Situated with ocean frontage on 4.3 acres. 50 registered sites amenities and laundry. 3 on site vans. Bitumen roads, pool and BBQ area. Zones residential and could be developed. Home adjoining also available on 2,800 sq mtrs.


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Q: Automatically create multiple resources in terraform using count and regex I want to be able to create multiple resources in terraform using the "count" meta-argument and regex.
Like for example in the below code, I want terraform to automatically look for vn1_name, vn2_name, and vn3_name in my tfvars file, without me having to declaring all those variables by hardcoding. Is there any way ?
resource "azurerm_virtual_network" "poc_vn" {
   count = 3
   name                = var.virtual_network.vn[1-3]_name ***(This is not valid syntax)***
   location            = azurerm_resource_group.poc_rg.location
   resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group.poc_rg.name
   address_space       = var.virtual_network.vn1_address_space

     tags = {
      environment = var.virtual_network.env1_name
     }
  }

A: try this syntax:
resource "azurerm_virtual_network" "poc_vn" {
   count = 3
   name                = "vnet-${count.index}"
   location            = azurerm_resource_group.poc_rg.location
   resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group.poc_rg.name
   address_space       = var.virtual_network.vn1_address_space

     tags = {
      environment = var.virtual_network.env1_name
     }
  }

The vnets name will be vnet-0, vnet-1, vnet-2.
More info about count here: https://www.terraform.io/language/meta-arguments/count

A: The typical way to model something like this in Terraform is to declare a single variable that will capture all of the settings about the virtual network in a single data structure. For example:
variable "virtual_networks" {
  type = map(object({
    environment   = string
    address_space = string
  }))
}

variable "environments" {
  type = map(object({
    name = string
  }))
}

resource "azurerm_virtual_network" "poc_vn" {
  for_each = var.networks

  name                = each.key
  location            = azurerm_resource_group.poc_rg.location
  resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group.poc_rg.name
  address_space       = each.value.address_space

  tags = {
    environment = var.environments[each.value.environment].name
  }
}

The top-level namespace of variables is not a value itself, and so you can't treat it as one. However, you can declare a particular variable as having a collection type, such as the two map variables I showed above, and then you can dynamically look up elements in those maps using the indexing syntax.

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Answer: Dear try doing exercises like pelvic stretch, kegels and squats as these helps in dilating the cervix and preparing urself for labor. However make sure to consult ur doctor or a certified trainer to knoe how to do these. Hope it helps.


For so long now I've been meaning to share my tips and tricks for twin needle hems that don't break.
Yep, I actually instructed my son to do this for the sake of a photo!
Thanks Annika. I can't bear to leave hems unfinished, so getting my twin needling satisfactory was essential.
Thank you very much for sharing. Great ideas!


There are actually a lot of things to consider in relation to acquiring a rifle scope. But the initial query is why would you get one particular? A rifle scope can be a device that is mounted on the firearm to get a much better view in the target. In mechanism these devices are equivalent to a telescopic sight. On the other hand, as in comparison with the telescopes, the rifle scopes are portable and more rugged in nature. Please remember that just because your buddy owns a Nightforce rifle scope does not mean you may need to personal a single too. The choice of one's device will rely in your goal. As an illustration, in case you are a long variety shooter then your requirements might be entirely diverse from individuals who hunt down coyotes.
Tip #1: As far as acquiring a rifle scope is concerned, decide on the most beneficial that you can afford. You can't just use a $99 scope for the Barretts. But sadly, there are many who attempt to compromise around the finance part exactly where scopes are concerned.
Tip #2: Never ever compare the new units with the old ones. I have heard essentially the most frequent complaints- these are no additional made the way they had been utilised to. But the contemporary scopes are packed with better technologies and more reliable in addition to less expensive.
Tip #3: Usually do not invest in outdated scopes. Times are altering fast and so could be the technologies. The large brands are frequently engaged inside the analysis and improvement processes to offer solution to revolutionary features and technologies. So opt for the latest model to take pleasure in better shooting and hunting experiences.
Tip #4: There's a wide range of possibilities on the subject of choosing the ideal scope for your rifle. Let's look at a number of generalizations. The point is the fact that you'll need to match the scope to the variety of shooting as well as the rifle it is actually to go on.
Tip #5: The only cause why people avoided variable scopes was because they have been much more pricey and the high-quality of optics employed weren't common and have been affected by fog simply. With time these difficulties have been eliminated. Nowadays the variable scopes are offered in a much less or equivalent prices because the fixed ones.
Tip #6: Eye Relief need to be taken care of. It is actually the distance measured from eye towards the back on the scope. This can be required to ensure that you could view a clear picture on the target which is placed at a considerable distance.
Tip #7: Magnification will be the energy of your glasses. Rifle scopes are frequently recognized by the energy or magnification along with the diameter of their objective lenses.
Tip #8: The decision for mounts are confusing. Therefore, it is actually imperative which you are careful when selecting the best mounting program.
Tip #9: Parallax will not be genuinely a big challenge for deer rifles. However it is essential for targets at 25 meters or closer. This can be vital for long range precision shooting.
Tip #10: A fantastic scope will have impressive light gathering capacity and it ought to also transmit it nicely. In this regard, the front lens must be larger in order that additional light can reach your eyes.


text:
Abolish the €100m State funding for private schools. By Mark Lonergan (current edn, Village)
by admin 13 April, 2011, 12:01 am 1 Comment
Jerusalem in South County Dublin
"the'best' schools in the country are off limits to the children of immigrants, members of the Travelling community or those with special needs"
By Mark Lonergan
The growing fiscal crisis demands cuts in State expenditure. One cut would actually enhance the common good. What better place to start than the present state subvention for private schools? The economic meltdown will devastate average household budgets but leave intact the unassailable bastions that are our nation's elite private schools which, according to figures released recently, still managed to enrol over 26,000 pupils this year despite charging fees in the region of €6,000 a year for day students and up to €20,000 for boarders.
These schools share certain characteristics that make them anathema to those who believe that equality ought to be the foundation of our education system. The admissions policies of these schools are blatantly discriminatory as they give preference to the children of former students, siblings of current students, attendees of their fee-paying junior schools and relatives of their teaching staff. Even more intimidating for those outside the existing educational elite is the fact that many of these schools insist on interviewing both the applicant child and their parents as part of their admissions process. The result of all of this is that some of the'best' schools in the country are off limits to the children of immigrants, members of the Travelling community or those with special needs who would benefit most from having access to them and leads to a total lack of any meaningful diversity in the student body. Our private schools are facilitating educational Apardheid.
In a democracy many would say that parents have every right to send their children to a far-from-free school. Harder to understand is the lavish State largesse that these fee-paying schools continue to receive – over €100 million a year, the bulk of which goes toward teachers' salaries.
The most up-to-date Department of Education figures show the 51 fee-paying schools received this support for teacher salaries in 2008/09 with an additional €2.1 million for capital or building works in 17 fee-paying schools last year.
For example, St Andrew's in Booterstown, Dublin received over €5 million in State supports, including over €4.5 million for teacher salaries and €460,000 for building works; Blackrock College received over €4.2 million from the State for teacher salaries and an additional €114,000 for building works.
In an age when parents feel obliged to collect vouchers for essential educational equipment for schools, it is impossible to understand why the ordinary decent taxpayer should be forced to watch taxes being used to fund schools that have a deliberate policy of discriminating against their own offspring. Private schools may spend excess funds on floodlights for the hockey pitches while poorer schools are denied special-needs funding or conduct classes from damp prefabs. With teacher salaries paid by the State, many fee-paying schools enjoy much better facilities than their counterparts in the free second-level sector. Language Labs are the norm in South County Dublin, whereas the State school in North Tipperary has to make do with an antiquated tape recorder.
Furthermore, the private secondary school model is predominantly a Dublin phenomenon: 37 of the fee-paying schools are in Dublin with over 70% in its South County. Why is taxpayer's money being diverted to the richest area of Ireland?
At a very minimum fee-paying schools should be forced to choose between adopting an open and transparent admissions process or face the removal of all State funding. These schools will survive as they have access to money from both donations and fees – and from both alumni and parents. Sean Dunne famously gifted €1m to Clongowes Wood for an all- weather Rugby pitch.
It is hard not to conclude that the decision of the rainbow coalition to abolish third level fees in 1996 represented a lazy apology for a decision. A quick jaunt around any Dublin university would have shown the main beneficiaries of free fees are not children from the poorest families but middle-class families who, relieved of the future burden of third-level fees, responded to this windfall by reallocating their resources towards their kids' secondary education. And that this led to an unprecedented demand for fee-paying secondary schools with the consequence that some excellent State schools, such as Greendale in North Dublin, found they could not fill places and were forced to close.
Having enjoyed such benefits at second-level it is hardly surprising that the majority of the alumni of these feeder schools motor on to third level. They usually fill nine of the top 10 places in the broadsheet staple lists of feeder schools to leading universities. In the face of such base unfairness surely fiscal Armaggedon compels an end to State subsidies for private schools and the diversion of the €100 million savings to schools that are simply more deserving? Perhaps the reason this is never discussed is that our political and media masters have vested interests in upholding this scandalously counter-egalitarian educational tradition.
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Belfasttelegraph
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One year from UK's first Covid-19 jab, how many are still unvaccinated?
Nearly one in four young adults have yet to receive any vaccine.
People queue to receive Covid-19 vaccinations at a site in Liberty shopping centre, Romford, east London (Yui Mok/PA)
By Ian Jones, PA
One year on from Margaret Keenan becoming the first person in the world to receive a Covid-19 jab as part of a mass vaccination programme, around one in 10 eligible people in the UK – 6.4 million – remain unvaccinated.
Ms Keenan, aged 90 at the time, was given the dose at University Hospital in Coventry on December 8 2020.
Since then, just over 51 million first doses of vaccine have been given in the UK, along with more than 46 million second doses and 20 million extra doses.
But there are still people in all age groups who have not received any, including nearly one in four young adults.
Here is a snapshot of the current numbers, compiled by the PA news agency.
All figures are based on data from the UK's health agencies for vaccinations delivered up to December 5, plus the latest official population estimates, which are for mid-2020.
(PA Graphics)
Press Association Images
– Total eligible population
Everyone aged 12 and over in the UK is eligible for a first dose of Covid-19 vaccine – around 57.5 million people.
Of this total, 51.1 million have received one jab (89%) while 6.4 million (11%) have not.
Across the four UK nations, Scotland has the lowest proportion of eligible people who are still unvaccinated (9%), followed by Wales (10%), England (11%) and Northern Ireland (14%).
– People aged 50 and over
Everyone in the UK aged 50 and over was invited for a first dose of vaccine during the initial stage of the rollout from December 2020 to April 2021.
Take-up in this age group has been extremely high, with only around 1% overall unvaccinated.
The level varies slightly across the nations, with 5% in Wales, 2% in England and 1% in Northern Ireland, while in Scotland the number of over-50s who have received a first jab is actually greater than the population estimate for this age group.
– 30- to 49-year-olds
First doses were extended to people in their 30s and 40s in April and May this year.
Take-up in these groups has been high, with around 12% of people in the UK aged 30 to 49 – around two million people – currently unvaccinated.
The figure is smaller for people aged 40-49 (9%) than 30- to 39-year-olds (15%).
Take-up has been lower among young adults.
An estimated 24% of 18- to 29-year-olds in the UK are still unvaccinated – the equivalent of around 2.4 million people.
First doses were extended to this age group from June this year.
England has the highest proportion of young adults yet to receive a jab (24%), followed by Northern Ireland (23%) and Scotland and Wales (both 21%).
Teenagers aged 16 and 17 were recommended for a first dose of vaccine in August this year.
Since then, around two-thirds of all 16- to 17-year-olds have received a jab, with roughly one-third still unvaccinated – the equivalent of just under half a million people.
Wales (20%) and Scotland (22%) have the lowest proportion yet to have the jab, with England on 34% and Northern Ireland 38%.
First doses of vaccine were extended to 12- to 15-year-olds in September, but they have been rolled out in different ways across the UK.
In Scotland, jabs have been available since September 20 and have been delivered mostly at drop-in clinics and other community settings.
Around 60% of 12- to 15-year-olds have now had a first dose, with 40% unvaccinated.
Wales rolled out first doses to this age group from October 4, with most being given at vaccination centres and a small number in schools, and 37% remain unvaccinated.
The rollout in England began on September 20 and was initially delivered mainly by NHS teams in schools.
This changed just before the half-term holiday, when parents and children became able to book a jab online at a local vaccination centre, and the figure currently stands at 54% unvaccinated.
In Northern Ireland, 12- to 15-year-olds have been offered the vaccine in schools since early October, and the proportion who are unvaccinated stands at 62%.
– Pregnant women
Figures published by the Health Security Agency (HSA) show that in England 97% of women giving birth in May 2021 were unvaccinated.
This had dropped to 90% of women who gave birth in June, 84% in July and 77% in August.
Separate figures from Public Health Wales show that 69% of women in Wales who gave birth in September were unvaccinated, down from 96% in May.
– Hospital admissions
Further HSA data shows that of the 8,388 people aged 80 or over with Covid-19 who were admitted to hospitals in England in the four weeks to November 28, 7,115 (85%) had received two doses of vaccine at least 14 days before testing positive, while 559 (7%) were unvaccinated.
For people aged 70-79, the total admitted was 21,911, with 19,330 (88%) testing positive at least 14 days after both jabs and 1,059 (5%) unvaccinated.
These figures reflect the very high vaccination coverage among these age groups, the HSA said, and "even with a highly effective vaccine, it is expected a large proportion of cases, hospitalisations and deaths will occur in vaccinated individuals, simply because a larger proportion of the population are vaccinated than unvaccinated and no vaccine is 100% effective.
"This is especially true because vaccination has been prioritised in individuals who are more susceptible or more at risk of severe disease."
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text:
ORCHARD PARK DEPOT 2020 a { text-decoration:underline; } a:link { color:blue } a:visited { color:red } a:active { color:red } a:hover { color:black } .large { font-size:36px; font-weight:bold; color:blue } .medium { font-size:22px; font-weight:bold; color:red } .small { font-size:28px font-weight:bold; color:black } body { color: black; background-color: white; background-image: url('Images/ltbrick.gif'); }
Home About Us Home Page
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Orchard Park Depot 2020
by Robert Snyder - Depot Chairman
The winter season is normally a time when work outside of the passenger depot is not possible, i.e. the freight house, the railroad cars. The cold temperatures and the snow accumulation usually prohibit anything being done. This year was different. There were days when there was no snow and the temperature was warmer than expected. On Saturday January the 11th the depot crew managed to hold a decent morning work party in the freight house and in the baggage car. Our goal has been to open both locations to the public but a major clean up must be done in order to do that.
We spent the morning moving items out of the freight house and into our recently vacated box-car. A storage cabinet in the baggage car, that was not original to the car and in the way, also needed to be removed. Dave Mallory dismantled the unit with the help of Bob Reynders while Jim Slominski and Gary Ludwig assisted with the cleanup and de-nailing.
Our collaboration with the Orchard Park library continues with Story Hour. Once a month parents bring their children to the Saturday morning activity in the passenger station where a library activities person reads stories to them. This is a good relationship as it brings people into the depot. Usually they will stay after story hour and ask questions about the depot.
The depot was closed during the Toy & Train Show February 15th and 16th, so that the depot crew could assist with the show and to also raise funds for work at the depot.
by Robert Snyder - Depot Co-Chairman
Beginning Tuesday, March 17th 2020, The Orchard Park Depot will be closed until further notice. This closure is a proactive measure to protect the health of the Depot Crew and all Visitors in response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19), and in accordance with the mandates of Erie County and our national state of emergency. The WNYRHS Board of Trustees will consider the decision on when to open based on guidance from state and local government officials in keeping the safety of our staff and friends first and foremost.
The "Depot Crew" has been working on the freight house steadily for several months (not through the winter) and the inside of it now is the best it has ever looked in the 27 years that I have been working out there. We want the public to be able to see what's the inside the freight house. Right now we have a "Fairmont A-3" motorcar "speeder," that was used many years ago to move track personel to a work site. Many more items will be added to the "Freight House Museum" over the summer.
Right now, the "crew" only meets once a week on Wednesdays, to work on the many things that need to be done at OP. Of course we observe all protection protocal by wearing masks and gloves. On May 27th, we continued to work on cleaning out all the unnecessary items that have been stored in the Freight House for many years. Getting rid of all this stuff has given us a wide open space that many of us have never seen. Our visions of a "mini" museum are coming into view.
Our "crew" also removed all of the unusable passenger car lights and fixtures from a very large built in storage cabinet. The contents were set on the floor before being shipped to the HDC for storage. VP Marty Visciano helped in the transport with his pickup and trailer as did President Caryl Youngers with his van. Storage at HDC was directed by Society archivist Steve Kocsis. This was a bigger project than it sounds as it took the better part of two days and the labor of seven society members to do the work.
In the photos Jim Slominski is sweeping the floor where a tool rack once stood while Bob Reynders is helping to move a filing cabinet into the vacated space. The tools will be moved into box car #1. In one of the other photos Dave Mallory is pointing out to Bob Reynders where one of the exhibits will go.
At long last, construction started up again at the Orchard Park Depot, Monday July 8th after most of the WNY Covid-19 restrictions had been lifted. Jeff Rosser of Lemur Construction Company, our contractor, brought in several pieces of equipment to start the removal of the last old platform bricks to prepare the subgrade and drainage system. You may recall that Jeff stopped work last year when Paramount Pictures took over the depot to record a part of the movie "A Quiet Place Part II". No construction work was done through the winter months and then early this year everything was shut down.
When the entire waiting platform was cleared, removal of bricks continued around the other sides of the Depot. A complete new drainage system will be installed to prevent future erosion under the platform from taking place.
The week of July 13th saw a flurry of activity at the depot. Hundreds of feet of metal forms were filled with concrete brought in by "United Materials." More old concrete was removed in preparation for new drainage and replacement concrete.
The new retaining curb has been poured along the trackside of the depot. The removal of the old curbing back in 1982 by the "Chessie System" was the main cause of the erosion and damage to the brick platform. The railroad was changing out ties and didn't want to turn the tie machine around, so they brought in a backhoe to bust up all the original curbs to facilitate the tie removal and the insertion of new ties. The problem was that the curb acted as a retaining wall that held the platform bricks in place and over time water intrusion caused significant damage.
While new concrete was being poured all around the Depot, a large crane was brought in on the 15th, that reached over the depot and lifted our GRS Model 2A semaphore from the trackside. It swung it around and slowly lowered it to the streetside of the Depot. It will be blasted and painted before it is reinstalled. Before reinstalling, we will get the blades on it and have the lights working.
By the end of the week, there was new curbing all around the Depot complex. The construction crew is doing a top notch job with all of this part of the project as seen in the great photos by Depot Co-Chairman Robert Snyder below.
Down the track from the Depot, part of the Depot crew was staying out of the way and working on the interior of our Freight House. Members Jim Slominski and Dave Mallory posed for a photo of the slowly deteriorating at least 60 year old deck. A new one is planned once all the renovation at the passenger Depot is complete.
Inside the Freight House, members Gary Ludwig and Dave Mallory were making new batten boards for the rear baggage door. New sliding hardware is being sought to make the door operable. Once all the primed boards were in place, Bob Snyder applied the final coat of grey paint.
During the week of July 20th, most of the curbing around the Depot was completed. This allowed some of the crew to start installing hundreds of feet of drain pipe which will be connected to the Depot downspouts.
By the end of the week, new curbing was up to the Freight House.
While all the new construction was taking place on the outside, a new eight seat bench was being built for the ladies waiting room on the inside. That bench was one of the two benches that were missing for many, many years, long before the WNYRHS had anything to do with the depot. I've been at the depot for 27 years and I thought I would never see either of those benches. The men's waiting room bench was given to the Society by Paramount Picture Company in July of 2016 during the filming of the movie "Marshall"
It's made of solid oak and not a movie prop. They wanted it for the movie and they flew a guy out from California to make it. It's the real thing and very well made. The men's and women's center benches were highly sought out by passengers in the winter, waiting for their train to arrive, as they were toasty warm with the radiator underneath as seen in the photo to the left.
We can now report that the Depot got its last remaining piece of the interior delivered and installed on Saturday the 25th. It was a momentous occasion. The interior of the depot now looks as it did when the depot opened 108 years ago. The Ladies Waiting Room bench was built by master craftsman Craig Vogel of "Lost Pond Looms Inc." in Eden, New York. I met Craig through a mutual friend. Craig built the bench out of solid oak to match all of the other benches in the depot. He used the original blueprints we have to construct the bench. It was paid for with a very generous donation by "Depot Crew" emeritus Bob Reynders. Bob asked that the bench be dedicated to the memory of his late wife Jean. Gary Ludwig and Dave Mallory installed, stained and put two coats of polyurethane sealer on it and the results are stunning!
The week of July 27th finished up with almost all of the concrete and stone work being completed. The new drainage system is complete with stone and soil covering the excavations that lead to existing storm drains. Our new downspout receivers are ready for connection to the gutters. Crushed stone is being evenly spread over a vapor barrier all around the Depot. We can't wait for the brickwork to begin!
It's not every day that you get to meet a guy who worked at one of the Society's historic railroad depots. On August 1st, Orchard Park got that chance. A gentleman by the name of Bill Fleckenstine paid a visit to the depot aided by his daughter and son in law. Bill was a depot agent back in the 1960's during its Baltimore and Ohio days. Bill had paid a visit to the depot about six years ago and wanted another chance to remember the "good old days." He is now 90 years old. He was able to talk about his time at the depot and how he liked working there. He said Orchard Park was one of the railroads largest depots in New York State and that he made more money working there than at any
of the other depots on the line. His extra pay was due to the large amount of freight that came to Orchard Park. Bill lived in Colden and after working at OP moved on to an even better paying job with a railroad in Buffalo. One of Bill's talents was working the telegraph which he said was still in use when he worked at the depot up until 1969.
Monday August 3rd, Jeff Rosser of Lemur Construction Company and his crew finished the subgrade for the replacement of the paving bricks. We are anxiously awaiting the arrival of our brick layer. The area to the far side of the tracks was graded to level it out and remove the larger shrubs and debris as part of the overall drainage plan and to provide level ground for the new "Erie Cattaraugus Rail Trail.
After a two week hiatus, Lemur Construction was back at the Depot on the 17th to replace the concrete wall that holds up the portico roof support posts on the front of the Depot. His small "Kobelco" excavator operator, carefully dug down to the footer on all four sides of the deteriorating concrete.
That same day, our brick guy was there with two helpers to start laying the bricks for the narrow walk next to the Depot on the street side. The subgrade was carefully leveled and our original bricks were laid in place and tamped down. Thinset mortar was then applied to the bricks to lock them into place. By Wednesday the 19th, the front walkway was finished.
By the end of the week on the 21st, with the bricklayers out of the way, our contractor had most of his support jacks in place to hold up the portico roof so the posts holding up that part of the roof can be replaced. One post has already been removed. The concrete will be replaced next week. The brickwork is superb and by using our original bricks it adds to the historic look of the Depot.
On Monday the 24th, the new ladies waiting room bench was dedicated at around 11:30 am. About ten members of the Robert Reynders family and five depot people were in attendance when the bench was dedicated to the memory of Bob's late wife Jean. After a few words from Bob's oldest son Phil and Trustee Bob Snyder, on behalf of the Society, we had lunch and cake. All went well, the food was good and the bench looked terrific.
By Wednesday the 26th, another section brick walk was put in place on the south end of the depot. The last three roof support posts were removed from the severely deteriorated concrete wall holding them up and the stub concrete wall was removed. The concrete footer appears to be in good shape. Next step is to pour the new stub wall under the portico and replace the support posts.
We were saddened to learn of the passing of actor Chadwick Boseman on August 28th, 2020 after a long battle with cancer. During his short stay here in Western New York he said he enjoyed every minute of it. We were fortunate that "Chestnut Ridge Productions" chose the Orchard Park Depot as one of their local sets. It was by pure coincidence the production company had the same name as our park.
By On August 31st, the trackside platform was leveled and compacted, ready for the bricks to be put in place. There are over 60,000 bricks to be laid down. The concrete base for the stub wall for the portico supports has been poured as well. Continued excellent progress by our contractor has an expected completion date hopefully by the end of September.
by Bob Snyder - Depot Chairman
Our contractor had a very productive week starting September 14th. He installed the concrete forms for the "stub wall" that will support the portico posts. He also put the forms in place for the step leading into the men's waiting room. The forms to pour the base of the semaphore are also ready to be filled.
By the end of the week the stub wall for the street side portico roof supports was poured, corners finished and is now curing. The step leading to the men's waiting room on the trackside was also poured and it too is now curing. With both of these elements now in place, the streetside can be backfilled. The brick workers were out on Saturday the 18th, tamping down the area trackside by the men's waiting room and the bay window.
In addition to the portico wall and the waiting room step, Lemur Construction installed a "Sonotube" form and poured the concrete for the semaphore base. The tube was removed on the 18th and we are now ready to pull electrical wires. The Orchard Park DPW had a crew come out to the Depot and they completely weed wacked and cleared our "main line" and siding of weeds and overgrowth. Thank you OP-DPW!
Construction on the depot happens in spurts. It's on again and off again. Much has been done in the past couple of months but there is still a great deal to do. The late September early October rains have caused some difficulties but a few key parts of the project have been completed. By mid October, the concrete wall that the four drive through portico roof support posts rest on, was finished and the new support posts have been installed. All the complex support scaffolding was removed so work underneath can continue.
The entire Depot fascia has been covered with aluminum and all of the new gutters have been put up. The downspouts were not connected as of this writing. A section of the brick walkway around the men's waiting room side of the building is now down and many of the not so clean bricks have been re-cleaned and made ready for installation. Our semaphore was loaded onto a trailer and is awaiting to be taken to a company that will sandblast and paint it before it is put back into place.
In other news our BR&P caboose has been getting some of our attention. The copula was never done correctly by the roofers last year, so we hired the "Depot Crew" to rework it to our satisfaction. We also had to redo four of the copula windows. On the main body of the caboose the windows on both ends were replaced with new windows and then trimmed to finish.
The inside of the freight house has seen some work too. A cabinet was added in the empty space below the large cabinet and painted gray to match the interior color. Now we have a convenient place for storage at floor level. The hanging shelf, which is located over the scale, was painted interior gray and then used to display railroad lanterns, oil cans and a large-scale steam locomotive.
With slightly warmer weather in early November, the concrete under the Depot portico was poured. Expansion joints will allow the "pad" to flex and move with underground freezing temperatures. The road in front of the depot was graded and brought down to a lower level. It was then filled in with gravel and rolled making for a neat appearance.
While the work outside continued, Jim and I tried to relight the pilot light on the station's furnace with the help of Fran Hogenkamp. It wouldn't stay lit no matter how long we held the starter button down. We had a new thermocouple and installed it only to see it had a fire in the wrong place. We thought it was a leak so I called Armor heating and the tech was there in about 20 minutes (must have been a slow Saturday). Turns out the pilot was so dirty that it was directing the pilot in the wrong direction. The tech shooed me and Jimmy out while Fran watched. We went outside and Jimmy helped install the last two downspouts. Ain't this a fun railroad hobby!
On Wednesday, November 18th, the brick crews were back at work with some decent weather. One guy was hard at work cleaning bricks while two other guys laid, filled and tamped the bricks in place. The new walkway is complete around all three sides of the Depot and much of the waiting platform is complete.
The brick laying continued right up until Thanksgiving. Light snow and freezing temperatures did not help the process, but the workers were able to finish all the brickwork up to the south end of the waiting platform. Then a problem was discovered with the supposedly cleaned original bricks and that caused a delay in the brick lying. The solution was a load of bricks from an offsite location at an extra expense.
Late in November the "Depot Crew" installed some emergency downspouts, as we could wait no longer for the contractor to do something. Every time it rained the newly laid bricks were taking a beating and filler was washing away. We had a box of downspouts in the baggage car which were brand new and never used. There must have been a dozen in that old box and were glad Dave and Gary remembered them. New downspouts have been ordered but have not arrived as of this writing. By the end of the day, they jury rigged the installation of nine downspouts.
Also in early November there were a few days warm enough to allow some primer to be applied to the exterior of our BR&P caboose. The caboose work has been an ongoing project for some time. It is an all wooden caboose that sits outside 24/7/365. Much has been accomplished with ole' #283 this season but there is still plenty to do both inside and out.
Two housekeeping problems arose. One of the electronic timers that controls our outside lights needed replacing, so a professional electrician was called to install another timer and then came back to install lights on a sign hanging on the street side of the depot. The other problem was a small leak in a copper heating pipe in the basement and that had to be repaired by a professional from Armor Heating. Both problems have been resolved.
Work sessions will continue every Wednesday morning from 9 to noon. Anyone interested in spending some time at the depot please call our number, 662-7002, and let us know you are coming.
This page was last updated: December 20th, 2020
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A Roadmap to Industrial Network Convergence
The post A Roadmap to Industrial Network Convergence first appeared on the ISA Interchange blog site.
This article was written by Robin Cobb, PE, PMP, industrial network and security solutions product manager for Polytron, Inc.,
A global beverage manufacturer was having network performance and communication disruptions between factory floor assets. These disruptions were causing unplanned production losses due to network convergence timing issues.
The existing network was more than 15 years old with an aging infrastructure of wiring and Ethernet. Although new data requirements for plant reporting were initiated, the system had not been upgraded to keep up with the manufacturer's changing needs. New components were continually being "bolted on" to the old infrastructure, and it was close to collapsing. To further complicate matters, there was no in-house expertise to upgrade the network.
An integrator was engaged to evaluate and design a network architecture that focused on improving overall bandwidth utilization and efficiency across all manufacturing areas. The new network requirements were to configure and install a reliable, expandable, and robust infrastructure and maximize the benefits of plant-to-business network convergence. It was going to take a new high-performance copper and fiber system to meet the manufacturer's requirements for enterprise and industrial networking standards.
A network audit was conducted using diagnostics, and a design plan and a schedule for implementation were created. The project team reviewed the design plan with the manufacturer's stakeholders for alignment. It was crucial to be in alignment with all stakeholder groups, because the project touched every area of the plant. Support was needed from information technology (IT), all department managers, plant engineering, and control support technicians.
The project would need to be invisible to plant operations with minimal disruptions. To accomplish this, the installation and network migration schedules had to be constantly adjusted to the plant's schedule.
It was determined that the network upgrade would include a change from the original mesh topology to a star topology. The new topology plan was to use supplier-supported switches along with supplier-supported fiber and copper solutions for reliability and flexibility. Using these solution providers increased the manufacturer's technical resource support through the partner networks of the technology suppliers.
Step 1: The implementation began with the lowest risk area. The first step was to install and configure the new fiber infrastructure of the network, connecting the new infrastructure to the existing infrastructure. The installation was focused on replacing the existing Ethernet copper cabling and existing fiber-optic cabling with a new cabling system that would support the updated topology and designed bandwidth. Validation was completed to ensure that the existing network could effectively communicate with assets on the new network before proceeding. To reduce migration risk from old, dated media, the project team installed all new copper and fiber in parallel to the existing network. With this parallel installation, the project team could reduce installation risk, continue with day-to-day operations, and have a seamless migration cutover. In this project, the installation was approximately 60 percent of the total project cost.
Step 2: The next step was to move all of the plant's industrial servers to the new infrastructure. The project team then tested and validated all communications with existing plant operations. This installation required the most resources from the facility's IT support group. Once validated and stable, it was time to migrate the other automation components and operational areas to the new network.
Step 3: The next several migration areas followed the operational flow of the plant, strategically migrating each area from low risk to high risk, ending in a low-risk area. The team validated each area in real time against an agreed upon checklist, requiring 100 percent accuracy before moving to the next area.
Step 4: After completing the migration of each of the operational areas, the team conducted a network health assessment. This step involved connecting to the core switch and running a number of tests, checking for any problem areas or communication disruptions.
Continuity of performance
The team delivered training to the appropriate operations support groups as it followed its road map for the process. As one area was validated and running smoothly, hands-on training and the handoff was conducted before moving to the next area. The updated network provided the desired performance results and delivered a system that is secure, sustainable, and scalable—eliminating network-related production downtime. The updated network also increased the plant's networking support structure and ease of maintenance, and introduced new technologies that can be used in future plant projects.
Robin Cobb, PE, PMP, is industrial network and security solutions product manager for Polytron, Inc., which is certified by the Control System Integrators Association as a full manufacturing systems and solutions integrator and 2015 System Integrator of the Year.
Connect with Robin
A version of this article also was published at InTech magazine.


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Reviews/Commentaries/ADA Statements
Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Glucose Metabolism and Lipids
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Ethan M. Balk, MD, MPH1,
Athina Tatsioni, MD1,
Alice H. Lichtenstein, DSC2,
Joseph Lau, MD1 and
Anastassios G. Pittas, MD, MSC3
1Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
2Clinical Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
3Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Ethan Balk, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington St., NEMC #63, Boston, MA 02111. E-mail: ebalk{at}tufts-nemc.org
Diabetes Care 2007 Aug; 30(8): 2154-2163. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0996
Suppl Material
OBJECTIVE—A systematic review of the effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipid levels.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE and the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau. Eligible studies were English language randomized controlled trials of chromium supplement intake ≥3 weeks, with ≥10 participants receiving chromium. All trials with glucose metabolism outcomes and trials of individuals with diabetes or glucose intolerance for lipid outcomes were included. Meta-analyses were performed as appropriate.
RESULTS—Forty-one studies met criteria, almost half of which were of poor quality. Among participants with type 2 diabetes, chromium supplementation improved glycosylated hemoglobin levels by −0.6% (95% CI −0.9 to −0.2) and fasting glucose by −1.0 mmol/l (−1.4 to −0.5) but not lipids. There was no benefit in individuals without diabetes. There were some indications of dose effect and differences among chromium formulations. Larger effects were more commonly observed in poor-quality studies. The evidence was limited by poor study quality, heterogeneity in methodology and results, and a lack of consensus on assessment of chromium status.
CONCLUSIONS—No significant effect of chromium on lipid or glucose metabolism was found in people without diabetes. Chromium supplementation significantly improved glycemia among patients with diabetes. However, future studies that address the limitations in the current evidence are needed before definitive claims can be made about the effect of chromium supplementation.
AUC-Glu, glucose area under the curve
Chromium is an essential mineral that is thought to be necessary for normal glucose and lipid homeostasis (1–3). Trivalent chromium in a complex known as glucose tolerance factor is considered the biologically active form. It was originally discovered in brewer's yeast (4). Chromium chloride, chromium nicotinate, and chromium picolinate are commonly used formulations of trivalent chromium. Chromium picolinate is a formulation designed to improve absorption (5). Severe chromium deficiency is known to cause reversible insulin resistance and diabetes (6–8). However, the effect of chromium supplementation in individuals who are not severely chromium deficient is unclear. Manufacturers aggressively promote the benefits of chromium in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and its associated conditions (type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease), and the public has embraced its use. Chromium supplement sales represent ∼6% of the U.S. mineral supplement market (9).
To clarify the role of chromium supplementation in the prevention and management of abnormal glucose and lipid homeostasis, we performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials on the effect of chromium supplement intake on glucose metabolism and lipid profile.
Literature search and eligibility criteria
We conducted a systematic review of the English-language literature on the effects of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipids in nonpregnant adults in MEDLINE and Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau databases through 8 August 2006 (10). Search terms included chromium, diabetes mellitus, glycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and related terms. Additional publications were identified by domain experts and from review articles and citations included in a petition to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regarding health claims for chromium picolinate (11).
We evaluated randomized controlled trials of chromium supplements, regardless of formulation. For studies with outcomes related to glucose metabolism, we included studies of individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, glucose intolerance, or normal glucose tolerance. "Glucose intolerance" was defined based on the World Health Organization or American Diabetes Association criteria as either impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose 5.6–7.0 mmol/l) or impaired glucose tolerance (2-h postload glucose concentration 7.8–11.1 mmol/l); "normal glucose tolerance" was defined as either fasting plasma glucose <5.6 mmol/l or a 2-h postload glucose concentration <7.8 mmol/l (12,13). For studies with lipid outcomes, we included only studies whose participants had either diabetes or glucose intolerance because chromium's effect on insulin action is the putative mechanism by which chromium may affect lipids (14).
We excluded studies of <3 weeks' duration with <10 participants receiving chromium (but allowed smaller subsets of participants within larger studies), as well as letters, abstracts, and conference proceedings. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and articles and subsequently extracted data. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus among all co-authors.
Outcomes of interest included glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, postload gycemia, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein (LDL, HDL, and triglyceride) levels.
We evaluated the net difference between the within-treatment (chromium supplementation) effect and the within-placebo effect. For glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, and the lipoprotein outcomes, we performed random effects model meta-analyses (15). We analyzed HbA1 and total glycosylated hemoglobin as equivalent to A1C, as they reflect glycemia similarly (16). When necessary, we estimated the SE of the net change from reported variance data, including P values. To compare differences across different subanalyses, t tests were performed. For other outcomes, we did not perform meta-analysis due to lack of uniformity in measuring these outcomes.
Study quality assessment
Methodological quality refers to the design, conduct, and reporting of the clinical study. The quality of each study was assessed by at least two authors using a 3-level classification (17); discrepancies were resolved by consensus of the co-authors. Good-quality studies likely had the least bias; they provided clear descriptions of the populations, settings, interventions, and comparison groups; used appropriate measurement of outcomes; used appropriate analytic methods, including blinding and appropriate controls; had no obvious reporting errors; had <20% drop out and clear reporting of drop outs; reported relevant outcomes quantitatively; and had no obvious bias. Fair-quality studies had some deficiencies but none likely to cause major bias or may be missing information limiting assessment. Poor-quality studies are susceptible to substantial bias, had serious errors in design or analysis, may have had large amounts of missing information or discrepancies in reporting, or had outcomes that were so poorly reported that estimates could not be assessed by the reader.
The literature search yielded 793 citations. We retrieved 96 articles, of which 41 met eligibility criteria (online appendix Fig. 1 [available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0996]).
Characteristics of all evaluated studies
The studies included 1,198 participants who received four different chromium formulations (all doses throughout are elemental chromium): brewer's yeast (1.28–400 μg/day, 10 studies) (18–27), chromium chloride (50–600 μg/day, 15 studies) (21,22,24,27–38), chromium nicotinate (200–800 μg/day, 5 studies) (39–43), and chromium picolinate (60–1,000 μg/day, 15 studies) (39,44–57). One study did not describe the chromium formulation (400 μg/day) (58). Almost all study participants with diabetes had type 2, although in three studies this was unclear (22,29,31). No study included only patients with type 1 diabetes. Study duration ranged from 3 weeks to 8 months. Nine studies were funded by the food or supplement industry, 18 were funded by nonindustry sources, and 14 did not report funding source. Five studies were graded good quality, 18 fair quality, and 18 poor quality. Several studies attempted to measure participants' baseline chromium status, but a large variety of methods were used, and no study adequately assessed the possible impact of baseline chromium status on outcomes.
Glycosylated hemoglobin.
Fourteen studies with 18 intervention arms evaluated the effect of chromium supplementation on glycosylated hemoglobin in 431 participants (receiving chromium) with either type 2 diabetes or glucose intolerance (18–20,28,39,44–51,58) (Fig. 1 and online appendix Table 1). The overall estimate of chromium supplementation in people with diabetes was statistically significant (−0.6% [95% CI −0.9 to −0.2]). However, 11 of 14 interventions found a null or statistically nonsignificant effect. Anderson et al. (44) found a dose effect where high doses of chromium picolinate (1,000 μg/day) were more effective than low doses (200 μg/day, P < 0.05), but Kleefstra et al. (45) found no difference between 1,000 and 500 μg/day. No study of participants with glucose intolerance found a statistically significant effect of chromium supplementation on glycosylated hemoglobin (20,39,51).
Fasting glucose
The effect of chromium supplementation in a wide range of doses on fasting glucose was evaluated in 38 studies with 1,140 participants who had either type 2 diabetes, glucose intolerance, or normal glucose tolerance (Fig. 2 and online appendix Table 1).
Participants with type 2 diabetes
Seventeen studies with 23 chromium arms evaluated participants with diabetes (18,19,21–23,28–31,44,46–50,52,58) (Fig. 2A). The majority found no effect of chromium supplementation on fasting glucose. Seven of the 17 studies reported a statistically significant reduction in fasting glucose (18,21,23,44,46,48,58), and 2 additional studies stated there were large reductions in fasting glucose but did not report statistical significance (29,52).
The overall estimate for the effect of supplementation with brewer's yeast on fasting glucose was statistically significant (−1.1 mmol/l [95% CI −1.6 to −0.6]) but without a clear dose effect. Consistent with this, the study by Rabinowitz et al. (22) found no significant difference in fasting glucose among participants taking two relatively low doses of brewer's yeast (6 and 18 μg). Chromium picolinate had a significant effect on fasting glucose (−0.8 mmol/l [−1.2 to −0.3]). Across studies, doses of 400 or 1,000 μg/day appear to have had greater effects than lower doses. This was borne out by one study that directly compared doses (44).
Among studies of chromium chloride, there was no significant effect on fasting glucose (−0.3 mmol/l [95% CI −0.9 to +0.2]). The single study with a large effect on fasting glucose used a relatively high dose (600 μg/day), although this study was deficient in numerous ways, including lack of statistical analysis, inadequate randomization, and a range of treatment durations (29).
The two studies that compared brewer's yeast to chromium chloride found no significant difference between the two supplements (21,22).
Participants with glucose intolerance
Eight studies with 11 arms included participants with glucose intolerance (20,32–34,39,40,53,54) (Fig. 2B). None reported a significant effect on fasting glucose. Overall estimates for both chromium chloride and chromium picolinate each found nil effects.
Participants with normal glucose tolerance
Nineteen studies with 23 arms included participants with normal glucose tolerance (Fig. 2C), 22 of which found no statistically significant effect of chromium supplementation on fasting glucose (23–27,30–38,41–43,55,56). The studies that evaluated chromium chloride, nicotinate, and picolinate were statistically homogeneous in finding no significant net effect of chromium supplementation. In meta-analysis of brewer's yeast, the studies were statistically heterogeneous and the summary estimate nonsignificant. Across studies, doses of brewer's yeast with >10 μg/day chromium had larger net decreases in fasting glucose than lower doses, which is consistent with the one study that directly compared doses (27).
Nonfasting (post–glucose load) measures of glycemia
Various glycemia measurements were reported after a variety of oral glucose tolerance tests in 25 studies in 822 participants receiving chromium (online appendix Tables 1–3). There was little consistency in glucose load, timing of measurements, or outcome metrics used. Thus, meta-analysis was not performed.
Among the seven studies of participants with diabetes (19,21–23,28,31,44), only one found a statistically significant improvement in 2-h postload glycemia with either 200 or 1,000 μg/day chromium picolinate; the net decrease was greater with the higher dose supplement (−1.9 vs. −1.4 mmol/l, respectively) (44). The remaining studies of brewer's yeast or chromium chloride reported net changes in 2-h postload glucose of −1.2 to +0.3 mmol/l or a net change in the glucose area under the curve (AUC-Glu) of −24 to +24%, none of which was statistically significant.
Among the nine studies of participants with glucose intolerance (20,32–34,39,46,53,54,58), only Anderson et al. (32,33), in two separate studies of 200 μg/day chromium chloride, reported statistically significant improvements in postload glucose levels with chromium supplementation: in one, an 8% reduction in 4-h AUC-Glu (but not in 3-h AUC-Glu) and in the other a 1.1 mmol/l reduction in 90-min postload glucose. Other studies of all four chromium formulations reported nonsignificant changes in AUC-Glu of −21 to +3% and in various timed postload glucose levels of −1.5 to +0.4 mmol/l.
No consistent effect of chromium on postload glycemia was reported among the 14 studies of participants with normal glucose tolerance (23,25–27,31–34,36,37,41,43,55,56). In contrast to their other findings, Anderson et al. (32) found that in participants with normal glucose tolerance, the 90-min postload glucose level significantly increased in participants on 200 μg/day chromium. Across other studies of all four chromium formulations, no effect was evident, with AUC-Glu changing between −17 and +2% and various timed postload glucose levels changing between −2.3 and +1.8 mmol/l but without statistical significance.
Nine studies, with 138 participants receiving chromium, reported data on insulin sensitivity in participants with either normal glucose tolerance or glucose intolerance (24,27,37,46,51,54,56–58) (online appendix Table 4). Each study used a different surrogate of insulin sensitivity based on fasting or postload values of glucose and insulin (insulin-to-glucose ratio, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and "relative insulin") or after an intravenous glucose tolerance test (Si). Only one study used the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (46). All but two studies reported no significant change in insulin sensitivity. Cefalu et al. (51), in a study of 1,000 μg/day chromium picolinate in obese participants with a first-degree relative with diabetes, found a 70% net improvement in Si estimated by the minimal model after an intravenous glucose tolerance test. However, there was a 25% (nonstatistically significant) difference in baseline Si between the chromium and the control groups. In a later study by an overlapping group of researchers, Martin et al. (46) found that patients with moderately controlled type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose between 6.9 and 9.4 μmol/l at baseline) taking 1,000 μg/day chromium picolinate had a statistically significant increase in glucose disposal during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, whereas those on placebo had a nonsignificant decrease. However, no analysis was reported that directly compared chromium with placebo, and our estimate of the net change, using reported data, was nonsignificant (+13 mg/min per fat-free mass [95% CI −29 to +55]).
Lipid profiles
Eighteen studies, with 655 participants receiving chromium, reported lipid data in participants with either type 2 diabetes or glucose intolerance (18–23,28,29,44–46,48–50,52–54,56,58) (Fig. 3 and online appendix Table 5).
None of the nine studies with LDL cholesterol data reported a statistically significant effect, regardless of chromium formulation or dose (18,20,28,45,48–50,53,58). The overall estimate of effect for chromium supplementation in all participants was nonsignificant (−0.31 mmol/l [95% CI −0.73 to +0.11]).
Twelve studies evaluated HDL cholesterol (18–21,28,29,44,45,48,50,53,58). Two studies of lower-dose brewer's yeast (1 and 23 μg) in participants with type 2 diabetes found similar large, statistically significant net increases in HDL cholesterol (19,21), but chromium enriched, high-dose brewer's yeast (400 μg) did not affect HDL cholesterol in a third study (18). The single study of brewer's yeast in participants with glucose intolerance found no net effect (20). The three studies of chromium chloride supplementation in participants with diabetes were heterogeneous, finding a range of effects (0.0–0.6 mmol/l) (21,28,29). All six studies of chromium picolinate in participants with either diabetes or glucose intolerance found no effect on HDL cholesterol (44,45,48,50,53,58).
Individual studies found no difference in effect between brewer's yeast and chromium chloride or between different chromium picolinate doses (21,44,45).
Seventeen studies reported on triglyceride effect (18–23,28,44–46,48–50,52–54,56,58), 15 of which found no statistically significant effect. Overall estimates for the tested chromium supplements (brewer's yeast, chromium chloride, and chromium picolinate) were each nonsignificant in participants with either type 2 diabetes or glucose intolerance (44,49,52), as was meta-analysis across the studies.
Study heterogeneity
We analyzed a number of factors to explain the statistically heterogeneity of most of the meta-analyses.
Chromium formulation
Some heterogeneity could be explained by differences in effect between the various chromium formulations. Among participants with type 2 diabetes, the effects of brewer's yeast, chromium chloride, and chromium picolinate on fasting glucose were each significantly different from each other (P < 0.02), such that studies of brewer's yeast had the greatest net effect (−1.1 mmol/l), followed by chromium picolinate (−0.8 mmol/l) and chromium chloride (−0.3 mmol/l). Similarly, among studies of participants with normal glucose tolerance, brewer's yeast was significantly more likely to reduce fasting glucose than chromium chloride (−0.2 vs. +0.1 mmol/l, P = 0.01) and to raise HDL cholesterol than chromium picolinate (+0.21 vs. −0.02, P = 0.002). In the few studies that directly compared different chromium formulations, none found differences (21,22,24,27,39).
Dose effect
The association between chromium dose and effect was difficult to interpret, in part because the exact dose was unclear in a number of chromium picolinate studies and the number of studies using different doses were small for several outcomes. In patients with diabetes, the effect of chromium picolinate on glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting glucose may have been greater in those studies that definitely used chromium doses of at least 200 μg/day or of 1,000 μg/day, respectively (Figs. 1A and 2A). However, both of these possible effects were largely driven by the single study that directly compared 200 μg and 1,000 μg chromium picolinate, which found greater effects with the higher dose (44). In participants with normal glucose tolerance, doses of brewer's yeast of at least 10 μg/day chromium may also have lowered fasting glucose more than lower doses, a finding confirmed by one study (27) (Fig. 2C). Most studies that compared doses did not find differences for several outcomes (21,22,27,41,44,45).
Study quality and funding source
For glycosylated hemoglobin in participants with type 2 diabetes (Fig. 1A) and for fasting glucose in participants with diabetes or normal glucose tolerance (Fig. 2C), poor-quality studies (B or C) had significantly greater favorable net effects than high-quality studies (A) (P < 0.03).
There was a trend among studies of fasting glucose in participants with diabetes (Fig. 2A) in that studies funded by industry had greater net improvements than other studies (P = 0.06). For other outcomes and subpopulations, there was no evidence of bias based on study quality or funding source.
Three-quarters of the 36 studies reviewed found no statistically significant effect on measured outcomes. However, most of the studies were inadequately powered; thus, lack of a statistically significant result may not indicate a lack of effect. Almost one-half of the studies were of poor quality, and there was substantial heterogeneity across studies in chromium formulations and doses used, in settings (and thus possibly underlying states of chromium nutrature), and in results. Though meta-analysis resulted in statistically significant improvements in glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes, given the poor quality and heterogeneity of much of the data, future studies that address the limitations in the current evidence are needed before definitive claims can be made about the effect of chromium supplementation.
In people with type 2 diabetes, our results show that, on average, chromium picolinate supplementation lowered A1C by 0.6% and that brewer's yeast and chromium picolinate lowered fasting glucose by 1.1 and 0.8 mmol/l, respectively. Overall, chromium supplementation did not affect lipid levels in people with type 2 diabetes or glucose intolerance, although brewer's yeast supplementation did statistically significantly raise HDL cholesterol by 0.21 mmol/l, which was a significantly greater effect than chromium picolinate.
Dose effects would provide confirmation of a beneficial effect of chromium supplementation. However, the dose effects were found across studies primarily for chromium picolinate and were driven largely by a single study (44). Likewise, a single study drove a possible difference between higher and lower dose brewer's yeast on fasting glucose in participants with normal glucose tolerance (27). Four other studies found no differences among different doses (21,22,41,45). Assessment of dose effects was hampered by the small number and size of studies comparing different doses.
In people with either normal glucose tolerance or glucose intolerance, chromium supplementation did not appear to have an effect on measures of glycemia, nor did chromium improve lipid profiles among people with glucose intolerance.
Chromium is thought to be a cofactor necessary for optimal insulin action (1–3). Therefore, chromium supplementation may exert its potential benefits by improvement in insulin sensitivity. Nearly all studies that examined the effect of chromium on insulin sensitivity found no significant effect. The exception, Cefalu et al. (51), found a statistically significant improvement in insulin sensitivity in relatives of patients with diabetes in a small study with considerable differences in baseline insulin sensitivity. Although the authors properly controlled for prerandomization levels in their analyses, the large difference raises the concern that either the groups were not adequately randomized or that the distribution of insulin sensitivity values may have been skewed for some unknown reason. Even with adjustment, interpretation of the results is difficult, and future studies would need to confirm the finding. On the basis of this study, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently gave chromium picolinate the food-related health claim that it "may reduce the risk of insulin resistance, and therefore possibly may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes … however, the existence of such a relationship between chromium picolinate and either insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes is highly uncertain" (59). Assessing the effect of chromium on insulin sensitivity is further hampered by the lack of studies with robust measures of insulin sensitivity, such as the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp.
Differences in effect between the four different chromium formulations were difficult to assess. Subgroup meta-analyses did show some statistically significant and some qualitative differences in effects between formulations, such that brewer's yeast and chromium picolinate significantly lowered fasting glucose in people with type 2 diabetes, while the effect of chromium chloride was nonsignificant; brewer's yeast raised HDL cholesterol levels more than chromium chloride and chromium picolinate. However, these and other indirect comparisons across studies are hypothesis-generating only. With few studies directly comparing different factors such as dose and formulation, it is difficult to be conclusive about differences in effect. Only five studies directly compared different chromium formulations, and none found any differences among them. However, it is notable that brewer's yeast had similar effects as other chromium formulations despite substantially lower doses of chromium, possibly suggesting that another component in brewer's yeast has an effect on insulin sensitivity. We were unable to evaluate differences in formulation and dose together; however, the differences in effect of low–chromium dose brewer's yeast compared with high-dose chromium in other formulations suggest that the effect of chromium doses may not be comparable in different formulations.
Overall, the quality of the studies on chromium supplementation was poor and thus subject to bias. We observed major deficiencies such as lack of blinding or allocation concealment, inadequate randomization, high dropout rates, nonstandard outcome measurements, and inadequate reporting regarding the chromium product being investigated, the study methodology, the eligibility criteria, the statistical analyses, the baseline characteristics, and the outcomes. Our finding that for glucose outcomes, poor-quality studies were significantly more likely to yield favorable net effects than good- or fair-quality studies suggests that much of the apparent effects found may be largely due to biases related to poor methodology and reporting.
Similarly, there was a trend in at least one set of studies—those evaluating fasting glucose in participants with diabetes—that industry-sponsored studies may have been more likely to find a net benefit of chromium supplementation. In addition, the possibility of either conscious or unconscious biases, including publication bias where "negative" studies were withheld, must be considered. However, conclusions regarding funding source bias may be spurious, given the relatively few studies available for analysis. Due to lack of an adequate measure of chromium nutrature and few such analyses, we were unable to address whether relatively chromium-depleted people would be more likely to benefit from supplementation.
Our meta-analysis is limited by the overall poor quality and heterogeneity of available studies. While we were able to explain some of the heterogeneity as being related to chromium dose, study quality, or funding source, there remained large differences in results across studies, even after accounting for different chromium formulations.
In conclusion, we found that chromium supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes may have a modest beneficial effect on glycemia and dyslipidemia. In contrast, there was no beneficial effect of chromium supplementation on glycemia or lipids in those without diabetes. The large heterogeneity across these studies and the overall poor quality limit the strength of our conclusions. By elucidating the body of evidence on chromium supplementation, our meta-analysis highlights the questions that remain and the issues that need to be addressed in future randomized trials of chromium on glucose and lipid metabolism.
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effect of chromium supplementation on A1C (or other measures of glycosylated hemoglobin) in participants with type 2 diabetes (A) and participants with glucose intolerance (B). The point estimates of the net changes (change in chromium arm minus change in control arm) and the corresponding 95% CI for individual studies are indicated by circles and bars. The random effects model summary estimates are indicated by squares and bars. Black squares indicate summary estimate of all studies; white squares indicate subanalyses, as indicated. Studies are arranged by chromium formulation (Cr Form), then dose, and then number of participants consuming Cr (N). Total numbers refer only to studies included in the meta-analyses. "Glucose intolerance" is defined based on the World Health Organization or American Diabetes Association criteria as either impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose 5.6–7.0 mmol/l) or impaired glucose tolerance (2-h postload glucose 7.8–11.1 mmol/l) (12,13). Quality: A = good; B = fair; C = poor. *Hb A1, not A1C; †total glycosylated hemoglobin; ‡unclear if dose refers to elemental chromium or total chromium picolinate; §cross-over study (received placebo first, followed by chromium picolinate); ‖cross-over study (received chromium picolinate first, followed by placebo); ¶no numerical data results reported. BrY, brewer's yeast; Cr, chromium; CrCl, chromium chloride; CrMilk, milk powder with chromium (no data on chemical formulation); CrNic, chromium nicotinate; CrPic, chromium picolinate; DM, diabetes; ND, no data.
Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of the effect of chromium supplementation on fasting glucose in participants with type 2 diabetes (A), participants with glucose intolerance (B), and participants with normal glucose tolerance (C). See Fig. 1. "Normal glucose tolerance" is defined as either fasting plasma glucose <5.6 mmol/l or 2-h postload glucose concentration <7.8 mmol/l (12,13). *Range of times when final FBS was drawn; †only point estimate reported (not included in meta-analyses); ‡participants with non–insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes; §participants with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes; ‖unclear if dose refers to elemental chromium or total chromium picolinate; ¶cross-over study (received placebo first, followed by chromium picolinate); #cross-over study (received chromium picolinate first, followed by placebo); **glucose level 90 min after glucose tolerance test <100 mg/dl but greater than fasting glucose level; ††glucose level 90 min after glucose tolerance test >100 mg/dl; ‡‡study participants taking a "medication with hyperglycemic potential;" §§study participants not taking a "medication with hyperglycemic potential;" ‖‖one participant had type 2 diabetes, and the remaining participants had normal glucose tolerance.
Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of the effect of chromium supplementation on lipids, including LDL, HDL, and triglycerides, in participants with type 2 diabetes (A) and participants with glucose intolerance (B). See Fig. 1. Gray squares indicate summary estimates of combination of all studies, regardless of glucose status. *Range of times when final HDL level was drawn; †variance data not reported and not included in meta-analysis; ‡no results data reported; §unclear if dose refers to elemental chromium or total chromium picolinate.
This review was funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (contract no. 290-02-0023). A.G.P. received funding from the National Institutes of Health (K23-DK61506).
Published ahead of print at http://care.diabetesjournals.org on 22 May 2007. DOI: 10.2337/dc06-0996.
Additional information for this article can be found in an online appendix at http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0996.
Accepted May 14, 2007.
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Ethan M. Balk, Athina Tatsioni, Alice H. Lichtenstein, Joseph Lau, Anastassios G. Pittas
Diabetes Care Aug 2007, 30 (8) 2154-2163; DOI: 10.2337/dc06-0996
Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Cancer
Emerging Applications of Metabolomic and Genomic Profiling in Diabetic Clinical Medicine
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text:
Q: Pass command parameter from the xaml I try to do something like this:
<DataGrid Name="myGrid" ItemSource="{Binding Path=MyCollection}">
   <DataGrid.ContextMenu>
       <ContextMenu>
          <MenuItem
              Command="{Binding RemoveRow}"
              CommandParameter="{Binding ElementName=myGrid, Path=SelectedItem}">
       </ContextMenu>
   </DataGridContextMenu>
</DataGrid>

but I got null always (I tried also SelectedIndex and SelectedValue)
if I pass the following parameter to the execution code, it works:
<MenuItem Command="{Binding RemoveRow}" CommandParameter="1">

A: Try something like this in your CommandParameter,
<DataGrid.ContextMenu>
     <ContextMenu>
           <MenuItem Header="MyHeader"
                     Command="{Binding MyCommand}"
                     CommandParameter="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource FindAncestor, AncestorType={x:Type ContextMenu}}, Path=PlacementTarget.SelectedItem}" />
</DataGrid.ContextMenu>

I already tested it and it should work.

A: It doesn't work because the ContextMenu is not part of the visual or logical tree of the DataGrid, so it doesn't inherit the DataContext.
As far as I know, there is know easy solution to this problem using only the built-in binding system. However, using a simple "proxy" class as explained here, you can work around this problem:
<DataGrid Name="myGrid" ItemSource="{Binding Path=MyCollection}">
   <DataGrid.Resources>
       <local:BindingProxy x:Key="proxy" Data="{Binding}" />
   </DataGrid.Resources>
   <DataGrid.ContextMenu>
       <ContextMenu>
          <MenuItem
              Command="{Binding Data.RemoveRow, Source={StaticResource proxy}}"
              CommandParameter="{Binding ElementName=myGrid, Path=SelectedItem}">
       </ContextMenu>
   </DataGridContextMenu>
</DataGrid>

However you still have a problem: ElementName=myGrid doesn't work (again, because ContextMenu isn't in the visual or logical tree of the DataGrid, so it's not in the same name scope). A simple solution is to bind the SelectedItem of the DataGrid to a property of the ViewModel, and use that property instead of the command parameter:
<DataGrid Name="myGrid" ItemSource="{Binding Path=MyCollection}"
          SelectedItem="{Binding SelectedItem}">
   <DataGrid.Resources>
       <local:BindingProxy x:Key="proxy" Data="{Binding}" />
   </DataGrid.Resources>
   <DataGrid.ContextMenu>
       <ContextMenu>
          <MenuItem
              Command="{Binding Data.RemoveRow, Source={StaticResource proxy}}">
       </ContextMenu>
   </DataGridContextMenu>
</DataGrid>


Per´s comments: Reddish amber, despite the fact the name means "golden beer". Aroma of malt and almond. Medium dry and malty with pleasant toffee flavour. The grassy, orangey bitterness sets in early. Besides a relativley strong almond flavour it is rather discrete, and really complex.


text:
Q: mso custom format for [hh]:mm in export to excel I am working on MVC4 format. I have a column which has HH:MM format.When i export to excel everything works fine. i mean in excel it is still HH:MM format But when value of hours is greater than 24 then its showing as HH:MM:SS
eg : 04:00 is showing as 04:00 but 31:42 is showing as 31:42:00.

can i use some style or something like that which will affect only that column not any other
How can i fix this problem ?
I have gone through
Format HTML table cell so that Excel formats as text?
and
http://cosicimiento.blogspot.in/2008/11/styling-excel-cells-with-mso-number.html
but how can i format hh:mm to [hh]:mm so that if hours are greater than 24 it still remain in [hh]:mm format

A: Just write the given code below.
Its working fine.
HttpContext.Current.Response.Write("<style> TD { mso-number-format:\'@'; } </style>");

A: Manas answer it's almost correct, just the backslash is in wrong position. Correct line code is:
HttpContext.Current.Response.Write("<style> TD { mso-number-format:'\@'; }


If you're a nonprofit leader, your cause means a lot to you. Whether you're raising money for medical research, building an association of the next generation of professionals in your field, or the promoting state's largest cultural festival, nonprofit leaders in particular are dedicated to seeing their missions become realities.
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The hiring process can involve a lot of time and money. Allocating dollars every year to build a reserve of resources to fund transitions is critical if a nonprofit organization is going to hire talent at market.
Being a competitive employer is also important to retain top notch talent, so planning benefits, salary, and other logics ahead of time will put you in line to get the best people on board with your mission.
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From economic uncertainty to changing political environments, "what if's" are important to plan for. It's called "Contingency Planning" and it's a fundamental element of any succession planning discussion.
What if your organization loses a portion of government funding? What if your seasoned manager has to make an unexpected move out of town? You can never be prepared for everything, but contingency planning takes care of the "what if's" before they take anybody by surprise.
To keep your cause moving forward, it's crucial that certain policies and procedures are in place about short- and long-term absences as well as planned and unplanned vacancies. As nonprofit organizations, board involvement in succession should take place before change occurs so that the appropriate leaders are authorized to act quickly and smoothly without board intervention.
For any organization to keep itself in check about succession planning, it's important to consider the amount of time devoted to developing dollars as compared to amount of time to developing people. The people who work for your organization or volunteer their time are the most precious resource available to the mission. These are resources that demand thoughtful attention; and, in some cases, are assets of the organization that mere money can't buy.
If you're wondering how you can implement these ideas, you're in luck. Third Sector Company has a number of tools, checklists, and sample policies available. We also offer succession planning workshops in Northern and Southern California and in Washington.
View our upcoming succession planning workshops or subscribe to our newsletter to get emails about upcoming events!


Completed in 2016. Charred black Shou Sugi Ban siding wraps a warm cedar core. Contemporary and incredibly efficient, the Cross Grain House is our latest project to follow the Passive House principles of design (not pursuing certification). Post-construction air tightness results came in at 0.53 air changes per hour (ACH) at 50 pascals. The Passive House certification limit is 0.6 ACH so this is a world class air tightness.