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The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through (2018)
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Suggested Citation:"Summary." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25008.
Since the end of the Second World War, the United States has developed the world's preeminent system for biomedical1 research, one that has given rise to revolutionary medical advances as well as a dynamic and innovative business sector generating high-quality jobs and powering economic output and exports for the U.S. economy. Although the United States remains the global leader in science and technology, measured in terms of the funding level, number of scientists supported, discoveries made, awards received, industries supported, and impacts on the quality of health, the U.S. global share of science and technology activities is waning as that of other nations, especially China, continues to rise (National Science Board, 2018). Indeed, there is a growing concern that the biomedical research enterprise, for all of its many strengths, is beset by several core challenges that undercut its vitality, promise, and productivity and that could diminish its critical role in the nation's health and innovation in the biomedical industry.
Among the most salient of these challenges is the gulf between the burgeoning number of scientists qualified to participate in this system as academic researchers and the elusive opportunities to establish long-term research careers in academia. One measure of initial career success is obtaining a tenure-track research position. In 1973, 55 percent of Ph.D.'s in the biological sciences received a tenure-track academic research position within 6 years, compared to 18 percent in 2009 (Cyranoski et al., 2011). Meanwhile, a decline in research funding in real dollars, combined with broader demographic trends, has reduced success rates for grant applications, and the average age of first receipt of a major
1 In this report, "biomedical" refers to the full range of biological, biomedical, behavioral, and health sciences supported by the National Institutes of Health.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) independent grant, the R01, has risen from 36 years in 1980 to 43 years in 2016.2 Those investigators who do secure an R01 or equivalent NIH grant face increasing pressure to secure additional sources of research funding to prevent the closure of their laboratories if their grant is not renewed. Additionally, women and underrepresented minorities face persistent and endemic obstacles to success in securing tenure-track faculty positions and advancing through the professoriate.
Another set of issues affecting the future of the biomedical workforce concerns the nature of the training young scientists receive, and the mismatch between that training and their career prospects. The focus of young scientists on securing an academic research faculty position can lead them to overlook opportunities as independent researchers in other areas, such as in start-up and established industries, foundations, and government. Significantly, these opportunities may require training experiences different from those associated with traditional academic careers. Yet too many postdoctoral researchers pursue training experiences with the objective of later securing an academic position, rather than enhancing their ability to compete for the range of fulfilling, independent careers that exist outside of academia, where the majority will be employed.
At the same time, there is concern that too many newly awarded biomedical Ph.D., M.D., and M.D.-Ph.D. holders spend prolonged periods in postdoctoral positions3 currently characterized by low salaries, inadequate training and mentorship, and few opportunities for independent research or professional advancement. Although some individuals take postdoctoral positions because they are unsure of which career path to pursue or because they believe postdoctoral experience is necessary to obtain a position in sectors outside of academia, many linger as postdoctoral researchers as they wait for academic research positions to open. In the near future, it is likely that the number of Ph.D.-level researchers entering the system will exceed the number of faculty research positions available to them. Although young scientists certainly have the right to compete for the positions they desire, they must do so with a realistic understanding of their career prospects and, as much as possible, be encouraged to explore other career options sooner rather than spending time in long or multiple postdoctoral positions.
These obstacles to success have created a research career path that is increasingly unattractive, in terms of pay, duration, culture, risk-taking, and future job
2 See https://grants.nih.gov/grants/new_investigators/Age_Degree-First-Time-117-16_RFM_lls_25march2016_DR-Approved.xlsx (accessed February 17, 2018).
3 Several definitions of a postdoctoral researcher are listed in Chapter 2, but this report uses the NIH Office of Intramural Training and Education's definition: "A postdoc is an individual with a doctoral degree (PhD, MD, DDS, or the equivalent) who is engaged in a temporary period of mentored research and/or scholarly training for the purpose of acquiring the professional skills needed to pursue a career path of his or her choosing." See https://www.training.nih.gov/resources/faqs/postdoc_irp (accessed February 2, 2018).
prospects, as well as an environment in which scientific misconduct appears to be increasing (Edwards and Roy, 2017). As the National Academies Bridges to Independence report stated in 2005, these trends have "led to a fear that promising prospective scientists will choose not to pursue a career in academic biomedical research and, instead, opt for career paths that provide a greater chance for independence" (National Research Council, 2005, p. 1). The concern is perhaps even greater today, threatening an enterprise that in 2014 supported a total of 854,000 jobs across the country, accounted for more than $550 billion in direct economic output and nearly $660 billion in indirect economic output, and generated more than $67 billion in tax revenues for state and federal governments (TEConomy Partners, 2016).
The patchwork of measures to address the challenges facing young scientists that has emerged over the years has allowed the U.S. biomedical enterprise to continue to make significant scientific and medical advances. These measures, however, have not resolved the structural vulnerabilities in the system, and in some cases come at a great opportunity cost for young scientists. As a result, the career path to becoming an independent researcher is increasingly seen as perilous. These unresolved issues could diminish the nation's ability to recruit the best minds from all sectors of the U.S. population to careers in biomedical research and raise concerns about a system that may favor increasingly conservative research proposals over high-risk, innovative ideas.
The committee is not the first group to address these concerns and to suggest solutions in a report such as this. Before developing a new set of recommendations, the committee investigated the conclusions from these earlier reports (see Appendix B) to understand why the problems have not only persisted but also grown in intensity in the face of decades of thoughtful recommendations and growing stakeholder attention.
The committee identified several impediments to progress over the years, many of them likely working in concert. One impediment has been a constraint on resources. NIH funding has declined 22 percent in real dollars since 2003.4 While other sources, including federal government agencies such as the National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Department of Defense, as well as external organizations such as philanthropic foundations, also provide support for biomedical researchers, NIH is the predominant funder. This reduction in available funds for research has constrained NIH's efforts to address the increasing barriers to biomedical research. Although Congress increased funding for NIH by $2 billion in each of fiscal years 2016 and 2017,5 this only returned NIH funding to the level in real dollars that existed immediately prior
4 See http://faseb.org/Science-Policy--Advocacy-and-Communications/Federal-Funding-Data/NIHResearch-Funding-Trends.aspx (accessed February 2, 2018).
to sequestration, and the majority of the increases are dedicated to specific initiatives rather than NIH's broad research portfolio.
Second, there has been an absence of shared responsibility for the biomedical research system (Daniels, 2015). Many stakeholders tend to hold the federal government responsible for this system, placing blame for failures at the feet of NIH, the principal funder of biomedical research. Doing so, however, obscures the important role that other organizations, particularly universities, must play in developing and implementing solutions. The committee's review of the implementation of past recommendations revealed that NIH has been more responsive than other stakeholders—namely universities and research institutions—in adopting reforms. It has been too easy for stakeholders other than NIH to ignore or pay superficial attention to the recommendations repeatedly made in periodic reports. In addition, without a mechanism for shared oversight of the system, institutions acting unilaterally will fail to make progress to solve what are often shared systemic problems.
Third, a lack of comprehensive and easily available data about the biomedical research system itself has impaired progress on addressing these problems. The opacity of the system has prevented students and trainees from making informed decisions about their training and career options as well as hindered institutions' and policymakers' ability to decide with confidence how to proceed with policy and funding reforms to ensure the system's vibrancy and responsiveness.
Finally, the sands of the biomedical research enterprise are rapidly shifting. Since the release of earlier reports and their calls for reform, the funding landscape, demographic trends, and scientific priorities in science and industry have changed. The nature of research itself has evolved: team science, with its attendant premium on collaboration in multi-investigator and multidisciplinary projects, is ascendant; the growing use of pre-prints enables quick disclosure of research results; experimentation with hybrid business models blend traditional research institutes and for-profit companies; and the emergence of data sciences and online connectivity accelerates the pace at which experiments can be conducted.
The committee took its mandate seriously. Congress, NIH, scientific societies, and U.S. research institutions are acutely aware of the frailties of the current biomedical research environment and have put forth many recommendations, so there is a heightened sense of urgency to address the problems.
To meet its mandate, the committee developed recommendations that attend to the research ecosystem not only as it exists now, but also as it is likely to evolve during the next 10 years. This report discusses the current biomedical research ecosystem and its challenges, informed by new insights into the workforce from NIH and independent scholars, and proposes several substantive and structural reforms for stakeholders across the research enterprise. These reforms chart a path to a biomedical research enterprise that is competitive, rigorous, fair, and dynamic, and can attract the best minds from across the country. In such an enterprise
All relevant institutions assume a role that reflects their interests and stake in the system, and mechanisms for shared oversight enable sustained and collaborative reform.
Trainees and newly independent investigators receive accurate and timely information about their training and career prospects through mentorship and career counseling that aligns with their aspirations.
Early-stage investigators are presented with stable and attractive career options, and robust roles exist for scientists inside and outside of the traditional academic faculty position.
Policy experimentation and assessment are core concepts of the system, leading to the development and implementation of programs and policies that respond to investigators' needs at all stages of their careers.
To that end, the committee offers the following recommendations, grouped by report chapter:
Chapter 3: Transparency, Shared Responsibility, and Sustainability
Recommendation 3.1
Congress should establish a Biomedical Research Enterprise Council (BREC) to address ongoing challenges confronting the Next Generation of Biomedical Researchers. The BREC would exercise ongoing collective guardianship of the biomedical enterprise and function as a forum for sustained coordination, consultation, problem-solving, and assessment of progress toward implementation of the recommendations put forth in this report.
All stakeholders in the biomedical research enterprise—universities, research institutions, government laboratories, and biomedical industries—should promote, document, and disseminate their existing and planned efforts to reduce the barriers to recruiting and retaining diverse researchers at all stages of career development.
Biomedical research institutions should collect, analyze, and disseminate comprehensive data on outcomes, demographics, and career aspirations of biomedical pre- and postdoctoral researchers using common standards and definitions as developed by the institutions in concert with the National Institutes of Health (NIH). To incentivize compliance, NIH should make collection and publication of these data a requirement for additional NIH funding. This requirement should be phased-in over a 5-year period.
The National Science Foundation (NSF) should develop and implement a plan to improve sector-wide data collection and analysis in a manner that is easily accessible by policymakers and integrates data from numerous other sources. NSF should expeditiously link the Survey of Doctorate Recipients and the Survey of Earned Doctorates to U.S. Census data, and those linked data, under strict confidentiality protocols, should be made available for qualified researchers to use at Federal Statistical Research Data Centers to better understand the biomedical workforce.
Congress should consider increasing the National Institutes of Health (NIH) budget specifically to support implementation of the recommendations in this report and should provide sustained support for NIH's recently announced Next Generation Researchers Initiative.
Chapter 4: Transitioning to Independence
Research institutions, principal investigators (PIs), and federal funding agencies should each play their part to support transitions from Ph.D.'s, M.D.'s, and M.D.Ph.D.'s to research independence by providing every postdoctoral researcher, regardless of the support mechanism or training location, with a high-quality training experience that prepares them for success in their chosen career. To achieve this overarching objective:
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) should require the inclusion of an institutional training and mentoring plan as a component of the "Resources and Environment" reported on research and training grant applications. In addition, NIH should require PIs to provide a postdoctoral research training and mentoring plan in all grant proposals, as well as updates on those plans in annual and interim research performance progress reports for funded proposals.
Research institutions should provide evidence to NIH of formal training of faculty mentors of postdoctoral trainees.
Research institutions should introduce a mechanism to facilitate career guidance counseling for all postdoctoral researchers. This mechanism would preferably begin in the first year but must occur no later than the third year of postdoctoral training. Such guidance should assess the postdoctoral researchers' progress and evaluate alignment of their career aspirations with career prospects.
NIH should increase the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) starting salary for new postdoctoral researchers to $52,700 (in 2018 dollars), with annual adjustments for inflation and for
cost-of-living increases tied to the Personal Consumption Expenditure Index. Research institutions should adjust their base postdoctoral salary annually to match the corresponding NRSA rate, with adjustments based on local cost-of-living, and they should harmonize benefits for all postdoctoral scholars regardless of support mechanism.
Research institutions should levy a fee of at least $1,000 per year, to be paid by the host investigator, for each postdoctoral fellow on all biomedical research grants. Funds from the fee would be used to support effective training and professional development programs for postdoctoral researchers, as well as effective training of mentors. Research institutions should report publicly on the use of the money generated by this fee.
All research institutions should, following best practices, identify or provide an institutional ombudsperson to resolve fairly and expeditiously conflicts and concerns between PIs and postdoctoral researchers related to training experiences.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) should expand existing awards or create new competitive awards to support postdoctoral researchers' advancement of their own independent research and to support professional development toward an independent research career. Both domestic and foreign postdoctoral researchers should be eligible for these awards. Over the next 5 years, NIH should incrementally and steadily increase by 5-fold the number of individual research fellowship awards (F-type) and career development (K-type) awards for postdoctoral researchers. The award recipients' home institutions should provide them with benefits commensurate to those provided to postdoctoral researchers supported on NIH research project grants and appropriate to their level of experience. The increase should not come at the expense of institutional training grants. The indirect cost recovery rate earned by K-type and training grant awards should be increased to 16 percent.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) should phase in a cap (3 years suggested) on salary support for all postdoctoral researchers funded by NIH research project grants (RPGs) based on the following considerations:
The cap should not apply to time spent on fellowships or career development awards;
The phase-in should occur only after NIH undertakes a robust pilot study (or studies) of sufficient size and duration to assess the feasibility of this policy and provide opportunities to revise it;
The pilot study (or studies) should be coupled to action on recommendation 4.2, which calls for an increase in individual F and K awards that are not restricted to U.S. citizens and permanent residents;
The pilot study (or studies) should assess potential benefits as well as potential deleterious consequences of such a cap for postdoctoral researchers, with special emphasis on women, underrepresented racial and ethnic minorities, and individuals with disabilities; early-stage independent investigators; and research creativity;
A short extension of RPG support can be requested, with sufficient justification, to offset time lost because of unplanned circumstances (e.g., illness, lab disaster) or parental responsibilities; and
Postdoctoral researchers should be allowed sufficient time between their last fellowship decision and the termination of their funding on RPGs to enable smooth career transitions.
Postdoctoral training should be limited to 5 years, after which time any postdoctoral researcher continuing in the same laboratory should be shifted to employment as a staff scientist with increased salary and benefits as appropriate for a permanent staff member.
Congress and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) should create and expand existing entrepreneurial and private-sector opportunities to attract and support the next generation of biomedical and behavioral researchers.
Congress should revise the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)/Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) program to enable NIH to create a novel ecosystem that fosters entrepreneurship for next generation biomedical scientists, facilitates women- and minority-owned entrepreneurship, and supports fulfillment of NIH's mission across the private sector.
Congress should extend/establish an employment tax credit to research and development (R&D) firms for hiring recently minted Ph.D.'s, M.D.'s, and M.D.-Ph.D.'s. and make the credit higher for small- to medium-sized R&D firms and firms that recruit into R&D activity for the first time.
Chapter 5: Building a Better Ecosystem for Independence
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) should invest in strengthening the research funding landscape for the next generation of investigators.
To promote innovative research with high potential for groundbreaking discoveries, NIH should expand the number of NIH Director's New Innovator Awards (DP2) and similar programs funded by individual NIH Institutes and Centers.
NIH should ensure that the duration of all R01 research grants supporting early-stage investigators (ESIs) is no less than 5 years to enable the establishment of resilient independent research programs. NIH Institutes and Centers should monitor the effect of this change on the availability of funds for other research project grants and should experiment with further extensions of the duration of R01 awards for ESIs.
To avoid dis-incentivizing research collaboration, those ESIs who participate in multi-principal investigator (PI) submissions prior to receiving their own R01 grants should retain their ESI status unless serving as a co-PI on a funded multi-PI award provides them with R01-equivalent funds for their own research.
NIH should expand the Pathways to Independence (K99/R00) award, with a priority on fostering independence through career development, including the development of an innovative and independent research project orginally conceived of and executed by the applicant, rather than additional or new training.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) should continue to improve the peer review process to optimize the evaluation of applications submitted by early-stage and early experienced investigators in the Next Generation Researchers Initiative. This action would especially benefit investigators from underrepresented groups. NIH should revise the biosketch requirement to focus peer review on recent contributions and accomplishments and should continue to test effective practices to reduce the effects of implicit bias on the review process and to increase the diversity of reviewers.
Research institutions and the National Institutes of Health should develop mechanisms to increase the number of individuals in staff scientist positions to provide more stable, non-faculty research opportunities for the next generation of researchers. Research institutions should experiment with providing career tracks with clearly defined review and promotion processes, as well as opportunities for professional development. Individuals in a staff scientist track should receive a salary and benefits commensurate with their experience and responsibilities.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH), research institutions, and principal investigators should share responsibility for increasing the diversity of and promoting the inclusion of early-career researchers.
To promote diversity and inclusion at the junior faculty level, NIH should require an institutional diversity and inclusion plan as a compo
nent of the institutional resources reported on research grants supporting trainees.
To promote diversity and inclusion of research trainees, principal investigators should provide a diversity and inclusion plan in their grant proposals and should provide updates in progress reports if funded.
The National Institutes of Health should allocate funds from its Next Generation Researchers Initiative to expand the number of Research Supplements to Promote Diversity in Health-Related Research (PA-16-288). These should be awarded to underrepresented minority (URM) early-stage investigators and URM investigators who have not been awarded a research project grant and seek to collaborate with funded investigators on new but related research projects. Proposals must clearly detail how the collaboration will result in a grant proposal by the URM investigator. To best support this career stage, awards should be enhanced with funds for supplies, equipment, professional development, and mentoring. The eligibility criteria for these diversity supplements should reflect only the URM populations specified by the National Science Foundation for the biomedical research enterprise.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) should make the Loan Repayment Programs available to all individuals pursuing biomedical physician-scientist researcher careers, regardless of their research area or clinical specialty. NIH should increase the monetary value of loan repayment to reflect the debt burden of current medical trainees. NIH should also continue implementation of the recommendations laid out in the 2014 NIH Physician-Scientist Workforce Working Group Report. NIH should test new strategies and expand effective approaches to increase the pool of early-stage physician-scientists.
Chapter 6: Experimentation and Innovation
Congress and the National Institutes of Health should promote innovative pilot projects on the part of research institutions and other stakeholders that seek to improve and accelerate transitions into independent careers. A Next Generation Researcher Innovation Fund should be created to support these experimental projects.
The National Institutes of Health should enhance the use of its Institutes and Centers as vehicles to pilot new mechanisms designed to support the independence of early-career researchers and thereby strengthen its capacity for innovation more
broadly. The Biomedical Research Enterprise Council proposed in recommendation 3.1 should monitor and evaluate those efforts.
Many of these recommendations will require new policies or funding mechanisms, and others encompass structural norms that reflect an effort to shift to a new paradigm, one premised on multi-stakeholder involvement, transparency, multiple pathways for research success, and a tradition of evidence-based experimentation and innovation. In this manner, the committee seeks to offer recommendations for reform and for the conditions necessary for their adoption, assessment, and ongoing adaptation and responsiveness, with the goal of creating a biomedical research enterprise that is truly equipped to promote the independence, creativity, and innovation of our scientists, for the benefit not only of the next generation of researchers and the generations to follow, but also the health and economic strength of the nation.
Cyranoski, D., N. Gilbert, H. Ledford, A. Nayar, and M. Yahia. 2011. Education: The PhD factory. Nature 472(7343):276-279.
Daniels, R. 2015. A generation at risk: Young investigators and the future of the biomedical workforce. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112(2): 313-318.
Edwards, M. A., and S. Roy. 2017. Academic research in the 21st century: Maintaining scientific integrity in a climate of perverse incentives and hypercompetition. Environmental Engineering Science 34(1):51-61.
National Research Council. 2005. Bridges to independence: Fostering the independence of new investigators in biomedical research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
National Science Board. 2018. Science and engineering indicators, 2018. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation.
TEConomy Partners. 2016. The economic impact of the U.S. biopharmaceutical industry. Washington, DC: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America.
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Next: 1 Introduction and Overview »
The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through Get This Book
Since the end of the Second World War, the United States has developed the world's preeminent system for biomedical research, one that has given rise to revolutionary medical advances as well as a dynamic and innovative business sector generating high-quality jobs and powering economic output and exports for the U.S. economy. However, there is a growing concern that the biomedical research enterprise is beset by several core challenges that undercut its vitality, promise, and productivity and that could diminish its critical role in the nation's health and innovation in the biomedical industry.
Among the most salient of these challenges is the gulf between the burgeoning number of scientists qualified to participate in this system as academic researchers and the elusive opportunities to establish long-term research careers in academia. The patchwork of measures to address the challenges facing young scientists that has emerged over the years has allowed the U.S. biomedical enterprise to continue to make significant scientific and medical advances. These measures, however, have not resolved the structural vulnerabilities in the system, and in some cases come at a great opportunity cost for young scientists. These unresolved issues could diminish the nation's ability to recruit the best minds from all sectors of the U.S. population to careers in biomedical research and raise concerns about a system that may favor increasingly conservative research proposals over high-risk, innovative ideas.
The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through evaluates the factors that influence transitions into independent research careers in the biomedical and behavioral sciences and offers recommendations to improve those transitions. These recommendations chart a path to a biomedical research enterprise that is competitive, rigorous, fair, dynamic, and can attract the best minds from across the country.
Front Matter i–xxii
1 Introduction and Overview 13–18
2 The Landscape for the Next Generation of Researchers 19–48
3 Transparency, Shared Responsibility, and Sustainability 49–64
4 Transitioning to Independence 65–80
5 Building a Better Ecosystem for Independence 81–94
6 Experimentation and Innovation 95–100
7 Final Thoughts and Summary of Recommendations by Actor 101–106
Appendix A: Definitions Used in the Report 107–108
Appendix B: Responses to Recommendations in Previous Reports on Biomedical and Behavioral Researchers 109–144
Appendix C: Dear Colleague Letter 145–152
Appendix D: Committee Member Biographies 153–162
Appendix E: Committee Meeting Agendas 163–170


Project will leverage $4.75 million in state funding and $33 million from the private sector to expand water quality efforts.
Iowa Secretary of Agriculture Bill Northey and Sean McMahon, Executive Director of Iowa Agriculture Water Alliance (IAWA), announced on February 12 that the USDA Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) has awarded $9.5 million to the Midwest Agriculture Water Quality Partnership. The Partnership is co-led by the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship and IAWA and involves 43 additional partners, including Houston Engineering, Inc.
"This project will work with a diverse group of committed partners to engage farmers and help scale-up the water quality efforts in the targeted watersheds. By working with ag organizations, businesses, retailers and other partners, we are building on momentum at the local level to address nutrient losses at the watershed scale," Northey said.
The RCPP project represents a potential breakthrough in watershed planning, including effective means of delivering practical conservation practices to agricultural producers.
The $9.5 million grant is the largest National Funding Pool award in the country this year. These funds will be leveraged with $4.75 million in state funding ($2.5 from IDALS and $2.25 from Iowa DNR) and $33 million from the private sector. Farmers and landowners will be making additional investments that are not included in these amounts.
The project will build an innovative public-private collaboration focused on improving water quality, soil health and habitat for at-risk species. The partnership has brought together diverse stakeholders from multiple sectors committed to improving water quality as guided by the Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy.
The initiative is focused on engaging local partners, such as agribusinesses, ag retailers, seed companies and ag organizations, to deliver and demonstrate water quality practices and technologies proven to have a significant impact on reducing losses of nitrogen and phosphorus. These practices include cover crops, nutrient management, strip-till and no-till, drainage water management, bioreactors, saturated buffers and wetlands.
The initiative will be focused in targeted watersheds within the North Raccoon, South Skunk, Lake Red Rock, Middle Cedar and Upper Cedar watersheds.
"This project will help direct conservation practices to where they can be most effective to maximize water quality benefits," McMahon added. "We credit NRCS and USDA for recognizing the importance of targeting Farm Bill resources to priority watersheds and landscapes.


When I think about the search bar when building an ecommerce shop, my immediate reaction is, "Looks fine." It's funny because before I started getting educated by some smarter folks, I figured a search bar was the most basic of tools, one that had minimal effect on overall conversions. Boy was I wrong. After implementing a few more advanced search bar tools, I began realizing just why Google has an edge over Bing. Search modules matter, big time.
In fact, an incredible number of people who come to your site go straight for the search bar. This means you want to wow them, or at least make like a sports referee and avoid getting noticed (because of the smoothness of the search). Therefore, I would recommend not being satisfied with your current search integration, especially if using Shopify. So many other apps are available to improve your experience. As an example, we found an app called Algolia For Shopify.
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A prime advantage of Algolia is that all searches are completed as the user types. Therefore, you're going to cut down on the amount of time the user spends searching, while also suggesting products to them as they type in certain keywords.
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We're all used to this on Google, so there's no reason not to have something like it on your ecommerce store. The UX improves, and you're bound to get some suggestions that the customer didn't think of before.
Some search bars deliver results from Google, while others scramble through the site after the user hits the Search button. Algolia, on the other hand, connects immediately to your product catalog, cutting out the need for lengthy search times. All of the products are already registered with the search engine.
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Another interesting part about Algolia is that the users don't have to click on the Search button to receive their results. The results pages can be updated in realtime, showing a list of the related products, along with relevant menu items and filters.
Going along with our comparison to Google, Algolia has what's called typo tolerance, where you can type in a wildly inaccurate version of a keyword and still get the right search results. It's almost as if the search engine knows what you're thinking. In reality, it's utilizing common searches, the products already located in your store and even the tendencies of the current user.
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Pricing for Algolia For Shopify looks confusing, yet reasonable. To start, you get a free plan to choose from. After you exceed a number of records and operations per month the pricing goes by a benchmarked pay as you go system.
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That's a good question, since so many Shopify plugins offer questionable, or minimal, support. Although Algolia doesn't have any support listed for the free plan, you still gain access to social media accounts, the email newsletter, a blog, contact form, documentation and an FAQs page.
Once you start paying for your plans, you can get everything from email support to a dedicated representative. I like the idea of the UX guidance, since you're paying a large amount of money. There's no reason to squander the placement of your search bar by not listening to the experts.
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Who Should Consider Algolia For Shopify?
Since a free version is available, I figure every Shopify store should at least give Algolia for Shopify a try. After that, we recommend testing out the plans and looking at the reports after maybe six months. This way, you can understand if it's working for your company.
If you have any questions about Algolia, let us know in the comment section below.


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Cades Cove Primitive Baptist Church was organized in 1827. This is the oldest established church in Cades Cove and was originally in a log building until 1887. Names from most of the families who first settled in the cove can be found in The graveyard behind the church; Oliver, Gregory's, Shields and more. Noticing the dates infants deaths were not uncommon reminding us of some of the difficulties of living in those times.
The following is a partial list of people who are buried in the cemetery behind Primitive Baptist Church. If you know of any additional names or have any additional details about those already listed here please let us know.
Oliver Martha (wife of John) 1846 19??


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This article was written on 24. 12., 2013, and is filled under News, Schedule~スケジュール.
The Discussion Group has turned into a regular event. It will take place on the first day of the Currell Effect Tokyo. People who have participated in the Currell Effect and those who have not participated yet probably have questions to ask him. It will be a very open discussion gathering. Hope to see you there.


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ASTM A297/A297M-21a
Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for General Application
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ASTM C1440-21
ASTM A494/A494M-22
ASTM A941-22A
ASTM A436-84(2020)
1.1''This specification covers iron-chromium and iron-chromium-nickel alloy castings for heat-resistant service. The grades covered by this specification are general purpose alloys and no attempt has been made to include heat-resisting alloys used for special production application.
Note 1:''For heat-resisting alloys used for special product application, reference should be made to Specifications A351/A351M, A217/A217M, and A447/A447M.
1.2''The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3''This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Redline File Size:
2 files , 140 KB
ASTM A297/A297M-97(2003)
ASTM International > By Sections and Volumes > Section 1 - Iron and Steel Products > Volume 01.02 - Ferrous Castings; Ferroalloys
ASTM International > By ICS Code > 77: Metallurgy > 77.140: Iron And Steel Products > 77.140.80: Iron And Steel Castings
Page: /standards/astm-a297-a297m-21a?product_id=2234532

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How do you calculate a running total in a query using access 2007?
Hi my name is XXXXX XXXXX I will be helping you.
You are correct that you will be using DSum.
This article will explain the two different methods you can use for DSum.
Did you notice there are several spots where it says "Note In Access 2007, click Totals in the Show/Hide group on the Design tab."
Double-click the Access database file you want to edit. When you double-click the file, it loads the database along with the Access application.
Click the "Queries" icon. This window lists all the queries programmed into the database. Right-click the query you want to edit and select "Design View" from the options.
Find the field you want to edit in the list of fields. If the field isn't listed, drag and drop it from the listed tables to the bottom of the Access window. The bottom of the Access window is the list of fields that are returned to the user.
Enter "Sum" in the field column text box labeled "Total." The "Sum" entry instructs Access to total the amount in the column. This can be a total for money, integers or percentages.
Click the "Save" button and close the query. This brings you back to the list of queries. Double-click the newly edited query. This runs the query code. In the list of returned data is the total for the column you edited.
In Micosoft Access 2007. In the inventory example template.
This week you will create queries to accompany your database.
I have a report that has calculations in the report design.
Hello! I am using excel spreadsheet for some fifure work.


text:
By Consider The Consumer on January 4, 2022
Is Requesting For A Woman Uber Driver Possible
The abovementioned has been a primary question many people have in mind after Uber, Lyft, and the like have been scrutinized over sexual allegation concerns perpetrated by their drivers towards their passengers.
Uber's numbers even suggest that its stakeholders have experienced sexual assault incidents, including accusations of non-consensual sex. Hence, it is safe to say that women drivers and passengers feel unsafe during most of their dealings with ride-hailing services in their locality.
However, experts and observers have all agreed that there is no definitive answer to the query posted above. Companies do not give would-be passengers an option to choose whether they can pick a female driver or not via their mobile applications or booking platforms.
Additionally, there are certain legal aspects behind allowing customers to select female drivers over their male counterparts. A legal sage suggests that allowing it would lead to violations of federal legislation and may result in the launching of several lawsuits in courts.
How To Deal With The Situation
To deal with the dilemma mentioned above, some startups have launched businesses to cater to the needs of a certain demographic in the market, wanting to specifically be catered by a woman driver.
Moving forward, there is no mechanism present in big companies of the like of Uber and others that offer an option for its patrons to book a female driver.
Nevertheless, Consider The Consumer is a platform that victims of the sexual assault incidents perpetrated by Uber, Lyft, and other ride-hailing services drivers can rely on regarding the latest news and developments surrounding the matter.
If you or someone you know have experienced sexual assault, it is advised to reach out to local law enforcement agencies in your area. In addition, it is important to seek the legal assistance of attorneys as soon as possible for you to obtain the justice that you deserve.
Editor's Note on Can You Request For A Female Uber Driver:
This quick primer aims to discuss the question of whether passengers are allowed to choose to ride with a woman Uber driver or not. We also suggest you read How To Contact Uber.
No thoughts on "Can You Request For A Female Uber Driver? " yet. Be the first to speak your mind!
Does Uber Conduct Background Checks On Its Drivers? – A Quick Rundown After being bombarded with a myriad of legal challenges in relation to its drivers' sexual assault towards its passengers, people are wondering as to how does Uber performs background checks on its drivers in the name of its clients' safety. Uber Drivers Background Read More
ATTN: Hoag Memorial Hospital Employees – Hoag Sheltered Savings Plan Excessive Fee Class Action Investigation Hoag Sheltered Savings Plan Excessive Fee Class Action Investigation An investigation has commenced regarding Hoag Memorial Hospital for allegedly mismanaging the assets of the Hoag Sheltered Savings Plan (the "Plan"). Those affected are (i) current and former employees of Hoag Read More
Dealing with Unwanted Holiday Gifts Effortlessly You unwrap a gift and discover that it is not quite what you desired or expected, and it has occurred to each of us. What To Do With It? Perhaps the sweater is a couple of sizes too large. Perhaps it's a novel that you already own. Regardless of Read More
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Impact on Holiday Travel While increasing vaccination rates have improved travelers' confidence, the majority of Americans are staying home this Holiday season due to the new Covid-19 Omicron. People Had Second Thoughts About Traveling After Omicron Variant Arises; COVID-19 Surge Expected on January Thanksgiving was expected to attract about 55 million people Read More


Packing is the starting point for a new era of soccer analysis.
Soccer is all about scoring goals and the less opponents a player is facing in front of the goal, the more likely he is to score. Consequently, the attacking team needs to get past the defending team and the aim is thus to outplay the opponents. To achieve this, it's essential that after a move less defending players will be between the ball and the goal. The outplayed opponents are then 'packed' and currently not able to prevent the ongoing attack. This is why the idea of taking players out of the game is called Packing.
The Packing-method delivers to meaningful KPIs.
Outplayed Opponents: There are different ways to take opponents out of the game – through vertical passes, diagonal balls or dribblings. In all situations, the Outplayed Opponents are summed up.
Outplayed Defenders: This KPI is a specification of the Outplayed Opponents and refers to the last 6 players who can defend their goal. To outplay defenders is particularly effective and has the greatest impact on scoring goals. Therefore, the number of Outplayed Defenders are added separately.
The Packing-method enables to collect a whole range of significant KPIs to analyze team and player performances.
Outplayed Opponents/Outplayed Defenders are a particularly powerful indicator for the offensive play of a player or a team. Therefore, we evaluate whether and which opponents are overplayed in each offensive action.
Every successful action needs a passing player and a pass receiver. The number of Outplayed Opponents as a pass receiver measures the quality of a player regarding his sense of space and evaluates if he is able to secure his teams ball possession upfront.
This category is the counterpart of outplaying opponents as it measures how dangerous the own ball losses have been. The more teammates cannot defend their goal after losing ball possession, the more dangerous the ball losses have been.
While the number of Outplayed Opponents measures the offensive output of a team, the number of own outplayed players refers to the defensive stability. If even the defenders are outplayed on a high level, the team is defensively vulnerable and allows many goalscoring opportunities.
A team can also take opponents out of the game through intercepting the ball. We sum up all opponents who cannot defend their goal after an interception and call this the number of Removed Opponents. The KPI is an indicator for the pressing ability of a team.
This category shows how important an interception was in order to defend the own goal. Therefore, winning the ball is particularly important when Outplayed Teammates are brought back into the game.
Our goal is to support managements, analysts and scouts with meaningful data in their daily work. We provide a number of meaningful key figures which help to analyze the offensive and defensive play of players and teams. Contact us. We would be pleased to provide you with our data!
How strong is my team in the different areas?
How strong are my players in terms of build-up? Which player creates a goal threat?
Which player showed good pressing skills?
Which player was able to create a lot of passing options?
How do my players perform in comparison to the other clubs?
Our goal: to evaluate the players' and team performances more objectively using simple data. How strong has a player really been? How much did he contribute to the build-up? Was it a deserved win? These questions can be objectively answered with our Packing – stats.
Let your viewers see the game from another perspective! How many opponents did my favourite player outplay? My team had a lot of ball possession, but how effective was their built-up in the end? With Packing you can improve your match analysis. Are you interested in our data? We are happy to help!
So playing one long ball after another should lead to high Packing-scores?
No! In the German Bundesliga the best values are held by Bayern Munich and Borussia Dortmund (Seasons 2015-2017) who define themselves through a high quality passing. Furthermore , our algorithms are only taking relevant actions into account. For example: a pass, where a receiver just slighty touches the ball under high pressure and loses ball possession is not getting any credit.
Does a pass get points for outplaying a lot of opponents?
If a successful action ends in Outplayed Opponents, the measuring unit is "Outplayed opponents". This is a unit like "won duels" or number of ball contacts.
Do Outplayed Defenders count more than Outplayed Opponents and how do you weight that?
In fact, outplaying the opponents' defenders is more important and difficult than outplaying strikers or midfielders. Therefore, we report the number of Outplayed Defenders and the total number of Outplayed Opponents separately. However, we do not weight any of our KPIs and treat them as separate numbers.
What about dribblings? Do they also count for Outplayed Opponents?
Yes. All offensive actions which make it possible to Outplay Opponents are summed up. This can be passes, dribblings, crosses or diagonal balls.
How do you actually collect the data?
When analysing the Bundesliga we can work on basis of the official data provided by the German Football League ("DFL"). Therefore, we have access to the position data of the players and the ball. These contain the information on the location, where each player and the ball is at a certain time. Thereby, we can guarantee a complete objectivity.
If the position data are not available, our data collection is based on a strictly objective grid which also ensures the same data quality and objectivity.
Are you interested in our work? Feel free to contact us and we will get back to you as soon as possible!


text:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

def maybe_format(item):
    """Pretty-format a string, integer, float, or percent

    Parameters
    ----------
    item : pandas.Series
        A single-item series containing a .name attribute and a value in the
        first (0th) index
    """
    value = item[0]
    if pd.isnull(value):
        return 'N/A'
    elif isinstance(value, str):
        return value
    elif 'percent' in item.name.lower():
        return '{:.2f}%'.format(value)
    elif isinstance(value, pd.Timestamp):
        return str(np.datetime64(value, 'D'))
    elif (isinstance(value, float)  # this must go before ints!
          or np.issubdtype(value, np.number)):
        if value >= 1e3:
            return locale.format("%d", int(value), grouping=True)
        else:
            return locale.format("%.3g", value, grouping=True)
    elif (isinstance(value, int)
          or np.issubdtype(value, np.integer)):
        return locale.format("%d", value, grouping=True)
    else:
        raise TypeError

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Why Poisson and Normal laws of distribution are discrete and continuous respectively? Many books say that , for example , Poisson law of distribution is discrete , but it does not tell why it is discrete. I know the difference between discrete and continuous random variables , but when teacher asks me a question as above , I could not answer.

A: I don't see the point in your question. Poisson distribution law describes the probability that a random variable takes the value $k$ for each $k$ from the set $0,1,2,3,\ldots$. (e.g. what is the probability that a customer service centre will get $k$ calls in a day). This is discrete. The number of calls is 3 or 4 or 5 etc and not $3.07, 4.22, 7.83712$ etc. (The average number over a period could be a fractional value, however).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Colt Python Series 6mm Revolver Shells (Set of 6) |ReplicaAirguns.ca | New Website!
Comments: The Colt Python Series 6mm Revolver Shells have been specially designed to maximize the shooting potential of the Colt Python revolver. They are made of durable materials and feature rubberized tips. Comes in a pack of six.


For the most up to date schedule and information click here, or get in touch with TTT Runners.
Tuesday, April 16. 6:00-7:00am. Moneghetti Fartlek. Interval Intensity. Totara Park, The Gardens.
Thursday, April 18. 6:00-7:30pm. High Intensity Interval Training. Repetition Intensity. Massey Park, Papakura.
Saturday, April 20. 8:00-9:00am. Six Hundred Metre Repetitions. Interval Intensity. Colin Lawrie Fields, Pukekohe.
Sunday, April 21. 7:00-9:00am. Road Run. Aerobic Intensity. Bruce Pulman Park, Takanini.
For more information click here, or get in touch with TTT Runners.
Tuesday, April 23. 6:00-7:00am. Trail Time Trial. Interval Intensity. Totara Park, The Gardens.
Thursday, April 25. 6:00-7:30pm. Kuegler Progression. Progressively Increasing Intensity. Massey Park, Papakura.
Saturday, April 27. 2:00-4:00pm. Papakura Athletic & Harrier Club Teams Race. Interval Intensity. Kuegler Family Farm, Bombay.
Sunday, April 28. 7:00-9:00am. Gravel Road Run. Aerobic Intensity. Barry Curtis Park, Flat Bush.
Tuesday, April 30. 6:00-7:00am. One Kilometre Repetitions. Interval Intensity. Totara Park, The Gardens.
Thursday, May 2. 6:00-7:30pm. 4321 Fartlek. Interval Intensity. Massey Park, Papakura.
Saturday, May 4. 8:00-9:30am. Five Miler. Interval Intensity. Pukekohe A&P Showgrounds, Pukekohe.
Sunday, May 5. 10:30am-12:00pm. Pa 5000 Fun Run. Clarks Beach.
Tuesday, May 7. 6:00-7:00am. Two Minute Hill Repeats. Interval Intensity. Totara Park, The Gardens.
Thursday, May 9. 6:00-7:30pm. Four Hundred Metre Repetitions. Repetition Intensity. Massey Park, Papakura.
Saturday, May 11. 1:00-4:00pm (approx.). Athletics Auckland Cross Country Grand Prix #1. Pukekohe A&P Showgrounds.
Sunday, May 12. 7:00-9:00am. Trail Run. Aerobic Intensity. Totara Park, The Gardens.


text:
Forum of Mathematics, Sigma
$A_{1}$ -TYPE SUBGROUPS CONTAINING REGULAR UNIPOTENT...
$A_{1}$ -TYPE SUBGROUPS CONTAINING REGULAR UNIPOTENT ELEMENTS
Part of: Structure and classification of infinite or finite groups Linear algebraic groups and related topics
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 April 2019
TIMOTHY C. BURNESS and
DONNA M. TESTERMAN
TIMOTHY C. BURNESS
School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK; t.burness@bristol.ac.uk
Institute of Mathematics, Station 8, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; donna.testerman@epfl.ch
t.burness@bristol.ac.uk ;
donna.testerman@epfl.ch
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Let $G$ be a simple exceptional algebraic group of adjoint type over an algebraically closed field of characteristic $p>0$ and let $X=\text{PSL}_{2}(p)$ be a subgroup of $G$ containing a regular unipotent element $x$ of $G$ . By a theorem of Testerman, $x$ is contained in a connected subgroup of $G$ of type $A_{1}$ . In this paper we prove that with two exceptions, $X$ itself is contained in such a subgroup (the exceptions arise when $(G,p)=(E_{6},13)$ or $(E_{7},19)$ ). This extends earlier work of Seitz and Testerman, who established the containment under some additional conditions on $p$ and the embedding of $X$ in $G$ . We discuss applications of our main result to the study of the subgroup structure of finite groups of Lie type.
MSC classification
Primary: 20G41: Exceptional groups
Secondary: 20E32: Simple groups 20E07: Subgroup theorems; subgroup growth
Forum of Mathematics, Sigma , Volume 7 , 2019 , e12
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/fms.2019.12[Opens in a new window]
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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* Views captured on Cambridge Core between 24th April 2019 - 18th January 2021. This data will be updated every 24 hours.
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TIMOTHY C. BURNESS (a1) and DONNA M. TESTERMAN (a2)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/fms.2019.12


text:
Dead Rising 3 PC – How to Unlock Frames Per Second
by Josh Hawkins
Sept. 8, 2014, 10 a.m.
How to remove the 30 FPS lock set on Capcom's Dead Rising 3: Apocalypse Edition.
Top 50 Video Game Weapons of All Time
Aug. 15, 2014, 12:05 p.m.
Kill mutants, aliens and other freaks with maximum stopping power.
Xbox One Ships Over 5 Million
by Bryan Dawson
April 18, 2014, 12:31 p.m.
Microsoft has confirmed that its new console has shipped over 5 million units to date.
Microsoft May Lower Digital Game Prices
Microsoft's Major Nelson chimes in on the price of digital Xbox One titles.
Dead Rising 3: Operation Broken Eagle Walkthrough
We'll help you get through the first Untold Stories of Los Perdidos episode, starring Spec Ops Commander Adam Kane.
Dead Rising 3- Top 10 Tips
Dec. 26, 2013, 11 a.m.
You may have an in-game map, but we have some tips that make this game a breeze!
Dead Rising 3 Operation Eagle DLC Arrives Christmas Eve
Dec. 13, 2013, 11:54 a.m.
You can also check out a free limited demo starting today.
Dead Rising 3 Walkthrough
Dec. 16, 2013, 12:47 p.m.
Join us as we get you through the main storyline of Dead Rising 3!
Prima's Twitch Schedule
Check out our live stream plans for December
Backwards Compatible Xbox One Scam
by Christopher Buffa
Dec. 8, 2013, 8 a.m.
You cannot play Xbox 360 games on your Xbox One, no matter what someone tells you.
Dead Rising 3: Weapon Combo Tips
Because sometimes one weapon simply isn't enough to fend off a horde of zombies.
Dead Rising 3 Vehicle Combo Tips
Who wants to walk everywhere when there's a zombie apocalypse going down? It's time to get some wheels!
Genre Breakdown: PS4 and Xbox One Launch Games
Are you looking for a specific genre to play with your new console? We've got the breakdown you've been waiting for!
Latest Dead Rising 3 Trailer Tells a Story
Nov. 14, 2013, 10:50 a.m.
It's not just zombies you'll have to worry about.
Xbox One: Dead Rising 3 Video Preview
by Prima Staff
Nov. 8, 2013, 5 p.m.
More zombies than you can swing a wrench at.
Dead Rising 3 Strategic Preview
Customization will help you survive the zombie horde.


text:
which of the following objects has the greatest kinetic energy
This can't be a coincidence. If you want to do anything with a lot of kinetic energy, you can find some sort of source of that energy.
With the exception of one particular object, the energy in this scene turns out to be the energy of a single target. This is why we call it the "D-Day", because the game never really dies in its entirety. If you want to do a similar thing, then you probably need to find a source of energy that can be used in conjunction with the D-Day, including the time and energy of the target.
So the D-Day, which uses up so much kinetic energy that the weapon-wielding Colt can't fire all the way, is the kind of thing that could, hypothetically, kill a group of people. The people who are most likely to do that are the Visionaries, who are also incredibly slow and very slow to react. The only way for them to get away is for those Visionaries to shoot them in the head, which is not something they would do themselves.
Of course, that's one of the things we can't really say about the game itself, nor is it possible to really know exactly what the Visionaries' actions mean. The best we can do is give them a range of abilities that are hard to ignore.
You can tell who is the fast one by the way they move, but that doesn't really give us an idea of what they are. For example, one Visionary can literally fire a bullet from the hip, and while the bullet itself may be slow and not as heavy as most bullets, the impact will send the person flying.
There are a few objects that have a lot of kinetic energy. I personally think that these are the ones that have the most potential for violence. It is because their kinetic energy is so high that they can take out the most amount of people in relatively small amounts of time.
I think that one of the coolest things about the Deathloop trailer is that it suggests that the two Visionaries that Colt killed were actually part of a "special" elite team that was made up of the best assassins and assassins. What this means is that they are able to kill people without actually shooting them. The trailer also indicates that there are a few different ways to kill a Visionary. They can be killed by a bullet, a knife at close range, or a shotgun.
The trailer also points out that Colt's plan is to run around on a big island and kill some Visionaries in a really big city. I would have to say that the most effective way to kill a Visionary is to just make it look like it has an accident. By then it will be too late.
Because you can't really shoot a Visionary with a handgun and you don't really have a shotgun, the Visionary can be killed with a blast from a rocket launcher, which explodes in midair and leaves a hole in the ground. But most likely the biggest use of the rocket launcher is to make the missile look really big. The missile gets fired from a rocket launcher and is shot out of the sky. So basically, the rocket launcher is a pretty good way to kill any Visionary.
The world doesn't seem to be a good place for the most massive human being in existence. A lot of the problems our society has with the world have to do with the fact that a lot of the people we're interested in are people who are not interested in the world. We're interested in our culture, our values, our opinions, and our beliefs.
consumers energy solar garden
which two processes can generate energy to help a star maintain its internal thermal pressure?


text:
Coronavirus (Covid-19) guidance: visiting a Sue Ryder hospice or neurological centre
We understand that visiting loved ones is crucial to the health and wellbeing of all our patients and clients, and the safety of the people in our care remains of paramount importance.
"I have nothing but praise for Sue Ryder Neurological Care Centre Lancashire. Without them, I am sure that I would still be bed ridden"
Barry Whaite was admitted to Sue Ryder Neurological Care Centre Lancashire in April 2020, his head the only part of his body he could move independently. Barry spent all of the first national lockdown undergoing physiotherapy and rehabilitation, but in August 2020, he left the centre, walking again with help from a walking aid.
Blog 9th November 2020
Man Utd star Phil Jones leads the famous faces donating to Sue Ryder auction in aid of new Neurological Care Centre in Lancashire
An array of Lancashire's famous faces from TV, sport and music have got behind Sue Ryder's latest fundraising appeal to raise funds for the new Neurological Care Centre in Lancashire.
News 22nd November 2019
It's time to change the vision
Nicola Murray, Head of Business & Governance at the Sue Ryder Neurological Care Centre Lancashire, discusses the new specialist centre and the move to rehabilitation care which encourages people to remain more independent.
Blog 18th November 2019
"Just making someone smile, however briefly, is a lovely feeling."
Patient support volunteer Susan Clark has been volunteering her time on the wards and in the kitchens at Sue Ryder Wheatfields Hospice in Leeds for almost 40 years. Here, she outlines what her role involves and what the hospice is really like.
"It was an absolute thrill to be nominated to attend the Royal Garden Party. I got to see the Queen looking lovely in her pink suit!"
Pat McClelland, Lead Volunteer at our Airedale Shopping Centre charity shop in Keighley, West Yorkshire, was among the guests invited to Buckingham Palace for the Queen's Annual Royal Garden Party in May.
Blog 2nd July 2019


text:
A Collection of the Public General Statutes Passed in the ... Year of the ...
By Great Britain
CO L LECTION
PUBLIC GENERAL STATUTES
PASSED IN THE
Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Years
OF THE REIGN OF HER MAJESTY
QUEEN VICTORIA:
Being the SEVENTH SESSION of the EIGHTEENTH PARLIAMENT
of the United Kingdom of GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. ·
Printed by GEORGE EDWARD EYRE and WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE,
Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty.
LIBRARY OF THE
LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY.
All the STATUTES passed in the SEVENTH Session of
the EIGHTEENTH Parliament of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and IRELAND.
I. AN Act to amend certain clerical Errors in the Civil Bill Courts Procedure Amend-
11 ment Act (Ireland), 1864.
II. An Act to extend the Powers now vested in Justices of the Peace to grant Licences to
deal in Game to the Divisional Magistrates within the Police District of Dublin Metro-
polis.
III. An Act for the Protection of Inventions and Designs exhibited at certain Industrial
Exhibitions in the United Kingdom.
IV. An Act to apply the Sum of One hundred and seventy-five thousand six hundred and
fifty Pounds out of the Consolidated Fund to the Service of the Year ending the Thirty-
first Day of March One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
V. An Act for the Incorporation of the Territories of British Kaffraria with the Colony of
the Cape of Good Hope.
VI. An Act for the Protection of Inventions and Designs exhibited at the Dublin Inter-
national Exhibition for the Year One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
VII. An Act to confirm a Provisional Order under « The General Police and Improve-
ment (Scotland) Act, 1862," relating to the Burgh of Perth.
VIII. An Act to amend The Election Petitions Act, 1848," in certain Particulars. 10
IX. An Act to allow Affirmations or Declarations to be made instead of Oaths in all Civil
and Criminal Proceedings in Scotland.
X. An Act to apply the Sum of Fifteen Millions out of the Consolidated Fund to the
Service of the Year One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five.
XI. An Act for punishing Mutiny and Desertion, and for the better Payment of the Army
and their Quarters.
XII. An Act for the Regulation of Her Majesty's Royal Marine Forces while on shore. 54
XIII. An Act to confirm certain Provisional Orders under " The Drainage and Improve-
ment of Lands Act (Ireland), 1863," and the Act amending the same.
XIV, An


text:
Exactly Like Me
Aprylle Gilbert
"FRIDAY 10/23 APRYLLE GILBERT The Michelle Branch of Morgan Hill, Aprylle Gilbert is a fresh voice in the world of pop rock and folk. Her new disc, Diamond in the Rough, quietly screams for attention and is worth a listen, to say the least. She's also pulling some veteran talent from around Central California to help her translate it live. Chief among the contracted help is Ben Lomond's homey folk rocker Ben Laney and the multitalented Jim Lewin, best known as the guitarist for local country icon Lacy J. Dalton. Throw in a couple of surprise guests and you've got quite a coming-out party for this ambitious starlet. Cayuga Vault; $10 advance/$12 door; 8pm. (Curtis Cartier)" - Curtis Cartier
— Metro Santa Cruz
"Born in Massachusetts, singer/songwriter Aprylle Gilbert spent a complex childhood shuttling between New England and Montana. She spent her formative years experiencing life's lessons of love, happiness, and heartache with only inward reflection to guide her, a journey that serves as the inspiration for the deeply introspective music of her debut album Diamond In The Rough. Embracing the folksy pop of artists such as Suzanne Vega and Sheryl Crow, Aprylle combines stirring melodies with words of inspiration, joy, and - at times - sadness. With a thoughtful piano and acoustic guitar duet, Diamond In The Rough gets started with "Alive", a track in which Aprylle reflects upon the need to be seen and accepted for who we truly are. In a voice both pensive and sultry that often hints at an underlying self-consciousness, Aprylle takes the listener on a trek that is semi-autobiographical yet familiar to most of us. There is an overall theme of learning to be true to yourself, and the happiness that lies in finding someone who will accept you for who you are. To that end, much of Aprylle's music is lifting and inspirational, though poignant reminders of a not-so-joyful past are ever present. From the infectious chorus and memorable riffs of "One More Time Around" to the uplifting beat of "Making A Believer", Diamond In The Rough proves to be a very personal and quite enjoyable album from an aspiring songstress no longer afraid to bare her soul. As her confidence grows, Aprylle will undoubtedly emerge from the West Coast coffeehouses to take a place on larger stages across the nation." - Dave Knoch
— Lexington Music Examiner
Back Again 4:00
Talk is Cheap 3:37
Beginning 3:16
Big Bottle of Whiskey 3:09
You Don't Call Me Anymore 2:57
Let Me Down Easy 3:43
Candy Kisses 3:36
I'm Not Okay 3:01
Don't Be Angry 3:42
City Girl 3:29
The Fix 3:18
Take It On Faith 3:28
Someday 3:27
With A Love Song 4:09
Love Me Tomorrow 3:50
Alive 3:30
Speak 4:13
Making A Believer 3:49
Takin It Off 4:24
One More Time Around 3:41


text:
Hexafluorpropylenoxid ist das Epoxid von Hexafluorpropen.

Gewinnung und Darstellung
Hexafluorpropylenoxid kann durch Oxidation von Hexafluorpropen mit alkalischem Wasserstoffperoxid gewonnen werden.

Verwendung
Hexafluorproplyenoxid wird als Grundstoff für Perfluoralkoxy-Polymere sowie zur Herstellung von HFPO-DA eingesetzt. Außerdem ist es Monomer für das Fluorpolymer Perfluorpolyether (Krytox).

Des Weiteren ist Hexafluorproplyenoxid in den meisten Synthesewegen von fluorierten Ionomeren beteiligt.

Einzelnachweise

Fluoralkan
Epoxid

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Expedition Portal is one of my favorite websites; it is the online counterpart to the terrific 4x4 magazine Overland Journal. They have a fantastic discussion forum that covers a broader range of off-road backcountry equipment and vehicle sections than any other website. Definitely worth checking out.
ExPo recently published an article that discusses the fact that the 2007+ Jeep Wrangler Unlimited is the new Land Rover Defender. Heresy? Perhaps not, as author Matthew Scott argues.
Land Rover isn't the only legendary marque that has abandoned its roots: the Toyota Land Cruiser, Nissan Patrol, and Suzuki Samurai all have well-earned reputations in the furthest reaches of the globe. Each of these vehicles has either been discontinued or emasculated with independent suspension and limited off-road durability.
I have always been a huge fan of the Defender, and while I don't think anyone but Land Rover could ever produce a proper replacement for it, it's indisputable that the Wrangler Unlimited has supplanted the Defender as the top choice for overland-style 4wheeling. It's unfortunate that Land Rover doesn't appear to have any interest in continuing the solid-axle, purpose-built Defender, but we are all lucky that Jeep saw it fit to expand the Wrangler's offerings to fill this abandoned niche.
It's no wonder that Jeep's Wrangler sales have continued to climb in spite of rising fuel prices; it is essentially the only vehicle left that can meet the needs of the true off-roaders crowd. Focus groups and political pressure have convinced all other 4x4 manufacturers that offroad-biased SUVs aren't what they should be manufacturing, but consumers have spoken: durable solid-axle 4x4s still serve as strong a need as ever.
just the fact this this jeep is being equated to the Land-rover just shows what a great car it must be. I agree that the wrangler has some features which bring it quite close to the Defender, looking forward to owning one some day.
Hi, what a great web blog. I usually spend hours on the net reading blogs on regarding <Techno British. And, I really would like to praise you for writing such a fabulous article. I honestly believe there is a skill to writing articles that only very few posses and yes, you got it. This is really informative and I will for sure refer my friends the same. Thanks.


1. You specialise in the sale and purchase of rare and out of print books. What motivated you to open a rare bookshop?
When you specialise in particular subjects, and in my case these are the visual arts, then new, second hand and rare books all form part of the literature of interest. So, my shop sells new books alongside the old, and so is not entirely 'a rare bookshop' except in so far as in selling new and old is quite distinctive for a bookshop.
I always liked old books and am constantly in awe of their authors for the detail they crammed into them. That was a motivation for starting to buy and sell them. I never think you should disregard the scholarship of the past. I also really like ephemeral pamphlets and essays which often provide chance insights into subjects, or reflect a particular design style.
Initially I just collected the material that interested me for myself, but, being from a family who had shops and having had a spell in design, as part of my own career path, I decided that opening a bookshop which combined family traditions and my own interests would be the dream job.
2. How does the buying of rare books work? Without giving away too many trade secrets, where do you source your best buys?
Buying rare books is not an exact science. The best buys come along when you least expect it them. Constantly being aware of what is coming up for sale through auction houses is useful and so is having shop premises, as private sellers seek you out as a place they might sell their unwanted material. I am sure the best buys ultimately come via word of mouth from lovely customers who have a feel for what we stock. For that I am really grateful.
3. What has been your most exciting find as a rare book buyer/seller?
There is never only one exciting find but a succession of undiscovered treasures keep coming my way. If I was forced to single something out then I would probably say it was a collection of period photographs of country houses I stumbled upon years ago. It was not about their monetary value but their sheer luminosity. I don't think they had been out of their container since they were taken and I am always a sucker for good documentary sources. Finding a great collection of pictures as good as they were, spurs you on to find other things. It is the unusual which keeps the bookshop an interesting place for me and hopefully for my customers.
4. Your inventory is mainly based around the subjects of architecture, art and design. Being in the historic city of York, do you have much local demand for the history of the architecture?
General books on the history of architecture probably not but the shop does a roaring trade in books on specialist aspects of building history such as stained glass, [ York has the biggest collection of Medieval Glass in its buildings in the country.] stone masonry, decorative details and so on. We also have a lot of enquiries for books on model villages and other aspects of buildings in the city. New Earswick, one of the pioneer model villages, built by Rowntree's, is just up the road from the shop and York Minster less than 200 metres away.
5. Do you have any exciting plans for the store that you'd like to share here?
Future plans for the shop include developing the online shop to have a wider reach than it has at present. I envisage that the future is to combine on line sales with keeping the bookshop in the mind's eye for those who want to discover and handle books they did not know even existed. I suppose I just want to keep up a really good level of customer service. We implemented one of the plans to do that only today and that is to reintroduce cloth bags for our customers who buy from us. They have always proved very popular.
To find out more about Janette Ray, please visit her website, or follow her on Instagram, Twitter or Facebook. Or, if you're local, pop in store!


text:
Q: Firebase database Indexing Issues my customer database is like this:
{
    "customers": {
        "9115625853": {
            "address": "16-37-4/3, Innespeta, Rajahmundry 533101",
            "adhaar": "1111-2222-3333",
            "currentPackage": {
                "activation": "2016-11-22",
                "dataConsumed": 5905580032,
                "dataTotal": 21474836480,
                "expiry": "2016-12-22",
                "packageName": "5MB-20GB",
                "speedDown": "5 Mbps",
                "speedUp": "5 Mbps"
            },
            "email": "sureshk@gmail.com",
            "mobileno": "9115625853",
            "name": "Suresh Kumar P",
            "registered": "2016-11-22"
        },
        "7032906292": {
            "address": "46-17-24, Danavaipeta, Rajahmundry 533103",
            "adhaar": "5555-2342-3633",
            "currentPackage": {
                "activation": "2016-11-12",
                "dataConsumed": 18253611008,
                "dataTotal": 21474836480,
                "expiry": "2016-12-12",
                "packageName": "5MB-20GB",
                "speedDown": "5 Mbps",
                "speedUp": "5 Mbps"
            },
            "email": "lakshman@laurel.solutions",
            "mobileno": "7032906292",
            "name": "Lakshman Rao Pilaka",
            "registered": "2016-11-12"
        },
        "9165263347": {
            "address": "722 Junius Street, Grazierville, Indiana, 7463",
            "adhaar": "3935-1768-7293",
            "email": "mannray@biospan.com",
            "name": "Mann Ray",
            "phone": 9165263347,
            "registered": "2016-09-04"
        }
    }
}

I want an event to be fired when a child is added to the customer database where the currentPackage is not applied (ie when a customer like 9165263347 - Mann Ray) is added.
I have written code like this
firebase.database().ref('customers/')
  .orderByChild('currentPackage')
  .equalTo(null)
  .once('child_added')
  .then(function(snapshot) {

       // My Code

 });

I get an error

Uncaught (in promise) Error: No index defined for currentPackage(…)

My Firebase rules are as follows
   {
    "rules": {
        ".read": true,
        ".write": true,
        "packages": {
            ".indexOn": "active"
        },
        "customers": {
            ".indexOn": "currentPackage"
        }
    }
}

I am sure, there is an error in the rule definition but somehow I am unable to get over it.
Please help.
thanks.


text:
Movie Review – "Jay And Silent Bob Strike Back"
I managed to attend last night's local press
screening of the latest from View Askew. (Thanks
Greg!) The spoiler free review is behind the "read
more" link.
Jay and Silent Bob are the basis of a movie they're
not getting paid
for that is being mocked by thousands of anonymous
Internet users.
Something must be done.
Cast, Crew, and Other Info
Jason Mewes, Kevin Smith, Ben Affleck, Matt Damon,
Shannon Elizabeth,
Shannon Doherty, Will Farrell, Chris Rock, Jason Lee,
Scott Mosier,
and several others in cameo appearances will out the
cast. Once
again, View Askew Productions used Scott Mosier as a
producer and
Kevin Smith as writer and director. The IMDB page
has all the info.
The Jersey Chronicles
This is the fifth and final entry of Kevin Smith's
Chronicles. Most of the jokes in the first fifteen
minutes and last
two minutes are references to the first three movies
in the group,
Clerks, Mallrats, and Chasing
Amy. I only
noticed one joke that required the audience to have
Dogma, the fourth film in the series. I
strongly recommend
seeing the first four. This movie was funny, and
would be funny if
you hadn't seen the other movies, but I fear the
public screenings
will get off to a rough start when the people in the
audience see all
the references to Clerks, but haven't seen
the movie. The
core of the movie will make sense to anyone, but some
jokes will be
How does this compare to the other Jersey Chronicles?
It uses far
more actions and less dialogue. It's the least
poignant of the five,
and probably the most marketable as a result. The
numerous references
to previous films make it a nice way to close off the
"I assure you we're open." That, or about a dozen
other scenes.
Ask me again later today and I'd probably make a
different choice.
Low Point
The many references to previous films is great for
those of us that
saw them, but I think it'll be lost on most members
of the audience.
Most of the references are to Clerks and
Amy, which most people haven't seen.
The GLAAD Thing
We've already
on the GLAAD thing. Having seen the movie, I can say
there are about
a lot of homosexual friendly scenes. There are two
scenes which
include comments about homosexuals in a truly
derogatory sense, and in
the second on the character is chastised by his
friend very
effectively. It wasn't quite as homosexual friendly
as Chasing
Amy, but it was still friendly. I applaud
Smith's efforts here.
The Scores
In terms of originality, this isn't quite up
to par with
previous View Askew films. This one is just trying
to be good, dirty
fun. While all the plot devices have been used
before, I've never
seen them in this combination, so I'll give it 4 out
of 6.
The effects were few and far between, but
they were almost
flawless. I give it 5 out of 6, because I think I
saw matte lines at
one point.
The plot in this movie is slightly more complex than
that of
Mallrats. Plot is not the point. The story
is more
complicated than it needs to be in this kind of
movie, but you'll be
able to follow it easily. I give it 3 out of 6.
The acting was capable, but not outstanding.
Since the two
leads are playing characters based on their real-life
selves, it
wasn't a hard task. The other characters are all
secondary, but
convincing. I give the acting 4 out of 6.
Now it's time to evaluate the emotional
response. I had a
lot of fun, I laughed a lot, and I really got a kick
out of seeing all
the old View Askew characters and where they are now.
(Well, Brandi
was missing, but I'll assume that's a problem with
Clare Forlani's
schedule.) 4 out of 6.
The production values were high this time
around, which is
somewhat impressive given the variety of outdoor
locations that had to be
used for filming. Smith's directing is a little
livelier than in the
past, since this film doesn't focus on the dialogue
as much as the
other films. I give the production a 5 out of 6.
I had high hopes for a lot of movies this summer.
This is the only
one that truly paid off. Overall, I have
to give it a 6
out of 6. I'm tempted to see it again in theaters,
and I'll certainly
own a copy the first day it's out on DVD.
In total, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back
is worth 31 out
of 42. Unfortunately, I don't see how I can honestly
give it 37…
Published by W. Blaine Dowler, in Movies.
← ST: Enterprise Pilot: The Script (maybe) Summer Movies Coming Home →
5 replies on "Movie Review – "Jay And Silent Bob Strike Back""
This is a family-friendly site, believe it or not. If you don't get the joke about "37," this isn't the place to ask. (You can ask me via email but you have to promise not to be all indignant and offended and stuff.)
Alexius says:
Re: Just a friendly reminder…
"In A Row?"
YaRness says:
if you're like me and have only seen the movies once or twice, that's probably enough information to jog the old noggin.
starbreeze says:
I saw the sneak preview last Saturday
with Alexius, in fact…
and here's my brief review, not worth an entire writeup or i woulda offered last weekend. however, if you read my blog, then you've already read most of what i have to say.
kevin smith didn't have a whole lot to say, but it was a nice way to go out. unfortunately, i don't think it will appeal to the masses because of the large number of inside jokes. the attendees at the sneak preview were all obviously kevin smith fans.
talk about cameos, just about every previous cast member made an appearance except selma hayek. even baby smith was in it. yes, alanis is in it too, wait for the credits :)
i don't want to give away spoilers but what happens to jay just made the movie for me. i was happy :)
Re: I saw the sneak preview last Saturday
Yeah, Can't Believe They Died….


Home › Deportation • Immigration • Status Legalization › Immigration Home Raids: Do you Know What to Do?
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Please make sure to only trust experienced Immigration Attorneys, do not contact any Notarios or Paralegals. Any mistakes could hurt your case and put you at higher risk.
This is not the time to hide, this is the time to act! Schedule a consultation with our team to analyze your chances for status legalization. Call 718-924-2896 now or send a message through our contact forms. Let us help you bring your immigration goals closer!


Andy is currently a member of the Ellendale Volunteer Fire Company. He holds the positons of 1st Vice President within the Sussex County Fire Chief's Association, and 2nd Vice President within the Sussex County Fire Chief's Association. He also serves on the Homeland Security, and Wake Up DE committees.


Prevision Casino War is game that was invented based on the popular game Dragon Tiger, with extra new features such as "seat-sharing" and "Double Bet" that will make the game more attractive and give the Player an extra chance to come back at the Banker!
This is a simple game where the Player and Banker each draw a card and the one having the highest ranking card wins (suits are excluded), K being the highest & A being the lowest. Same card will consider as a Tie.
Cards are ranked from lowest to highest in the sequence of: A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K.
The Banker deals each player one card starting on the left side of the table. Then the Banker takes a card face up. Each player's card shall then be compared with the Banker's card and the highest card wins. The Player is allowed to place bets on every seat at the table.
With a Normal bet, the Player or Banker must have a winner, the winner is determined by whoever has the highest card. The Banker wins if the cards are equal. The Player can also choose to bet on 'TIE' on any of the seats, if the result is a TIE then the Player will win the bet. When a certain outcome of TIE appears, the system will deal one more card to Players who have placed bets on 'Double Bet'.
The Player also has the option to bet on 'Double Bet', it gives the Player an extra chance to come back at the Banker and win double on a TIE game!
When a Player places a bet on 'Double Bet', the system will then deduct double the amount of stake. Half of it will be bet on 'Normal Bet', and the other half will be on standby if a Tie appears. When betting on 'Double Bet', the Player will not be allowed to bet on 'Normal Bet' separately. The Player has the option to place bets on either 'Normal Bet' OR 'Double Bet' on every seat on the table.
When the Player has a higher card than the Banker, the Player wins and 'Double Bet' will not happen.
When the Player and Banker have equal cards, and the outcome is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, J, Q, K, the Banker wins and 'Double Bet' will not happen.
When the Player and Banker have equal cards, and the outcome is 6, 7, 8, 9, the Player who bet on 'Double Bet' will then be dealt another card, and that card has to be equal or higher than Banker's original card to win.


DES MOINES, Iowa -- 76 students at the Iowa Law Enforcement Academy were taken to the hospital and treated for carbon monoxide Thursday morning after a security guard noticed a strong odor of gas coming from the dorms.
There were 81 students in the dorms at the time of the incident.
While carbon monoxide does not give off a smell on its own, other gasses used in furnaces, for example, do. Doctors say if you can smell gas, there's a chance carbon monoxide is leaking as well.
"If there hadn't been someone paying attention and recognizing this, those students wouldn't have been in class. That's when we would have noticed it" said Dr. Katrina Guest.
Guest, a pulmonary doctor at Methodist, says with high levels of carbon monoxide found, quick action likely saved lives.
"Usually it's 10 to 15 minutes that you go down and it's probably another 10 to 15 minutes that you can die from it" she said.
Luckily students started breathing fresh air quickly after the building was evacuated with the vast majority taken to the hospital. Three students taken to Mercy were placed into hyperbaric chambers where they could receive higher levels of oxygen. Oxygen is the only treatment for CO poisoning.
"Just breathing oxygen at the scene, before you get here washes out a lot of the carbon monoxide. It's when it's deep and penetrated in your tissues from high level of exposure over long periods of time that you need to go into the hyperbaric chamber" said Dr. Guest.
While some students were also placed on standard oxygen masks, Director of the Law Enforcement Academy Judy Bradshaw says others were sent to the hospital even though they didn't show symptoms.