns of millennials impact the security clearance process?
This is an important distinction to appreciate. Millennials may "experiment" in college – they may party, play and even slack – but when it comes to landing the dream job, all bets are off. Millennials get serious. Playtime is over and their lives as they have dreamed them, (and been told they deserve), can now become a reality. There is no time for any excess; whether drinking or smoking pot, their expectations of their performance is to be the best they can be with nothing interfering with their goals.
I have personally conducted almost one hundred security clearance evaluations on the millennial cohort. To a one, the pattern is the same: As young college students they wanted a taste of freedom and independence – their placement in a good college was hard won. Drinking on weekends and smoking the occasional joint is "just part of the landscape." If someone offered them Ecstasy at a concert, why not? Mushrooms on a camping trip? Sure – "I wanted to see what it was all about." But once experienced, and once the career trajectory is in place, the fun ends. Experimentation becomes a thing of the past; getting drunk on weekends is no longer a feasible or healthy choice, and an almost laser-like focus on success in the workplace takes over.
These traits demand a more flexible view of a Millennial's history of illicit substances. While it is imperative that the DSM-V Criteria are always adhered to, more often than not, a millennial will abstain from any use of substances (often including alcohol) starting on the day they begin their application process into the workforce.
If they land the "dream job" that requires a clearance, the attitude is even more rigorous. Nothing will stand in the way of achieving their goals, particularly anything that they themselves might cause to damage their chances of success.
Millennials will give up "partying" with friends, experimentation, or any other previous behavior of their early college days without hesitation. What makes this population unique is that they have no problem giving substances up, and once they make up their mind to never engage in the activities again – they don't.
It is this last aspect of the millennial personality that should be attended to by those of us conducting security clearance evaluations, defending cases of denial, and yes, even hearing appeals. As hard as it is to appreciate, when these future government workers state they will never smoke a joint again – they mean it. When they say that they will never go out to a concert and use other illegal drugs again – they won't.
For millennials, the mind-set isn't so much that the risk is too great, it's that they have high expectations of everyone and everything, including themselves. Lowering the bar would never occur to them, and it is that ethic that lends itself to a more dedicated and productive worker who strives to improve not only the workplace but the world around them that makes the Millennial Generation "The Next Great Generation" to come.
Ms. Berlin is the owner of Compassionate Beginnings, LLC, a private integrated therapy practice in Leesburg, Virginia. Her work focuses primarily on national security cases – including the evaluation of security clearance holders, pilots (by DOT regulation), and others whose fitness for duty has been questioned by the government.


Grease a mini muffin pan with the coconut oil, set aside.
Place the almonds into a food processor and blend until relatively smooth. Add remaining ingredients and blend until well combined.
Press enough mixture into each muffin pan so that the bottom and sides are covered, forming a little cup.
Beat natural labna with honey, berries, lemon and vanilla bean until smooth and creamy.
Spoon the labna filling into the pre-prepared almond cups. Allow to set in freezer for at least 2 hours before serving.
Let them sit a room temperature for half an hour before serving.


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Pyrenean chamois pictures and facts
The Pyrenean Chamois - Nature's Acrobat
Animals / Mammals / Artiodactyla (220) / Bovidae (137) / Caprinae (32) / Rupicapra (2)
Genus Rupicapra
Pyrenean chamois (5 facts)
Chamois (16 facts)
Subfamily Caprinae contains 10 genera
Ammotragus (1 animal)
Budorcas (1 animal)
Capra (9 animals)
Hemitragus (3 animals)
Naemorhedus (6 animals)
Oreamnos (1 animal)
Ovibos (1 animal)
Ovis (6 animals)
Pseudois (2 animals)
Rupicapra (2 animals)
Family Bovidae
Aepycerotinae (1 animal)
Alcelaphinae (7 animals)
Antilopinae (38 animals)
Bovinae (24 animals)
Caprinae (32 animals)
Cephalophinae (19 animals)
Hippotraginae (7 animals)
Peleinae (1 animal)
Reduncinae (8 animals)
Order Artiodactyla
Suidae (16 animals)
Tayassuidae (3 animals)
Hippopotamidae (4 animals)
Camelidae (6 animals)
Tragulidae (4 animals)
Giraffidae (2 animals)
Moschidae (4 animals)
Cervidae (43 animals)
Antilocapridae (1 animal)
Bovidae (137 animals)
The Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica), sometimes known simply as chamois, pronounced "shammy", is a goat-like creature native to the mountain ranges of the Pyrenees, northwestern Spain and the Apennines in central Italy. It's natural habitat is the high alpine meadows during the warmer part of the year, venturing down onto the slopes when the weather gets colder. They only very rarely will enter the forest.
The animal usually weighs between 24 and 50 kg, or 53 to 110 lbs. The average weight is about 37 kg, or 81 lbs. It has a length of 90 to 120 cm, or 35 to 51 inches, with an average length of 110 cm, or 43 inches. In the summer, its coat is reddish-brown and in winter it grows a much thicker brownish-black coat, with white markings. Both males and female have black horns that are close together and slender, rise vertically and then bend sharply to form hooks. They have padded and rather elastic hoofs, allowing them to keep their footing on otherwise treacherous terrain.
The Pyrenean chamois is nimble and known for its grace. It can jump nearly two meters, or approximately six feet, straight up into the air. It can also reach speeds of about 50 km per hour, or about 31 miles per hour, over rough and uneven ground.
The chamois is also prized for its skin, which is made into a very soft and pliable leather which is popular for shining products. It is also hunted for meat and its dense winter fur.
For a time, the Pyrenean chamois population was in decline because of over-hunting and the animal was placed on the endangered list, but thanks to protective measures it is not currently at risk. The population and range of the chamois continue to increase. However, the subspecies R. p. ornata is still vulnerable and considered endangered at this time.
Other than humans, the Pyrenean chamois' natural predators include wolves, lynxes and fox. The chamois themselves feed on herbs and flowers during the summer. In the winter, they turn to moss, lichen and young pine shoots. When conditions become extremely difficult, chamois can fast for up to two weeks until food becomes available.
Keywords: brown , black , horn
The Southern chamois is listed as Conservation Dependent (LR/cd), the focus of a continuing taxon-specific or habitat-specific conservation programme targeted towards the taxon in question, the cessation of which would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories below within a period of five years, on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Namings for the Pyrenean chamois
A young / baby of a Pyrenean chamois is called a 'calf'. The females are called 'doe' and males 'bull'. A Pyrenean chamois group is called a 'herd'.
France, Italy and Spain
Pyrenean chamois habitats
Forest and Temperate forest
Pyranean chamois
Adult weight : 30 kg (66 lbs)
More animals beginning with P
Contact Us | ©2011 TheWebsiteOfEverything.com | Privacy information | Pyrenean chamois


Here are five ideas to help family gatherings become more enjoyable for everyone.
The bond between children and grandparents is a very special one. And family gatherings are great time to nurture that bond. Remember to bring along some books that Grandma can read to the children, or a board game they could all play together.
If your brother lets his children run wild, whilst you are more safety conscious, see if you can agree on an activity for all your children to do together. Choose an activity that keeps the children busy but has limitations, such as group-friendly video games, Christmas themed arts and crafts or hide and seek away from the living room where the adults can relax.
See if you can come up with at least one activity that everyone can participate in. If your children are over 5 years old, charades can be a fun family game, one that enables them to come up with names of books, videos or TV shows with which they are familiar, and to act them out to the level of their ability.
However you choose to spend your time at Christmas, and with whatever mix of family and friends, we at Brilliant Nannies wish you a peaceful and enjoyable holiday season!


Industrialization in the 19th century, the production of armaments in both world wars, and the rebuilding of Germany were all based on coal as a raw material. The coal and steel crisis at the end of the 1950s and in the mid-1970s put an end to the economic miracle, particularly that of the Ruhr coal-mining industry. Since then, numerous mines have ceased operations, and corporate structures have changed. 2018, finally, spells the end of the coal-mining industry. The aim of this sub-project is to produce a historical/critical overview of the history of mining in the period of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Occasionally, in the light of recent exorbitant increases in the price of coke and steel, there is talk of building a new mine in the Ruhr. Such talk tends to astonish people, who have been accustomed to hearing, for decades, that the German coal-mining industry is in the throes of a structural crisis. Coal was of central importance for industrialization in the 19th century, coal mining was a vital prerequisite for the production of armaments in both world wars, and the rebuilding of Germany was also based on relatively prompt restructuring of the industry. Yet at the end of the 1950s the Ruhr coal-mining industry in particularly was already sliding into a crisis, one which would end the so-called German economic miracle, and which continues even today. In the 1960s numerous pits were closed and companies were restructured, culminating in the founding of Ruhrkohle AG as a unified company in 1969.
The structural crisis of the German coal-mining industry continued despite the founding of Ruhrkohle AG, as the following figures show: in 1971 the output was around 110 million tonnes, and in 1973 it fell below 100 million tonnes for the first time. In 1978 it reached its lowest level so far, 83.9 million tonnes. Short-term improvements in sales and revenue immediately after the oil crisis in the winter of 1973/74, and a steel boom in the mid-1970s, did nothing to change this. Nor did the German coal-mining industry stabilize during the 1980s and 1990s, instead these decades were characterized by coal negotiations ("Kohlerunden") and adaptation strategies. The answer – until the turn of the millennium – was to concentrate mining in productive large-scale mines equipped with the latest technology, in order to cope with the downsizing process which politicians and public authorities were demanding more and more forcefully. On the basis of the 2007 Steinkohlefinanzierungsgesetz (German Hard Coal Financing Act), the German coal-mining industry can be expected to shut down permanently by 2018.
The aim of the sub-project is to develop a historical/critical overview of the history of mining in the period of the Federal Republic of Germany. The coal-mining industry is the main focus, but other sections of the mining industry will also be taken into account as appropriate.
Farrenkopf, M., 2009. Wirtschaftswunder und erste Kohlenkrisen. In: Kumpel und Kohle. Der Landtag NRW und die Ruhrkohle 1946 bis 2008. Schriften des Landtags NRW 19, 49-95.
Farrenkopf, M., 2010. Aufkommen und Bewältigung der Bergbau-Strukturkrise im Zeichen der Ruhrkohle AG. Heimat Dortmund. Ztschr. Histor. Verein für Dortmund und die Grafschaft Mark. In Verbindung mit dem Stadtarchiv Dortmund 1-2, 27-34.


Washington, DC – Mia was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. She received her BFA from the University of Manitoba in 2004 and her MFA in 2009, from the Department of Sculpture and Extended Media at Virginia Commonwealth University. Mia has received numerous travel/research, production and creation grants from the Manitoba Arts Council, the Winnipeg Arts Council, The Canada Council for the Arts, The Jewish Foundation of Manitoba and The Lila Acheson Readers Digest Foundation. In 2007, supported by The Winnipeg Arts Council, she traveled to Palestine to facilitate sculptural workshops in the West Bank with Palestinian children. She has received a full two month fellowship at Vermont Studio Center, a two month fellowship at Seven Below Arts Initiative in Burlington, VT and has been invited to participate in a Millay Colony for the Arts residency in 2010 and a residency with Bemis Center for Contemporary Art in 2011. Solo Exhibitions include Outworks Gallery, Winnipeg, Canada in 2006, FLUXspace, in Philadelphia, PA and Dorfman Projects, NY, NY in 2009. In 2010, Mia will be showing solo exhibitions at Transformer Gallery, Washington DC, Arlington Arts Center, Arlington, VA, The Firehouse Gallery in Burlington VT and The Contemporary Arts Center of Atlanta, Atlanta GA. Mia currently lives and works in Washington, DC and teaches sculpture at George Mason University and American University.


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Boule Cut Logs
T&G Flooring
River Reclaimed Hardwoods
Our project is centered in Nicaragua within the RAAN where logging was a large part of the Country's industry for many years.
Aqua Quest River Wood
Our project is centered in Nicaragua within the RAAN where logging was a large part of the Country's industry for many years. During the logging boom, a great number of the logs were lost in the waterways and have been resting in a preserved anaerobic state for centuries.
These logs are not only extremely rare, they cannot be duplicated today. These first growth trees grew much slower in diameter than our trees of today which resulted in much tighter, finer growth rings and produced a much finer grain resulting in an old growth piece of timber with increased strength and durability due to the density of the wood. Since the 1600's, for several hundred years, the Honduran and Nicaraguan forests yielded the finest mahogany and tropical hardwoods in the world. Logs from these giant trees would be cut and dragged to nearby rivers and floated downstream many miles to awaiting sailing ships anchored off the entrance to the river; it is estimated that up to 50% of the logs never made it to the waiting ships and sunk to the bottom of the riverbeds where they have been resting peacefully for more than a century.
However, it is good for the logs to be submerged. Sunken logs have aged and the wood has completed all of its movement. This aged timber is far superior to a fresh cut tree. These logs were lost over many decades creating deep layers of stacked logs. Each year the heavy rains and raging waters will uncover the next layers of logs.
Aqua Quest has been issued the first and only exclusive renewable permits to recover the sunken logs in this region. We have purchased a sawmill in Lamlaya where our logs are brought after they are recovered from the river beds by our divers and recovery teams. Our wood is then processed for customers all over the world for multiple uses including flooring, furniture, doors, cabinetry, and other uses.
Aqua Quest is committed to humanitarian efforts to bring sustainable farming, clean drinking water, road and waterway improvements, creating jobs for the Miskito people, and creating an economy within the region with this incredible resource.
Aqua Quest International, Inc. incorporated Aqua Quest International, Inc. in Florida on May 10, 2012 to engage in salvaging, preserving and displaying historical and archaeologically significant shipwrecks worldwide. Its predecessor company was a sole proprietorship of Capt. Robert H. Mayne, Jr., operating in the salvage business for over 30 years. Captain Mayne's adventures started at the very early age of 13 when he found his first treasure; his beloved "Bell". It took Captain Mayne 2 years to recover his bell which sits quietly in his home.
The adventures continued and grew into businesses taking Captain Mayne throughout many Countries seeking treasures of various types. Along his path, Captain Mayne was introduced to Dr. Steve Foster whom has spent many years in Honduras doing missionary work and helping the people of Honduras. Dr. Foster shared with Captain Mayne information about the plight of Indigenous disabled former spiny lobster divers that are permanently confined to wheelchairs. Over the years, many hundreds of young men and boys have become disabled and confined to wheelchairs for life from decompression sickness also know as the "bends" This completely preventable with proper training and equipment. Our intent was to provide equipment and training and create a documentary film about this tragic situation. While on a site visit to the region to meet these disabled divers, salvaging an unknown treasure of sunken old growth hardwoods within the waters of Honduras was identified as a way to create jobs and opportunity for many and provide an alternative to lobster diving. Captain Mayne then turned his treasure hunting towards recovering sunken logs.
Captain Robert Mayne prepared the boat and crew for the potentially treacherous voyage to Honduras. Captain Mayne is all too familiar with encounters of pirates and what measures he would need to take to protect himself and his crew if needed along their 900 mile journey to Honduras so firearms for personal protection were onboard. On May 1st 2014, Captain Mayne left his home port of Tarpon Springs, FL guiding the Aqua Quest through the waters and embarking on an adventure that neither he nor his crew knew awaited them in the days to come. This salvage trip was different and unlike any other as they had just come off the Copper Ore Project recovering lost ore from a cargo ship that sank in a 1924 hurricane off North Carolina. Using equipment engineered specifically for the project called the "Orasaurous" and keeping an eye on sharks, the crew salvaged about 50 tons of the ore. The work is hard and tedious and as our crewman Kelly Garrett said," If it was easy, the Girl Scouts of America would be in the salvage business and we'd be selling cookies, right?"
Anyway, this new site was located in Central America and in a region that had become notorious for drug trafficking Aqua Quest was focused on recovering mahogany and other old growth logs from the waterways and assisting in humanitarian efforts to the Miskito Indians. Captain Mayne negotiated and reached an agreement with the officials of the rural town Ahuas to extract these forgotten treasures that would employ local community members, provide community improvements, and involve the community in a profit share.
The rest of the story is more involved than can be said here on this page but to make a very long story short, upon arrival to Honduras, the crew was arrested and charged with phony weapons charges and spent 52 days in a ramshackle prison until they were declared innocent of all charges and released. This has temporarily halted our project in Honduras but as luck would have it, some Nicaraguan and Honduran Miskito Indians met in their travels in Honduras and the Nicaraguans told the Hondurans "tell the American to come and talk with us. We want to do the Project in Nicaragua".
Without hesitation, Captain Mayne flew to the remote coastal town of Puerto Cabeza on the Miskito Coast and was greeted with open arms by the people of Nicaragua whom were excited and anxious to participate in the Captain's project. Captain Mayne spent a few months going from town to town holding meetings with the locals explaining the project, and most importantly telling them how they will be involved through jobs that would create opportunity for many in an area in need of such. In unprecedented time, Captain Mayne obtained the first ever exclusive agreements to locate, recover, process, and ship these sunken treasure logs and struck a deal to lease with the option to purchase an idled sawmill located in the village of Lamlya. It wasn't long before the sound of turning saw mill blades being operated by local employees began to transform the area. These Indigenous community members were now locating, recovering and processing these sunken historical logs at our new saw mill and providing for their families.
We also got back on track with what got us interested in the Miskito Coast in the first place and we are 90 percent construction complete of a woodworking school and workshop to train disabled and wheelchair bound former spiny lobster divers the art of woodworking. This facility will enable them to provide for themselves and their families and this is truly one of the best parts of our adventure.
Aqua Quest International, Inc. has always made the environment a priority in every project we have been involved in. Our techniques and processes are completed in an environmental conscious way. We use advanced underwater locating devices and techniques to recover the old-growth logs from the bottom of the waterways throughout Nicaragua to be transformed into valuable wood products.
Our underwater logging project only recovers previously cut timber and never does any type of deforestation. We believe there is an abundance of this reclaimed wood within the waterways of Nicaragua and will have a significant positive impact on deforestation and habitat-loss. Our project also aims to save greenhouse gas emissions by avoiding deforestation through salvaging submerged mahogany and other logs in the Nicaragua Rivers. Given their huge density and inefficient logging practices, many trees sunk in the rivers. Today, given the scarcity of some wood essence and the application of international convention on endangered species trading like CITIES, it is getting more and more difficult and expensive to manage precious wood business in Nicaragua and around the world. By salvaging these logs from the Rivers they are then transformed into consumer products (floor, furniture, etc) which delay the greenhouse gas emission of that logwood. Through this project we have access to millions of carbon credits which we will have available for companies that are in need of such credits. We are also growing thousands of Mahogany trees that will be planted in and around our community to help refurbish the forests that were severely depleted over the years.
Old Growth River Reclaimed Log
Four main areas of focus for the Environmental Rehabilitation and Economic Development of the Autonomous Region North Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua 2016 project:
1. Economic Development- Each project is set up to create economic stimulus to the municipalities of La Moskita. Aqua Quest International, Inc. plan includes creating jobs by hiring locals, teaching sustainable farming and agriculture to produce healthy food sources for the community, water purification systems, renewable energy, and the export and import of products.
2. Riverbed Cleaning- Removal of wood obstructions will assist in opening clogged waterways and return the rivers to their natural state and help increase the fish count. Improvements to drainage of farm land will be incorporated into this phase of the project which should increase food production and sanitation for the community.
3. Coastal Zone Management- In conjunction with an approved environmental scientist, Aqua Quest International, Inc. has initiated and provided an environmental impact study with documentation of the environmental benefits this project brings.
4. Community Profit Share- Aqua Quest International, Inc. is committed to a long term business partnership and humanitarian efforts to benefit the La Moskita. Included in our business model and agreement is a generous profit share back to the local municipalities of La Moskita.
The Process of Underwater Logging
The process of underwater logging begins with the Side Scan Sonar search. Underwater logs have accumulated over many decades and are layered beneath the river bed. The top layer protrudes slightly above the sediment. We scan the river bottom marking the exact position with GPS. After locating the logs, we drop a buoy marker on the GPS coordinates. Our diver descends with a 10 foot long wire rope with a metal noose on each end. Using a curved threading rod, the diver hooks the cable and pulls it around the log, inserting one end through the noose. Now the diver attaches the pulling line to the wire noose. The diver makes two taps on the wire, using his digging tool to tell the tender above to put tension on the pulling line. At this point the diver turns the wire cable so that the cable cinches tight off center. This is crucial because we want the pulling force to cause the log to roll to break the powerful suction of the sediment. The diver exits the water at this time and the tension is increased on the pulling line. After a minute or two, bubbles appear and the log breaks loose. Using this technique a skilled team will recover an estimated 30 to 40 logs per day.
© Copyright Aqua Quest Wood 2016-2019. All rights reserved.


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Man wounded in West Oakland shooting
Two suspects are being sought in the Wednesday morning shooting
By Rick Hurd | rhurd@bayareanewsgroup.com and Harry Harris | hharris@bayareanewsgroup.com | Bay Area News Group
PUBLISHED: January 13, 2021 at 9:41 a.m. | UPDATED: January 13, 2021 at 2:51 p.m.
OAKLAND — A 34-year-old man was shot in West Oakland Wednesday morning, authorities said.
He was in stable condition at a hospital with a gunshot wound to the lower leg.
The shooting happened about 9:10 a.m. Wednesday in the 2600 block of Magnolia Street.
Police said the man got into an argument with two other men on the street and was shot by one of them.
The suspects fled in a vehicle.
Police have not yet said what the argument was about or if the victim knew the suspects.
Victim in fatal weekend East Bay shooting identified
Contra Costa DA orders review of 1993 murder conviction; key witnesses recant what they said on the stand
Man fatally shot in East Oakland
Man shot in East Oakland
Bay Point weekend homicide under investigation
East Bay Crime
Rick Hurd | Night cops reporter
Rick Hurd has covered breaking news, crime and public safety since 2011 after spending 16 years covering sports, including the A's and Sharks. He has worked with the Bay Area News Group since 1995.
rhurd@bayareanewsgroup.com
Follow Rick Hurd	@3rdERH
Harry Harris | Crime reporter
Harry Harris is a Pulitzer Prize winning breaking news reporter for the Bay Area News Group. He began his Oakland Tribune career in September 1965 as a 17-year-old copyboy. He became a reporter in 1972 and is considered one of the best crime and breaking news reporters in the country. He has covered tens of thousands of murders and other crimes in the East Bay. He has also mentored dozens of young reporters, some of whom continue to work in journalism today.
hharris@bayareanewsgroup.com
Follow Harry Harris	@HarryHarris15
More in Crime and Public Safety
Fatal crash involving pickup trucks is second in 15 hours on East Bay highway
Mother shot and killed at Northern California apartment; son held after standoff
Oath Keepers accused of conspiracy in Capitol attack


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Kyle and Amanda of Summer House Talk About Their Season 6 Wedding, Southern Charm Drama, and More
The full list of Premier League games that have been postponed as a result of the north London derby can be found here.
A pub and hotel group is offering a two-week paid training course as well as job opportunities.
You are at:Home » News » The night before the Queen sat alone in mourning for Prince Philip, 'Downing Street staff drank and danced.'
The night before the Queen sat alone in mourning for Prince Philip, 'Downing Street staff drank and danced.'
According to reports, a staff member was sent to fill a suitcase with wine for the events, which lasted 'past midnight.'
The night before Prince Philip's socially distant funeral, Downing Street staff danced and drank alcohol until the early hours of the morning at two boozy parties, according to reports.
According to The Telegraph, advisers and civil servants gathered for two leaving events for colleagues just hours before the Queen was photographed sitting alone during the service in St George's Chapel on April 17th.
The two gatherings were said to have started in separate areas of the complex before merging as the night progressed.
Charing Cross station allegedly dispatched a staff member with a suitcase to go shopping for wine at a supermarket on the Strand.
Indoor socializing with people from outside your household or bubble was prohibited at the time.
Following the death of the Duke of Edinburgh on April 9, the country was also in mourning.
According to a No 10 spokesman, Prime Minister Boris Johnson was not in Downing Street on the day of the gatherings.
The new revelations, however, will add to the pressure on Prime Minister Theresa May, who is under fire for attending a garden party in Downing Street in May 2020.
According to The Telegraph, two farewell events were held for Mr Johnson's director of communications, James Slack, and one of the Prime Minister's personal photographers.
Mr Johnson's head of operations, Shelley Williams-Walker, was said to be in charge of the music.
According to The Telegraph, all three have declined to comment.
'Downing Street staff drank and danced' night before Queen sat alone mourning Prince Philip


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Middle School Youth Ministry (MSYM)
St. Matthias' Middle School Youth Group and St. Charles' EDGE program are merging this year! MSYM/EDGE is designed for fifth through eighth graders as a forum for exploration and discovery about how God has revealed himself in the world and how youth can become more aware of God's presence in their lives. Over the scheduled sessions, youth will learn about God, Revelation and Faith, Jesus Christ, The Holy Spirit and the Church, Liturgy and Sacraments, Christian Morality and Justice and Prayer. Lives of the Saints will be explored and all faith topics will be connected to lived experiences.
We will be using a St. Mary's Press publication called, Catholic Connections Handbook for Middle Schoolers. Copies will be made available for youth.
Meetings will combine prayer, structured learning, fun and games, and service projects and will be conducted IN PERSON on Wednesdays at 5:00 pm.
To find out more about our Middle School Youth Ministry program, contact Sabrina Harper.
High School Youth Ministry (HSYM)
St. Matthias' High School Youth Ministry program is designed for high school students as a forum for exploration and discovery about how God has revealed himself in the world and how youth can become more aware of God's presence in their lives. An emphasis is placed on how youth can make meaningful connections with each other, the parish community and community at large. Over the scheduled sessions, youth will learn about God, Revelation and Faith, Jesus Christ, The Holy Spirit and the Church, Liturgy and Sacraments, Christian Morality and Justice and Prayer. Lives of the Saints will be explored and all faith topics will be connected to lived experiences.
We will be using a St. Mary's Press publication called, Catholic Faith Handbook for Youth. Copies will be made available for youth.
Meetings will combine prayer, structured learning, service projects, fun and games and relevant issues through a lens which explores Church teaching. Meetings will be conducted IN PERSON on Sundays at 5:00 pm.
To find out more about our High School Youth Ministry program, contact Sabrina Harper.
Each year, we act in accordance with national mandates implemented in the Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People for fingerprinting and/or background checks of all catechists and volunteers who have regular contact with young people. Also, all catechists and volunteers are required to complete an online course called, "Protecting God's Children" before they begin their ministry and is renewed every three years.
Also, each year children will be guided through the "Empowering God's Children Program" designed for specific age groups which provide a theme that introduces and builds on the basic concepts of the Teaching Boundaries and Safety Guide. The material is developmentally appropriate for each age group and includes content and activities that reinforce the message.
More information about these programs and materials will be made available to families in the fall.
Email: info@stmatthiasparish.org
Office Hours: M-Th 10:00 am - 4:00 pm
Registering in the parish helps our staff know who you are so that we can communicate about important occasions and events.
Begin the registration process by completing the following form:


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Report: Proposed college aid program will create 'new problems' for low-income students
by Molly Minta April 26, 2022 April 26, 2022
Mississippi State University students walk to class on the Starkville campus. Credit: Molly Minta/Mississippi Today
A proposed overhaul of Mississippi's state financial aid programs is complicated, unlikely to address existing issues and could create problems for low-income students, according to a new report from the Urban Institute.
Instead of pursuing the Mississippi One Grant, the report recommends the state consolidate its college aid programs into two simple grants: One program to provide low-income students with need-based aid, and another that makes awards based on a students' grades or test scores.
"The state will always face trade-offs between controlling the budget and providing the support on which so many students depend," the report says. "But designing programs that allow students who cannot afford college on their own is the most promising strategy for ensuring a high return on the state's investment."
The report also says the One Grant will not effectively help more students get degrees, in part because it will decrease the funding available for low-income students who already struggle to afford college in Mississippi, the poorest state in the country.
"Taking the money from students who really depend on it just doesn't seem like the best way to balance the budget, because it's very short-sighted," said Sandy Baum, one of the report's authors.
Baum and her co-author, Kristin Blagg, have studied state aid programs in Texas and New Jersey. Baum and Blagg studied annual reports from Mississippi's Office of Student Financial Aid, looked at existing research on state aid and college access, and talked with Get2College, a local non-profit.
Mississippi's three college financial aid programs have faced scrutiny in recent years. Advocates for college access in Mississippi, like Get2College, say the state's programs no longer serve their original purpose, which is to help low income and middle class students afford to go to college.
The Postsecondary Education Financial Assistance Board, which oversees Mississippi's financial aid programs, is primarily concerned about the growing cost. As the price of college tuition increases in Mississippi, so has the cost of the state financial aid programs, particularly the Higher Education Legislative Exchange Grant for Needy Students, which pays for all four years of undergrad for low-income students.
The board has explored ways to minimize the cost of its programs since 2019. The One Grant, unveiled last October, was the board's latest proposal.
Under the One Grant, the state would award aid based on a student's financial need and academic merit. The highest award of $4,500 would go to the poorest students with the best ACT scores — that award is significantly less than many low-income students currently receive from the HELP grant.
READ MORE: How much financial aid will you get under the Mississippi One Grant?
While low-income students would lose thousands of dollars in financial aid under the One Grant, more affluent students would gain money. That also means that Black students, on average, would lose money, and white students would gain money.
"Every state has different demographics, different circumstances and different goals," Baum said. "But what's always going to be true is, awards based on test scores, and on high school grades, are going to be disproportionately tilted towards more affluent students."
Research shows that affluent students whose families can afford college are more likely to go regardless of the financial aid they can receive, Baum said, whereas grants and scholarships make more of a difference for low-income students.
Baum said she would urge policymakers in Mississippi to see how the One Grant creates "this problem of trying to kill two birds with one stone."
"It's really tough to take one specific policy tool and use it to solve both of your very diverse goals," she said. "That's not something that's specific to Mississippi."
College is increasingly unaffordable for the average Mississippi family as the eight public universities have steadily increased tuition. Yet lawmakers and members of the Post-Secondary Board have looked for ways to limit the number of students who can qualify for college financial aid in Mississippi.
Last year, state Sen. Briggs Hopson, R-Vicksburg, proposed a bill that would raise the ACT scores required to get financial aid through the MTAG and MESG programs. His proposed requirements — 17 for MTAG and 30 for MESG — are higher than the minimum ACT score of 16 that most students need to gain entrance to Mississippi's public universities.
The report says it is "counterproductive" that the ACT standards to receive state aid in Mississippi are higher than the scores required to be admitted to public universities.
"You don't have to believe that everybody should go to college right after high school to think that, if you're going to accept students and enroll them, you should do everything you can to help them succeed," Baum said. "And that means both giving them academic support and social support and financial support."
"It's hard to see the logic of saying, you know what, let's accept them and then hope that they can't afford to come," she added.
The One Grant has floundered as a proposal. This session, no lawmaker introduced the One Grant in a bill. The Post-Secondary Board is now considering ways to engage lawmakers in discussion about state financial aid programs this summer.
Baum and Blagg hope board members will consider the proposal the next time they think about retooling state aid. Their report recommends that Mississippi should consider programs that have the same deadline, require minimal application materials, pay for summer semesters, and provide aid to part-time and adult students.
"In the next go around, a good next step (for the board) is thinking clearly about separating out where you want the aid for merit to go and where you want aid for financial needs to go," Blagg said.
Editor's note: Get2College is a program of the Woodward Hines Education Foundation, a Mississippi Today donor.
by Molly Minta, Mississippi Today

Report: Proposed college aid program will create 'new problems' for low-income students

by Molly Minta, Mississippi Today
April 26, 2022

A proposed overhaul of Mississippi's state financial aid programs is complicated, unlikely to address existing issues and could create problems for low-income students, according to a new report from the Urban Institute.

Instead of pursuing the Mississippi One Grant, the report recommends the state consolidate its college aid programs into two simple grants: One program to provide low-income students with need-based aid, and another that makes awards based on a students' grades or test scores.

"The state will always face trade-offs between controlling the budget and providing the support on which so many students depend," the report says. "But designing programs that allow students who cannot afford college on their own is the most promising strategy for ensuring a high return on the state's investment."

The report also says the One Grant will not effectively help more students get degrees, in part because it will decrease the funding available for low-income students who already struggle to afford college in Mississippi, the poorest state in the country.

"Taking the money from students who really depend on it just doesn't seem like the best way to balance the budget, because it's very short-sighted," said Sandy Baum, one of the report's authors.

Baum and her co-author, Kristin Blagg, have studied state aid programs in Texas and New Jersey. Baum and Blagg studied annual reports from Mississippi's Office of Student Financial Aid, looked at existing research on state aid and college access, and talked with Get2College, a local non-profit.

Mississippi's three college financial aid programs have faced scrutiny in recent years. Advocates for college access in Mississippi, like Get2College, say the state's programs no longer serve their original purpose, which is to help low income and middle class students afford to go to college.

The Postsecondary Education Financial Assistance Board, which oversees Mississippi's financial aid programs, is primarily concerned about the growing cost. As the price of college tuition increases in Mississippi, so has the cost of the state financial aid programs, particularly the Higher Education Legislative Exchange Grant for Needy Students, which pays for all four years of undergrad for low-income students.

The board has explored ways to minimize the cost of its programs since 2019. The One Grant, unveiled last October, was the board's latest proposal.

Under the One Grant, the state would award aid based on a student's financial need and academic merit. The highest award of $4,500 would go to the poorest students with the best ACT scores — that award is significantly less than many low-income students currently receive from the HELP grant.

READ MORE: How much financial aid will you get under the Mississippi One Grant?

While low-income students would lose thousands of dollars in financial aid under the One Grant, more affluent students would gain money. That also means that Black students, on average, would lose money, and white students would gain money.

"Every state has different demographics, different circumstances and different goals," Baum said. "But what's always going to be true is, awards based on test scores, and on high school grades, are going to be disproportionately tilted towards more affluent students."

Research shows that affluent students whose families can afford college are more likely to go regardless of the financial aid they can receive, Baum said, whereas grants and scholarships make more of a difference for low-income students.

Baum said she would urge policymakers in Mississippi to see how the One Grant creates "this problem of trying to kill two birds with one stone."

"It's really tough to take one specific policy tool and use it to solve both of your very diverse goals," she said. "That's not something that's specific to Mississippi."

College is increasingly unaffordable for the average Mississippi family as the eight public universities have steadily increased tuition. Yet lawmakers and members of the Post-Secondary Board have looked for ways to limit the number of students who can qualify for college financial aid in Mississippi.

Last year, state Sen. Briggs Hopson, R-Vicksburg, proposed a bill that would raise the ACT scores required to get financial aid through the MTAG and MESG programs. His proposed requirements — 17 for MTAG and 30 for MESG — are higher than the minimum ACT score of 16 that most students need to gain entrance to Mississippi's public universities.

The report says it is "counterproductive" that the ACT standards to receive state aid in Mississippi are higher than the scores required to be admitted to public universities.

"You don't have to believe that everybody should go to college right after high school to think that, if you're going to accept students and enroll them, you should do everything you can to help them succeed," Baum said. "And that means both giving them academic support and social support and financial support."

"It's hard to see the logic of saying, you know what, let's accept them and then hope that they can't afford to come," she added.

The One Grant has floundered as a proposal. This session, no lawmaker introduced the One Grant in a bill. The Post-Secondary Board is now considering ways to engage lawmakers in discussion about state financial aid programs this summer.

Baum and Blagg hope board members will consider the proposal the next time they think about retooling state aid. Their report recommends that Mississippi should consider programs that have the same deadline, require minimal application materials, pay for summer semesters, and provide aid to part-time and adult students.

"In the next go around, a good next step (for the board) is thinking clearly about separating out where you want the aid for merit to go and where you want aid for financial needs to go," Blagg said.

Editor's note: Get2College is a program of the Woodward Hines Education Foundation, a Mississippi Today donor.

This article first appeared on Mississippi Today and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.
Tagged: education, featured
Molly Minta
mminta@mississippitoday.org
Molly Minta, a Florida native, covers higher education for Mississippi Today. She works in partnership with Open Campus, a nonprofit news organization focused on higher education. Prior to joining Mississippi Today, Molly worked for The Nation, The Appeal, and Mother Jones.
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F-GLZQ, the aircraft involved in the incident, at Charles de Gaulle Airport.
Air France Flight 358 was an Airbus A340-313E, registration F-GLZQ, on a scheduled international flight from Paris, France, to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on August 2, 2005. While landing at Toronto Pearson International Airport at 1602 hours EDT, it overshot the end of runway 24 Left by approximately 300 metres (980 feet) and came to rest in a small ravine 300 metres (980 feet) past the end of the runway. All 309 passengers and crew aboard survived, with 12 people sustaining serious injuries.The rest suffered minor or no injuries. A post-crash fire destroyed the aircraft. The accident highlighted the role played by highly trained flight attendants during an emergency.
Due to inclement weather, 540 flights departing and arriving at Pearson were cancelled. Many small and mid-size aircraft due to arrive were diverted to other Canadian airports in Ottawa, London, Hamilton, and Winnipeg. Most of the larger aircraft were diverted to Montreal, Syracuse, New York(NY) and Buffalo (NY). Flights from Vancouver were turned back. The crash of Air France Flight 358 was the biggest crisis to hit Toronto Pearson since the airport's involvement in Operation Yellow Ribbon.
Jean Lapierre, the Canadian Minister of Transport, referred to Flight 358 as a "miracle"because everybody survived. Other press sources described the accident as the "miracle in Toronto", the "Toronto miracle", the "Miracle" Escape, and the Miracle of Runway 24 Left". The accident was investigated by the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB), with a final report issued on December 13, 2007.
The aircraft operating Flight 358 was a 6-year-old Airbus A340-313E, powered by 4 CFM International CFM56 engines. With Manufacturer Serial Number (MSN) 289 and registration F-GLZQ, the aircraft made its first flight on August 3, 1999, and was delivered to Air France on September 7, 1999. There were 297 passengers and 12 crew members onboard the Airbus. On this flight, it was flown by Captain Alain Rosaye, age 57, and First Officer Frédéric Naud, 43. Rosaye was a seasoned pilot with 15,411 total flight hours and Naud had 4,834 hours of flight time.
Out of the 297 passengers, there were 168 adult males, 118 adult females, 8 children and 3 infants. Among them, 3 passengers were seated in crew seats, one a third occupant seat of the flight deck and two in the flight crew rest area. The passengers consisted of business persons, vacationers and students.
The airplane was cleared to land at 1601 EDT on Runway 24L (Runway Two Four Left), which, at 9,000 feet (2,700 metres) in length, is the shortest runway at Pearson Airport. After touchdown, the aircraft did not stop before the end of the runway but continued for 300 metres (980 feet) until it slid into the Etobicoke Creek ravine with a speed of 148 km/h (92 mph), on the western edge of the airport near the interchange of Dixie Road and Highway 401.
After the aircraft stopped, the crew saw fire outside and began evacuation. When the emergency exits were opened, one of the right middle exit slides (R3) deflated after being punctured by debris from the aircraft, while one of the left slides (L2) failed to deploy at all for unknown reasons. The two rear left exits remained closed due to the fire. A number of passengers were forced to jump from the aircraft to exit. The actions of the flight attendants, who ensured that all the passengers quickly evacuated, contributed to the safe escape of all passengers. The first officer was the last to leave the plane, which was evacuated within the required 90 second time frame.
Emergency response teams responded to the incident and were on site within 52 seconds of the crash occurring. The TSB official report states that "the first response vehicle arrived at the scene within one minute of the crash alarm sounding".
After the crash, some passengers—including those who were injured—scrambled up the ravine to Highway 401 which runs almost parallel to the runway. Peel Regional Police located the first officer and several passengers along Highway 401, receiving assistance from motorists who were passing the airport when the crash occurred. Some motorists took injured people, including the pilot, directly to hospitals. Other motorists took non-injured passengers to the airport. The main fire burned for two hours, ending just before 18:00 EDT. All fires were out by early afternoon on 3 August 2005, and investigators were able to begin their work.
The accident caused the cancellation or diversion of hundreds of flights, with ripple effects throughout the North American air traffic system. By that night, four of the five runway surfaces at Pearson were back in service, but the flight and passenger backlog continued through the next day.
The accident also caused heavy traffic congestion throughout Toronto's highway system. Highway 401, one of the world's busiest highways, is the main route through the Greater Toronto Area, and the crash occurred near the highway's widest point where 18 lanes of traffic travel between Highway 403, Highway 410 and Highway 427. Though the fire was extinguished within hours, there was considerable congestion on the highway for days after the crash due to motorists slowing down or pulling over to view the wreckage. This created numerous traffic collisions, prompting the Ontario Provincial Police to increase patrols along that part of the highway.
In 1978, Air Canada Flight 189 slid into Etobicoke Creek, the site of the AF358 crash, resulting in two deaths. The Air Canada DC-9 used the 24R-06L runway, crashing north of the AF358 crash scene and deeper into the ravine.
The runway the Air France plane landed on, 24L-06R, is an east-west runway with a length of 2.7 kilometres (9,000 feet), so the plane did not land very far off the runway. After the crash of AF358, there were some calls for the ravine to be filled or spanned by a bridge. Others said that such an undertaking would have been prohibitively expensive.
Runway 24L-06R did not yet exist, and runway 24R-06L was numbered 24L-06R.
This was the first time an Airbus A340 series was involved in a crash, ending its 14-year clean record. The aircraft involved entered service in 1999 and had had its last maintenance check in France on 5 July 2005. It made 3,711 flights for a total of 28,426 flight hours.
One passenger took four photographs of the evacuation with his camera, which were released to the media. The final Transportation Safety Board of Canada report refers to the photographs and draws conclusions about the nature of the disaster based on the photographs. Mark Rosenker, the acting chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board, criticized the concept of passengers taking photographs of disasters, stating, "Your business is to get off the airplane. Your business is to help anybody who needs help." According to Rosenker, taking photographs during an evacuation of an airliner is irresponsible. Helen Muir, an aerospace psychology professor at Cranfield University in the United Kingdom, stated that pausing during evacuations "is just what we don't want people to do." However, Muir added that photographs are "very valuable to accident investigators".
Wind from 340° True at 44 km/h) gusting to 61 km/h (Variation is 10 degrees West at Pearson Airport, so the wind direction actually on the runway (runways are magnetic) would be 330 degrees magnetic, a difference of 110 degrees from the runway heading of 237 degrees. So we have a strong crosswind blowing of 28 knots, which is gusting to 38 knots. In fact we have a tail wind, which will increase the landing distance. The crosswind reported may have been beyond the laid out limitation capability of the airplane).
Weather: thunderstorms and heavy rain, towering cumulus clouds.
The METAR for 21:00 UTC (17:00 EDT), nearly an hour after the accident, shows wind backing to the south and improving conditions generally, while noting smoke aloft from the burning plane.
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that the crash occurred two hours after a ground stop was declared at the airport because of severe thunderstorms in the area ("red alert" status, which, for safety reasons, halts all ground activity on the apron and gate area. Aircraft can still land and take off if still in queue).
Visibility at the time of the accident was reported to be very poor. There was lightning, strong gusty winds, and hail at the time and the rain just began as the plane was landing. Within two hours the winds increased from 5 to 30 km/h (3 to 20 mph) and the temperature dropped from 30 to 23 °C (86 to 73 °F).
A severe thunderstorm warning was in effect since 11:30 a.m. and all outbound flights and ground servicing operations had been canceled but landings were still permitted.
Out of the twelve passengers who suffered major injuries, nine suffered the injuries from the impact and three suffered the injuries from the evacuation. Most of the injuries occurred to passengers and crew located in the flight deck and forward cabin. According to passenger reports, the leap from the aircraft to the ground caused many of the injuries, including broken legs, and ruptured vertebrae. The Captain sustained back and head injuries during the impact of the crash when his seat was wrenched out of place by the force of the impact, causing him to hit his head against the overhead controls. Minor injuries included twisted ankles, sore necks, bruises and effects from smoke inhalation. A total of 33 persons were taken to various hospitals within and outside Toronto for treatment, of which 21 were treated for minor injuries and released. The York-Finch campus of the Humber River Regional Hospital treated seven people for smoke inhalation. William Osler Health Centre, Etobicoke General Hospital, Credit Valley Hospital, and Peel Memorial Hospital were additional nearby hospitals that had admitted victims of the crash.
Ontario Provincial Police patrolled Highway 401.
The Toronto Transit Commission provided two of its transit buses to act as shelter for victims.
The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder were sent to France for analysis. Preliminary results indicated that the plane landed 4,000 feet (1,220 metres) from the start of the 9000 feet (2,743 metres) runway, much further along than normal, at a ground speed of 148 knots (274 km/h; 170 mph) – 140 knots being considered normal – with a tailwind, skidded down the runway and was traveling over 70 knots (130 km/h; 81 mph) as it overran the tarmac and fell into the ravine. Tire marks extended 1,610 feet (490 metres) indicating emergency braking action.
Réal Levasseur Shedalin, the TSB's lead investigator for the accident, said the plane landed too far down the runway to have been able to stop properly on such wet pavement. Investigators have found no evidence of engine trouble, brake failure, or problems with the spoilers or thrust reversers. Why evacuation chutes failed to deploy from two exits remains under study. Some fleeing passengers were forced to jump some 6.6 feet (2 metres) to the ground.
The final report of the TSB states: "During the flare, the aircraft entered a heavy shower area, and the crew's forward visibility was significantly reduced as they entered the downpour." This suggests the possibility that the plane was hit in heavy weather by a wet downburst, causing the Airbus to land long. Based on the Air France A340-313 Quick Reference Handbook (QRH), page 34G, "Landing Distance Without Autobrake", the minimum distance of 3,789 feet (1,155 metres) would be used in dry conditions to bring the aircraft to a complete stop. In wet conditions the braking distance increases with a 5-knot tailwind, reversers operative, and a 6.3 mm (0.25 in) of downpour on the runway to 6,614 feet (2,016 metres). There was not enough remaining runway available at the touch down point of AF 358.
The copy of the "E.R.S. Aircraft Crash Chart" at Pearson International Airport did not include blueprints for the Airbus A340 model of planes at the time of the crash. The blueprints would have contained vital information about search and rescue efforts and provide the location of fuel and pressurised gas tanks so that rescue crews could avoid them.
The TSB concluded in its final report that the pilots had missed cues that would have prompted them to review their decision to land.
Within one week of the crash, cash payments ranging from $1,000 to $3,700 (all figures in this article in Canadian dollars unless otherwise stated) were given to passengers for interim emergency use. These funds were given to passengers through an emergency centre set up in the Novotel Hotel in Mississauga, near the airport. These payments were independent of the claims process, which has been started for passengers who have not retained counsel. It is expected that the insurers of Air France will pay for all damages as well as extra compensation for having passengers go through the ordeal; however, only amounts of €6,000 to €9,000 have been offered, prompting passengers to turn to the lawsuit to seek legal action. The insurance is handled by the Societé de Gestion & D'Expertises D'Assurances in France. All passengers have also been offered a free round-trip ticket to any Air France destination in the world in the same fare class in which they were originally booked on AF358.
After a lawsuit lasting four and a half years, Air France settled the compensation lawsuit with 184 of the 297 passengers (no crew members included) aboard Flight 358. The compensation is for a total of $12 million. Air France will pay $10 million and have been released from passengers' claims stemming from the incident, according to the judgment's summary. Airbus and Goodrich, the company that made the emergency evacuation system on the plane will pay $1.65 million and claims against them in a lawsuit have been released.
J.J. Camp, a Vancouver lawyer representing claimants, says passengers seriously harmed with either physical or psychological injuries will be eligible for the maximum payout of $175,000. Passengers who weren't seriously harmed in the crash will receive the minimum payment of between $5,000 and $10,000.
Within a few days after the accident, a class action suit was filed on behalf of all passengers on board by representative plaintiff Suzanne Deak to the Ontario Superior Court of Justice. The attorneys representing Deak and the passengers are Gary R. Will and Paul Miller from Will Barristers in Toronto. The plaintiffs sought payments for general and aggravated damages in the amount of $75 million, and payments for special damages and pecuniary damages in the amount of $250 million. A second-class action lawsuit was also filed by plaintiffs Sahar Alqudsi and Younis Qawasmi (her husband) for $150 million a few days later. However, both suits had since merged as only one lawsuit was allowed to proceed to court.
In December 2009, a $12 million settlement agreement was reached between Air France and the class. The settlement resolved the claims of 184 passengers and their families. Forty-five other passengers had opted out of the suit, while 68 others have already agreed to a settlement with Air France.
Air France stated that it would not lose any money from the lawsuits as it is covered by its insurers. Air France did not provide further contacts and assistance to those who retained counsel of the lawsuit until an agreement has been made between both sides' lawyers.
In June 2008, almost 3 years after the accident, Air France filed a lawsuit against the Greater Toronto Airports Authority, NAV Canada, and the Government of Canada for $180 million. In the statement of claim filed with the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Air France alleged that the "GTAA failed to provide a safe environment for the conduct of civil air operations." The statement also claims that "The overrun and the consequent injuries to persons and damage to property were caused solely by the negligence of the defendants". Air France says Transport Canada was "negligent" by not implementing the recommendations of a coroner's inquest into the 1978 crash that urged the creation of a 300-metre safety area to give aircraft more room to stop after landing.
An inquiry by the Transportation Safety Board of Canada found runway safety zones at the end of runways at some Canadian airports are below accepted international standards. The report highlighted that Toronto Pearson's runways meet current Canadian standards, and that runway 24L has a de facto 150-metre RESA. The TSB also suggested precautions are needed to be taken by airlines when landing in bad weather.
The captain went into the holding pattern for over thirty minutes, northeast of Pearson Airport awaiting improvement in weather. He had been regularly getting weather updates enroute, the last one being that it was raining with chance of thunderstorm on arrival.
An active thunderstorm was hitting Pearson Airport at the time of his arrival with winds reported at 28 knots with gusts up to 38 knots.
The captain was concerned with putting the aircraft down at Pearson Airport and did not contemplate a diversion to Ottawa or Montreal His reasons may have been economic factors for the company since the logistics of hotel accommodation and food at the alternate airport outweighed.everything. This was flawed reasoning as the subsequent accident highlighted. A diversion became mandatory considering the weather..
The captain allowed his copilot to conduct the approach and landing as per mutual understanding on departure from Paris, France.
The captain did not take over controls from the First Officer when he saw the aircraft floating almost past the middle of the landing distance available. The aircraft overran the runway at a speed of 146 kilometres per hour.
During the prolonged flare the captain cautioned the First Officer to put it down at least two or three times but did not take over the controls.
The reverse thrust was activated 17 seconds after the wheels hit the ground. This delay is inexcusable as they had lost all the stopping distance available due to the wet runway also.
The Captain or First Officer could have executed an overshoot anytime during the flare when they realized that it would be impossible to stop in the available distance.
I regret that the Captain did not fly after the accident due to injuries sustained. The First Officer was suspended for three months.