text:
\section{Preliminaries}\label{sec:preli}
In order to fix notation we start reviewing some well known definitions and results in differential geometry.  We then review the basic aspects about Morse theory on path spaces and about totally convex subsets in Riemannian manifolds needed in Section 2.  Good references for this material include Milnor's \textit{Morse Theory} \cite{Mi} and Cheeger and Ebin's \textit{Comparison Theorems in Riemannian Geometry} \cite{ChEb}.

\subsection{Basic definitions and notation}
Let $M$ be a closed manifold with a Riemannian metric $\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle$ and induced norm $\Vert\cdot\Vert$. The length and energy of a piecewise smooth curve $\gamma:[0,T]\to M$ are given by
\begin{equation} \begin{array}{l}
\displaystyle L_M(\gamma)=\int\Vert\dot\gamma(t)\Vert dt \\
\displaystyle E_M(\gamma)=\int\Vert\dot\gamma(t)\Vert^2dt.
\end{array}
\end{equation}
The Cauchy-Schwartz inequality implies that $L(\gamma)^2\leq T\cdot E(\gamma)$ with equality if and only if $\gamma$ has constant speed $\Vert\dot\gamma\Vert$. A curve with constant speed $1$ is said to be parametrized by arc-length. The distance $d_M(x,z)$ between two points in $M$ is the infimum of the lengths of curves joining them and the diameter $\diam(M)$ is the maximal distance between points in $M$. A parametrized curve $\gamma:(0,T)\to M$ is a geodesic if it is locally distance minimizing. Equivalently, $\gamma$ fulfills the geodesic differential equation; hence, geodesics are smooth. We will often say that the image of a geodesic is a geodesic as well. Geodesics will usually be denoted by Greek letters $\gamma,\eta, \tau \dots$. A variation of geodesics is a smooth map $(s,t)\to\gamma_s(t)$ where $\gamma_s$ is a geodesic for all $s$. The vectorfield $\frac\partial{\partial s}\gamma_s(t)$ along the curve $\gamma_0$ is said to be a Jacobi field. A vector field along a geodesic is a Jacobi field if and only if it satisfies the so called Jacobi equation, a second order ordinary differential equation. In particular, the space of Jacobi fields along a geodesic is a finite dimensional vector space and every Jacobi field $J$ is determined by its initial value and derivative. Two points $x$ and $y$ in $M$ are conjugate along a geodesic arc $\gamma$ joining them if there is a nonzero Jacobi field along $\gamma$ vanishing at $x$ and $y$.

By the Hopf-Rinow theorem, any two points in $M$ are joined by a geodesic segment whose length realizes the distance between them. Moreover, for every point $p\in M$ and for every direction $v\in T_pM$ there is a geodesic $t\mapsto\exp_p(tv)$ starting at $p$ with direction $v$. Thus we obtain the so called exponential map
$$\exp_p:T_pM\to M$$
The exponential map is a local diffeomorphism in some small neighborhood of $0\in T_pM$. The injectivity radius $\inj_p(M)$ is the maximum of those $r>0$ such that exponential map is injective on the ball $B(0,r)=\{v\in T_pM\vert\ \Vert v\Vert<r\}$. The map $p\mapsto\inj_p(M)$ is continuous and hence attains a minimum, the injectivity radius $\inj(M)$ of the manifold.
\vspace{0.2cm}

For the sake of concreteness we will always assume that the manifolds in question have injectivity radius $\inj(M)\ge 2$ and will simply denote the length and energy functions by $L$ and $E$ instead of $L_M$ and $E_M$.

\subsection{The space of broken geodesics}
Given $k\in\mathbb N}			\newcommand{\BQ}{\mathbb Q$ let $\CL_k$ be the set of piecewise geodesic curves consisting of at most $k$ edges of at most length $1$. To be more precise, elements $\gamma\in\CL_k$ are continuous curves
$$\gamma:[0,k]\to M$$
such that for all $i=0,1,\dots,k-1$ the curve $\gamma\vert_{[i,i+1]}$ is a geodesic segment with length at most $1$. When we endow $\CL_k$ with the compact open topology, the valuation map
$$\CL_k\to M^{k+1},\ \ \gamma\mapsto(\gamma(0),\dots,\gamma(k+1))$$
is continuous. Moreover, the assumption that $\inj(M)\ge 2$ implies that this map is injective and hence a homeomorphism onto its image. The interior $\CL_k^\circ$ of $\CL_k$, as a subset of $M^{k+1}$, is the set of those elements $\gamma$ consisting of geodesic arcs of length stictly less than $1$. The tangent space $T_\gamma\CL_k^\circ$ at $\gamma\in\CL_k^\circ$ is naturally identified with the space of the continuous vectorfields $J$ along $\gamma$ such that $J\vert_{[i,i+1]}$ is Jacobi for all $i=0,1,\dots,k-1$. Observe that this identification of $T_\gamma\CL_k^\circ$ is consistent with the identification of $\CL_k^0$ with an open subset of $M^{k+1}$. In particular, the later point of view induces a Riemannian metric $\langle\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle\rangle$ on $\CL_k^\circ$.

Given two points $p,q\in M$ set
$$\CL_k(p,q)=\{\gamma\in\CL_k(p,q)\vert\gamma(0)=p,\gamma(k)=q\}$$
Obviously $\CL_k(p,q)$ is a closed subset of $\CL_k$ homeomorphic to a closed subset of $M^{k-1}$. Moreover, from the description above we obtain that the interior $\CL_k(p,q)^\circ$ of $\CL_k(p,q)$ as a subset of $M^{k-1}$ coincides with the intersection of $\CL_k(p,q)\cap\CL_k^\circ$. In particular, the tangent space $T_\gamma\CL_k(p,q)^\circ$ of $\CL_k(p,q)^\circ$ at some curve $\gamma$ is given by the space of continuous vectorfields $J$ along $\gamma$ which vanish at $0$ and $k$ and such that $J\vert_{[i,i+1]}$ is Jacobi for all $i=0,1,\dots,k-1$.  The energy function $E(\cdot)$ is smooth in $\CL_k^\circ$ and the first variation formula asserts that the derivative of $E\vert_{\CL_k(p,q)^\circ}$ at some point $\gamma$ is given by:
\begin{equation}\label{first-variation}
d(E\vert_{\CL_k(p,q)^\circ})_\gamma(\cdot)=2 \sum_{i=1}^{k-1}\langle -\Delta\gamma(i),\cdot\rangle
\end{equation}
where $\Delta\gamma(t)=\partial^+\gamma(t)-\partial^-\gamma(t)$ and $\partial^+\gamma(t)$ and $\partial^-\gamma(t)$ are the right and left derivatives at $t$. Let $\CX$ be the negative gradient of $E\vert_{\CL_k(p,q)^\circ}$, i.e.
$$d(E\vert_{\CL_k(\gamma(0),\gamma(k))^\circ})_\gamma(\cdot)=-\langle\langle\CX_\gamma,\cdot\rangle\rangle$$
and let $\phi$ be the associated negative gradient flow
\begin{equation}\label{flow}
\phi'(t)=\CX_{\phi(t)},\ \ \phi(0)=\gamma
\end{equation}
Observe that since the vector-field $\Delta\gamma(t)$ is smooth not only on $\CL_k(p,q)^\circ$ but on the the whole space $\CL_k^\circ$, the vector field $\CX$ and the flow $(\phi_t)$ are also smooth when considered on the whole of $\CL_k^\circ$.

In general, gradient lines aren't defined for all $t\in\mathbb R}			\newcommand{\BD}{\mathbb D$ but just for some open sub-interval. However we claim that the flow $\phi$ is defined for all non-negative $t$. In fact, consider the function
$$\lambda:\CL_k(p,q)\to[0,1],\ \ \lambda(\gamma)=\hbox{length of the longest segment in}\ \gamma$$
It is easy to check that
$$\lim_{t\to 0,\ t>0}\frac{\lambda(\phi_{\gamma}(t))-\lambda(\gamma)}t\le 0.$$
This implies that $\lambda$ is non-increasing and hence that flow lines never come close to the boundary in positive times since $\CL_k(p,q)^\circ=\{\lambda<1\}$. Thus, we have:

\begin{lem}[$\CL_k^\circ$ is a cage]\label{lem:Morse}
There is a semi-flow
$$\phi:\CL_k^\circ\times[0,\infty)\to\CL_k^\circ,$$ $$(\gamma,t)\mapsto \phi_{\gamma}(t)$$
such that $\phi_\gamma(0)=\gamma$ and $\frac d{dt}\phi_\gamma(t)=\CX_{\phi_\gamma(t)}$ for all $\gamma$ and $t$. Moreover, the semi-flow preserves $\CL_k(p,q)^\circ$ for all $p,q\in M$.\qed
\end{lem}

We now consider the restriction of the energy function $E$ to $\CL_k(p,q)^\circ$ for some pair of points $p,q\in M$. In order to relax notation we write $E$ instead of $E\vert_{\CL_k(p,q)^\circ}$.  It follows directly from the first variation formula \eqref{first-variation} that the critical points of $E$ are precisely the geodesics of length less than $k$ joining $p$ and $q$.

\begin{lem}[Third geodesic]\label{third-geodesic}
Assume that $\gamma_0,\gamma_1 \in \CL_k(p,q)$ are minimizing geodesics joined by a continuous curve $\gamma:[0,1] \to \CL_k(p,q)$, $s \mapsto \gamma_s$. Then there is a third geodesic $\alpha\in\CL_k(p,q)$ joining $p$ to $q$ with $E(\alpha) \leq\max_{s\in[0,1]}E(\gamma_s)$.
\end{lem}

\begin{proof}
Let $c=E(\gamma_0)=E(\gamma_1)$, $C=\max_{s\in[0,1]}E(\gamma_s)$, and assume that $\gamma_0,\gamma_1\in\CL_k(p,q)$ are the only geodesic segments joining $p$ and $q$ with energy not more than $C$.  Then for each $s\in (0,1),$ $c<E(\gamma_s)\leq C$ and by Lemma \ref{lem:Morse} and the paragraph following that lemma, $\phi_{\gamma_s}(t)$ converges to either $\gamma_0$ or $\gamma_1$ as $t \rightarrow \infty$.  Choose $t_0>0$ so that for all $s\in [0,1]$, $d(\phi_{\gamma_s}(t_0),\{\gamma_0,\gamma_1\})<d(\gamma_0,\gamma_1)/3:=d_0$.  The assumption that both $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ are minimizing implies that for $s>0$ sufficiently close to zero (resp. close to 1), $d(\phi_{\gamma_s}(t_0),\gamma_0)<d_0$ (resp. $d(\phi_{\gamma_s}(t_0),\gamma_1)<d_0$.)  Finally, for $i=0,1$, define $S_i \subset [0,1]$ by $S_i=\{s\in (0,1)\,\vert\, d(\phi_{\gamma_s}(t_0),\gamma_i)<d_0$ \}.  Then $(0,1)$ is the disjoint union of the two nonempty open sets $S_0$ and $S_1$, a contradiction.
\end{proof}

\subsection{Totally Convex Subsets}

\begin{defi*}
A set $C$ in a complete Riemannian manifold $M$ is called totally convex if whenever $p,q \in C$ and $\eta$ is a geodesic segment from $p$ to $q$, then $\eta \subset C$.
\end{defi*}

A closed totally convex set $C\subset M$ has the structure of an embedded topological submanifold with smooth interior and possibly nonempty and nonsmooth boundary (see e.g. \cite[Chapter 8]{ChEb}).  The next result is Theorem 8.14 in \cite{ChEb}.

\begin{sat}\label{totconvex}
Let $C$ be a compact boundaryless totally convex set $C$ in $M$.  Then the inclusion $C \subset M$ is a homotopy equivalence.
\end{sat}

The idea behind the proof is to apply the negative gradient flow of the energy functional on the space $\mathcal{L}_C$ consisting of curves in $M$ with endpoints in $C$. As $C$ is totally convex, the only critical points are the constant curves into $C$.  It follows that $C\subset \mathcal{L}_C$ is a deformation retract, proving that the relative homotopy groups $\pi_i(M,C)$ vanish.  The next corollary is an easy consequence of Theorem \ref{totconvex}.

\begin{kor}\label{chord}
Assume that $\gamma \subset M$ is a closed geodesic in a closed Riemannian manifold $M$ of dimension at least two.  Then there exists a geodesic segment $\eta : [0,1] \rightarrow M$ with endpoints in $\gamma$ but not completely contained in $\gamma$.
\end{kor}

\begin{proof}
If not, then $\gamma \subset M$ is a totally convex subset and hence by Theorem \ref{totconvex}, $M$ is homotopy equivalent to $\gamma$.  This is a contradiction since the fundamental class $[M] \in H_{\dim(M)}(M,\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})$ is a nonzero element.
\end{proof}

\section{Main Theorems}\label{sec:light}
In this section we prove Theorems \ref{thm:sphere} and \ref{thm:surfaces}. The bulk of the work lies in proving the following technical result.

\begin{prop}\label{blocking-blaschke}
Suppose that $M$ is a closed Riemannian manifold with cross blocking. If $M$ is not a Blaschke manifold, then there is simple closed geodesic $\gamma \subset M$ of length $2\inj(M)$.
\end{prop}
\begin{proof}
We assume that $M$ has been scaled so that $\inj(M)=2$. Choose $p \in M$ with $\inj_p(M)=\inj(M)$ and let $\cut(p)\subset T_pM$ be its cut-locus. Choose $\theta \in \cut(p)$ with $||\theta||=2$ realizing the injectivity radius. For $r>0$ and $v\in T_p M$ denote by $B(v,r) \subset T_p(M)$, the open ball with radius $r$ and center $v$. We first argue that there is an open neighborhood $U\subset T_p M$ of $\theta$ for which the restriction of $\exp_p:T_p M\to M$ to  $U \cap \cut(p)$ is one-to-one.

Indeed, if this were not the case, then the restriction of $\exp_p$ to $B(\theta,r) \cap \cut(p)$ is not one-to-one for each $r>0$.  Fix a positive $\epsilon'$ smaller than $\frac{1}{2}$.  By continuity of the exponential map and the distance function in $M$, there is a sufficiently small $r_0>0$ so that for all $\theta_0,\theta_1 \in B(\theta,r_0)$ we have that
$$d_M(\exp_p(\frac{\theta_0}{2}), \exp_p(\frac{\theta_1}{2}))<\frac{\epsilon'}{2}$$
Let $\epsilon<\min\{\epsilon',r_0, \diam(M)-2\}$ and choose $\theta_0,\theta_1 \in B(\theta,\epsilon)\cap \cut(p)$ with $\exp_p(\theta_0)=\exp_p(\theta_1):=q$.  Define $\gamma_i:[0,4] \to M$ by $\gamma_i(t):=\exp_p(t\frac{\theta_i}{4})$ for $i=0,1$.  Note that both $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ are minimizing geodesics between $p$ and $q$ with $L(\gamma_i)\leq 2+\epsilon$ for $i=0,1$. We consider the curve
$$\sigma_p:[0,1] \to T_pM,\ \ \sigma_p(s)=(1-s)\frac{\theta_0}{2}+s\frac{\theta_1}{2}$$
in the tangent space to $M$ at $p$ and its image under the exponential map
$$\sigma:[0,1] \to M,\ \ \sigma(s)=\exp_p(\sigma_p(s)).$$
For each $s\in [0,1]$, we have that
$$d_M(q,\sigma(s))\leq d_M(q,\sigma(0))+d_M(\sigma(0),\sigma(s)) \leq \frac{2+\epsilon}{2}+\frac{\epsilon'}{2} < 1+\epsilon'<2.$$
Therefore, there is a unique curve $\sigma_q:[0,1]\to B(0,2)\subset T_qM$ with $\exp_q(\sigma_q(s))=\sigma(s)$. For $s\in[0,1],$ define the one paramater family of curves $s \mapsto \gamma_s$ by
$$\gamma_{s}(t) = \left\{ \begin{array}{rl}
         \exp_p(t\frac{\sigma_p(s)}{2}), & \mbox{ for } t \in [0,2]\\
       \exp_q((4-t)\frac{\sigma_q(s)}{2}), & \mbox{ for } t \in[2,4].\end{array} \right . $$

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5,angle=270]{blaschke-fig3.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{The variation $\gamma_s$ interpolating by not much longer curves between the geodesics $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$.}
\end{figure}

It is easy to check that $L(\gamma_s\vert_{[i,i+1]}) <1$ for all $s\in[0,1]$ and $i=0,\dots,3$ so that this family defines a continuous curve $\gamma:[0,1] \to \CL_4(p,q)^\circ$, $s \mapsto \gamma_s$, connecting $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$.  One also checks easily that for each $s\in[0,1]$, the curve $\gamma_s$ has at most energy $(1+ \epsilon')^2$ so that by Lemma \ref{third-geodesic}, there is a third geodesic $\alpha\in \CL_4(p,q)^\circ$ joining $p$ to $q$ with $E(\alpha) \leq (1+ \epsilon')^2$.  It follows that $L(\alpha) \leq 2+ 2\epsilon' < 3$.  Note that since each of $\alpha, \gamma_0$, and $\gamma_1$ have length strictly less than 4, no two can intersect in their interiors without contradicting $\inj(M)=2$.  Hence, $b_M(p,q) \geq 3$, a contradiction to cross blocking since $d_M(p,q)\leq 2+\epsilon < \diam(M)$.

We have proved that there is some open neighborhood $U\subset T_p M$ of $\theta$ such that the restriction of $\exp_p$ to $U \cap \cut(p)$ is one-to-one. From now on, let $U$ be such a neighborhood.

We argue next that there are at least two distinct unit speed minimizing geodesics
$\gamma_0 ,\gamma_1:[0,2] \rightarrow M$ joining $p$ and $q:=\exp_p(\theta)$ (and hence exactly two by the cross blocking condition). Define
\begin{align*}
&r_p:\partial \overline{B}(0,1) \to (0,\diam(M)]\\
&r_p(v)=\sup\{t\in(0,\diam(M)]\vert d_M(p,\exp_p(tv))=t\}
\end{align*}
It is well-known that the function $r_p$ is continuous. Hence, the function
$$i_p:\overline{B}(0,1)\setminus\{0\}\to T_p M,\ \ \ i_p(x)=r_p(\frac{x}{||x||})x$$
is continuous as well. Therefore, $i_p^{-1}(U)$ is an open subest of $\frac{\theta}{2}$ in $\overline{B}(0,1)$.  Choose $\delta>0$ sufficiently small so that the set $V_{\delta}:=\overline{B}(\frac{\theta}{2},\delta) \cap \overline{B}(0,1)$ is contained in $i_p^{-1}(U_{\theta})$.  Note that $V_{\delta}$ is homeomorphic to a basic closed set of $0$ in the upperhalf space $\mathbb{R}^n_{x_n \geq 0}$ and that the map $\exp_p\circ i_p$ is continuous and one-to-one on $V_{\delta}$.  Hence, $\exp_p(i_p(V_\delta))$ does not cover an entire neighborhood of $q$ so that we find a sequence of points $q_i \in M-\exp_p(i_p(V_{\delta}))$ converging to $q$.  For each, $i$, let
$$\eta_i:[0,2] \to M$$
be a minimizing geodesic joining $p$ to $q_i$ and define $\gamma_0:[0,2] \to M$ by $\gamma_0(t)=\exp_p(t \frac{\theta}{2})$.  Up to passing to a subsequence the minimizing geodesics $\eta_i$ converge to a second unit speed geodesic $\gamma_1:[0,2] \to M$ joining $p$ to $q$.

Next we argue that $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ together form a closed geodesic. If not, then either $\dot{\gamma_0}(0) \neq  -\dot{\gamma_1}(0)$ or $\dot{\gamma_0}(2) \neq  -\dot{\gamma_1}(2)$.  We assume the latter, the former case being handled symmetrically.  Fix a positive $\epsilon<1$ and choose $v \in T^1_q M$ making obtuse angle with both $\dot{\gamma_0}(2)$ and $\dot{\gamma_1}(2)$. Note that for all sufficiently small $s$, the distance between the points $\gamma_i(2-\epsilon)$ and $sigma(s)=\exp_q(sv)$ is less than one and in particular they are connected by a unique minimizing geodesic segment $\sigma^i_s:[0,1] \to M$. By the first variation formula the energy $E(\sigma^i_s)$ is strictly decreasing for sufficiently small $s$. Fix $s_0<\epsilon$ positive and small enough such that $E(\sigma^i_{s_0})<E(\sigma^i_0)=\epsilon^2$.

For $i=0,1$ define broken geodesics $\alpha_i:[0,3] \to M$ by
$$ \alpha_i(t) = \left\{ \begin{array}{rl}
         \gamma_i(\frac{2-\epsilon}{2}t), & \mbox{ for } t \in [0,2]\\
       \sigma^i_{s_0}(t-2) & \mbox{ for } t \in[2,3]\end{array} \right. $$
The curves $\alpha_0,\alpha_1$ belong to $\CL_3(p,\exp_q(s_{0}v))^\circ$ and have at most energy
$$E(\alpha_i)\le \frac{(2-\epsilon)^2 +2\epsilon^2}{2}<2.$$
Since $d_M(p,\exp_q(s_{0}v))<2$ is less than the injectivity radius, the points $p$ and $\exp_p(s_{0}v)$ are connected by a unique geodesic segment $\alpha$ shorter than $2$. The uniqueness of $\alpha$ implies that the flow lines $\tau\mapsto\phi_{\alpha_i}(\tau)$ of the flow provided by Lemma \ref{lem:Morse} and starting in $\alpha_0$ and $\alpha_1$ respectively converge to $\alpha$ with $\tau\to\infty$.  We conclude that $\alpha_0$ and $\alpha_1$ are homotopic through piecewise geodesics with three segments having energy not more than $\frac{(2-\epsilon)^2 +2\epsilon^2}{2}.$ See figure 4.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5,angle=270]{blaschke-fig4.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{Flowing $\alpha_0$ and $\alpha_1$ to the geodesic $\alpha$.}
\end{figure}

Similarly, the once broken geodesics joining $\gamma_i(2-\epsilon)$ to $q$ defined by concatenating $\sigma^{i}_{s_0}$ with $\sigma\vert_{[0,s_0]}$ traversed in the opposite direction are homotopic to $\gamma_i\vert_{[2-\epsilon,2]}$ through once broken geodesics of total energy not more than $2\epsilon^2$.  Combining these homotopies with those between $\alpha_0$ and $\alpha_1$ yields a continuous curve $\gamma:[0,1] \to \CL_4(p,q)^\circ$, $s \mapsto \gamma_s$, joining $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ with $\max_{s\in[0,1]} E(\gamma_s) \leq \frac{(2-\epsilon)^2+4\epsilon^2}{2}.$  By Lemma \ref{third-geodesic}, there is a third geodesic $\beta:[0,4]\to M$ joining $p$ to $q$ with $E(\beta)<\frac{(2-\epsilon)^2+4\epsilon^2}{2}$.  One easily checks that $L(\beta) <4$. Therefore, $\beta$ cannot intersect $\gamma_0$ or $\gamma_1$ in their interiors without contradicting $\inj(M)=2$.  Hence $b_M(p,q) \geq 3$, contradicting cross blocking since $d(p,q)=2<\diam(M)$.

We obtain that $\dot{\gamma_0}(0)= -\dot{\gamma_1}(0)$ and $\dot{\gamma_0}(2)= -\dot{\gamma_1}(2)$, completing the proof of Proposition \ref{blocking-blaschke}.
\end{proof}

Next, we prove Theorems \ref{thm:sphere} and \ref{thm:surfaces}.
\begin{named}{Theorem \ref{thm:sphere}}
A closed Riemannian manifold $M$ has cross and sphere blocking if and only if $M$ is isometric to a round sphere.
\end{named}

\begin{proof}
We first scale the metric on $M$ so that $\inj(M)=2$.  To begin with we claim that $M$ is a Blaschke manifold. Otherwise there is simple closed geodesic $\gamma \subset M$ with
\begin{equation}\label{eq:inj-diam}
L(\gamma)=2\inj(M)<2\diam(M)
\end{equation}
by Proposition \ref{blocking-blaschke}. By Corollary \ref{chord}, there is a geodesic segment $\eta:[0,1] \to M$ with end-points in $\gamma$ not entirely contained in $\gamma$. Up to replacing $\eta$ by a subsegment whose end-points are again in $\gamma$ we can assume that the interior of $\eta$ is disjoint from $\gamma$. Let $x$ and $y$ be the end-points of $\eta$. If $x=y$ then $\gamma$ and $\eta$ are two light rays from $x$ to itself with disjoint interior. Hence one needs at least two points to block $x$ from itself contradicting the assumption that $M$ has sphere blocking. Assume now that $x\neq y$. Then $\eta$ and the two subsegments of $\gamma$ connecting $x$ and $y$ are three light rays with disjoint interior. This implies that $x$ and $y$ have at least blocking number $b_M(x,y)\ge 3$. Since $M$ is assumed to have cross blocking we obtain that $x$ and $y$ are at distance $\diam(M)$ and hence $\gamma$ has at least length $2\diam(M)$ contradicting \eqref{eq:inj-diam}.

We have proved that $M$ is Blaschke. As mentioned in the introduction, Theorem \ref{thm:sphere} follows now from \cite[Corollary 3.7]{LaSc} where it was shown that Blaschke manifolds with sphere blocking are isometric to round spheres.
\end{proof}

\begin{named}{Theorem \ref{thm:surfaces}}
A closed Riemannian surface $M$ has cross blocking if and only if $M$ is isometric to a constant curvature sphere or projective plane.
\end{named}

\begin{proof}
Assume that $M$ is a closed Riemannian surface with cross blocking that does not have constant positive curvature.  By \cite{Be}, $M$ is not Blaschke.  By Proposition \ref{blocking-blaschke}, there is a simple closed geodesic $\gamma \subset M$ of length $2\inj(M)<2\diam(M).$

We first claim that $\gamma$ must generate $\pi_1(M)$.  To see this, fix $p \in  \gamma$ and an essential map $f:([0,1],\{0,1\})\rightarrow (M,p)$ representing an element in $\pi_1(M,p)$ not in the subgroup generated by $\gamma$.  Let $\epsilon>0$ be small, choose a point $q\in \gamma\cap B(p,\epsilon)$ different from $p$, and let $\gamma'$ denote the subsegment of $\gamma$ joining $p$ to $q$ of length less than $\epsilon$.  Concatenating $f$ with $\gamma'$ yields a map $f':[0,1]\rightarrow M$ with $f(0)=p$, $f(1)=q$, and with the property that any other curve joining $p$ to $q$ homotopic to $f'$ relative to the endpoints must have energy strictly greater than $\epsilon$.  A curve $\tau$ minimizing energy in this homotopy class is a geodesic segment joining $p$ to $q$ with image not entirely contained in $\gamma$.  Up to passing to a subsegment of $\tau$ with distinct endpoints $p'$ and $q'$, we may assume that the interior of $\tau$ never intersects $\gamma$ .  But then $\tau$, and the two subsegments of $\gamma$ joining $p'$ to $q'$ are three light rays with distinct interiors.  As $M$ is assumed to be cross blocked, $d(p',q')=\diam(M)$, a contadiction, completing the proof that $\gamma$ generates $\pi_1M$.  In particular $M$ is diffeomorphic to either $S^2$ or $\mathbb{R}\mathbb{P}^2$.

Next, assume that $M$ is diffeomorphic to $S^2$.  Then $\gamma$ bounds a Riemannian 2-disc $\mathbb{D}\subset S^2$.  By \cite{HaSc}, there is a geodesic segment $\tau:[0,1] \rightarrow \mathbb{D}$ making right angles at both ends with $\gamma$.  In particular, the endpoints of $\tau$ are distinct.  Hence, $\tau$ and the two subsegments of $\gamma$ joining $\tau(0)$ to $\tau(1)$ are three light rays between these points with distinct interiors.  Again, as $M$ is cross blocked, the distance between these endpoints is $\diam(M)$, a contradiction.

Thus, $M$ is diffeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}\mathbb{P}^2$.  Lift $\gamma$ to a closed geodesic $\tilde{\gamma} \subset S^2$.  Let $A:S^2 \rightarrow S^2$ be the order two covering transformation corresponding to $\gamma$ and for $p \in \tilde{\gamma}$, let $p'=A(p)$.  We shall say that such a pair of points $p,p' \in \gamma$ are an antipodal pair.  Note that the same reasoning as in the above two paragraphs shows that any geodesic segment $\tau:[0,1]\rightarrow S^2$ with endpoints in $\tilde{\gamma}$ and interior disjoint from $\tilde{\gamma}$ satisfies $\tau(0)=\tau(1)$ or $\tau(1)=\tau(0)'$.  It follows easily that $\tilde{\gamma}$ has no transversal self-intersections and that each pair of subsegments of $\tilde{\gamma}$ joining antipodal pairs are minimizing.  Fix a hemisphere $\Sigma$ bounded by $\tilde{\gamma}$.  We will next prove that $\Sigma$ is isometric to a constant curvature hemisphere, contradicting the assumption that $M$ does not have constant curvature, and completing the proof of the theorem.

For $p \in \tilde{\gamma}$, let $T_p^+(\tilde{\gamma})\subset T_p S^2$ denote the set of unit tangent vectors based at $p$ either tangent to $\tilde{\gamma}$ or pointing into the hemisphere $\Sigma$.

By \cite{HaSc}, there is a constant speed paramaterized geodesic segment $\tau:[0,1] \rightarrow \Sigma$ making right angles with $\tilde{\gamma}$ at both endpoints.  Let $p=\tau(0)$ and $L=\length{\tau}$.  Then by the above remarks, $\tau(1)=p'$.   Note that $p'$ is conjugate to $p$ along $\tau$ for otherwise there are geodesic segments arbitrarily close to $\tau$ joining $p$ to a point $p'' \in  \tilde{\gamma}$ distinct from but arbitrarily close to $p'$.  Let $\Conj(p)\subset T_p S^2$ denote the tangential conjugate locus to $p$ and $C$ the component containing $\dot{\tau}(0)$.  By work of Warner in \cite{Wa}, $C$ is a smooth $1$-submanifold of $T_pS^2$ transverse to the radial directions.

Let $v:=\frac{\dot{\tau}(0)}{|| \dot{\tau}(0) ||} \in  T_p^+(\tilde{\gamma})$ and note that for all vectors $v'$ sufficiently close to $v$ in $T_p^+(\tilde{\gamma})$, the geodesic ray $\tau_{v'}(t)=\exp_p(tv')$ crosses $\tilde{\gamma}$ in a small neighborhood of $p'$ at time close to $L$.  By the above remarks, the point of intersection of each such ray must be $p'$ and the antipodal pair $p$ and $p'$ are conjugate along each such ray.  Let $U \subset T_p^+(\tilde{\gamma})$ be the largest open interval around $v$ with the property that each ray in a direction through $U$ first leaves $\Sigma$ through the point $p'$.  Note that the times the rays in directions from $U$ leave $\Sigma$ through $p'$ vary smoothly with $v' \in U$.  This follows since $p$ and $p'$ are conjugate along each such ray and since $C$ is a smooth curve.  By the first variation formula, they actually all leave at time exactly $L$.  It follows that $U$ is closed and hence that $U= T_p^+(\tilde{\gamma})$ and $L=2\inj(M)=\length{\tilde{\gamma}}/2$.

It now follows that for each $q \in \tilde{\gamma}$ sufficiently close to $p$, there is a geodesic ray entering $\Sigma$ from $q$ and leaving $\Sigma$ at a point in $\tilde{\gamma}$ close to $p'$.  By repeating the argument in the last paragraph, it follows that for $q$ sufficiently close to $p$, every geodesic entering $\Sigma$ at $q$ first exits $\Sigma$ at its antipodal point $q'$ at time exactly $L$.  Let $U'$ denote the largest open interval around $p$ in $\tilde{\gamma}$ with the property that every ray entering $\Sigma$ from a point in $U$ exists $\Sigma$ at its antipode at time $L$.  Then $U'$ is clearly closed, whence $U'=\tilde{\gamma}.$  By \cite{Ba}, $\Sigma$ is a round hemisphere, completing the proof.
\end{proof}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The new luxury vessel known as Ylang begins her journey from a pier on the small island Cat Hai near the city of Hai Phong (approx. a 1.5-hour drive from Hanoi). It is the only dedicated 2-night luxury vessel in this area.
After the successful launch of Ginger in June 2018, Heritage Line's Ylang will be the new addition in 2019 to the collection of top luxury vessels cruising the unspoiled bay of Lan Ha (Lan Ha Bay is a quiet extension of the famous Halong Bay).
A journey on Ylang offers a fantastic medley of exclusive on- and off-shore experience. This 10-Suite "Sensuous Belle" will have her maiden voyage on the August 17, 2019 sailing on a very distinctive 3-days/2-nights journey named "Senses of Lan Ha".
The itinerary of Ylang includes two overnights in the serene Lan Ha Bay.
Unique and captivating excursions from cycling to leisure hiking on Cat Ba island and an exploration of a remote Lan Ha Bay fishing village are the highlights during the stay. All activities are paired with a nicely balanced wellness leitmotif aboard the vessel including a half day for guests "at their own pace" to choose from various spa offers, yoga, swimming or kayaking.


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text:
MAYVE – Q&A
Posted by Ray Owens | Aug 1, 2019 | Interviews, Music
Long Island-based indie pop/rock band MAYVE have announced the upcoming release of their new single, "Slide," available on all digital music platforms as of July 26th. Part of a three single series, "Slide" is a follow up to their early 2019 single "Head High," which received recognition from numerous media outlets, including Alternative Press. After receiving sync placements on various MTV shows, such as The Real World, MAYVE found themselves transitioning and evolving into a groovy, sugary, mainstream indie-esque pop sound. Although "Slide" leans heavier on the electronic spectrum, the band upholds their indie and alternative roots throughout the track's production.
About "Slide", MAYVE states:
Koinophobia–the fear of living an ordinary life. "Slide" follows the tempo of a mind left to wander. One that slips into a downward spiral and denies the tangibility of our most ineffable moments.
Audible growing pains. MAYVE is an alternative pop band from New York. They're influenced by the music of the late '70s and early '80s and apply the lens of modern culture. MAYVE released 2 EPs thus far as well as a follow up single titled "Neon" and part one of a 3 single series, "Head High". MAYVE wants their voice, sound, and influence to live on the dividing line of light and dark, speaking real emotions and confusing times on top of an otherwise uplifting soundtrack. There's a long road ahead with plenty more to say. "Slide" is now available on all digital music platforms.
Nick, from MAYVE, was kind enough to talk with Frame the Stage and discuss influences, what inspired "Slide", where they got their name, and other topics.
You all are influenced by the 1970's and 1980's music, who are some of your biggest influences?
Talking Heads, Nile Rodgers, Depeche Mode
What drew you guys together? What made you decide to give this a go as a band?
The band has been through numerous variations but it always came down to me (Nick), Mike, and Joe. The three of us found a way to focus and power through whatever lies ahead. Over the years, I stuck with ones who wanted to create just as much as I did. The band is a balance just like anything else and I feel there is mutual passion and drive between the guys and me to create.
You guys have recorded songs, made videos, and played many places, what is your favorite part of the process? Least favorite?
The best part is to see a song come to life and start to take shape. I have a home studio that I enjoy spending most of my free time in. It's my go-to place to get away and to not think for a little, I can just focus on writing. I really don't have a least favorite part.
Your single, "Slide" is set to be released on 26 July, you all have mentioned before that "Slide" is about a mind left to wander and koinophobia, the fear of living a normal life. What inspired you all to write a song from this perspective? Was there a singular event or anything like that?
What sparked the whole idea for "Slide" is the bass slide we hear at the beginning of the track. To me, it was a sound that represented a struggle in balance. Lyrically, the song follows a theme of trying not to slip into dark patterns and depression. Around the time we recorded this song, I remember having similar emotions. I was putting a lot of pressure on myself to complete the demo before entering the studio and going to work. I find myself going back and listening to "Slide" the most out of the three we recorded. The whole process still feels like a blur to me. There's something mysterious to it and I'm still trying to figure out exactly what it is.
Slide is the second of three singles the first being "Head High" which was released earlier in the year, is there a conceptual idea that links all three songs together eventually? What was the idea behind these three specific songs, in this order?
The three songs center around three different stages of defining relationships we have both with ourselves and those we'd like to be intimate with. "Head High" is the troubled middle, two people with unresolved issues from their past, trying to work through the problems. "Slide" is the aftermath and questioning if you'll ever be good enough to find another again. "Crazy Smooth", which will be our next single, is the push/pull dance of emotions that happens at the start of something new.
I'm sure you've heard this a million times but, where does the name "Mayve" come from?
A family member with the name, "Maeve", I always liked the way it sounded.
Other than your amazing musical talents, are there any interesting talents that each of you have?
I'm really into photography, Mike is a talented graphic designer, and Joe is very knowledgeable with cars.
If you could go back in time and be in any band, what band would you want to be in?
I'm nowhere near having the chops to keep up but, Steely Dan
Other than music, what else are you all passionate about?
I don't know, it's really only ever been music for me. There are things I like but writing music is what I love. I mentioned before that I enjoy photography, also I'm into art but they feel more like things that just inspire me to create something of my own.
As a musician myself, we love all the music we make but, if you had one song of yours that you had to tell people to listen to because it's your personal favorite, what would that song be?
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Al Zahia: Sharjah's First Gated Community
Naila Tariq May 17, 2016 7 0
Image Source: https://www.naga.ae
According to Sharjah's Department of Statistics and Community Development, in 2013 the population of Sharjah City alone was 93,438.
It's safe to say that in the three years since, that number has grown by a lot. Which prompts the question:
Where are all these people going to stay?
Having lived in Sharjah for over a decade, I've watched the city's residential towers – and residents – grow tremendously. It still hasn't been enough. Even while rents see a decline, the demand is relatively steady with an expected influx closer to Expo 2020.
Cue Al Zahia, Sharjah's first gated community.
Al Zahia is located along University City Road, on a wide stretch of land that at the moment is really just a heap of sand with a few houses on top. The project is a collaboration between Majid Al Futtaim and Sharjah Holdings.
Construction first began last year, and according to the Sales Center, there is currently no estimated completion date. However, they recently announced on Twitter that they've begun construction on the Garden Apartments.
Once finished, Al Zahia will span about 1.5 million square meters of townhouses, villas, apartments, commercial outlets and parks for the kiddies. There's even going to be a 'City Center Al Zahia,' though people are probably going to favor the recently-announced Zero6 Mall.
The different housing options – which will accommodate over 12,000 Arabs – come in both modern and traditional design. The villas include five bedrooms plus an optional family living area, and are ideal for larger families. They also come with a garden and swimming pool. But you don't have to take my word for it; take the virtual tour.
If five bedrooms are a bit much, the townhouses come with three bedrooms (also with an optional family living area). Once again, tour away.
For smaller families or younger working residents, Al Zahia will have low-rise apartment buildings with studios, one, and two bedroom flats.
The commercial villas are perfect for small business looking to make a big impact. However, food and drink outlets, industrial warehouses or launderettes and other miscellaneous businesses will not be allowed, so it's best to check with the Sales Center before making any concrete business plans.
All sounds awesome, right? Of course – while they haven't been determined yet – the prices will probably be high.
Still, the gated community will attract working millennials and new families alike to a prime location. It's close to the Sharjah International Airport and the Free Zone, and just five minutes' drive away lies the multicultural University City, home to thousands of students who will soon be graduating and looking for a place of their own.
The development and its strategic location reminds me of Dubai's Academic City and the adjacent Silicon Oasis. Though both are free zones, they also quickly became vibrant communities in their own right.
And then there are other areas like the Greens and Al Badia. Dubai now has a number of cosmopolitan communities around the city, and I'm curious to see if Sharjah plans to head in the same direction.
Are there more plans for the area? What will it look like in a few years, and who will be living there? I, for one, am excited to find out.
Tags community development housing Sharjah
Naila Tariq
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Following on from Ryan Lochte admitting that he and his teammates lied about being held at gunpoint during Rio 2016, the American Olympic swimmer has been dropped by Speedo. A representative for the brand has said: "we cannot condone behaviour that is counter to the values this brand has long stood for." Further to this, Speedo has announced that it will donate a $50,000 portion of Lochte's sponsorship fee to charity Save The Children's Brazilian operation.(Full story at bbc.co.uk).


Original German FG42 Rifle Manual - Only 2000 copies were published by Val Forget in 1973. This manual was copied from an original and is written in German. It shows break down and parts by section. A must for the WWII German collectors and individuals who are fascinated by the FG-42. This weapon was better known as The Fallschirmjägergewehr 42 or paratrooper rifle.


text:
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How 3 Brands on LinkedIn's Top Attractors List Use Content Marketing
Today, LinkedIn released our inaugural Top Attractors list. This exclusive list features companies that have strong Talent Brands and are highly attractive to potential new hires. In short, these are the companies where people want to work.
LinkedIn considered a number of criteria in the selection process that culminated in the Top Attractors list. One often overlooked factor in the recipe for creating a strong Talent Brand is the participation of the CMO (and, to be clear, the promotion, organic or paid) of Talent Brand was not a criteria in the selection). However, having a strong Talent Brand is a good thing; having the commitment to amplify a strong Talent Brand is an even better thing.
We examined the Top Attractors and found that many of the companies on the list had strong Content Marketing Scores, or CMS, on LinkedIn. CMS measures a brand's engagement with its target audience, which includes potential new hires, on the LinkedIn platform. CMS evaluates all content-based activities on the LinkedIn platform, both organic and paid, including:
Company Pages updates
Employee shares
LinkedIn Sponsored Content
Influencer and employee posts via self Publishing on LinkedIn
Among the brands on the Top Attractors list, the three brands with the highest Content Marketing Scores are Microsoft, Google, and IBM. We took a closer look at their CMS to see how these three brands were gaining a leg up on their competition. Ultimately, these three companies take an "always-on" approach to the LinkedIn platform and to keeping their message in front of customers, prospects, and potential employees.
Microsoft, Google, and IBM each post frequently and consistently to deliver relevant content. Here's an analysis of how Microsoft, Google, and IBM are using LinkedIn to stay top of mind with their target audience, including potential new hires:
Microsoft invests in both organic and paid content on the LinkedIn platform more than its peer companies in the technology vertical. For instance, Microsoft generates 25 percent more engagement from updates on its LinkedIn Company Page than the average company in the tech sector. Microsoft also generates 43 percent more engagement with its LinkedIn Sponsored Content than the average tech company.
Additionally, by maintaining an always-on approach to content marketing on the LinkedIn platform, Microsoft has seen the engagement driven by its employee shares jump by 2x over the last year and the engagement driven by its influencer and employee posts climb by almost 3x in the same timeframe. (Note: This list was finalized before Microsoft said it would acquire LinkedIn in a $26 billion deal. For more on the methodology, read here.)
Google's content marketing strategy on LinkedIn resembles Microsoft's approach. Google drives stronger engagement in comparison to its tech peers in both Company Page updates and in Sponsored Content. The percentage of engagements Google drives from both Company Page updates and from Sponsored Content is more than double the percentages of its peers. Google has also seen its raw engagement numbers double from its use of employee shares and quadruple from its use of influencer and employees posts.
IBM derives a greater percentage of its overall Content Marketing Score from employee shares. IBM's employee shares account for 24 percent more of its engagement than those of its tech peers. The result for IBM has been a two-fold increase in raw engagement numbers driven by employee shares. Like Google and Microsoft, IBM also derives a larger than average share of its engagement from Company Page updates and Sponsored Content.
Take a look at the complete Top Attractors list, which reveals "Where the World Wants to Work Now."
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text:
Rancho Jurupa was a  Mexican land grant in California, United States, that is divided by the present-day counties of Riverside and San Bernardino.  The land was granted to Juan Bandini by Governor Juan B. Alvarado in 1838.  Located along both banks of the Santa Ana River in southern California, the rancho included much of the land in the present day city of Jurupa Valley, as well as the downtown area in the city of Riverside.

History

"Seven leagues of grazing land: a little more," is how the "then almost worthless, but now invaluable," tract known as Jurupa Ranch came into being on September 28, 1838, through a grant made from Juan B. Alvarado (then Governor of California) to Juan Bandini (1800–1859).

Riverside historians, have proposed that the original seven square league (approximately ) Rancho Jurupa land grant was significantly smaller than the area eventually recognized by the United States. They argue that Pachappa hill, the southeast marker of the Rancho Jurupa, was originally the name of another hill, today known as Mount Rubidoux, and that one of the early owners of Rancho Jurupa reassigned the name Pachappa to the current day Pachappa Hill in order to expand the property of the Rancho.

Rancho Jurupa (Stearns)
In 1841 Abel Stearns (1798–1871) married Bandini's daughter Arcadia. With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican–American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, Juan Bandini filed a claim for the major portion of the grant in 1852, and was confirmed by the US District Court in 1855. In 1857 Juan Bandini sold this portion of the grant to his son-in-law, Abel Stearns. Stearns received a US land patent for this  portion of the original Rancho Jurupa grant in 1879.

Rancho Jurupa (Rubidoux)

In 1843, Bandini sold approximately 1½ square leagues (6,750 acres)of the original Rancho Jurupa grant to Benjamin Wilson. A year later, Wilson sold this property to Isaac Williams, grantee of Rancho Santa Ana del Chino, and James Johnson. Williams and Johnson then sold the property to Louis Robidoux (1796–1868), in 1849, and it eventually became known as the Robidoux ranch. Robidoux (generally spelled "Rubidoux" in the Riverside area) had previously bought Rancho San Jacinto y San Gorgonio from James (Santiago) Johnson in 1845.  After California was ceded to the United States, a claim for Rancho Jurupa was filed by Louis Robidoux with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and Robidoux received a US patent for this  portion of Rancho Jurupa in 1876. In November 1869, the California Silk Center Association was formed for the purpose of growing silkworms, and mulberry trees, citrus fruits, and grapes; it purchased over  of the Rubidoux Rancho for its enterprise.

References

Further reading
  – for information on the Rancho Jurupa Park

External links
 Map of Rancho Jurupa, at The Bancroft Library

Jurupa
Jurupa
Jurupa
History of Riverside, California
Geography of Riverside, California
Jurupa Valley, California
Jur

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Samuel Alfred Barrett Papers
Collection number: Barrett
Primary contributors: Bill James (consultant); Jim Murphy (consultant); Bob Pat (consultant); S.A. Barrett (researcher)
Additional contributors: Big Dick (consultant); Jo Bill (consultant); Josie Buck (consultant); Fernando (consultant); Bill Fetch (consultant); Rev. G.M. Fraser (consultant); Ralph Holder (consultant); Idaho Pete (consultant); Tall River Jack (consultant); Dave Thompson (consultant); Eero Vihman (donor)
Languages: Cayapa (cbi); Central Pomo (poo); Eskimo; Karuk (kyh); Kashaya (kju); Maidu (nmu); Miwok; Northern Pomo (pej); Patwin (pwi); Pomoan; Southern Pomo (peq); Tsimshian (tsi); Wappo (wao); Wintu (wnw); Yokuts (yok); Yuki
Dates: 1902-1948, undated (bulk 1902-1910)
Historical information: Samuel Alfred Barrett (1879-1965) was born in Conway, Arkansas. He studied Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley and became the first student to complete a doctorate under Alfred Kroeber in 1908. During his time as a graduate student (circa 1902-1908) Barrett conducted ethnographic and linguistic fieldwork among several California communities. After graduating, he accompanied the George G. Heye expedition and conducted fieldwork among the Cayapa of Ecuador. Barrett held the position of Curator of Anthropology at the Milwaukee Public Museum from 1909-1920, and subsequently served as the museum's director from 1920-1940.
Scope and content: The Papers include field notes, texts, file slips and notes on ethnological and linguistic topics, chiefly relating to Barrett's field work in California and Ecuador. The largest amount of material relates to texts and dictionaries in several Pomoan languages. Cayapa material includes word lists and a draft of a grammar. The Papers also include vocabulary and ethnographic notes on Eskimo, Karuk, Maidu, Patwin, Tsimshian, Wappo, Wintu, Yokuts and Yuki. Consultants include Jo Bill, Josie Buck, Bill Fetch, Bill James, Jim Murphy, Bob Pat, and four consultants identified by first name: Tall River Jack, Big Dick, Idaho Pete and Fernando.
Suggested citation: Bill James, Jim Murphy, Bob Pat, and S.A. Barrett. Samuel Alfred Barrett Papers, Barrett, Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.7297/X2X63JTH.
Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Map Collection
Collection number: Maps
Additional contributors: Robert Carneiro (consultant); Geoffrey Conrad (consultant); William Crocker (consultant); Betty Meggers (consultant); Elmer Miller (consultant); William Sturtevant (consultant, compiler); Gordon Willey (consultant); Carolyn Anderson (author, researcher); Carol Bittig (researcher); Elizabeth Bruner (author, researcher); Betsy Clark (researcher); Richard Darley (researcher, editor); Roland Burrage Dixon (researcher); Ives Goddard (researcher); John Goetz (researcher); Jan Holderness (researcher); David Jeffery (author); Alfred L. Kroeber (researcher, compiler); Barbara McConnell (researcher); Edward Sapir (researcher); William Shipley (researcher); Gene Stuart (author); John Reed Swanton (researcher); Cliff Tarpy (author); Sol Tax (researcher); Anonymous (compiler, illustrator); Rosemary Beam de Azcona (compiler); J Bendix (compiler); Timothy Carter (compiler); David Cook (editor); John Cooper (compiler); John Dorr (compiler); Harold Driver (compiler); Lázaro Díaz Pacheco (compiler); Mary R. Haas (annotator); Kenneth Hale (compiler); James M. Kari (compiler); Paul Kirchoff (compiler); Christopher Klein (illustrator); Michael E. Krauss (compiler); Bruce MacLachlan (compiler); William Massey (compiler); Norman McQuown (compiler); Robert Northrop (illustrator); Geoffrey O'Grady (compiler); William Peele (editor); Laura Pritchard (compiler); Dorothy Rainier (compiler); Myron Rosenberg (compiler); Claude Schaeffer (compiler); John Shupe (editor); Leslie Spier (compiler); Samuel Stanley (compiler); George Stuart (illustrator); Cameron Suttles (compiler); Robert Thomas (compiler); Tibor Toth (illustrator); Lloyd Townsend (illustrator); Juan Valdés (compiler); Charles Voegelin (compiler); Erminie Voegelin (compiler); Florence Voegelin (compiler); Robert Watt (illustrator); J Westfall (illustrator); M Wixman (illustrator); Sherry Wolf (illustrator); Stephen Wurm (compiler)
Languages: Aleut (ale); Algic; Algonquian; Chimakuan; Chimariko (cid); Chumashan; Coatlán-Loxicha Zapotec; Dene; Eyak-Athabaskan; Greenlandic Kalaallisut (kal); Hokan; Inuit-Inupiaq-Inuktitut; Iroquoian; Kutenai (kut); Lake Miwok (lmw); Miwok; Penutian; Pomoan; Salishan; Shoshone (shh); Siouan; Spanish (spa); Tataviam; Tlingit (tli); Wakashan; Wappo (wao); Yokuts (yok); Yukian; Yuman; Yupik
Extent: 10.33 cubic feet (35 boxes)
Scope and content: The Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Map Collection includes a variety of maps showing the boundaries of indigenous languages and groups as well as settlement locations. Included are some of the classic maps from the Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 78 by Alfred Kroeber.
Suggested citation: . Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Map Collection, Maps, Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/collection/11082.
The Abraham Halpern collection of Southern Pomo sound recordings
Collection number: LA203
Primary contributors: Elsie Allen (consultant); Abraham M. Halpern (researcher)
Languages: Southern Pomo (peq); Wappo (wao)
Scope and content: Linguistic field recordings: linguistic data, stories, ethnographic data, songs, discussion, reminiscences. Some portions have English glosses. Digitization supported by NEH Preservation/Access Grant.
Suggested citation: Elsie Allen and Abraham M. Halpern. The Abraham Halpern collection of Southern Pomo sound recordings, LA 203, Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/collection/10087.
The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings
Collection number: LA90
Primary contributors: Irene Alturas Amante (consultant); Laura Somersal (consultant); Jesse O. Sawyer (researcher)
Additional contributors: Mr. Amante (consultant, researcher); Neva Forney (consultant); John David Klingensmith (consultant); Clara Leger (consultant); Max Nihom (consultant); Irene Alturas Amante (researcher); Laura Somersal (researcher); Jesse O. Sawyer (donor)
Language: Wappo (wao)
Scope and content: Linguistic field recordings: linguistic data; ethnographic data; songs; dialogues (from LP phonodisc), conversations, reminiscences, untitled texts. Some English glosses provided. Translation to or from English. Digitization supported by NEH Preservation/Access Grant.
Suggested citation: Irene Alturas Amante, Laura Somersal, and Jesse O. Sawyer. The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings, LA 90, Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/collection/10057.
Wappo sound recordings
Primary contributors: Laura Somersal (consultant); Charles Li (researcher); Sandra Thompson (researcher)
Historical information: These items represent recordings of Wappo, spoken by Laura Somersal and elicited by Sandra Thompson and Charles Li of the University of California Santa Barbara. The recordings were created beginning in 1975 at Laura Somersal's home, and Thompson and Li continued to work with Laura until her death in 1990.
Scope and content: 2 DVDs containing 15 audio recordings of elicitation sessions
Suggested citation: Laura Somersal, Charles Li, and Sandra Thompson. Wappo sound recordings, LA 253, Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.7297/X2BV7DRR.
Associated materials: "A Reference Grammar of Wappo" by Sandra A. Thompson, Joseph Sung-Yul Park, and Charles N. Li (University of California Press, 2006) is based on the recordings contained in this Collection.
A Wappo conversation with some elicitation. Elicitation from Radin. (17 Mar 1968) (1 digital file, with audio)
Contributors: Irene Alturas Amante (consultant); Laura Somersal (consultant); Jesse O. Sawyer (researcher)
Place: Santa Rosa, CA
Description: English glosses. Conversation in Wappo.
Collection: The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings
Suggested citation: A Wappo conversation with some elicitation. Elicitation from Radin., LA 90.060, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15847.
A continuation of the miscellaneous words and phrases like "The grass is growing" (22 Oct 1967) (1 digital file, with audio)
Description: English glosses for some.
Suggested citation: A continuation of the miscellaneous words and phrases like "The grass is growing", LA 90.023, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15810.
An exploration of the affinity of Wappo and some Hokan and Penutian languages (1979)
Contributors: Robert L. Oswalt (author); Oswalt family (donor)
Languages: Maidu (nmu); Miwok; Pomoan; Wappo (wao)
Description: Photocopy of published article.
Suggested citation: An exploration of the affinity of Wappo and some Hokan and Penutian languages, Oswalt.004.057, in "Robert Louis Oswalt Papers on Pomoan Languages", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/2355.
Appendix V: Genealogical charts and data ([undated])
Date: [undated]
Contributor: Oswalt family (donor)
Languages: Central Pomo (poo); Southern Pomo (peq); Wappo (wao)
Description: Photocopy of typed manuscript (unknown author), containing genealogical charts and data primarily for Southern Pomo people.
Suggested citation: Appendix V: Genealogical charts and data, Oswalt.003.070, in "Robert Louis Oswalt Papers on Pomoan Languages", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/2238.
Continuation of discussion (24 Sep 1967) (1 digital file, with audio)
Contributors: Irene Alturas Amante (consultant); Mr. Amante (consultant); Max Nihom (consultant); Jesse O. Sawyer (researcher)
Description: Discussion in English and Wappo. English glosses for some.
Suggested citation: Continuation of discussion, LA 90.014, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15801.
Continuation of hodgepodge discussion. Includes discussion of Wappo culture. (24 Sep 1967) (1 digital file, with audio)
Contributors: Irene Alturas Amante (consultant); Mr. Amante (consultant); Max Nihom (consultant); Laura Somersal (consultant); Jesse O. Sawyer (researcher)
Suggested citation: Continuation of hodgepodge discussion. Includes discussion of Wappo culture., LA 90.013, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15800.
Continued elicitation from Radin with some general discussion. Includes phrases like "Who will dig?" and "take in the laundry." (21 Nov 1967) (1 digital file, with audio)
Description: Discussion in English. English glosses.
Suggested citation: Continued elicitation from Radin with some general discussion. Includes phrases like "Who will dig?" and "take in the laundry.", LA 90.026, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15813.
Continued elicitation from Radin. Conversation in Wappo segues into general discussion. (21 Nov 1967) (1 digital file, with audio)
Description: Conversation in Wappo. English glosses.
Suggested citation: Continued elicitation from Radin. Conversation in Wappo segues into general discussion., LA 90.027, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15814.
Conversation about coyote and his stories. Conversation also steers into a discussion of the different Wappo dialects. (09 Sep 1967) (1 digital file, with audio)
Description: Conversation primarily in English.
Suggested citation: Conversation about coyote and his stories. Conversation also steers into a discussion of the different Wappo dialects., LA 90.010, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15797.
Conversation and discussion (14 Feb 1968) (1 digital file, with audio)
Description: Conversation in Wappo. Discussion in English.
Suggested citation: Conversation and discussion, LA 90.047, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15834.
Conversation followed by a general discussion. Includes some miscellaneous word elicitation. (22 Oct 1967) (1 digital file, with audio)
Description: Conversation in Wappo. Discussion in English. English glosses for some.
Suggested citation: Conversation followed by a general discussion. Includes some miscellaneous word elicitation., LA 90.021, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15808.
Conversation in Wappo ([unspecified]) (1 digital file, with audio)
Date: [unspecified]
Suggested citation: Conversation in Wappo, LA 90.032, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15819.
Conversation of an unknown topic (01 Apr 1968) (1 digital file, with audio)
Description: Conversation primarily in Wappo with some English.
Suggested citation: Conversation of an unknown topic, LA 90.061, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15848.
Conversation segues into a general discussion. Includes some random elicitation. (04 Feb 1968) (1 digital file, with audio)
Suggested citation: Conversation segues into a general discussion. Includes some random elicitation., LA 90.045, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15832.
Conversation with a minimal amount of elicitation. Elicitation from Radin. (01 Apr 1968) (1 digital file, with audio)
Description: Conversation in Wappo and English. English glosses for some.
Suggested citation: Conversation with a minimal amount of elicitation. Elicitation from Radin., LA 90.062, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15849.
Conversation with an unknown topic ([unspecified]) (1 digital file, with audio)
Contributors: Clara Leger (consultant); Laura Somersal (consultant); Jesse O. Sawyer (researcher)
Description: Conversation in Wappo.
Suggested citation: Conversation with an unknown topic, LA 90.007, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15794.
Conversations in English and Wappo (03 Dec 1967) (1 digital file, with audio)
Contributors: Irene Alturas Amante (consultant); John David Klingensmith (consultant); Laura Somersal (consultant); Jesse O. Sawyer (researcher)
Suggested citation: Conversations in English and Wappo, LA 90.028, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15815.
Conversations of varied topics (17 Dec 1967) (1 digital file, with audio)
Description: Conversations in Wappo and English.
Suggested citation: Conversations of varied topics, LA 90.033, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15820.
Conversations with some elicitation. Words are related to insects and rodents. ([unspecified]) (1 digital file, with audio)
Description: Conversations in Wappo and English. English glosses.
Suggested citation: Conversations with some elicitation. Words are related to insects and rodents., LA 90.037, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15824.
Conversations with some elicitation. Words generally pertinent to trees. ([unspecified]) (1 digital file, with audio)
Suggested citation: Conversations with some elicitation. Words generally pertinent to trees., LA 90.036, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15823.
Dance song (14 Feb 1968) (1 digital file, with audio)
Suggested citation: Dance song, LA 90.055, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15842.
Discussion about smoking and what words were to be elicited next ([unspecified]) (1 digital file, with audio)
Description: Discussion in English.
Suggested citation: Discussion about smoking and what words were to be elicited next, LA 90.006, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15793.
Discussion of eating (21 Nov 1967) (1 digital file, with audio)
Suggested citation: Discussion of eating, LA 90.024, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15811.
Discussion of funeral customs and familial terms (14 Feb 1968) (1 digital file, with audio)
Description: Discussion in English with some Wappo. English glosses for some.
Suggested citation: Discussion of funeral customs and familial terms, LA 90.049, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15836.
Eliciation from Radin of phrases like "to dance up and down" (01 Apr 1968) (1 digital file, with audio)
Description: English glosses.
Suggested citation: Eliciation from Radin of phrases like "to dance up and down", LA 90.064, in "The Jesse O. Sawyer collection of Wappo sound recordings", Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley, http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/15851.


Full story about Mischa Barton weight gain awaits you!
So, what are the reasons of Mischa Barton weight gain?
Mischa Barton, full name Mischa Anne Marsden Barton, is an occasion fashion model and actress with a dual American and British citizenship. She started her professional career as a stage actress in Twelve Dreams by James Lapine and Slavs! by Tony Kushner. Following this Mischa appeared as a guest on well known series All My Children. A breakthrough in her career came up in 1997, when Burton landed a major role on Lawn Dogs alongside Sam Rockwell. In 2003 the actress was cast as Marissa Cooper for TV series The O.C. Not only this role garnered her couple of prestigious awards, it also turned her into the teen-diva. Ever since then Mischa Barton weight gain and loss, legal issues and personal misfortunes have kept her under scrutiny of the media.
Back in the day when a 17-year-old Mischa started filming for the American teen drama The O.C., her figure was almost perfect. In fact, the teenager was so skinny, that quite a few people believed Mischa Barton weight gain could actually improve her looks. Keeping her body this way was not particularly hard, as most teenagers are blessed with fast metabolism. In addition, the young starlet enjoyed an active lifestyle, full of travels and all-night parties that did not leave her much time to sit on the couch eating chocolates. So what were the changes in her lifestyle that led to Mischa Barton weight gain? Apparently, the actress started partying a bit too much. According to some of her friends, who talked to the media anonymously, and colleagues, at the age 20 Mischa was already a heavy drinker. As you might already know, there is a reason why every diet that is meant to help lose weight forbids alcohol: this drink has more calories than the notorious chocolate cupcakes.
Apparently, Mischa did not confine herself with alcohol alone. Numerous witnesses have reported that the starlet smokes marijuana, occasionally snores cocaine and does other drugs. Her drug addiction has caused the actress some serious legal issues. In 2007 the police stopped her car after noticing a suspicious driving. It turned out that Mischa was absolutely stoned from marijuana. When charged with driving under the influence, she pleaded guilty and agreed to take a full responsibility for her actions. On an interview given to Ryan Seacrest, Mischa claimed that this incident really made her rethink her lifestyle. Despite that, the actress continued to drink and do drugs, right until hitting the bottom in summer 2009. That year the former teenage-diva was hospitalized against her own will, as the doctors suspected she might be a danger to herself. Around that time the actress was absolutely exhausted and skinnier than ever. Most people believe that the recent Mischa Barton weight gain actually signals about her recovery.
what are your thoughts on Mischa Barton weight gain story?


text:
George Mikan
Full name George Lawrence Mikan Jr.
Nickname Mr. basketball
birthday June 18, 1924
place of birth Joliet , Illinois , United States
date of death June 1, 2005
Place of death Scottsdale , Arizona , United States
size 208 cm
position center
High school Joliet Catholic Academy, Illinois
college DePaul University
Jersey number 99
Clubs as active
1946-1947 United States Chicago American Gears ( NBL )
1947-1956 United States Minneapolis Lakers
Clubs as coaches
George Lawrence Mikan Jr. (born June 18, 1924 in Joliet , Illinois , † June 1, 2005 in Scottsdale , Arizona ) was an American basketball player . At 2.08 meters, he was the first successful "Big Man" in basketball. Voted the Best Basketball Player of the First Half of the 20th Century, Mikan was named among the 50 Best NBA Players of All Time in 1996, and was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959 .
2 retirement
3 Awards and Achievements
8 items of evidence
George Mikan was the son of Croatian parents who came from Vivodina near Karlovac and emigrated to the United States. He studied at DePaul University in Chicago and started playing basketball there. Mikan's height allowed him to catch thrown balls just before the basket, which is called " goaltending " in English . Mikan and Bob Kurland so dominated with this type of defense that the NCAA in 1944 declared the "goaltending" illegal.
Nevertheless, the dominance continued and in 1945 Mikan became champion with the DePaul University National Invitation Tournament . This title, which is still highly regarded today, made him known nationwide and a star. It was in 1944 and 1945 by the Sporting News in its All-American First Team selected.
The next year, Mikan signed his first professional contract with Chicago American Gears . With the gears, the center immediately became champion of the National Basketball League (NBL). After this extremely successful season, the owner of the Gears wanted to found his own league, the National Professional Basketball League .
Mikan in the jersey of the Chicago American Gears
The league broke up early and the rights to Mikan were attributed to the Minneapolis Lakers . With Mikan in the team, the league newcomer from Minneapolis won the World Professional Basketball Tournament in Chicago against the New York Renaissance and Mikan was selected as a center both for MVP and for the All-Tournament First Team, as in 1946 with the Chicago American Gears. In the league, the Lakers were champions and Mikan led the league on points and became Most Valuable Player.
The National Basketball League had its best season and then lost numerous franchises to the Basketball Association of America (BAA) in addition to the Lakers . Despite his short time in the NBL, Mikan was elected to the NBL's all-time team.
Also in the BAA and later in the NBA, Mikan continued his successful streak with the Lakers and was champion seven times in eight professional years. After the championship in 1954, Mikan ended his career.
In 1955/56 he started a comeback, but broke off this attempt himself in time to avoid damage to his image. To this day, his name is inextricably linked with this era of modern professional basketball. Shortly after the end of his career, he was voted the best basketball player of the first half of the 20th century . That choice was confirmed on the NBA's 50th anniversary when Mikan was voted one of the 50 best NBA players of all time .
Mikan tried himself in the 1957/58 season as head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers, but resigned after a record of 9:30 wins and a win rate of 23.1% and was inherited by John Kundla in January 1958 . In 1967 Mikan became the first commissioner of the American Basketball Association (ABA). The idea with the blue-white-red balls goes back to him.
Induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (1959)
NBA 25th Anniversary Team
50 Greatest Players in NBA History
NBL MVP 1948
World Professional Basketball Tournament MVP 1946 and 1948
Number 99 retired from DePaul University
Number 99 retired by the Los Angeles Lakers
All-time NBL team
All-American First Team 1944-1946
All-Tournament First Team of the World Professional Basketball Tournament 1946 and 1948
All-NBL First Team 1947 and 1948
All-BAA First Team 1949
All-NBA First Team 1950–1954
NBA All-Star 1951–1954
NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1953
Mikan's brother Ed also played in BAA and NBA from 1948 to 1954 . Son Larry played for the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 1970/71 season .
List of members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
George Mikan and Bill Carlson: Mr. Basketball. George Mikan's own story . New York 1952. (engl.)
George Mikan and Joseph Oberle: Unstoppable. The Story of George Mikan, the First NBA Superstar . Indianapolis 1997. ISBN 1-57028-132-7 (English)
Commons : George Mikan - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files
George Mikan - player profile on basketball-reference.com
George Mikan - NBA Legends profile
George Mikan in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (English)
Player biography (English)
^ Bijan C. Bayne: Elgin Baylor. The Man Who Changed Basketball. Lanham / Boulder / New York / London, 2015: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4422-4570-9 (page 178, in English).
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar | Nate Archibald | Paul Arizin | Charles Barkley | Rick Barry | Elgin Baylor | Dave Bing | Larry Bird | Wilt Chamberlain | Bob Cousy | Dave Cowens | Billy Cunningham | Dave DeBusschere | Clyde Drexler | Julius Erving | Patrick Ewing | Walt Frazier | George Gervin | Hal Greer | John Havlicek | Elvin Hayes | Magic Johnson | Sam Jones | Michael Jordan | Jerry Lucas | Karl Malone | Moses Malone | Pete Maravich | Kevin McHale | George Mikan | Earl Monroe | Hakeem Olajuwon | Shaquille O'Neal | Robert Parish | Bob Pettit | Scottie Pippen | Willis Reed | Oscar Robertson | David Robinson | Bill Russell | Dolph Schayes | Bill Sharman | John Stockton | Isiah Thomas | Nate Thurmond | Wes Unseld | Bill Walton | Jerry West | Lenny Wilkens | James Worthy
SURNAME Mikan, George
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Mikan, George Lawrence Jr. (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American basketball player
DATE OF BIRTH June 18, 1924
PLACE OF BIRTH Joliet , Illinois
Place of death Scottsdale , Arizona
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article "George_Mikan" (Authors); it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA.


text:
I will now give a history of the name. It is not Norman, but Burgundian French, and our ancestors, without doubt, had their origin in that part of Switzerland once Burgundian, but now known as the Canton de Vaud, on the northern shore of the Lake Geneva. The origin of the name has to do with the chief weapon of defence, fleche, an arrow-a word from the Latin verb flectire, to bend and has to do wit.....
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Irish Pirate Ballads and Other Songs of the Sea
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Dan Milner
1 Ten Thousand Miles Away 3:38 4.0
2 The Ballad of Ó Bruadair / Out on the Ocean 3:55 4.0
3 Saucy Ward 4:15 -
4 Captain Coulston 5:39 -
5 Granuaile 3:50 -
6 Get Up, Jack, Let John Sit Down / Miss Thornton's 4:33 3.8
7 The Flying Cloud 6:28 4.5
8 Larry Maher's Big Five-Gallon Jar 3:16 -
9 Bold McCarthy (The City of Baltimore) 4:42 -
10 All for Me Grog / Parnell's March 3:57 -
11 Castle Gardens (Sixty Years Ago) 4:58 -
12 The Lowlands Low 4:16 -
13 The River Lea 5:34 4.0


text:
Shenendehowa graduate creates ethical activewear to fight fast fashion
by: Cassie Hudson
Posted: Jan 12, 2022 / 09:46 AM EST
Updated: Jan 12, 2022 / 09:46 AM EST
CLIFTON PARK, N.Y. (NEWS10) – After graduating from Notre Dame and a brief stint on Wall Street, Tommy Flaim started an ethical activewear brand called Fox & Robin to improve working conditions in the fashion industry. The Shenendehowa graduate created workout clothes that are made for athletes and couch potatoes.
"I grew up in Clifton Park. I played soccer and tennis at Shen. I grew up playing sports it's what I knew," said Flaim.
Shoppers don't sleep to score Black Friday deals at Crossgates Mall
Fox & Robin is a benefit corporation so they are legally obligated to optimize for more than just profits. For them, that means "doing right by our factory workers and the environment."
Not only do they ship their products with recycled packaging but their leggings and sports bras are made with 75% recycled nylon.
Created with transparency in mind, Fox & Robin is one of the first and only activewear brands to disclose its factory workers' wages. They also focuses minimizing their environmental impact. Not only do they ship their products with recycled packaging but their leggings and sports bras are made with 75% recycled nylon.
Off the Beaten Path: Morra Designs
"And being able to make an impact obviously right now we're a pretty small company but the hope is that we'll eventually be a force for good in the global fashion industry," said Flaim.
Sold in more than 30 retail locations in 18 states, their activewear will be sold in the Capital Region in the near future: iRunLocal in Saratoga Springs and Fleet Feet Albany & Malta.
SUNY Cobleskill working to reintroduce American burying beetle in NYS
With fashion designers from Lululemon and Under Armour, their current investors include many pro athletes and former Bachelor contestant Connor Saeli. In order to expand to be a force for good, Flaim says they've actively looking for investors.
CDC: Schools should cancel sports, band in high COVID …


text:
"""
Django settings for core project.

Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 1.8.2.

For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/topics/settings/

For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/ref/settings/
"""

import os

BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
SECRET_KEY = 'MillisecondsMatter'
DEBUG = False

# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = (
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'algoliasearch_django',
    'tests'
)

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.SessionAuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
]

TEMPLATES = [
    {
        "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
        "DIRS": [],
        "APP_DIRS": True,
        "OPTIONS": {
            "context_processors": [
                "django.template.context_processors.debug",
                "django.template.context_processors.request",
                "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
                "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
            ],
        },
    },
]

ROOT_URLCONF = 'tests.urls'

# Database
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
    }
}

# Internationalization
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = True

def safe_index_name(name):
    if 'TRAVIS' not in os.environ:
        return name
    job = os.environ['TRAVIS_JOB_NUMBER']
    return '{}_travis-{}'.format(name, job)

# AlgoliaSearch settings
ALGOLIA = {
    'APPLICATION_ID': os.getenv('ALGOLIA_APPLICATION_ID'),
    'API_KEY': os.getenv('ALGOLIA_API_KEY'),
    'INDEX_PREFIX': 'test',
    'INDEX_SUFFIX': safe_index_name('django'),
    'RAISE_EXCEPTIONS': True
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


LONDON – Producers say Naomi Watts will play Princess Diana in a film about the last years of the royal's life.
Britain's Ecosse Films says "Caught in Flight" will focus on the two years before Diana's death in a Paris car crash in August 1997.
It is directed by Oliver Hirschbiegel, best known for his film about Hitler's last days, "Downfall."
The screenplay is by Stephen Jeffreys, who penned "The Libertine".
Filmmakers said Thursday the biopic "charts how finding true personal happiness for the first time" allowed Diana to find her role as "a major international campaigner and humanitarian."
The Australia-raised Watts, who received an Academy Award nomination for "21 Grams," said she was honored to get the role.


text:
Abuser claims a ghost did it
21 January 2012, JellyBean @ 9:15 am
A Wisconsin man charged with domestic abuse told cops that a "ghost" was actually responsible for injuries suffered by his wife, according to police.
The bizarre claim by Michael West, 41, did not prevent the Fond du Lac man's arrest for strangulation, battery, disorderly conduct, and resisting arrest.
According to a January 18 criminal complaint, West and his spouse got into an argument Sunday that turned violent.
The victim told cops that West twice strangled her, and that he punched her in the face when she tried to dial 911.
When cops arrived at the couple's home, the crying woman was bleeding from the nose and had blood on her Packers jersey.
During police questioning, West claimed his wife sustained her injuries to her face and neck during several falls.
When pressed by a cop–who pointed to marks on the woman's neck–the intoxicated West shifted his story.
"A ghost did it," he said.
In light of the apparition claim, officers sought to place West in custody.
After a struggle, he was handcuffed and transported to the county lockup, where he remains in custody in lieu of $1000 bail.
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Ghost of Princess Diana possibly found in Glasgow church window
Paranormal investigators are studying a video said to show a ghostly-looking figure resembling Princess Diana in a stained glass window.
The video was shot in a Glasgow church by Chinese tourists who did not notice the Diana image until they played their holiday video back when they got home.
Paranormal writer Michael Cohen – who was sent the video – said it was one of the "clearest" paranormal images he had come across.
He said: "The footage is currently being examined by myself and other researchers to ascertain if it is a genuine ghost capture. It might be a bizarre optical illusion, but then again, it could be a ghost – possibly Princess Diana's.
"Ghosts often appear in places connected to their lives and families. Ghosts might appear to warn individuals, groups and even entire nations of possible impending danger."
Students claim haunted toilet is causing them to faint and scream
5 December 2011, JellyBean @ 6:40 am
Many students in the Phu Yen Province of Vietnam have fainted after claiming that a toilet inside their dorm is haunted and they have seen ghosts.
Phan Van Tho, headmaster of the Son Hoa Ethnic Boarding High School in Son Hoa District confirmed that a large number of boarding students have fainted or screamed at nights from unknown causes during the past month. The time they acted strange was usually from about 8 pm to 11 pm every night, Tho said.
The first victim of the awful situation is K Pa Ho Luon, of Son Dinh Commune. One night in early November, after coming back to his dorm room from the toilet area, Luon fell down to the floor, talked nonsense, scratched against the floor and walls with his two hands, and then passed out.
After being hospitalised at the Son Hoa General Hospital, Luon recovered and told everyone that he had met a ghost in the restroom.
Many other students later suffered the same condition as Luon, and there was a case in which 12 students collapsed unconscious at the same time. Such a situation caused an atmosphere of fear among students and many dared not stay in the dormitory but hired houses or rooms outside the school.
Many students have been so haunted by 'the ghosts' that they dare not sleep alone or go to the restrooms after dark.
All of the fainted students were taken to the hospital for emergency treatment, Tho said. Tho could not explain what had really happened to his students but he rejected the rumour that the schools' toilet area was haunted.
The school's management has held meetings with parents and students to call on them to stay calm, pending an investigation by relevant agencies.
According to doctors at the hospital, some students might have passed out because of hypocalcaemia (low calcium levels in blood).
Man accused of theft uses paranormal defense
25 November 2011, JellyBean @ 3:21 am
A defendant said that it was not just his crimes coming back to haunt him on Wednesday.
Former Mount Gilead police officer Joseph Hughes faced 21 charges against him.
Prosecution exhibits showed the laundry list of stolen goods investigators said they found inside Hughes' Morrow County home, much of which belonged to the county.
One of the 12 air conditioners Hughes was accused of stealing was labled "auditor" in large, black letters, McEntyre reported.
The shocking case took an even stranger turn when the former police officer explained why he was unaware of the stolen property in his basement.
"It's going to sound kind of ridiculous, but we believed that there was some kind of paranormal presence in the basement," Hughes said in court. "It sounds kind of ridiculous but there was evidence to support it."
Hughes' supernatural defense stunned prosecutors and reporters.
"Probably as odd as I've ever heard, was the first," said Tom Elkin of the Morrow County Prosecutor's Office. "I've been practicing since 1983 and I can say that's the first time I've heard of paranormal activity in the course of a trial."
The ghostly defense did not work out well for Hughes. He was found guilty of 18 out of 20 charges.
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The property consists of a range of accommodation options including 104 self contained studios and one and two bedroom apartments. Commercial space for on-site support and tenancy services and social enterprise is located on the ground floor. The whole-of-site plan includes a landscaped community garden and a 24-hour, 7 days a week concierge service in the secure access lobby.
As a flagship project, there was a strong desire from the client to use the latest technology. We utilised REVIT for the 3D documentation and Navisworks for design and documentation. In conjunction with the other consultants we delivered a BIM solution, which has resulted in better coordination and a reduction in errors within the documentation as all REVIT models were linked and monitored against each other for changes in the overall model. The models also helped in costing plans and can be used post-construction for facility management.


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Jaroslav Černý (22. srpna 1898 Plzeň – 29. května 1970 Oxford) byl český egyptolog.

Život
V roce 1930 se účastnil francouzských vykopávek ve starověké vesnici v Dér el-Medíně v oblasti někdejšího Vesetu, po druhé světové válce odešel do Velké Británie. Působil jako profesor na univerzitě v Londýně a na University of Oxford. Ve své době patřil k největším znalcům egyptského jazyka a hieratického písma období Nové říše, významná, i když dnes už v mnoha ohledech překonaná, byla jeho práce o staroegyptském náboženství. Jeho knihovna byla největší soukromou egyptologickou knihovnou. Dnes pod jménem Knihovna Jaroslava Černého patří Českému egyptologickému ústavu, s jehož původní knihovnou byla spojena.

Bibliografie
výběr
 Ancient Egyptian religion, London 1952
 Catalogue des ostraca hiératiques nonlittéraires de Deir el-Medineh, 7 Bände, Kairo 1937–70

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura

Externí odkazy

Narození v roce 1898
Úmrtí v roce 1970
Čeští egyptologové
Narození v Plzni
Úmrtí v Oxfordu
Narození 22. srpna
Úmrtí 29. května
Muži


are available for viewing or download. The funds allocation reports are arranged by fiscal year.
The Class B & C road system with a funding program was established by the Utah Legislature in 1937 as a means of providing assistance to counties and incorporated municipalities for the improvement of roads and streets throughout the state.
The B & C Regulations Document designates those regulations which are acceptable to the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) in the administration of funds for counties, cities, and towns provided for by the Utah Legislature. The Appendix includes the Statutory Provisions relating to "B" & "C" Road Funds.
It is the responsibility of counties and municipalities to update their Class B or C mileage with UDOT when any changes have occurred. UDOT cannot add new road mileage to the system without first receiving proper documentation from the local agency to place on file (see 2. Procedures, paragraph C, page 5 in regulations).
Class B & C mileage can be updated by each entity as often as once per year. Changes will be made in the next bi-monthly allocation executed after the documentation is received by UDOT.


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OpenMRS Welcomes Newest Team Members
The OpenMRS team welcomes its newest members at the Regenstrief Institute, Inc., in Indianapolis, Indiana, and at Jembi, a non-profit organization in South Africa:
Michael Downey is a systems administrator focusing on the OpenMRS community infrastructure. Michael will work with the Indiana University and Regenstrief teams on the annual work plan and offer his expertise in the area of capacity building programs. In addition to OpenMRS, Michael is also involved with multiple technology projects in West and Central Africa and working towards his Ph.D. at the Indiana University School of Informatics.
Jeremy Keiper supports the AMPATH/IU-Kenya OpenMRS installation in Eldoret, Kenya, with MySQL administration, application-level troubleshooting and enhancements, and module development. Jeremy also regularly contributes to the OpenMRS community by writing and working on tickets, reviewing code and design, and providing network and server administration.
Sy Haas is a systems engineer for OpenMRS and began working with the team in January 2010. He previously helped start a small printing company in Atlanta, Georgia, and worked as the head of IT. Its success led him into the corporate world where he provided computer programming for large and scalable web applications. His professional interests include UI, robotics, languages, and speech recognition.
Wyclif Luyima is a systems engineer for OpenMRS. Wyclif holds a bachelor's degree in commerce (finance and accounting) from Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, and has always had an interest in computers, especially with open source software. He previously worked with the Nairobi, Kenya, subsidiary of JJ People, Ltd., an international software company.
Dawn Smith is the health information project coordinator for the OpenMRS team. While completing her Master of Public Health (M.P.H.) degree, Dawn worked with AMPATH's Psychosocial Department in Eldoret, Kenya, in 2007, and in 2008, worked at the Institute of Development Management in Gaborone, Botswana. Dawn's first project with OpenMRS is to establish it as a non-profit organization.
Daniel Futerman is a developer and implementer for Jembi. He began his work with OpenMRS in the middle of 2008. Daniel's current focus is the implementation of an ARV clinic at the Tshwane District Hospital where he integrates and implements the pharmacy system, laboratory system, and the aggregate systems DHIS and RegaDB in addition to implementing OpenMRS.
Pascal Brandt works as a software developer on the implementations of OpenMRS. Within Jembi, Pascal contributes to OpenMRS projects in terms of the Reporting Framework and HTML Forms module. He will also work on evolving the Logic Service. In addition to working for Jembi, Pascal is pursuing a master's degree in bioinformatics with the Bioinformatics Research Group at Stellenbosch University.
Ryan Crichton is a developer at Jembi's Durban location. He currently focuses on national level aggregate data systems with OpenMRS through the use of SDMX-HD standard. He also contributes to additional projects which include the following: Digital Images in OpenMRS, iDart Pharmacy Integration, TRACnet integration in the SDMX-HD module, and DHIS 2.0.
Wayne Naidoo is one of Jembi's software developers and responsible for the roll out and implementation of customized OpenMRS EMR for a private practice of doctors. Wayne currently develops within the new Reporting Framework and adding to its implementation base. He is also pursuing his doctorate in medical informatics at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Regenstrief Institute, Inc., is an informatics and healthcare research organization that, through its research, enhances the quality and cost-effectiveness of healthcare.
Jembi is non-profit organization that advances Computer/IT based healthcare solutions in developing countries.
Posted on April 28, 2010 by Dawn Smith in OpenMRS Blog, Profiles
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