text:
Thomas H. Gill
Short Name: Thomas H. Gill
Full Name: Gill, Thomas Hornblower, 1819-1906
Death Year: 1906
Gill, Thomas Hornblower, was born at Bristol Road, Birmingham, Feb. 10th, 1819. His parents belonged to English Presbyterian families which, like many others, had become Unitarian in their doctrine. He was educated at King Edward's Grammar School under Dr. Jeune, afterwards Bishop of Peterborough. He left the school in 1838, and would have proceeded to the University of Oxford, but was prevented by his hereditary Unitarianism (long since given up), which forbade subscription to the Articles of the Church of England then necessary for entrance to the University. This constrained him to lead the life of an isolated student, in which he gave himself chiefly to historical and theological subjects. Hence his life has been singularly devoid of outward incident; and its interest gathers about his hymns, and the seasons of overmastering thought and feeling which gave them birth. The only events that can be chronicled are the publications of his books (see below).
It is in the singular combination of influences which has formed his character and determined his thinking that the real interest of his life consists. Here is to be found the true key to the understanding of his hymns. To his Puritan ancestry may be traced their deep religiousness; to his Unitarian training their ethical earnestness; and to his poetical temperament their freeness from conventionality. Delight in the divine songs of Watts was his earliest intellectual enjoyment; and in after years the contrast between their native force and fulness and their dwindled presentation in Unitarian hymnbooks began that estrangement from his hereditary faith which gradually became complete. These various influences mingled in his own hymns and have conspired to render him what Dr. Freeman Clarke calls him, "a more intellectual Charles Wesley." He belongs to the small company of really original hymnists. His hymns are marked by a remarkable absence of, and even opposition to, all antiquarian and sacerdotal ideas of Christianity, a keen discernment of the spirit rather than the mere letter of the Gospel; and profound thought on Scripture themes, so that some of his hymns are too subtle for use in the ordinary worship of the Church. Their style is characterized by a certain quaintness of expression reminding one of George Wither or John Mason, but modified by the influence of Watts's warmth of feeling. They have great sweetness of melody, purity of diction, and happy adaptation of metre and of style to the subject of each hymn. They are almost exclusively used by Nonconformists. Dale's English Hymnbook contains 39; the Baptist Hymnal, 19; Horder's Congregational Hymns, 11; Martineau's Hymns of Praise & Prayer, 11; and the Congregational Church Hymnal, 14. The following are Mr. Gill's published works:—
(1) The Fortunes of Faith, 1841; (2) The Anniversaries (Poems in commemoration of great Men and great Events), 1858; (3) The Papal Drama (an historical essay), 1866; (4) The Golden Chain of Praise Hymns by Thomas H. Gill, 1869; (5) Luther's Birthday (Hymns), 1883; (6) The Triumph of Christ (Memorials of Franklin Howard), 1883.
Mr. Gill's hymns number nearly 200. Of these, over 80 are in common use in Great Britain and America. The most widely used of these:— "Everlasting, changing never"; "O mean may seem this house of clay"; "O wherefore, Lord, doth Thy dear praise"; "Our God, our God, Thou shinest here"; "The glory of the spring, how sweet"; and "Thou biddest, Lord, Thy sons be bold"; are annotated under their respective first lines, the rest are noted below. [Rev. W. Garrett Horder]
The 75 hymns which follow are all annotated from the author's manuscript notes, kindly supplied for use in this work:—
1. Ah tremblers, fainting and forlorn. Eternal Youth. Written in 1868, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, p. 149, in 9 stanzas of 4 lines. In 1873 Martineau gave stanzas iv.-ix. in his Hymns, &c, No. 256, as, "Young souls, so strong the race to run." These were repeated in the Baptist Hymnal, 1879, as No. 862.
2. Alas the outer emptiness. Consecration of the Heart. Contributed to G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1846, No. 121, in 7 stanzas of 4 lines. It was introduced to the American Unitarian collections through Hedge & Huntington's Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853, No. 619.
3. Alas these pilgrims faint and worn. Whitsuntide. Written in 1853, and first published in his Anniversaries, 1858, p. 73, in 11 stanzas of 4 lines, then in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1862, the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, p. 107, &c.
4. Alone with Thee, with Thee alone. Worship in Solitude. Written in 1856, and first published in his Golden Chain , &c, 1869, p. 26, in 8 stanzas of 4 lines.
5. And didst thou, Lord, our sorrows take? Passiontide. Written in 1849, and published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, p. 45, in 6 stanzas of 4 lines. It is in several English collections.
6. Behold the everlasting Son. Ascension. Written in 1862, and first printed in the Hagley Magazine, and then in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1862, and the Golden Chain, 1869, p. 47, in 8 stanzas of 4 lines.
7. Break, newborn year, on glad eyes break. New Year. Written in 1855, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, p. 144, in 6 stanzas of 4 lines. It is one of the most popular of the author's hymns, and is found in many collections.
8. Bright Presence! may my soul have part. Witness of the Spirit. Written in 1849, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, p. 100, in 8 stanzas of 8 lines. It is repeated in The Songs of the Spirit, N. Y., 1871.
9. Bright Thy presence when it breaketh. Public Worship. Written in 1856, and first publised in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, p. 27, in 6 stanzas of 6 lines. In the Baptist Hymnal, 1879, and in Dale's English Hymnbook it is in an abridged form.
10. Day divine! when sudden streaming. Whit-Sunday. Written on Whit-Sunday, 1850, and first published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1859, and again in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, p. 97, in 3 stanzas of 8 lines. In some American collections, as the Dutch Reformed Hymns of the Church, 1869, it is given as "Day divine, when in the temple."
11. Dear Lord and Master mine. Resignation. Written in 1868, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, p. 162, in 7 stanzas of 4 lines. It is in somewhat extensive use both in Great Britain and America.
12. Dear Lord, Thou art not sorry. Passiontide. Written in 1866, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, p. 58, in 5 stanzas of 8 lines.
13. Dear Lord, Thy light Thou dost not hide . Christian Labours . No. 125 in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, p. 178, in 8 stanzas of 4 lines on the text, "Let your light so shine before men," &c, and was written in 1855.
14. Do we only give Thee heed . Jesus the Gladdener of Life. Written in 1849, and first published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1853; and again in the Golden Chain, &c, No. 145, in 6 stanzas of 6 lines. In use in Great Britain and America.
15. Embrace your full Salvation. Heaven. Written in 1870, and first printed in The Congregationalist, 1873, in 9 stanzas of 8 lines. On including it in his English Hymnbook, 1874, Dr. Dale transposed some of the stanzas.
16. Farewell, delightful day. Sunday Evening . Written in 1867, and published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 19, in 9 stanzas of 4 lines. In the Church Praise Book, N. Y., 1882, st. i., viii., ix., are given with the alteration of the opening line as, "Holy, delightful day." Dr. Hatfield, in his Church Hymnbook, N. Y., 1872, has the same opening, but he omits stanzas iv.-vi. of the original.
17. Father, glorious with all splendour. Holy Trinity. This hymn of great merit was written in 1860, and published in the Golden Chain, &c, in 1869, No. 4, in 7 stanzas of 8 lines. In some American collections, including Hymns & Songs of Praise, N. Y., 1874, No. 17, stanzas iv., vi., vii., are given as "Father, Thine elect who lovest."
18. Father, hast Thou not on me. Eternal Love . A Trinitarian hymn on eternal love, composed in 1867, and published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 139, in 7 stanzas of 8 lines. In 1869, stanzas v.-vii. were given in the Supplement to the New Congregational Hymn Book, as "Mighty Quickener, Spirit blest."
19. Full many a smile, full many a song. Joy in God the Father. Written in 1854, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 8, in 9 stanzas of 4 lines. In Dale's English Hymn Book, 1874, No. 21, st. ii., which applied personally to the author alone, was omitted.
20. How can I, Lord, abide with Thee? Prayer. "Produced in 1856. Struck with the didactic character of Cowper's and Montgomery's hymns, 'What various hindrances we meet,' and 'Prayer is the soul's sincere desire,' I greatly wished to set forth the soul's view of prayer, simply, naturally, poetically, and achieved this hymn with much aspiration and satisfaction." Printed in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 119, in 8 stanzas of 4 lines, and headed "Pray without ceasing."
21. How, Lord, shall vows of ours be sweet? Public Worship. The author's earliest hymn. It was written in 1845, and first published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1846, No. 114, in 6 stanzas of 4 lines, and again in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 2. It is in several American hymnbooks.
22. Is earth too fair, is youth too bright? Consecration of Youth to God. Written in 1848, and first pub. in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 102, in 13 stanzas of 4 lines, and entitled "The Hymn of Youth."
23. Is not my spirit filled with Thine. God glorious in His works. "Written in the summer of 1846 among the hills and streams of Derbyshire," and first published in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 15, in 9 stanzas of 4 lines, and entitled "God glorious in His works."
24. Let bolder hearts the strife require. Prayer against Temptation. No. 218 in Martineau's Hymns of Praise and Prayer, 1873. It was written in 1851, and first published in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, in 7 stanzas of 4 lines.
25. Lift thy song among the nations. National Hymn. Written in 1853, and first published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1853, in 4 stanzas of 8 lines. When repeated in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 62, an additional stanza (iii.) was given, and it was entitled "England's Hymn." It is a spirited hymn and worthy of greater circulation than it now has. The 1869 text is given in Dale's English Hymn Book, 1874, No. 1239.
26. Lord, am I precious in Thy sight. Grieve not the Holy Spirit. Composed in 1850, and first published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1853. In 1869 it was included in the Golden Chain , &c, No. 70, in 7 stanzas of 4 lines. It is in common in America. A cento is also in the Supplement to the New Congregational, 1869, No. 1095. It is composed of stanzas iii., v., vi. much altered, and not improved, and begins, "O Holy Spirit, dost thou mourn?"
27. Lord, comes this bidding strange to us ? Invitation to Rejoice. Written in 1849, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 144, in 11 stanzas of 4 lines.
28. Lord, dost Thou ne'er Thy servants bless? Free Grace. Written in 1855, on the words of Oliver Cromwell as used by him in a letter to his "beloved cousin Mrs. St. John," dated "Ely, 13th October, 1638. "Truly no poor creature hath more cause to put him self forth in the cause of his God than I. I have had plentiful wages beforehand; and I am sure I shall never earn the least mite." (Carlyle's Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, &c, Letter ii.) The hymn was first published in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, in 9 stanzas of 4 lines.
29. Lord, from Thee, what grace and glory. National Hymn. This cento in Vince's Collection, 1870, No. 450, is from the poem, on St. George's Day, written in 1853, and published in the author'sAnniversaries, 1858, p. 47.
30. Lord, from these trembling souls of ours. Praise. Composed in 1859, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 3, in 10 stanzas of 4 lines.
31. Lord God, by Whom all change is wrought. God Eternal. Written in 1869, the keynote being the words of St. Augustine, "Immutabilis mutans omnia," and first printed in the Songs of the Spirit, N. Y., 1871. In 1874 it was included in Dale's English Hymn Book; and, in 4 stanzas, in the Baptist Hymnal, 1879.
32. Lord God of old, who wentest. Public Worship. Composed in 1868, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 30, in 5 stanzas of 8 lines.
33. Lord, if our dwelling place thou art Communion of Saints. Written in 1856, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 150, in 8 stanzas of 4 lines. The hymn, "Death has no bidding to divide," in Dale's English Hymn Book, 1874, begins with stanzas ii., and omits stanzas i., iv. of this hymn.
34. Lord, in this awful fight with sin. Victory through Christ. Written in 1857, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c., 1869, No. 128, in 7 stanzas of 8 lines.
35. Lord, in Thy people Thou dost dwell. Unity of Christ and His people. Written in 1864, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, in 12 stanzas of 4 lines.
36. Lord, Thou hast been our dwelling place. National Hymn. "Begun among the Waldenses, 1864," and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 59, in 8 stanzas of 7 lines, entitled, "The hymn of the Waldenses," and supplemented with the note, "This hymn as a whole belongs to the Waldenses only, among whom it was begun, but all the people of God have an interest in the first two and the last verses." Acting upon this suggestion of the author, these stanzas were given in the Supplement to the New Congregational, 1869, as No. 1025.
37. Lord, Thou wouldst have us like to Thee. Holiness desired. Written in 1846, and first published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1846, No. 120, in 8 stanzas of 4 lines. It is in several American collections.
38. Lord, Thy gracious voice hath spoken. Christ our Caesar. Written in 1849, and first published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1853; and again in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, in 3 stanzas of 8 lines.
39. Lord, when I all things would possess. Humility. Written in 1850, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 111, in 8 stanzas of 4 lines. In Martineau's Hymns, &c, 1873, No. 304, stanzas ii., iv., vii. are omitted. This hymn is also in common use in America.
40. Lord, when we come at Thy dear call. The Holy Ghost, the Sanctifier. No. 72 in his Golden Chain, 1869, in 7 stanzas of 4 lines, was written in 1856, and is given in the Songs of the Spirit, N. Y., 1871.
41. May we not, Father, meetly mourn? Burial. No. 151 in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, in 9 st. of 4 lines, was written in 1855.
42. Methought my soul had learned to love. Resignation. "Composed in 1852 and first printed in Golden Chain, 1869. It came from the very depths of my own heart, was inspired by a suppressed trouble which turned out one of the greatest blessings of my life." In the Golden Chain, &c, No. 114, it is given in 7 st. of 4 lines, and is headed, "Not my will but Thine be done."
43. My God, I do not flee from Thee. Joy. Written in 1849, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c., 1869, No. 10, in 7 stanzas of 4 lines. The New Congregational, 1369, No. 1119, begins with stanza ii., "Father, Redeemer, Quickener mine," and also omits stanza iv.
44. My God, my Majesty divine. Child of God. Written in 1845, and first published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1846, No. 116, in 8 stanzas of 4 lines, and again, after revision, in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 135. The original text is in common use in America.
45. Not, Lord, Thine ancient works alone. Public Worship. Written in 1874, and first printed in The Congregational, in 6 stanzas of 6 lines, and entitled, "The Living God." In Dale's English Hymn Book, 1874, st. iii. is omitted.
46. Not yet I love my Lord. Lent. Written in 1868, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 86, in 9 stanzas of 4 lines. It is in several collections, including Martineau's Hymns, &c, 1873, No. 199.
47. Not yet, ye people of His grace. Here and Hereafter. A hymn on the "The Vision Beatific," No. 165, in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, in 11 stanzas of 4 lines. It was written in 1866, and is in American common use.
48. 0 height that doth all height excel. Written in 1853, and "was born of the words of Augustine in the outset of the Confessions, 'Secretissime et Praesentissime,' and was the first of several hymns inspired by his wonderful antitheses about God." It was first published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1853, and again in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 13, in 9 stanzasof 4 lines. It is in English and American common use.
49. 0 Holy Ghost, Who down dost come. Whitsuntide. "Written at Malvern on Whitsunday, 1863; a day of singular spiritual enjoyment, and outward loveliness." It was first published in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 74, in 1 stanza of 4 lines, and headed, "A Breathing after the Holy Spirit," and is in several collections. In Martineau's Hymns, &c, 1873, No. 251, it begins with st. ii., "Spirit of Truth, Who makest bright," st. i. and vi. being omitted.
50. 0 not alone in saddest plight. Divine Guidance desired. Composed in 1856, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 120, in 9 stanzas of 4 lines.
51. 0 not to fill the mouth of fame. A Servant of Christ. "Composed in 1849, and printed first in a small collection of poems entitled, I think, "The Violet." In 1853 it was given in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns; and in 1869, in the Golden Chain, &c, No. 121, in 6 stanzas of 4 lines. Its use is mainly confined to America.
52. 0 not upon our waiting eyes. Divine Love. Written in 1849, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 29, in 5 stanzas of 4 lines.
53. 0 saints of old, not yours alone. Seeking God. Written in 1848, and first published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1853; and again, after revision, in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 126, in 10 stanzas of 4 lines. The American hymnbooks have usually the original text, but in Dale's English Hymn Book , 1875, and Holder's Congregational Hymn Book1884, the text is abridged from the Golden Chain.
54. 0 smitten soul that cares and conflicts wring. Heaven desired. Written in 1854, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869. No. 75, in 8 stanzas of 4 lines.
55. 0 Spirit, sweet and pure. Constant Presence of the Holy Spirit desired. Written in 1868, and given in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, as No. 127, in 7 stanzas of 8 lines.
56. 0 time, ne'er resteth thy swift wing. Worth of Time. Written in 1855, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 98, in 9 stanzas of 4 lines.
57. 0 wherefore hath my spirit leave? Spiritual Changes. "Composed with great ardour and stir of soul in 1847, and first printed in the Golden Chain, 1869," No. 85, in 7 stanzas of 4 lines.
58. O'er fulness of grace, blest Britain rejoice. National Hymn. Composed in 1868, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 61, in 11 stanzas of 4 lines, and entitled, "The Thanksgiving Song of Protestant Britain"; to which was added the words of Milton: "Let us all go, every true Protestant Briton, throughout the three kingdoms, and render thanks to God the Father of Light, and to His Son, Jesus Christ our Lord."
59. Saviour, needs the world no longer! Christ All in All. "Written in 1847... it was inspired partly by my contemplation of Shelley's hapless, Christless life." It was first published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns 1853, and again in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 35, in 7 stanzas of 6 lines, and headed, "Lord, to whom shall we go." Its use is limited, and far less than its merits deserve.
60. Saviour, Who from death didst take. The Resurrection of Christ, a cause of Confidence. Written in 1856, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 96, in 5 stanzas of 6 lines.
61. Sweet Spirit, would Thy breath divine. The Holy Ghost, the Purifier, desired. Written in 1856, and given as No. 71 in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, in 10 stanzas of 4 lines.
62. The happy fields, the heavenly host. Heaven. Written in 1848, first published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1853, and again in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 157, in 10 stanzas of 4 lines.
63. Thy happy ones a strain begin. Joy in God. Written in 1846, and published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1846, No. 118, in 5 stanzas of 4 lines. In the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 146, the text is slightly changed. The text in common use in Great Britain and America is from the original.
64. Too dearly, Lord, hast Thou redeemed. Lent. Written in 1855, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 97, in 9 stanzas of 4 lines.
65. Unto thy rest return. Lent. Written in 1866, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 92, in 6 stanzas of 8 lines.
66. We come unto our fathers'God. God our Abode. "The birthday of this hymn, November 22nd, 1868 (St. Cecilia's Day), was almost the most delightful day of my life. Its production employed the whole day and was a prolonged rapture.....It was produced while the Golden Chain was being printed, just in time to be a link therein, and was the latest, as 'How, Lord, shall vows of ours be sweet?' was the earliest song included therein." In the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, it is No. 129, in 7 stanzas of 7 lines, and is entitled, "The People of God."
67. We triumph in the glorious grace. Citizens of Heaven. Written in 1855, and first published in his Anniversaries, 1858, and again in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 153, in 12 stanzas of 4 lines.
68. What sweetness on Thine earth doth dwell. Nature revealing God. [Summer.] Written in 1850, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, in 8 stanzas of 4 lines.
69. When shall I, Lord, a journey take. Lent. Written in 1856, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 80, in 8 stanzas of 4 lines. It is in common use in Great Britain and America.
70. Whence this naming joy that maketh! The Prodigal's Return. "Written in 1853 just before the hymn beginning 'Thrice blessed soul, who still hath made,' with the text 'Son, thou art ever with me' (Golden Chain, No. 134), which is its completement; and first printed in the Golden Chain," 1869, No. 81, in 6 stanzas of 6 lines.
71. Would the Spirit more completely? The Gifts of the Spirit. Written in 1849, and first published in G. Dawson's Psalms & Hymns, 1853; and again in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 67. in 3 stanzas of 8 lines.
72. Ye children of the Father. Spiritual Worship. Written in 1867, and first published in his Golden Chain. &c, 1869, No. 23, in 6 stanzas of 8 lines.
73. Ye of the Father loved. Praise. Written in 1862, and first published in the Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 5, in 8 stanzas of 8 lines.
74. Ye people of the Lord, draw near. Holy Communion. Written in 1855, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 127, in 7 stanzas of 4 lines.
75. Ye souls, the Father's very own. Holy Diligence. Composed in 1867, and first published in his Golden Chain, &c, 1869, No. 142, in 9 stanzas of 4 lines.
These hymns are usually abridged in the hymnbooks, the length of most of them being against their use in their full form. Although they are gradually growing in popular esteem, the extent of their use is much more limited than their merits deserve.
-- John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1907)
Gill, T. H. , pp. 421-3. Additional hymns to those annotated are in common use:—(l) "O dreadful glory that doth make," a cento from No. 48, p. 423, ii.; (2) "O mystery of Love Divine " (The Love of Christ); (3) " Ye souls for whom the Saviour died" (Electing Love). These are all from his Golden Chain of Praise, 1869.
--John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, Appendix, Part II (1907)
Gill, T. H. , pp. 421, i.; 1565, ii. &c. During the past ten years Mr. Gill's hymns have been widely used, especially in America, the result being that the following have to be added to the long lists already annotated as above:—
1. Ah! wherefore fall my tears so fast? [The World Overcome.] Published in his Golden Chain of Praise, 1869, p. 167. The hymn, "O Thou for Whom the strife was strong," in the American Hymns for Church and Home, 1895, is composed of sts. iii.-vii. of this hymn.
2. Dear Lord, Thou bringest back the morn. [Morning.] From his Golden Chain of Praise, 1869, p. 145.
3. I would not give the world my heart. This, in the Amer.Baptist Sursum Corda, 1898, No. 379, is a cento from "With sin I would not make abode," p. 1288, ii.
4. Not only when ascends the song. This in the Amer. Hymns of the Ages, 1904, No. 80, is a cento from "0 Saints of old, not yours alone," p. 423, i. 53.
5. Walk with the Lord! along the road. Composed of sts. v., vii.-ix., of "Ah ! tremblers, fainting and for¬lorn," p. 421, ii. 1. Included in the American Unitarian Hymns for Church and Home, 1895.
6. We would not dare their bliss to mourn. This in the Amer.Unit. Hymns for Church and Home, 1895 is composed of sts. v.-viii. of "May we not, Father, meetly mourn?" p. 422, ii. 41.
7. Wherefore faint and fearful ever. [ God is for us.] Published in the 2nd edition of his Golden Chain of Praise, 1894, No. xiii., in 7 stanzas of 6 lines, and dated 1880. In Hymns Ancient & Modern, 1904, in 5 stanzas. The cento "He Who suns and worlds upholdeth," is composed of stanzas ii., iii., and vii. of the original hymn. Mr. Gill died in 1906.
--John Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology, New Supplement (1907)
TextsTunesHymnals
Texts by Thomas H. Gill (90)
Authority Languages
Alas the outer emptiness T. H. Gill (Author) 5
Alas the utter emptiness Thomas H. Gill (Author) 4
Alas these pilgrims faint and worn Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
Alas these visits rare and rude T. H. Gill (Author) 2
Alone with thee, with thee alone Thomas H. Gill (Author) 3
Ancient of days, we dwell in thee Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
And didst thou, Lord, our sorrows take Thomas H. Gill (Author) 3
Break, new-born year, on glad eyes, break Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) English 39
Bright presence, may my soul have part Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
Come Holy Ghost, in us arise Thomas H. Gill (Author) English 5
Day divine, when in the temple Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 5
Day divine, when sudden streaming Thomas Hornblower Gill (1819- ) (Author) 7
Dear Lord and Master mine Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) English 52
Dear Lord, thou bringest back the morn Thomas H. Gill (Author) 3
Dear Lord, thy light thou dost not hide Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
Do we only give Thee heed T. H. Gill (Author) 1
Each mighty power of evil Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 7
Everlasting, changing never Gill (Author) 4
Faint not along thine earthly road Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
Father, thine elect who lovest Thomas Hornblower Gill, 1819- (Author) 13
He who suns and worlds upholdeth [upholds] Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 16
Hear us, O Lord, from heaven Thy dwelling place Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) English 2
Holy, delightful day Thomas H. Gill (Author) 3
Holy Spirit, dwell with me, glorify this Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
How can I, Lord, abid with thee Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
How, Lord, shall vows of ours be sweet Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
I walk amidst thy beauty forth Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 6
I would not give the world my heart T. H. Gill (Author) 4
I would not walk alone Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
Is earth too fair, is youth too bright Thomas H. Gill (Author) 4
Jesus, holiest, tenderest, dearest Thomas H. Gill (Author) 9
Lord! am I precious in thy sight? Thomas H. Gill (Author) 9
Lord God, by whom all change is wrought T. H. Gill, 1819-1906 (Author) 16
Lord God of old who wentest T. H. Gill (Author) 2
Lord, if our dwelling place thou art Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 2
Lord, in the fullness of my might I would for thee be strong Thomas H. Gill (Author) English 21
Lord, in this awful fight with sin T. H. Gill (Author) 2
Lord, in thy people thou dost dwell Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 3
Lord, thou hast been our dwelling-place In every generation Thomas H. Gill (Author) English 19
Lord, thou wouldst have us like to thee T. H. Gill (Author) 4
Lord, thy presence dear delighteth Thomas H. Gill (Author) 3
Lord, when I all things would possess Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 21
Lord, when we come at they dear call Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 2
My God, I do not flee from Thee Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
My God, my Majesty divine Thomas H. Gill (Author) 1
Not, Lord, thine ancient works alone Thomas H. Gill (Author) 9
Not only for some task sublime T. H. Gill (Author) 10
Not only when ascends the song Thomas H. Gill (Author) 6
Not yet ye people of his grace Thomas H. Gill (Author) 3
O dreadful glory that doth make Thomas H. Gill, 1819- (Author) 6
O God, our God, thou shinest here Thomas Hornblower Gill (1819- ) (Author) 16
O height that doth all height excel T. H. Gill (Author) 2
O Holy Ghost, who down dost come Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 3
O make me, Lord, thy statutes learn Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
O mean may seem this house of clay Thomas Hornblower Gill (1819— ) (Author) English 51
O mystery of love Divine Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) English 10
O not alone in saddest plight Thomas H. Gill (Author) 3
O not to fill the mouth of fame Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 23
O not upon our waiting eyes T. H. Gill (Author) 2
O saints of old, not yours alone Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 10
O smitten soul that cares and conflicts wring Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
O Spirit sweet and pure Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
O walk with God along the road Thomas H. Gill (Author) 4
O wherefore hath my spirit leave Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 6
O wherefore Lord doth thy dear praise Thomas H. Gill (Author) 6
Our God, our God, thou shinest here Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 35
Shall things withered T. H. Gill (Author) 2
Spirit of truth, who makest bright Thomas H. Gill (Author) 8
Sweet Spirit, would thy breath divine Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 2
The glory of the spring, how sweet Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) English 70
Thou biddest, Lord, thy sons be bold Thomas H. Gill (Author) 1
Thou to our woe who didst come T. H. Gill (Author) 2
Thy happy ones a strain begin Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 10
Thy word is like a garden, Lord T. H. Gill, 1819- (Author) English 35
'Tis not this fleshly robe alone Thomas H. Gill (Author) 7
Tr'd fram med froejd, du nya ar Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
Upon thy grace we banquet here T. H. Gill (Author) 2
Walk with the Lord [your God], along the road Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 15
We come to our eternal God Thomas H. Gill, 1819-1906, alt. (Author) 2
We come unto our fathers' God Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) English 67
We stand unto our God, how near Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
We the weak ones, the beginners Thomas H. Gill (Author) 1
We the weak ones, we the sinners Thomas H. Gill, 1819- (Author) 12
What secret place, what distant star Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 16
What sweetness on thine earth doth dwell Thomas H. Gill (Author) 3
When shall I Lord a journey take Thomas H. Gill (Author) 3
Would the Spirit more completely Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 2
Ye children of the Father Thomas H. Gill (Author) 2
Ye souls for whom the Son did die Thomas H. Gill (Author) 4
Young souls so strong the race to run Thomas Hornblower Gill (Author) 11
Library of Congress Linked Data Service


Moving beyond the coast, inland travel in Ireland begets great golf.
The idea that comes to mind when one thinks of playing golf in Ireland is of a sumptuous smorgasbord, with the greens greener than any green you'll likely see anywhere else, the grasses high and waving in the cool breeze along the tops of huge dunes and the courses carved along the edges of the cliffs or the beaches, with the ocean or the sea so close one can rip a golf ball into the teeming surf. Yes, that notion pretty much exemplifies the "links" golf experience on the Emerald Isle and the game as it's played along the craggy coastline that reaches along the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the North Sea to the north and the Irish Sea to the east in the pass that separates Ireland from the rest of the United Kingdom.
But golf in Ireland is much more than the courses in the island's edges. According to the Golfing Union of Ireland, an organization that dates back to 1891, there are more than 350 courses in the country. With a population of 4.5 million (about one -tenth less than that of Houston's urban area), Ireland is the most densely populated country per capita in the world for golf courses. Just 49 of Ireland's tracks are categorized as links courses. The rest are considered parkland courses and set inland atop and across the rolling hills and through thick forests, watched over by the mountains that seemingly mark every horizon. Some are routed along massive lakes, and others are segmented by roaring streams and wide rivers. Some are on ancestral land marked by seemingly endless gray rock walls and are routed past castles and ancient homesteads. Others are parts of grand resorts (the Irish do love their holidays) and are popular because virtually everyone in the nation has some knowledge of golf, and most are regular players.
It's hard to find a more stunning setting for golf anywhere in the world, so much so that the Killarney G&FC carries nicknames of "heavens reflex" and the "nearest golf club to heaven." The backdrop of the course is Carrauntoohil, the highest mountain in Ireland, and a handful of its holes are played on and over Lough Leane, the largest freshwater lake in the Irish Southwest.
Set just west of the charming town of Killarney in County Kerry in Southwest Ireland, the Killarney G&FC is unique in that it is considered the only true "lakeside" golf club in the country, and with that designation, it has attributes of both a seaside track and an inland course. The Killeen Course is the flagship track of the club's three courses (the others are Mahony's Point and Lackabane) and is a true Irish gem.
The Killeen Course has hosted five Irish Opens, most recently the 2009 and 2010 tournaments. Golf at the Killarney Golf & Fishing Club dates back to 1893, but the Killeen course was fashioned in 1972 by Billy O'Sullivan and Fred Hawtree, and was the second of the three tracks built at the club. In 2006, Killeen was again renovated, this time by Tom MacKenzie, who added new tees and bunkers and lengthened the track.
The track's tree-lined fairways can seem confining (especially from the back tees) but they are actually very generous. Some of the holes adjacent to the lake are quite exposed to the fickle winds, and when the lake is not in play, ponds and burns often are, as water comes into play on 11 out of the 18 holes.
Druids Glen Golf Club lies in County W icklow, about 20 miles south of Dublin in the tin y village Get away Powerscourt Golf Club Photos by Steve Habel. Fall_T4.indd 38 8/19/13 3:38 PM atxman.com 39 of Newtownmountkennedy (yes, that's one word). It is less than one mile from the Irish Sea and within shouting distance of the towering Wicklow Mountains. It is appropriate that Druids Glen is in County Wicklow.
The county is known as The Garden of Ireland, and the course is as breathtaking visually as any parkland course golfers will play. The course's name, Druids Glen, originates from the Druids altar, a preserved stone located on a hillside to the right of the downhill and overwater par-3 12th hole. The course is laid out across the estate of the Woodstock House, which was built in 1760 by an Irish earl. The property features ponds, high banks planted with trees and shrubs, a walled garden and low-lying areas where streams meander over rocks. The course is turfed completely with bentgrass and is impeccably landscaped with all kinds of trees, shrubs and flowering plants.
The design makes masterful use of the terrain's natural contours and elevation changes. Opened in 1995 and host to three Irish Opens, Druids Glen was fashioned by Pat Ruddy and Tom Craddock, veteran Irish designers who were heavily influenced by both St. Andrews and Augusta National. As an example, the par-3 second hole is played entirely within a walled garden and mimics No. 17 of the Old Course at S t. Andrews, while the stretch of holes from 12 to 14 is called "Ireland's Amen Corner." The long dogleg-right par-4 13th hole ends at a green that's a tiny island, a spot allegedly used by the Earl's family as a place to swim and sunbathe.
Powerscourt Golf Club is part of a 1, 000-acre estate that dates back to the 13th century , when it was a stronghold for Anglo-Normans coming to Ireland. Just half an hour south of Dublin, set in surroundings of one of the fines t manors in Europe, Powerscourt is one of Dublin's premier golfing venues, with two championship courses. The resort's East Course, designed by Peter McElvoy, is the resort's original course and hosted the 1998 Irish PGA and the 2001 Irish Seniors Open. Its routing is enhanced by the panoramic views of both the Atlantic and Sugarloaf Mountains. Some holes have links characteristics that contrast nicely with the parkland holes at the track's beginning and end.
There are trees throughout the golf course, many of which are more than 200 years old, and the track's multi-tiered greens range from mildly to severely sloped because of the dramatically undulating terrain. The West Course, opened in 2003 and fashioned by renowned designer David McLay Kidd, is currently rated among the top 20 parkland courses in the country. Its routing is even more challenging and hilly than its older sibling, and its intense elevation changes are further enhanced by strategically placed bunkering. The property also is the site of the la vish Powerscourt Estate, noted for its house (originally a 13th-century castle) and its lush 47-acre landscaped gardens.
Carton House, one of Ireland's leading luxury destinations, renowned for its exceptional hospitality on Dublin's doorstep, hosted the 2013 Irish Open on its Montgomery course, one of two tracks on the massive property. Voted Golf Resort of the Year in 2008 and located just 14 miles west of Dublin city center and 30 minutes from Dublin Airport, Carton House not only features two of Ireland's finest though widely differing championship golf courses, it is also home to a stylish hotel and luxurious spa and leisure suite.
The O'Meara Course, designed by American two-time major winner Mark O'Meara, offers a classic parkland experience, as it meanders through acres of glorious pastures and ancient woodlands. O'Meara is the older of the two courses, but only b y a year. The 14th through the 16th holes are a memorable stretch, as they play along the banks of the Riv er Rye. In 2005, this course hosted the Irish Amateur Championship.
The Montgomerie course, the battlefield for this year's Irish Open, was designed by seven-time European Order of Merit winner Colin Montgomerie, and is a 7,300-yard "linksstyle" track. It sweeps across firm fairways and through a maze of cavernous bunkers that surround its large, undulating greens and narrow fairways. The designer paid homage to some of the greatest links courses in the world, with skillful and abundant bunkering, which combine with blustery, prevailing winds to provide the maximum level of challenge.
Carton House's 1,100-acre private parkland estate is an all-encompassing playground for leisure and corporate guests alike. One of the many unique attractions here is Shell Cottage, situated on the 16th hole of the Montgomerie Course and decorated with an endless assortment of seashells.


This Hybrid has large orange to red colored, Maltese cross shaped - flowers on shorter growing plants that reach a height of 10-15 inches tall. Very showy in the front of the border were they will bloom best in full sun in well draining but moisture retentive soils. Blooms in Late June and July. I like them along a fence or mixed in amongst Catmints and Sedum's. After flowering plants can be cut down or you can leave the seeds heads on till they dry and use them as dried cut flowers in a small dried flower arrangement. Plants tend to go dormant in late summer and will return next spring. they are noticeable from a good distance.


text:
DC-CAR System was developed by retired computer engineer Claus Ilchmann in Germany. After visiting Miniatur Wunderland in Hamurg Germany, Claus was fascinated with the operation of the moving cars and trucks on the layout. Since Wunderland's technology was proprietary, Claus decided to design a system that had realistic vehicle operation on his own. After much trial and error, he developed what is now the DC-CAR System.
The system uses Infrared [IR] signals much like your TV remote control. The front of every vehicle has a small IR receiver sensor, and the rear has a transmitter. Built into the chip hidden inside every vehicle is the collision avoidance logic. As the lead vehicle travels, it sends out a signal to the vehicle that's following. When the rear vehicle gets to close to the lead vehicle, it's brake lights come on for a few seconds, and the distance control programming takes effect. The rear vehicle starts to slow down, and when the lead vehicle stops , the vehicle behind stops as well. The decoder boards work in a manner similar to DCC locomtives and include the ability to change the CV values of many functions.
Miniature Motor Works was started by Thomas Kapatelis, during his 44 years in the model making and custom fabrication industry, he has been involved in the design and development of components for clients such as Bombardier/Lear Jet , and Disney- MGM Studios Theme Parks. Among his accomplishments during the ten years he ran his own company are full size aircraft trade show displays and specialty automotive and military parts. Been to Orlando? You may have seen the overturning military truck in the Indiana Jones Thrill Show.
Since 2000, Thomas has been General Manager of SMARTT inc., Scale Models Arts & Technologies, overseeing precision fabrication of the foundation, structural, and electrical work of model railroad projects such as Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry, Sacramento's California State Railroad Museum, Aventura Mall's annual train display, and dozens of private high-end displays. In addition,Thomas has now also turned his eye towards new technology, the DC-CAR system.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I LOVE the ocean! Having grown up on the Central Coast of California, the sea and the beach and the coast have been part of my consciousness from the very beginning. Back then it was only a 20-minute drive away — how spoiled I was! Now that I'm living in Albany, Oregon, the trip is at least four times as long! I can no longer just quickly pop over to the beach on the spur of the moment.
Because there are so many photos (388) in so many albums spread out over so many years, I thought it would be nice to gather all of them together into one single conglomerate "super-album," just as I have done with the numerous other super-album I have created. As you browse through this diverse collection of images, you will find lighthouses, sea creatures and plants, sunsets, waves, forests, bridges, birds, dunes, lakes, rocks both big and small, wildflowers, shells, and much more! Even five award-winning photos! Welcome to the incredible Oregon coast!
The photos in this album were taken with the Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ50, Sony Alpha α55, Sony Cyber-shot DSC-WX9, Sony Alpha α77, Olympus OM-D E-M5 and Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX20V cameras.


When reviewing a site from an SEO perspective, one thing I always include on my checklist is internal linking. We can usually tell how well a site is optimized by looking over the linking strategy. Implementing a linking strategy is... Read more.
5 reasons why educating yourself and engaging online is important for your success online I recently wrote a post about my daily ritual of reading, sharing, engaging with others online and creating new content for my website. I guess I... Read more.


text:
OUK
Governance News
I am disappointed, irritated and worried – OUK reacts to Ekweremadu's attack
Former Abia State Governor and Chief Whip of the Nigerian Senate, Dr. Orji Kalu has condemned in strong terms the attack on the former Deputy Senate President, Senator Ike Ekweramadu in Germany by some members of the Indigenous People…
Abia North: Ohuabunwa is on a sightseeing tour in Abuja, Says OUK
Former Governor of Abia state and the All Progressives Congress (APC) candidate for Abia North senatorial zone, Dr. Orji Kalu has advised Senator Mao Ohuabunwa of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) to wait for the result of the February…
2019: Orji Kalu says 'no vacancy in Aso Rock', attacks Obasanjo
Former Abia State governor, Orji Kalu, has said that there will be any presidential candidate he would support in 2019 other than president Muhammadu Buhari. "Although Alhaji Sule Lamido happens to be my long time political friend and an…


text:
//========= Copyright Valve Corporation, All rights reserved. ============//
//
// Purpose:
//
// $Workfile:     $
// $Date:         $
//
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// $Log: $
//
// $NoKeywords: $
//=============================================================================//

#define	USED

#include <windows.h>
#include "cmdlib.h"
#define NO_THREAD_NAMES
#include "threads.h"
#include "pacifier.h"

#define	MAX_THREADS	16

class CRunThreadsData
{
public:
	int m_iThread;
	void *m_pUserData;
	RunThreadsFn m_Fn;
};

CRunThreadsData g_RunThreadsData[MAX_THREADS];

int		dispatch;
int		workcount;
qboolean		pacifier;

qboolean	threaded;
bool g_bLowPriorityThreads = false;

HANDLE g_ThreadHandles[MAX_THREADS];

/*
=============
GetThreadWork

=============
*/
int	GetThreadWork (void)
{
	int	r;

	ThreadLock ();

	if (dispatch == workcount)
	{
		ThreadUnlock ();
		return -1;
	}

	UpdatePacifier( (float)dispatch / workcount );

	r = dispatch;
	dispatch++;
	ThreadUnlock ();

	return r;
}

ThreadWorkerFn workfunction;

void ThreadWorkerFunction( int iThread, void *pUserData )
{
	int		work;

	while (1)
	{
		work = GetThreadWork ();
		if (work == -1)
			break;

		workfunction( iThread, work );
	}
}

void RunThreadsOnIndividual (int workcnt, qboolean showpacifier, ThreadWorkerFn func)
{
	if (numthreads == -1)
		ThreadSetDefault ();

	workfunction = func;
	RunThreadsOn (workcnt, showpacifier, ThreadWorkerFunction);
}

/*
===================================================================

WIN32

===================================================================
*/

int		numthreads = -1;
CRITICAL_SECTION		crit;
static int enter;

class CCritInit
{
public:
	CCritInit()
	{
		InitializeCriticalSection (&crit);
	}
} g_CritInit;

void SetLowPriority()
{
	SetPriorityClass( GetCurrentProcess(), IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS );
}

void ThreadSetDefault (void)
{
	SYSTEM_INFO info;

	if (numthreads == -1)	// not set manually
	{
		GetSystemInfo (&info);
		numthreads = info.dwNumberOfProcessors;
		if (numthreads < 1 || numthreads > 32)
			numthreads = 1;
	}

	Msg ("%i threads\n", numthreads);
}

void ThreadLock (void)
{
	if (!threaded)
		return;
	EnterCriticalSection (&crit);
	if (enter)
		Error ("Recursive ThreadLock\n");
	enter = 1;
}

void ThreadUnlock (void)
{
	if (!threaded)
		return;
	if (!enter)
		Error ("ThreadUnlock without lock\n");
	enter = 0;
	LeaveCriticalSection (&crit);
}

// This runs in the thread and dispatches a RunThreadsFn call.
DWORD WINAPI InternalRunThreadsFn( LPVOID pParameter )
{
	CRunThreadsData *pData = (CRunThreadsData*)pParameter;
	pData->m_Fn( pData->m_iThread, pData->m_pUserData );
	return 0;
}

void RunThreads_Start( RunThreadsFn fn, void *pUserData, ERunThreadsPriority ePriority )
{
	Assert( numthreads > 0 );
	threaded = true;

	if ( numthreads > MAX_TOOL_THREADS )
		numthreads = MAX_TOOL_THREADS;

	for ( int i=0; i < numthreads ;i++ )
	{
		g_RunThreadsData[i].m_iThread = i;
		g_RunThreadsData[i].m_pUserData = pUserData;
		g_RunThreadsData[i].m_Fn = fn;

		DWORD dwDummy;
		g_ThreadHandles[i] = CreateThread(
		   NULL,	// LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpsa,
		   0,		// DWORD cbStack,
		   InternalRunThreadsFn,	// LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE lpStartAddr,
		   &g_RunThreadsData[i],	// LPVOID lpvThreadParm,
		   0,			// DWORD fdwCreate,
		   &dwDummy );

		if ( ePriority == k_eRunThreadsPriority_UseGlobalState )
		{
			if( g_bLowPriorityThreads )
				SetThreadPriority( g_ThreadHandles[i], THREAD_PRIORITY_LOWEST );
		}
		else if ( ePriority == k_eRunThreadsPriority_Idle )
		{
			SetThreadPriority( g_ThreadHandles[i], THREAD_PRIORITY_IDLE );
		}
	}
}

void RunThreads_End()
{
	WaitForMultipleObjects( numthreads, g_ThreadHandles, TRUE, INFINITE );
	for ( int i=0; i < numthreads; i++ )
		CloseHandle( g_ThreadHandles[i] );

	threaded = false;
}

/*
=============
RunThreadsOn
=============
*/
void RunThreadsOn( int workcnt, qboolean showpacifier, RunThreadsFn fn, void *pUserData )
{
	int		start, end;

	start = Plat_FloatTime();
	dispatch = 0;
	workcount = workcnt;
	StartPacifier("");
	pacifier = showpacifier;

#ifdef _PROFILE
	threaded = false;
	(*func)( 0 );
	return;
#endif

	RunThreads_Start( fn, pUserData );
	RunThreads_End();

	end = Plat_FloatTime();
	if (pacifier)
	{
		EndPacifier(false);
		printf (" (%i)\n", end-start);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
You are here: Home / Education / Jischke talks about decision to leave Ames
Jischke talks about decision to leave Ames
Out-going Iowa State University President Martin Jischke started saying his farewells yesterday when he returned to the Ames campus after accepting the top job at Purdue. Jischke and his wife met with the media in the I-S-U Memorial Union. He says he's enormously proud to have worked at Iowa State for nearly 10 years. Jischke set a goal of making Iowa State the best land grant college in the country. He says the work of a great university is never finished. He says he takes pride in shaping the will to get better.During a news conference in West Lafayette, Indiana, Jischke said disappointing state government support of I-S-U made it easier to leave for Purdue. Jischke has been a vocal critic of the Iowa Legislature's decision to approve an operating budget for I-S-U that's less than last year's. Jischke said yesterday, though, the budget situation wasn't the reason he left. He says it was a career decision he made for many other reasons.
Filed Under: Education Tagged With: Iowa State University


Professor Saraleah Fordyce reports on CCA's 2018 BFA Design thesis show.
Every fall semester, a cohort of BFA students from CCA's Illustration, Industrial Design, and Graphic Design programs graduate with a culminating exhibition of their thesis works. This year's BFA Design thesis show was held at the Perry Family Event Center on Kansas Street, San Francisco. With themes ranging from cross-cultural communication to advocacy and stress relief, the works of these young designers had us feeling optimistic about the future and excited to see them launch their practices.
Illustration students presented a collection of works with diverse applications, including skateboards, book covers, dollhouses, pillows, and wall decals, to name just a few. Lyssa Park's work, in particular, really stood out. She approaches her craft "with serious subject matter in a playful way," says Professor Michael Wertz. "We're drawn to the bright colors and bold shapes and then surprised by the depth of the tale she's telling." To visualize this duality, just imagine a pop-up book based on Kafka's The Trial.
Ji Young's work also stood out, her densely saturated colors and compelling scenes crafting a stylistic coherence across disparate subjects. The overall presentation celebrated individuality while still coming together to make a vivid and beautifully crafted collection.
The Industrial Design students covered a wide range of themes. Quite a few projects focused on anxiety relief through light, touch, or monitoring. Kimberly Macdonald, project manager in Graphic Design, led the exhibition planning team and walked the show with me before opening night, excited by the energy of installation and all the work the students had put into the show. We were both really taken with the craftsmanship in Powei Chen's Meditation Light that emanates changing colored light through concentric acrylic panels. Yong Wang's Lanjing Mars Station seemed perplexingly minimal, a matte white model of what looked like a train on struts. But the web address at the bottom of Wang's poster led to a richly envisioned speculative Mars space station for 2025, complete with research and funding plans.
Also notable was Matt Potter's Solace inCyte device for monitoring colitis and Crohn's disease and enhancing doctor-patient communication. From space, to stress and medical devices, to ecology, the Industrial Design students took on real problems, demonstrating the innovation, research, and craft they've been developing over the course of their years with us.
Across faculty and administration, many of us took delight in Elaine Meng's game Battle of Love. Meng told me that "for this game, I examined Chinese Gen X social and cultural attitudes around love and marriage, using survey data to compare viewpoints and reactions of both generations on the challenges of loving and finding a partner in marriage. The game gives an opportunity for Western Millennials to navigate in the shoes of their Chinese counterparts as if they had Chinese parents… I felt happy when a Chinese player told me that the text on the cards was exactly what her mother would say." At the exhibition reception, guests mingled and laughed as they played the game.
Lucy Peterson solicited stories from survivors of sexual assault, employing her skills and platform to give voice to others. Peterson's work, along with many other students', is timely and aware. This grounding in current politics and positions of agency for designers contributes to the optimism we feel about the show overall.
In a different direction, yet also savvy and critical, Gabby Shao's Ssenllew project featured a line of ordinary products in ornately printed boxes with band-aids pitched as "sacred healing stickers" and a toothbrush as "the ultimate wonder wand," reading as either a critique of or a marvel at consumption. Kimberly Macdonald described that even her review embodied this ambiguity, feeling part presentation and part theatre.
It's wonderful to see the focus on critical thinking both in the students' writing and in the depth of the work. This marriage of form and meaning distinguishes the cohort; and these students combined their critical rigor with their individual voices in a way that makes us very proud. We send them a huge congratulations, well-wishes for their next steps, and remind them to stay in touch as their careers blossom.


text:
automated coding
event data-based research
Forecasting Papers
These papers deal primarily with the methodological and practical applications of events data to various forecasting models.
Forecasting Civil Conflict with Zero-Inflated Count Models
Benjamin E. Bagozzi (Penn State)
This article demonstrates the advantages of using zero-inflated count models to forecast civil conflict. To do so, negative binomial (NB) and zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) count models are applied to a novel country-month event-count dataset of rebel and government-initiated violent conflicts. Using out-of-sample forecasts to compare model predictions of the conflicts occurring within these data, we find that moving from a NB model to a zero-inflated count model can produce up-to an 13% improvement in civil conflict forecasting accuracy. We also find that including (1-3 month) lagged values of monthly conflict frequency in the inflation stage of our zeroinflated conflict models can lead to as much as a 12% improvement in conflict forecasting accuracy. Substantively our findings suggest that, while past values of government and rebel initiated conflict are indeed positively related to present values, the magnitude of this positive relationship tends to be overstated when zero-inflation is not accounted for.
Link to Adobe .pdf file of the paper
Racing Horses: Constructing and Evaluating Forecasts in Political Science
Patrick Brandt (University of Texas, Dallas), John Freeman (University of Minnesota) and Philip Schrodt (Penn State)
This is an extensive review of various metrics used to evaluate forecasts, as well as a more general discussion of the issues involved in comparing forecast models. The paper illustrates how to use the new suite of designs and tools to improve competitions between forecasting models, first in a stylized Monte Carlo analysis and then in a horse race between conflict early warning models for the China-Taiwan "Cross-Straits" dyad. The Monte Carlo analyses highlight the pitfalls of relying on point forecasts and conventional metrics like root-mean-squared-error to pick winners. The conflict early warning investigation compares the performance of a collection of time series models including univariate autoregressions (AR) and multiequation models including Bayesian, and Markov-Switching Bayesian vector autoregressive models (VAR, BVAR, MS-BVAR models, respectively).
Paper presented at the 28th Summer Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology, Princeton University, July 2011.
Forecasting Political Conflict in Asia using Latent Dirichlet Allocation Models
Philip Schrodt
Latent Dirichlet allocation models are a relatively new computational classification algorithm. In its standard application to document classification, the model assumes each document to be composed of a mixture of multiple, overlapping topics each with a typical set of words, and classification is done by associating words in a document with the latent topics most likely to have generated the observed distribution of those words. I apply this technique to the problem of political forecasting by assuming that the stream of events observed between a dyad of actors is a mixture of a variety of dierent political strategies and standard operating procedures (for example escalation of repressive measures against a minority group while simultaneously making efforts to co-opt the elites of that group). By identifying the dominant strategies being pursued at time t, one gets information that can be used to forecast likely patterns of interaction at a later time t + k. This approach is applied to event data generated for 29 Asian countries in the Integrated Conflict Early Warning System project for 1998-2010 to forecast the ICEWS conflict measures for rebellion, insurgency, ethno-religious violence, domestic political conflict and international conflict at a six month lead time. In random samples balancing the occurrence of negative and positive outcomes on the dependent variable, LDA combined with a logistic model predicts with around 60% to 70% accuracy in in-sample evaluation, and improves very substantially on the sensitivity of the classification compared with simple logistic models in full samples. A supervised version of LDA, however, does not provide much improvement over theunsupervised version, and shows some pathological behaviors. Some structure can be found in the factors
Paper presented at the European Political Science Association, Dublin, May 2011.
Link to version presented at the NSF Conference on New Horizons in the Analysis of the Middle East, University of South Carolina, October 2011, which adds an analysis of the Levant data set.
Predicting Intra-State Conflict Onset: An Event Data Approach Using Euclidean And Levenshtein Distance Measures
Vito D'Orazio, James E. Yonamine and Philip Schrodt (Penn State)
In this paper, we utilize both a new event data dataset and a novel empirical approach to test for the extent of similarities between event sequences preceding con ict onset. The event data were compiled as part of the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) funded Integrated Conflict Early Warning Systems program (ICEWS; O'Brien [2010]) and consist of machine-coded events between politically relevant actors in 29 Asian countries from 1998-2010, derived from electronic articles reported in 27 regional and international electronic news sources. Our methodological innovation is the use of Levenshtein and Euclidean distance measures to assess the level of similarity between two 12-week sequences of event counts aggregated at the state-week and state-month level. Distances are calculated between all possible pairs of the 53 sequences within our dataset that precede a conflict onset and approximately 100 sequences that precede peaceful period with no domestic conflict. We find that sequences preceding peace exhibit highly similar event count structures while those preceding a conflict onset vary considerably from each other and, importantly, from periods preceding peace. Based on this, we calculate a Baseline Peace Archetype (BPA) that reflects that average event count structure of a sequence preceding peace. We then calculate the distances measures between all sequences preceding conflict and a random sample of those preceding peace against the BPA sequence. These distances allow us to generate out-of-sample forecasts one and two months into the future with greater than 75 percent accuracy.
Paper prepared for delivery at the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 2011.
The Effects of Domestic Conflict on Interstate Conflict: An Event Data Analysis of Monthly Level Onset and Intensity
James E. Yonamine (Penn State)
Existing event data studies all suggest that temporally nuanced, continuous measures of both domestic and interstate conflict are needed in order to appropriately test for the range of potential effects that domestic conflict may have on interstate conflict. This paper will addresses this problem by generating monthly level, continuous data reflecting the number of conflictual events at both the state-month (for domestic events) and the dyad-month (for interstate events) level based on the Integrated Conflict Early Warning System (ICEWS) event dataset, which contains over 2 million domestic and interstate events for 29 Asian countries from 1997 to 2010. Using this data, I perform numerous linear and non-linear tests for the eects of domestic conflict onset and intensity on the onset and intensity of interstate conflict across a range of operationalizations of onset and intensity at the monthly level.
M.A. thesis, Penn State, May 2011.
Real Time, Time Series Forecasting of Inter- and Intra-State Political Conflict
We propose a framework for forecasting and analyzing regional and international conflicts. It generates forecasts that 1) are accurate but accounts for uncertainty, 2) are produced in (near) real time, 3) address the simultaneous actors' behaviors, 4) incorporate prior beliefs, and 5) generate policy contingent forecasts. We combine the CAMEO event-coding framework with Markov-switching and Bayesian vector autoregression models to meet these goals. Our example produces a series for forecasts for material conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians for 2010. Our forecast is that the level of material conflict between these belligerents will increase in 2010, compared to 2009.
Paper originally prepared for delivery at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, New York, March 2009.
Predicting Risk Factors Associated with Forced Migration: An Early Warning Model of Haitian Flight
Stephen Shellman (University of Georgia) and Brandon Stewart (William and Mary)
While most forced migration studies focus on explanation, this study focuses on prediction. The study predicts forced migration events by predicting the civil violence, poor economic conditions, and foreign interventions known to cause individuals to flee their homes in search of refuge. By accounting for the interaction between civil conflict intensity levels, the ebb and flow of origin and potential host countries' economies, and impinging foreign policy pressures on countries' governments and dissidents, the model can better predict the occurrence and magnitude of forced migration events. Policy makers can use these predictions to aid their planning for humanitarian crises. If we can predict forced migration, we can better plan for humanitarian crises. While the study is limited to predicting Haitian flight to the United States, its strength is its ability to predict weekly flows as opposed to annual flows, providing a greater level of predictive detail than its "country-year" counterparts. Given the model's performance, the study calls for the collection of disaggregated data in additional countries to provide more precise and useful early warning models of forced migrant events.
Paper prepared for delivery at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, San Diego, March 2006.
Forecasting Israeli-Palestinian Conflict with Hidden Markov Models
Robert Shearer (Center for Army Analysis)
This paper presents research into conflict analysis, utilizing Hidden Markov models to capture the patterns of escalation in a conflict and Markov chains to forecast future escalations. HiddenMarkov models have an extensive history in a wide variety of pattern classification applications. In these models, an unobserved finite state Markov chain generates observed symbols whose distribution is conditioned on the current state of the chain. Training algorithms estimate model parameters based upon known patterns of symbols. Assignment rules classify unknown patterns according to the likelihood of known models generating the observed symbols. The research presented here utilized much of the Hidden Markov model methodology, but not for pattern classification, rather to identify the underlying finite state Markov chain for a symbol realization. Machine coded newswire story leads provided event data that served as the symbol realization for the Hidden Markov model. Fundamental matrices derived from the Markov chain led to forecasts that provide insight into the dynamic behavior of the conflict and describe potential futures of the conflict in probabilistic terms, to include the likelihood of conflict, the time to conflict, and the time in conflict.
A New Kind of Social Science: The Path Beyond Current (IR) Methodologies May Lie Beneath Them
Valerie M. Hudson, Philip A. Schrodt, and Ray D. Whitmer
Existing formal models of political behavior have followed the lead of the natural sciences and generally focused on methods that use continuous-variable mathematics. Stephen Wolfram has recently produced an extended critique of that approach in the natural sciences, and suggested that a great deal of natural behavior can be accounted for using rules that involve discrete patterns. Wolfram's work generally does not consider models in the social sciences but given the similarity between many of the techniques for modeling in the natural and social sciences, his critique can readily be applied to models of social behavior as well. We argue further that pattern-based models are particularly relevant to modeling human behavior because human cognitive abilities are far more developed in the domain of pattern recognition than in the domain of continuous-variable mathematics. We test the possibility of finding pattern-based behavior in international behavior by looking at event data for the Israel-Palestine conflict for the period 1979-2003. Using a new web-based tool explicitly designed for the analysis of event data patterns, we experiment with three general patterns: the classic tit-for-tat, an "olive branch" pattern designed to detect attempts at de-escalation, and four "meta-rules" that look at the relationship between prior conflict and the propensity of the actors to engage in reciprocal behavior. Our analysis shows that these patterns can be found repeatedly in the data, and their frequency corresponds to changes in the qualitative characteristics of the conflict.
Paper prepared for delivery at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, March 2004.
The analytical web site for this project (formerly at http://ep.jhax.org), which includes the graphic tools for analyzing event patterns is http://nkss.byu.edu/
Using Event Data to Monitor Contemporary Conflict in the Israel-Palestine Dyad
Philip A. Schrodt, Deborah J. Gerner, and Ömür Yilmaz
For the past eighteen months, the Kansas Event Data System (KEDS) project has been using event data and other web-based sources to produce quarterly reports on the Israel-Palestine conflict for the swisspeace (Swiss Peace Foundation) FAST Project, which is sponsored by Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and a number of non-governmental organizations. This paper describes the indicators that we are monitoring, the process we have developed to generate the reports, and the supplemental sources we are using. We address the issue of the differences between newspaper and news wire reports with respect to "media fatigue" effects and also analyze some of the strengths and weaknesses of this approach to conflict monitoring.
forthcoming, 2005. International Studies Perspectives
Link to detailed list of steps used to update the FAST data
Forecasts and Contingencies: From Methodology to Policy
Philip A. Schrodt
A "folk criticism" in political science maintains that the discipline should confine its efforts to explanation and avoid venturing down the dark, dirty, and dangerous path to forecasting and prediction. I argue that not only is this position inconsistent with the experiences of other sciences, but in fact the questions involved in making robust and valid predictions invoke many core methodological issues in political analysis. Those issues include, among others, the question of the level of predictability in political behavior, the problem of case selection in small-N situations, and the various alternative models that could be used to formalize predictions. This essay focuses on the problem of forecasting in international politics, and concludes by noting some of the problems of institutional culture - bureaucratic and academic - that have inhibited greater use of systematic forecasting methods in foreign policy.
Paper presented at the theme panel "Political Utility and Fundamental Research: The Problem of Pasteur's Quadrant" at the American Political Science Association meetings, Boston, 29 August - 1 September 2002
Forecasting Conflict in the Balkans using Hidden Markov Models
This study uses hidden Markov models (HMM) to forecast conflict in the former Yugoslavia for the period January 1991 through January 1999. The political and military events reported in the lead sentences of Reuters news service stories were coded into the World Events Interaction Survey (WEIS) event data scheme. The forecasting scheme involved randomly selecting eight 100-event "templates" taken at a 1-, 3- or 6-month forecasting lag for high-conflict and low-conflict weeks. A separate HMM is developed for the high-conflict-week sequences and the low-conflict-week sequences. Forecasting is done by determining whether a sequence of observed events fit the high-conflict or low-conflict model with higher probability.
Models were selected to maximize the difference between correct and incorrect predictions, evaluated by week. Three weighting schemes were used: unweighted (U), penalize false positives (P) and penalize false negatives (N). There is a relatively high level of convergence in the estimates -- the best and worst models of a given type vary in accuracy by only about 15% to 20%. In full-sample tests, the U and P models produce at overall accuracy of around 80%. However, these models correctly forecast only about 25% of the high-conflict weeks, although about 60% of the cases where a high-conflict week has been forecast turn out to have high conflict. In contrast, the N model has an overall accuracy of only about 50% in full-sample tests, but it correctly forecasts high-conflict weeks with 85% accuracy in the 3- and 6-month horizon and 92% accuracy in the 1-month horizon. However, this is achieved by excessive predictions of high-conflict weeks: only about 30% of the cases where a high-conflict week has been forecast are high-conflict. Models that use templates from only the previous year usually do about as well as models based on the entire sample.
The models are remarkably insensitive to the length of the forecasting horizon -- the drop-off in accuracy at longer forecasting horizons is very small, typically around 2%-4%. There is also no clear difference in the estimated coefficients for the 1-month and 6-month models. An extensive analysis was done of the coefficient estimates in the full-sample model to determine what the model was "looking at" in order to make predictions. While a number of statistically significant differences exist between the high and low conflict models, these do not fall into any neat patterns. This is probably due to a combination of the large number of parameters being estimated, the multiple local maxima in the estimation surface, and the complications introduced by the presence of a number of very low probability event categories. Some experiments with simplified models indicate that it is possible to use models with substantially fewer parameters without markedly decreasing the accuracy of the predictions; in fact predictions of the high conflict periods actually increase in accuracy quite substantially.
Paper presented at the American Political Science Association meetings, 31 August - 3 September, 2000
Link to Adobe .pdf version of this paper
The Impact of Early Warning on Institutional Responses to Complex Humanitarian Crises
Philip A. Schrodt and Deborah J. Gerner
This paper considers the problems of institutional response to the early warning of complex humanitarian crises (CHCs). We start with a typology of six different modes of early warning failure: strategic deception, conventional concealment, institutional ignorance, reflexive response, exogenous shifts, and systemic complexity. We discuss the extent to which each of these can affect the early warning of CHCs. We then consider the problems of cognitive, bureaucratic, and political constraints to effective early warning. The paper concludes that the early warning of CHCs is likely to remain decentralized in academic, nongovernmental (NGO) and intergovernmental (IGO) projects, but that because of increases in the availability of information this decentralization does not necessarily preclude effective early warning, and may in fact enhance it. There is, however, a need to augment the credibility, visibility, and efficacy of these efforts, as is being done through efforts such as Forum for Early Warning and Emergency Response (FEWER) and ReliefWeb.
Paper presented at the Third Pan-European International Relations Conference and Joint Meeting with the International Studies Association, Vienna, 16 - 19 September 1998
Early Warning of Conflict in Southern Lebanon using Hidden Markov Models
in Harvey Starr, ed. The Understanding and Management of Global Violence:
New Approaches to Theory and Research on Protracted Conflict, pp. 131-162.
New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.
This paper extends earlier work on the use of hidden Markov models (HMMs) to the problem of forecasting international conflict. HMMs are a sequence comparison method that is widely used in computerized speech recognition; they are easily be adapted to work with sequences of international event data. The HMM is a computationally efficient method of generalizing a set of example sequences observed in a noisy environment. The paper provides a theoretical "micro-foundation" for the sequence comparison approach based on co-adaptation of standard operating procedures.
The left-right (LR) HMM used in speech recognition problems is first extended to a left-right-left (LRL) model that allows a crisis to escalate and de-escalate. This model is tested for its ability to correctly discriminate between BCOW crisis that do and do not involve war. The LRL model provides slightly more accurate classification than the LR model. The interpretation of the hidden states in the LRL models, however, is more ambiguous than found in the LR model.
The HMM is then applied to the problem of forecasting the outbreak of armed violence between Israel and Arab forces in south Lebanon during the period 1979 to 1997 (excluding 1982-1985). An HMM first is estimated using six cases of "tit-for-tat" escalation, then fitted to the entire time period. The model identifies about half of the TFT conflicts -- including all of the training cases -- that occur in the full sequence, with only one false positive. This result suggests that HMMs could be used in an event-driven continuous monitoring system. However, the fit of the model is very sensitive to the number of nonevents found in a sequence, and consequently that measure is ineffective as an early warning indicator.
In a subset of models the maximum likelihood estimate of the sequence of hidden Markov states characterizing a sequence provides a robust early warning indicator with a three to six-month lead. These models are valid in a split-sample test, and the patterns of cross-correlation of the individual states of the model are consistent with the theoretical expectations. While this approach clearly needs further validation, it appears promising.
The paper concludes with observations on the extent to which the HMM approach to be generalized to various categories of conflict, some suggestions on how the method of estimation can be improved, and the implications that sequence-based forecasting techniques have for the theoretical understanding of the causes of conflict.
This paper was presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, August 1997.
Link to supplementary graphics
Link to Adobe .pdf version of "A Landscape Model of Rule-Based Co-Adaptation in International Behavior
Left-right-left hidden Markov model source code and data files (.sit)
Left-right-left hidden Markov model source code and data files (.zip)
Pattern Recognition of International Crises using Hidden Markov Models
in Diana Richards, ed. Political Complexity: Nonlinear Models of Politics, pp. 296-328.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000.
Event data are one of the most widely used indicators in quantitative international relations research. To date, most of the models using event data have constructed numerical indicators based on the characteristics of the events measured in isolation and then aggregated. An alternative approach is to use quantitative pattern recognition techniques to compare an existing sequence of behaviors to a set of similar historical cases. This has much in common with human reasoning by historical analogy while providing the advantages of systematic and replicable analysis possible using machine-coded event data and statistical models.
This chapter uses "hidden Markov models" -- a recently developed sequence-comparison technique widely used in computational speech recognition -- to measure similarities among international crises. The models are first estimated using the Behavioral Correlates of War data set of historical crises, then applied to an event data set covering political behavior in the contemporary Middle East for the period April 1979 through February 1997.
A split-sample test of the hidden Markov models perfectly differentiates crises involving war from those not involving war in the cases used to estimate the models. The models also provide a high level of discrimination in a set of test cases not used in the estimated, and most of the erroneously-classified cases have plausible distinguishing features. The difference between the war and nonwar models also correlates significantly with a scaled measure of conflict in the contemporary Middle East. This suggests that hidden Markov models could be used to develop conflict measures based on event similarities to historical conflicts rather than on aggregated event scores.
The file includes the paper in Postscript, MS-Word 5.1a (Macintosh) and Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) formats. It also includes the C source code for the program used to estimate the model, and pointers to the data sets used in the analysis.
An earlier version of the paper was presented in March 1997 at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association and at the "Synergy in Early Warning" Conference, Centre for Refugee Studies, York University, Toronto.
Using Cluster Analysis to Derive Early Warning Indicators for Political Change in the Middle East, 1979-1996
American Political Science Review 94,4: 803-818 (December 2000)
This paper uses event data to develop an early warning model of major political change in the Levant for the period April 1979 to December 1998. Following a general review of statistical early warning research, the analysis focuses on the behavior of eight Middle Eastern actors -- Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, the Palestinians, Syria, the United States and USSR/Russia -- using WEIS-coded event data generated from Reuters news service lead sentences with the KEDS machine-coding system.
The analysis extends earlier work (Schrodt and Gerner 1995) demonstrating that clusters of behavior identified by conventional statistical methods correspond well with changes in political behavior identified a priori. We employ a new clustering algorithm that uses the correlation between the dyadic behaviors at two points in time as a measure of distance, and identifies cluster breaks as those time points that are closer to later points than to preceding points. We also demonstrate that these data clusters begin to "stretch" prior to breaking apart; this characteristic can be used as an early-warning indicator. A Monte-Carlo analysis shows that the clustering and early warning measures perform very differently in simulated data sets having the same mean, variance, and autocorrelation as the observed data (but no cross-correlation) which reduces the likelihood that the observed clustering patterns are due to chance.
The initial analysis uses Goldstein's (1992) weighting system to aggregate the WEIS-coded data. In an attempt to improve on the Goldstein scale, we use a genetic algorithm to optimize the weighting of the WEIS event categories for the purpose of clustering. This does not prove very successful and only differentiates clusters in the first half of the data set, a result similar to one we obtained using the cross-sectional K-Means clustering procedure. Correlating the frequency of events in the twenty-two 2-digit WEIS categories, on the other hand, gives clustering and early warning results similar to those produced by the Goldstein scale. The paper concludes with some general remarks on the role of quantitative early warning and directions for further research.
Paper originally presented at the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 28 August - 1 September 1996
Link to Adobe .pdf file of the original paper
The Statistical Characteristics of Event Data
International Interactions 20,1-2: 35-53
This paper explores event data as an abstract statistical object. It briefly traces the historical development of event data, with particular attention to how nominal events have come to be used primarily in interval-level studies. A formal definition of event data and its stochastic error structure is presented. From this definition, some concrete suggestions are made for statistically compensating for misclassification and censoring errors in frequency-based studies. The paper argues for returning to the analysis of events as discrete structures. This type of analysis was not possible when event data were initially developed, but electronic information processing capabilities have improved dramatically in recent years and many new techniques for generating and analyzing event data may soon be practical.
Paper originally presented at the International Studies Association, St. Louis, March 1988


Candy began doing insurance billing at our office in 2015. After 15 years of managerial experience in a corporate environment, she decided to specialize in chiropractic billing to best focus and challenge her skills.
She believes it is crucial to stay updated on changing laws and practices of healthcare billing and HIPPA compliance. For this reason she attends yearly HJ Ross Insurance Billing seminars and is part of the Ross Network for Chiropractic Billing. Most group insurances, offer webinar and/or phone seminars which she also attends to keep mainstreamed with changing policies.
Candy understands insurance reimbursement and coding can be difficult to interpret and strives to clearly answer any questions you may have in regards to your insurance or personal injury case. She is available by phone M-F 9a.m. to 4p.m. 530-244-1185.


Baby Burt's Bees Rene Rofe Monica & Andy Onesies Baby Girl bundle of 3 onesies.
Found the knotted onesie! Perfect for Baby Austin's feet!
Make naps more comfortable for your baby with our soft fleece sleeper.
Victoria secret kimono robe Victoria secret black flounce sleeve kimono robe. Never been wore.
My Posh Picks 路 *NWT* Carter's Baby Girl Sleep Onesie SIZE: 9 mo NEW WITH TAGS!
My Posh Picks 路 Janie and Jack NWOT unisex set Long sleeve onesie, pants, and matching socks.
My Posh Picks 路 Twin boy/girl matching set ADORABLE set from Etsy. Perfect for your twins.


Runescape currently has 2 versions of the game. Runescape is the current modern version of the game running on the shiny MTX engine with upgraded graphics, combat systems, and skills. It is the most modern version of the game to date and has come a long way from the days of yore when Runescape was exclusively browser based.
Jagex released Old-School Runescape, also known as 2007scape, in 2013 after much community backlash over so many changes to the core game. Complaints ranged from graphics, combats systems and new skills that players argued had fundamentally changed the game to a point that it wasn't the same game they had come to know and love.
Runescape also receives regular content updates but without the concern of straying too far from the original mechanics. It's hard to believe it's been 15 years now that Runescape has been around and if you haven't played the game in a while, a lot has changed, but clearly Jagex has also made sure that much has also stayed the same.
Old-School Runescape is the version coming to mobile first. Runescape is also coming to mobile but only after Old-School Runescape has launched. In our coverage of Runescape Mobile back at GDC, our own Eli and Jared had a chance to actually see the game in action.
If you're at all interested in Runescape, now is a great time to jump in if you never have before. You can still sign up at the site if you're interested in the Beta. Personally as a long-time player of Runescape, I'm super excited for a mobile version. You can expect full coverage of Runescape Mobile as more details become available.


text:
Les Nouvelles-Hébrides, officiellement le condominium des Nouvelles-Hébrides (), étaient une colonie franco-britannique sous forme de condominium érigée dans l'archipel océanien et mélanésien de l'actuel Vanuatu, du  à son indépendance le . C'est l'un des deux condominiums coloniaux du  avec le Soudan anglo-égyptien et le « dernier exemple du régime condominial s'appliquant à un territoire et à une population d'importance notable ».

Régime original dû à l'impossibilité pour l'un et l'autre des deux pays d'abandonner l'archipel, il a la particularité de voir s'exercer trois souverainetés : celles propres à chacun des deux États envers leurs nationaux et leurs sociétés, et celle du condominium pour les indigènes, les relations entre les différentes nationalités, l'administration et les services condominiaux. Il a pris fin avec l'indépendance des Nouvelles-Hébrides en 1980 après deux ans de transition. L'État nouvellement créé prit alors le nom de Vanuatu.

Histoire

La création du Condominium résulte de tout un contexte de géopolitique spécifique au début du  : après l'incident diplomatique de Fachoda, au Soudan, entre la France et le Royaume-Uni, la Grande-Bretagne effectue un revirement très sensible de politique étrangère à partir de 1901, et avec l'accession au trône du très francophile Édouard VII.

Le Royaume-Uni lança donc une politique surprenante de rapprochement avec la France, pour répondre à la montée en puissance de l'empire allemand, et trouver un allié solide lors de la conclusion de l'Entente cordiale en 1904.

Pour concrétiser cette entente, régler les problèmes coloniaux entre les deux puissances constituait l'une des priorités pour les nouveaux alliés. La France proposait d'échanger les établissements français dans l'Inde contre la Gambie, enclavée dans la colonie du Sénégal. Mais cette dernière était devenue protectorat britannique en 1894. Le deuxième choix, définitif, se porta alors sur les îles des Nouvelles-Hébrides, au Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Pour symboliser et concrétiser l'entente entre les deux états, les Britanniques proposèrent à la France de faire de la colonie un condominium entre les deux États, et les Britanniques demandèrent à la France de conserver les 5 comptoirs de l'Inde. La proposition fut saluée avec enthousiasme par la majorité des parlementaires des deux pays.

En 1906, la France et le Royaume-Uni s'entendent pour administrer l'archipel conjointement. Son statut fait l'objet de nombreuses publications de coloniaux, d'hommes politiques, de diplomates et de juristes (Nicolas Politis en particulier).

Le protocole du  n'utilise toujours pas le terme « condominium » mais évoque à l'article 4 des « services communs ». Pendant la guerre de 1914-1918, il n'y eut aucun envoi de volontaires indigènes car juridiquement, la question de sa dévolution a constitué un problème de droit international : l'archipel était démilitarisé, deux systèmes légaux cohabitant dans un cadre pacifiste entre les deux nations britannique et française.

Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, de juin 1940 à octobre 1945, l'archipel passe directement sous administration britannique, tout en maintenant fictifs et symboliques les droits français sur le condominium. Des soldats américains occupent également l'archipel de 1942 à 1947, afin d'éviter une invasion japonaise.

Les Nouvelles-Hébrides deviennent indépendantes le  en prenant alors le nom de Vanuatu, dérivé du mot Vanua (« terre » ou « pays »).

Administration

Statut
L'histoire de la formation de la colonie a conduit à un condominium particulier. En effet, si une communauté internationale partielle condominante peut posséder des organes immédiats (compétence directe) et médiats (compétences dédoublées entre les États), dans le cas des Nouvelles-Hébrides la France et le Royaume-Uni exercent des compétences qu'elles n'ont pas abandonnées à la communauté partielle condominante : « chaque puissance demeure (...) souveraine à l'égard de ses nationaux et des sociétés légalement constituées conformément à sa loi ». Malgré cette « altération de la pureté théorique du condominium », les Nouvelles-Hébrides sont bien le « dernier exemple du régime condominial s'appliquant à un territoire et à une population d'importance notable ».

Ce condominium, n'étant pas une personnalité juridique, ne peut élaborer de traité ni en signer. Il n'est cependant concerné par les conventions multilatérales que la France et le Royaume-Uni ont signées que dans la mesure où les deux puissances condominantes y sont convenues de l'application.

Haut-commissaire de la République française (1907-1980)

Commissaire-résident de la République française (1901-1980)

Administration postale

Les timbres postaux des Nouvelles-Hébrides illustrent l'histoire du condominium.

En 1908, le condominium utilise des timbres de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, alors colonie française, et des Fidji, alors colonie britannique, surchargés « Nouvelles-Hébrides Condominium » ou « New Hebrides Condominium ».

Par la suite et jusqu'en 1980, les timbres utilisés portent le plus souvent la mention « Condominium des Nouvelles-Hébrides » ou « New Hebrides Condominium » et les armes du souverain britannique (George VI puis Élisabeth II) et celles de la République française (lettres « RF » et faisceau d'armes).

Administration monétaire
Après avoir utilisé le franc français et la livre sterling de 1938 à 1977, les Nouvelles-Hébrides ont eu le franc or pour monnaie. En 1966 est créé le franc des Nouvelles-Hébrides frappé par la Monnaie de Paris. Il s'agissait des pièces de 1 F, 2 F, 5 F, 10 F, 20 F, 50 F et 100 F, de 1966 (seule année du 100 F) à 1979. Des pièces de 1, 2, 5, 10 et 20 francs ont même été frappées en 1982 (donc après l'indépendance), avec la mention « République Française » car le Royal Mint britannique choisi pour frapper la nouvelle monnaie, le vatu (pièces de 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 et 100 vatu), n'a pu livrer cette dernière qu'en 1983 (hormis le 50 vatu de 1981).

Le franc des Nouvelles-Hébrides était très peu utilisé, largement devancé par la livre australienne, et dans une moindre mesure, par la livre sterling britannique.

Notes et références
 Note

 Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Catalogue Yvert et Tellier, t. 2, première partie, Colonies françaises et territoires d'outre-mer, éd. Yvert et Tellier, 1997.
 Hubert Benoist, Le Condominium des Nouvelles-Hébrides et la société mélanésienne, Éditions A. Pedone, 1972. Thèse pour le doctorat en droit présentée le 2 février 1970 à la Faculté de droit et des sciences économiques de l'Université de Paris.

Articles connexes
 Condominium
 Entente cordiale
 Empire colonial français
 Empire colonial britannique

Liens externes
 Histoire du Vanuatu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Penticton man banned from convenience store for punching clerk
Penticton man was sentenced on charges of assault and theft under $5,000
Kristi Patton
A Penticton man is now banned from a downtown convenience store after punching a clerk in the nose.
Crown counsel said Harley Jack, 33, was under a "drug psychosis" when he entered the 24-Seven convenience store on Main Street on Jan. 28 around 8:30 a.m.
The court heard Jack had picked up several sandwiches, and according to an independent witness, said "if anyone asks if I am going to pay for these I am punching them in the head."
READ MORE: Arrested for allegedly punching out store clerk
The store clerk took chase after Jack when he exited the building and allegedly tackled him. Jack then turned abruptly and punched him the nose. While it was at first believed the clerk suffered a broken nose, further examination at the hospital revealed it was a soft tissue injury and swelling. Jack said that the action he took was not something he would normally do and that he was hungry.
"It was a really bad judgment call on my part, I admit that," he said.
Jack, who has already spent 80 days in jail, was sentenced to time served and two years of probation on charges of assault and theft under $5,000 — which had initially been a robbery charge. He is not allowed to contact the clerk or go to 24-Seven. He must also abide by a Rogers order, requiring him to take treatment or counselling as prescribed by a doctor, and to abstain from consuming alcohol or drugs not prescribed to him.
Judge Gregory Koturbash took into account that Jack was "raised in a toxic environment" and, even though he has a lengthy criminal record, has stayed out of the court system since 2013.
To report a typo, email: editor@pentictonwesternnews.com.
@PentictonNews
newstips@pentictonwesternnews.com
WATCH: Okanagan creator transforms into Megatron
After 2 years of waiting, Americans will see Mueller report