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Assessment of public finances 2019
Published on 17 Jan 2020 Publication: Bank of Finland Bulletin 5/2019
Arto Kokkinen
Sound fiscal policy should be conducted keeping in mind the economy's long-term challenges. Finland's population structure is becoming increasingly unfavourable on account of its declining working-age population and growing share of the elderly. This imbalance, together with rising age-related expenditure, will create a situation for the public finances where long-term general government expenditure is expected to exceed its revenue. In addition to the aforementioned sustainability gap, sound fiscal policy will prepare for future recessions and negative surprises.
Countercyclical fiscal policy in good and bad times?
Economic theory says that fiscal policy can in its part be used to smooth out the economic cycle. By saving in prosperous times, the general government can increase its fiscal room for manoeuvre for the bad times. Therefore, countercyclical fiscal policy does not mean that the business cycle is only smoothed when the economy is in the doldrums, by raising public expenditure.
Countercyclical fiscal policy can be implemented via automatic stabilisers, discretionary (i.e. deliberate) policy measures or a combination thereof. Tax revenue and other general government revenue components, such as property income, automatically increase in good times and strengthen the general government's primary balanceThe primary balance is the difference between general government revenue and expenditure, excluding interest payments on general government liabilities. The primary balance reveals whether or not general government revenue and expenditure are in balance at a given period. Interest payments are excluded from the primary balance, as they are costs associated with public debt accumulated in the past. The fiscal (or budget) balance, in contrast, looks at the difference between revenue and expenditure and also includes interest payments.. In bad times, conversely, tax revenue declines and general government expenditure, related to, for instance, unemployment, increases and helps stabilise growth. Because of automatic stabilisers, the very same fiscal buffers that are accrued in the good times provide the public finances with room for manoeuvre during the bad. By acting in this manner, the general government would automatically do its part in smoothing out the cyclical ups and downs of the economy. In addition to automatic stabilisers, countercyclical fiscal policy can be implemented by taking deliberate policy measures, for example by introducing fiscal consolidation when cyclical conditions are favourable.
Finland's economy needs a fiscal buffer which could be replenished through discretionary policy measures as well as through automatic stabilisers. Fiscal buffers are needed for mitigating future recessions but also for confronting longer-term challenges related to the public finances. Unfortunately, building up these buffers in the good times has not proven easy. Such has been the case, even in spite of advance knowledge of the strain put on the long-term sustainability of the public finances by population ageing and rising age-related expenditure.
The stance of discretionary fiscal measures can be examined by looking at changes in the general government structural primary balance. The structural primary balance is the general government balance adjusted for cyclical effects and one-off fiscal revenue and expenditure transactions and net of interest payments. Change in the structural primary balance thus serves as a proxy for the impact of discretionary fiscal policy on the general government balance.
If the change in the structural primary balance is negative, discretionary fiscal spending must have increased (or taxation eased by discretionary policy). Similarly, a positive change in the structural primary balance signifies a reduction in discretionary spending (or a discretionary tax hike). When the change in the structural primary balance is subtracted from the change in the nominal fiscal balance, the difference can be used to determine whether automatic stabilisers have been allowed to operate with countercyclical effect.
How to define good and bad times in the economy is a question in itself. One approach is to define bad times as periods of negative GDP growth and periods of positive growth as good. For example, a technical recession is defined as two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth in the analysis of business cycles.
On the other hand, phases of the economic cycle are defined in terms of the difference between actual GDP and its long-term potential (trend), i.e. by estimating the so-called output gap. Using this approach, bad times are defined as periods when GDP is growing at a rate below its long-term potential (downturn). Conversely, good times are defined as periods when GDP is growing above its long-term potential rate (upswing). Using a third approach, bad times can be defined as periods when GDP falls below its potential level (recession), and good times when GDP is above its potential (boom).
Discretionary fiscal policy has been countercyclical when the change in the structural primary balance has been negative during bad times and positive in good times. The difference between change in the nominal fiscal balance and change in the structural primary balance, in turn, reveals the effect of automatic stabilisers. If the change in the fiscal balance has in bad (good) times been even more deeply negative (positive) than the change in the structural balance, then automatic stabilisers have stimulated (restricted) the economy, in addition to discretionary fiscal stimulus (contraction).
Chart 1 reveals that in every recessionary period (areas in grey) since 2002, the economy has been stimulated by discretionary measures as well as automatic stabilisers.In at least some of the years during the recessionary periods, the change in the fiscal balance has been greater than the change in the structural primary balance. In these instances automatic stabilisers have taken effect to stabilise growth, alongside discretionary fiscal measures. The nominal fiscal balance and structural primary balance have both seen negative change. In at least some of the years during the recessionary periods, the change in the fiscal balance has been greater than the change in the structural primary balance.
In prosperous times, by contrast, fiscal policy has been less systematic in smoothing economic activity downwards and accumulating savings. Expansionary fiscal policy has also been practised procyclically, during years of already positive growth, such as in 2018. The general government fiscal balance was still positive in the early 2000s, but fell into deficit at the onset of the financial crisis.This is partly explained by demographics, as Finland's working-age population (15- to 64-year-olds) began to decline soon after the onset of the financial crisis. The general government has not rebalanced since, and will remain in deficit until the end of the forecast period. When the entire inspection period beginning from 2002 is looked at as a whole, discretionary efforts to build fiscal buffers in times of positive economic growth are revealed to have been less substantial than the discretionary stimulus spending practised during recessions.
Chart 1.
Following the financial- and euro area sovereign debt crises, the Finnish economy expanded in 2015–2018. Growth is also projected to continue, albeit at a diminishing rate, in 2019–2020. In 2015–2016, fiscal buffers were accumulated as a result of discretionary policy measures. By contrast, the general government fiscal balance weakened in 2017–2018, during years of positive growth and a booming economy, on account of tax cuts and reductions to social security contributions, among other factors.Taxes and social security contributions were lowered to offset the Competitiveness Pact's negative effects on purchasing power. Employers' social security contributions were eased in conjunction with the Competitiveness Pact, while some of the incidence of these payments was shifted on wage-earners.
In 2017 the general government fiscal deficit shrunk in spite of discretionary fiscal stimulus, as the positive growth phase of the economic cycle meant that automatic stabilisers brought in extra revenue. In 2018, however, although remaining a year of robust growth, discretionary measures lowered the fiscal balance so much that little revenue was left over for rebuilding fiscal buffers. Similarly, in 2019, another year of continued positive growth, fiscal stimulus in the form of tax cuts seems to have prevented fiscal buffers from expanding.
This picture remains largely unchanged when using the output gap as an indicator for good and bad times. Only 2015–2017 are seen as poor years for the economy using this approach, as although GDP growth was positive during these years, the output gap still remained negative. On the other hand, the output gap did begin narrowing during this period, which might be viewed as the start of an upswing. Estimating the output gap is, however, subject to a considerable degree of uncertainty, especially when done in real time. Quarterly national accounts statistics, which are revised ex post, introduce their own problems to discretionary fiscal policy. Nevertheless, the main observation still stands, which is that fiscal stimulus in bad times has superseded the accumulation of fiscal buffers during good times, regardless of which interpretation of the economic cycle is applied.
Between 2015 and 2018 the general government successfully reduced its fiscal deficit and lowered its debt-to-GDP ratio. Given the unfavourable trend of the population structure, these should be seen as welcome developments. However, efforts to fully rebalance the public finances during the economy's upswing and subsequent boom have remained unsuccessful. Fiscal buffers, which are important for maintaining sound public finances over the long term, have been not been rebuilt either, even in spite of advance knowledge of the imminent rise of age-related expenditure and the substantial long-term sustainability gap.
The policy decisions for Finland's public finances taken in autumn 2019 have been made at juncture where economic growth, although diminishing, is not seen to be headed into recession and the output gap is not estimated to be negative, at least yet. Nevertheless, discretionary fiscal policy looks to remain expansionary in 2019–2020. This, for its part, only illustrates how difficult it is to rebuild fiscal buffers during high phases of the economic cycle.
Public debt-to-GDP ratio on the rise again
Public debt is accumulated not only through general government deficits but other factors as well. In the short term, annual deficits increase the accumulation of debt. However, when looking at the crisis years in Finland in the early 1990s, it becomes apparent that the expansion of the debt-to-GDP ratio during this period, from about 14% in 1990 to 56% in 1994, cannot be explained as the cumulative result of annual deficits alone. During the time, Finland was undergoing a banking crisis. Consequently, the central government was forced to take on substantial amounts of debt with its balance sheet assets and future tax revenues as collateral, not only to finance its budget deficit but also to capitalise banks which had fallen into crisis. This prevented the outright failure of banks and the loss of depositors' savings.
Similarly, the public debt ratio, which was some 30% relative to GDP in 2008, increased during the financial- and euro area debt crises as well as during the protracted recession in Finland that followed, to 63% relative to GDP in 2015. As before, the rise in the debt ratio is not completely explained by cumulative annual fiscal deficits, although they are an important factor. Because of the aforementioned, projections which are solely based on fiscal deficits can underestimate the development of general government debt in the future. Unpredictable crises and severe recessions impel the general government (and especially the central government) to take on debt, even in return for assets, to mitigate harmful effects on the aggregate economy.
Thus, over the long term, the accumulation of net general government debt is significantly influenced by the cumulative effects of fiscal deficits being larger than surpluses. In addition, the central government (and other general government entities) may borrow funds from the financial markets against assets and future tax revenue as collateral.In this sense, if the impact of future crises could be incorporated into the Finnish sustainability gap calculation ex ante, it might even be larger than the estimated 4.7% to GDP. Granted, general government revenues could just as well be affected by new success stories in the future, similar to Nokia's rise in the mobile phone industry.
In the following, the general government debt ratio will be examined in greater detail, with its 2015–2018 developments outlined as well as looking at the 2019–2022 forecast period. Finland's public debt-to-GDP ratio increased from just over 30% before the financial crisis to clearly over 60% in 2015. The debt ratio was successfully lowered afterwards and settled in 2018 at about one percentage point below the 60% reference value stipulated in the Treaty on European Union. In light of the long-term challenges ahead, the lower debt ratio is most certainly welcome. Progress on this front can be attributed to favourable growth, low interest rates and discretionary policy measures taken by the previous government. Some of this progress, however, was achieved by selling state-owned assets.
In the coming years, however, rising age-related expenditure, weakening growth, and the discretionary measures of the new government will once again put the debt ratio on an upward path. Despite the sales of state-owned assets, the general government debt ratio will exceed the 60% reference value already in 2021. The debt ratio's rise is partly explained by a coinciding procurement programme for fighter aircrafts beginning in 2021 and 2020; however, it appears that reference value would be exceeded even without this. Although the overrun is not projected to be large, it will contribute to pressures for lowering the debt ratio in the future.
The debt ratio looks at general government debt relative to nominal GDP. Growth of the debt ratio decreases when the quotient's denominator goes up—that is, when nominal GDP expands. Lower levels of interest rates, in turn, mitigate the debt ratio's growth pressures when annual fiscal deficits are accumulated. Taken together, this means that the public debt-to-GDP ratio will fall as long as nominal GDP increases at a rate that is higher than the level of interest rates, if the primary balance change is not too negative and all other factors remain constant. The rise of Finland's public debt-to-GDP ratio has also been mitigated by the growth of property income received by employee pension providers as well as sales of government financial assets (shares and minority stakes).
Decomposing the general government debt-to-GDP ratio reveals that most of its change in Finland is attributable to the development of central and local government debt relative to GDP (Chart 2). In addition to the primary balance, the debt ratio has been affected by the factors outlined above.
In 2018, the ratio of debt held by central and local government contracted. Nominal GDP growth outweighed interest expenditure. In addition, debt principal was paid off with revenues received from sales of financial assets ('stock-flow adjustment' in Chart 2). In this specific year, the revenues received from the sales of state-owned financial assets were larger than the central and local government primary balances.
In 2019–2020, the debt-to-GDP ratio will expand as central and local government expenditure increases more than revenue, primarily on account of the discretionary measures pursued by the new government. This is illustrated in Chart 2 as the effect of the primary balance. However, the effect of nominal GDP growth, net of relatively low interest expenditure, will curb growth of the debt ratio. In addition, sales of state-owned assets will also be used to curtail the debt ratio during the forecast period.
Yet reducing public debt by selling general government assets is not Finland's best long-term solution at the moment. Because of the long-term challenges that lie ahead, the general government should strive to run fiscal surpluses during years of favourable growth. The general government's net financial assets would thus increase, providing Finland with fiscal buffers to address its long-term challenges.
Fiscal rules assist in managing public finances over the long term
The rules governing the public finances and fiscal policies of the European Union Member States were already agreed in the early drafting of the euro area. The premise for this framework was that each Member State would manage its own fiscal expenditure, obligations and debt by itself. To prevent excessively high levels of public debt from building up, Member States agreed on rules limiting the general government deficit increasing the debt and the stock of general government debt itself. Accordingly, the Treaty on European Union stipulates that general government fiscal deficits should not exceed 3% relative to GDP, and that general government debt ratio should not exceed 60% to GDP. The framework for compliance and supervision is outlined in the Stability and Growth Pact.
In the 2019–2022 forecast period, Finland's general government deficit will remain below 3% to GDP. In contrast, the general government debt-to-GDP ratio will exceed the 60% reference value in 2021–2022, although this overstep is not projected to be particularly large, remaining under one percentage point. The debt ratio does risk growing later on, however, so decisive measures should be taken to prevent general government debt from 'getting out of hand' or limiting the fiscal space available in the long-term.
In the preventative arm of the Stability and Growth Pact, Finland also has the medium-term objective of achieving a cyclically-adjusted structural balance of about -0.5% to GDP. In 2019, a -0.5 percentage point 'significant deviation' looks likely to be avoided, although the structural balance will weaken in the range of -1.2 to -1.3 percentage points, relative to GDP. This is because of the allowance in public finances (0.5% relative to GDP) granted to Finland for 2017–2019, as per the structural reform clause.
In the European Commission's country-specific recommendations for 2020, Finland was urged to ensure that the nominal growth rate of net primary government expenditure not exceed 1.9% in 2020, corresponding to an annual structural balance improvement of 0.5% to GDP. Instead of this improvement, however, the structural balance will weaken to about -1.5%, as a result of factors which also include the Government's discretionary fiscal measures. Finland risks seeing a significant deviation from its medium-term objective in 2020, but will nevertheless remain in compliance with the Treaty's nominal fiscal balance and debt-to-GDP ratio criteria in the same year. Thus, by and large, Finland can be seen as being in compliance with the EU's fiscal rules.
Reforming the EU fiscal framework has been part of the discussion surrounding the further development of Economic and Monetary Union.See e.g. Bénassy-Quéré et al. (2018), Reconciling risk sharing with market discipline: A constructive approach to euro area reform. CEPR Policy Insight no. 91, January 2018; Suvanto, A. et al. (2015). Improving the resilience of Europe´s Economic and Monetary Union, Ministry of Finance publications 37b/2015, 53 The EU's fiscal rules have worked in the sense that the total fiscal deficit of the euro area contracted from slightly over 6% to GDP in 2010 to 0.5% in 2018. It is clear that the existence of the fiscal framework has contributed to this development. However, at the same time, about a third of the countries in the euro area have a public debt ratio in excess of 85% to GDP, nor has there been much success in lowering the overall level of debt. The existing fiscal framework is thought to be rather complex, and there have been calls for greater transparency in the supervision of compliance.
In addition to the EU rules, Finland has long implemented central government spending limits with reasonable success. Accordingly, the Government has again allocated around 80% of its budgetary appropriations to a binding four-year framework. The spending limits are set in real terms and are thus subject to annual price and cost level adjustments as well as potential structural adjustments. The spending limits system is based on ex ante review, so the expenditure in the central government's budget proposal is restricted beforehand.
The sustainability gap may be closed through several different means
Finland's general government remains in structural (cyclically adjusted) deficit. In addition, the continuing decline of the population structure will add growing pressure on the long-term sustainability of the public finances. As the population ages, general government expenditure on care services and pensions will rise, since the Finnish general government includes statutory pension schemes. Meanwhile, the working-age population will continue to decline.
In the long term, general government expenditure will exceed its revenue. According to the latest sustainability gap calculation, this difference currently stands at about 4.7% in proportion to current GDP. If nothing is done to address the sustainability gap, it will before long lead to uncontrolled growth of general government debt. Thus, the general government must not only discover new sources of revenue but at the same time identify areas for savings.
The existing general government revenue base could be strengthened by implementing structural reforms conducive to productivity and growth, as well as by raising employment and realigning the tax structure to be more conducive to growth. The structure of expenditure, in turn, should be closely monitored in future, due to the expenditure burden associated with population ageing. The public expenditure surveys published by the Ministry of Finance since 2015 are a particularly welcome addition for this reason. The most rapid phase of pension expenditure growth has already played out over the past decade. Health care and long-term care expenditure should be expected to rise over the coming years, and less has been done to prepare against this compared with the pension system.
One key question is which areas of general government expenditure might yield savings to be put towards closing the sustainability gap. Often the first answer is the provision of public services and improving its labour productivity.
The savings potential in public services can be estimated by comparing the size of different expenditure items. The value added of public services production, which includes employee compensation and wear and tear of machinery and equipment (fixed capital depreciation), comprised slightly over 18% of GDP in 2018. When purchases of intermediate materials and services used in the production of public services are added to this value added, the resulting sum is public final consumptionBeing more precise the sales revenues and output for own use have to be deducted from the sum of production costs. In addition, current transfers provided to the households in the form of non-market goods and services must be added., comprising 23.2% of GDP (Chart 3).
Public service production expenditure, including wages and intermediate purchases, therefore comes to about one-fifth of GDP (in 2018). As such, saving on public services is unlikely to be a panacea for closing the entire sustainability gap.
In 2018, tax revenue (and tax equivalents) stood at 42% in proportion to GDP. In addition, the general government received property income, such as dividend and interest income, as well as entrepreneurial income from public enterprises, so that total general government revenue amounted to 52% in proportion to GDP. Together, tax revenue net of public service production expenditure (42% - 23% = 19%) and non-tax revenue (52% - 42% = 10%) comprise 29% in proportion to GDP, most of which is returned to the private sector. If calculated more precisely, public investment (4% including capital transfers), property expenditure (1%) and EU membership fees as well as fees for other international organisations (1%) should all be subtracted from the 29%. The final figure is roughly about 23% in proportion to GDP (over EUR 55 bn in 2018) and includes all transfers, welfare payments and benefits to households (including farmers), all subsidies paid to non-financial corporations, financial and insurance corporations as well as all central and local government grants paid to non-profit institutions serving households (foundations, associations, political parties etc.). In addition, the growing pension expenditure that is part of the statutory pension system belongs to this expenditure.
These figures suggest that it may not be straightforward to identify savings from public services large enough to cover the entire sustainability gap, while at the same time meeting an ageing population's demands for healthcare- and social services—even if productivity and economic growth could be boosted. In addition to services production, other savings might be discovered from the aforementioned areas of general government expenditure.
In order to reduce the consolidation pressures alluded to above, the general government will need to be able to build fiscal buffers—both in the short term and in the long term. Fiscal buffers would also allow for stimulus spending in bad times and assist in preparing for future crises. Excessive general government debt, in contrast, may jeopardise the economy's ability to overcome its long-term challenges, while also limiting important fiscal space when the economy is strained.
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Finland's economic boom over
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The economic boom is over
Investment weakened by uncertainty and the structure of the Finnish economy
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Published on 17 Dec 2019 Publication: Bank of Finland Bulletin 5/2019
Forecast tables for 2019–2022 (December 2019)
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Gold futures settle at 14-month high
Posted on June 19, 2019 By News Team
ECB's Draghi hints at possible interest rate cuts
Gold prices climbed on Tuesday to settle at their highest in 14 months, as comments made by European Central Bank President Mario Draghi were seen as setting the stage for lower interest rates.
Draghi's comments came ahead of the U.S. Federal Reserve's monetary policy statement due Wednesday.
While Fawad Razaqzada, technical anlalyst at Forex.com, does not expect the central bank to announce a cut to key interest rates Wednesday, "it is very likely to prepare the markets for a July trim," he said.
If so, Razaqzada sees no reason for the bond market rally to falter Wednesday "or at any time soon", reflecting expectations for U.S. and other developed economies to slow. Lower bond yields and borrowing costs could be good news for stocks as well as commodities which offer no yield assets such as gold and silver, he said.
August gold GCQ19, -0.30% climbed $7.80, or 0.6%, to settle at $1,350.70 Tuesday, the highest most-active contract settlement since April 18, 2018, according to FactSet data.
On Tuesday, at an annual conference in Sintra, Portugal, Draghi said the ECB could roll out fresh stimulus as soon as its next policy meeting in July, which sent the U.S. dollar lower against the euro and boosted most major equity benchmarks. Investors have been betting that central banks would ease monetary policy in the face of stubbornly low inflation, and a global economic slowdown that is being exacerbated by a tariff battle between the U.S. and other countries.
"The critical tenet of our bullish gold outlook is 'Doves to the Rescue', referring to the chorus of central banks that are on the threshold of signalling even looser monetary policy while trade and geopolitical risks remain eye-catching and on the rise," said Stephen Innes, managing partner at Vanguard Markets.
"If the Fed comes out anywhere near as dovish as the markets lean, gold will continue to march higher on the path paved with glittering gold bars," he said.
Signs that central banks may support rate cuts pushed yields on global debt lower which is bullish for gold which doesn't offer a yield. The yield on the 10-year Treasury note TMUBMUSD10Y, +0.54% touched its lowest in 21 months.
Those factors helped gold gain, even as the Dow Jones Industrial Average DJIA, +1.35% the S&P 500 index SPX, +0.97% the Nasdaq Composite IndexCOMP, +1.39% and European benchmark, the Stoxx Europe 600 IndexSXXP, -0.08% all rallied.
Uncertainty about the global economy and the trade conflict have helped to drive appetite for precious metals. On Tuesday, however, U.S. President Donald Trump hinted at progress in trade talks with China.
In other metals dealings, July silver SIN19, -0.35% gained 16.4 cents, or 1.1%, at $14.993 an ounce, while July copper HGN19, -0.15% settled at $2.703 a pound, up 5.7 cents, or 2.1%.
July platinum PLN19, -0.12% added 0.9% to $802 an ounce after a 1.2% decline a day earlier, and September palladium PAU19, +0.90% rose 1.2% to $1,473.30 an ounce.
Among exchange-traded funds, SPDR Gold Shares GLD, +0.51% added 0.4%.
Stock-market investors haven't been this bearish since the 2008 financial crisis, says Bank of America
American Airlines Deal Boosts Airbus's New Long-Range Jet

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Huawei Nova 4 is a new upcoming Nova series mobile phone by Huawei. It is going to be a mobile phone which will be featuring innovative design and extravagant specs and features. Huawei Nova 4 is going to be the second phone which will be launched with a new design language, just like as we have seen of Huawei Honor View 20. It will be equipped with innovative specs and features, which are quite in demand by the Huawei mobile fans across the globe. Consumers will be seeing some exciting features and specs in this new upcoming Nova series mobile phone which they have always wished to have a new mobile phone by Huawei. This phone is expected to be a high-end mobile phone which will be featuring some trending specs and features and is expected in huge demand after its official release.
Huawei Nova 4 price in Pakistan is not officially confirmed by the Huawei Pakistan officials. Though, there are expectations made by the Huawei mobile fans related to its price that it will be around Rs.59,999. This upcoming Huawei Nova series mobile phone will be giving a tough competition to new and upcoming Nokia mobiles, Oppo mobiles, Samsung mobiles, LG mobiles and many other. It is going to be a phone which will be liked by the mobile users who are interested to buy a mobile phone which is equipped with some innovative features and specs. Huawei Nova 4 release date in Pakistan is also not confirmed till date by the officials, but it is expected to be officially released in January 2019. The phone is expected to be released along with Huawei Honor View 20. We will confirm the official release date of this new upcoming Nova series mobile phone by Huawei in Pakistan.
It will be featuring a 6.3-inch IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen with 1080x2340 pixels screen resolution and 409ppi pixel per inch. The phone will be coming with an enhance punch hole selfie camera display, which is new and is not seen in any other mobile phone. Under the hood, you get to see Kirin 980 chipset and an Octa-Core processor which will be coupled with 6GB RAM. The phone is expected to be running on the upcoming Android Pie v9.0 operating system. It is going to be a dual SIM mobile phone. When we talk about cameras, it will be featuring a triple camera setup 48+16+2MP rear camera with PDAF, AF, depth sensor and LED flash. At the front, you see a single powerful 25MP selfie shooter. Both the front and rear cameras have the capability to shoot and record videos in high definition quality.
When we talk about internal storage capacity it will be coming with 128GB which the user will also have the option to expand up to 256GB via microSD card. The connectivity options which are expected to be available in this new upcoming Nova series mobile phone include 3G/4G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth v5.0, GPS, NFC and USB 2.0. It will be equipped with a non-removable Li-Ion 3750mAH battery, which gives it a standby time of 1-2 days depending on the usage of the users. The phone is going to be available in four appealing colors which include Black, White, Aurora Blue, and Red.


Welcome to Still Origin, a holistic healing practice offering private sessions and group classes. For more information, click here.
If you are interested in any of these classes, please email me at kathryn@stillorigin.com, and I will let you know when they are offered again. It is also possible to create a new class for you if you have a small group who is interested in taking it.
Sound is sacred! It has played an integral part in many cultures and religions throughout history. Many instruments have conveyed the teachings, emotions, and physical sensations of sound. This one hour workshop will present teachings and performances of Sacred Sound through Himalayan bronze singing bowls. Come experience the sound that is…and the sound that is not! If you would like, please bring a small crystal, no bigger than a few inches in length, and not fragile or cracked, for energetic charging in a singing bowl.
Clear the body and mind. Awaken what is real for you.
We'll shake off the weight of winter and do yoga practices that cleanse body and mind while clearing the way for us to explore what is true for each of us as spring unfolds. All levels, including those wanting a gentle practice, are welcome!
When children (and adults!) feel anxious or overwhelmed, mindfulness can be their anchor. With this life skill they can better face challenging situations as their lives expand.
– Share with parents the tools we learn!
Here's a video that illustrates one of the many uses of mindfulness.
about what we want or think should happen in our lives.
rejuvenating ourselves when the light begins returning.


text:
Polyelectrolyte brushes: A novel stable lubrication system in aqueous conditions
Motoyasu Kobayashi, Masami Terada, Atsushi Takahara
Applied Molecular Chemistry
Surface-initiated controlled radical copolymerizations of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride) (MTAC), and 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPMK) were carried out on a silicon wafer and glass ball to prepare polyelectrolyte brushes with excellent water wettability. The frictional coefficient of the polymer brushes was recorded on a ball-on-plate type tribometer by linear reciprocating motion of the brush specimen at a selected velocity of 1.5 × 10-3 m s-1 under a normal load of 0.49 N applied to the stationary glass ball (d = 10 mm) at 298 K. The poly(DMAEMA-co-MPC) brush partially cross-linked by bis(2-iodoethoxy)ethane maintained a relatively low friction coefficient around 0.13 under humid air (RH > 75%) even after 200 friction cycles. The poly(SPMK) brush revealed an extremely low friction coefficient around 0.01 even after 450 friction cycles. We supposed that the abrasion of the brush was prevented owing to the good affinity of the poly(SPMK) brush for water forming a water lubrication layer, and electrostatic repulsive interactions among the brushes bearing sulfonic acid groups. Furthermore, the poly(SPMK-co-MTAC) brush with a chemically cross-linked structure showed a stable low friction coefficient in water even after 1400 friction cycles under a normal load of 139 MPa, indicating that the cross-linking structure improved the wear resistance of the brush layer.
Faraday Discussions
https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fd00123c
lubrication systems
tribometers
Sulfonic Acids
Kobayashi, M., Terada, M., & Takahara, A. (2012). Polyelectrolyte brushes: A novel stable lubrication system in aqueous conditions. Faraday Discussions, 156, 403-412. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fd00123c
Polyelectrolyte brushes : A novel stable lubrication system in aqueous conditions. / Kobayashi, Motoyasu; Terada, Masami; Takahara, Atsushi.
In: Faraday Discussions, Vol. 156, 16.07.2012, p. 403-412.
Kobayashi, M, Terada, M & Takahara, A 2012, 'Polyelectrolyte brushes: A novel stable lubrication system in aqueous conditions', Faraday Discussions, vol. 156, pp. 403-412. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fd00123c
Kobayashi M, Terada M, Takahara A. Polyelectrolyte brushes: A novel stable lubrication system in aqueous conditions. Faraday Discussions. 2012 Jul 16;156:403-412. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fd00123c
Kobayashi, Motoyasu ; Terada, Masami ; Takahara, Atsushi. / Polyelectrolyte brushes : A novel stable lubrication system in aqueous conditions. In: Faraday Discussions. 2012 ; Vol. 156. pp. 403-412.
@article{21bdcf03ba6a496ba1c760ac7479b54d,
title = "Polyelectrolyte brushes: A novel stable lubrication system in aqueous conditions",
abstract = "Surface-initiated controlled radical copolymerizations of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride) (MTAC), and 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPMK) were carried out on a silicon wafer and glass ball to prepare polyelectrolyte brushes with excellent water wettability. The frictional coefficient of the polymer brushes was recorded on a ball-on-plate type tribometer by linear reciprocating motion of the brush specimen at a selected velocity of 1.5 × 10-3 m s-1 under a normal load of 0.49 N applied to the stationary glass ball (d = 10 mm) at 298 K. The poly(DMAEMA-co-MPC) brush partially cross-linked by bis(2-iodoethoxy)ethane maintained a relatively low friction coefficient around 0.13 under humid air (RH > 75{\%}) even after 200 friction cycles. The poly(SPMK) brush revealed an extremely low friction coefficient around 0.01 even after 450 friction cycles. We supposed that the abrasion of the brush was prevented owing to the good affinity of the poly(SPMK) brush for water forming a water lubrication layer, and electrostatic repulsive interactions among the brushes bearing sulfonic acid groups. Furthermore, the poly(SPMK-co-MTAC) brush with a chemically cross-linked structure showed a stable low friction coefficient in water even after 1400 friction cycles under a normal load of 139 MPa, indicating that the cross-linking structure improved the wear resistance of the brush layer.",
author = "Motoyasu Kobayashi and Masami Terada and Atsushi Takahara",
doi = "10.1039/c2fd00123c",
journal = "Faraday Discussions",
T1 - Polyelectrolyte brushes
T2 - A novel stable lubrication system in aqueous conditions
AU - Kobayashi, Motoyasu
AU - Terada, Masami
AU - Takahara, Atsushi
N2 - Surface-initiated controlled radical copolymerizations of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride) (MTAC), and 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPMK) were carried out on a silicon wafer and glass ball to prepare polyelectrolyte brushes with excellent water wettability. The frictional coefficient of the polymer brushes was recorded on a ball-on-plate type tribometer by linear reciprocating motion of the brush specimen at a selected velocity of 1.5 × 10-3 m s-1 under a normal load of 0.49 N applied to the stationary glass ball (d = 10 mm) at 298 K. The poly(DMAEMA-co-MPC) brush partially cross-linked by bis(2-iodoethoxy)ethane maintained a relatively low friction coefficient around 0.13 under humid air (RH > 75%) even after 200 friction cycles. The poly(SPMK) brush revealed an extremely low friction coefficient around 0.01 even after 450 friction cycles. We supposed that the abrasion of the brush was prevented owing to the good affinity of the poly(SPMK) brush for water forming a water lubrication layer, and electrostatic repulsive interactions among the brushes bearing sulfonic acid groups. Furthermore, the poly(SPMK-co-MTAC) brush with a chemically cross-linked structure showed a stable low friction coefficient in water even after 1400 friction cycles under a normal load of 139 MPa, indicating that the cross-linking structure improved the wear resistance of the brush layer.
AB - Surface-initiated controlled radical copolymerizations of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride) (MTAC), and 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPMK) were carried out on a silicon wafer and glass ball to prepare polyelectrolyte brushes with excellent water wettability. The frictional coefficient of the polymer brushes was recorded on a ball-on-plate type tribometer by linear reciprocating motion of the brush specimen at a selected velocity of 1.5 × 10-3 m s-1 under a normal load of 0.49 N applied to the stationary glass ball (d = 10 mm) at 298 K. The poly(DMAEMA-co-MPC) brush partially cross-linked by bis(2-iodoethoxy)ethane maintained a relatively low friction coefficient around 0.13 under humid air (RH > 75%) even after 200 friction cycles. The poly(SPMK) brush revealed an extremely low friction coefficient around 0.01 even after 450 friction cycles. We supposed that the abrasion of the brush was prevented owing to the good affinity of the poly(SPMK) brush for water forming a water lubrication layer, and electrostatic repulsive interactions among the brushes bearing sulfonic acid groups. Furthermore, the poly(SPMK-co-MTAC) brush with a chemically cross-linked structure showed a stable low friction coefficient in water even after 1400 friction cycles under a normal load of 139 MPa, indicating that the cross-linking structure improved the wear resistance of the brush layer.
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text:
This campaign has ended. Learn more and donate directly to this charity.
MARIANNHILL MISSIONARIES
Registered Name: CONGREGATION MISSIONNAIRE DE MARIANNHILL
In peace and for peace
Campaign Ended June 30, 2019
The local political conflict in Colombia that lasted for fifty years, left many consequences that affected the whole country and its people and especially the most disadvantaged and poor people. One of the most serious effects is the displacement of thousands of people from the countryside to the cities.
Soacha, is a municipality and a Diocese bordering the capital of Bogota. Soacha is the city where most of the displaced people arrive and where the Government is locating most of the demobilized people. It is there, in the diocese of Soacha, that the Missionaries of Mariannhill have begun to work, taking care of a new parish (with more than 100 000 people) where these demobilized and displaced persons arrive.
The Missionaries of Mariannhill have formed in 2015 an association with the local leaders (called "Mesa de Trabajo UPZ 87") to unite forces and work together for a more dignified and peaceful living context, focusing on the young Afro-Colombians and the elderly people. A threat to the young people is surely drug trafficking, gangs and prostitution.
Since 2015 many activities have been developed around legal and psychological care, music training, artistic painting, sport and culture in general. We hope to continue developing these and others in the coming years with your help.
We thank you in advance for your generosity!
$0 raised out of $12,500 goal


text:
What does "Love Island" teach us about life?
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Home Latest Victor Martinez Warns About Biggest Bulking Mistake In Bodybuilding And NFT Fraud
Victor Martinez Warns About Biggest Bulking Mistake In Bodybuilding And NFT Fraud
Victor Martinez details how to avoid weight gain mistakes in bodybuilding, why he maintains a giant monster physique after retirement, and whether Phil Heath should make a comeback in 2023.
The 2022 bodybuilding season has come to an end and we have officially entered the typical off-season for most bodybuilders.except 2023 Arnold Classic With just eight weeks left, most other major bodybuilding shows are a long way off.But bulking Despite allowing large amounts of food intake, it is not easy.that's why Victor Martinez We decided to analyze the most important tips for an effective bulking cycle. In the latest episode of generation iron podcastVictor Martinez reveals the biggest mistakes bodybuilders make while gaining weight.
The new year is in full swing and a new season of bodybuilding begins. Contest preparationFor many people, this time of year is the bulking phase, a time when bodybuilders pack on pounds to build more muscle mass before shedding it before approaching actual competition.
Victor Martinez is frequently noted by fans for his still impressive performances. physique despite no longer competing. So we took this opportunity to talk with Martinez about why and how he maintains such a massive physique. I ask him
Other topics discussed include a possible Phil Heath comeback in 2023. Is it a good idea? Can he pull it off?we also discuss alcohol and bodybuilding Best Practices and Celebrity NFT Schemes – Will scandal hit the world of bodybuilding? We break it all down below.
How to avoid the biggest weight gain mistakes in bodybuilding
bodybuilding diet When training Modern guides are a dozen dollars. As such, Victor Martinez doesn't focus much on basic offseason bulking tips and tricks. Instead, he focuses on the most common mistakes bodybuilders make while gaining weight. good result experience.
The biggest spiral bodybuilders often fall into in the off-season bulk is the dirty bulking diet.n Eating is a common phrase in fitness and bodybuilding. A "clean" diet is one that is nutritious and healthy. A "dirty" food is an unhealthy diet high in fat, processed foods, sugar, or salt.
In the bulking phase of bodybuilding, the goal is to put on as much weight as possible to build massive muscle. cheat meal. Eating a few cheat meals during the bulk is fine, but when it comes to slippery slopes, the cutting phase becomes much more difficult and painful. There is a possibility
Another common mistake bodybuilders make is falling behind in training frequency. During the bulking phase, it's okay to reduce your training frequency slightly. But this can become a problem if you fall into lazy bad habits.This is especially true if you are dirty bulking.
It should be noted that some bodybuilders are against bulking. cutting cycle It's all for this reason. It promotes the establishment of bad habits and can also be an unhealthy process.The body should not swing back and forth in weight throughout the year. Both bulking and cutting can lead to certain health problems, depending on your rigor for the process.
Should Phil Heath make a comeback for Mr. Olympia 2023?
Rumors swirl in the new year about whether Phil Heath I plan to return and compete in the 2023 Mr. Olympia. The rumors mostly stemmed from vague comments Heath made on social media. Heath also issued a statement A recent interview seems to strongly suggest he'll make a comeback, though it's not explicitly stated in 2023.
Victor Martinez and the GI crew debate whether 2023 is the right year for Phil Heath to make a comeback. Martinez points out the obvious risks to Heath's reputation above all else. If Heath comes out and loses in his 2023, his legacy will stall further. this is, Jay Cutler Attempted a comeback, but was low in the standings (at least compared to his former glory).
On the flip side, Jay Cutler's legacy hasn't been tarnished too badly in the grand scheme of bodybuilding history.He remains a true legend and one of the greatest athletes in the history of the sport. Victor therefore believes that despite the risks, Phil Heath is likely to compete confidently without major upsets.
In addition to this, Victor Martinez thinks Phil Heath still has what it takes to really win in 2023, unless post-surgery recovery permanently damages his physique. It is far more impressive than anyone currently Olympia stage. So the question is personal to Heath. Does he feel capable of doing the best he can from his heart? If the answer is yes, it might be worth doing.
Will NFT fraud hit the bodybuilding industry?
NFTS seems to be everywhere these days, but optimism has quickly faded in 2022. Many celebrities have been criticized for lending their names to NFT and cryptocurrency commercials in light of major scandals such as FTX.
A small number of bodybuilders and bodybuilding brands have attempted to promote NFTs.Although the sport never took over, the athlete Ronnie Coleman and Jay Cutler have stepped into the NFT market. With that in mind, could the cryptocurrency or his NFT scandal hit bodybuilding?
Victor Martinez claims the last thing the sport needs now isn't more negative attention after the deaths of so many young athletes in 2021 and 2022.Hollywood stars I already have.
Beyond scams, Vlad Yudin believes NFTs in general are mostly a passing fad. He believes his 99% of NFTs will eventually be worthless.
Victor isn't too concerned about how NFT failures will affect celebrity athletes. He's more concerned about low-income people he invests in wanting to change his life by being cheated or cheating himself.Martinez eventually turned it into an investment in the stock market. For example. You never know what the future holds, but you don't want to miss out on whether or not you have the money to make. So invest only what you can safely invest in.
*Note: Please also note that Victor Martinez and the GI team are not financial advisors. This is just an opinionated casual conversation and does not constitute professional financial advice.
This week, Victor Martinez and the GI team delve into a variety of topics that can't all be covered in one easy-to-read article. So be sure to check out the latest episodes. generation iron podcast Moreover. Don't forget to check back every Tuesday for new episodes on the Generation Iron Fitness Network or wherever you can download the podcast only.
#Victor #Martinez #Warns #Biggest #Bulking #Mistake #Bodybuilding #NFT #Fraud
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Q: remind vs remind of What is the difference between "remind" and "remind of" ?
I remind him of the meeting which is going to be held tomorrow.

I remind him the meeting to be held tomorrow.

A: There are several different ways we can go about expressing the idea in your example sentences:

*

*remind + someone + of + noun (usually an event, obligation, etc.)

I reminded him of the meeting tomorrow.

  You have to be careful with that construction because it is also used to express that A has some characteristic that makes you think of B (e.g. My son reminds me of my father.).

*

*remind + someone + that-clause

I reminded him that there is a meeting tomorrow.

*remind + someone + infinitive clause

I reminded him to attend the meeting tomorrow.

As to the difference between remind and remind of as you used them in your examples, of is required to make the sentence grammatically correct. We need that of preposition to be included if our sentence has an object (the meeting) following the person being reminded (him).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


29.5" h x 42" d x 60" w. 176 lbs. Seats 4-6, umbrella hole standard. Assorted frame and slat colors.
36" h x 23" d x 25" w (37 lbs). Seat height: 16.5". Assorted frame and slat colors.
36" h x 23" d x 25" w (34 lbs). Seat height: 16.5". Assorted frame and slat colors.
Warm up on those cool fall evenings. Bob's Garden Center has several varieties to choose from.


text:
Virtual Box / VPN with multiple adapters.

FC3 can only handle having a single adapter. Disable the others

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: undefined en datos de un formulario en javascript ya he revisado todo el codigo y he rebuscado en toda la web y no encuetro la solucion ya que todo parece estar bien!!sin embargo me sigue dadno error!!
en mi router.js
ruta.post('/des',(req,res)=>{
 console.log(req.file);
 res.render('enviado');

});

en mi vista

         <form action="/des" enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post">

            <input type="text" name="nombre" placeholder="Escriba nombre del plato"/>

            <textarea rows="10" cols="37" name="descripcion" placeholder="Descripcion del plato"></textarea>

            <input type="submit"  class="btn btn-primary btn-block" name="d" value="guardar">

          </form>

el error que me da es "undefined" y asi mas nada!!!

A: al final el problea es que no llamé a BodyParser! por eso me da error! aunqeu el errror de undefined me sigue dando cuando subo la foto con el titulo y la descripcion en el mismo post con formidable


text:
Craig McMichael
NCAA Conference Realignment: How Does This Change Lacrosse?
The landscape of the NCAA has been in shambles for multiple months now due to NCAA conference realignment. USC and UCLA set off their own fireworks when news broke that they were leaving the PAC-12 for the Big Ten Conference.
Source tells me that there is a lot of truth to @wilnerhotline report about USC and UCLA in discussions to leave for the Big Ten. My understanding is USC and UCLA reached out to the Big Ten.. certain legal parameters and bylaws need to be followed for obviously legal reasons. https://t.co/2NSDv8YtWA
— Bruce Feldman (@BruceFeldmanCFB) June 30, 2022
Some compared the move to Texas and Oklahoma's surprise announcement to leave the Big 12 for the Southeastern Conference (SEC). But it's not the same at all. Not even close.
The Big 12 was formed in 1994. USC joined the PAC-12 in 1922 and UCLA joined in 1928. This was a long-term relationship, and like when many long-term relationships end, this one can have some serious consequences.
Just like that over 100 yrs of CFB history is over. USC & UCLA join Big 10…on heels of Oklahoma & Texas stunning move to the SEC. In short order CFB won't be like anything you remembered, it will be NFL of College Football. The haves will have a lot. The Have Nots what's left pic.twitter.com/PRLFVn4hjj
— Matt Stewart (@MattStewartTV) July 1, 2022
Many in the media speculate that the next move in this development will come from South Bend, Indiana. Notre Dame is being courted by both the Big Ten and SEC to give up their independent status in football and join their conference.
Notre Dame has cache. Love 'em or hate 'em. Notre Dame brings money and eyeballs. Notre Dame brought their own Brinks truck when the football team joined the ACC for the 2020 COVID-19 season.
When Notre Dame joined the ACC for the covid season, ACC saw an $80 million bump in revenue. That was during a covid season where no fans were allowed etc. That's what Notre Dame brings to the table
— Colby Van🍀 (@ArmlessFreak) July 1, 2022
Notre Dame's decision will have a far greater impact than Texas, Oklahoma, USC, or UCLA's decisions combined. This is where some ACC fans should be nervous. Looking into my crystal ball, Notre Dame will announce their intention to join USC and UCLA in the 2024 season in the next two weeks.
Let's take a look at the new-look Big Ten and what could happen to the rest of the men's and women's ACC teams.
(Potential) 2024 Big Ten Men's Lacrosse Teams
The addition of Notre Dame would add a seventh team to an already deep and competitive lacrosse conference. Notre Dame is a perennial Top 10 team that would heighten the level of play and recruiting in the conference. The Irish have the potential to disrupt Maryland's stranglehold on the Terp's regular and tournament championship success.
STILL the best showing of any team vs. Maryland this year @NDlacrosse pic.twitter.com/qVNY5EYBV4
— Kevin Boilard (@KevinBoilard) May 22, 2022
The road to the Big Ten tournament or NCAA tournament becomes that much more difficult for Michigan, Penn State, and Johns Hopkins. Penn State and Johns Hopkins have backslid in the last two years and Michigan has been left fighting out of the bottom spot in the conference since going D1.
Neither USC nor UCLA have a men's Division 1 lacrosse program. The Trojans and Bruins both currently compete in the MCLA. The move to the Big Ten would represent an opportunity to see men's lacrosse grow into California. With club programs like West Coast Stars, California has surfaced as an emerging lacrosse hotbed. Larken, I hear you have influence.
Amped to join @USC_Athletics as the Defensive Coordinator for the Men's Lacrosse Program. Fight On ✌ #mcla pic.twitter.com/W6u97K94Eo
— Larken Kemp (@LKemp42) August 7, 2019
(Potential) 2024 Big Ten Women's Lacrosse Teams
Notre Dame and USC would give the Big Ten nine women's lacrosse teams. USC was one of the top teams in the PAC-12 in 2022 and fell to Virginia in the first round of the NCAA tournament. If added, Notre Dame would add to the overall conference depth in the Big Ten.
Big Ten Earns Conference-Record Five Berths To 2022 NCAA Women's Lacrosse Tournament https://t.co/8jegrGwqYw
— abdellah (@chaabdellah) July 2, 2022
Can the ACC Conference Continue to stand?
If Notre Dame leaves for the Big Ten, the ACC could face disaster. With rumors swirling about Notre Dame's flirtations, lawyers for the ACC schools are looking at their contracts and seeing how they can buy their way into the Big Ten or SEC.
"We'll figure it out in court" was the quote given to me from an ACC school last week RE: grant of rights.
They'll be ready to move if the call comes from Big10/SEC. https://t.co/KpShpVs9w0
— Josh Pate (@LateKickJosh) July 5, 2022
The ACC currently has a grant of rights contract that currently binds the ACC schools together until 2036. The contract doesn't apply to the Fighting Irish.
Notre Dame has a special relationship with the ACC. They aren't affiliated with the conference for football, but are for men's and women's basketball and lacrosse amongst other sports. Their hockey team plays in the Big Ten.
Fire up the bagpipes, #HereComesTheIrish #ncaalax pic.twitter.com/rg0HagdlqW
— Notre Dame Lacrosse (@NDlacrosse) May 23, 2015
The current contract significantly underpays ($36.1 million) for each ACC school. Compare that to Big Ten ($47.8 Million and that number is growing with their new contract) and the SEC ($45.3 million and their number will also grow with their new TV deal with ESPN).
expansion for the big ten would create an even bigger gap between it and the pac-12 than already exists—and it would widen the gap between the big ten + sec 'super conferences' and the pac-12, acc + big 12. money talks reaaaallll loud in college athletics rn. pic.twitter.com/j9oytoPFpq
— Emily Caron (@_emcaron) June 30, 2022
Schools will not want to leave money on the table and get left behind. So, what happens to the schools that are left? Let's take a look at the Crystal Ball. 🔮
ACC Teams to the Big Ten
North Carolina and Virginia will both be considered hot commodities if the ACC starts to collapse and is forced to fall to the NCAA conference realignment. Both are prime state universities outside of both the Big Ten and SEC footprints. I am giving the nod to the Big Ten for both of these schools because of their academic prowess.
Both teams have elite men's and women's lacrosse teams that have won a number of recent national championships. With Notre Dame, UNC, and UVA in the Big Ten, not many would have to be outraged or worry about the RPI.
I hope we have a great tournament. I really do. But @NDlacrosse legitimately had a chance to dogpile on Memorial Day.
To have a room of people make a collective decision and say "Nah, they don't belong" is gross negligence. You've undermined the integrity of the entire format.
— Anish Shroff (@AnishESPN) May 9, 2022
Future Undecided
For the men, the question of where to put Duke and Syracuse is uncertain. Both have the potential to be asked to join the Big Ten, but I'm not sure it would move the media or marketing needle enough to warrant the invitation.
The most likely spot to see them go would be the Big East conference. A conference with Duke, Syracuse, Georgetown, and Denver could rival and surpass the Patriot League as the third-best league in the men's game. Still not quite the same as being in the ACC.
For the women's teams, the AAC seems to make the most sense. Syracuse, Boston College, Pitt, and Louisville are all former members. Clemson could join potential future SEC conference partners Florida and Vanderbilt, who already compete in the AAC. Duke could have their choice of joining the Big East or Atlantic 10.
College football is the sacred cow. It is what funds most of the universities and allows us to have lacrosse teams. The decisions of Notre Dame, the Big Ten, and the SEC will shape the future of ACC lacrosse. My advice to fans is to try to enjoy the NCAA conference realignment ride. Wherever it may take you.
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text:
Shaw Festival Retains Wakeham & Associates Marketing, Inc.
Toronto, ON, May 12, 2010 – Wakeham & Associates Marketing, Inc. (WAM) today announced that it has been selected by Shaw Festival to establish and sell a sponsorship marketing platform to support its 2011 50th Season.
About Shaw Festival:
Nestled in historic and picturesque Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, the Shaw Festival is one of North America's finest cultural attractions and is renowned for its presentation of an eclectic array of comedies, dramas and classics. The Shaw is the only theatre in the world specializing in plays by George Bernard Shaw and his contemporaries, and in plays about the period of Shaw's lifetime (1856-1950). Acknowledged as one of history's greatest playwrights, George Bernard Shaw is renowned for his wit and irreverence. The presentations at the Festival are offered in 4 theatres; Festival Theatre, Court House Theatre, Royal George Theatre and the Studio Theatre.
The Shaw's productions are designed to be enhanced by the theatre in which they are presented. Choices for each theatre are made carefully, taking into consideration what the theatre setting will bring to the work. The Shaw Festival is a non-profit charitable organization as opposed to a commercial theatre. It is governed by an active volunteer Board of Governors with almost 70% of our annual revenue coming from Box Office sales and other earned revenue. We produce 10 to 12 plays each season, with approximately 800 performances in our four theatres, to audiences totaling about 300,000 people.
About Wakeham & Associates Marketing, Inc.:
With offices in Toronto, Palm Springs and New York, Wakeham & Associates Marketing, Inc. (WAM) provides sponsorship marketing services to corporations and selected properties across North America and internationally. WAM specializes in the packaging and sale of venue naming rights, and has been responsible for naming rights agreements for arenas, conference centers, convention centers, performing arts centers and more. Wakeham & Associates Marketing, Inc. is a subsidiary of Sponsorship Marketing Group, LLC of California. Information about WAM can be found on their website at www.wam.ca.
Hugh Wakeham
E: hugh@wam.ca


COSHOCTON - Three River Bluegrass Music Show will be Saturday at Coshocton Village Inn and Suites, 115 N. Water St.
Awesome Possum Band will be the featured act from 7 to 9:15 p.m. An acoustic jam will be from 9:30 to 10:30 p.m. Cost is $7 for adults and free for those 12 and under. Call 740-498-8456.
COLUMBUS - The Ohio Swiss Cheese Association has announced winners from the recently held Ohio State Fair contest held at Pearl Valley Cheese in Fresno.
Pearl Valley took first place in the rindless swiss category with Guggisberg Cheese of Millersburg in second place and Bunker Hill Cheese of Millersburg in third. Pearl Valley won in the other swiss category for its emmentaler and also took third place for its lacey baby swiss, Guggisberg was second with its baby swiss.
Middlefield Original Cheese of Middlefield won first place in the mild cheddar category with Bunker Hill in second. Pearl Valley won the open class for its gouda with Black Radish Creamery of Columbus taking second for its Buckhorn Aged Farmhouse Tomme and Middlefield won third for its pepper jack. Blue Jacket Dairy was first in the soft and spreadable class for its lemon quark and Bunker Hill was second with its creamy feta.
KEENE - An ice cream social will be from 4:30 to 7 p.m. Aug. 2 at Keene United Methodist Church, 27100 County Road 1. Call 740-622-8059.
WEST LAFAYETTE - Ridgewood Local Schools will have kindergarten registration from 8 a.m. to 3p.m. Aug. 8 at Ridgewood Elementary School. Schedule an appointment by calling 740-545-6354. Children must be 5-years-old by Aug. 1 and present to complete a developmental screening assessment.
Bring the child's birth certificate, immunization records, applicable custody papers and proof of residence.
Pollinator Walk 6:30 p.m., Lake Park Recreational Complex, 23253 Ohio 83, Coshocton. Learn how honey bees, native bees, flies, moths and other insects play a key role in the production of many foods on large farms and in home gardens.
JAKES Day 9 a.m.-3 p.m., Coshocton County Sportsman Association, 21280 Jackson Township Road 283, Coshocton.


text:
L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate and Fibrin Substrate Enhances the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-derived Stem Cells
Imam Rosadi
Karina Karina
Viol Dhea Kharisma
Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori
Background: Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been developed as a substitute for chondrocytes in cartilage tissue engineering. This study aimed to evaluate the potency of ascorbic acid to induce the chondrogenic differentiation of human ASCs cultured on fibrin substrate.
Methods: Human ASCs were isolated by an enzymatic process and characterized. The fibrin scaffold was fabricated from human blood as a natural scaffold. The ASCs were cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented by ascorbic acid in various concentrations (1, 3, 6 mg/ml) and a control without an ascorbic acid supplementation. The chondrogenic differentiation of the ASCs was evaluated involving glycosaminoglycan analysis, and the mRNA expression of type 2 collagen, aggrecan and type 1 collagen.
Results: Chondrogenic differentiation occurred when the ASCs were supplemented by 3 mg/ml of ascorbic acid and cultured on a fibrin scaffold confirmed by glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis, and the mRNA expression of type 2 collagen and aggrecan. The expression of type 1 collagen, which is an osteogenic marker, was low.
Conclusions: ASCs with a supplementation of 3mg/ml of ascorbic acid cultured on a fibrin substrate promotes chondrogenic differentiation.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells and they have an important role in regenerative medicine therapy 1 . The most common source of MSCs are the bone marrow and adipose tissue 2 , 3 . However, due to the invasive risk of cells being harvested and the low yields from bone marrow, adipose tissue is more studied nowadays 4 . The MSCs isolated from adipose tissue are called adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). ASCs were first reported by Zuk et al. along with their ability to differentiate into several different types of cell 5 , 6 .
The proliferation and differentiation of ASCs depends on their niche (microenvironment) and substrate 7 . In low oxygen tension (< 1% pO 2 ) for two days, the ASCs morphology changed and the expression of SRY-box containing gene 9, aggrecan and collagen type II mRNA levels was enhanced 8 . In addition, the supplementation of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) also supports the proliferation of ASCs 9 , preventing the cells from aging because the ascorbic is antioxidant 10 , alongside induced cell differentiation into chondrogenic or osteogenic 9 , 11 . Chondrogenic differentiation leads to the cells expressing glycosaminoglycan, type 2 collagen and aggrecan while osteogenic differentiation leads the cells to express type 1 collagen 12 .
Ascorbic acid itself is a cofactor that can increase collagen production and synthesize the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cells in an optimal concentration 13 . The elevated concentration of ascorbic acid in a cell culture medium inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis 14 , 15 . The optimal concentration of ascorbic acid needs to be evaluated as a result. Fibrin substrate is a natural material substrate that is collected from human blood 16 , 17 . Its potency to support cell attachment plays a role in the proliferation and differentiation of cells 18 .
Fibrin as substrate secretes protein that affects the cellular activity. It can be fabricated for the purpose of constructing tissue engineered cartilage 16 , 19 . However, the combination of ascorbic acid and fibrin substrate to support proliferation and the chondrogenic differentiation of human ASCs is still unclear. In this study, we evaluate the effect of ascorbic acid on the chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs cultured on fibrin substrate.
Isolation and culture stromal vascular fraction
The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells were isolated from the lipoaspirate of one donor using an enzymatic method followed by the previous method 20 , 21 . The protocol was approved by the Ethical committee of Dharma Nugraha Hospital (No.: 001/SkeI-Kom/RSDN/I/2020) and informed consent was taken from all individual participants. As much as 10% H-Remedy enzyme was added to the lipospirates and they were incubated for 1 hour at 37 o C at 300 rpm. To inactivate the enzyme digestion process, low-glucose (1 g/L) Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 4mML-glutamine (Gibco, USA) was added to the lipoaspirates followed by centrifugation for 5 min at 600×g. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet SVF was then diluted in a saline solution. The cell number and viability were counted using the tryphan blue staining methods. Isolated cells were cultured in a basic growth medium (DMFA) containing low glucose (1 g/L) DMEM with L-glutamine (4 mM) (Gibco, USA), fetal bovine serum, and 100X antibiotic-antimycotic (Gibco, USA). They were then incubated at 37 °C, 5% CO 2 . After reaching 80 — 90% confluency, the cells were sub-cultured and expanded to passages 2 and 3 to be used in further assays.
Cell morphology
To investigate the effect of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) on ASCs, cells were cultured in DMFA only as a control, and in DMFA with L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (1 µg/ml, 3 µg/ml, and 6 µg/ml). Passage 3 of cells (5 x 10 3 cells) were then cultured in a 24-well plate. After 9 days of culture, the images were captured (Optica, Italy).
Fabrication of the fibrin substrate
The fibrin was obtained from Klinik Hayandra as a waste product of platelet-rich plasma. The fibrin was fabricated according to Kobayashi et al. , 22 . The weight of the freshly prepared, compression and overnight incubation at 37 o C of fibrin was measured. The incubated fibrin was then cut into 5 x 5 mm as a substrate cultured in a 96-well plate ( Figure 1 ).
Figure 1 . Freshly prepared of fibrin (A), compression (B) and fibrin substrate (C).
In vitro degradation of fibrin
The fibrin was cut into 5 mm x 5 mm and the fibrin weight was measured. The fibrin was immersed in PBS (pH 7.0) (Lonza, USA) as a control and in Tryple select 1X (Gibco, USA) as a treatment group. It was then incubated at 37 o C for 21 days. After 21 days of incubation, the fibrin weight was measured.
Chondrogenic differentiation assays
The ADSCs at passage 3 were cultured on fibrin (1 x 10 5 ) in various media (DMFA, DMFA with 1 µg/ml, 3 µg/ml, and 6 µg/ml of ascorbic acid). The cells were analyzed on day 21 for the GAGs levels and the mRNA expression of type 2 collagen, aggrecan, and type 1 collagen.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) analysis
GAG analysis was conducted using alcian blue staining to stain the acidic polysaccharides, such as GAG. The cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min. The 4% paraformaldehyde was then removed and 1% alcian blue in 3% acetic acid was added to the fixed cells for 30 min. The alcian blue was then removed and washed twice with PBS (Lonza, USA). The deionizing solution was then added and incubated for 2 min. The washed cells were then mixed with 100 μl of 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and mixed in a shaker at 200 rpm for 30min. The GAG content was determined based on the absorbance value of the solution at a 595 nm wavelength on a microplate reader (iMark Bio-Rad).
mRNA expression of the chondrogenic and osteogenic markers
The cells of all groups were harvested on day 21. RNA isolation was performed using the SV Total RNA Isolation System (Promega, USA) while the synthesis of cDNA and mRNA expression analysis were performed using the GoTaq® 2-Step qPCR System (Promega, USA) according to the manufacturer. The amount of total RNA used to perform the reverse-transcription and the cDNA synthesis was 67 ng. Gene amplification and the software used for the data analysis were performed by the CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System — Bio-Rad. The final amplification volume was 25 µL with 1 µL volume of cDNA used as the template.
Table 1 Primer design
The mRNA expressions analyzed were type 2 collagen, aggrecan, and type 1 collagen with GAPDH as the gene reference ( Table 1 ). The cycle conditions were an initial denaturation step of 95 °C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 15 s, annealing at 54.4 °C for 1 min, and a final extension at 60 – 95 °C for 5 s. The result of the qPCR was analyzed following the 2 -ΔΔCT method described by Livak et al . (2001) 23 .
The data from each parameter was presented as average ± standard deviation (SD) in the tables and charts. The differences were analyzed (p < 0.05) using a parametric statistical test analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Figure 2 . Morphology of cells with/without ascorbic acid on day 9 of observation, control (A); 1 µg/ml of ascorbic acid; 3 µg/ml of ascorbic acid; 6 µg/ml of ascorbic acid; black bar = 100 µm
There was slight difference in the cell morphology between the control group and the ascorbic acid supplementation groups. The cells were spread and attached tightly to the polystyrene substrate. The cell shape is represented on day 9 of the observation in Figure 2 .
Figure 3 . The decrease of wet weight of fibrin during compressor and incubation overnight (37 o C). *p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
Figure 4 . Biodegradability of fibrin using PBS and TrypleSelect 1X for 21 days of incubation (A); and percentage of degradation (B). *p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
Biodegradability of fibrin
The decrease in fibrin weight when compressed and incubated shows that the fibrin substrate was successfully fabricated. This result was also previously reported by Kobayashi 22 . Compared to the freshly prepared wet weight, the compression and incubation was significantly reduced ( Figure 3 ). The degradation of fibrin is shown in Figure 4 . Fibrin that was incubated with PBS for 21 days showed no significant change while the fibrin that was incubated with Tryple Select 1X for 21 days was significantly reduced. Tryple degraded the fibrin substrate into small pieces. The percentage of degradation of the PBS group was 20% of the weight while for Tryple, it was more than 90% of the weight.
Figure 5 . Glycosaminoglycans content.
Chondrogenesis of ASCs
GAGs content was observed in the ASCs cultured on the fibrin substrate ( Figure 5 ) . The groups with ascorbic acid supplementation that expressed the GAGs level abundantly had a blue color of an intensity compared to the control. The concentrations of 3 µg/ml and 1 µg/ml of ascorbic acid were the highest groups that expressed GAGs content followed by 6 µg/ml and the control.
mRNA Expression
Ascorbic acid induced type 2 collagen and aggrecan expression depending on its concentration. The highest level of type 2 collagen and aggrecan was present in the group of 3 µg/ml (5.11 ± 0.31 and 1.93 ± 0.67) followed by 1 µg/ml (3.61 ± 0.13 and 1.31 ± 1.24), the control and 6 µg/ml (1.15 ± 0.23 and 0.40 ± 0.29), respectively ( Figure 6 ). There were significant differences in the type 2 collagen expression in the cells supplemented with 3 µg/ml and those supplemented with 1 µg/ml of ascorbic acid compared to the control. There was no significant difference between the aggrecan and type 1 collagen and the control. This study shows that 3 µg/ml of ascorbic acid was the optimal concentration to induce the chondrogenesis of ASCs.
Figure 6 . mRNA expression of type 2 collagen, aggrecan and type 1 collagen cultured on fibrin substrate. *p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance .
Our results show that the ASCs had a plastic adherence capacity with a similar shape of cells between the groups (fibroblast-like). We therefore continued to investigate the effect of ascorbic acid on the chondrogenic nature of human ASCs cultured in a human fibrin scaffold. According to the results, the fibrin substrate along with ascorbic acid has potency regarding cell attachment and supporting chondrogenic differentiation.
Ascorbic acid is often combined with serum as a micronutrient to increase the proliferation rate of ASCs 24 . Fibrin was fabricated as a scaffold for tissue engineering purposes since fibrin contains a growth factor to initiate cell proliferation. Kobayashi et al ., 25 evaluated the angiogenesis protein in platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and found that fibrin contains a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) 25 . Another study reported that rabbit PRF stimulated cellular migration and the proliferation of meniscocytes 26 . The combination of ascorbic acid supplementation and fibrin substrate may act synergistically to improve cell migration, proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation.
Regarding chondrogenic differentiation, collagen, aggrecan and GAG are the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) involved in both cell proliferation and the differentiation of chondrocytes. Chondrogenesis involves the condensation and deposition of ECM formation 27 . Ascorbic acid induces ATDC5 cell differentiation by promoting the formation of a collagenous matrix mediated by the activation of the ERK signaling pathway 13 . Our study shows that the ASCs cultured on fibrin substrate supplemented by 3 µg/ml of ascorbic acid had a higher expression of type 2 collagen, aggrecan, and GAG, indicating that the proper concentration of ascorbic acid and fibrin had an effect in terms of supporting the ASCs chondrogenesis. It has been reported that PRF contains transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) 28 .
TGF-β has an important role in regulating chondrogenic differentiation 12 . TGF-β secreted by fibrin activates the Smad signaling pathway while ascorbic acid activates the ERK signaling pathway. Both mechanisms lead to the chondrogenic differentiation of human ASCs. Up-regulated type 2 collagen and GAG of chondrocyte cultured on fibrin were also reported by Chien et al. , 28 . Another study showed that human PRF stimulated proliferation and induced the aggrecan synthesis of ASCs 29 . The presence of GAGs in the cells confirmed chondrogenic differentiation 12 , 30 . In contrast, an osteogenic marker, specifically type 1 collagen, was expressed in a low concentration, indicating that osteogenic differentiation did not occur.
This report shows that ascorbic acid also has the potential to induce chondrogenesis in the ASCs cultured on the fibrin substrate. Although the pathway of ascorbic acid and fibrin to induce chondrogenesis in this study was unclear, there were previous studies explaining the role of both pathways. In addition, the results need to be evaluated due to our study having many limitations including a small sample size and no evaluation of the protein level. Regardless, these results indicate the potential of ascorbic acid and fibrin substrate in the differentiation of human ASCs for cartilage tissue engineering application.
It can be concluded that the supplementation of 3 µg/ml of ascorbic acid for human adipose-derived stem cells cultured on fibrin substrate promotes type 2 collagen expression is optimal. However, it is too early to state that the cells lead to chondrogenic differentiation since the aggrecan expression is not significantly increased.
The authors highly appreciate the Hayandra Peduli Foundation, Hayandra Laboratory, where the research was facilitated, and are greatly indebted for the cooperation of the lipoaspirate donor for their lipoaspirate donation.
(I) Conception and design: Imam Rosadi; Karina Karina; (II) Administrative support: Imam Rosadi; Karina Karina; Viol Dhea Kharisma; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: Karina Karina; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: Imam Rosadi; Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: Imam Rosadi; (VI) Manuscript writing: Imam Rosadi; Viol Dhea Kharisma, Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.
Data and materials used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman Univeristy; HayandraLab, Yayasan Hayandra Peduli, Jakarta, Indonesia
Email I'd for correspondance: imamrosadi@unmul.ac.id
HayandraLab, Yayasan Hayandra Peduli, Jakarta, Indonesia; Klinik Hayandra, Yayasan Hayandra Peduli, Jakarta, Indonesia; Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Depok, Indonesia; Pusat Kajian Stem Cell, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Depok, Indonesia
iology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia; Generasi Biologi Indonesia Foundation, Gresik, Indonesia
Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Rosadi, I., Karina, K., Kharisma, V. D., & Ansori, A. N. M. (2021). L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate and Fibrin Substrate Enhances the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-derived Stem Cells. Progress in Stem Cell, 8(2), 310-317. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15419/psc.v8i2.412
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Report on Usability of New York City's Sidewalks by the Disabled Prompts Lawsuit
Ryan J. Farrick — October 13, 2017
Manhattan Borough President Gale Brewer announces that fewer than 10 percent of curb cuts along the entire length of Broadway in Manhattan fully comply with the specifications of the Americans with Disabilities Act on July 28, 2015. (BRYAN R. SMITH/FOR NEW YORK DAILY NEWS) | Image and caption via New York Daily News
A report on the usability of New York City's sidewalks by the disabled is expected to be discussed on Tuesday.
The nonprofit Center for the Independence of the Disabled – New York unveiled a lengthy and accusatory lawsuit against the city and its Transportation Department.
Among other things, the suit alleges that New York has been consistently violating the Americans with Disabilities Act for upward of three decades. According to the complaint, navigating New York City sidewalks – especially those in Lower Manhattan – is akin to tackling an obstacle course for those with limited physical mobility or special needs.
Many of the city's sidewalks and pedestrian routes "are too dangerous for use," says the Center. The lack of ramps at intersections, coupled with crumbled sidewalks and misshapen slabs of concrete, present significant risk to those who rely on wheelchairs, walkers, or have vision impairments, forcing them to "either travel significant distances out of their way to search for another crossing, or forego using the sidewalks entirely and navigate the streets alongside the hazards of vehicular traffic."
The suit criticizes New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio by name, saying his "Vision Zero" plan to curb pedestrian and traffic fatalities misses the mark by ignoring the disabled.
"While these efforts have cost hundreds of millions of dollars and have helped make [Lower Manhattan] one of the most walkable urban centers in the world for non-disabled persons, the city has largely ignored its legal obligations to the most vulnerable group of pedestrians – persons with disabilities," the suit says.
The lawsuit cites a study recently carried out, which found that 75% of over 1,000 curbs surveyed in Lower Manhattan presented safety hazards to disabled persons, while 25% lacked any concessions for the disabled whatsoever.
"The prevalence of dangerous curb ramps and inaccessible pedestrian routes is particularly troubling in lower Manhattan, below 14th Street," the suit says. "This area is the hub of the government services and commerce in the city and is visited by hundreds of thousands of people daily."
New York's transportation commissioner, Polly Trottenberg, rebuked the claims that New York is ignoring the needs of the disabled, and said the department has brought on specialists to guide development for more handicap-friendly sidewalks and infrastructure.
Trottenberg also criticized the timeline for changes discussed in the lawsuit, as well as the report which highlights the deficiency.
"We are doing everything we can to improve our efforts on the pedestrian ramps," Ms. Trottenberg said. "We disagree on the timeline, but we agree on the goal of full accessibility of the sidewalks."
'Dangerous' sidewalks ignoring NYC's disabled: lawsuit
Fight to improve New York City sidewalks for disabled heads to court
About Ryan J. Farrick
Ryan Farrick is a freelance writer and small business advertising consultant based out of mid-Michigan. Passionate about international politics and world affairs, he's an avid traveler with a keen interest in the connections between South Asia and the United States. Ryan studied neuroscience and has spent the last several years working as an operations manager in transportation logistics.
Read more articles by Ryan J. Farrick
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Americans with Disabilities ActdisabilitiesNew York Citysidewalk


My dissertation examines the cultural significance of the eighteenth-century fashion for private theatricals. As a popular form of entertainment, they played an important role in Georgian society and culture, yet these performances have received very little scholarly attention over the years. The object of this dissertation is to recover, reconstruct, and reevaluate the stories of private theatricals, presenting them in the form of case studies. Utilizing methodology and theory from theatre history, cultural studies, and literary analysis, I examine theatrical artifacts such as playbills, tickets, prologues, letters, memoirs, and newspaper accounts, interpret plays within their performance contexts, and gloss the representations of theatricals in essays, paintings, and plays. The dissertation is framed by close readings of the private performances depicted in Mansfield Park, Patronage, and The Wanderer, and its title reflects the fact that participants in private theatricals emulated the acting, practices and spaces of the public theatres. In chapter one, I use a performance of Othello by amateurs on the stage at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane to analyze the role of such mimicry and to contend that theatricals interrogate issues of legitimacy and blur the distinctions between amateur/professional and private/public. Chapters two and three argue that theatricals by aristocrats in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland and those by soldiers during the Revolutionary War became a means for displaying national identity, allegiance and patriotism during the 1770s and 1780s. The fourth chapter explores the contiguities of power, politics, and publicity as revealed in the performances at Richmond House in London and claims that private theatricals provide a means for British aristocrats to exhibit their national significance and stage their political power, responding to cultural concerns and adapting to societal pressures, in a time of revolutionary change. My project asserts that these performances illuminate the cultural influence and social importance of the theatre in eighteeth-century life, reflecting and refracting the profound changes occurring in British society and mirroring national anxieties about class status, gender roles, race and empire.
Haugen, Janine Marie, "The Mimic Stage: Private Theatricals in Georgian Britain" (2014). English Graduate Theses & Dissertations. 68.