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Q: Lisp - "when" condition executing no matter what? I'm defining a function to test if a number is prime and I have an algorithm which works (in Python) and I have ported most of it to Lisp. The problem however is that my primality test keeps passing even when it shouldn't. For example, isPrime(13) still reaches the return NIL even though it should fail the when condition.
(defun isPrime(n)
    (cond
        ((< n 2); numbers less than 2 aren't prime
            NIL
        )
        ((equal n 2); 2 is the only even prime
            T
        )
        ((equal (rem n 2) 0); Even numbers are never prime (besides 2)
            NIL
        )
        ((> n 2)
            (loop for i from 2 to n do(
                    when(equal (rem n i) 0);If n is evenly divisible by i, we have found a factor other than 1 and n
                        (return NIL)
                )
            )
        )
        (t T); If we get through all that with no issue, the number is prime
    )
)

Question: Why does my function reach the return NIL branch no matter what?
Also, if this is just a bad approach to testing primality, is there a more lisp-like way of doing this (not worried about performance, just algorithmic correctness and readability.)

A: First of all your code has a fairly obvious bug: once you've hit the (> n 2) case of the cond then either it's going to explicitly return nil or it will get to the end of the loop and ... implicitly return nil.  The final case of the cond will never be reached.
Here is a version of it which

*

*is formatted using standard Lisp conventions not ones imported from C or somewhere;

*uses a conventional Lisp name for the function;

*uses better operations (compare numbers with = not equal, for instance);

*uses better bounds on the loop and a better step (no need to check even numbers, you've just done that);

*fixes the bug.

(defun primep (n)
  (cond
   ((< n 2)
    ;; numbers less than 2 are not prime
    nil)
   ((= n 2)
    ;; 2 is prime
    t)
   ((evenp n)
    ;; even numbers are not prime
    nil)
   (t
    ;; Otherwise it is a prime if no odd integer less than or equal to
    ;; its root divides it.
    (loop for i from 3 to (isqrt n) by 2
          never (zerop (rem n i))))))

However a more natural way to express this in Lisp might well be to say what you would say in English:

n is prime if it is 2 or if it is greater 2 and if it is odd, and if it has no odd divisors less than or equal to its square root.

Which we would write like this
(defun primep (n)
  (or (= n 2)                           ;2 is prime ...
      (and                              ;... otherwise ...
       (> n 2)                          ;... primes must be > 2 ...
       (oddp n)                         ;... odd ...
       ;; ... and have no odd divisorts <= their roots
       (loop for i from 3 to (isqrt n) by 2
             never (zerop (rem n i))))))

Finally you might want to check that the argument has a reasonable type: primality testing makes sense for natural numbers, so:
(defun primep (n)
  (check-type n (integer 0) "a natural number")
  (or (= n 2)                           ;2 is prime ...
      (and                              ;... otherwise ...
       (> n 2)                          ;... primes must be >= 2 ...
       (oddp n)                         ;... odd ...
       ;; ... and have no odd divisorts <= their roots
       (loop for i from 3 to (isqrt n) by 2
             never (zerop (rem n i))))))

A:
Why does my function reach the return NIL branch no matter what?

Your loop form always return NIL.
See 22. LOOP for Black Belts for a good explanation of LOOP.
A loop form that does not accumulate a result or explicitly return a value returns NIL. A simple fix would be to return T after the loop, but there is a better way to express it:
(loop for i from 2 below n never (= (rem n i) 0))

Default clause
You wrote:

If we get through all that with no issue, the number is prime

This is true but it only works for tests in the cond expression. Once a guard is satisfied, like (> n 2), the value of the cond is going to be whatever value is returned by the body associated with that test. In other words, clauses don't backtrack (like in Prolog) or fall-through (like in C switches).
You could have a clause where the test could return NIL, which would make the COND try the next clause:

If there are no forms in that clause, the primary value of the test-form is returned by the cond form.

But this might be confusing.
Formatting
You should try to stick to the conventions of Lisp, and use what is known as kebab-case (dash-separated words) to name your symbols, and not leave whitespace after an open parenthesis or before a closing parenthesis.
(defun is-prime (n)
  (cond
    ...))

Personally I also like to avoid early returns when possible. In fact when possible, I find it more readable to express the result without branching (logical operators are short-circuiting, but this is a detail):
(defun is-prime (n)
  (and (> n 1)
       (or (= n 2)
           (loop
             for i from 2 to (isqrt n)
             never (= 0 (rem n i))))))

Notice that we only need to compute i up to the square root of n:
Why do we check up to the square root of a prime number to determine if it is prime?

edit: see also tfb's answer (start from 3 and step by 2)

A: Your code will never reach the t condition.
(> n 2) makes the execution go into the LOOP. COND will then return the value of LOOP.


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Home » News » Moving to Portland (Alley)
Moving to Portland (Alley)
Posted September 7, 2013 @ 9:29 am - Filed under: Kansas,Site News
After 30+ years in Johnson County and the Kansas City metro area, my wife and I have decided to make a move. For the last year or so, we've been planning to downsize, and looking for a smaller community, one that's more bikeable and walkable than suburban Johnson County.
The community we have chosen is Iola, Kansas.
But before I get to the whys and what-fors, let me explain that title…
The "Portland" Connection
Over the last decade, Portland has become a mecca for bicycling in the United States, the one city that all others look up to, and aspire to be. The name "Portland" is deeply resonant, evoking a place where riding a bike has become mainstream, a simple everyday activity for a wide swath of the populace. So a cyclist planning to move to Portland shouldn't come as a surprise.
But I'm not moving to Oregon. I'm staying right here in Kansas.
Iola is in a region of the state known as "Portland Alley", once home to one of the most productive Portland Cement industries in the nation, due to ready access to raw materials such as limestone and shale, and plentiful supplies of natural gas, which was used to fire the kilns. Iola was home to the Kansas Portland Cement Company, maker of the "Sunflower" Brand of Portland Cement, and later the Lehigh Portland Cement Company. The nearby communities of Humboldt and Chanute still have cement factories, and the three towns are collectively known as "Portland Alley".
So that explains the "Portland" connection, which is kind of interesting, but why did we really choose Iola?
Bikeable By Design
Iola is a small rural town of about 5,700 people, situated along the Neosho River in southeast Kansas, approximately equidistant from Kansas City, Topeka, Wichita, and Joplin. It is the county seat of Allen County, and is located at the intersection of US-54 and US-169 highways.
The town features (as do many small towns) a strong traditional street grid. This is important, because it means that there are numerous possible routes between any two points, unlike the later suburban development model, which is built on a hierarchy of residential, collector, and arterial roadways, and which funnels almost all traffic to a few wide high-speed routes, an approach optimized for motor vehicle traffic, but strongly detrimental to bicycle and pedestrian traffic.
In other words, Iola is, by design, pretty bike/ped friendly, without any special accommodations.
Which is a good thing, because the city has very few special accommodations — there are sidewalks and crosswalks for pedestrians, but no bike lanes, sharrows, or bicycle boulevards.
US-54 and old 169 (now State Street) are 4-lane through much of the town, but every other roadway is two lanes, and traffic levels are very moderate. There's also a fine network of alleyways through much of the town, which offer a great way to bypass any street traffic or take a shortcut.
Trail Connections
Iola also has some rather amazing trail connections for a town its size. The Prairie Spirit Trail connected to Iola in 2008, and the Southwind Rail Trail opened just this year, with the MoPac Trail currently being developed. With the Western Sky Trail planned from Chanute to Fredonia (and ultimately further west), the vision of an interconnected trail network in Kansas is coming closer and closer.
As it sits, I'll have about 75 miles of trail at my doorstep (about 7 on the Southwind Rail Trail, about 51 on the Prairie Spirit Trail, and about 17 on the Flint Hills Nature Trail, which connects to the Prairie Spirit Trail in Ottawa). Once the remainder of the FHNT comes online, and connects to the Landon Nature Trail, I'll have an uninterrupted trail corridor of over 200 miles, connecting to Topeka and (almost) Kansas City. That's pretty cool!
Iola also had east-west rail lines, roughly paralleling US-54, connecting to Fort Scott in the east, and Yates Center and beyond in the west, but unfortunately, these were all abandoned long before rail-banking was an option, and so have been lost forever, which is a great shame.
Of course, I like to ride more than trails, and I'm very excited about the prospect of exploring a whole new region. There will be hundreds of miles of low-traffic paved roads to ride, and many hundreds more of gravel roads to get lost on. Bike-camping options look pretty promising, too, with numerous destinations (state parks, state fishing lakes, city lakes, etc.) within an easy day ride. It's going to be so much fun!
This map shows what's within a 50, 75, and 100-mile radius of Iola:
Both the Flint Hills and the Ozarks are within easy touring distance. Iola is on the RAAM (Race Across America) route (US-54), and is just a few miles off the TransAmerica Bicycle Trail route (which goes through Chanute). Judging by online cyclotourist journals, Iola seems to be a fairly frequent overnight town for bicycle travelers.
On the other hand, there are no bike shops in town (or even within 50 miles), so that could be a challenge. And there are no mountain biking trails nearby (that I'm aware of). There are few, if any, cycling events in the immediate area.
But there is a small cycling community already in place in Iola, and that's a nice plus. A group holds weekly trail rides (Finding Fun in Iola on Two Wheels), and I joined them recently to ride the Southwind Rail Trail to Humboldt and back:
There were eight of us on the ride, and more joined us afterwards at Cofachique Park for a potluck dinner and socializing. How cool is that?
And there appears to be a robust commuter bike culture, at least among some segments of the population:
But seriously, each time I've visited Iola, I've seen people biking and walking around town, not just for exercise, but apparently as part of their regular lives. Even my wife, who's not as focused on bike/ped issues as I am, noticed and commented on it. OK, some of those were riding on sidewalks, even in the absence of cars, or, in one case, riding the wrong way on a street, but still, I find that encouraging.
A Progressive Community
One of the other attractions of Iola, for me, is the progressive and pragmatic attitude that I've observed over the last few years.
Thrive Allen County has been a real catalyst for change in the community, working on all sorts of issues to improve health, physical activity, and livability. When I approached Thrive's Executive Director, David Toland, two years ago, about updating some obsolete bike laws, he jumped right on it, and got the statutes changed, with the help and cooperation of the police and city council. That was very impressive.
The Southwind Rail Trail is another example, with Allen County becoming the first county in Kansas to actively partner with trail group volunteers to build, manage and maintain a trail corridor. And what volunteers! Clark Coan, with Sunflower Rail-Trails Conservancy, said that "no rail-trail project in Kansas has been completed this fast, and it is a remarkable feat", and I think that's true. There seems to be significant community buy-in as well, which is significant.
Check out this welcome packet from the Iola Chamber of Commerce:
How could I possible resist that spot-on marketing?
More than Biking
There are other attractions for us in Iola as well, beyond the bicycling opportunities. There is a very impressive community theater and arts center (the Bowlus Fine Arts Center), a fine library, a brand new hospital is being built, there's a large downtown square in which nearly every building is occupied (unlike the "ghost town" appearance of too many historic downtowns in Kansas), and there are several antique stores / flea markets in town (a big draw for my wife, who deals in vintage estate jewelry). There's a community college, a community garden, a farmer's market, nice parks, good fishing opportunities, and excellent tennis and pickleball (I want to try that!) courts.
Of course, it's not all sweetness and light. There are problems. Iola is a one-grocery town, and that grocery is Walmart. And Walmart is poorly located, out beyond the edge of town, rather than in a more walkable location. Similarly, the hospital is moving from a great central location to a new campus in an unpopulated area. There's not a huge selection of restaurants. The population has been trending downward. Good-paying jobs may be hard to find, if it comes to that.
Allen County has been ranked at one of the least-healthy counties in the state (heck, the entirety of southeast Kansas ranks pretty low). In general, it's a relatively poor and unhealthy/obese/inactive part of the state, though Thrive is helping to change that. Their vision is that Allen County will be "the healthiest rural county in Kansas", and that's an effort I can get on board with.
But on balance, I think the positives will outweigh the negatives, for us.
We have a contract on a house, and expect to make the move sometime this fall. It's going to be a lot of work preparing for the move, and getting our current home cleaned up and ready for sale, so don't be surprised if updates on Kansas Cyclist are a little thinner than normal, for awhile.
We're a little sad to be leaving our home of nearly three decades, but we're excited about the move, and I'm looking forward to exploring a new part of Kansas by bike!
So expect to see frequent mentions of Iola over the coming months, as I settle in and discover the pluses and minuses of biking in small-town Kansas.
"Portland"? No. But perhaps a small step in that direction…
Pushing A Rope In small towns and rural areas, incubating trail projects can...
Getting Settled In, and an Iola Interview A quick personal note, an update on our move from...
First Portland Alley Ramble After a couple hectic months of moving, I finally got...
Southwind Rail Trail Grand Opening The Southwind Rail Trail held its official grand opening ceremony...
Southwind Rail Trail Grand Opening June 8th in Iola The Southwind Rail Trail is holding a grand opening event...
Post tags: Bicycle Friendly, Iola, Southwind Rail Trail
By Randy Rasa, editor/webmaster at Kansas Cyclist, the web's premier Kansas cycling information site, featuring authoritative guides to Kansas cycling clubs, bike shops, organized bike rides, touring, trails, and much more. [learn more]
14 responses to "Moving to Portland (Alley)"
SEK is a great place for biking, even when there are no dedicated bike lanes, etc. We moved from Pittsburg to KCMO a couple of months ago, and the thing I miss most is being able to bike out of town on empty country roads.
Randy Rasa says:
I've ridden on some of the backroads in Bourbon, Linn, Allen, and Anderson counties, and definitely found that to be the case — there's a lot of great low-traffic scenic biking routes out there!
Paul Johnson says:
Being from Portland, Oregon, I gotta say that the Rose City has serious problems when it comes to bicycle accessibility, all of it relating to the attitudes of the locals and a complete lack of enforcement. Most cycle lanes are either unswept or parked in, which automatically puts many of the main roads about as accessible as they are in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Except Tulsa has the advantage of making maintenance of existing bicycle infrastructure a priority, which Portland doesn't, so things like signage, centerlines and edgelines that make riding an unfamiliar cycleway (or just a cycleway at night or in the fog) a substantially less stressful experience, actually get actively maintained when they go missing, fade or wear off.
The midwest also seems to have some consideration for the human, which the northwest doesn't. The pacific northwest is a lot like the opposite of Cheers: Nobody knows your name, nobody's glad you came. And nobody cares if they run you over or off the road. This includes other cyclists, joggers, pedestrians and motorists alike. Metro Portland is larger than the entire state of Oklahoma and Kansas combined in population, but good luck finding someone who isn't a self-centered, selfish asshole who is thoroughly unimpressed they have to share the world with other people.
John Holloway says:
I'm a nursing student at Neosho County Community College's Ottawa campus and one of the things I'm most excited about is the opportunity to do some exploring. My clinical rotations could take me as far as Iola and from Topeka to Overland Park (I live in Leawood). I've done a little bit of online exploring (especially your site) and I'm probably most excited about doing the whole Prairie Spirt/Southwind trail. I'll look forward to your ride reports.
Ah Randy…. If only we could all choose our homes based on bicycling. Me, I'd pick a spot with a little acreage near the Trans America Trail and open up a bike campground for traveling bicyclists.
Good luck on the move and the new digs.
Brian Hough says:
Can't wait to read about your new adventures in Iola.
Monika King says:
There are some mountain biking trails, depending how far you want to drive. Ell City, Toronto and more are listed (and we have hiked them) on trails in kansas. Don't remember the website.
There is a bike shop in Parsons, KS. It's about 50 miles away and is located at the Parsons State Hospital. I'm pretty sure they fix all kinds of bikes. Something to look into……
TuacaTom says:
For mountain biking near Iola, there is a terrific trail here:
Badger Creek Trail at Fall River Lake
http://www.kssingletrack.com/Fall%20River
Paul, I haven't actually been to there yet (blush). But I read Bike Portland!
That's a beautiful dream, Gene.
Monika, Tom: I'll have a number of MTB options within about 50 miles — Elk City, Fall River, Cross Timbers, Crawford, Gunn Park, Hickory Creek, Melvern, etc., many of which are new to me, and I look forward to exploring — but none in the immediate (~20-mile) vicinity. So they're all either drive-to-ride, or overnight trips, which is fine! I'm not that much of a mountain biker, anyway. Thousands of miles of backroads should be enough to keep me busy for awhile. 😉
annek says:
I moved to Iola from the very walkable/bikable Missoula MT a few years back. I loved my time there. Each day I found more trails and roads to explore, amazing birding, lovely gardening opportunities (when you come from a 90-day grow cycle, SEK astonishes) and most of all: I loved the people. There is a strong and healthy sense of community and community involvement. I still miss it (returned to Msla cause the kids wanted to be back here, but have always planned on returning once they are done with school). You'll have a great time and the pace of life is so refreshing! You can walk, amble, perambulate and stroll to your heart's content. And if you see a black Trek antelope floating around – claim it! it's my bike, and was stolen off a friend's porch. Lesson: small town bike thieves exist.
Thanks, annek. That's very encouraging! Thanks for sharing. Sorry about the loss of the bike; I'm sure that still stings. Bike thieves suck.
Southeast Kansas (SEK) has some great bicycling possibilities. You can ride a 60 mile loop from Parsons to Oswego to West Mineral (visit Big Brutus), McCune and back to Parsons. West of Parsons is the old hwy 160 which takes you toward Big Hill Lake. I grew up bicycling in Parsons, riding long distances on a mix of sting-rays, fat tire bikes and my first 10-speed bike. Eventually my bicycling would take me throughout Europe one summer, across the US, a season of MTB racing, bicycle guide jobs and a lifetime of bicycle stories. SEK may be considered by some as flat and boring, but this bicyclist can attest that those Kansas roads will take you places.
Thanks, John, sounds like you've had some amazing bicycling adventures. I'm definitely looking forward to exploring SEK!
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text:
Earl Sullivan bio
Earl Roy Sullivan was born in Oxford, Mississippi on May 12, 1967, to Carlotta Millar Sullivan and John Albert Sullivan. He was the youngest of seven sons and learned at an early age how to hold his ground. Though some might call him stubborn, he believes himself to be persistent and able to maintain a course of action.
As a child, he would help his father, who was a carpenter and cabinet maker, in his workshop. Earl found he worked well with his hands and apprenticed under his father as a carpenter and furniture refinisher at age 16.
He graduated from Yoknapatawpha County High School in 1985 with average grades. In 1986, he enlisted in the Army and was stationed at Fort Ord, California. Though he expected to be shipped overseas, Earl never saw any action and spent his Army years stateside as a supply officer.
When he returned to Oxford in 1989, he met and married Aileen O'Brien. They had three daughters: Mary-Elizabeth, Jolie Anne, and Leticia Katherine. Mary-Elizabeth married in 2012 and blessed the Sullivans with twin grandsons: Joseph and Matthew. Never having had any sons, Earl was delighted and spends all the free time he can with the boys, teaching them ball playing techniques, fishing, and woodworking.
Earl went to work for the Mitchell Company in 2002 and hopes to retire with a good pension in five years. Though he started out as a journeyman carpenter with the company, a bulldozer accident in 2009 left him with a leg injury and a permanent limp. Rather than go on permanent disability, he opted to apprentice and become a foreman for the company.
The company considers him one of their best assets, which is why they assigned him to be site supervisor for their client Robbins Development's high profile Kelly Green project.
He is a devout Christian and attends church every Sunday at Calvary Baptist Church, with his wife, children, and grandchildren.


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Home News Bitumen exploration: Mining commences soon
Bitumen exploration: Mining commences soon
By Adekola Afolabi
Arrangements are in top gear to start mining at the Ondo State Bitumen site as the South West Bitumen (SWB) Company has confirmed that it was ready to start operations.
Speaking during a working visit to Governor Oluwarotimi Akeredolu of Ondo State, the Managing Director of South West Bitumen Company, Mr Akin Odumakin, disclosed that SWB was going to start with its operational base which would be ready within the next three months.
Odumakin who told the governor that their equipment are ready in the state and ready to start mining, informed that hundreds of people would be employed by the time they begin their operations in no time.
He said Bitumen Research and Development Centre has been established at the Federal University of Technology in Akure with an affiliate with the state University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, reiterating their readiness to build the centre and to beg in operations of the petroleum product in the three blocks licensed to them.
The bitumen project is one of the present administration's commitments in Ondo state to ensure that the product which the state has in large deposit was not only harnessed, but to change drastically the economic fortunes of the people.
The bitumen when tapped has a lot of potentials which include gas and other petroleum products.
The Managing Director explained that the company has been licensed by the Federal Government to operate for twenty five years and bought 14,800 hectares of land from the communities allocated to work.
The communities according to him are in Irele, Okitipupa and Odigbo, and that they have duly compensated in a peaceful manner those whose properties were affected, noting that the team came to the governor to seek the approval of the state government as stated in the law for the full ownership of the lands.
Odumakin while stressing that Nigeria consumes more bitumen than 95% of all African countries combined noted that the state ranked 5th largest bitumen reserves in the world with the potential of producing asphalt product that can compete in the international market if explored.
Responding, Governor Oluwarotimi Akeredolu commended the company for its efforts towards ensuring the realisation of the untapped products and also resolving with host communities in a more civil manner which will be of great benefit to them and the state at large.
Akeredolu who acknowledged the former Minister of Mines and Steel Development and governor of Ekiti State, Kayode Fayemi, for showing interest in the exploration of the project assured the company that the state would look at their request on the land acquisition as stated in the law.


text:
A nemzetközi nőnap a női egyenjogúság és a nők emberi jogainak napja, amelyet 1917 óta (Magyarországon 1948 óta) minden év március 8-án tartanak. A nemzetközi nőnapot az ENSZ is a világnapok közt tartja számon. A nőnap eredetileg munkásmozgalmi eredetű, harcos, a nők egyenjogúságával és szabad munkavállalásával kapcsolatos demonstratív nap volt: 1857-ben New Yorkban negyvenezer textil- és konfekcióipari munkásnő lépett sztrájkba a béregyenlőségért és a munkaidő csökkentésért.
Manapság  a különféle civil szervezetek ezen a napon világszerte, a nők elleni erőszak, a nőket érő családon belüli erőszak, a munkahelyi szexuális zaklatás, a prostitúció és az egyéb, a nők ellen elkövetett erőszak formái elleni tiltakozásuknak is hangot adnak.

Története
A nemzetközi nőnap létrehozói szerint az egyszerű, de mégis történelmet alakító nők napja, ami a nők évszázados küzdelmét eleveníti fel, melyet az egyenlő jogokért és lehetőségekért vívtak.

Az első március 8-hoz kötődő esemény 1857-ben történt, amikor március 8-án emberibb munkafeltételeket és magasabb fizetést követelő textilipari nődolgozók tüntettek New York utcáin.

A nemzetközi munkásmozgalom fejlődésével a nők emancipációjának kérdése is egyre inkább előtérbe került: 1866. szeptember 3. és 8. között az I. Internacionálé (hivatalosan: Nemzetközi Munkásszövetség) első kongresszusán határozatot fogadtak el a nők hivatásszerű munkavégzéséről. Ez a határozat annak az évezredes sztereotípiának kívánt véget vetni, mely szerint a nők helye kizárólag otthon van. Az 1889. július 14-én kezdődő II. Internacionálé alakuló közgyűlésén Clara Zetkin beszédében hirdette a nők jogát a munkához, az anyák és gyerekek védelmét és a nők széles körű részvételét az országos és nemzetközi eseményekben.

1909-ben az Egyesült Államokban tartották meg az első nemzeti nőnapot, február utolsó vasárnapjára, 28-ára igazítva.

A II. Internacionálé VIII. kongresszusán 1910. augusztus 28. és szeptember 3. között határoztak arról, hogy a nők választójogának kivívása érdekében nemzetközileg is nőnapot tartanak. A határozatot a kongresszus elfogadta, de a megemlékezés pontos dátumáról nem született döntés. 1911. március 19-én Ausztriában, Dániában, Németországban és Svájcban tartották meg a világon először a nemzetközi nőnapot.

1917. március 8-án (a juliánus naptár szerint február 23-án, azaz: február utolsó vasárnapján) Oroszországban nők tüntettek kenyérért és békéért. Négy nappal később – nem közvetlenül ennek a tüntetésnek a hatására – II. Miklós cár lemondott, s polgári kormány alakult, mely szavazójogot biztosított a nőknek. Ezzel vált véglegessé a nőnap dátuma is, mely a világ legtöbb országában március 8-a.

A nőnap Magyarországon

Magyarország a nőnapi felhíváshoz először 1913-ban csatlakozott, amikor az Országos Nőszervező Bizottság röplapokat osztott. A következő évben, 1914-ben már országszerte rendezvényeket szerveztek. A Rákosi-korszakban a nőnap ünneplése kötelezővé vált, és az eredetileg különböző időpontokban rendezett nőnapot 1948-tól szovjet mintára március 8-án tartották meg.

A rendszerváltást követően a nőnap Magyarországon is elvesztette eredeti munkásmozgalmi hangulatát.

Jegyzetek

Források
 Jeles Napok - nemzetközi nőnap
 A Nőnap eredete
 Szociális és Munkaügyi Minisztérium - Nemzetközi Nőnap

További információk
 Az 1325-ös számú ENSZ határozat
 Nőnap - wyw.hu
 Árvai Tünde: Militáns ünnep? A női szolidaritás világnapja? Fogyasztói hírverés? – A nőnap történetéből

Kapcsolódó szócikkek
 Anyák napja
 Nemzetközi férfinap

Családi ünnepek és emléknapok
Nő

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
American Express and the Rebirth of the Patron
Posted by mario.gamper on Monday, October 4, 2010 · Leave a Comment
Soul superstar John Legend said something memorable about his recent partnership with American Express on the "unstaged" series on YouTube/Vevo: "It was a relief to not have to worry about how well the songs would do on the radio." (AdWeek 2010)
In an ironic twist, Branded Entertainment seems to have created a space of artistic liberty that stands in fundamental opposition to the day-to-day economic burdens of a platinum selling star.
John Legend's comment sheds light how record labels are losing their protective function. First the download model robbed them of their production power. Then, the fall of record stores took their distribution powers. Now the uncertain economics of the new music industry have robbed most labels of the incentive and the ability to be courageous.
"We never had to think about how these songs would do against Lady Gaga." As brick-and-mortar retail visibility drives less and less sales, radio has become the dominant gatekeeper once again. And the computer-generated playlists that dominate programming today, lead to a dramatic reduction of songs on the air. Sometimes this creates rather surreal experiences: I remember last December, while surfing the english speaking radio stations in Miami, I was sometimes able to hit Jay-Zs "Empire State of Mind" three times in a row.
In this situation, brands are redefining their role they play for artists. While advertising money has been behind most of the content we enjoy, it usually comes to the artist via a complex redistribution network of labels and media. This paid many a middleman's paycheck, but it also created a layer of protective anonymity. The artist was free to do what he wanted, as long as the label believed there was money to made. But with the redefinition of media and label economies, artists might be better off to forgo the anonymous relationship for a much closer one with a corporate Maecenas.
The freedom from the dictates of a fickle market creates new constraints. These too, are more personal than those of playing 2nd fiddle to anonymous demand. At one point during the AdWeek event, the discussion drifted towards the motivation behind Legend's cooperation with The Roots. Both Legend and ?uestlove were adamant about their commitment to the political agenda of Barack Obama, and the need to answer the backlash of the Tea Party movement. Meanwhile, you could physically sense the discomfort of American Express marketing manager Courtney Kelso. But she did not interfere.
Shortly afterwards, Kelso was called on it by the excellent moderator. How much was she willing to risk? Her answer seemed to prove that American Express had thought about this long and hard: "We are a 160 year old brand, so obviously we have to be careful about who we partner with. But censorship was never an option", Kelso says. Why is Amex willing to take the risk of an uncontrollable messenger? They wants to reach a new demographic, and these people won't be impressed by something as sanitized as, say, Michael Bolton.
The inherent unpredictability of the patron-artist relationship outlines the importance of trust in branded entertainment. It is radically different from the anonymous transfer of funds that kept the old rectangle of advertising money, medium, artist and label going.
While this makes creating Branded Entertainment a little bit harder. It also makes it a lot more interesting.
Filed under Article · Tagged with advertising, branded entertainment, creativity, ideas, John Legend, marketing, The Roots


text:
Q: Form Submit button not working while implementing if statement logic **I'm trying to implement submit button logic with a simple empty strings input validation, but after clicking the button the whole window gets epty. While conforming to the if statement one block needs to be displayed.
https://codesandbox.io/s/intelligent-jasper-teh1im?file=/src/components/Button.vue**

<template>
  <button class="btn" @click="submit">Submit</button>
</template>

<script>
export default {
  inject: [
    "firstName",
    "lastName",
    "paymentAmount",
    "accountNumber",
    "isFinalStep",
  ],
  data() {
    return {
      firstName: this.firstName,
      lastName: this.lastName,
      paymentAmount: this.paymentAmount,
      accountNumber: this.accountNumber,
    };
  },
  methods: {
    submit() {
      if (
        !this.firstName &&
        !this.lastName &&
        !this.paymentAmount &&
        !this.accountNumber
      ) {
        this.isFinalStep();
      } else {
        alert("please fill the required fields");
      }
    },
  },
};

A: Looks like you just didn't register your FinalStep component:

[Vue warn]: Failed to resolve component: FinalStep
If this is a native custom element, make sure to exclude it from component resolution via compilerOptions.isCustomElement.
at

When I add it in App.vue, it seems to work:
import Form from "./components/Form.vue";
import FinalStep from "./components/FinalStep.vue";
...
export default {
  name: "App",
  ...
  components: {
    Form,
    ProgressBar,
    FinalStep
  },

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture (한국식생활문화학회지)
Korean Society of Food Culture (한국식생활문화학회)
Agriculture, Fishery and Food > Science of Food and Crops
Agriculture, Fishery and Food > Food Science
Research areas of the Journal of the Korean Society of Dietary Culture are as follows: - Verification of formation process and excellence of Korean dietary Culture - Evaluation of safety of traditional foods and Scientification of cooking process and storage technologies - Research about foodservice and food culture
https://acoms1.kisti.re.kr/ksfc/index.jsp?publisher_cd=ksfc&lang=kor KSCI KCI
A Comprehensive Study on the Intake Patterns and Expenditures of Instant Noodles (Ramyun) by Children and Adolescents
Jung, Hyo-Sun;Song, Min-Kyung;Kwak, Da-Young;Yoon, Hye-Hyun 531
https://doi.org/10.7318/KJFC.2011.26.6.531 PDF KSCI
This study considered the whole intake patterns and realities of consumption of instant noodles on sales targeting children and adolescents. Based on a total of 1021 subjects, data from self-administrated questionnaires were collected and analyzed using comparative statistical analysis, including frequency, chi-square, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results of the study were as follows. The preference levels for instant noodles by children and adolescents were 5.25, thereby showing a more than moderate preference. Middle school boy students' preference for instant noodles was the highest. The main reason for preferring instant noodles was taste and convenience. The main reason for disliking instant noodles was poor nutrition and likelihood of becoming fat. The intake of instant noodles was the highest between lunch and dinner with a frequency of once to twice per week. Content of soup powder given taking instant noodles was the largest in having putted all. The soup quantity of being left given taking instant noodles was possessed the majority in almost not eating soup. The main reason for not consuming soup was being full or concerns for health. A significant difference was observed in preference level for instant noodles and in intake patterns depending on the respondents' general characteristics. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.
Study on Food Culture During the Late Chosun dynasty and Japanese Colonial Period in the Novel "Toji"
Kim, Mi-Hye;Chung, Hae-Kyung 539
This study was intended to examine the continuance and transformation of food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era by analyzing the novel of "Toji". In the novel "Toji", the chaotic political and economic situation is reflected, along with the peoples' hard lives in the latter era of the Choson Dynasty. After the full-fledged invasion of China by the Japanese, the shift to a wartime posture was accompanied by an increased need for food. This led to a rationing and delivery system for rice in the late 1930s. While it was hard for people to obtain even brewer's grains and bean-curd dregs, food distribution officers were well off. Another distinctive feature of the food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era was that foreign food and recipes were introduced naturally to Korea through the influx of various foreigners. The industry of Choson was held by Japanese monopolistic capital, as a result, Choson had equal to the role as a spending site and was only gradually left destitute. In the Japanese ruling era, there were new type of business including such as patisserie of the types of civilization in the town, and those tempted Korean people. However, the Japanese and pro-Japan collaborators dominated commercial business. Being urbanization through the modernization, it was became patronized fast food in the populous downtown, and the change of industry structure and life style greatly influenced into our food culture. Acceptance the convenient Japanese style fast food such as Udong, pickled radish made was actively accepted with a longing for the advancement civilization. After the enlightenment, many Japanese exchange students went to Tokyo to get advanced civilization and provided urban mood according to their consumption of bread, coffee, Western food, which were considered a part of the elite culture.
A Survey on the Use and Recognition of Various Salts in Kimchi Production
Kim, Ju-Hyeon;Yoon, Hei-Ryeo 554
The nutritional value of kimchi is gaining global focus along with new possibilities and uses for the various salts used in making kimchi. The purpose of the study is to conduct research on the uses of various salts and investigate the consumer recognition of salt use in kimchi preparation. The findings are from 824 consumers over 19 years old from 15 locations who participated in this questionnaire via one-to-one interviews from September 23rd to October 14th, 2009. The results of the questionnaire show that when customers cooked, 71.9% used solar salt, 62.2% used flower salt (refined salt), 27.4% used Hanju salt (purified salt), 59.0% used processed salt (roasted salt), 47.4% used bamboo salt, 69.4% used Mat salt (table salt), and 18.2% used low sodium salt. The most preferred origin of salts was domestic. Most customers salted Chinese cabbage while preparing kimchi. Consumers showed low perceptions of different salts used in kimchi production, and did not exactly recognize the characteristics of various salts. The preferences for domestic and solar salts were very high, while the preference for sea salts was low. In conclusion, various types of salts could improve the quality of kimchi. This study hopes to help consumers produce better kimchi to match different needs. Therefore, attention should be paid to promoting the characteristics of various salts influencing the quality of kimchi.
Early History of Korean Restaurants in Manhattan, NY - Focused on 1960's~1970's -
Lee, Kyou-Jin 562
The purpose of this paper was to research the history of Korean restaurants in Manhattan, NY in the 1960's-1970's. These Korean restaurants were the pioneers in the globalization of Korean food. It is assumed that 'Mi Cin' was the first Korean restaurant in Manhattan and opened on March $1^{st}$, 1960. In the 1960's, it is estimated that there were four Korean restaurants in Manhattan. In the 1970's, the number of Korean restaurants increased to more than 18, and their main menu items were divided into three types: Korean fusion menu such as 'Lunch Special' for American customers, beef barbecue menu for American and Korean customers, and Korean traditional menu for increasing Korean immigrants.
Sushi Consumption Behavior of Koreans according to Food-related Lifestyle Type among Consumers
Lee, Kyung-Won;Chung, Hee-Chung;Cho, Mi-Sook 574
The aim of this study was to classify Korean consumers based on their food-related lifestyle type, and to investigate the relationship between sushi consumption and food-related lifestyle type. Self-reported questionnaires were completed by 300 Korean adults. The SPSS 18.0 program was used to analyze the samples. Data was analyzed by frequency, descriptive factor, reliability, cluster analysis, ANOVA, and chi-square test. A factor analysis extracted four factors comprising foodrelated lifestyle, which we named Health-seeking (factor 1), Taste-seeking (factor 2), Convenience-seeking (factor 3), and Economy-seeking (factor 4). According to a cluster analysis based on those four factors, consumers were classified into three clusters. Cluster 1 was the Taste and Health-seeking cluster, Cluster 2 was the Convenience-seeking cluster, and Cluster 3 was the Passive Eating Habits cluster. The results also indicated that the selection attributes of each cluster were significantly different in terms of perception, the global state of sushi, sushi preference, frequency, companions, place of sushi consumption, and preference for different sushi sub-ingredients. Based on these results, consumer characteristics in the sushi market are discussed.
A Study on the Kyungsangnamdo Native Local Food Culture in the Novel "Toji"
This study was intended to outline the characteristics of the food culture in the area of Kyungsangnamdo and its modernization by interpretation and analysis of the novel Toji, which was set in Hadong, Jinjoo in the area of Kyungsangnamdo in the early 20th century. The characteristics of the Kyungsangnamdo area's native dish during the Japanese ruling era in the latter half of the Choson dynasty are as follows. In the first part of the novel, which spans from 1897 to 1908, vegetable and grain food development can be seen in the area of Hadong, the interior plains of Kyungsangnamdo, where there is a typical farming village in the mountains. The second part of the novel, which spans from 1911 through 1917, includes some mentions of the properties of Kyungsangnamdo area's native dishes through the lens of emigrated Koreans living on Gando island. Gando island is in China, and is where Seohee, the heroine, escapes from her homeland and remains for a period of years. There is a unique type of seafood in the Gando area using fresh marine products, exactly the same as in the Kyungsangnamdo area. The third part of the novel spans 1919 through 1929, after Seohee returns to her own country and regains her house. There is a noticeable description of food culture in the area of Jinjoo in Kyungsangnamdo through the description of Seohee focusing on the education of her children. The well-described features of Jinjoo are boiled rice with soup of beef leg bones and Jinjoo bibimbob, with vegetables and a variety of foods using cod. Cod are caught in large quantities in Kyunjgsangnamdo, and cities in the area grow to medium size as the area became traffic-based. The fourth part of the novel spans from 1929 through 1938, and includes very detailed descriptions of characters and background locations. Salted fish combined with the wild ingredients of Mt. Jiri feature prominently in the Kyungsangnamdo's area descriptions. The fifth part spans from 1940 through 1945, and as the Japanese colonization era ends, the foods described in Kyungsangnamdo seem to develop the usage of soybean paste. With abundant fish and shellfish Kyungsangnamdo, the dishes that evolve to use soybean paste include mussel soybean paste soup, picked bean leaves in soybean paste, chaitgook - cold soup from soybean paste, and seolchigook used with seaweed and sea laver.
A Historical Study on Changes in a Roasted Beef Recipe through Sulhamyukjuk (Part I) - Focus on literature published in Korea until 1950 -
Park, Chae-Lin;Kwon, Yong-Suk;Chung, Hea-Jung 599
The aim of this research was to analyze changes in a Roasted Beef recipe through Sulhamyukjuk. In order to conduct this study, we investigated ancient and modern culinary literature published until 1950. The main method of research in this study was content analysis. There were 15 pieces of ancient and modern culinary literature used. In addition, the roasted beef recipes totaled 78. Analysis of recipe data published over the last 300 years showed two different types of Roasted Beef recipes: 1) Roasted Skewered Beef and 2) General Roasted Beef. In the case of Roasted type, the method was divided into three steps: 1) Coating of flour porridge after marinade in the source, 2) Three dippings into cold water during Roasting, and 3) Roasting again with Seasoning.
Study on Japanese Consumers' Korean Food Consumption Behaviors and Market Segmentation Based on Food-related Lifestyle - Focusing on Inbound Japanese Tourists -
Kim, Kyung-Hee 614
This study attempted to identify differences in Korean food consumption behaviors between groups of Japanese consumers segmented in accordance to their food-related lifestyles. This study was performed to provide Korean food service companies basic information to implement a strategy for the globalization of Korean food. As a result of the empirical analysis, the food-related lifestyles of Japanese consumers were deduced to the following four factors: "health and safetyoriented lifestyle", "palate and safety-oriented lifestyle", "economic efficiency-oriented lifestyle", and "simplicity-oriented lifestyle". Further, as a result of the cluster analysis, food-related lifestyles were classified into the following three groups: "a group highly interested in food-related life", "an economic efficiency-oriented group", and "a simplicity-oriented group". Second, there were significant differences in demographic characteristics and the characteristics of Korean food consumption behaviors between the groups. Third, also in a comparison of satisfaction with and loyalty to Korean restaurants with crucial attributes during the selection of Korean food, there were significant differences between the groups. Therefore, it is necessary to develop various Korean food products that will cater to Japanese consumers in accordance with each segmented group.
Study on Jeonyak in the Bibliography
Kang, Yoo-Jung;Jung, Hyun-Sook;Yoo, Maeng-Ja 621
This study was aimed at research on Jeonyak (煎藥) appearing in the bibliography. It was during the Goryeo Dynasty that Jeonyak was first mentioned in literature. At this time, Jeonyak was served for consumption during Palgwanhoe. The ingredients and recipes of Jeonyak were listed for the first time in Suunjapbang, a book written by Kim Yu during the Joseon Dynasty. Since then, they have been found in various books and materials. During the Joseon Dynasty, Jeonyak was made in Neuiwon, a medical administrative organization in the palace, and administered as a seasonal food on Dongji Day in the winter. The king gave various to his guests or subjects as special gifts. As a result, Jeonyak became well known to many people and even to those in foreign countries. Jeonyak is a Korean traditional medicated diet food made from decocted beef-feet, bone stock, and other spices, including jujube paste, honey, ginger, pepper, clove, and cinnamon. Jeonyak has a long 800-year history, and its ingredients and recipes have changed only gradually. Milk was a major ingredient of Jeonyak during the Goryeo Dynasty, but glue and gelatin were added in the Joseon Dynasty. Since then, recipes have mainly used gelatin made from beef-feet, skin, beef-bone, and so on. In conclusion, Jeonyak has an 800-year history as a special medicated diet food (藥膳) served seasonally on Dongji Day in the winter.
The Content Analysis of the Korean Food Menu Naming Standard
Han, Kyung-Soo;Lee, Jin-Young 629
This research analyzed the naming standard of Korea menu names divided into two groups, main dish and side dish. The research was conducted by contents analysis of selected literature articles and multiple-response cross tabulation analysis. The result demonstrated that the naming standard of Korea food consisted of the main ingredient name - sub ingredient name - main condiment name and main recipe. On the other hand, the menu name that is in native language or has a historical origin is exempt from this classification. Therefore, this study proposes a new standard, 'Hansik Menu Naming', to assist the food service industry and correct the names of unknown foreign dishes.
The Effect of the Service Encounter Element in Korean Restaurants upon Customer's Emotion Feelings, Customer Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intention - Focused on Foreigners Living in Korea -
Lee, Sun-Lyung;Song, Min-Kyung;Kwak, Da-Young;Lee, Kyung-Jin;Jung, Hyo-Sun;Yoon, Hye-Hyun 641
The two purposes of this study were to understand service encounters in Korean restaurants by foreigners living in Korea and to examine the effect of service encounters on the customer's emotion feelings, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intention. Based on the reactions of a total of 614 foreigners obtained by empirical research, this study reviews the reliability and fitness of the research model, and verifies a total of 4 hypotheses using the Amos program. The hypothesized relationships in the model were tested simultaneously using a structural equation model (SEM). The proposed model provided an adequate fit to the data: ${\chi}^2$ 683.466 (df=216), CMIN/df 3.164, RMR 0.095, GFI 0.911, AGFI 0.886, NFI 0.933, CFI 0.953, and RMSEA 0.059. As a result of empirical analysis, the physical environment, interactions with employees, and interactions with other customers were quantified as service encounter factors in Korean restaurants. These factors were indicated to have an influence on customer's emotion feelings. Also, customer's emotion feelings had a positive influence on customer satisfaction and behavioral intent. Limitations and future research are also discussed.
The Effect of Job Embeddedness Constructs on Innovation-related Behaviors and Turnover Intention
Yoo, Young-Jin 649
The purpose of this study was to investigate how constructs of job embeddedness (fit, links and sacrifice) affected innovation-related behaviors. This study also investigated the relationship between innovation-related behaviors and turnover intention. The samples of this study were employees of Daegu City restaurants who visited the 2010 Daegu Food Tour Expo on October 7-10. A total of 302 questionnaires were analyzed with the statistical methods of factor analysis, reliability test, and covariance structural analysis. There were two findings of the research. First, we found that fits, links, and sacrifice were positively related to innovation-related behaviors. Second, we found that innovation-related behaviors were negatively related to turnover intention. Therefore, restaurant managers in Daegu City should pay attention to providing employee organization that helps them to first in, makes sure that they have lots of links with other employees, and bestows as many wage and fringe benefits as possible. Also, restaurant managers should reward the innovation-related behaviors of employees.
Consumer Awareness and Attitudes about Genetically Modified Foods - According to Area, Occupation, and Education -
Kim, Hae-Young;Kim, Mee-Jeong 657
This study was a survey of consumer awareness and attitudes about genetically modified foods and their labeling regulations. Questionnaires were distributed to 4,620 consumers who lived in different areas of Korea, and 4,076 people responded. The consumers were asked about knowledge, labeling information, and their sources of information about GM foods. Respondents from Seoul, Jeonnam, and Gyeongnam answered mostly "nearly don't know > moderate > never know > know a little." Respondents from Gyeonggi answered "moderate > nearly don't know > never know > know a little." According to occupation, housewives, company employees, consultants, and students answered mostly "nearly don't know > moderate > never know > know a little. "Consumers answered about the intent to buy GM foods differently according to area, occupation, and education. Seoul and Gyeonggi residents said that reinforcing factors to relieve the insecurity of GM foods were "evaluating safety > management of GM foods by the government > GM food regulation system." There were other answers according to area, occupation, and education. About GM-related education methods that they wished to have, residents of the Seoul area said "books/leaflets" most often, but residents of the Gyounggi area said "attending a lecture" most often. Housewives also said "attending a lecture," but teachers and students said "Internetbased education" most often. About the kinds of education that they could join, Seoul residents answered "consumer groups > school parents > public institutions," but Gyeonggi and Chungnam area residents answered "public institutions > consumer groups > school parents." Housewives and students answered "consumer groups" most often, but consultants and private business owners answered "public institutions" most often. We realized that different education methods were necessary for different areas, occupations, and education levels.
Difference in Bakery Choice Attributes according to Consumers' Characteristics and Purchasing Behavior
Ryu, Si-Hyun;Kim, Sung-Ok;Seok, Seung-Yeon 673
The purpose of this study was to analyze the difference in bakery choice attributes according to consumers' general characteristics and purchasing behavior. Among 350 questionnaires distributed to bakery consumers, 277 complete questionnaires (79.1%) were analyzed. Bakery choice attributes were classified into five factors: "environment and image", "bakery product features", "location", "employee service", and "price and sales promotion"; the mean scores of these factors' importance levels were 3.59, 3.58, 3.49, 3.36, and 3.00, respectively. Males considered 'employee service' factor significantly more than did females. Further, the importance level of 'employee service' factor was significantly greater as consumer's age increased. The importance levels of 'bakery product features' and 'employee service' factors were considered significantly more by consumers who spent KRW10,000-15,000 than those who spent KRW5,000 or less. 'Price and sales promotion' was considered to be more important by consumers who obtained information from the Internet than from the TV and radio. 'Location' factor was considered to be more significant as purchasing frequency increased. Such differences in importance level of bakery choice attributes according to consumers' gender, age, job, and purchasing behavior should be considered and applied to the development of marketing strategies targeted at consumers.
Effects of What Consumers Want in Brand Identification, Brand Attachment, and Customer Loyalty in Family Restaurants
Jeon, Gwee-Yeon;Lee, Eun-Ju;Ha, Dong-Hyun 682
The purpose of this research was to identify not only the effect of what consumers want from their brand identification and brand attachment, but also the effect of their perceived brand identification on their perceived brand attachment in the family restaurant setting. This research also investigated the causal relationship between a consumer's perceived brand attachment and brand loyalty. A total of 332 questionnaires were collected from customers who visited one of 4 nationallybranded family restaurants in Daegu. With the consent of the store managers of each family restaurant brand, students of Dongguk University helped respondents fill out questionnaires and collected the data. There were three major findings of this research. First, the benefits that consumers wanted were found to have a significant effect on their perceived brand identification and brand attachment. Second, the perceived brand identification of customers was found to have a significant effect on their perceived brand attachment. And third, the perceived brand attachment of customers was found to have a significant effect on their perceived brand loyalty. Also, consumer's benefits sought affected their perceived brand attachment through their perceived brand identification, and consumer's benefits sought and brand identification respectively influenced their perceived brand loyalty through their perceived brand attachment. Therefore, marketing managers or general managers of family restaurants should identify consumer benefits in order to increase sales and profits.
The Impact of Customer's Party Size on Restaurant Revenue
Cho, Mee-Hee;Lee, Kyung-Hee 692
Restaurant managers seeking to maximize revenue should look carefully at how long their tables are occupied and how much the average diner spends. This study examined the effect of the customer's party size on restaurant revenue. The dining periods were divided into 2 types (lunch vs. dinner/weekdays vs. weekends), which were combined to show the average spending per minute (SPM), to determine if the dining periods have measurable effects on the dining duration and average bill. The results show that the dining duration for dinner was much longer than that for lunch and there was no significant difference in dining duration between weekdays and weekends. On the other hand, customers in larger parties at lunch time had a higher SPM than those in smaller parties. A larger customer party size was associated with a longer dining duration for dinner and on weekdays. During all operating periods (lunch, dinner, weekdays, weekends), the party size had a significantly positive effect on the mean spending per minute. For restaurant managers, these findings suggest opportunities to increase revenue and adopt revenue management strategies.
Global Korean Food Marketing Communication of Government Agencies and Restaurant Companies
Yang, Il-Sun;Kim, Eun-Jung;Shin, Seo-Young;Cha, Sung-Mi 698
The purpose of this study was to analyze methods and contents of global Korean food marketing. In-depth interviews were conducted from July to October in 2010 using a qualitative research approach. Government agencies and restaurant companies emphasized well-being and healthy aspects as a Korean food identity. Regarding the marketing contents, government agencies commonly included standard loanword orthography and recipes. On the other hand, restaurant companies contained their own contents differentiated from other brands. Government agencies used CF, video, book and newspaper as communication channels but restaurant companies did not have systematic communication channels. Government agencies attempted to use holding, supporting and participating expositions as communication methods, whereas restaurant companies mainly used sales promotion and point-of-purchase as communication methods.
Quality Characteristics of Dried Noodles with Added Loquat Leaf Powder
Park, In-Duck;Cho, Hee-Sook 709
The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of dried noodles when different concentrations of Loquat (Eriobotyya japonica Lindley) leaf powder (LLP) were added to the wheat flour. The cooking quality, mechanical texture properties, and viscosity were measured, and a sensory evaluation was conducted with the prepared noodles. The gelatinization points of the composite LLP-wheat flours were shown to increase. As measured via amylograph, viscosity at $95^{\circ}C$, viscosity at $95^{\circ}C$ after 15 minutes, and maximum viscosity values of those samples decreased as the LLP content increased. As increasing amounts of LLP were added, the L and a values were reduced, whereas the b value was increased and the color values, weight, and volume of the cooked noodle increased, as did the turbidity of the soup. With regard to the textural characteristics, the LLP additive increased hardness and cohesiveness, and reduced adhesiveness and springiness. Overall, the noodles prepared with 5% LLP were preferred more than the others, according to the results of our sensory evaluation.
Optimization of Soybean Pudding Using Response Surface Methodology
Jung, Eun-Kyung;Joo, Na-Mi 717
Response surface methodology (RSM) was performed in order to determine the optimal mixing conditions of different amounts of egg and sugar for the preparation of soybean pudding. The experiments were designed according to a central composite design by designating whole egg and sugar content as independent variables. Meanwhile, sweetness, Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) color parameters (L*, a* and b* values), hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and gumminess were response variables. Overall optimization, conducted by overlaying the contour plots under investigation, was able to determine the optimal range of dependent variables within which the 14 responses were simultaneously optimized. The point chosen as a representative of this optimal region corresponded to 50.00 g of whole egg and 31.66 g of sugar. Under these conditions, the model predicted L* value=80.03, a* value=-5.44, b* value=27.86, sweetness=21.23 ($^{\circ}Brix$), hardness=$25.45{\times}10^5$ (dyne/$cm^2$), cohesiveness=67.90 (%), springiness=46.20 (%), and gumminess=12.71 (g).
Correlation of the Rate of Obesity and Blood Lipids According to Obesity Index in Rural Post-menopausal Women
Choe, Joeng-Sook;Kim, Eun-Kyung;Park, Young-Hee 727
This study was performed to examine the relationship between the body mass index (BMI), the body fat, and the serum lipids of post-menopausal women in rural areas. The subjects were 510 women aged 50 and over. As a result of this study, we found a trend of decreasing BMI as age increased, but body fat increased. In addition, there was a significant decreasing of the lean body mass than an increasing of the body mass index according to increasing age. Therefore, this study confirmed that a main cause of rural women being classified as obese is a decrease in lean body mass, rather than an increase in of body fat. Of all subjects, 36.3% ($18.5{\leq}BMI$ < 23) of all subjects were classified as having normal BMI, whereas only 21.4% were classified as having normal body fat. Out of 190 subjects who were body fat 30% and over, 38 subjects were classified as obese ($BMI{\geq}25$) and 113 subjects were classified as overweight ($23{\leq}BMI$ < 25). The percentile of those with a BMI of $25kg/m^2$ was 70, and they had 30.82% body fat. HDL cholesterol showed a negative correlation with anthropometric factors (height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist hip ratio, body fat), and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides showed a positive correlation. Especially, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and hip circumference showed significant correlations. Because of differences in the body fat and lean body mass by age group, it seems difficult to assess obesity via BMI only. The elderly especially should have a higher significance placed on body fat or abdominal fat than only BMI.
Research on Lotus Root Eungi and Development of Beverage from Lotus Root Starch
Kim, Sung-Hae;Suk, Jung-Eun;Cho, Mi-Sook;Choi, Nam-Soon 734
This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of Eungi, which is used as a breakfast or health food. We manufactured lotus root starch and Eungi by a traditional method and discovered that the viscosity of Eungi with 4-5% starch content was similar to fermented milk. When the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability of a Eungi beverage combined with different amounts (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) of lotus root starch were investigated, consumer acceptability was highest with Eungi combined with 0.5% starch and 6% sugar. When the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability of Eungi beverage combined with different extract bases were investigated, the acceptability of taste and texture was highest with purple sweet potato extract and the acceptability of color was highest with omija extracts.


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← Issue 11(3), 2018
Staged treatment of plantar midfoot ulceration with use of a Hemisoleus Muscle Flap, application of external fixation and split-thickness skin graft →
Case study of rare incidence of gas gangrene caused by Raoultella Ornithinolytica
Posted on December 31, 2018 | Comments Off on Case study of rare incidence of gas gangrene caused by Raoultella Ornithinolytica
by Edward Mirigliano DPM, MBA1, Kyle Hopkins DPM2, Samantha Banga, DPM3
Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues. It is fast spreading, potentially life-threatening and needs to be addressed promptly. In this case report, we present a patient that presented with gangrene of his left foot. He was first seen in the emergency room where blood cultures and x-rays were obtained. The patient was then promptly treated with OR debridement of the site and the cultures obtained intraoperatively revealed a rare organism, Klebsiella ornithinolytica (currently called Raoultella ornithinolytica). In addition to the OR debridement, the patient was treated with 6 weeks of IV antibiotics.
Keywords: gas gangrene, osteomyelitis, amputation
1 – Staff Podiatrist, Department of Podiatric Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lebanon, PA
2 – Chief Podiatric Resident, Department of Podiatric Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lebanon, PA
3 – Staff Podiatrist, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lebanon, PA
* – Corresponding author: EDWARD.MIRIGLIANO2@va.gov
Gas gangrene is a form of tissue necrosis that can be life-threatening. It often occurs at the site of trauma, or recent surgical site, however, can present without an irritating event. Populations at high risk for developing gas gangrene include those with diabetes and atherosclerosis. If suspicion for gangrene is present, it is imperative to obtain tissue and fluid cultures, blood cultures, x-ray, CT scan or MRI of the area. Surgery should be performed quickly to remove dead and infected tissue. Although it is well established that Clostridium spp. causes gas gangrene; non-clostridial involvement is possible. In the present case, x-ray findings indicated gas formation and additionally, Klebsiella ornithinolytica was recovered from surgical specimens. Based on both radiological and microbiological evidence, the diagnosis of Klebsiella Ornithinolytica gas gangrene was established. The patient was treated for 6 weeks with IV antibiotics.
A 56-year-old Caucasian male presented to the ER with a 3-day history of foul-smelling discharge from his right foot after having a 5th met resection 2 months ago at a civilian facility. The patient was having constant pain in the foot over the past 2 weeks. Over the last 3 days, he also noticed a redness that was going up the leg along with bluish discoloration of the fourth digit accompanied by edema. There was tenderness of the 4th digit on palpation along with the metatarsal head dorsally despite patients self-described neuropathy of his feet. The patient said that over the last day he had developed fever, chills, and nausea. His medical history was significant for uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension, cocaine abuse, and tobacco abuse.
Figure 1 Demonstrating Gas Gangrene of 4th proximal phalanx.
Figure 2 Post-operative radiographs of Partial 4th ray resection.
Figure 3 Post-operative radiographs of transmetatarsal amputation.
The patient had a 5th ray resection from an outside facility and was unable to give us any other details nor records from that hospitalization.
Inspection at the time of his first visit revealed a 3.5cm x 1.5 cm opening to the fifth metatarsal resection surgical site of the right foot. There was surrounding erythema to the surgical site and forefoot with lymphangitis streaking accompanied by a purplish discoloration to the fourth digit with pain to palpation. Also noted were calor and malodor. The dorsum of the foot was erythematous and edematous over the 4th digit and fourth metatarsal. There was a local increase in skin temperature on the dorsal aspect of the left foot compared to that of the contralateral foot. The dorsalis pedis and tibialis posterior pulses were easily palpated and capillary return was within normal limits. His initial temporal temperature was 100.7. The inguinal lymph node palpation was negative. The chest radiograph obtained displayed no evidence of an acute cardiopulmonary abnormality. Significant lab findings were an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 37, white blood cell (WBC) count of 16.8, Glucose of 305 and cultures of the wound obtained in the emergency room revealed Klebsiella ornithinolytica, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus anginosus. Blood cultures were taken in the emergency room and the results were negative.
Routine radiographs performed at our center showed lucency through the medial base of the residual 5th metatarsal could represent a nondisplaced fracture or residual osteomyelitis within the bone. Also seen was soft tissue air consistent with gas was seen medial to the 4th proximal phalanx. There was no adjacent osseous erosive change to suggest osteomyelitis within the 4th toe (Figure 1). Because of the presence of gas on the x-ray, the plan was to bring the patient the same day to the operating room for resection of 4th ray and incision and drainage of the same area without closure followed by IV antibiotics.
Under general anesthesia and with the use of an ankle tourniquet, utilizing a 4-cm racket incision that incorporated the existing lateral surgical incision, the fourth digit was disarticulated at the fourth metatarsophalangeal joint and sent to pathology. Deep tissue cultures were obtained in this area. Necrotic tissue was noted to the plantar aspect, and there was a foul smell noted without purulence. All necrotic tissue was removed and the distal aspect of the fourth metatarsal was freed of all soft tissue attachments and utilizing a sagittal saw, the bone was resected at the mid-shaft of the fourth metatarsal. The resected bone was sent to pathology. The remaining bone of the fourth metatarsal was noted to be firm, and there was no surrounding necrotic tissue. The surrounding areas were probed, and no abscesses were noted. The operative site was copiously lavaged with Betadine-infused saline. Betadine-soaked Iodoform gauze packing was used to fill the void in the 4th metatarsal with a 3cm area remaining opened for drainage. After surgery, he was placed on IV antibiotics that included Zosyn 3.375 gram every 6 hours and Vancomycin 1 gram every 12 hours for the suspected osteomyelitis. Pathologically, the examination revealed acute osteomyelitis of the toe and metatarsal head with the bone margin free from osteomyelitis and the soft tissue margins of amputation were free from acute inflammation. Cultures taken intra-operatively displayed Klebsiella ornithinolytica [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] which was susceptible to Zosyn.
For the next 6 days, the patient stayed as an in-patient without complications while the pain diminished, constitutional symptoms of infection disappeared and WBC improved to 8.8. He was discharged after 6 days and sent home on Augmentin for two weeks and seen as an outpatient in the podiatry clinic. Over the next 6 weeks, the patient had no local or constitutional signs of infection while the incision site closed.
Raoultella ornithinolytica (formerly Klebsiella ornithinolytica) is a Gram-negative aerobic bacillus which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. However, human infections caused by bacteria of the genus Raoultella are uncommon. A search of the available literature shows only a handful of documented infections with this presentation. It is likely due to the patient's history of poorly controlled diabetes, with a history of cocaine and continued tobacco use, that caused a compromise to his immune system. Due to the dusky appearance of his fourth digit as well as gas on the radiographs, it was medically necessary for a partial ray resection of the fourth metatarsal. After the operative procedure, the patient was started on IV vancomycin and IV Zosyn. After cultures returned patient was switched to Augmentin.
We have described an unusual presentation of bony involvement with soft tissue gas which was a result of an unusual organism. Though infection is rare, Raoultella ornithinolytica can cause significant and possibly limb and life-threatening infection. As previously stated there are only a handful of cases where this level of destruction has been noted due to this particular organism. It is important as clinicians to remember that patients who have an immunocompromised status may encounter organisms that are out of the ordinary and may require increased care. Even though this organism is rare the treatment for the resulting gas gangrene is straightforward. We are fortunate that this patient presented to the emergency department when he did. We establish a definitive treatment plan in order to prevent a more aggressive amputation. Unfortunately, do to the sequela of this procedure the patient was left with an unstable forefoot which ultimately led to a transmetatarsal amputation. The transmetatarsal amputation site healed uneventfully.
Walckenaer E, Poirel L, Leflon-Guibout V, et al. Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of the chromosomal class A β-lactamases of Raoultella (formerly Klebsiella) planticola and Raoutella ornithinolytica. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(1):305–312.
Kanki M, Yoda T, Tsukamoto T, Shibata T. Klebseilla pneumoniae produces no histamine: Raoutella plantico and Raoutella ornithinolytica strains are histamine producers. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(7):3462–3466.
Ferran M, Yébenes M. Flushing associated with scombroid fish poisoning. Dermatol Online J. 2006;12:15.
Morais VP, Daporta MT, Bao AF, Campello MG, Andrés GQ. Enteric fever-like syndrome caused by Raoultella ornithinolytica (Klebsiella ornithinolytica) J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(3):868–869.
Solak Y, Gul EE, Atalay H, Genc N, Tonbul HZ. A rare human infection of Raoultella ornithinolytica in a diabetic foot lesion. Ann. Saudi Med. 2011;31(1):93–94.
Hadano Y, Tsukahara M, Ito K, Suzuki J, Kawamura I, Kurai H. Roultella ornithinolytica bacteremia in cancer patients: report of three cases. Intern Med. 2012;51(22):3193–3195.
Hostacká A, Klokocníková Antibiotic susceptibility, serum response and surface properties of Klebsiella species. Microbios. 2001;104:115–124.
Hoshide RR, Chung H, Tokeshi J. Emergence of community-acquired extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli (ESBLEC) in Honolulu: A case series of three individuals with community-acquired ESBLEC bacteriuria. Hawaii Med J. 2011;70(9):193–195.
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Stella Rimington
Stella Rimington books in order
Stella Rimington DCB, is a British author of mystery and thriller novels, and former Director General of MI5.
Born in South London, she studied English at the University of Edinburgh before pursuing Archive Administration at the University of Liverpool.
Having served in MI5 for nearly three decades, Rimington became the first woman to hold the position Director-General, and also the first whose name was publicly announced on appointment—serving in the position from 1992 to 1996.
She currently divides her time between London and Norfolk.
More about Stella Rimington
Genres: Autobiography, Mystery, Non-fiction, Thriller
Breaking Cover
Dead Line
Illegal Action
Open Secret: The Autobiography of the Former Director-General of MI5
Present Danger
Rip Tide
Secret Asset
The Geneva Trap
The Moscow Sleepers
Liz Carlyle Books
At Risk (2004)
Secret Asset (2006)
Illegal Action (2007)
Dead Line (2008)
Present Danger (2009)
Rip Tide (2011)
The Geneva Trap (2012)
Close Call (2014)
Breaking Cover (2016)
The Moscow Sleepers (2018)
Open Secret: The Autobiography of the Former Director-General of MI5 (2001)
MI5 officer Liz Carlyle quickly forgets about the troubles ridiculing her personal life the moment she steps into Monday's counter-terrorism meeting.
An 'invisible', a term used to refer to a terrorist who is an ethnic native of the target country, could have infiltrated into mainland Britain.
The real nightmare is that by the time they will have identified the enemy, it may be too late.
Who or what is the invisible targeting? Who is the invisible and where is he/she hiding?
As authorities engage in a desperate race against time, Liz realizes that getting into the enemy's head could be the only way of preventing a major catastrophe.
Author: Stella Rimington
Ebook: B00DO8RJPE
Publisher: Arrow
Officer Liz Carlyle is convinced that a sinister plot is about to unfold, after receiving news from one of her agents about suspicious meetings that have been taking place at an Islamic bookshop.
An attack seems imminent when her boss, Charles Wetherby, makes arrangements for a surveillance operation, only for Liz to be taken off the case in a surprising turn of events.
A mole has shockingly infiltrated into British Intelligence, something that could spell doom for the Service.
And as her colleagues race against time to prevent a terrorist attack, Liz must unmask the identity of the mole and their objective before it's too late.
Publisher: Vintage Crime/Black Lizard
Transferred to counter-espionage, the hub of MI5 operations during the Cold War, MI5 intelligence officer Liz Carlyle yet again finds herself in a desperate race against time to catch an assassin sent to eliminate wealthy Russian Nikita Brunovsky.
An increasingly fervent critic of Vladimir Putin's regime, Brunovsky—who resides in London—has made himself a target of the Russian government.
Going undercover as part of Brunovsky's entourage, Liz's mission is to identify the assassin.
Could the 'illegal' Russian agent, who has arrived in London, be the hired killer?
In a world of oligarchs and political influence, going undercover is the kind of thing that could get one killed…
MI5 Intelligence Officer Liz Carlyle is summoned to an emergency meeting by her boss, Charles Wetherby, after the Service receives intelligence on an immminent attack.
Word is that two individuals are planning to forcibly cause mayhem at the Middle East peace conference set to be hosted at the Gleneagles resort in Scotland—laying all the blame on Syria.
The biggest challenge however is that their identity is not only unknown, but nobody knows when the two individuals plan on causing the violent disruption.
As the conference draws closer, Liz realizes that the threat is far worse than anything she could have possibly imagined.
Promoted to a new role in Belfast, Northern Ireland, MI5 Intelligence Officer Liz Carlyle can't wait to begin performing her favorite role—running agents.
The dispatchment however means that Liz will be separated from her former boss and dear friend, Charles Wetherby, who recently lost his wife.
Danger is however never far from Liz. As she and her team keeps close tabs on the breakaway Republican groups who were never for the peace process, they realize that a former French Intelligence Officer could be involved.
And when a colleague mysteriously vanishes, along with the known suspects, Liz can't help but fear the worst.
Publisher: Quercus Publishing
The Security Service quickly heads to work after it turns out that one of the pirates who ambushed a cargo ship off the coast of Somalia is a British-born Pakistani.
Why would a British Muslim from a wealthy Birmingham family end up brandishing a Kalashnikov on a ship on the Indian Ocean? Assigned to find the answers is MI5 Intelligence Officer, Liz Carlyle.
When a lifeless body of a secret agent is discovered in a shipping office in Athens, piracy suddenly doesn't seem like such a huge priority for the Service.
As Liz and her team look to join the dots between Pakistan, Greece and Somalia, even bigger problems arise closer to home.
A rogue Russian intelligence officer, with crucial information about a devastating plan to hack the West's military satellite systems, approaches the MI5—insisting he'll talk to no one except Liz Carlyle.
British and American Intelligence services are soon afterwards gripped by fear after unmanned drones fall from the sky.
Are the Russians aiming at disabling Anglo-American Defence programmes? Or could the sinster threats be originating from somewhere else?
Whilst striving to identify a mole inside the MOD, Liz and her team are led to Geneva and Marseille, all in a bid to end the Cold War before it reaches its boiling point.
No one still knows why CIA agent Miles Brookhaven was attacked in a souk while infiltrating rebel groups in the area, despite the fact that the incident happened months ago.
Was his true identity revealed? Or was that just another random attack on Westerners?
MI5 Intelligence Officer Liz Carlyle and her team are monitoring the illegal international arms trade.
Given the unpredictable nature of the Arabic region, British Intelligence forces are alarmed by the possibility that extremist Al-Qaeda jihadis could be strengthening their power base in preparation for another attack.
As the tensions rise, Liz and her team must seize the illegal weapons before they fall into the wrong hands.
Posted to an MI5 counter-espionage desk after a draining investigation on terrorism, Intelligence Officer Liz Carlyle finds herself back in the thick of things after Vladimir Putin's hostility towards the West intensifies.
And it doesn't take long for Liz to be hot on the trail of a Russian spy threatening to plunge Britain back into the harrowing days of the Cold War.
Elsewhere, controversial young civil rights lawyer, Jasminder Kapoor, is hired by the MI6 to expound on the issues of privacy and security to the public.
But in a shadowy world of secret identities, knowing whom to trust can be the difference between life and death…
Nurses taking care of a dying man in a hospital in upstate Vermont are given strict instructions to call the FBI should anyone visit their patient. The only thing they know about him is that he is an academic at a nearby university.
In London, news of the suspected Russian illegal soon reaches MI5. A highly confidential source, known as Mischa, reaches out to Intelligence Officer Liz Carlyle, requesting a covert meeting in the German capital.
Elsewhere in Brussels, a Russian secret agent who has been inactive for years is beginning to have doubts about his role.
During her career in MI5 that lasted for nearly three decades, Stella Rimington worked in all the key fields of the Service's responsibilities, from counter-subversion to counter-espionage and counter-terrorism—eventually becoming Director of all three branches.
In 1992, Rimington was appointed Director-General of MI5, not only becoming the first woman to hold the position, but also the first Director-General whose name was publicly announced on appointment.
In this riveting autobiography, Rimington reveals the various elements of the security services, the shocking culture of MI5, and some of the most engrossing twentieth century events from an insider's point of view.
Publisher: Random House UK


The Gathering is Jill Shaulis fourth collection for Windham Fabrics. Inspired by Civil War era textiles from her personal collection, this line features a wide variety of colors and prints needed to create scrappy style quilts. Create your own club, using the patterns from the Kindred Spirits series. 24 Fat quarters different fabrics, each approximately 18" x 22".


In the first century, many Jews looked for a Messiah who would lead the Jewish nation to international power, wealth and glory. They were proud of the fact that they worshiped the true God, but ashamed that their God allowed pagan nations like Rome to rule over them. They wanted the Messiah to be a powerful hero who would defeat the Roman armies.
But Jesus was not the sort of Messiah they expected, not the type of leader they wanted. He did not attack the Romans—instead, he criticized the Jewish religious leaders! Instead of respecting wealth and power, he seemed to prefer poor, weak people. He seemed to think that sin was a bigger problem than the Romans.
Jesus announced a kingdom of God, but it was not the sort of kingdom that most Jews were looking for. It was a kingdom that started in a small and insignificant way, a kingdom that involved judgment, not just glory. This kingdom required humility, not pride—meekness, not power. It involved repentance and forgiveness, not weapons and wealth.
But Jesus also offered something that a military leader could not: eternal life. He spoke of salvation, of freedom from death. When people entered his kingdom, they entered into life eternal.
How can it be done? Through Jesus Christ our Lord and Savior—and only through him. That is why the early church preached about Jesus Christ: He is the proof that salvation is a real possibility for all who trust in him. He is not just proof—he is the One who makes it happen. He is the key to the good news, the key to salvation, the door to eternal life.
The book of Acts shows how the apostles presented this gospel in various settings. The letters of Paul give us greater understanding of what the gospel does for us and how it works. Paul uses several key words to teach us how salvation is made a reality for us through Jesus Christ. In this study, we'll look at several of those key words.
1. In the synagogue in Antioch, what did Paul proclaim? Acts 13:38. Through Jesus, what could people receive that was not possible through the law of Moses? Verse 39.
Comment: Here we can see that "justified" is similar in meaning to the forgiveness of sins. It is God's declaration that a person is not guilty, that the person is "just" or "righteous." Paul develops this meaning further in his epistles.
2. Is it possible for a person to be declared righteous through the law? Romans 3:20. But now, through the gospel, a different way of righteousness has been made known (verse 21). How does it come? Verses 22, 24, 26, 28, 30.
Comment: The gospel makes known a "righteousness from God" (Romans 1:17). We cannot earn this righteousness by obeying the law, but it comes to us by grace. It is given to all who believe in Jesus Christ. God declared us righteous not on the basis of law, but on the basis of faith.
But faith is not something we "do" to earn this gift of being counted righteous in God's sight. All of salvation is a gift from God (Ephesians 2:8-9). Faith is belief that accepts the gift, not a work that earns it. That is why Paul calls his message "the gospel of grace" (Acts 20:24) and the "gospel of your salvation" (Ephesians 1:13).
3. This principle of being declared righteous on the basis of faith is made clear in the New Testament gospel. Did the Old Testament also give evidence of this principle? Romans 3:21. What illustration does Paul give? Romans 4:3. Did God count Abraham righteous because he obeyed, or simply because he believed? Verses 2-4. Who is it that God justifies—the obedient, or the disobedient? Verse 5.
or ungodly. The good news is that these are the people God is willing to declare righteous, if they believe.
4. Will God count us righteous if we have faith? Verses 23-24. What do we now have with God? Romans 5:1. Where do we now stand? Verse 2.
5. When Paul confronted Peter about "the truth of the gospel," what did he say about justification? Galatians 2:14-16. Can righteousness be obtained through the law? Galatians 2:16, 21; 3:11, 21. Does this mean that sin is acceptable? Galatians 2:17.
Comment: Many people did not understand Jesus. Similarly, many people did not understand Paul correctly. That is because the message is so surprising, so unlike the way we normally think.
Paul repeatedly answered questions about the law of God. Are you doing away with the law? Does your gospel mean that it's OK for people to sin? Modern readers might ask, But what about the law? Isn't it important to obey? Paul answers: Certainly, we should obey. We are not doing away with the law. We are not giving permission to sin.
Paul would not have to answer such questions if he had emphasized the law. Instead, the fact that such questions had to be answered shows us that Paul emphasized grace so much that questions arose as to whether there was still any role for the law.
These questions reveal how surprising the gospel of grace is—God justifies the ungodly. We are justified, counted righteous, by faith, not because of obedience. Our standing before God is not dependent on the law, not dependent on whether we obey!
If that seems shocking to us, then perhaps we are hearing the gospel the way that Paul wanted it to be heard—with so much surprise that we ask, Can it be true? Isn't obedience important? Doesn't it count for something? If we hear Paul correctly, we might ask such questions.
The sequence is this: First, God declares ungodly people righteous on the basis of faith. Second, he tells them to live a righteous life. The declaration comes first, and obedience comes later.
condemnation. We stand in grace, a state of being forgiven, a state of being counted righteous.
"Justification" is a term that deals with law and judgment. It refers to a verdict at a trial. This is part of the good news of the gospel: that our Judge is declaring us "not guilty" because we believe in Jesus Christ.
Actually, we are better than "not guilty"—better than neutral. We are counted as positively righteous, because of what Christ has done. Through his obedience, we can "be made righteous" (Romans 5:19). Justification means that God is declaring us righteous.
6. God tells us that the penalty of sin is death. How is it possible for us to escape the penalty? Romans 5:6, 8; 1 Corinthians 15:3; 1 Thessalonians 5:10; Titus 2:14; 1 John 3:16. What else did he become for us? 2 Corinthians 5:21; Galatians 3:13; Hebrews 9:26. What did he carry for us? Hebrews 9:28; 1 Peter 2:24.
Creator, his death could pay the penalty for us.
7. What else was achieved when Christ died for us? Galatians 2:20; Romans 6:4, 6, 8; Colossians 2:20. What was achieved in his resurrection? Ephesians 2:5-6; Colossians 2:12-13. In him, what do we become? 2 Corinthians 5:21. He became sin for us; did he also become righteousness for us? 1 Corinthians 1:30. Is it through him that we are made righteous? Romans 5:19.
Comment: These scriptures have concepts that are foreign to modern thought, but if we want to understand the biblical message, we need to explore the way that Paul explains our means of salvation. We died with Christ, were buried with him, and raised to life with him. Through faith, we are united with him. He shared in us and we share in him.
Let's use accounting terms: Just as our sins were transferred to his account so that he could pay the penalty of those sins, so also his righteousness is transferred to our account so that we may be counted righteous. His righteousness is imputed to us. Not only are our debts forgiven, our bank account is also filled. An unlimited number of debts can be forgiven. We are clothed with his righteousness (Galatians 3:27; Colossians 3:3), not our filthy rags.
8. What other financial terms are used to describe what Jesus did for us? Acts 20:28; Mark 10:45; 1 Timothy 2:6; Hebrews 9:15; Galatians 3:13-14; Titus 2:14; 1 Peter 1:18-19. Jesus paid a price to buy our salvation, so he could give it to us. Scripture does not use these metaphors to imply that payment was made to anyone in particular—the biblical emphasis is on the concept that God now owns us. We are his slaves, obligated to obey him.
Comment: Greco-Roman society was familiar with slavery and redemption. When Paul said that Christ is our Redeemer, and that we have redemption in his blood, his readers would understand that God is the Lord, who has ownership rights over the people he purchased. Paul urges his readers not to sin, but to yield themselves as slaves of righteousness, as slaves of God (Romans 6:15-22).


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use pixelbuffer::PixelBuffer;

pub trait Renderer {
    fn blit<T>(&mut self, buffer: &PixelBuffer<T>);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub