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HomeAbsalomThe Theology of Ents (Lord of the Rings)
The Theology of Ents (Lord of the Rings)
Scott Smith December 30, 2009
Where did all these armies of trees--Tolkien's Ents and Huorns, Shakespeare's Birnam Wood, even Kurosawa's Throne of Blood--come from? The Bible.
In The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, the Ents march on Saruman's fortress of Orthanc in Isengard and are an unstoppable force and just plain cool. Also, the Huorns, who are either Ents who have turned treeish or trees that have grown wild and grumpy, march from Fangorn forest. They consume the retreating Uruk-hai from the Battle of the Hornburg at Helm's Deep.
What was Tolkien's inspiration for the Ents?
In a letter to the Anglo-American poet, W. H. Auden, Tolkien explains his inspiration for the Ents:
"Their part in the story is due, I think, to my bitter disappointment and disgust from schooldays with the shabby use made in Shakespeare of the coming of 'Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill': I longed to devise a setting in which the trees might really march to war. And into this has crept a mere piece of experience, the difference of the 'male' and 'female' attitude to wild things, the difference between unpossessive love and gardening."(1)
Tolkien's Ents and Huorns were inspired by the marching of Shakespeare's Birnam Wood in the MacBeth. Do you remember that part of the play?
In Scene 3, MacBeth tells that doctor that he is not afraid of an invasion because of the three witches' prediction that 1) No man born of woman can kill him and 2) the woods must march before he is defeated. Well, guess what? Both of these things happen.
The First Prophecy
On a side note, do you remember how Tolkien also also used the first of the witches' prophecies, that "no man born of woman can kill him"? Sound familiar? The elf Glorfindel prophesized about The Witch-King Angmar, "Do not pursue him! He will not return to these lands. Far off yet is his doom, and not by the hand of man will he fall."(2). Eowyn--"I am no man!"--with the help of Merry eventually slays the Witch-King fulfilling the prophesy.
For Shakespeare, this prophesy was likely inspired by the Protoevangelium (First Gospel) of Genesis 3:15:
"I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and hers; He will strike at your head, while you strike at his heel."
The "offspring" of woman, or the "seed" of woman as it is otherwise translated, can only refer to one man in all of human history. One man! Elsewhere in the Bible or other ancient documents you will only ever see the "seed of man," not woman. There is only one man in history who had no earthly father: the virgin birth, Jesus of Nazareth born of Mary and the Holy Spirit.
Isn't that amazing?? The whole Gospel was contained in one verse of Genesis. The whole of salvation history was outlined from the beginning. God wasn't making it up as He went. The most ancient prophesy of the Messiah is surprisingly clear: a virgin birth who will strike at the skull of the serpent. Where's was Christ crucified? Into what was the wood of Christ's cross thrust? What was the place's name? Golgotha, which means "place of the skull." Incredible!
The Second Prophecy
Back to MacBeth: In Scene 4, Malcolm instructs his army, "let every soldier hew him down a bough." The soldiers cover themselves in the branches of the Birnam Wood and advance upon Dunsinane Castle, fulfilling the prophesy:
"As I did stand my watch upon the hill,
I look'd toward Birnam, and anon, methought,
The wood began to move." (Messenger, Scene V)
But what was Shakespeare's inspiration??
The books of the Prophet Samuel detail, in part, the wars, rebellions, and conquests of King David. When Absalom rebels against his father David, David retreats to Ephraim Wood. Absalom pursues David into the wood, and his armies are completely routed. But David had some help:
"The battle spread out over that entire region, and the thickets consumed more combatants that day than did the sword." (2 Samuel 18:8)
Absalom, himself, was snatched from his mule by the branches of an oak tree and struggled there until Joab thrust three spears into him. Note, also, that three wounds marked the Sacred Heart of Jesus, the Son of God, as he hung from the wood of the cross. Of course, Christ, unlike Absalom, was blameless.
I'm convinced that this description of the Battle of Ephraim Wood directly inspired Shakespeare's MacBeth, and in so doing inspired Tolkein. It's also entirely possible the Tolkien was directly inspired by Scripture, too.
1. Humphrey Carpenter, The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien (New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), Letter #163.
2. The Return of the King, Appendix A (I, iv)
Absalom David Ents Huorns Lord of the Rings MacBeth Shakespeare Tolkien
KOBA November 21, 2016 at 5:25 AM
Great arcticle. I always wondered where armies of trees came from


I realize Win 8 CP is new, but I'm wondering if you guys are looking at Enhanced Protected Mode and have figured out a way to support it. Enhanced Protected Mode is an option in IE10 (x64 only I think) that runs IE10 in a more secure sandbox called AppContainer (same as metro apps run in, even though it's for IE10 desktop), and currently lastpass doesn't work on any site that has it enabled (it can be disabled via a prompt when a site wants to load flash, to fall back to the standard protected mode sandbox.) Apparently EPM does support plug-ins, but they must be made compatible and marked as so.
Not sure about Win 8 etc, but I run my Firefox / LastPass combo in Sandboxie and it works flawlessly.
Is there any update on the topic of this thread, LastPass for IE10 Desktop in Enhanced Protected Mode?
I would like to be able to use LastPass in IE11 with EPM enabled ... there's been recent vulnerability in IE http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvenam ... -2014-1776 and one way to protect against it is to enable EPM. But I also want to continue to use lastpass!
bronekk Wrote: I would like to be able to use LastPass in IE11 with EPM enabled ... there's been recent vulnerability in IE http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvenam ... -2014-1776 and one way to protect against it is to enable EPM. But I also want to continue to use lastpass!
An out of band emergency patch was released for that vulnerability on Thursday. If you have automatic Windows updates enabled, your computer should have installed it by now, but you can verify by running Windows update.
I crave for Windows8 Metro IE support. Entering gclub passwords using the on-screen keyboard is a pain.
tongclub60246 Wrote: I crave for Windows8 Metro IE support. Entering gclub passwords using the on-screen keyboard is a pain.
The Metro version of Internet Explorer does not support extensions or bookmarklets. Copying passwords from the Metro app would be your best bet.
Not have much idea about it .


KayKiSpeaks.com: Who Else Loves H&M??
Ok, the jumper isnt for everybody...thats just fact, but when you can pull it off, Id say its definitely a hit. Considering that its from H&M.. youre can rarely go wrong there. The best thing about this is that its so flexible! You can def dress this up or down, but I think thats the beauty of H&M anyway! I dig this.


TSA Lock Safety: Enabled with TSA lock, you can stay assured that none of your valuables or gadgets would be stolen or lost. Pack it up and lock away your worries.
Scientific Storage: A bag designed to fit in all of your needs, multiple pockets and compartments to store your gizmos, wallets, books, clothes, keys and what not.
Breathable and Shock Absorbing: Carefully chosen material that makes the outer covering strong enough to absorb shocks and hence prevent damage. At the same time, the breathable mesh on the other side makes it comfortably easy for you to carry loads of stuff for long duration.
Charging on the GO: In-built USB charging slot so that you never run out of battery in your mobile devices and stay connected to the virtual world always.
Two colour variants to suit various style needs, pick the one that you like and enjoy backpacking is style.
180° functional opening structure makes it easy to store each and every item in the bag with ease so that you can make the most out of the multiple pockets and zippers provided. Never mix up your keys and documents with other items.
5] Additional features like Headphone buckle, SBS zipper, Hidden back pocket.


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Press Release Apr 7 April 7, 2017
Leader McCarthy on the Confirmation of Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court
Republicans, Democrats, and everybody in between should celebrate that a man of such principle and clarity has taken the seat of the late, great Justice Scalia.
Statement on U.S. Airstrikes in Syria
Tonight's strikes show these evil actions carry consequences.
Our Veterans Should Have the Opportunity to Fill the Jobs of the Future
The benefits designed to help veterans transition to civilian life must be updated to expand education opportunities and fit the changing times.
Supporting America's Innovators
Chief Deputy Whip Patrick McHenry's (NC-10) Supporting America's Innovators Act updates the law to fit the 21st century.
Building on the Success of the JOBS Act Five Years Out
By reforming how government works and empowering private sector innovation, we can recreate the magic of the JOBS Act across all sectors and in every region of America.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Quiz: Zac Efron Doesn't Know The Lyrics To "Breaking Free". Do You?
26 August 2015, 13:49 | Updated: 8 May 2017, 17:09
By Alim Kheraj
Brb, just going to re-watch all three HSM films.
During a recent press junket, Zac Efron (of looking good shirtless fame) was caught out by a game of guess the song form the intro.
During the interview, which was in promotion of new EDM film We Are Your Friends, Efron and his co-stars, Emily Ratajkowski and Max Joseph, were played the intro to a song and they had to guess it.
The shocking part came when Efron didn't know the intro to "Breaking Free" from High School Musical, ONLY THE FILM THAT PRACTICALLY STARTED HIS CAREER.
WHAT.A.FAIL.
However, this did get us thinking about how much we LOVED HSM and whether we would remember the lyrics to "Breaking Free". So we did what any sensible person would do and made a quiz...
Quiz: Where Would Luke Hemmings from 5SOS Take You On A Date?


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'Little risk' of oversupply for Sydney
by Francesca Krakue | October 05, 2016 | 1 minute read
A senior economist has forecast that there is little risk of oversupply in Sydney's inner area and suburbs, despite the high-density building boom.
by Francesca Krakue
Speaking at the BIS Shrapnel Forecasting Conference in September, managing director Robert Mellor noted that although Sydney is experiencing a "high-density building boom", the risk of oversupply in the city is relatively low.
He pointed out that although the high levels of construction occurring in the city at the moment is "not just heavily concentrated in the CBD", the economic forecaster "cannot see any oversupply developing" either in the inner city area or the suburbs.
"In the next four years, we just do not see that occurring," he said, adding, "that doesn't mean that there won't be some overbuilding in particular localities, but we see little risk of oversupply".
For example, he said: "In Melbourne, they're still building a lot of detached houses on the fringe. I think the numbers in the last year are something like 19,000 or 20,000 lots, so you're talking about double what Sydney's getting. Yes, there's a lot of high-density construction, but overall it's still very much a owner-occupied driven market."
Mr Mellor's comments stand in contrast to the findings of the recent UBS Global Real Estate Bubble Index for 2016, which noted that increasing supply "may end the price boom rather abruptly" in Sydney.
Last year's Global Real Estate Bubble Index said that Sydney's real estate prices were "overvalued", but the index this year warns that Sydney is the fourth among global cities most at risk of a housing bubble.
Francesca Krakue
Rates to hold until 2017
Bubble risk 'eminent' in Sydney
November rate cut likely to be the last
Investor lending soars
RBA delivers cash rate announcement
Dwelling resale losses increase nationally
New hotspots identified by council maps


Do i need to flush the AC system out?
I replace a new AC compressor on a 2004 GMC envoy do the AC system need to be flush?
Re: do i need to flush the AC system out?
You do not need to "flush" the AC system, but you will need to put a vacuum pump on it to evacuate all of the air before charging with new refrigerant and the recommended amount of oil charge. It appears that the refrigerant is R-134a and the system takes 48 ounces for a front and rear system or 29 ounces for a front only system. The specified oil is PAG46 and you will need 8.5 ounces for a front and rear system and 7.5 ounces for a front only system. The first link below is the specification page and the second is a video showing how to charge the system. The big parts chain stores will loan or rent the necessary tools and will be happy to sell you the refrigerant and lubricant.
If you pulled out the orifice tube you would be able to see if the old compressor has come apart and the system needs to be flushed. If you pulled out the orifice tube you would be able to see if the old compressor has come apart and the system needs to be flushed.
Try the fuel filter. Sounds like the engine might be running rough due to weak fuel pressure. Its cheaper to replace, especially if it's still original from 04. Try running some injector cleaner through a couple of tanks of high octane gas.
Just behind right rear tire up in the wheel well. Air inlet is inside right rear quarter near the accessory inflator. Compressor runs 3 lines one for the accessory inflator and one for each air bag.
THere are also 2 sensors, one on each trailing arm that senses load and then raises and lowers accordingly.
I have a 2004 GMC Envoy. It was blowing out hot air and not holding freon. Replaced air compressor, but when AC is running there is a clicking noise and the truck acts like its going to shut off.
2004 GMC Envoy was told compressor is out? Or could it just need to be recharged?
AC service should only be done by a qualified HVAC technician, there are specialized tools and equipment required to diagnose and repair these systems.
when you replace new compressor/you shoud have to flush ACsystemby usingR11 AND needto replase expantion valve .after that you need to vaccuming AC system.also put AC compessor oil and refill 134A gas.
2004 Envoy - Do I need to drain the refrigerant from my A/C system to replace the high pressure transducer or does it have a schrader valve?
Anytime the AC system is opened, it needs to be evacuated and refilled with refrigerant and oil.
Your local auto parts store should have the stuff to tests for leaks. They should have a can of ac refill that has a an additive to repair small leaks.
No cold air w/air conditioner on for a 2004 GMC Envoy.
Can't go by the pressure. Ck the large lone coming out of firewall, should be col. Small line at ac condensor in front of radiator should be hot.


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Home>News> "VIEWS" Is Reportedly Platinum; Drake Announces Physical & Streaming Release Dates
"VIEWS" Is Reportedly Platinum; Drake Announces Physical & Streaming Release Dates
Republic Records reports that "VIEWS" is already platinum. It's only been available through iTunes and Apple Music. It will see a physical release tomorrow (May 6), and will move to all streaming platforms on May 13.
All the early reports suggested that Drake's new album, VIEWS, was expected to do huge numbers, and Republic Records, the label primarily responsible for the album's distribution, has now verified those predictions. According to Republic, VIEWS has sold the equivalent (including streams) of 1.2 million copies in its first six days of release. Over a million of those sales came from the U.S. alone.
Though the full breakdown of those numbers is not yet available, Republic has reported that VIEWS was streamed upwards of 250 million times, 200 million of those streams coming from the U.S. Though the official certification from the RIAA has not come in yet, if Republic's numbers are correct, then VIEWS will have achieved platinum status in less than a week.
To make the numbers even more mind-boggling, every one of those streams is attributed to Apple Music, the only platform on which the album is available to stream. Released as an Apple exclusive, VIEWS has also been available in the iTunes store. Tomorrow (May 6), VIEWS will see a physical release, and the digital version will also be extended to other online retailers. Streaming-wise, it will stay tied to Apple Music until May 13, when it will move to Tidal, Spotify, and other platforms.
News sales Industry Drake views platinum republic apple music
Adidas Says They Sold 400,000 Pairs of NMDs In A Single Day
50 Cent Reportedly Donates $100,000 To Autism Speaks In Wake Of Controversy
NEWS "VIEWS" Is Reportedly Platinum; Drake Announces Physical & Streaming Release Dates


text: Secondary Tertiary Lead

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Millennium Philadelphia – Camino Books, Inc.
At last, a reprise of the highly popular Millennium Philadelphia in a deluxe paperback edition ($29.95, October 15, 2007), with the striking black-and-white photographs of city life and history that made it a "family album of the Philadelphia century." Picking up where the original left off, a chapter update, "The New Millennium," features a full-color pictorial of the city's continued change into the twenty-first century.
To outsiders, Philadelphia is defined by its celebrities: the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, Grace Kelly, Bill Cosby, Rocky, Ben Franklin, cheesesteaks. But Philadelphians know it as a city of neighborhoods, of rowhouses spilling out people on summer evenings. It is a city of strong ethnic flavors, though the ethnic origins keep changing.
Many dramatic changes have shaped the city in the last 100 years or so: in its skyline, its waterfront, its people, and its industries. But it retains its essential character in scenes so familiar they transcend time and date, maintaining a reassuring continuity between past and present.
Though the city's power of reinvention may be part of its genius, Philadelphia manages to renew itself while holding firmly on to tradition: the Mummers strut on, and cars continue to be parked in the middle of South Broad Street. In Philadelphia, nobody wants too much change.


According to Dutch researchers, taking vitamin B12 and folic acid supplements does not seem to cut the risk of developing dementia in healthy people.
The new research was published in the Neurology journal.
However, other researchers say longer trials were needed to be sure.
That, along with studies linking low vitamin B12 and folic acid intake with poor memory,has prompted scientists to view the supplements as a way to ward off dementia.
On four different tests of memory and thinking skills taken at the start and end of the study, there was no beneficial effect of the supplements on performance.
Study leader Dr. Rosalie Dhonukshe-Rutten, from Wageningen University in the Netherlands, said: "Since homocysteine levels can be lowered with folic acid and vitamin B12 supplements, the hope has been that taking these vitamins could also reduce the risk of memory loss and Alzheimer's disease.
The researchers stressed the research cannot be extrapolated to people who already had cognitive problems and earlier research had suggested they may benefit.


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Q: Flutter не работает фильтрация девайсов через манифест/uses-feature В PlayMarket некоторые устройства не могут скачать приложение.
загруженный бандл в гугл консоль пишет , что многие устройства не поддерживаются тк

Не поддерживает требуемые функции: android.hardware.camera.autofocus

в манифесте проекта я прописал
<uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.camera"/>
<uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.camera.camera.flash" android:required="false" />

и после повторной сборки и загрузки бандла ничего не меняется , кол-во поддерживаемых устройств остается тем же , а если зайти в не поддерживаемый девайс пишет всё тоже уведомление
пробовал разные комбинации , убирал android.hardware.camera и прописывал ей android:required="false"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Rental, housing affordability on the up and up: report
05 December 2018 Tim Neary
Rental affordability improved in all states and territories except for Victoria and Tasmania, according to research from the Real Estate Institute of Australia and Adelaide Bank.
REIA president Malcolm Gunning said that the September quarter 2018 edition of the Adelaide Bank/REIA Housing Affordability Report found that housing affordability has shown improvement across Australia, except for Queensland where it has remained stable.
"The Northern Territory showed the most improvement in rental affordability, while New South Wales showed the most improvement in housing affordability over the quarter," Mr Gunning said.
"Over the quarter, the proportion of median family income required to meet rent payments decreased by 0.2 [of a percentage point] to 23.9 per cent, while the proportion of median family income required to meet average loan repayments decreased by 0.8 [of a percentage point] to 31.4 per cent."
The report also found that across the country, the number of loans decreased by 4.8 per cent, with decreases in all states and territories. The largest fall, 7.8 per cent, was in the Australian Capital Territory.
New loans also decreased by 11.9 per cent from the same quarter in 2017. All states and territories showed an annual decline in new loans, except for Tasmania where there was a 2.7 per cent increase. The decline ranged from 17.6 per cent in Western Australia to 4.4 per cent in South Australia.
"Despite improved housing affordability, the number of first home buyers decreased by 2.0 per cent over the quarter. However, the results are mixed around the country, with large increases in the Northern Territory of 14.7 per cent and a decline in Western Australia of 5.7 per cent."
Mr Gunning said that the decline in first home buyers is symptomatic of the emerging credit squeeze.
"While APRA's restrictions were designed to curb high-risk lending practices, the current practice of reducing loan amounts and increasing approval times across the board is becoming a constraint on economic growth."
Last Updated: 05 December 2018 Published: 05 December 2018


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Home Policies and Initiatives Planning mechanisms for affordable housing
Ministerial Advisory Committee on Planning Mechanisms for Affordable Housing
A Ministerial Advisory Committee has been established to provide advice to the Minister on planning mechanisms to facilitate affordable housing.
The purpose of this guidance is to give direction to Responsible Authorities, landowners or planning applicants that are considering voluntarily entering into an agreement for an affordable housing outcome.
It aims to assist parties involved navigate their way to a successful affordable housing agreement that increases the supply of affordable housing. It needs to be read in conjunction with the following documents:
Governor in Council Order
Specified Matters Under Section 3AA (2) – Ministerial Notice
Example Affordable Housing Agreement
Suggested negotiation steps
Key Messages:
The planning system has a role in facilitating affordable housing.
From 1 June 2018, the Planning and Environment Act 1987 includes a new objective "to facilitate the provision of affordable housing in Victoria".
Legislative changes clarify that Responsible Authorities can enter into an agreement with landowners and others under section 173 of the Planning and Environment Act 1987 for the provision of affordable housing as part of a development.
"Affordable housing" is defined in the Planning and Environment Act 1987.
The role of planning
Homes for Victorians: Affordability, access and choice (March 2017) and Plan Melbourne 2017-2050 (March 2017) recognise the critical need to increase the supply of affordable housing.
Both strategies found that the planning system alone cannot address all issues relating to the affordability of housing, but acknowledged that there is a role for the planning system to facilitate the supply of affordable housing.
Objective of the changes
The objective of the recent changes to the Planning and Environment Act 1987 (the Act) is to facilitate the supply of affordable housing through the planning system.
The changes to the Act are also intended to provide a framework that allows for innovative approaches to the delivery of affordable housing and flexibility for parties when reaching an affordable housing agreement.
Section 173 agreements for affordable housing
One mechanism to facilitate the supply of affordable housing is through a voluntary agreement between a Responsible Authority (generally a local council) and a landowner to deliver affordable housing as part of new developments.
Such agreements are generally referred to as section 173 agreements. The power to enter into the agreement arises under section 173 of the Act.
Amendments to the Planning and Environment Act 1987
Three important changes have been made to the Act that came into effect on 1 June 2018. Those changes were:
Adding a new objective to the Act "to facilitate the provision of affordable housing in Victoria".
Providing a definition of affordable housing – "affordable housing is housing, including social housing, that is appropriate for the housing needs of very low, low, and moderate-income households".
Affirming the use of section 173 for voluntary affordable housing agreements "… a Responsible Authority may enter into an agreement with an owner of land for the development or provision of land in relation to affordable housing".
Why have these legislative changes been introduced?
One of the mechanisms available to a Responsible Authority, such as a council, to facilitate affordable housing in a new residential development is through negotiating an Affordable Housing Agreement with the landowner. Unfortunately, over the past few years, many attempts to negotiate agreements have not resulted in the delivery of affordable housing.
Including an objective in the Planning and Environment Act 1987 to "facilitate the provision of affordable housing" has removed a significant hurdle for Responsible Authorities that are seeking to facilitate affordable housing in their municipality through planning mechanisms.
As for any objective in the Act, a Responsible Authority must undertake the appropriate strategic land use research and municipal policy development in relation to affordable housing. The changes to the Act do not remove the need for a strategic basis for a position by the Responsible Authority.
When can a section 173 Agreement be used to deliver an affordable housing outcome?
It is important to note that because any section 173 agreement is entered into voluntarily, councils and landowners have always been able to enter into a section 173 agreement for a range of outcomes, including affordable housing.
This change to the Act just clarifies that a section 173 is a legal mechanism that can be used in appropriate circumstances to deliver affordable housing in a new development.
The overall process for developing an Affordable Housing Agreement and securing it by way of a section 173 is similar to the process for developing any section 173. The difference is that Affordable Housing is a fairly new area of specialisation in the planning sector in Victoria
An example agreement has been developed to help facilitate the successful negotiation of agreements to provide affordable housing as part of a development.
Please include a reference to 'affordable housing' in the title of the section 173 agreement to assist DELWP to monitor affordable housing agreements.
More information on the general guidance on use of a section 173
To implement the amendments, the Department has worked with councils, the residential development industry and the affordable housing sector to develop two instruments and support materials.
Together with the affordable housing amendments, the instruments and support materials create the framework for Responsible authorities and landowners to negotiate voluntary affordable housing agreements.
The framework provides greater clarity and certainty on how voluntary affordable housing agreements will be structured and applied and assist councils in their role as planning authorities.
The instruments are:
An Order by Governor in Council which specifies the income ranges for very low, low and moderate-income households for affordable housing that is not social housing.
A Ministerial Notice published in the Government Gazette which specifies the matters that must be considered in determining whether housing provided under an Affordable Housing Agreement is appropriate for the needs of very low, low and moderate-income households.
The support materials includes:
An example Affordable Housing Agreement using section 173 of the Act.
Guidance for seeking and negotiating affordable housing agreements under the Act.
View the resources and supporting material available
What does very low, low and moderate-income households mean?
For the purposes of the Planning and Environment Act 1987, households are defined as being very low income households if their income is 50 percent or less of the median household income of Greater Melbourne or the Rest of Victoria, depending on where they live.
Households whose income is between 50 to 80 percent of the median household income of Greater Melbourne or the Rest of Victoria are defined as low income households.
Households whose income is between 80 and 120 percent of Greater Melbourne or the Rest of Victoria are defined as moderate income households.
Who would negotiate the Affordable Housing Agreement?
Preparing and negotiating an Affordable Housing Agreement will require input from a range of experts including strategic and statutory planning staff, an affordable housing subject-matter-expert, and legal services.
While it is statutory and strategic planning staff who will be managing any development, permit variation, permit application or rezoning process there may be other staff within Council who are best placed to negotiate an Affordable Housing Agreement – social planners will bring a sound understanding of the requirements of managing affordable housing, while property officers may have experience in negotiating development or property deals.
As with other matters in planning, a Council may decide to build the skills of one or two staff members who can specialise in affordable housing (in addition to their existing role) or they may contract in specific expertise. In some cases, councils may have a relationship with a registered housing agency who can provide advice and support in negotiating an agreement.
The following process is suggested to help facilitate an effective negotiation of an Affordable Housing Agreement:
Step 1. Prepare strategic basis
Who should be involved:
Responsible Authority
Key Steps:
The Responsible Authority identifies affordable housing needs.
The Responsible Authority prepares planning or non-planning responses.
Early planning is necessary to determine the level of need for affordable housing in a municipality.
Due consideration should first be given to State Planning legislation and policy.
Step 2. Pre-negotiation
End recipient of the affordable housing (such as a registered housing agency (optional)
Broker (optional)
The Responsible Authority clearly articulates the proposed affordable housing outcome they are seeking, with reference to this guidance
The Responsible Authority confirms the priority of an affordable housing outcome in relation to any other planning outcomes that are being sought, above those set out in the appropriate planning controls
The Responsible Authority refers landowners to this guidance and discusses the principles that are proposed to underpin any negotiation
The Responsible Authority refers the landowner to information on potential end recipients of the affordable housing (such as a Registered Housing Agency)
The Responsible Authority invites the landowner to enter into negotiations in relation to an affordable housing outcome for the site.
Issues that a Responsible Authority might consider to determine whether a request should be made to a landowner to voluntarily include affordable housing in a development:
Any value created by the planning process or other mechanism or incentive the Responsible Authority may provide to support an affordable housing outcome
Principles, definitions and other matters set out within this guidance
Suitability of the site location and built form proposition for affordable housing
Site constraints; the priority and cost implications of any other contributions that are sought beyond those otherwise required under the relevant planning controls; and the planning circumstances including the planning application history and stage
The landowner's willingness to consider including an affordable housing component.
Step 3. Negotiation
Landowner
End recipient of the affordable housing (such as a registered housing agency (optional )
The Responsible Authority and landowner discuss the viability of the proposal to include affordable housing as part of the development.
Discussions between the landowner and potential end recipients, to determine the end recipients capacity to support and enhance a proposed affordable housing outcome.
Negotiations regarding the method by which the proposed affordable housing will be delivered and on what terms.
The Responsible Authority should consider a range of issues in determining the type, amount and delivery mechanism as a starting point for discussions with the landowner, including:
The value of incentives that could support the viability of the outcome and the way this value may be utilised to deliver different affordable housing outcomes
The diversity of affordable housing types that the Responsible Authority prioritises based on the assessment of local housing need, and the corresponding cost impact of delivering different dwelling types, sizes and outcomes for different end recipients
End recipient interest, capacity (both financial and administrative) and constraints to operate effectively as owners or managers of the affordable housing being proposed
The appropriateness of the affordable housing being delivered and managed on-site (including consideration to long-term financial viability of ownership or management for the end recipient)
Whether it may be appropriate that an agreed contribution to affordable housing is instead provided on another site or in another form (on the advice and agreement of the end recipient) and the process to manage this contribution
Step 4. Delivery
Finalise agreement of the negotiated outcome, including evidence of support by the proposed end recipient.
Proceed to translate the agreement into an appropriate planning control for each party's endorsement.
An Affordable Housing Agreement secured through a section 173 agreement is legally binding between the landowner and another party.
The section 173 agreement remains with the land, regardless of whether there is a change in land ownership.
Upon entering negotiations, the Responsible Authority should direct the landowner to this guidance to assist in the negotiations.
As part of negotiations with a landowner for a voluntary agreement to provide affordable housing, a Responsible Authority may consider a range of incentives and concessions.
A Responsible Authority must discharge its responsibilities fairly and reasonably. It should not withhold authorisation for a planning scheme amendment without evidence-based policy reasons for doing so.
A Responsible Authority can seek to include a condition on a planning permit for the provision of affordable housing and it should have evidence to support the requirements if the applicant appeals the conditions to VCAT.
An example of where a Responsible Authority would seek to enter into an Affordable Housing Agreement would be as part of a rezoning proposal or a permit application or a variation to a permit for a significant development.
Agreements can be used if a Responsible Authority is disposing of its land or making it available for the purpose of facilitating affordable housing.
A Responsible Authority should not use an Affordable Housing Agreement as a proxy for undertaking the necessary strategic planning work to determine where and how affordable housing should be facilitated through the planning scheme.
More information on process
More information on parties to the agreement
Scenario 1: A Responsible Authority wants to respond to the demand for affordable housing in its municipality and to consider whether planning mechanisms or any other responses are an appropriate way to facilitate affordable housing.
A Responsible Authority wants to respond to the demand for affordable housing in its municipality and to consider whether planning mechanisms or any other responses are an appropriate way to facilitate affordable housing.
The social planning and strategic planning staff create a working group (and/or engage a consultant) to gather information on housing demand, household income levels, projected population growth, and projected housing supply.
The working group develops a Draft Affordable Housing Policy. Following the appropriate level of community engagement, the Responsible Authority adopts an Affordable Housing Policy which sets out how the Responsible Authority will facilitate the provision of affordable housing.
The policy identifies the planning mechanisms that could help facilitate the provision of affordable housing and the Responsible Authority agrees to include those elements in its overall Housing Strategy.
Through a Planning Scheme amendment, the Responsible Authority seeks to reference/incorporate the Housing Strategy into the Planning Scheme. Council staff use the Housing Strategy and the Affordable Housing Policy as a basis for any discussions on Affordable Housing Agreements.
Scenario 2: A landowner with a large land holding wants the planning scheme to be amended to rezone their land from industrial to residential.
A landowner with a large land holding wants the planning scheme to be amended to rezone their land from industrial to residential. They engage a planning consultant and the consultant organises to meet with strategic planning staff at the Council.
In the initial meeting, the Council's strategic planning staff discuss the information they would be seeking before approving a planning scheme amendment. They provide:
an overview of the key strategic land use considerations for the site
the provision of affordable housing and
the planning consultant with links to relevant Council policies and strategies.
The planning consultant begins preparing information on what they hope to achieve through a planning scheme amendment and the strategic justification for it. In parallel, Council staff begin discussions with the landowner and the planning consultant to facilitate a voluntary Affordable Housing Agreement.
Council staff discuss the potential for a voluntary Affordable Housing Agreement with the Councillors, and seek guidance on whether there are any incentives or contributions the Council is willing to make to facilitate a viable Affordable Housing Agreement.
Together the landowner and the Council reach a voluntary Affordable Housing Agreement that sets out that a small percentage (three per cent) of future dwellings on the site will be contributed at no cost to a registered housing agency for the purpose of providing rental accommodation to very low and low-income households. The Affordable Housing Agreement also sets out that another small percentage (two per cent) of dwellings will be available for sale to eligible households by way of a shared equity scheme.
The Affordable Housing Agreement also sets out that Council will assess the land occupied by any affordable housing dwellings at a valuation of zero dollars when calculating the Public Open Space requirement.
The affordable housing is secured through a section 173, either prior to or after authorisation for the Planning Scheme Amendment.
Scenario 3: A landowner wants to redevelop a site near a Major Activity Centre and engages a planning consultant.
A landowner wants to redevelop a site near a Major Activity Centre and engages a planning consultant. The landowner and planning consultant organise a pre-application meeting with the statutory planning staff at the Council.
At the pre-application meeting the Council staff provide an overview of the key statutory planning considerations for the site, including the provision of affordable housing and the planning consultant with links to relevant Council policies and strategies.
Prior to and following lodgement of the planning permit application, the statutory planning staff work with the planning consultant and developer and agree to a voluntary Affordable Housing Agreement.
The Affordable Housing Agreement sets out that the landowner will provide a cash contribution to the value of three per cent of the finished development as a contribution towards the provision of affordable housing.
The landowner and Council staff agree that the Affordable Housing Agreement will be secured through a condition on a notice of decision (or permit) that will require the landowner to enter into a section 173 for the provision of affordable housing in accordance with the details set out in the voluntary Affordable Housing Agreement.
What concessions or trade-offs might a Responsible Authority make?
To help facilitate an Affordable Housing Agreement, a Responsible Authority may consider concessions or incentives such as:
Floor area uplift
A truncated planning timeframe
Reduced developer contribution
Reduction of other planning requirements e.g. carparking, public open space contribution, community infrastructure contribution
Rate reduction or exemption for the affordable housing dwellings
Other contributions by the Responsible Authority e.g. land or money
Can a Responsible Authority ask the landowner to enter into a section 173 for the provision of affordable housing before the Responsible Authority will authorise a planning scheme amendment?
Similarly, the Department of Environment, Land, Water, and Planning will need to see a strategic basis for any request for a planning scheme amendment that includes provisions in relation to affordable housing.
Can a Responsible Authority require entry into an Affordable Housing Agreement as a condition of a planning permit?
A Responsible Authority can seek to include a condition on a planning permit for the provision of affordable housing. As for any condition on a permit, the responsible authority should have evidence to support the requirements and must be able to defend the condition in VCAT if the applicant appeals the conditions.
Throughout the planning permit process, planning staff should have explored and gained agreement with the applicant, on what would or wouldn't be included in an Affordable Housing Agreement secured by way of a planning permit condition for a section 173 agreement.
Depending on the arrangements, the requirement for the provision of affordable housing can significantly change the viability of a development. Any requirements should be identified early and clearly and worked through with the applicant.
This approach will help guide the discussion and support an agreement being reached between the Responsible Authority and the landowner concerning the delivery of affordable housing.
Where there is a broad agreement between the parties to enter negotiations voluntarily, the following approach is suggested:
The decision to enter into negotiations and conclude an agreement is voluntary. A planning condition in relation to affordable housing delivery must have the explicit written agreement of the landowner. Parties may elect to cease negotiations at any stage.
The Responsible Authority should clearly set out:
The underlying value they expect has been, or will be, created through the planning approval process or other mechanisms or incentives to support the delivery of the affordable housing.
The way that value is proposed to be shared between the Responsible Authority and the landowner.
The outcomes they expect can be generated from this value.
Regard must be given to the commercial viability of delivering a negotiated affordable housing outcome. Contributions should not unduly impact on development progression, market supply or affordability.
Determination of what constitutes an acceptable affordable housing outcome should be made with reference to the definition of affordable housing set out in the Planning and Environment Act 1987 and with regard to the interest and financial capacity of proposed end recipient to own and/or manage the dwellings generated by the Affordable Housing Agreement.
The decision as to the end recipient of any affordable housing contribution should rest with the landowner (or planning applicant acting on behalf of the landowner) in consultation with the proposed end recipient and the Responsible Authority.
Conditions on the management and use of the affordable housing should be limited – especially where the managements and use of the affordable housing is regulated through other means as is the case with social housing. If deemed necessary, proposed conditions on the management and use of the affordable housing should be agreed to by a proposed end recipient. Undue restrictions that limit an end recipient's ability to manage dwellings, including restrictions on title, can create significant costs to the end recipient and should be avoided.
The Planning and Environment Act 1987 (Vic).
Given in the Planning and Environment Act 1987. Affordable housing is housing, including social housing, that is appropriate for the housing needs of very low, low, and moderate-income households.
An agreement made pursuant to section 173 of the Planning and Environment Act 1987.
Found section 3AB of the Planning and Environment Act 1987.
Greater Melbourne
The Australian Bureau of Statistics' Greater Capital City Statistical Area of Victoria.
Housing Act
The Housing Act 1983 as amended from time to time.
The person or persons registered or entitled from time to time to be registered by the Registrar of Titles as proprietor or proprietors of an estate in fee simple in the Subject Land or any part thereof and includes any mortgagee-in-possession.
Ministerial Notice
A notice published in the Government Gazette pursuant to section 3AA(2) of the Act.
A planning scheme controls land use and development within a municipal district. It contains state and local planning policies, zones and overlays and other provisions that affect how land can be used and developed. Each planning scheme consists of maps and an ordinance containing planning provisions. The planning scheme is a statutory document and each municipality in the state is covered by one.
Planning scheme amendment
Changes to the planning scheme are called amendments and the process is set out in the Planning and Environment Act 1987. An amendment may involve a change to a planning scheme map (for example: a rezoning), a change to the written part of the scheme, or both.
Registered Housing Agency
A housing provider or association registered with Victoria's Registrar for Housing Agencies for the purposes of the Housing Act.
A Responsible Authority is the body responsible for the administration or enforcement of a planning scheme or a provision of a scheme. A Responsible Authority is responsible for considering and determining planning permit applications and for ensuring compliance with the planning scheme, permit conditions and agreements. The Responsible Authority is usually the municipal council. However, in the Melbourne Planning Scheme for example, the Minister for Planning is the Responsible Authority for land in a number of areas including the Melbourne Casino Area, Melbourne Docklands Area, Flemington Racecourse and the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds.
Rest of Victoria
The area not defined as being part of the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Greater Capital City Statistical Area of Victoria.
Shared equity scheme
Shared equity involves a home buyer plus another entity each taking part ownership or equity in a dwelling. By allowing the home buyer to pay less than 100 percent of the property they require a smaller loan and deposit – thereby allowing them to enter the market earlier.
Given in the Housing Act 1983. Social housing means public housing; and housing owned, controlled or managed by a participating registered agency.
Housing strategy planning initiatives
Page last updated: 31/10/19


Johannesburg - Orlando Pirates thrashed Horoya AC 3-0 in the 2018/19 CAF Champions League Group B match at the Orlando Stadium on Friday.
The victory took the South African giants to the top of the Group B standings, while Guinean champions Horoya slipped down to fourth place.
The visitors threatened first through Ocansey Mandela, who curled the ball wide of the target following a good move by HAC.
Bucs then took control of the match and Augustine Mulenga, and Justin Shonga were both denied by Horoya goalkeeper Abdoulaye Kante.
Kante was a busy man as he was then forced to make a great save to deny Thembinkosi Lorch from close range just before the half-hour mark.
HAC were forced to replace Mohamed Fofana and Boniface Hab, who were then injured just before the halftime break.
The deadlock was then broken by the Buccaneers in first-half stoppage time after some poor defending by the visitors..
South Africa international Lorch beat two defenders in the visitors' box, before firing past Kante to make it 1-0 to Pirates heading into the half-time break.
The hosts pressed Horoya after the halftime break, but the visitors' defence which was led by Yakubu Hubu looked solid in the opening stages of the second half.
Pirates coach Milutin Sredojevic reacted by pulling out Kudakwashe Mahachi and he introduced Vincent Pule as the hosts looked to double their lead.
The move paid off as Bucs doubled their lead after a defensive mistake by Horoya which allowed Justin Shonga to make it 2-0 to Pirates in the 73rd minute.
It was soon 3-0 to Pirates three minutes later following a quick move which was finished off by Shonga, who grabbed his brace with the visitors' defence exposed.
Pirates then stood firm at the back in the dying minutes of the game and they secured a 3-0 victory.


For the dedicated cyclist winter is always too long, which is the reason early spring cycling camps exist! After a successful first run in 2019, 44|5 will again be hosting riders again in early April 2020 on the Costa Daurada, about an hour south of Barcelona in Spain.
The Costa Daurada is an up-and-coming cycling destination, boasting a mild climate, lots of sun and many miles of quiet and challenging roads. In winter and early spring the roads see a number of pro teams coming for a quieter experience than Majorca or Tenerife.
Your 44|5 Cycling Tours cycling camp will be based at the Cambrils Park Resort, a well-managed family and sports resort just minutes from the Mediterranean. Accommodation is comfortable and modern and the resort is equipped with all the amenities you could think of, from a spa/gym to an on-site buffet-style restaurant, a bar near the central pool and even a supermarket.
For 2020 we will be adding an additional 2 nights / 2 rides in Girona, a 2-hour transfer from Cambrils. Pricing and Itinerary coming soon.
A typical day on your Costa Daurada cycling camp starts with a hearty buffet breakfast on the resort, followed by a ride in one of the picturesque mountain ranges near the coast. Most of your rides will finish back at the resort in time for lunch, but for longer ones we may stop in a village for a quick bite on the road.
You will always have a few hours in the afternoon to relax and explore before joining the group for a delicious local dinner either in town or on the resort.
After we pick you up from Barcelona Airport (BCN) we'll transfer you to your resort and get bikes set up for your weekend of riding. In the afternoon we'll do a short (40 km) shake-out spin before a hearty meal at the buffet-style restaurant at the resort.
After a beach-side warm up we head north and climb our final descent from tomorrow's loop, before descending to the northern side of the Serra Llaberia. From the town of Falset we enter an area filled with vines (Priorat, one of Spain's most distinguished wine areas) and hazelnut orchards. A series of exhilarating ups and downs brings us to the foot of the giant escarpment that protects the Natural Park of Montsant, which we'll have to leave till another time.
After riding past a few typical hillside villages (and more vines) a 30 km downhill takes us back to our Mediterranean resort.
On our 3rd day we'll head out for a fantastic loop through the Serra Llaberia mountain range. On the menu today are two picturesque climbs on either side of the mountains (Colle de Fatxes and Colledejou), two beautiful descents, with quiet villages and idyllic Mediterranean countryside in between. Look out for almond, cherry and olive orchards!
The last ride of your cycling camp takes you deeper and higher into the mountains, with a 10+ km climb to start us off which, after many switchbacks with views over the Mediterranean, deposit us at 1000 meters above the sea, near the abandoned village of La Mussara.
With legs primed for a great season ahead, this morning we will transfer you back to Barcelona Airport.
For those extending their stay with us, we'll drive to Girona, check into our hotel in the old town, and do a great 70 km loop out of town in the afternoon.
We have chosen Cambrils Park Resort to house our 2020 spring cycling camp. The resort has long been a destination for sports tournaments, training camps and conferences, and in spring is devoted to hosting cyclists, from camps like ours to pro teams training for their upcoming seasons.
The resort has every amenity you would expect, including a restaurant (we will be eating 2 dinners on site), a large bar and 'chill out' area near the massive pool, a spa with sauna, hot tub, indoor pool and gym. There is also a well-stocked supermarket for incidentals.
The apartments you will be staying in are all modern, clean and well appointed. Every apartment has individual air-conditioning units (per room), a kitchen, living area and large terrace.


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Seattle Life Science Research on Exhibit in Global Health World Fair Event
Posted by Jaimee Saliba on Mon, Jul 09, 2012
In 1962, the Seattle World's Fair was held in the northwestern capital city. The legacy of that event goes well beyond the iconic Seattle Space Needle (right) and is explored in a panoply of summer and fall educational and entertainment festivities celebrating the 50th Anniversary. One of the "Next50" happenings is an interactive exhibit to highlight the role of Washington State's life science research innovations in addressing global health challenges. If space exploration was the governing dream of the near future in the 1960's, our generation's overriding fascination may be with possibilties inherent in life science research discoveries and their applications for transforming the health of millions of people worldwide in order to lead fuller, longer lives.
The exhibit is called The Global Health Experience, and it focusses on invention and outreach in the areas of malaria treatment, maternal and newborn child health, diabetes, cancer, and water and sanitation. It all starts in Washington's research laboratories, and sponsors know Seattle's status as a hub of global-health research is good not only for the world, but for the local economy as well. The exhibition event is put on by the Washington Global Health Alliance (WGHA), which supports and advocates for Washington state's global health community as a nexus for research, education, training, commercialization, and delivery on the world stage. Formed with funding from the Gates Foundation in 2007, a look at WGHA's membership gives you some idea of how many bioscience research institutions there are in the state and why it's not hyperbolic to speak of Seattle especially as a "hotbed of activity" in the life sciences, as University of Washington researcher Elain Fu does in a Seattle Times article.
[Village-like display at the Seattle Global Health research exhibition]
Dr. Elain Fu is an assistant professor of bioengineering at the University of Washington, and her lab-on-a-chip research is one of the featured innovations at the World Health exhibit. She says of her work in her UW bio:
My research activities encompass microfluidics and sensor technology development for biomedical applications with the aim of increasing the performance and capabilities of microfluidics-based sensors for point of care (POC) diagnostics.
Certainly lab-on-a-chip technology is enormously promising in the search for accurate and affordable diagnositic equipment and tools in resource-limited parts of the world. A cell phone becomes a cytometer? Truly, at a point in time when the costs of healthcare in this country are at an all-time high and the nation battles over how to offer affordable access to health care to its own citizens, the innovations that promise help to villages in Africa may very well be those that improve our own lives as well.
For earlier blogs of ours on this scaled-down diagnostics technology, follow this link.
The Next50 celebratory events will go on through October 21, 2012. The Global Health Experience will continue through August 19th.
Biotechnology Calendar, Inc. will hold its own events focusing on Washington state's life science technology and the research partnerships between scientists and the science equipment industry with our 3 fall professional tradeshows:
10/23/2012 -- Washington State University BioResearch Product Faire event, Pullman
10/24/2012 -- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center BRPF event, Seattle
10/25/2012 -- University of Washington Front Line event, Seattle
For information on exhibiting at the University of Washington show in particular, and receiving a university research funding report, click here:
Biotechnology Calendar, Inc. is a full service event marketing and planning company producing on-campus, life science research tradeshows nationwide for the past 20 years. We plan and promote each event to bring the best products and services to the best research campuses across the country.
Tags: UW, University of Washington, Northwest, Lab-on-a-chip Technology, 2012, science event, Event, Front Line event, science current event, Seattle, bioscience event, Science research hub, scientist solutions, Exhibit space
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- FOAL was formally known as the PTA, the name was changed in order to broaden the membership to include anybody with an interest in supporting the school within the local community. All Saints' FOAL is made up of the parents, guardians, friends of children who attend our school and the teaching staff who teach our children.
- In fact, if you are a parent or guardian at our school, then you are already a member of the FOAL at All Saints'!
- FOAL and its activites are managed by a Committee. Committee meetings are held at least once each term. You don't have to be a Committee member to be able to attend a FOAL Committee meeting - all parents/guardians,friends of our school can come along to a FOAL meeting.
What does All Saints' FOAL do?
FOAL's objective is to support the education of the pupils at our school. In recent years FOAL has focused on fundraising for specific equipment and activities that supports our children's education - basically the extras that enhance our children's school experience.
How you can support All Saints' FOAL?
Put simply, supporting FOAL means just doing what you feel you can with the time and energy that you have available to you. If this means that you can only do one thing in a year to support FOal, then that's absolutely fine. If you can do more, then that is a bonus.
What does 'doing what I can' mean?
- Baking cakes for events!
Or perhaps you have a particular talent, or expertise in a particular area, which you feel could benefit FOAL? If so, please let us know.
Claire Barker (Chair) Sally Emery (Joint Vice Chair) Colette Watson (Joint Vice Chair) Ellen Leyton (Treasurer) and Liz Bean (Secretary).


This report, Sustainable Security of Radioactive Sources in Central Asia, by NTI's Laura S.H. Holgate and CENESS's Anton Khlopkov, provides an overview of the IAEA categorization of radioactive isotopes, the co-chairs' summary of the most recent regional workshop, and other workshop materials. NTI and CENESS encourage experts from the region to use these materials to sustain effective security of radioactive sources and as the basis for continued regional dialogue on these important issues.
Central Asia—bounded by the Russian Federation to its north; China to its east; Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan to its south; and the Caspian Sea to its west—is a region home to thousands of radioactive sources, including those used for medical, scientific, and industrial applications. Those sources include radioactive materials that are encapsulated in solid form and can range from iodine seeds used for internal radiotherapy treatment to industrial irradiators—weighing several tons—used for largescale sterilization at fixed facilities.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has developed a risk-based graded approach to security of radioactive sources, establishing five categories of sources that require different levels of protection depending on their radioactivity level. The first and second categories pose the highest risk. The first category requires the most stringent controls and includes radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), irradiators, teletherapy sources, and fixed, multi-beam teletherapy (gamma knife) sources. The second category includes industrial gamma radiography sources, high-/medium-doserate brachytherapy sources, and others. If such sources fall into the wrong hands, they can be used to create radiological dispersion devices (RDDs), more commonly known as "dirty bombs." If detonated, a dirty bomb could release high doses of radiation in a concentrated area, triggering panic and rendering that area uninhabitable for an extended period of time—resulting in large economic losses and risks of cancer among people who were exposed. That is why radioactive sources require reliable protection, accounting, and control measures, as well as appropriate management after their decommissioning, regardless of where they are located and used.
The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and the Center for Energy and Security Studies (CENESS) sponsored a pair of regional workshops in Central Asia to foster dialogue among experts on the security of radioactive sources and measures to prevent their illicit trafficking. The workshops also served as an opportunity to bring together leading specialists from major international partners to discuss opportunities for enhanced coordination and new project development in the region.
The first regional workshop was held in May 2017 in Astana, Kazakhstan. This workshop, organized in cooperation with the IAEA and the Government of Kazakhstan, was the first of its kind to bring together experts from the region, the Russian Federation, the United States, and the IAEA to identify steps needed to combat the growing threat of radiological terrorism.
The second regional workshop was held in June 2018 in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The Bishkek workshop, co-sponsored by the IAEA and the Governments of Canada and Kyrgyzstan, continued the format introduced in Astana in 2017, featuring presentations on the progress of security and management of radioactive sources in the region, as well as presentations on national efforts to prevent illicit trafficking of radioactive sources. This format provided an opportunity for security officials and practitioners from the region to exchange best practices and share lessons learned.
Although the proceedings of the Bishkek workshop are restricted to the participants, the co-chairs of the workshop produced a summary, included in this report along with the workshop agenda and participants list. The co-chairs' summary identifies a series of recommendations based on the discussions at both the Bishkek and Astana workshops.
The report is available in English and Russian.


What are community networks? What sorts of information and services can you find on these systems? What groups are starting and running community networks? How costly are the systems, and what are the sources of funding? This essay will discuss a number of current models for community networks, examine what impact they can have on the environment in which they grow, and make a few wild guesses about the future of such networks given the changes in computing and telecommunications technologies.


It's a mark of modernity that probably shouldn't surprise anyone, but technology is moving forward at an astounding rate. Just a few years ago, 3D printers were strange, new inventions that could only construct small, delicate resin objects. Now, even just in the last six months, we've seen 3D printing dominate construction news. From backyard castles to tiny homes, the industry is changing, going digital.
Take the DFAB House, a project coming out of Zurich, Switzerland. Eight scientists from the ETH Zurich University have created a system that claims to go digital on all steps of construction—design, planning, and building.
"Unlike construction projects that use only a single digital building technology, such as 3D printed houses, the DFAB House brings a range of new digital building technologies together. This allows us to use the advantages of each individual method as well as their synergies, and express them architecturally," said professor Matthias Kohler.
The project uses a robot, essentially a giant arm on caterpillar treads, to build a steel mesh frame for another 3D printing robot to cover with concrete. Once the concrete hardens, a 3D-printed roof is mounted on top—and then it moves to the second and third stories.
Here at hh2 we are taking the ball in this digital revolution and running with it, with tools that move paper-heavy tasks, like approving invoices or recording employee work time, onto mobile devices.
The DFAB House, and others like it (MIT has a 3D printer that can build a house in 14 hours!), show the rapid rate of technological progress in the construction industry—an industry that once seemed like the last place that could go digital. It will be exciting to see where we go next.


Françoise Sagan is the only French writer I've read in a long time. I have always stayed away from French literature unconsciously. Whenever I take a French novel from my shelves, I put it back, and look at other novels. The other day I was browsing in a bookshop and saw That Mad Ache (La Chamade). I was going to put it back on the shelf, but I saw there was an entire part dedicated to the translator. I got the book immediately to avoid going mad out of my curiosity. There was a 100-page article about the translation, which I thought was fascinating. Although I have bought the book of a French author consciously, it was because of its translator. Interesting.
Françoise Sagan had gained international fame with her book Bonjour Tristesse, which she wrote when she was 18 years old. Impressive, right? La Chamade is another story. That Mad Ache in the 1960s in Paris, reveals the life of the bourgeois and it is fun to read. Also, there is a "classic" tale of a woman who tries to choose between love and money. I sympathised with Charles (the one with the money) and the woman, Lucille.
On the other hand, I didn't like the other character, Antoine (the one with love). I found myself screaming Lucille to choose Charles and get on with her life. This book frustrated me, a lot. It is a compelling read if you like this kind of books.
Françoise Sagan or Douglas Hofstadter?
The translator, Douglas Hofstadter, said that he was impressed by the book and decided to translate it. I thought this was interesting, cause you know, he is a man, and this is a book about love. After the novel is over, I jumped to the translator's part hoping that it would be interesting. As I begin to turn the pages, I realised that I liked it more than the novel itself. I'll check his nonfiction books as well!
Want to read a romance novel, but you don't like it to be cheesy? This is a good choice. A beautiful city and the splendor of wealth in the background makes this book a nice summer read.
That Mad Ache, set in high-society Paris in the mid-1960's, recounts the emotional battle unleashed in the heart of Lucile, a sensitive but rootless young woman who finds herself caught between her carefree, tranquil love for 50-year-old Charles, a gentle, reflective, and well-off businessman, and her sudden wild passion for 30-year-old Antoine, a hot-blooded, impulsive, and struggling editor. As Lucile explores these two versions of love, she vacillates in confusion, but in the end she must choose, and her heart's instinct is surprising and poignant. Originally published under the title La Chamade, this new translation by Douglas Hofstadter returns a forgotten classic to English.
In Translator, Trader, Douglas Hofstadter reflects on his personal act of devotion in rewriting Françoise Sagan's novel La Chamade in English, and on the paradoxes that constantly plague any literary translator on all scales, ranging from the humblest of commas to entire chapters. Flatly rejecting the common wisdom that translators are inevitably traitors, Hofstadter proposes instead that translators are traders, and that translation, like musical performance, deserves high respect as a creative act.
In his view, literary translation is the art of making subtle trades in which one sometimes loses and sometimes gains, often both losing and gaining at the same time. This view implies that there is no reason a translation cannot be as good as the original work, and that the result inevitably bears the stamp of the translator, much as a musical performance inevitably bears the stamp of its artists. Both a companion to the beloved Sagan novel and a singular meditation on translation, Translator, Trader is a witty and intimate exploration of words, ideas, communication, creation, and faithfulness.
Françoise Sagan – real name Françoise Quoirez – was a French playwright, novelist, and screenwriter. Hailed as "a charming little monster" by François Mauriac on the front page of Le Figaro, Sagan was known for works with strong romantic themes involving wealthy and disillusioned bourgeois characters.


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Uganda Home
Craig Kaufman Africa Travel Specialist
"Uganda varies from 600m to above 5100 m above sea level, this varied altitude allows for a huge variety in habitats, and therefore a huge variety of wildlife."
Uganda Travel Guide
Bwindi
Kampala, Entebbe & Jinja
Lake Mburo
Semliki Valley
Uganda + Kenya
Uganda + Rwanda
Uganda + Zanzibar
Uganda Adventure Holidays
Uganda Beach Holidays
Uganda Culture & History
Uganda Honeymoons
Uganda Safari Holidays
Uganda Small Group Tours
Uganda Wildlife Holidays
Map of Uganda
Places To Go In Uganda
On the eastern edge of the Albertine Rift Valley, Bwindi Impenetrable National Park holds half of the world's remaining 600-odd mountain gorillas. The rest now find protection in the equally heavily guarded Parc National des Volcans in Rwanda. The rainforest in Bwindi is dense, with thick...
Kampala is Uganda's hustling, bustling capital city, built over seven hills. The city has many cultural and historical sites that are well worth taking the time to see. The Kasubi Tombs, a UNESCO world heritage site, where four former Kabakas (kings) of the Buganda tribe are buried, is a top...
320km west of Kampala with altitudes ranging from 1,100 - 1,590 meters above sea level, this marvellous national park contains moist tropical forest, woodland and savannah. Kibale is above all known as the site in which to see habituated troupes of...
Uganda's best kept secret in the far north east of the country bordering the Sudan and Northern border. This park is Uganda's most isolated park and home to a number of species not found anywhere else in Uganda including the greater and lesser Kudu, eland, ostrich and cheetah....
In the south of the country, approximately 5 hours by good road from Entebbe, Lake Mburo National Park lies in extensive, dry acacia woodland. Other habitats contained in the park are lakes, papyrus swamps and grasslands. Mburo is an ideal place in which to break the long overland journey between...
Biologically diverse and high up, the park's volcanic slopes harbour a variety of ecosystems.
Murchison Falls National Park contains some of Uganda's most beautiful landscapes. The park is bisected by the Nile River, which at the falls, contracts to a mere 6 metres. The result is waterfalls of astonishing power and one of Uganda's most spectacular sights.A boat trip up the Nile...
To the south of Kibale, Queen Elizabeth National Park contains a diversity of ecosystems including acacia grassland, papyrus swamp, tropical forest, (seasonally) flamingo-lined volcanic crater lakes – and magnificent scenery.This park has the greatest variety of mammals and birds of any...
A mosaic of giant lobelias and groundsels inhabit the upper slopes of this lunar-like UNESCO World Heritage Site, and a whole plethora of monkey and bird species, including rare Albertine Rift Endemic's, make the rich fertile tangled jungle of the lower slopes their home.
Six hours' drive west of Kampala, Semliki Wildlife Reserve is in a flat bowl bordered by the escarpment of the Rift Valley which rises 1,500 metres on the eastern side; the dramatic Rwenzori foothills to the south, and Lake Albert and the Congo to the north and west. Habitats in this area...


If we could build an ideal city, what would be the master plan? What is important today? What is of value.
Minecraft uses a consistent scale where 1 block is equal to 1 meter. You can determine the area of your city area by using official maps to determine how many square meters encompasses the space you plan to modify. Users can redesign in Minecraft but it needs to adhere to existing city parameters.
Here is an example in Denmark: http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/minecraft-players-can-now-explore-denmark-1.2622403.
Internationally, non-profits like Block, http://blockbyblock.org/ are helping people rebrand or improve their city.
o Ask students some questions about this activity.
• Why are users turning to Minecraft to build?
• There are even businesses out there who will charge to design a property in Minecraft. What is the lure for these international businesses?
o There are some perks to building in Minecraft using Redstone that you won't get with a tool like Sketch-Up (you can direct the camera and do things like turn in switches to operate light rail cars, turn on solar panels, and animate with models).
• Instead of the you, the facilitator, determining rules let the students create working rules for their build.
• With established rules like leaving another build alone, students will do their own policing.
• Often too, rules which students create will also out them into the seat of leading.
• Logistics like how many in a team, how many class sessions, final product presentation and scale will be some ideas to determine before presenting to the class.
• Do you want buy in from the community?
• Do you want this project to gain footing? Get city planners, architects, engineers to come and present some of their work and restrictions.
• Will this final project be part of a district or city presentation?
• Is this a contest between the teams or a collaboration for the city?
• Try Design Thinking and have student teams create an approved model before they even open Minecraft.
• They can choose local products to lower cost and use less resources for transporting. Will they repurpose resources like wood floors, doors, lavatories?
• What are some key decisions you want students to make?
• Will they be rebuilding a block of your city?
• Will they be rebuilding one building?
• What do you consider a complete project?
• Will you want estimates of cost?
• Do you want students to present in person or do you want them to podcast their design presentation as a team?
Minecraft allows for a spatially accurate redesign or repurposing of local community space.
How does this tool allow you to see the future?
Are there some things you would like to see in this city?
What careers would be most closely connected with this activity?
Extension: Research master planned cities like Dubai or Seoul.
How did government determine the best solutions?
What are some current improvements?
What might the future hold for future planners?
• Students should have a working simulation of their model. A current map should be part of presenting along with a description of what they changed and the design process that went into the redesign. Let students describe what they changed and why the team decided this design was the most viable or logical.


text:
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Pour Me Another Virgin, Bartender - NPD Canada
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Pour Me Another Virgin, Bartender
Restaurant cheques show Canadian alcohol consumption on the decline
TORONTO, February 18, 2014 – Despite the political spotlight on Toronto and the reputation Canada has earned as a result, a recent study from leading global information company The NPD Group shows that we're not quite the lushes we've been made out to be. Instead, restaurant cheques have shown Canadians are drinking less alcohol when dining out, which has resulted in a three per cent decline in total alcoholic beverages served in the past year.
Conversely, full-service restaurants (FSRs) have not experienced a similar decline in traffic; in fact, restaurant traffic during the dinner rush – when servers typically see a spike in bar tabs – has increased by three per cent. This may be due in part to the decline in on-premise dining (down two per cent), as more and more food orders are being eaten elsewhere.
"It can be difficult to pinpoint why this trend is occurring, but similar behaviour changes amongst diners in other markets have proven to be deliberate," said Robert Carter, executive director of Foodservice at The NPD Group. "In the U.S., for example, patrons trying to better manage their cheques and curb spending sacrifice alcohol and dessert purchases first."
The average individual spend in FSRs across Canada is $14.60, a slight one-per-cent growth from last year; however group cheques, averaging at $34.25, have decreased by the same percentage. Independent restaurants are seeing the majority of this spend, as 66 per cent of Canadians frequent these one-of-a-kind spots. This is in contrast to the 34 per cent who tend to buy their meals from restaurant chains.
The NPD Group's data also shows that snacking has decreased by six per cent during the once-popular happy-hour period at midscale FSRs. Coupled with the decline in alcohol purchases, this shift suggests that fewer Canadians are bothering to hit the after-work bar scene, in spite of heavy promotions for cheap drinks and half-price appetizers.
"Even though restaurants are seeing a dip in alcohol consumption and afternoon snacking, Canada's Foodservice industry is still faring well as a whole," continued Carter. "However quick-service restaurants (QSRs) are currently outshining their FSR counterparts, and while eater cheques at QSRs have grown steadily across all mealtimes, FSRs are only seeing this success in the morning."
Though Canadians do not appear to be drinking as much as they used to, alcohol is still one of the top-10 beverage types served in restaurants. The category makes the top three behind hot coffee and carbonated soft drinks, while iced/frozen coffees and iced tea are the least popular.
Study Overview:
The above data derives from CREST®, The NPD Group's flagship information service for the foodservice industry. CREST® is the who, what, when and where of foodservice, operating continuously in Canada since December 1993. The sample for this service is approximately 35,000 individuals per quarter.
Countertop Cooking is Heating Up!
With more time at home – and more meals to prepare – consumers in Canada are adding countertop cooking appliances to help with meal prep. Get a closer look at the countertop categories that gained the most traction in the first seven months of this unprecedented year.
Consumers in Canada Are Caffeinating at Home
Consumers in Canada love coffee, and they have adapted to their new stay-at-home reality by indulging in coffee appliances for their kitchens.
Canadians' Hygge State of Mind
Soon Canadians will seek new ways to stay warm and cozy in their homes. It's "hygge," and it's becoming a force in Canada's home and housewares industry.
Unboxing Meal Kit Delivery Services in Canada
The meal-kit business is among the fastest-growing food segments in the Canadian marketplace. Services like Chefs Plate, Goodfood, and HelloFresh offer hectic households another option for solving the nightly dinner dilemma.
Kim McLynn
kim.mclynn@npd.com
@npdfood
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Do not write off the world's largest aircraft yet. A little over a year after a second flight-test accident left its lighter-than-air hybrid airship deflated, Hybrid Air Vehicles (HAV) is ready to begin production of its Airlander 10, and is talking to five "early adopters" – two from the commercial world and three in defence and security – about becoming launch operator.
The Bedford-based start-up believes it has the building blocks in place, with production organisation approval from the UK Civil Aviation Authority awarded at the end of 2018, following European Aviation Safety Agency design organisation approval two months earlier.
If chief executive Stephen McGlennan's hopes of finding that elusive first customer are realised, it will be a remarkable turnaround for a company backed by dozens of enthusiast shareholders, as well as several high-net-worth individuals that has already defied sceptics several times.
After six years ago buying back a design commissioned by the US military for a programme that was shortly scrapped, HAV went on to produce a commercial prototype, and fly the 92m (300ft)-long, helium-filled structure six times between 2016 and 2017 from the historic airship hangars at Cardington. It survived not one, but two serious flight-test mishaps.
The business has moved from its original base to a new industrial unit in Bedford, where 65 staff are finalising plans for a production version and trying to secure a breakthrough order. Once achieved – McGlennan says HAV is working on the assumption of an initial three-aircraft deal – the firm will move into a new assembly hangar that will need to be at least 30m high, 30m wide, and 110m long to accommodate the giant aircraft.
Entry into service, he says, could come within 48 months of an order, although a military customer could put the Airlander 10 into operation earlier, without commercial type certification.
After marketing Airlander 10 as primarily a long-endurance surveillance platform, or potentially a transport for outsize heavy cargo to hard-to-access locations, HAV has begun to focus more on the high-end leisure market.
This is the only sector where German airship maker Zeppelin has found a modern-day – albeit limited – customer base, although McGlennan believes the Airlander 10 hybrid can offer something very different. At the July 2018 Farnborough air show, the firm revealed, using virtual reality, a luxury concept interior, in association with design firm Design Q, capable of carrying 19 passengers.
The team in Bedford is now constructing a 10m-long mock-up of the gondola, which could end up, says McGlennan, with eight suites, suitable for 16 guests on longer voyages, or as a "luxury restaurant", pitched at carrying 40 passengers on 3-4h trips around the Alps or Dubai. HAV is talking to "two of the big cruise companies, plus several tour operators and hotel groups", he adds.
While these businesses would not necessarily look to "putting a novel asset on their balance sheet", says McGlennan, HAV will probably partner with "bodies of capital", such as a sovereign wealth fund, prepared to purchase one of the £50 million ($66 million) aircraft in exchange for "lease cash flow".
In terms of HAV's own finances, McGlennan says there is money to keep the company ticking over until it can raise funds from a launch order. This is despite the 2017 crash ending a plan to use the prototype to generate revenue from companies using it to trial airborne equipment and services.
Beginning in 2007, when the US Department of Defense (DoD) commissioned the design for the later cancelled long-endurance, multi-intelligence vehicle programme, the business has raised and spent £113 million. This included £62 million from the DoD, £21 million of private equity and some UK government research funding.
The company decided to use £20 million insurance pay out from the 2017 incident to equip its new factory and team to build a production aircraft, rather than resurrect the damaged prototype and continue testing. "By that stage, with around 15h of flying, we felt we were about 80% of the way to what we would ever know," says McGlennan.
"So we asked ourselves, did we need to rebuild to get that other 20%, or could we spend it more efficiently? The insurance money has given us a period of real stability after putting all our efforts into flying the prototype to consolidate what we learned and market to a select customer base, who really need a multi-year sales campaign."
McGlennan draws an undulating line rising left to right on his office whiteboard. "Sometimes you can look at our story and see lots of ups and downs. Yes, we have had days that have been great, and others that have been challenging, but we have gone from having a small-scale demonstrator in 2007 to TRL [technology readiness level] 7 in 2019," he says, referring to the third-highest level in the standard method of assessing the industrial maturity of new products.
"We built a full-scale prototype and now we are ready to build our first production model. It's an upward trajectory – a wiggly one – but a positive trajectory all the same."


text:
Els alemanys () són un grup germànic nadiu de l'Europa Central. El terme alemany s'ha utilitzat al llarg de la història per designar els parlants d'alemany de diferents territoris, particularment Prússia, el Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic, l'Imperi Alemany, la República Federal d'Alemanya o la República Democràtica Alemanya entre altres. Actualment, són considerats alemanys els ciutadans d'Alemanya.

Dels aproximadament 100 milions de parlants nadius d'alemany del món, aproximadament entre 66 i 75 milions es consideren alemanys. Hi ha també uns 80 milions de persones amb ancestres alemanys en diferents països del món, la majoria dels quals no el mantenen com a primera llengua. El nombre total d'alemanys al món se situa doncs en una àmplia forquilla d'entre els 66 i els 160 milions en funció del criteri utilitzat.

Molts dels habitants dels altres territoris de parla alemanya d'avuí en dia (Àustria, Suïssa, Liechtenstein o Luxemburg) han desenvolupat una identitat nacional pròpia i poden refusar identificar-se amb aquest grup humà.

Referències

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On November 28th, 128 keen Bridge players descended on Royal Wimbledon Golf Club and enjoyed a competitive afternoon of Bridge ! We had a wonderful raffle and with very generous donations we raised a staggering £5,500! Thank you very much to all who attended.


Dec 20, 2012· Expression Design is a tool for creative professionals and developers who want to build graphics for application user interfaces, the web, or any other medium.
I'm interested to produce this type of product, in addition to the cone crusher, hammer mill and ball mill. I wonder if you could help me with some material (worksheet, spreadsheet, pdf) or any other material aid to calculation and design to develop a line of equipment.
Lotto Crusher System Reviews How does the system work? There is no way to know the algorithms the Lotto Crusher System uses. What we can depend on the information provided by the lottery software designers for its authenticity.
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"To really play it safe in plant design, a crushability test of the rock or ore in 's rock laboratories, and the data input into the Bruno simulation software, will certainly provide the most accurate process simulation," he adds.
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Our robust research methodology has helped us create another insightful and comprehensive report titled 'Gardening Tools Market: Global Industry Analysis 2012 – 2016 and Forecast 2017 – 2025'. For this report, in order to infer the market size, historical data, primary responses and public domain data has been thoroughly analyzed. Revenue of companies in the gardening tools market has been benchmarked to ascertain the market size for the base year. Macroeconomic indicators such as GDP and industry growth have been considered to forecast the market size over the forecast period. The historical growth trend of end-use industries, market participants' performance, as well as the present macro-economic outlook has been taken into consideration for estimating the overall market trend forecast. This data is then validated with the help of the triangulation method and is extensively scrutinized using advanced tools to garner quantitative and qualitative insights into the global gardening tools market.
The scope of the report on the Gardening Tools Market primarily focuses on the annual demand i.e. sales of hand tools used for gardening application both in terms of volume (units) and value (US$ Mn) considering weighted average prices across the region. Gardening tools are non-power driven tools used to perform pruning, striking, digging, cutting and other operations for garden development activities, both residential and commercial. The report excludes electric and fuel operated power tools used for gardening activities.
Introduction: The pertinent market numbers in the global gardening tools market are given along with the CAGR for the forecast period 2017-2025. The introduction also contains an executive summary of this detailed report through which the report audiences can have a cursory glance into this vast market. There is a detailed definition of gardening tools and their various types that define the scope of this report. Besides, the parent market overview of the gardening tools market is also given in the introduction. In addition, the macroeconomic factors influencing the global gardening tools market are discussed in the introduction. After this, the global gardening tools market opportunity analysis is presented.
Regional market analysis and forecast: The regional gardening tools market analysis and forecast comprises this section. An important sub-section consists of the regional market dynamics of the global gardening tools market and highlights the drivers, restraints, opportunities and trends that are applicable in various regions of the global gardening tools market and discusses in detail the factors encouraging the growth of this market as well as the factors hampering the growth of this market. The various trends impacting the global gardening tools market, both long term and short term, are also discussed here.
Competitive landscape: This section comprises information on the leading companies operating in the global gardening tools market. This competition landscape gives a dashboard view of the top companies operating in the global gardening tools market along with their important information and broad strategy adopted to stay as leaders in the global gardening tools market. Each of the leading companies is also profiled individually and important information about the company such as company details, company description, product portfolio along with key developments concerning the company and strategic analysis is presented.
Global market analysis and forecast: This section presents important information about the market such as the BPS analysis, year-on-year growth rates, absolute dollar opportunity and market attractiveness analysis of the global gardening tools market.
If you are aiming to enter the global gardening tools market, this report is a comprehensive guide for you and will give you crystal clear insights about this vast and lucrative market. All the major types of gardening tools are covered in this report and information is also given on the important regions of the world where this market is going to boom in the near future and during the forecast period of 2017-2025, so that you can plan your strategies to enter this market accordingly. Besides, through this report, you can have a complete grasp of the level of competition you will be facing in this hugely competitive market and if you are an established player in this market already, then this report will help you gauge the strategies that your competitors have adopted to stay as market leaders in this market. For new entrants to this market, the voluminous data provided in this report is invaluable.


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The Château Vicomtal Saint-Pierre de Fenouillet is a ruined 11th century castle in the commune of Fenouillet in the Pyrénées-Orientales département of France. Livret De Famille Mairie De Toulon

The castle is now the property of the commune. It has been the site of archaeological digs since 2000.

See also
List of castles in France

Bibliography
 Laurent Fonquernie, La vicomté de Fenouillèdes du IXe au XIIIe siècle : DEA d'histoire sous la dir. de Pierre Bonnassie, Université Toulouse Le Mirail, 1997
 Thomas Charpentier, Peuplement et pouvoirs aux Xe-XIVe siècles. Évolution du territoire autour du château de Fenouillet : Master I, Histoire et Histoire de l'art et archéologie sous la dir. de François Amigues, Université de Perpignan, 2002
 Thomas Charpentier, "Fenouillet : Un centre de pouvoir vicomtal antérieur au XIIIe siècle", Archéothéma, no 23, July–August 2012 (ISSN 1969-1815)

References

Castles in Pyrénées-Orientales
Châteaux in France


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