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Five Minutes With Dr. Vijay Eswaran, Executive Chairman, QI Group of Companies
Image credit: QI group
Dr. Vijay Eswaran, Executive Chairman, QI Group of Companies
Aby Sam Thomas
Editor in Chief, Entrepreneur Middle East
You're reading Entrepreneur Middle East, an international franchise of Entrepreneur Media.
As the founder and Executive Chairman of the QI Group of Companies, Dr. Vijay Eswaran is the head of a multi-business conglomerate that has a presence in a variety of sectors, which includes direct selling, retail, financial services, education and hospitality. Its flagship subsidiary, QNET, which was established by the Malaysian businessman in 1998, is today a global company (with offices in the UAE as well) that has managed to merge traditional methods of sales with the e-commerce model. "What I envisioned was a new kind of company that would merge the people power of a direct sales force with the global reach of the Internet," Dr. Eswaran says, as he remembers the origins of his company. "So we merged the tried and tested direct selling business model with the emerging e-commerce platform."
"My partners and I debated endlessly about what we could sell that would set us apart," he adds. "We came up with a numismatics and precious metals model based upon thriving European market strategies. We procured the rights to sell the commemorative coins in 1998 for the Sydney 2000 Olympics for the Asian Pacific Rim, although we were coming late into a market that was already two years into sales, leaving us less time to sell and compete effectively. Our erstwhile competitors were amused by us initially. But not for long, for by the year 2000, out of the 42 distributors worldwide, we came in the top three in sales volume. What they had not factored in was the impact and penetration of web based sales with the human touch of direct selling."
Dr. Vijay Eswaran at World Economic Forum. Image credit: QI Group
What were some of the difficulties you faced when you first started, and how did you go about getting past them?
When I first started my entrepreneurial journey, nothing was in my favour. I had no connections, family or otherwise, no funding from anyone, Asia was going through a terrible economic crisis and no one believed I would succeed. What I did have was the conviction that my life was not meant be wasted making money for someone else. I was lucky to have found like-minded partners and the unwavering support of my wife. Together we faced many failures and setbacks; I continue to face them today and I am sure I will continue facing them to the end. I believe that the day I don't face them, it means that I am no longer progressing.
I started my entrepreneurial journey with the direct selling business, an industry that faces many perception challenges. Despite being one of the top 40 companies globally in this industry, the business is constantly called into question due to a lack of understanding and awareness. My name is often dragged into the media as the founder of a controversial business.
Six, seven years into our journey, a shareholder dispute with some of my former partners took an ugly turn and resulted in my partner and I being incarcerated unfairly and our reputation took a hit with a slew of media articles alluding to us as criminals. Those were perhaps the darkest days we have experienced together. Together we decided to fight back and do whatever it takes to get our names cleared, which we eventually did. Despite the fact that many years have passed since that incident, the shadow of controversy continues to follow me. But I have never let that get in the way.
To me success is as much interwoven with challenges, just as light is to shadow. How do I deal with them... by embracing them! There is no other way. To me success and failure are both elements of the same path for growth, both in my personal life as well as professional life.
Dr. Eswaran being presented an award for education from Malaysia's Minister of Education Datuk Seri Idris Jusoh. Image credit: QI Group
Given the success you have seen with your enterprise already, what's next in your plans for the same?
I am very excited about our University [in Malaysia]. The first batch of students graduate this year and that's an important milestone for us. Right now the University operates out of a temporary campus in Ipoh city, which is around 2 hours north of Kuala Lumpur. Our plan is to establish a QI City that will include our new permanent campus, residential block, a teaching hospital to support our medical program, a park, shopping complex and hostel blocks for students. This is a huge undertaking and will keep us busy for the next few years. My dream is to have a green campus that's pollution free with only electric buggies for transport, eco-friendly living utilizing solar power and an international student community that will be proud to be part of the Harvard of the East.
How would you describe your leadership style, and what are some of the traits you look for in a potential employee?
My father instilled in me an important lesson when I was growing up- "Service above Self." That's the lesson I try impart to my team. We run a global business, but we maintain the soul of a small company that hasn't forgotten its humble beginnings. I constantly remind myself of it and make it a point to remind our employees of it.
One of the fundamental lessons that I have acquired in my journey as an entrepreneur is that it is not companies that succeed, but the people in them, that do. Thus, the emphasis for me changed dramatically from the universally academic approach of business plan, capital, skills sets, etc. to identifying, recognizing and attracting people of a like mind. The more fundamental traits I look for in people are unquantifiable attributes such as daring, determination, loyalty, trust, sincerity and the ability to work hard.
I believe business can be shaped effectively if we remember that we are no different than a professional sports team. To win, we assemble the best players, train very hard, formulate specific strategies, outdo our opponents and continuously improve our skills and knowledge of the game. You can have everything a company needs to function but without the right people; you will end up with nothing. For all subsidiaries in the QI Group, the key was to find people with the right attitude and mindset, then train and grow them to take ownership of the job.
Dr. Eswaran at Abu Dhabi F1 with guests and QI directors. Image credit: QI Group
What are the three words you would use to describe an entrepreneur?
Inquisitive, intense, intuitive.
What is the source of your personal motivation?
The people whose lives our businesses have touched. I make it a point to regularly interact with our customers and listen to their stories. It's their stories; very real human stories of how a business is helping make a difference in someone's life that keeps me going. It motivates me to do more, to try harder, to push my people to innovate so that we can continue changing lives.
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Three emerging National Hunt Jockeys you want on your radar…
There might just be a chance of a fight for the National Hunt Jockeys Championship this year, if the early skirmishes are anything to go on anyway.
Richard Johnson has won the past four championships, AP McCoy won the previous 20, Dunwoody won the three before that and Peter Scudamore and John Francome shared the 12 before that (seven to Scu, four to Francome and one shared crown). So in my 38 years on the planet there have only been FIVE Champion National Hunt jockeys!! FIVE!!
But is there just a chance of a 'new' name on top of the pile this year?
If Brian Hughes has anything to do with it then yes, there will be a new champion crowned come seasons end.
At the time of writing Richard Johnson still sits on the top perch with 60 winners to his name.
Brian Hughes, however, is bang on his tail with 59 winners. He's right there breathing down the champs neck.
As always it comes down to numbers. You need the support of many to reach the top. The more rides you get the more winners, naturally, you have the chance of riding.
And that's where Hughes has a chance.
So far Johnson has been given the leg-up on 272 mounts. Hughes, however, isn't that far behind, with the northern based jockey picking up 238 rides to date. He'll need to keep that level up to have any chance of taking the crown but he seems to have the support of the 'north' and if anything he's riding better than he's ever been (which is saying something as he's always shown immense talent and skill in the saddle).
There's still a long way to go, Johnson will 'probably' pull away at some point, but there's just a glimmer of hope that we'll have some sort of battle at the top…
It's not the top end I want to concentrate on here, however, it's the up-and-coming end (if that is indeed an end?!?). Those guys and gals currently working their way up the ladder.
It's those youngsters I want to concentrate on and today's post highlights three 'unexposed' jockeys who I think can make a big impact in forthcoming seasons.
Spotting a jockey at the start of their career can be a profitable pastime. Especially if you think that jockey is well worth their claim. The wider betting public will often be put off, rightly or wrongly, by a jockey they don't know or are not overly familiar with. The upside of that for us shrewd punters is that the horse being ridden by the young jockey we earmarked will often go off at a couple points higher than it should; giving us that wonderful position of a 'value price'.
So, which three young jockeys have caught my eye?
JACK TUDOR
Current claim – 7lbs
Attached to the Christian Williams yard
Overall figures (since October 2018) – 8/49 | 16% S/R | +£2.63 BFLSP – Win & Place 16/49 | 33% S/R
When a youngster finishes the season with a form line of…
4-2-P-1-5-5-1-1-1-1 (5/10, 1p)
…you know you need to sit up and start taking notice.
It's been a shade harder for the youngster so far this season (3/39, 7p to date) but it's all experience for him, it's all toughening him up for the season ahead and once the season starts to roll at full tilt I'd expect the winners to start flowing again for this talented youngster.
He has the support of the flourishing Christian Williams yard and his boss thinks very highly of the rider, making the following comment about him around this time last year " "I've a young boy in the yard who's an exceptional rider and I'm trying to find runners for as many amateur races as I can to give him experience.". That's exactly the kind of support a young jockey needs and Williams is sure to be repaid in spades in coming seasons.
It's still a bit light on the stats front for Tudor but I have noted that he's extremely adept when riding one from the front or just off the pace…
FR & CP runners = 6/24 | 25% S/R – W&P 10/24 | 42% S/R
…whilst he maybe has a bit still to do with those he holds up out the back…
HU runners = 2/25 | 8% S/R – W&P 6/25 | 24% S/R
…although in fairness out the back is the trickiest place to return solid stats from anyway.
I've also noted his strong record on those that start near the front of the market…
SP 5/1 or less = 7/21 | 33% S/R | +£7.78 BFLSP – W&P 11/21 | 52% S/R
A jockey that can get the job done on a fancied runner is never a bad thing, it's either a sign they don't feel the pressure of being on one that the market likes or they simply are not even looking at the prices full stop, either option being a likable trait for the man on top.
Christian Williams has provided the youngster with the vast majority of his rides to date but he's starting to sneak in a few rides for outside yards as well and he looks a star of the future if the early evidence is anything to go on.
BILLY GARRITTY
Attached to the Micky Hammond yard
Overall figures (since start of 2016) – 21/159 | 13% S/R | -£20.86 BFLSP – Win & Place 51/159 | 32% S/R
If you've not heard of Billy Garritty then you'll likely have heard of his dad Russ Garritty (former jumps jockey, of Hussard Collonges fame) or his brother Jack Garritty (current flat jockey).
Billy is following in his fathers footsteps by going down the National Hunt route and he's got his sights set on the Conditional Jockey's crown this year. Whilst that may be a tough ask with Jonjo O'Neill Jnr also gunning for that crown young Garritty has started the season in fine form, with eight winners already to his name. Given he ended last season on 12 winners it's safe to say he'll surpass that total with ease this term.
Indeed if you look at his totals on a year to year basis (as opposed to a season to season basis) then his improvement is clear for all to see…
2016 – 0/18
2017 – 1/6
2019 – 16/94
Clear signs this is a young man growing in confidence and ability.
On the punting front he's another youngster who is acquiring the knack of getting the job done when the money is down on one of his mounts.
Take a look at his record when riding a horse that starts in the top three in the market…
17/61 | 28% S/R | +£39.88 BFLSP – W&P 31/61 | 51% S/R
33% above expectation
If you want an example of his toughness in the saddle then just watch one of his most recent rides, his victory on CANFORD THOMPSON at Kelso (10-09-19). His stylish yet never-say-die attitude in the saddle was in full flow that day, on a horse that doesn't win that often (career form of 3/36), and I can only but see the winners flowing for him this season as he tries to chase down that Conditionals title.
Miss Isabel Williams
Attached to the Evan Williams yard
Overall figures (since June 2016) – 14/82 | 17% S/R | -£19.05 BFLSP – Win & Place 32/82 | 39% S/R
I actually noticed the talents of young Williams during the 2017/18 season, where she recorded figures of 5/16, 4p, but she didn't really kick on as expected last term, finishing the season with figures of 3/43, 10p, which, given her previous season figures, was a tad disappointing.
She seems 'back on the ball' again this season though, with seasonal stats of 5/19, 3p, as of 25-09-19.
What is instantly noticeable about the young pilot is the amount of horses she rides quietly out the back.
These are her running style splits so far…
FR – 0/1
CP – 0/9
HU – 14/72
*wins/rides
A massive 88% of her rides have been held-up out the back. That takes confidence, real confidence, in not only your abilities and the abilities of your horse but also your ability to judge the pace of a race.
Given that she is striking at 34% above expectation from out the back then these are clearly tactics she is very much on the way to mastering, and that's nothing short of impressive.
Like the previously two mentioned jockeys Miss Williams is another that is more than capable of getting a fancied runner home in front, just take a look at her record when sitting on one of the front two in the market…
Improving to…
…when you look at those she's ridden from out the back and also started in the top 2 in the market.
When a young jockey shows a strong ability and confidence to get the job done from out the back of the pack (and it is no easy job, the stats tell you that) then they deserve our full attention. Isabel Williams is exactly that jockey.
Keeping with clan Williams… and going off on a random tangent…I've always thought that if I had to pick a National Hunt trainer to be on my side in a fight it would be Evan Williams! There is something seriously Roy Keane-ish about the Welsh Man!!
These three 'unexposed' talents all look on a serious upward curve and if given enough firepower this term, and all three do look well-supported, then it's not hard to see them bagging themselves a plentiful supply of winners, as they make their way up through the jockey ranks.
Have any young jockeys out with the top echelon captured your attention?
Which claiming jockey do you think will make the biggest splash this term?
I'd love to hear your thoughts and opinions below…
p.s. the latest Free NTF guides are coming along sweetly and I'll be releasing them to members of the free list very soon.
Not yet on that list?
Get your name on the list HERE!
10 responses to "Three emerging National Hunt Jockeys you want on your radar…"
Nic Szeremeta says:
Charlie Deutsch
Hi Nic
Charlie Deutsch been around for a wee bit now, already got 120 wins to his name.
I suppose this is a bit of a 'second chance' for him after his prison sentence in 2018…
He is a jockey I rate though, definitely, and he gets on very well with the Venetia Williams horses, particularly the chasers.
Probably a bit more well known but the Andrews sisters, Bridget and Georgina – have been following them since their pony race days at the Eastern P-T-Ps back in the early 2000s. They showed their professionalism at a very early age.
And surely they must be the only sisters to have each ridden a festival winner?
Hi Terry
Yes, two very high quality young jockeys, definitely agree with you there. I thought Bridget in particular stepped on a few notches last season, rode some exceptional races.
Only two sisters to have ridden a Festival winner? Have to be? Almost certainly you'd think…
Steve Newton says:
I rather think that Izzy Williams may be taking over from Paul Moloney and getting some of Evan's horses handicapped. She certainly has ability but whether she will be allowed to show it remains to be seen
Did cross my mind that…
Her hold-up style will certainly aid in the handicapping stakes…
Simon Burgess says:
Rex Dingle Ben – Your thoughts on him?
I also think Bryan Carver is a jockey on the up especially now Ditcheat have got hold of him.
Bryan Carver almost made this list! Had a shortlist of 4 and he was the to get the chop! Rate him highly though, definitely one to keep on the radar as well…
Rex Dingle…had a fantastic season last term, thought he was maybe a bit 'exposed' for this list though.
He's got an excellent record on Jeremy Scott Handicappers – 11/26 | 42% S/R | +£22.67 BFLSP – W&P 17/26 | 65% S/R – that's an area well worth keeping a look out for 👍
RAYMOND MANNING says:
2nd October 2019 at 11:21 pm
Thanks Ben.Lovely comments on Brian Hughes .Classy performer and a good tactician.However it will be hard to reel in Richard Johnson once the jumps season hots up and the Hobbs yard produce their better horses.As for the young ones,Conor Brace and Danny McMenamin are ones to watch although I am sure your brilliant stats could knock me back on these 2 lads !
3rd October 2019 at 9:50 am
Cheers Raymond
Yes, ultimately it will be a mammoth task for Hughes and even the full support of the north may not be enough for him to overhaul Johnson, Johnson will have the greater firepower for sure…we can but hope they are still closely matched come April time and we get a bit of a battle for the crown…
Conor Brace has plenty of support from Fergal O'Brien and I can see him developing into a tidy pilot for sure. The stats suggest he needs to tidy up his chasing game (they are a bit down on his hurdle and bumper stats) but he's definitely going the right way. He's actually in the top 15 so far this season of jockeys with the most rides and top 20 for wins so he's certainly being given plenty of opportunity to develop his skill set.
McMenamin I also agree with, showed plenty of talent last season and looks to be continuing to progress this term. Nicky Richards has been giving him plenty of opportunities but he's actually well enough supported by a number of yards so he'll be accumulating plenty of contacts and wide ranging experiences. Like him plenty, yep.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Far in the northern frontier of the Himalayas lies Ladakh – the land of High Mountain passes, extreme roads, vast valleys, and pre-historic monasteries tucked in the high cliffs. It is a fascinating destination in the north that definitely finds a place on the bucket list of every traveler.
Embark on a trip to Ladakh – a gorgeous mix of beauty and uncontainable experiences to relish the untarnished charm of nature. Coz it's the place where you always wanted to be!
Sitting atop an imposing altitude of 4350 m, Pangong Lake is nature's charm hidden in the mountains. Ladakh prides in this jewel that exudes the perfect shade of azure and is one of the most photogenic places in India.
The 134 km long lake is a pleasant place in summer where you can actually spot Himalayan Marmot and number of migratory birds who flee to the mountains seeking refuge in the mountains. The brackish water lake is also known for its changing colors in the presence and absence of sun.
The lake is at its the best from June – September but if you are up for something extreme, visit during the month of December – January when the lake is completely frozen and becomes even more photogenic.
150 km to the northeast of Ladakh Valley lies Nubra Valley- offering the best of pristine nature. The valley is best known for double-humped camel safari, Diskit Monastery, and the 32-meter Maitreya Buddha statue. Nubra, with so much of nature's magnificence and charm, has a lot to feed the wanderlust in you. Let the traveler explore the best that this place has to offer.
The cold desert region is not even close to the one you saw in Rajasthan, the Nubra valley has picture-postcard villages and escapades that are indeed a treat for the nature lovers. A trip to Nubra Valley counts for best of Ladakh experiences for every traveler!
Another nature's wonder that epitomizes the greatness of Ladakh region, the Magnetic Hill is an unusual experience in the mountains of Ladakh. 30 km far from the Leh town the hill is easily accessible from the city by a taxi or cab. The strange location of the hill makes a stationary vehicle move upslope towards the hill even if the ignition is turned off.
There are several existing theories about the magical hill, but the most prominent are the one states that it's an optical illusion where even the downslope appears as upslope. Leave all the theories alone, just travel to Magnetic hills to relish the best of Ladakh experiences.
If there is a paradise on earth for campers and adventurers, it's right here in this part of Ladakh. Primarily known for its daunting trekking locations and rugged terrains, Zanskar in Ladakh is the perfect place to erect a tent, perform adventure activities in the river flowing by, and lie down in the sprawling lawns embracing the wilderness and gazing at the glowing celestial bodies.
Zanskar is the place in Ladakh where you lose the track of time. The sub-district of Kargil is one of the most photogenic places in the trans-Himalayan region and is truly a photographer's delight; indeed one of the best of Ladakh experiences!
40 km to the southeast of Ladakh is Hemis – the most beautiful man-made structure that you get to see in Ladakh. Most Ladakh tour packages cover it in the itinerary as it is one the most popular tourist attractions here.
Lying in the foothills of the mountains the monastery has a 12m long Thanka – the largest in a monastery in Ladakh. Also, Hemis festival celebrated in the month of June-July is a major festival in the Trans-Himalayan region.
During the festival people worship Lord Padmasambhava, not to forget the masked dance performed during the festival, which is one of the best and attracts people from across the world. A 122 km drive further to the east of Hemis takes you to the magical world of Pangong Tso Lake.
Even though the above mentioned are the loveliest Ladakhi experiences, there are a lot more experiences in the region that will leave you dumbfound!


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We're back again, in another article of Mad About Science!
Last time, we decided to look at how awesome explosions are, as well as the biggest types of explosions we've seen. Explosions are great and all, but who doesn't like talking about dinosaurs? They're big, they're loud, they eat everything, and most importantly: They're pretty cool looking!
Today, I want to introduce you to some sweet relatives of terrifying monsters that decided dying to a giant asteroid was too mainstream, and instead stuck around to modern day.
Crocodile = big, angry, hungry.
Yeah, they're cool and all, but their ancestral cousins are way, way cooler.
Let's start with modern day crocodiles. TV Hosts have wrestled and flirted with these bad boys for years. At first glance, they don't seem to have changed too much since the days nightmare-inducing superreptiles stormed around the Earth. They are also one of the most feared predators on the planet, and are prime contenders for one of the most powerful and devastating bites in the world. A crocodile's bite has been measured to exert up to 3,700 PSI, or pounds per square inch, of force; to contrast, whenever you take a bite of a delicious bacon and swiss burger, you will exert roughly 150 PSI. Yeah, that's great, crocodile. I didn't want my bones in that painless configuration, anyway.
Let's just step into the time travel device we have handy here, fly back a little over 100 million years, and wow! Our next subject! Deinosuchus, with his strange and difficult to pronounce name, at first glance, looks like an alligator. We traveled that far back just to see an alligator? Yeah, we did, because that alligator is between 26 and 33 feet long! If you laid him out on a football field with the tip of his tail in the endzone, his nose would be touching the ten yard line, and there would probably be a bunch of football players running in fear.
Despite the fact that the few fossils we've found of this big guy have been fairly fragmented, members of the scientific community have been able to piece together enough information to postulate rough size estimates on him, by comparing his bones to those from current alligators.
There are full skeletal reconstructions in museums, which have allowed biologists to understand how it lived and fed. This guy may have been one of the first of his kind to utilize the infamous Death Roll when feeding.
That was pretty great, or whatever, but I think you can do better, nature! I think you can show me something so giant and terrible that I wake up with night terrors ten years from now!
Enter: Sarcosuchus Imperator. Besides having an indisputably awesome name, this beast could reach lengths of 38 feet. If you put him next to a school bus, he could slap his nose against the door and traumatize all of the children inside. As another example of his size, an average six foot tall man could lay down inside of his mouth. Not that anyone would willingly want to, or anything. Sarcosuchus also had an estimated weight of about 8.8 tons, which is around 17,600 pounds. That's roughly how much six Mini Coopers weigh. Its bite, meanwhile, is projected to be close to 18,000 PSI. Concrete, you know, the hard stuff that everything is built on, can crack at 4000 PSI. How is does your paltry burger taste now, tiny little human?


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They can sign up for my newsletter to receive notification of when the Bedtime Story book is published. I'm hoping it will be ready for Mother's Day!
"I always have a hard time sleeping at night but when I started listening to your bedtime story's it has been much better than before."
"I love all of Glenda Cedarleaf's meditations and listen to them every night. I'm a hypnotherapist myself and can be really fussy who I listen to but I love her voice, I love the stories, I love the wonderful words used. I can't go to sleep with out them. Thank you for such beautiful stories, they are so relaxing and a big part of my life. "


text:
Adán es una novela escrita por el novelista estadounidense Ted Dekker en 2008.

Trama
Empieza con el secuestro en Arkansas de dos niños: Alex y Jessica Price, de 4 y 3 años respectivamente en 1964 por los desconocidos Alice y Cyril Brown con el propósito de usarlos como chivos expiatorios para su distorsionada religión: El convento sagrado de Eva. Después de 13 años logran escapar colgándose del tren que pasaba diariamente, después de viajar por mucho tiempo llegan a Pasadena, California a un refugio. Ahí el Padre Robert Seymour les consigue empleos y un curso para obtener un grado similar al de Bachiller. Alex Price es atormentado con pesadillas, pero trata de vivir normalmente, después toma la decisión de estudiar en el Seminario San Pedro y convertirse en sacerdote. Pero después de escribir ensayos que el seminario consideró como heréticos fue expulsado. En 1992 Jessica está comprometida, pero cuándo se lo cuenta a Alex, él se enoja aunque aceptó a regañadientes. Tiempo después el prometido de Jessica no llega a su cita con ella, y cuando Jessica lo busca en unos arbustos, lo encuentra azotado y posteriormente descubre que fue atacado por Alex. Jessica se fue a Dakota del Norte cuando Alex desaparece.

Referencias

Novelas de 2008

Novelas en inglés
Novelas policíacas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
\section{Introduction} \label{intro}
Maxwell's electromagnetic field theory is a linear theory of point-like charge. There is a singularity at the charge's position and this causes it to have an infinite self-energy. To remove this singularity associated with the charged point-like particle, a nonlinear electromagnetic field was introduced by  Born and Infeld \cite{Born1,Born2}. Einstein-Hilbert gravity in the presence of Born-Infeld (BI) electrodynamics was found by Hoffmann \cite{Hoffmann:1935ty} and the exact solutions of this model have been  investigated in \cite{Hendi:2010kv,Atamurotov:2015xfa,Ramadhan:2015ona}.\\
Perturbation theory is an efficient method for weakly coupled theory but it is not suitable for strongly coupled theories. AdS/CFT duality \cite{Maldacena,Aharony}  is a useful tool to study strong coupled gauge theories. Finding a gravitational dual of a strongly coupled system is the  most important aspect of this duality. \\
 There are many papers to study the effects of (BI) electrodynamics on
AdS/CFT duality \cite{Jing:2010zp,Jing:2010cx,Gangopadhyay:2012am}, but the effect of  non-abelian Born-Infeld has not been studied yet. The correspondent boundary theory of  non-abelian Born-Infeld  is completely unknown, so it  motivates us to study this problem. Transport coefficients give us more information about the boundary theory. In this paper, we calculate the DC conductivity as an important transport coefficient.\\
Hydrodynamics is an effective theory of field theory in long-wavelength limit \cite{Son,Policastro2001}. Hydrodynamic equations express conservation laws
of whatever is conserved according to Neother theorem. These equations up to first order of derivative expansion are as follows, \\
\begin{align}
 & \nabla _{\mu } J^{\mu } =0\,\,\,\,\,,\,\,\nabla _{\mu } T^{\mu \nu} =0,\\
 & J^{\mu } =n \, u^{\mu }-\sigma T P^{\mu \nu }\partial_{\nu}(\frac{\mu}{T}),\nonumber\\
& T^{\mu \nu } =(\rho +p)u^{\mu } u^{\nu } +pg^{\mu \nu } -\sigma ^{\mu \nu },\nonumber\\
&\sigma ^{\mu \nu } = {P^{\mu \alpha } P^{\nu \beta } } [\eta(\nabla _{\alpha } u_{\beta } +\nabla _{\beta } u_{\alpha })+ (\zeta-\frac{2}{3}\eta) g_{\alpha \beta } \nabla .u],\nonumber\\& P^{\mu \nu }=g^{\mu \nu}+u^{\mu}u^{\nu}, \nonumber
\end{align}
\indent where $n$ , $\sigma$ , $\eta$, $\zeta $, $\sigma ^{\mu \nu }$ and $P^{\mu \nu }$ are charge density, charge conductivity , shear viscosity, bulk viscosity, shear tensor and projection operator, respectively \cite{Kovtun2012, Bhattacharyya,Rangamani,J.Bhattacharya2014}.  In section \ref{sec3} of this paper, non-abelian charge conductivity is calculated by Green-Kubo formula \cite{Son}, which relates conductivity to equilibrium correlation functions.
\begin{equation} \label{kubo}
\sigma^{(ab)}_{ij} (k_{\mu})=-\mathop{\lim }\limits_{\omega \to 0} \frac{1}{\omega } \Im G^{(ab)}_{ij}(k_{\mu}),
\end{equation}
where $a,b$ and $i,j$ indices refer to Cartan subalgebra of $SU(2)$ group symmetry and rotation symmetry in spatial directions of $x,y$, respectively.  As the boundary theory lives on flat spacetime, there is no
problem to raise and lower spatial indices freely for
boundary quantities such as $\sigma^{ij}$. There is a lower bound for DC conductivity as $\sigma \geq \frac{1}{e^2}=1$ where $e$ is not the unit of charge in the boundary theory \cite{Grozdanov:2015qia,Grozdanov:2015djs}. This bound is also saturated in graphene\cite{Ziegler}.  It is also important for studying metal-insulator transition. This bound means that one can not get an insulating phase by disorder-driven \cite{BitaghsirFadafan:2016der}. The conductivity bound is confirmed for weakly coupled theory that it is described by  Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory or BCS theory.  This bound is violated for massive gravity \cite{Baggioli:2016oqk} and models with abelian case \cite{Baggioli:2016oju}. We want to investigate if this bound is preserved for our model or not. The charge for QED is electric charge but the charge for QCD is color charge. The DC electric conductivity for QED means the value of electric charge transport. Similar to QED, the color DC conductivity measures the value of color charge transport. Color superconductivity is studied from holography in \cite{BitaghsirFadafan:2018iqr,Donos:2014cya}.

\section{ Non-Abelian Einstein-Born-Infeld AdS Black Brane Solution}
\label{sec2}

\indent The 4-dimensional action of non-abelian Einstein-Born-Infeld with negative cosmological constant is,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{action}
S=\int d^{4}  x\sqrt{-g} \bigg[\frac{1}{16\pi G}(R-2\Lambda )+\frac{2}{b}\bigg(1-\sqrt{1+\frac{b}{2}\mathcal{F} }\bigg)\bigg],
\end{eqnarray}
where $R$ is the Ricci scalar, $\Lambda=-\frac{3}{l^2 }$ the cosmological constant, $l$ the AdS radius, $\mathcal{F}={\bf{Tr}}( F_{\mu \nu }^{(a)} F^{(a)\, \, \mu \nu })$ is Yang-Mills invariant, $b$ is a Born-Infeld parameter with the dimensional unit of $[b]=L^{2}$ and it is positive. The trace element stands for ${\bf{Tr}}(.)=\sum_{i=1}^{3}(.).$ \\
$F_{\mu \nu }^{(a)}$ is the Cartan subalgebra of $SU(2) $ Yang-Mills  field tensor,
\begin{align} \label{YM}
F_{\mu \nu } =\partial _{\mu } A_{\nu } -\partial _{\nu } A_{\mu } -i[A_{\mu }, A_{\nu }],
\end{align}
in which the gauge coupling constant is 1, $A_{\nu }$'s are the Cartan subalgebra of the $SU(2)$ gauge group Yang-Mills potentials and $b$ denotes the Born-Infeld coupling constant. When $b \to 0 $ the Born-Infeld term gets transformed into standard linear non-abelian Yang-Mills term \cite{Shepherd:2015dse}.\\
Variation of the action (\ref{action}) with respect to the spacetime metric $g_{\mu \nu } $ and $A^{(a)}_{\nu}$ yields the field equations,
\begin{equation}\label{EH}
R_{\mu \nu } -\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu \nu} (R-2\Lambda )-\frac{g_{\mu \nu}}{b} \bigg(1-\sqrt{1+\frac{b}{2}\mathcal{F} }\bigg)-\frac{F^{(a)}_{\mu \lambda} F_{\nu}^{(a) \lambda}}{\sqrt{1+\frac{b}{2}\mathcal{F} }}=0,
\end{equation}
 \begin{eqnarray}\label{BI-EOM}
\frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}}\partial_{\mu}(\frac{\sqrt{-g}F^{\mu \nu}}{\sqrt{1+\frac{b}{2}\mathcal{F} }}) +[A_{\mu},\frac{F^{\mu \nu}}{\sqrt{1+\frac{b}{2}\mathcal{F} }}]=0.
\end{eqnarray}
We consider the metric of 4-dimensional spacetime with the flat symmetric line element in the following form as an ansatz,
\begin{equation}\label{metric1}
ds^{2} =-f(r)dt^{2} +\frac{dr^{2} }{f(r)} +\frac{r^2}{l^2}(dx^2+dy^2).
\end{equation}
To solve Eq.(\ref{BI-EOM}), we employ the ansatz proposed in ref. \cite{Shepherd:2015dse} where the potential 1-form are expressed by,
\begin{equation}\label{background}
{\bf{A}}^{(a)} =\frac{i}{2}h(r)dt\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1\end{pmatrix}.
\end{equation}
We write the gauge field in terms of matrix $H_1= \frac{i}{2}\begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1\end{pmatrix}$, which is the diagonal generator of the Cartan subalgebra of $SU(2)$ \cite{Shepherd:2015dse}.\\\\
Using the gauge potential ansatz (\ref{background}) in  equation (\ref{BI-EOM}) and considering
the metric (\ref{metric1}), we obtain the equation of motion for Born-Infeld term as follows,
\begin{equation}
r h''(r)+ b h'(r)^3+2h'(r)=0,
\end{equation}
 $h(r)$ is found,
\begin{equation}
h(r)= C_2 \pm \frac{\sqrt{2} e^{2 C_1} \sqrt{1-\frac{e^{-4 C_1} r^4}{b}} F\left[i\, ArcSinh\left[\sqrt{-\frac{e^{-2 C_1}}{\sqrt{b}}} r\right],-1\right]}{\sqrt{-\frac{e^{-2
   C_1}}{\sqrt{b}}} \sqrt{b e^{4 C_1}-r^4}} ,
\end{equation}
and $h'(r)$ will be as following,
\begin{align}
h'(r)=\pm \frac{\sqrt{2}q}{\sqrt{2r^4 -b q^2 }},
\end{align}
\noindent where $q$ is integration constant which is related to the electric charge. The invariant scalar $\mathcal{F}_{YM}={\bf{Tr}}( F_{\mu \nu }^{(a)} F^{(a)\, \, \mu \nu })$ for  fields is,
\begin{equation}
 \mathcal F =h'(r)^2=\frac{2q^2}{2r^4 -b q^2 }  ,
\end{equation}
by setting $b=0$, our results reduce to non-abelian Yang-Mills solution.\\
By considering the $tt$ component of  Eq. (\ref{EH}),
\begin{equation}\label{eom}
r f'(r)+f(r)+\Lambda r^2-\frac{q^2 r^2}{2 r^4-b q^2} =0,
\end{equation}
$f(r)$ is obtained,
\begin{align}\label{sol}
f(r)& =\frac{m}{r}-\frac{\Lambda}{3}r^2+\frac{q^{3/2} }{2\ 2^{3/4}
   \sqrt[4]{b} r} ArcTan\left(\frac{\sqrt[4]{2} r}{\sqrt[4]{b} \sqrt{q}}\right)\nonumber\\&+\frac{q^{3/2} }{4\ 2^{3/4} \sqrt[4]{b} r}\left(\log \left(\sqrt[4]{b} \sqrt{q}-\sqrt[4]{2} r\right)-\log \left(\sqrt[4]{b}
         \sqrt{q}+\sqrt[4]{2} r\right)\right),
\end{align}
 where  $m$ is constant. Notice $r$ is the radial coordinate that takes us from bulk to the boundary. The solution is asymptotically AdS.\\
Hawking temperature for this black brane is,
  \begin{align}\label{Temp}
  T & =\frac{f'(r_h)}{4 \pi}=-\frac{m}{4 \pi r_h^2}-\frac{ \Lambda  r_h}{6 \pi}+\frac{q^2 r_h}{4 \pi (2 r_h^4-b q^2)}\nonumber\\&-\frac{q^{3/2} }{16 \pi 2^{3/4} \sqrt[4]{b} r_h^2}\left(\log \left(\sqrt[4]{b} \sqrt{q}-\sqrt[4]{2} r_h\right)-\log
       \left(\sqrt[4]{b} \sqrt{q}+\sqrt[4]{2} r_h\right)+2 \tan ^{-1}\left(\frac{\sqrt[4]{2}
       r_h}{\sqrt[4]{b} \sqrt{q}}\right)\right).
  \end{align}
Event horizon is located on where  $f(r_h)=0$ and $m$ is identified by this condition. The dimensional unit of temperature is $[T]=L^{-1}$ by considering $[m]=[r_h]=[q]=L$ , $[\Lambda]=L^{-2}$ and $[b]=L^2$.

\section{Color non-abelian DC conductivity}
\label{sec3}
\indent   From the AdS/CFT dictionary rule we know that the $U(1)$ currents $J^{(a)}_{\mu}$ in the boundary dualize in $U(1)$ gauge fields $A^{(a)}_{\mu}$ in the bulk. It also tells us that the supergravity field which couples to the current vector is the gauge field,
so we will be interested in looking at the propagation of gauge field in the
supergravity background.  According to the linear response theory we perturb the action by perturbing  the gauge field \cite{Son,Policastro2002}.\\
  \begin{equation}\label{perturb-A}
  A^{(a)}_{\mu} \to A^{(a)}_{\mu}+\tilde{A}^{(a)}_{\mu},
  \end{equation}
where $\tilde{A}_{\mu}$ is the perturbed part of the gauge field. By expanding the action up to second order of $\tilde{A}^{(a)}_{\mu}$ and introduce $J_a^{\mu}$,\\
 \begin{equation}
 S \to S_0 +\int d^4x\,\, \tilde{A}^{(a)}_{\mu}J_{(a)}^{\mu}.
 \end{equation}
 where $S_0$ and $S$  is the unperturbed and perturbed action respectively.\\
The non-abelian color DC conductivity can be computed from the two point retarded current-current correlation function from AdS/CFT correspondence as follows,

\begin{equation}
\sigma^{\mu \nu}_{(ab)}(\omega)=\frac{1}{i \omega}<J_{(a)}^{\mu}(\omega)J_{(b)}^{\nu}(-\omega)>=\frac{\delta^2 S}{\delta \tilde{A}^{(a)}_{\mu} \delta \tilde{A}^{(b)}_{\nu}}.
\end{equation}
So the DC conductivities are related to the retarded Green's function of the boundary current $\mathop{J}^i$,
\begin{equation} \label{kubo2}
\sigma^{ij} (k_{\mu})=-\mathop{\lim }\limits_{\omega \to 0} \frac{1}{\omega } \Im G^{ij}(k_{\mu}),
\end{equation}
The conductivities along $i$ and $j$ directions can be expressed as $\sigma^{ij}_{ab}(x,y)=\frac{\delta J^i_a(x)}{\delta E^b_j(y)}$ respectively. Conductivity is a scalar quantity  because of rotation symmetry in $xy$ plane,
\begin{equation}
\sigma^{ij}_{ab}=\sigma_{ab}\delta^{ij}.
\end{equation}
 This computation is valid only at zero background charge or in the probe limit.  At finite charge,  the gauge fields would couple to the metric and the procedure \ref{perturb-A}-\ref{kubo2} is definitely not valid\cite{Baggioli:2021xuv}.\\
 Now, we consider the perturbation part of  gauge  field as $\tilde{A}_x=\tilde{A}_x(r)e^{-i\omega t}$ in which $\omega$ is small because of hydrodynamics limit.  By inserting the perturbed part Eq.(\ref{perturb-A}) in the action Eq.(\ref{action}) and keeping terms up to second order of $\tilde{A}$ we have,\\
\begin{align}\label{action-2}
S^{(2)}&=-\int d^4x \frac{2}{ f \sqrt{1+ \frac{1}{2}b h'^2}} \left[-f^2 \left((\partial_r\tilde{A}_x^{(1)})^2+(\partial_r\tilde{A}_x^{(2)})^2+(\partial_r\tilde{A}_x^{(3)})^2\right)\right. \nonumber\\
&\left.+\Big((\tilde{A}_x^{(1)})^2+(\tilde{A}_x^{(2)})^2\Big) \left( \omega ^2+h^2\right)+\omega ^2 (\tilde{A}_x^{(3)})^2\right].
\end{align}
By variation of action $S^{(2)}$ with respect to $\tilde{A}_x ^a$ we have,
\begin{equation}\label{PerA1}
 f \left(f
   \tilde{A}_x^{(1)'}\right)'+\tilde{A}_x^{(1)}
   \left( h^2+ \omega ^2\right)-\frac{ b f^2 \tilde{A}_x^{(1)'} h'
      h''}{b h'^2+2}=0,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{PerA2}
f \left(f
\tilde{A}_x^{(2)'}\right)'+\tilde{A}_x^{(2)}
\left( h^2+ \omega ^2\right)-\frac{ b f^2 \tilde{A}_x^{(2)'} h'
h''}{b h'^2+2}=0,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{PerA3}
 f \left(f
\tilde{A}_x^{(3)'}\right)'+\omega ^2\tilde{A}_x^{(3)}
-\frac{ b f^2 \tilde{A}_x^{(3)'} h'
h''}{b h'^2+2}=0.
\end{equation}
By expanding near event horizon and applying the relation $f\sim4\pi T(r-r_h)$, we will have,
\begin{align}
\tilde{A}_x^{(a)}\sim (r-r_h)^{z_a} \, , \qquad a=1,2,3
\end{align}
where,
\begin{align}\label{z12}
z_1&=z_2=\pm i \frac{\sqrt{h(r_h)^2+\omega ^2}}{4 \pi T}  \\
\label{z3}
z_3&=\pm i \frac{\omega }{4 \pi T}.
\end{align}
We consider the solution of $\tilde{A}_x^{(a)}$ as a function of coordinate $r$ and then expand it in terms of $\omega$ as  following,
\begin{align}\label{EOMA1}
\tilde{A}_x^{(1)}=\tilde{A}^{(1)}_{\infty}\Big(\frac{-3f}{\Lambda r^2}\Big)^{z_1}\Big(1+i\omega h_1(r)+\cdots\Big) ,
\end{align}
\begin{align}\label{EOMA2}
\tilde{A}_x^{(2)}=\tilde{A}^{(2)}_{\infty}\Big(\frac{-3f}{\Lambda r^2}\Big)^{z_2}\Big(1+i\omega h_2(r)+\cdots\Big) ,
\end{align}
\begin{align}\label{EOMA3}
\tilde{A}_x^{(3)}=\tilde{A}^{(3)}_{\infty}\Big(\frac{-3f}{\Lambda r^2}\Big)^{z_3}\Big(1+i\omega h_3(r)+\cdots\Big) ,
\end{align}
where $\tilde{A}^{(a)}_{\infty}$ is the value of fields in the boundary and $z_i$'s are the minus sign of Eq.(\ref{z12}) and Eq.(\ref{z3}).\\
By inserting Eq.(\ref{EOMA1})   in   Eq.(\ref{PerA1})  and considering the small  $\omega$ based on hydrodynamics limit we can find $h_1(r)$  as follows,
\begin{align}\label{h1}
& \bigg(16 i \pi ^2 r^2 T^2 +4 i r f   f'-i r^2  f'^2\bigg) \left(2 r^4-b q^2\right)h(r_h)^2 h_1(r)\nonumber\\ & + 8 \pi  r^2 T f f'\left(2 r^4-b q^2\right)\bigg(h(r_h)+2 i \pi  T\bigg)
   h_1'(r)\nonumber\\ &
  + 4 \pi  r T f h(r_h) \Bigg(r \left(2 r^4-b q^2\right) f''+4 \left(b q^2-r^4\right) f'\Bigg) h_1(r) \nonumber\\ &
      +4 i f^2 h(r_h)^2 \left(b q^2-2 r^4\right) h_1(r)+8 \pi  T f^2 h(r_h)\left(2 r^4-3 b q^2\right)h_1(r)\nonumber\\ &
     + 16 \pi  r T f^2 \Bigg(h_1'(r) \bigg(-2 r^4 h(r_h)+b q^2 \big(h(r_h)+2 i \pi
         T\big)\bigg)+i \pi  r T \left(2 r^4-b q^2\right) h_1''(r)\Bigg) =0.
\end{align}

The equation for $h_2(r)$ is the same as $h_1(r)$ and the equation of $h_3(r)$ is as following,
\begin{align}
& f \left(r^2 \left(2 r^4-b q^2\right) h_3''+2 b q^2 r h_3'-6 b q^2+4
   r^4\right)\nonumber\\ & +r \left(r \left(2 r^4-b q^2\right) f''+f' \left(r \left(2 r^4-b q^2\right) h_3'+4
      b q^2-4 r^4\right)\right)=0.
\end{align}
The solution of $h_3(r)$ is as,
\begin{align}
& h_3(r) =C_3 + \int_1^r \left(\frac{C_4 u^2}{f(u) \sqrt{2 u^4-b q^2}}+\frac{2
   f(u)-u f'(u)}{u f(u)}\right) \, du,
\end{align}
where $C_3$ and $C_4$ are integration constants. The integration in $h_3(r)$ solution is not easy. However, by investigating the near horizon behavior, we can determine $C_4$ such that $h_3(r)$ has a regular form on the horizon $r=r_h$. Using the approximation in $f\sim4\pi T(r-r_h)$ one finds,
\begin{equation}\label{C4}
 h_3 \approx  \bigg(\frac{C_4 r_h^2}{4 \pi  T \sqrt{2 r_h^4-b q^2}}-1\bigg) \log(r-r_h)+\text{finite terms}.
\end{equation}
So for regurality of $h_3$ on horizon we have,
\begin{equation}
C_4=\frac{4 \pi  T \sqrt{2 r_h^4-b q^2}}{r_h^2} .
\end{equation}
Considering the solution of $\tilde{A}_x^{(3)}$ in Eq.(\ref{action-2}) and variation with respect to $\tilde{A}^{(3)}_{\infty}$ , Green's function  can be read as,
\begin{align} \label{Green1}
& G_{xx}^{(33)} (\omega ,\vec{0})=\frac{(\tilde{A}_x^{(3)})^{*}f(r) \partial _{r}\tilde{A}_{x}^{(3)}}{\sqrt{b h'^2+2}} \nonumber\\&=\frac{i \omega}{2 \pi r T  \sqrt{2b h'^2+4} }\bigg(r f'-2f+rfh_3'\bigg)\bigg|_{r \to \infty},
\end{align}
by substituting $f(r)$ , $h_3(r)$ , $h'(r)$ in above equation and using Eq.(\ref{kubo2}) we have,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{sigma33}
\sigma_{xx}^{(33)}=-\mathop{\lim }\limits_{\omega \to 0} \frac{1}{\omega } \Im G^{ij}(k_{\mu}) =\frac{\sqrt{r_h^4-\frac{b}{2}q^2}}{r_h^2}.
\end{eqnarray}
It shows that the conductivity bound is violated for non-abelian Born-Infeld theory since $b>0$. In the limit of $b \to 0$  we have,
\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma_{xx}^{(33)} =1.
\end{eqnarray}
For solving Eq.(\ref{h1}), we expand the $h_1(r)$ near boundary,
\begin{equation}\label{Expand}
h_1(r)\approx h_{10}+\frac{h_{11}}{r}+\frac{h_{12}}{r^2}+...,
\end{equation}
By plugging Eq.(\ref{Expand}) to Eq.(\ref{h1}) we get this relation,
\begin{equation}
h_{11}(r) \approx  h_{10}.
\end{equation}
The value of $h_1$  goes to zero on the boundary of AdS, $\mathop{\lim }\limits_{r \to \infty} h_1 \to 0$ ,  so by considering this condition $h_{10}$ is determined as $h_{10}=0$, and $h_{11}$ is found as,
\begin{equation}
h_{11}=0,
\end{equation}
by applying the same procedure of $\sigma_{xx}^{(33)}$ we have,
\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma_{xx}^{(11)} =\sigma_{xx}^{(22)}=-\frac{1}{6} \Lambda  (h_{11}+h_{11}^*) =0.
\end{eqnarray}
The non-abelian color DC conductivity in our model has two indices and  it is a scalar in both gauge group and spatial indices. Therefore, The non-abelian color DC conductivity is nonzero just in the gauge field background direction and it is gauge invariant. It means that the color non-abelian DC conductivity in terms of color indices is diagonal and also Ohm's law is diagonal in this model.

The electric DC conductivity bound for abelian Born-Infeld \cite{Kuang:2018ymh}  and abelian Maxwell theory \cite{Fadafan:2016gmx} is preserved. Our result Eq.(\ref{sigma33}) shows that the color DC conductivity bound is violated for non-abelian Born-Infeld theory, but the conductivity bound is saturated for non-abelian Yang-Mills theory.
 \section{Conclusions}

\noindent We introduced a non-abelian Einstein-Born-Infeld AdS black brane solution and calculated the non-abelian color DC conductivity for this model. There is a conjecture that conductivity is bounded by the universal value $\sigma \geq 1$ {\footnote{ We consider $\frac{1}{e^2}=1$}. Our calculations show that the conductivity bound is violated for non-abelian Born-Infeld theory but this bound is saturated for Yang-Mills theory. The reason of this violation is related to nonlinearity. For more information about the dual field theory of this model, it is better to compute shear viscosity to entropy density ratio in this model. The ratio for this model is $\frac{\eta }{s}=\frac{1 }{4 \pi}$. Therefore, the coupling of the field theory dual to the Born-Infeld theory is the same as the coupling of the field theory dual to the Einstein AdS black brane solution, but the conductivity is different.

\vspace{1cm}
\noindent {\large {\bf Acknowledgment} } We would like to thank Shahrokh Parvizi,
Komeil Babaei, Kazem Bitaghsir Fadafan, Mojtaba Shahbazi, M. H. Abbasi and the referees of INJP for useful comments and suggestions. This work has been supported financially by the research council of Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Iran, Grant
No. 15664-214239.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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The Cypriot Crisis: the last act of the "Greek Tragedy"?
Roberto Cisotta 2013-04-09
Roberto Cisotta · Aprile 9, 2013
Increasing attention is being drawn on the 'Cypriot case', which has been causing considerable turbulence on the financial markets and raising remarkable political and legal concerns. The attitude taken by the European and international Institutions while dealing with the Cypriot crisis might seem somewhat fuzzy and confused if compared with the approach previously adopted to provide the rescue packages for some Eurozone Member States (Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain).
The timeline of the Cypriot crisis management is worth having a look. In June 2012 – just before the beginning of the Cypriot presidency – the government of the Island had firstly asked for financial assistance, but such issue had started to be discussed since November 2011 (when the 'Italian financial fever' was reaching its maximum; see the Commission statement on Cyprus, 20 March 2013 and the statement by vice-president Rehn at the Eurogroup press conference, 25 March 2013). Although the Eurogroup invited to define a financial assistance programme – building upon the EU acts already adopted vis-à-vis Cyprus and the measures taken in the Island (see the Eurogroup Statement, 27 June 2012) – an agreement seems to have been reached only on 25 March 2013, while a formal MoU is expected to be finalized in April (see the short statement delivered by the vice-president of the Commission Rehn on the progress on negotiations in November, the Eurogroup Statement on Cyprus, 25 March 2013 and the statement on Cyprus by vice-president Rehn and the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, 3 April 2013).
The Cypriot oversized banking sector has suffered from the turbulences on the financial markets and from the recurring cycles of the Greek crisis, due to the high stocks of Hellenic bonds owned by the Island's banks. Thus, the situation has worsened over the last months. In March, we witnessed a round of unprecedentedly confused negotiations between the Cypriot authorities and the EU Institutions. Shortly after the conclusion of an agreement had been just trumpeted on 16 March 2013 (see Eurogroup statement on Cyprus, 16 March 2013), its rejection by the Cypriot Parliament recalled into question its (legal and) political foundations.
Apart from the lack of coordination between the EU Institutions, what is striking in the Cypriot crisis is their hesitancy in sharing the political responsibility of formulating a clear proposal and of the subsequent negotiations with the national authorities: the Commission openly and strongly marked its disagreement both with the Eurogroup and with the Cypriot government on the most discussed measure: the 'upfront one-off stability levy' on deposits in Cypriots banks (European Commission statement on Cyprus, 20 March 2013). The Eurogroup – after having held a teleconference on 21 March to discuss the last developments of the bargaining with the Cypriots (see the statement of the Eurogroup President on Cyprus, 21 March 2013) – finally announced an agreement was reached on 25 March 2013 (Eurogroup statement on Cyprus, 25 March 2013).
According to the terms of the final agreement, all deposits below € 100.000 are exempted from the levy 'in accordance with EU principles', as this is the threshold under which EU legislation establishes the obligation for national deposit guarantee schemes to safeguard bank deposits (see Directive 94/19/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 1994 on deposit-guarantee schemes, as amended; this guarantee is further confirmed in point 7 of the annex to the lastly cited Eurogroup statement). A levy imposed on deposits under this threshold would have appeared in contrast with the EU intention to guarantee those deposits, however this will not prevent uninsured deposits (namely those in Laiki Bank, which will be split in a bad bank and a good bank, and the latter will 'be folded into Bank of Cyprus (…) using the Bank Resolution Framework') from being frozen 'until recapitalization has been effected', 'through a deposit/equity conversion of uninsured deposits with full contribution of equity shareholders and bond holders' (points 3 an 5 of the annex).
One may find somewhat ironic that Mr Barroso, in his speech in Nicosia on 6 July 2012, announcing together with the president of Cyprus the priorities of the following semester, had to declare that making progress on the Commission's proposal to set up a banking union would have been crucial, stressing that:
'Proper supervision of European banks, protection for citizens bank deposits and a framework for dealing with banks in trouble have a direct impact on our citizens.'
Hence, the proper and 'usual' functioning of the internal market has not been formally ensured, potentially undermining citizens' trust in the internal market and in the safety of bank deposits. Meanwhile, as bank run risks have appeared more concrete than ever before in the EU – the Northern Rock case having been finally circumscribed in a part of the UK market – extraordinary measures have been adopted to limit capital flows potentially dangerous for Cyprus' financial stability and upheld by the Commission as temporary exceptional measures (see the statement by the European Commission on the capital controls imposed by the Republic of Cyprus, 28 March 2013).
The concerns raised by this situation for human rights protection, as well as for the inconsistency between the wholly national responsibility for guaranteeing banks deposits and the aim to establish a banking union, ostensibly pursued by the Commission (for some first remarks on these issues Antoniou's and Lindseth's posts on www.eutopialaw.com), could make it difficult to reconcile the whole strategy adopted towards the Cypriot crisis with the principles and the spirit of EU law.
I will make two remarks, just to shed some light on some very delicate legal issues to be more properly addressed in the future.
From an institutional law standpoint – and without prejudice to any other legal problem which could be raised, in particular with reference to formal issues related to the relationships between different legal sources or different legal instruments –, the potential clash between internal market functioning and human rights on the one hand, and capital control and 'austerity' measures like those imposed on Cyprus on the other hand, unveils the need for a balance between constitutional principles of EU law: freedoms of movement, human rights protection and safeguard of the 'financial stability of the euro area as a whole'. As to the highest rank enjoyed by such principles within EU law, no one can raise doubts on the first two sets mentioned. For what concerns the last one, it can be argued that the Court of justice has recently resorted to it not just as an interpretative tool, but as a more general principle, as well as a fundamental objective pursued by the provisions on the economic and monetary union (see judgment in case C-370/12, Pringle, nyr, in particular paras 135 ff).
That does not amount to say that safeguarding the financial stability of the euro area as a whole can surely provide grounds to justify breaches of other constitutional principles of EU law, like those seemingly provoked by the measures adopted in the context of the Cypriot crisis. Nevertheless, the measure of discretion to be recognized to political Institutions when dealing with these issues has to be fine tuned while, obviously, the proportionality principle has to be respected when choosing the measures to be adopted, in particular by rescued Countries. More specifically, this problem is likely to arise (in many possible situations and in particular) when Article 136 TFEU has to be interpreted as to the room for manoeuvre to be granted to the Council when adopting 'measures specific to those Member States whose currency is the euro'.
The second remark regards precisely the behaviour of the Institutions. In the context of the Cypriot crisis, their action – because of lack of coordination and political uncertainties, as it has been pointed out – has not been adequate and effective. The legal toolkit with which they are now equipped requires to be used appropriately and duly taking into account the complex and multi-level legal context in which rescue measures have to be applied. Moreover, the Cypriot crisis shows that the newly established economic governance of the euro area and all the reforms put in place (as well as all the foreseeable ones) cannot substitute political willingness and coherence.
The Cypriot 'case' also shows that the sovereign debt crisis is not over: in particular, Member States are still exposed to contagion risks from the 'Greek infection' and financial stability at all levels is still to be achieved also through a new and stronger legal framework (one of its pillars having to be constituted by a solid banking union).
Tags:article 136banking unioncyprusdebtdepositEUeuroeurogroupfinancial assistancefinancial stabilitygreecehellenic bondshuman rightsrescue packages
Il caso "Marò": alcune considerazioni sull'utilizzo di strumenti internazionali di risoluzione delle controversie
L'Unione europea e la "questione ungherese": taking rights seriously?
Roberto Cisotta
diritto dell'Unione europeadiritto internazionale pubblico
The EU's (Predictable) Silence about Israeli Violence in Palestine


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