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Q: Usage of Types.NULL in JDBC I am wondering about the intended usage of the Types.NULL  constant in the JDBC. I am guessing from the javadoc that a literal value in a SQL statement can have the type Types.NULL.
For example, the null literal in this statement, could have the type Types.NULL:
SELECT * FROM integer_table WHERE integer_column = null

I have also seen examples where the null literal is assigned the type Types.CHAR and then changed to Types.Integer when the type of integer_column is discovered by the SQL processor. Are both approaches correct? Is one more correct than the other?
I am also guessing that you cannot have a column that is the type Types.NULL because it is not a 'SQL Type'. Is this correct?
Are there any other usages?
NOTE: I am aware of how null comparisons behave in SQL, but this is just an example and is not relevant to my question.

A: In a query which has ? IS NULL as the condition, the parameter can be described as a NULL-type, and in that case the JDBC driver can report it as a Types.NULL.
With regard to NULL SQL:2011 says:

Every data type includes a special value, called the null value, sometimes denoted by the keyword NULL. This value differs from other values in the following respects:

*

*Since the null value is in every data type, the data type of the null value implied by the keyword NULL cannot be inferred; hence NULL can be used to denote the null value only in certain contexts, rather than everywhere that a literal is permitted.

So the NULL type is not really a type, but all types at once, on the other hand given my example (a parameter in an ? IS NULL), you need something to indicate that the value can be anything that is null or not null.
This for example is the case for Jaybird (the Firebird JDBC driver); disclosure: I am one of the Jaybird developers. When a parameter is of type NULL, a call to any setXXX with any value will make that parameter not null except for a value of null (or a call to setNull()) . Also some (most?) drivers will allow a call to setNull() with the specific sql type and also with Types.NULL.


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Biden will rejoin the Paris Climate Accord. Here's what happens next
by InterNewsCast 20th November 2020 03
WILMINGTON, DE – NOVEMBER 19: President-elect Joe Biden answers a reporter question after he delivered remarks at the Queen in Wilmington, Delaware on Thursday, Nov. 19, 2020. (Photo by Salwan Georges/The Washington Post via Getty Images)
The Washington Post | The Washington Post | Getty Images
President-elect Joe Biden will reenter the U.S. into the Paris Climate Agreement, the global pact forged five years ago among nearly 200 nations to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.
The move will come after President Donald Trump formally withdrew the country from the climate change agreement on Nov. 4, which was the earliest possible date under its terms. Biden said he will bring the U.S. back into the accord as early as February 2021.
Here's a look at what rejoining means for the U.S. and the world and what could happen next.
What the Paris Agreement does
While the official U.S. exit from the accord further isolated Washington from the rest of the world, it won't necessary have an immediate impact on international efforts to mitigate climate change and implement the framework of the agreement.
However, nearly every country in the world is part of the agreement. Of the 195 countries that signed the agreement, 189 countries officially adopted the accord and no other country besides the U.S. has abandoned it.
"Since the U.S. has one of the biggest economies in the world and has contributed the most to climate change, it is incredibly important that the U.S. return to the Paris agreement," said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald, a lead author of the 2018 U.N. report on climate change.
The pact is a nonbinding agreement among nations to reduce emissions and keep the increase in global temperatures well below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) compared to pre-industrial levels.
Global temperatures have already risen 1.2 degrees Celsius (2.2 degrees Fahrenheit) since pre-industrial levels and the atmosphere is on track to warm up by 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) over the next two decades.
Warming at 2 degrees Celsius could trigger an international food crisis in coming years, according to a 2019 report from the U.N.'s scientific panel on climate change, and the general consensus among scientists is that the climate targets that countries are attempting to meet under the Paris accord are not sufficient.
The next round of U.N. climate talks is set to take place in Glasgow, Scotland in November 2021, in which countries are expected to submit new, more ambitious 2030 targets — and all eyes will be on the U.S.
How the U.S. will rejoin
Rebuilding trust with nations
The U.S. is the world's second largest emitter of greenhouse gases behind China, and is seen as key in the global effort to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.
"U.S. leadership and the U.S.-China bilateral agreement to cut CO2 emissions were key to getting the Paris agreement on track," said Mahowald. "Continued U.S. involvement and leadership is key to any effort to stop climate change."
Upon rejoining, the U.S. will likely be expected to provide an updated climate target since the Obama administration's goal and a concrete plan to reduce domestic emissions from the power and energy sector.
More broadly, the U.S. will have to rebuild trust with other nations in the agreement, especially after Trump's legacy of climate change denial and his official withdrawal from the accord.
Trump's rollbacks of a slew of environmental regulations and exit from the agreement shocked international allies and scientists. It also prompted some U.S. states, cities and corporations to part ways and move forward with their own climate plans.
For instance, 75 CEOs last year urged Trump to stay in the accord. Major corporations like Apple, Google, Goldman Sachs and Royal Dutch Shell signed a statement that argued it would strengthen their competitiveness in global markets and allow the U.S. to be a leader in developing technology that curbs carbon emissions.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Franklin Square is a 4.4 acre park located at Bryant and 17th streets, situated near the convergence of the Mission, Potrero Hill and SOMA districts. It includes a popular artificial turf soccer field and a brand new state of the art playground.
Friends of Franklin Square is a non-profit, community based, an apolitical organization with the purpose of creating a safe and attractive park enjoyable by a diverse group of neighborhood park users. We believe in the importance of open green space in our neighborhood and the contribution of the park to the quality of our lives. We all share the common vision of a thriving park that connects SOMA, Potrero Hill and the Mission and brings neighbors of all walks of life together for a common goal.
Visit the Friends of Franklin Square website.
Donate to Friends of Franklin Square.


When you look at any business there is always the basic supply chain. There is supply, mediator and customer. As i was reading an article in MIT Sloan Management (Summer 2010), i intend to elaborate a little bit more with more localized context of the four main items the author highlighted. The main article is "The Four-Point Supply Chain Checklist – How Sustainability Creates New Opportunity". I attempt to give a smaller scale perspective of how the idea presented in the original article can be somehow used for most of us.
There is always a standard packaging for our product, and there is always a need to redesign at some point. Why? Because customers needs and wants are moving target. They change according to time, trend and segment. Some of us may have products that evolve from being a basic thing to become a more sophisticated thing. For example toys manufacturer, whereby initially they probably just an OEM supplier then move into making its own toys. There is also some improvements in quality from low to high. Therefore, redesigning packaging is a must.
Packaging also involve customer service, value-added stuffs and post-sales other than product presentation. Often times marketer sees packaging limited to "how a product being packaged?". We also need to look into the pricing, incentives, content, ease of use and so on. By redesigning, we will be able to see any loopholes or new way of delivering the product. This is where examining the whole supply chain would be useful and fruitful if done right.
When there is supply there is always a need to transport them to the customers. Additionally with the most effective and efficient ways, of course. For example if you are a contractor you need to think where your sands, bricks and iron bars going to come from. Some questions you need to ask are they effective and efficient, what is the spoilt rate, what are the risks and at what costs. Sometimes you may get your raw materials cheap but the transportation cost is very high. You end up incurring a lot which you could have gotten it cheaper in total if you choose the lower transportation cost but slightly higher raw materials.
However in service business the transportation cost is more vague and sometimes not clearly define. how do you can "transport" in a service business? Say you are a telecom provider. Is it by your sales people, by your service to the customers, by number of brochures reach to your target segment, by the phone call you make to them? In service business, the definitive approach is "whatever you need to do to transport your service to the customers". With this definition it entails marketing strategy as well on how the product is going to be transported. Modification of transportation will not only save money but also "safe" your clients database. I believe in todays competition while rough, fierce and ultra-competitive, it is easy to compete if you have solid planning and someone is overseeing that plan from time to time.
Not every supplier is necessarily supplying physical thing. And not all of them are being called "suppliers". Some are called managing director, trainers, doctor, engineer, pharmacist, facilitator, manufacturer and so on. as long as they are the core group that give you the supplies to your customers, they are "suppliler" in this context. In some service business they argue that they don't have any supplier because they produce the product themselves. Let say a manufacturing company that is designing leather office chair, who is their supplier? The designer. Why? Because without the designer you can never run your business properly and have happy customers. A number of times we put these core/essence group in our product design in their lab. We need to invent with them.
Another example is a consulting firm where most of the time they say their product is knowledge and they are the sole supplier. Most of the time a consulting firm is a "firms of individualist" because of intense competition among them and divided specialities that they possess. They are so guarded and refuse to share. This is the management should capitalize on this by getting them to work together and to-gather and to leverage their knowledge and expertise for new product lines. It doesn't take much to come out with new product lines for a consulting or training firms. The demand is huge but the product offering is so little. We just need to invent and sit down together. Find a mutual ground and work on it.
It is very interesting because they use the word alignment. Sometimes, what the customers wnat is A and we have A+. To align we should either remove the "+" sign or we sell to the customers the idea of having the "+" is significantly better for them. Not many products/services are too far off from what the basic customers needs and wants. There is always a neeed and want for every product or service, but we need to justify the economic part of it whether is it enough for us to sustain and make profits. That is more of the issue for any provider, to justify their own existence.
Additionally, when you have alignment with your customers we can also explore new directions. To align we need to understand the total business ecosystem so we know when to pull and push or stay.
Previous Building A Company Without Borders: How I Am Going To Do It?


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May 1, 2016 | by Jonathan Stevenson	| in Film |
The Lady in the Van
Director: Nicholas Hytner
The Lady in the Van is based off of the book of the same name which was released in 1989, by the English author and playwright, Alan Bennett. Like many of Bennett's works, The Lady in the Van is centred on his own life, and his attempts to find humour in the mundane. Usually his works focus upon his relationship with his mother, however in this instance, it is his relationship with Miss Shepherd (played by the ever brilliant Maggie Smith): a difficult, hilarious, and at times belligerent, old lady living in her van.
Miss Shepherd's arrival in Camden Town is met with a mixture of amusement and displeasure, with the locals not wanting her to sully the reputable image of the upmarket suburb of London. Despite this, she quickly cements herself as 'here to stay' after successfully bullying her way in by parking her van on Bennett's drive (as Bennett put it "until you get yourself sorted out")—and she proceeds to stay for the next 15 years.
Bennett's character (played by Alex Jennings) is split into two narratives (there are two Bennetts), and they argue with each other over whether they should live as the "self who does the living" or the "self that does the writing." It all seems slightly contrived, and things are even stranger in the final scene in which the real Alan Bennett makes an appearance.
In any case, it is Maggie Smith's performance, as is the case in many of her films, that steals the show. She plays the role exceptionally well, injecting humour and delivering lines in a way only she can. Smith demands the audience's attention, forcing us to like her character with her brash and often outrageous behavior—described by Bennett as "bigoted, rank, and rude." Yet, she also shows subtle hints of the frailty and plight of an elderly homeless lady living in her van on someone's driveway for 15 years.
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Grow beautiful plants in tight spaces using…
Grow beautiful plants in tight spaces using aeroponics
The Tower Garden uses aeroponics to grow plants quickly in limited space. (Courtesy of Tower Garden)
PUBLISHED: June 25, 2020 at 8:23 a.m. | UPDATED: June 25, 2020 at 8:24 a.m.
Whether your interest in growing plants centers on food, beauty, or fragrance, you can bring all of them into your life by using water as your growing medium.
At the outset, I must express appreciation to Patti Hugh of Huntington Beach for emailing me about her Tower Garden. It introduces a whole new avenue for growing plants. Those whose only area for growing is a sunny patio or balcony can still grow crops and have plenty of space to sit and admire them as the base of the tower only covers a few square feet. Besides sunlight, water, and liquid nutreints, you will need an electrical outlet to plug in a submersible pump that the system requires.
The tower stands about five feet tall with a twenty gallon reservoir at the bottom. A nutrient solution is pumped up the length of the tower -— at 15 to 30 minute intervals — and then cascades back down in the form of tiny droplets which, on their descent, mist the roots of seedlings planted up and down the tower. Seedlings are grown in rockwool cubes.
You can grow any vegetable (except root crops) in a Tower Garden and growth is rapid, cutting the time from seedling to harvest in half. Leaves of lettuce, kale, and spinach are humongous, appearing as if they were nourished on some type of steroid.
This growing technique is known as aeroponics — as opposed to hydroponics, which refers to growing plants in water. In aeroponics, roots see constant air as opposed to water and that explains their explosive growth. The advantage of aeroponics can be explained through the efficacy of common gardening practices such as soil cultivation and lawn aeration, creating raised beds for growing vegetables, planting trees on a mound built a few inches above grade, and mulching. All of these practices serve to relieve or eliminate soil compaction, increasing oxygen availability to roots that results in healthier overall plant growth.
Additional advantages of growing aeroponically include absence of root fungus disease organisms since these are carried in the soil, water recycling which reduces water consumption by 90% over conventional growing, and stronger plant tissues which promote longer shelf life of harvested crops.
Hugh informed me of several other advantages of growing vegetables in a tower, first and foremost of which is their taste, vastly superior to that of vegetables brought home from the market. Hugh also confessed that she could never grow lettuce in a conventional garden because of insect pests which do not visit the red leaf, green leaf, and butter lettuces in her tower. She also had issues with raccoons that would occasionally wreak havoc on her garden but now the whir of the submersible pump keeps them away.
A major advantage of the Tower Garden is that you can take a vacation without worrying that your plants will wilt. Hugh says that the reservoir is only refilled, on average, every three weeks if a bit more often in very hot weather. You can also utilize the unit indoors with the assistance of LED grow lights. For complete information on the system go to towergarden.com.
From air to water
If you are thinking about a water pond, you can fill it with plants that are attractive or edible or fragrant. Often, more than one of these qualities will be found in your selections. Sunland Water Gardens offers an excellent introduction to water and bog plants. The nursery also carries koi fish and bullfrog tadpoles and is located at 9948 Sunland Blvd. Hours are 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Monday-Saturday and 10 a.m.-3 p.m. Sunday.
When the weather is hot, there is no saving grace like a water garden. Actually, no matter what the weather, a water feature will transform virtually any garden into more of a garden — that is, more of a refuge — than it otherwise would be.
When you step into a backyard and hear the sound of or catch the sight of a water feature, you are immediately drawn to it and removed from the chaotic hubbub of the outside world. The effect is instantly settling, tranquilizing, and therapeutic — an environmental dose of Zoloft, so to speak.
Water lilies come in two varieties — hardy and tropical. (Photo by Joshua Siskin)
Sunland Water Gardens carry a nice sampling of water lilies (Nymphaea spp.), of which there are two types: hardy and tropical. Hardy water lilies go dormant and live through freezing winters while tropical water lilies are more cold sensitive. In truth, tropical water lilies can survive an occasional freeze and the rule of thumb is that wherever orange trees can grow, tropical water lilies will grow as well. If you do live where it freezes, you can store your tropicals' rhizomes in damp sand during the winter.
You can distinguish the two types by their flowers. The flowers of the hardy lilies lie on the water surface while tropical lilies are borne on stems above the water. Also, while hardy lilies are found in white, yellow, pink and red, tropicals are available in blue and violet as well. Another bonus that comes with many tropical varieties is their fragrance. While hardy water lilies bloom only during the day, most tropical water lilies are day bloomers but some bloom at night.
Certain water lilies of both types demonstrate a quality known as vivipary. Vivpary refers to the development of baby plants on a mother plant.These babies typically have the capacity to root while still on the mother plant. Classic examples of vivipary are found in many succulents, especially aloes and agaves, where offsets often develop around the mother plant and — in the case of octopus agave (Agave vilmoriniana), for example — miniature plants may form in the axils of flower stalks. Occasionally, an orange or an apple will contain seeds from which roots have sprouted; these too are examples of vivipary. If you are lucky, you will be a witness to vivipary on waterlily pads.
David Gardner, an extremely knowledgeable member of the Sunland Water Gardens staff, told me the story of Ao Weerada, a woman in Thailand who saw waterlilies growing in a rice paddy and began to take an interest in them. Before you knew it, Weerada was hybridizing them and developing many new varieties with highly potent scents. I learned than waterlily perfume is one of the most expensive perfumes offered in the fragrance market today.
Lotus plants (Nelumbo spp.) are also available at Sunland Water Gardens. They are waterlily relatives that are widely consumed in Asian countries and China devotes 750,000 acres to their cultivation, the same number of acres utilized in the United States for growing citrus fruit. Lotus plants also go dormant in winter but are highly resilient, often living for centuries. Not too long ago, a lotus seed found in a dry river bed in China, estimated to be 1,300 years old, was germinated. Each lotus fruit is highly visible, resembling the rose attachment you see on a watering can.
Spider lilies are bog plants, meaning they can grow either in soil or water. (Photo by Joshua Siskin)
Bog plants, as opposed to strictly water plants, are those that can grow in soil as well as water. Sunland Water Garden bog plants include popular ornamentals such as bacopa, canna lily, calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), spider lily (Hymenocallis sp.), dwarf King Tut papyrus, spearmint, peppermint, Mexican petunia (Ruellia brittoniana), the highly medicinal native yerba mansa (Anemopsis californica), and variegated sweet flag (Acorus calamus variegatus), whose stems are sugary sweet when chewed. Lemon bacopa (Bacopa caroliniana) and redvein dock (Rumex sanguineus) have leaves that are citrusy tart when crushed. Finally, scarlet hibiscus (Hibiscus coccineus) is a real head turner with its vivid blooms.
Please send questions, comments, and photos to joshua@perfectplants.com