text:
Dual-polyelectrolyte adsorption of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and xylan onto recycled unbleached kraft pulps
Galván, M. V., Mocchiutti, P., Cornaglia, L. M., and Zanuttini, M. A. (2012). "Dual-polyelectrolyte adsorption of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and xylan onto recycled unbleached kraft pulps," BioRes. 7(2), 2075-2089.
The effects of a double polyelectrolyte adsorption of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and xylan (Xyl) on a recycled unbleached softwood kraft pulp were studied. The kinetics of PAH adsorption on this pulp was analyzed by building adsorption isotherms and by estimating the surface nitrogen adsorbed through the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique. It was found that at pH 7.5, 0.01N NaCl, and short adsorption time, PAH is mainly adsorbed on the fiber surface. Adsorption isotherms of xylan on untreated and on previously PAH-treated pulps at different ionic strengths were built, and the effects of the amount of PAH on xylan adsorption were considered. It was found that when ionic strength was lower than 0.01N NaCl, a PAH pretreatment was necessary to achieve high levels of xylan adsorption at room temperature and short adsorption times. Nevertheless, when ionic strength was 0.1N NaCl, 0.3% xylan on pulp could be directly adsorbed on untreated pulp. Finally, it is shown that the dual-polyelectrolyte adsorption on this pulp is a feasible technique for improving paper tensile strength.
María V. Galván,a Paulina Mocchiutti,a* Laura M. Cornaglia,b and Miguel A. Zanuttini a
Keywords: Natural polymers; Layer-by-layer technique; Adsorption isotherm; Tensile strength
Contact information: a: Instituto de Tecnología Celulósica, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Santiago del Estero 2654 S3000AOJ, Santa Fe, Argentina., b: Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santiago del Estero 2829 S3000AOM, Santa Fe, Argentina; *Corresponding author: paulinam@fiq.unl.edu.ar
From an environmental and economic point of view, recycled fibers are highly desirable as a source for paper and board production. However, the principal limitation is their lower strength in comparison with their corresponding virgin papers due to the physical and chemical changes that affect fibers during the previous papermaking process (Hubbe et al. 2007).
Wet-end additives such as cationic starches or polyacrylamides are commonly used in industrial practice to increase the specific bonding strength of fibers. Never-theless, the maximum dosage of cationic starch that can be applied is limited, and synthetic polyelectrolytes can increase the paper strength properties up to a certain maximum value.
The layer-by-layer deposition (LbL) of polyelectrolyte on surfaces, formed by the consecutive adsorption of polyelectrolyte of opposite charges, is a simple method for modifying the interfacial properties of different materials. Hubbe et al. (2003) showed that a dual-polymer dry-strength treatment with poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (pDADMAC) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) can significantly improve the com-pressive and tensile strengths of an unbleached softwood kraft pulp. Other authors showed that the strength of bleached softwood pulps can be increased by building polyelectrolyte multilayers (up to 8 layers) of two synthetic weak polyelectrolytes, poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), (Wågberg et al. 2002; Eriksson et al. 2006).
Taking into account the raw material considered in this research, and the relative low value of the final paper products that can be obtained, only one dual-polyelectrolyte adsorption is considered in the present work.
As a cationic polyelectrolyte, PAH, which is a synthetic linear weak polyelectro-lyte with amine groups, has been studied in detail for improving paper strength of unbleached fibers (Gimåker et al. 2009; Mocchiutti et al. 2011). A characteristic of PAH is that, at high drying temperature, the amine groups can react with carboxylic groups, producing amides (Eriksson et al. 2006), or with aldehydes from the lignocellulosic fibers producing imines and N-C-N bond types (DiFlavio et al. 2005; Gimåker and Wågberg 2009), and thus additional fiber-to-fiber bonds can be established.
As an anionic polyelectrolyte, hemicelluloses such as O-acetyl-4-O-methylgluc-uronoxylan from hardwoods, L-arabino(4-O-methyl-D-glucurono)xylans from softwoods (Sjöström, 1993), or both from gramineous plants (Sun et al. 2004), provide an interesting option because they are a class of natural polymers, abundant in nature, renewable, biodegradable, and having a natural affinity to cellulose.
Xylan constitutes the main hemicellulose of hardwoods and gramineous plants, and it can be a by-product of alkaline pulping processes. According to Sixta et al. (2011), streams of dissolved xylan with low lignin content can be separated by high alkalinity pre-extraction in hardwood soda-antraquinone pulping processes.
In particular, the hardwood xylan chemical structure is characterized by a backbone of β-D-xylopyranose units, linked by (14)-bonds to which, on average, 4-O-methylglucuronic acids are substituted every 10 units, and acetyl groups in a ratio two to each three xylose units (Sjöström 1993). However, the ratio of glucuronic acid to xylose units on the xylan that is isolated depends on the extraction method employed and it can be higher for eucalyptus wood (Magaton et al. 2011).
The presence of glucuronic acids on xylan impairs its adsorption on cellulosic fibers that are anionic. Silva et al. (2011) found that at high temperatures (90ºC to 170ºC) and long adsorption times (1 to 4 h), low uronic acid content xylan had greater adsorption on eucalyptus pulp than enriched methylglucuronic acid xylan. Under those conditions of adsorption, the mechanism of adsorption is through the formation of aggregates that have a non-electrostatic affinity to the cellulose surface. This type of xylan adsorption has shown a favorable decrease in the beating energy but a slight improvement in strength properties of eucalyptus pulp.
An alternative that can lead to a favorable xylan adsorption, at room temperature, is to chemically modify the xylan through cationization by reaction in alkaline medium with epoxides containing quaternary amines, as it is usually done on starches (Köhnke and Brelid 2009; Ren et al. 2009; Köhnke 2010). The electrosorption of xylans on fibers can thus be possible. However, this option has also shown slight improvements in paper tensile strength (Ren et al. 2009; Köhnke 2010).
This paper analyzes the dual-polyelectrolyte treatment with PAH and xylan as a polyelectrolyte bilayer on an unbleached recycled softwood kraft pulp. First, the PAH behavior was characterized during its adsorption onto the pulp. Then, the xylan adsorption on an untreated and also on a previously PAH-treated pulp was studied at different ionic strengths and different dosages of PAH. Finally, the effects of the dual-polyelectrolyte treatment on tensile strength were determined, considering two different drying temperatures (23ºC and 120ºC).
Preparation and characterization of polyelectrolytes
PAH (poly(allylamine hydrochloride)) with an average molecular mass of Mw: 56 kDa from Sigma-Aldrich was directly used to prepare a 0.5 g/L solution in deionized water. The PAH solution concentration was determined by the polyelectrolyte titration method using KPVS as titrant and o-toluidine blue (OTB) as indicator (Gimåker et al. 2009; Mocchiutti et al. 2011). At pH 7.5, the PAH charge densities used were 8.30 meq /g PAH IN NaCl 0.01N, and 10.6 meq /g PAH in 0.001N NaCl according to Mocchiutti et al. (2011).
4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan isolated from birch wood by alkaline extraction (Sigma-Aldrich product number X-0502) was used without further purification. HPAEC-PAD analyses of neutral sugars, using a Carbopac PA-10 column and a 16 mM NaOH mobile phase, showed 96.8% xylose and 3.2% galactose. For these analyses, the xylan was hydrolyzed in 2N trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) for 1h at 121ºC, according to Mortimer et al. (2010). Similar results regarding the neutral sugar content were obtained by Köhnke et al (2010). Besides that, these authors reported the following chemical composition of the same commercial xylan: 79.0% neutral carbohydrates, ash 10.4% and Klason lignin 0.6%.
Xylan molecular mass was analyzed by SEC in combination with refractive index and UV detectors using a 2 PSS MCX column and a 0.5 M NaOH in HPLC water as mobile phase. The Mw was 21.5 kDa and the Mn was 7.4 kDa.
Fresh xylan solutions (0.6g/L) were daily prepared by adding the commercial solid xylan to NaOH 10-4 N solution and heating it in a bath at 95ºC for 15 min to dissolve xylan (Linder et al. 2003). As was done by Salyers et al. (1981), xylan solution concentration was determined using the phenol/sulphuric acid spectrophotometric method (Hodge and Hofreiter 1962). The xylan charge density was determined by indirect polyelectrolyte titration (Terayama 1952; Mocchiutti and Zanuttini 2007), and the values obtained at pH 7.5 were 1.11 meq/g and 0.97 meq/g xylan in 0.001N and 0.01N NaCl, respectively. The xylan charge density was also determined by conductometric titration, and it was 0.99 meq/g xylan. Katz et al.'s (1984) method was applied, but NaHCO3 was used instead of NaOH according to Lloyd and Horne (1993).
At 0.1N NaCl, neither the PAH charge density nor the xylan charge density could be determined using the polyelectrolyte titration method because, according to Eklund and Lindström (1991) and Tanaka and Ichiura (1999), the critical NaCl concentration in a titration medium, above which no color change of the indicator can be observed, is 0.02 N NaCl.
KPVS (potassium polyvinyl sulfate) solution was supplied by AppChem (England) as a 1000 µN concentration. A 200 µN KPVS solution in deionized water was prepared for polyelectrolyte titrations. The solution concentration was frequently checked by polyelectrolyte titration using pDADMAC as titrant (Terayama 1952; Mocchiutti and Zanuttini 2007).
The fibrous fraction of a recycled pulp obtained from an unbleached softwood kraft-liner paper was used for the study. The paper (100% virgin fibers and kappa number 91.6) was supplied by Papel Misionero S.A. Argentina. Fibers were prepared following the procedure described in Mocchiutti et al. (2011). In brief: the paper was soaked, and pulp was disintegrated and classified using a Bauer McNett classifier. Only the R100 fraction (R100, i.e. rejected by 100 mesh) was collected. Then, the pulp was converted to the acid form (HCl pH 2.0 to 30 min), and then it was converted to the sodium form (0.01N NaHCO3 and NaOH pH 9.0, 30 min). Finally, the pulp was washed at a final pH 7.5.
PAH adsorption isotherms
PAH adsorption isotherms were obtained following the procedure described in Mocchiutti et al. (2011). In brief: Wet samples of 0.5 g of o.d. pulp in its sodium form were added to 100 mL solutions of different concentrations of PAH and 0.01N NaCl at pH 7.5. Each suspension was stirred for 8 min, 30 min, or 180 min at 25ºC and then filtered. Fibers were rinsed with 200 mL of conditioned water at the same pH and ionic strength as during the adsorption stage, and they were stored for XPS analysis as it is described below. On the filtrate, the remaining amount of PAH was determined by the polyelectrolyte titration method.
From the PAH adsorption isotherms, the PAH dosage necessary to saturate the adsorption capacity of the fiber surface was obtained using the equation proposed by Mocchiutti and Zanuttini (2005), which can be rewritten as,
where x=c/a; c is the polyelectrolyte concentration in solution (mg/mL); a is the polyelectrolyte conc. of saturation in the solution (mg/mL); M is the specific total mass of polyelectrolyte adsorbed on fibers (mg/g pulp); Ms is the specific mass of polyelectrolyte corresponding to the stoichiometric adsorption on fiber surface charges (mg/g pulp), and r is a parameter related to the affinity between the surface and the polymer.
PAH/xylan and xylan adsorption isotherms
To adsorb xylan as the second layer, PAH treated fibers were added to a 100 mL solution of different concentrations of xylan at pH 7.5 and stirred for 30 min. Three ionic strengths were considered (0.001, 0.01, and 0.1N NaCl).
The amount of xylan adsorbed was determined indirectly by measuring the xylan concentration in the original solution as well as in the filtrate after adsorption, using the phenol/sulphuric acid spectrophotometric method. Prior to phenol/sulfuric acid measure-ments, the filtrates were additionally filtered through a fiberglass filter (retention 0.5 µm) to separate fines. Xylan adsorption isotherms on untreated pulp were also made under the same conditions as described above but without adding PAH. To account for the sugar release from the pulp during the adsorption process, a control treatment was made under the same conditions as the PAH and xylan adsorption treatments but without adding PAH or xylan.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses
The mat of fibers treated with PAH was pressed twice at 2.5 kg/cm2 between blotters (5 min and 2 min), and then it was dried at 23ºC and 50% RH, and used for XPS analyses.
XPS analyses were performed in a multi-technique system (SPECS) equipped with a monochromatic Al X-ray source and a hemispherical PHOIBOS 150 analyzer operating in the fixed analyzer transmission (FAT) mode. The spectra were obtained with a pass energy of 30 eV, and the Al-Kα X-ray source was operated at 200 W and 12 kV. To compensate the charging effect, a low energy electron flood gun was employed. The working pressure in the analyzing chamber was less than 5 x10-7 Pa. The XPS analyses were performed on the samples after being evacuated overnight in the load-lock chamber at room temperature. The X-ray incident angle was 90º in relation to the sample surface. The high-resolution O 1s, N 1s and C 1s spectra were recorded for each sample. The data treatment was performed with the Casa XPS program (Casa Software Ltd, UK). The peak areas were determined by integration employing a Shirley-type background. For the quantification of the elements, sensitivity factors provided by the manufacturer were used. The curve fit of the C 1s spectrum was performed employing Gauss–Lorentzian components with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) between 1.7 and 2.0 eV.
PAH/xylan pulp treatments for handsheet preparation
PAH/xylan pulp treatments were carried out at 0.5% pulp consistency, pH 7.5, and 0.01N NaCl. The pulp slurry was added to the PAH solution at the adjusted pH and ionic strength, and left under mild stirring for 30 min. Then, the suspension was filtered, and the web mat of fibers was washed and added to the xylan solution also at the adjusted pH and ionic strength. After mild stirring for 30 min, the pulp suspension was diluted to 0.3% pulp consistency (keeping the pH and the ionic strength of the medium). A sample was separated for determination of water retention value (relative weight of water after centrifugation at 1750 g for 30 min). A PAH-treated pulp as well as a control pulp were prepared. They were treated in the same manner, but without adding xylan or without adding PAH or xylan, respectively. For each treatment, ten handsheets of 120 g/m2 were prepared according to the SCAN-C 26:76 standard method but using deionized water adjusted to 0.01N NaCl and pH 7.5. The blotters used in the sheets preparation were previously wetted in the same conditioned water. Sheets were dried under standard conditions (23ºC, 50% RH, SCAN P2:75) but, in order to evaluate the effect of the drying temperature, five sheets were additionally treated in oven at 120ºC for 10 min. Dry tensile strength (Tappi T494 om-01) was determined on all the sheets.
Kinetic of PAH Adsorption
Figure 1 shows PAH adsorption isotherms at different adsorption times (8 min, 30 min, and 180 min). The figure shows that at 180 min the amount of PAH adsorbed was clearly higher.
Fig. 1. PAH specific adsorption as a function of PAH equilibrium concentration at different times, pH 7.5 and NaCl 0.01N. Equation (1) was fitted to data points to obtain the values of the parameters. The amount of PAH is expressed in mg PAH/g pulp, and in µeq PAH /g pulp, considering a charge density of 8.30 meq/g PAH.
To assess where the additional amount of PAH is located, fibers were analyzed by XPS. This technique makes it possible to determine the amount of surface nitrogen, and it can be associated with the presence of PAH only on the fiber surface in a depth up to around 10 nm. The XPS results are shown in Fig. 2, where it can be observed that the content of fiber surface nitrogen was similar irrespective of the treatment time. The discrepancy with Fig. 1, which shows that the amount of PAH adsorbed at 180 min was higher, can be ascribed to the fact that adsorption takes place not only on the fiber surface but also inside the fiber wall when extended adsorption time is applied, which could not be quantified by XPS because it is a surface technique.
To discuss the location of polyelectrolytes on pulps, such as pDADMAC, several authors used the XPS technique together with the polyelectrolyte titration (Horvath et al. 2006). Other authors used the fluorescent confocal microscopy to show the location of cationic dextran and copolymer of acrylamide and pDADMAC (Horvath et al. 2008), or PAH on fibers (Gimåk er et al. 2009).
Gimåker et al. (2009) found that to obtain paper significant strength improve-ments, the adsorption of the PAH has to be restricted to the exterior surface of the fibers. Thus, for the rest of this work, an adsorption time of 30 minutes was adopted.
On the other hand, from the isotherm obtained at 30 min in Fig. 1, the PAH necessary to saturate the adsorption capacity of the fiber surface was obtained using the equation proposed by Mocchiutti and Zanuttini (2005). The equation parameter Ms was in this case 2.85 + 0.09 mg PAH/g of dried pulp (23.7 µeq PAH/g of dried pulp) and it corresponds to a PAH dosage of 3.0 mg/g o.d. pulp. This is in agreement with previous results obtained for the same pulp at 0.01N NaCl and also at 0.001N NaCl (Mocchiutti et al. 2011).
Fig. 2. Surface nitrogen content determined by XPS as a function of PAH equilibrium concentration where PAH adsorption took place, at pH 7.5, NaCl 0.01N for 30 and 180 min
PAH/xylan and xylan adsorption isotherms at different ionic strengths
Table 1 shows the dosages of PAH and xylan used for building the isotherms. The PAH dosages were selected from the PAH isotherms obtained at 30 min and 0.01N NaCl (Fig.1.), and correspond to the half of the fiber saturation level, PAH(0.15%), b) the saturation level, PAH(0.30%), and c) the double of the saturation level, PAH(0.60%) when the adsorption was made in 0.01N NaCl.
Table 1. Conditions Used for Building Xylan Adsorption Isotherms on Untreated Pulps or on Previously PAH-Treated Pulps (pH 7.5, and at Different Ionic Strengths: 0.001N, 0.01N, and 0.1N NaCl).
Figures 3, 4, and 5 show xylan adsorption isotherms obtained at different ionic strengths by the addition of increasing amounts of xylan on untreated pulps and also on pulps previously treated with different amounts of PAH, according to Table 1.
Figures 3, 4, and 5 show that the amount of xylan directly adsorbed on untreated pulp was low. Nevertheless, for the highest ionic strength studied (0.1N NaCl) up to 0.3% xylan could be adsorbed on pulp. This behavior could be due to a decrease in the mutual repulsion between charged groups of xylan and cellulosic fiber, allowing a higher adsorption by non-electrostatic affinity, as was discussed by Fleer (1993) in his general theory of polyelectrolyte adsorption. On the other hand, the increment in ionic strength could also affect the solubility of xylan, since the polymer solvency has a great influence on the driving force of adsorption.
Fig. 3. Xylan specific adsorption on untreated and on previously PAH treated pulps as a function of the xylan equilibrium concentration at pH 7.5 and NaCl 0.001N. Dosages of the commercial xylan used are indicated in the plot (% xylan on pulp).
Fig. 4. Xylan specific adsorption on untreated and on previously PAH treated pulps as a function of the xylan equilibrium concentration at pH 7.5 and NaCl 0.01N. Dosages of the commercial xylan are indicated in the plot (% xylan on pulp). In this case, the dosage 0.3 % PAH on pulp corresponds to saturation of fiber surface charges when the ionic strength corresponds to 0.01N NaCl.
Fig. 5. Xylan specific adsorption on untreated and on previously PAH treated pulps as a function of the xylan equilibrium concentration at pH 7.5 and NaCl 0.1N. Dosages of the commercial xylan are indicated in the plot (% xylan on pulp).
The figures also show that the amount of xylan adsorbed was significantly increased when the fibers had been previously treated with PAH. The amount of xylan adsorbed as a second layer depended on the amount of PAH previously adsorbed. The higher the amount of PAH adsorbed, the higher the amount of xylan adsorbed in the second layer. In particular, for a dosage of 1.0 % of commercial xylan on pulp, 65% of this xylan was adsorbed when pulp was previously treated with 0.6% PAH on o.d. pulp (PAH(0.60%)) in 0.01N NaCl or 0.1N NaCl. The figures also show that, in general, the increase in ionic strength leads to an increase in the amount of xylan adsorbed as a second layer.
Taking into account the results shown in Figs. 3 and 4, the adsorption of PAH and xylan at 0.01N NaCl and 0.001N NaCl is idealized in Fig. 6. The amount of fiber surface acid groups considered is 24 µeq/ g pulp, and the amount of PAH adsorbed on pulp is 12 µeq/g PAH for cases I and III, and 29 µeq/g PAH for cases II and IV, which corresponds to PAH dosages of 0.15% and 0.60 % PAH on pulp, respectively, when the ionic strength is 0.01N NaCl.
When the amount of PAH adsorbed is half of the fiber saturation level (12 µeq/g PAH), the PAH is adsorbed in flat form (case I). The increase in ionic strength from 0.001N to 0.01N NaCl (case III), reduces the PAH charge density from 11 µeq/g PAH to 8 µeq/g PAH, and thus, more mass is necessary to block the same amount of fiber surface charges. Bare fiber surface has no interaction with xylan and thus, it can be assumed that xylan is adsorbed only on the PAH layer. Xylan probably competes against anionic fiber charge for the electroadsorption onto the PAH.
When the amount of PAH adsorbed is more than the saturation level (29 µeq PAH/g pulp, cases II and IV), the PAH is adsorbed with loops and tails dangling in solution. Here, xylan can be adsorbed on the segments of PAH adsorbed, and also on the charges existing in the free segments of the PAH. The contribution of these free chain ends is higher for 0.01N NaCl (case IV), probably because they are longer and they have higher flexibility.
It is expected that when the ionic strength is 0.1N NaCl, the amount of xylan adsorbed increases due to the additional adsorption by non-electrostatic affinity or due to a decrease in the xylan solubility.
Fig. 6. Idealized models for adsorption of polyelectrolyte onto fiber surfaces at different ionic strength and pH 7.5, considering the results obtained in Figures 3 and 4. For the scheme, the following charge densities are considered for the polyelectrolytes: 8 µeq /mg PAH in 0.01N NaCl, 11 µeq /mg PAH in 0.001N NaCl, and 1 µeq /mg xylan. The pulp surface charge considered is 24 µeq /g pulp (according to Figure 1). In PAH polymer, amine groups are indicated as ionized (+) or non.ionized (). In xylan polymer, charges are indicated (–).
Effects of PAH/xylan addition on pulp swelling and paper strength
Table 2 shows the dosages of PAH and xylan used for studying the effects of the dual-polyelectrolyte adsorption on pulp swelling and paper tensile strength.
Table 2. Conditions Used for Pulp Treatments with PAH and Xylan at 0.5% Pulp Consistency, pH 7.5, and 0.01N NaCl
Figure 7 shows that the PAH added at a saturation level slightly reduced the water retention value (WRV). Nevertheless, when xylan was added as the second layer, the WRV obtained depended on the dosage of the PAH used as the first layer. When PAH was added at the saturation level (0.30%) followed by the adsorption of xylan, the pulp swelling decreased. However, when the double of the saturation level of PAH was added, the WRV slightly improved, probably due to a higher amount of water imbibed within the loops and tails of the PAH adsorbed.
Fig. 7. Effects of PAH and PAH/Xylan treatments on water retention values at pH 7.5 and NaCl 0.01N. The error bars correspond to the standard deviations of the means from three replications of the trial.
Figure 8 shows the effects of the different treatments of PAH and PAH/Xyl (Table 2) on tensile strength for both drying conditions applied. The figure shows that both polyelectrolytes, the PAH and the xylan, contributed to improve paper strength. For standard (unheated) drying conditions, and compared to the reference pulp, the PAH increased the tensile strength by approximately 13%, while the dual-polyelectrolyte adsorption increased this property by 24% and 31%, when PAH(0.30%)/Xyl and PAH(0.60%)/Xyl were adsorbed on pulp, respectively.
Figure 8 also shows a slight improvement in tensile strength for all cases when the additional drying treatment was applied (120ºC), and a trend similar to that shown for the standard drying conditions. Although several authors showed increments in paper strength due to reactions of PAH functional groups with fibers, under the mild drying conditions used in this work (120ºC for 10 min) additional improvements due to the PAH were not observed.
Lingström and Wågberg (2008) compared the effects on tensile strength of the PAH/PAA system with the pDADMAC/poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) system, where both polyelectrolytes are strong and produce thinner films. According to these authors, the number of free chain ends (tails) is important for the development of strong adhesion between polyelectrolyte multilayer covered surfaces.
In our case, both PAH and xylan are weak polyelectrolytes, and xylan has a low charge density, so a thick bilayer can be expected, which is favorable to strength enhancements.
For future work, the fast and effective adsorption of xylan when a cationic polyelectrolyte is previously adsorbed encourages studying the effects of a dual-polymer adsorption of other cationic polyelectrolytes with amine group, including natural ones such as chitosan.
Fig. 8. Tensile strength as a function of the different treatments at 23ºC or 120ºC, pH 7.5 and 0.01N NaCl. The error bars correspond to the standard deviations of the means from ten replications of the trial.
Kinetics of medium molecular mass PAH adsorption on a recycled unbleached softwood kraft pulp at pH 7.5 and 0.01N NaCl indicates that at short times (lower than 30 min) the adsorption is restricted to the external fiber surface. Nevertheless, at longer times, PAH penetrates into the cell walls of fibers.
Xylan's adsorption isotherms on untreated pulp show that 0.3% of xylan can be adsorbed on pulp when the ionic strength is 0.1N. At lower ionic strength, the amount of xylan adsorbed is significantly lower.
Pulp pretreatment with PAH makes it possible to achieve high levels of xylan adsorption. The increase in ionic strength leads to an increase in the amount of xylan adsorbed as the second layer.
The short xylan adsorption times and room temperature needed for this procedure are in contrast to the drastic conditions used in the literature for the direct adsorption of xylan.
PAH/Xylan dual-polyelectrolyte treatment increases the pulp swelling when the amount of PAH adsorbed as the first layer is higher than the amount corresponding to the fiber saturation level.
The dual polyelectrolyte adsorption on unbleached recycled softwood kraft pulps can be a feasible technique for improving paper tensile strength.
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support received from ANPCyT (Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica) PICT 2008 Nº1180, and CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas) PIP 2010-2012. They also thank Papel Misionero S.A. for supplying the kraft liner paper, Prof. Herbert Sixta for SEC determinations, and Carla N. Schnell for her laboratory assistance.
DiFlavio, J.-L., Bertoia, R., Pelton, R., and Leduc, M. (2005). "The mechanism of polyvinylamine wet-strengthening," 13th Fund. Res. Symp., Cambridge, UK, September 2005, 1293-1316.
Eklund, D. and Lindström, T. (1991). "Colloidal Stability," In: Paper Chemistry. An Introduction. DT Paper Science Publications, Finland, Ch. 5, 106-133.
Eriksson, M., Torgnysdotter, A., and Wågberg, L. (2006). "Surface modification of wood fibers using the polyelectrolyte multilayer technique: Effects of fiber joint and paper strength properties," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45(15), 5279-5286.
Fleer, G. J., Cohen-Stuart, M. A., Scheutjens, J. M. H. M., Cosgrove, T., and Vincent, B. (1993). "Electrostatic effects: Charged surfaces and polyelectrolyte adsorption," In: Polymers at Interfaces, Chapman & Hall, London, Ch. 7, 343-375.
Gimåker, M., and Wågberg, L. (2009). "Adsorption of polyallylamine to lignocellulosic fibres: Effect of adsorption conditions on localisation of adsorbed polyelectrolyte and mechanical properties of resulting paper sheets," Cellulose 16, 87-101.
Hodge, J. E., and Hofreiter, B. T. (1962). Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, San Francisco, and London.
Horvath, A. E., Lindström, T., and Laine, J. (2006). "On the indirect polyelectrolyte titration of cellulosic fibers. Conditions for charge stoichiometry and comparison with ESCA," Langmuir 22(2), 824-830.
Horvath, A. T., Horvath, A. E., Lindström, T., and Wågberg, L. (2008). "Diffusion of cationic polyelectrolytes into cellulosic fibers," Langmuir 24, 10797-10806.
Hubbe, M. A., Jackson, T. L., and Zhang, M. (2003). "Fiber surface saturation as a strategy to optimize dual-polymer dry strength treatment," Tappi J. 2(11), 7-12.
Hubbe, M. A., Venditti, R. A., and Rojas, O. J. (2007). "What happens to cellulosic fibers during papermaking and recycling? A review," BioResources (http://www.bioresources.com), 2(4), 739-788.
Katz, S., Beatson, R. P., and Scallan, A. M. (1984). "The determination of
strong and weak acidic groups in sulfite pulps," Svensk Papperstidning 87, 48-53.
Köhnke, T., and Brelid, H. (2009). "Adsorption of cationized barley husk xylan on kraft pulp fibres: Influence of degree of cationization on adsorption characteristics," Cellulose 16, 1109-1121.
Köhnke, T. (2010). "Adsorption of xylans on cellulosic fibres – Influence of xylan composition on adsorption characteristics and kraft pulp properties," PhD. Thesis. Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
Köhnke, T., Lund, K., Brelid, H., Westman, G. (2010). "Kraft pulp hornification: A closer look at the preventive effect gained by glucuronoxylan adsorption," Carbohydrate Polymers 81, 226-233.
Linder, A., Bergman, R., Bodin, A., and Gatenholm, P. (2003) "Mechanism of assembly of xylan onto cellulose surfaces," Langmuir 19, 5072-5077.
Lingström, R., and Wågberg, L. (2008). "Polyelectrolyte multilayers on wood fibers: Influence of molecular weight on layer properties and mechanical properties of papers from treated fibers," J. Colloid Interface Sci. 328, 233-242.
Lloyd, J. A., and Horne, C. W. (1993). "The determination of fibre charge and acidic groups of radiata pine pulps," Nordic Pulp Paper Res. J. 8(1), 48-57.
Magaton, A., Colodette, J., Pilo-Veloso, D. and Gomide, J. (2011). " Behavior of eucalyptus wood xylans across kraft cooking," J. Wood Chem. Technol. 31(1), 58-72.
Mocchiutti, P., and Zanuttini, M. A. (2005). "A useful equation for estimating the surface charge of pulp fibers," Tappi J. 4(5), 18-22.
Mocchiutti, P., and Zanuttini, M.A. (2007). "Key considerations in the determination of polyelectrolyte concentration by the colloidal titration method," BioResources(http://www.bioresources.com) 2(3), 399-407.
Mocchiutti, P., Galván, M. V., Inalbon, M. C., and Zanuttini, M. A. (2011). "Improvement of paper properties of recycled unbleached softwood kraft pulps by poly(allylamine hydrochloride)," BioResources (http://www.bioresources.com) 6(1), 570-583.
Mortimer, J. C., Miles, G. P., Brown, D. M., Zhang, Z., Segura, M., Weimar, T., Yu, X., Seffen, K. A., Stephens, E., Turner, S. R. and Dupree, P. (2010). "Absence of branches from xylan in Arabidopsis gux mutants reveals potential for simplification of lignocellulosic biomass," PNAS, 107(40), 17409-17414.
Ren, J., Peng, F., Sun, R., and Kennedy, J. (2009). "Influence of hemicellulosic derivatives on the sulfate kraft pulp strength," Carbohydrate Polymers 75, 338-342.
Salyers, A. A., Gherardini, F., and O'Brien, M. (1981). "Utilization of xylan by two species of human colonic Bacteroides," Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41(4), 1065-1068.
Silva, T. C. F., Colodette, J. L., Lucia, L. A., de Oliveira, R. C., Oliveira, F. N., and Silva, L. H. M. (2011). "Adsorption of chemically modified xylans on eucalyptus pulp and its effect on the pulp physical properties," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50(2), 1138-1145.
Sixta, H., Guetsch, J., Nousiainen, T., and Wollboldt, P. (2011). "Progress and challenges in the isolation of xylan from Eucalyptus wood," 5th International Colloquium on Eucalyptus Pulp, May 9-12. Porto Seguro, Bahia, Brazil.
Sjöström, E. (1993). Wood Chemistry. Fundamentals and Applications. Second Edition. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, California, USA.
Sun, R. C., Sun, X. F., and Tomkinson, J. (2004). "Chapter 1: Hemicelluloses and their derivatives," In: Hemicelluloses: Science and Technology, ACS Symposium Series 864, USA, Ch. 1, 2-22.
Tanaka, H., and Ichiura, H. (1999). "A novel and simple method for determining the cationic demand of suspensions using chromophoric labeled cationic polymers. Colloid and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 159, 103-107.
Terayama, H. (1952). "Method of colloid titration (a new titration between polymer adsorption)," Journal of Polymer Science 8(2), 243-253.
Wågberg, L., Forsberg, S., Johansson, A., and Juntti, P. (2002). "Engineering of fibre surface properties by application of the polyelectrolyte multilayer concept. Part I: Modification of paper strength," J. Pulp Pap Sci. 28, 222-228.
Article submitted: January 26, 2012; Peer review completed: February 20, 2012; Revised version received and accepted: March 16, 2012; Published: March 19, 2012.


Discussion in 'Sports Photography' started by torags, Aug 15, 2009.
Rags some nice shots but as Tim has mentioned make 'em a little bigger!
Also #1 seems a little underexposed compared to the others.
Yeah it was foggy, then it wasn't - on and off.
To be honest I don't know how to make them bigger for here, Smugmug may downsize, I shoot raw and was pretty close.
Wonderful photos! We have a polo team here, just don't know where they play now - their field became more houses.


With a team made up of professionals with enough knowledge and experience to offer the best design and development service of web pages, we are not satisfied with getting there, we also offer marketing services in social media with all that this can entail, together we can design the necessary strategies to ensure the effective presence of your product or service on social networks, social networks are dedicated to taking the company to where their customers are, we do not expect customers to come for us, success and immediacy of social networks sometimes makes us believe that anyone can carry out these functions successfully, but we cannot deny that it is something thWith a staff made up of experts with enough experience to offer the greatest design and development services of web pages, we are not content with getting generally there, we also supply marketing providers in social networking with all this can entail, jointly we can design the necessary strategies to ensure the effective presence of your products or services on internet sites, social networks focus on taking the organization to where their customers are, and we don't expect people to come for individuals, success as well as immediacy of social networks sometimes makes us believe that anyone can carry out these functions successfully, but we cannot reject that it is something which has a bit more complex when compared with we think, so in t has a little more complex than we think, so in web design new york we have dedicated ourselves to accompany our clients to establish the appropriate strategies in this regard.
The complement is based on subsequent some methods to take the firm of our customers along this kind of path of internet sites, first each of our web designer grows the strategy to follow both on the website and in social networking sites, this strategy is clear advertising operations and hence community management throughout social networks, usually accompanied by the strategies on the website, equally strategies must be accompanied by your effective development of content, if the content actually is attractive both in the sites and on the actual page it is going to begin to produce interest also to attract clients, firstly on the networks and from there directly to the web page helping the possibilities of purchase, hence the significance about managing marketing and advertising strategies in which rely on each means to reach the ultimate aim that is the boost in the number of sales and also produces affinity as well as brand loyalty.
Finally, inside the design as well as development of web design, the monitoring and measurement of targeted traffic and the outcomes of the combination regarding both methods are a part of order for that client to learn how his / her investment is actually managed.


Have a sports injury, but not sure where to start?
Experiencing pain from a sports injury?
Let us help you return to activity and get back in the game, back to doing what you love.
Don't let your pain stop you from living an active lifestyle. With so many treatment options for sports injuries, it's hard to determine the best course of action. The first and most important step to treating your pain is to understand the type of injury you have.
As the largest sports medicine provider in the area, OrthoIndy is your one-stop shop for sports injury treatment. Learn what kind of treatment might be best for your sports injury.
This offer is part of the Ultimate Guide to Sports Medicine.


text:
ingaurban 26th January 2018
26th January 2018 1:00PM
Will.i.am: "Technology needs to inspire and that's what I'm doing with I.am+"
Credit: JStone / Shutterstock.com
ingaurban
The musician and tech entrepreneur Will.i.am has said more needs to be done to inspire children from underprivileged backgrounds to get into technology.
Speaking at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland today, he said:
Timeline for Startups
Yes, the Lyft IPO price is high – but the reason has little to do with the ride-hailing company
UK fintech dominates Tech Nation Future Fifty list
This company will pay you to turn off your ad blocker
"We're at a crossroads where this new technology is going to create jobs for folks who have left behind. If you encourage, inspire and support nine-year-olds to take an interest.
"Every single village, ghetto, slum. You have to protect them, that's the purpose."
The musician appeared on a panel discussing how startups can be the engine for inclusive growth. Will.i.am discussed his background, growing up in a poor neighbourhood in Los Angeles, and why he feels responsible to help the children that live there now.
"I realised in the ghetto, there's basically a tsunami or an earthquake every day. Tsunami of no opportunity, earthquake of no funding, terror with just the conditions of living.
"And I wanted to change my neighbourhood, by not encouraging kids to be musicians because the industry is not health anymore. [But] encourage those kids to be computer scientists and engineers."
Will.i.am: from musician to lifestyle tech entrepreneur
This is what led Will.i.am to set up the I.Am.Angel Foundation. The foundation says it aims to transform lives through education, inspiration and, opportunity.
Children who attended the foundation study robotics and computer science. It originally started with 60 children and has now grown to over 500.
In addition, he also built his own tech startup, named I.am+. The startup has built a voice assistant for customer service, used by companies such as Deutsche Telekom. The company has raised over $117m to date, from companies such as Salesforce.
This was all done to inspire the kids in the I.Am.Angel Foundation.
Will.i.am said:
We get kids who are underperforming, in and out of juvenile [facilities], from failing GPAs to 3.5 and 4.0. 100 percent of our kids go to college, 80 percent for robotics and computer science and engineering. Because they say if Will can do it, and he's from our neighbourhood, then we can do it too.
He says it's important for kids from underprivileged backgrounds to have role models they can look up to, which is why he created I.am+.
So with my entrepreneurship and philanthropy, it's about lead the way and not be afraid to fail.
Free download worth over $5000
Download our 2018 Technology, Media and Telecoms Predictions Report
Worth up to $5,850
In this report, we look at the 30 big tech themes for 2019, identifying winners and losers for each theme. This report will impact all industries helping:
CEOs/Senior Staff: in all industries understand the disruptive threats to their competitive landscape
Investors: Helps fund managers focus their time on the most interesting investment opportunities in global TM
From Grab to Uber: these are the recent SoftBank investments you need to know about
A French court has ruled ride-hailing app Uber is not an employer
The ECJ has ruled against Uber in France over licensing of UberPop

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Ganache latticework atop the white chocolate layer. A bit of the chocolate crust is visible along the side.
The very first cheesecake recipe I ever tried was this one. Cheesecake has a fearsome reputation for being finicky, a reputation which, in my firm estimation, cheesecake doesn't deserve. I wanted to scale the mountain of cheesecake fear, and this recipe, which involves incorporating melted baking chips into cheesecake batter, seemed perfect for my first cheesecake. Only problem was, I didn't realise that cheesecake ingredients should be at room temperature, so I woefully overbeat the batter in my attempt to get the ingredients to smooth out. My inexperience led me to overbake the cheesecake, because I simply couldn't believe that the center two inches of the cheesecake should be wobbly. The result was much too heavy – the texture wasn't light or silky or any of the things that cheesecake should be. I was flummoxed.
The layers: chocolate crust; chocolate layer; peanut butter layer; white chocolate topping; and ganache latticework on top. This cheesecake was demolished by hungry Norsemen before I was able to get a proper picture of the layers or of a nice, neat slice.
Place chocolate and butter in a medium heatproof bowl. Heat the cream until boiling. Pour the boiling cream over the chocolate and butter and let stand 2 – 3 minutes. Whisk until completely blended and smooth. Refrigerate until of proper piping consistency, or let stand at room temperature and pour over cheesecake once it has cooled to room temperature.
Using a food processor or potato masher, crush the crumbs until of fine consistency. Stir in the powdered sugar and cocoa powder until evenly blended. Stir in 1 stick of melted butter; add more butter, 1 TBS at a time, to achieve a moist crust.
Press crust evenly on the bottom and slightly up the sides of a 9″ springform pan. For a soft, brownie-like crust, place pan in freezer while you prepare the batter and do not pre-bake. For a firmer crust, bake crust for about 10 minutes in 350°F oven. Cool completely on wire rack.
Ensure oven is preheated to 350°F.
Beat cream cheese on medium speed to soften, about 1 – 2 minutes. Scrape bowl and beater. Blend in sugar at medium-low speed and beat until evenly incorporated, about 1 – 2 minutes. Scrape bowl and beater. Blend in sour cream, vanilla, and salt at low speed for 1 minute. Scrape bowl and beater. Blend in eggs, one at a time, beating for 1 minute on low speed after each addition and scraping bowl and beater after each addition.
Divide batter into thirds of approximately 1 1/3 cups each. In one of these thirds, stir in the melted and cooled semisweet chocolate chips until well blended. In another of these thirds, stir in the melted and cooled peanut butter chips until well blended. In the last of these thirds, stir in the melted and cooled white chocolate chips until well blended.
Wrap the springform pan in several layers of heavy-duty foil. Fill a pan large enough to comfortably hold the springform pan slightly less than half full with very hot water.
Pour one of the flavours into the frozen or completely cooled crust and smooth top. Pour a second flavour atop the first and smooth the top. Pour the final flavour on top and smooth the top of this layer.
Place the filled springform pan into the water-filled pan. Bake for 55 – 65 minutes, or until the top edges are golden-brown and the centre two inches are still wobbly. Transfer cheesecake from water bath to cooling rack and immediately run a sharp knife around the edges of the springform pan to loosen the cheesecake, making sure to scrape knife against the sides of the pan and not against the cheesecake itself. Cool to room temperature, cover top with plastic wrap, and refrigerate overnight.


The market for buyers with low credit scores is only getting bigger, and you need a unique set of insights and tools to take advantage of it. Deal Finder helps your franchise dealership find inventory all your buyers can afford so you can quickly match each with the right option, without ever getting stuck in a vehicle you can't sell.
Instantly see all back-of-book inventory in every auction lane, and filter by vehicle equipment, MMR, condition and history reports, and live retail demand to find the best cars for credit-challenged buyers in your market. By factoring in your profit objectives and lender criteria, you can focus on vehicles you know can turn a profit.
Don't waste time with vehicles you can't finance. Deal Finder captures and stores the criteria your preferred lenders use to approve loans for buyers with low credit scores, letting you verify each used vehicle's profit potential against multiple criteria on a single screen.
With vAuto's affordability assessment tool, know which used vehicles a credit-challenged customer will be approved to buy before investing a moment of your time — or your customer's — in the sales process.
We attribute 100% of our used car success to vAuto.


Kiddieko is currently in final user testing. Once Kiddieko as happy with what LSEB Web has produced the site can be displayed to the world.
Kiddieko have given LSEB Web one final challenge in the 11th hour, to produce a voucher system, which LSEB Web as accepted. This voucher system has been added to the site and is being tested by Kiddieko.


text:
Adam John Crosthwaite (born 22 September 1984) is an Australian former professional cricketer who played for Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia as a wicket keeper. He was part of Australia's Under-19 World Cup win in 2002.

Due to the emergence of Matthew Wade in the Victorian Side in 2010 Crosthwaite moved to New South Wales. He played for the Adelaide Strikers in the inaugural Twenty20 Big Bash League and moved to play for South Australia. He was member of the 2011–12 Ryobi One-Day Cup winning team for South Australia.

External links

1984 births
Australian cricketers
Living people
Victoria cricketers
Adelaide Strikers cricketers
Cricketers from Melbourne
South Australia cricketers
Wicket-keepers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Benfield Christian Church began as mission of the South Church of Christ in 1926. Brother George L. Ashton was the leader. In 1929 Joseph P. Daab took his place. On January 1, 1933 the church was organized with 50 charter members and a total membership of 200. The congregation of the Benfield Church met in the Fornof School while the building was being constructed.
Construction was begun on the building for Benfield Christian Church in 1933. The cornerstone of the new church was laid in 1937. During the two years at the school our numbers increased. We had twenty charter members when the church was officially established.
In 1946 a new building fund was started to build what is now the main entrance and the rooms up and down to the east and the office area and the rooms underneath to the north. In 1956 the building was completed and occupied.
The lower level of the annex has, five classrooms and the men's restroom. The main floor has four classrooms, offices, a large double room and the women's restroom. In the original lower level there is a kitchen, fellowship hall and storage rooms.
In 1984 during the ministry of Brother Merlin Peterson the main entrance was changed. Other projects to improve the sanctuary were completed as time moved ahead. A chair-lift up to the sanctuary was installed, carpeting was changed and other projects completed. In 1997 the parking lot pavement was taken up and new pavement put down.
During 1998 the sanctuary was repainted. Our offering on Easter 1998 was the largest offering in church history with $3,353.55 given. We paid for the parking lot, painting of the Sanctuary. In addition, we replaced the siding at the main entrance. We used our new hymn books for the first time on Easter.
Here it is the beginning of 2004 and we look back again and realize many improvements have been made in recent years, which include new glass block windows in the lower level. In 2003 we have made three great improvements: new Larmco windows in the sanctuary and new carpeting, in addition a chair lift to the lower level was installed. With younger families attending we had to double the size of our nursey. We pray God will continue to bless us as we move further into this young century. On 8-5-2007 the church received new Bibles.
When the church was built it had block on the exterior which had to be painted every two years. Then we had siding installed and after a bad storm we had the siding replaced. In 2008 we had the back steps redone. Also we had new men and woman restrooms built. God has been good to us.
In 2009 and 2010 two new air-condition system was added. One air-condition system was taken and replaced by use of our insurance. We added overhead projector and new computer and setup a network system. We had a burglar alarm system installed to safe guard our building and air-conditions and computer and new lighting controlling equipment.
© 2016 Dean Liming deanliming@att.net.


text:
HP reveals new channel plan
HP's new Preferred Partner Programme is set to go live on November 1st 2005 with the regional HP SPO dream team pledging to move closer to final tier resellers and drive channel sell-out.
By Stuart Wilson Published July 24, 2005
HP's new Preferred Partner Programme is set to go live on November 1st 2005 with the regional HP solution partner organisation (SPO) dream team pledging to move closer to final tier resellers and drive channel sell-out. The modification to HP's existing channel programme will place an increased emphasis on reseller loyalty and forms part of a concerted effort by HP to build even closer relationships with final tier resellers in the Middle East. "HP plans to put a real emphasis on partner loyalty," declared Christoph Schell, HP SPO manager international sales Europe (ISE) region. "Preferred partners will benefit not only through global support and channel funds but they will also receive preferred handling when it comes to business opportunities. We will structure it as a VIP club for resellers and there will be clear criteria that each partner needs to fulfil to participate." The specific criteria for qualification to preferred partner status in the Middle East are currently being finalised. Informed channel sources claim that the proposed programme will result in higher levels of focus on a select number of HP corporate resellers selling into enterprise accounts. Simultaneously, midmarket and small business resellers will be pushed to gain specific specialisations in order to gain entry to the proposed programme. Hazem Bazan, HP SPO and PSG manager for the Middle East, said: "We are categorising our Middle East partners based on their areas of specialisation. The plan is to push them even deeper into these areas and ensure that they deliver real value to the customers. We are also categorising partners that are focused on volume business and will change the way we compensate them to create a win-win situation in terms of their overall business profitability." HP claims that the new channel programme signifies a shift in emphasis away from push marketing aimed at first tier distribution partners towards pull activities targeted at both second-tier partners and end-users. "The reasoning behind this is because we believe that we are spending a lot of time in the ISE region on push mode and we really want to change this and transfer it to pull activities and pull management," said Schell. "There will now be more focus on partner business managers (PBMs). This does not mean we will stop developing our relationships with distributors but it will involve more automatic processes." "The skills and certification that HP partners have in the Middle East is a barrier to entry to other vendors," emphasised Schell. "This has been built up over ten years and new vendors — especially if they are switching from a direct to an indirect sales model for this region — cannot just claim they are going to certify their channel. It is an asset that you build over time and we are proud of what we have built. There are only two or three vendors besides HP that truly have a channel capable of selling specialised solutions that add value for customers." Channel stuffing by major vendors to hit sales targets at the end of every quarter remains commonplace according to major distributors. HP claims that its emphasis on pull marketing can change this. "We thought a shift from push to pull would affect revenues, but these are two engines that work hand-in-hand," said Bazan. "If you ensure sell-out, then the sell-in revenues happen." HP hopes to have precise qualification criteria for the programme finalised by the middle of September. The new programme marks a strategic shift in focus and will be welcomed by committed HP partners. However, introducing a channel programme where select resellers have certain advantages needs to be managed carefully to prevent those that do not make the grade from becoming disillusioned.


text:
TRN Rangers Report (April 24)
Elvis Andrus' RBI single in the ninth inning Saturday night was the difference as the Rangers claimed a 2-1 win Saturday night which helped toward a sweep of the Royals.
Nick Martinez allowed one run on four hits over seven innings. Martinez took a no-hitter into the sixth inning, and Rangers manager Jeff Banister said that was "as good as I've seen him pitch."
Martinez got called up from Triple-A Round Rock when A.J. Griffin was put on the 10-day disabled list because of gout in his left ankle. Mike Napoli hit his third homer for the Rangers, who improved to 2-4 in one-run games.
Monday: Minnesota (Phil Hughes 2-1, 5.40) at Texas (Martin Perez 1-2, 3.60), 7:05 p.m.; TV-FSSW
Tuesday: Minnesota (Ervin Santana 3-0, 0.64) at Texas (Andrew Cashner, 0-1, 2.38), 7:05 p.m., TV-FSSW
Wednesday: Minnesota (Hector Santiago 2-1, 2.19) at Texas (Cole Hamels 0-0, 2.77), 7:05 p.m.; TV-FSSW
Friday: LA Angels (Jesse Chavez, 1-3, 5.00) at Texas (Nick Martinez 0-0, 1.29), 7:05 p.m.; TV-FSSW
Saturday: LA Angels (Ricky Nolasco, 1-2, 4.76 ERA) at Texas (Yu Darvish 2-2, 3.03), 6:15 p.m.; TV-FSSW


Bought and sold a Single Family home in 2018 in Williamsburg, VA.
"Sherry has helped me buy 2 homes and sell 1! The first home was exactly what I needed at the time (2010)! This second one is my perfect forever home (2018)! She is very patient and will help you find your perfect place. She will see you through the purchase from start to finish."


text:
Q: Eclipse for C/C++ header file not found I got a C project with a Makefile.
I import the project to eclipse for C/C++(Neon.3 Release (4.6.3))
But when build the project, eclipse cannot find some of the header files.

I have installed the pcap lib in my system.

apt-get install libpcap-dev

but, I can use make command to compile the C project.
Can anyone tell me how to solve this problem in eclipse?

A: For CDT projects, you can define include paths and preprocessor symbols for the parser.
If Autodiscovery is enabled, after a build finishes, any discovered paths and symbols will be displayed in the Discovered Paths section.
You can also define the properties on a per project basis in the C/C++ Projects or Navigator views.
To add include paths and symbols:

*

*To set properties for your project, right-click your CDT project and select Properties. Alternatively, to set properties for a specific source file in your project, right-click a source file within your make project and select Properties.

*Expand C/C++ General and select Paths and Symbols.

*Click Add to define new element (Include Path, Symbol, Library path etc).

*Click Edit to change selected element (Include Path, Symbol, Library path etc).

*Click Delete to remove selected element (Include Path, Symbol, Library path etc).

*Click Export to make selected element (Include Path, Symbol, Library path etc) exported.

*Click Unexport to remove selected element (Include Path, Symbol, Library path etc) from export list.

*Click Move up and Move down to set elements (Include Paths, Library paths etc) order.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Apply Live Chat
About Richmond SPCS
Location & Schedule
University of Richmond Boot Camps
Get Program Info
I consent to be contacted by or on behalf of Trilogy Education Services, LLC and University of Richmond about furthering my career training. My personal data will be used as described in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. I may opt out of receiving communications at any time.
This form Requires Javascript Support. Please Enable Javascript
The following requires your attention:
Enrolling Now
02/04/20: Richmond
Coding: (804) 616-3270
Data: (804) 977-9327
Cyber: (804) 616-3270
University of Richmond Coding Boot Camp
Classes begin quarterly in Richmond
Learn to Code in 24 Weeks
Web development is a fast-growing career track, and UR Coding Boot Camp's Full Stack Flex course teaches you the specialized skills to tap into this rewarding industry. Through a fast-paced, immersive curriculum, you'll learn the skills needed to become proficient in front-end and back-end technologies.
Learn through a rigorous curriculum that covers a full-stack: HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, jQuery, Java, Bootstrap, Express.js, React.js, Node.js, Database Theory, MongoDB, MySQL, Command Line, Git, and more.*
Study part-time while maintaining your work schedule.
Simulate a professional work environment by teaming up with your peers on real-world projects.
Put your new skills into practice by building complex projects and applications that will bolster your professional portfolio.
Receive a Certificate of Completion from the University of Richmond, demonstrating your achievements.
Benefit from a wide set of career services: resume and social media support, technical interview preparation, portfolio reviews, soft skills training, 1:1 coaching, and more to help you launch or advance your career.
As you embark on this 24-week coding program journey, you'll dive into a challenging curriculum and learn more than you thought was possible. With an interactive classroom environment and collaboration with your classmates, you will get hands-on experience in full-stack web development.
Why apply?
Learning to code is an intensive undertaking. If you are craving to expand your knowledge and join the tech world, seeking to advance or change careers, and most importantly: ready to roll up your sleeves and work hard…then our coding program could be right for you.
Those looking to find a new career or company—or make the move from a non-technical position to a technical one
Those who are interested in freelancing to supplement their current income—or contribute in a bigger way in their current job
Those seeking to learn the skills to execute on an entrepreneurial idea and build their own product
Learn In-Demand Skills:
Our part-time coding program curriculum covers front-end and back-end technologies*, and you will graduate with the skills needed to become a full-stack web developer:
Computer Science applied to JavaScript
Databases (MySQL, MongoDB)
Server Side Development (Node.js, Express, MERN Stack)
Browser Based Technologies (HTML5, CSS, JavaScript, jQuery, Bootstrap)
Deployment (Heroku, Git)
Quality Assurance (Writing Tests)
*The material covered is subject to change. Our academic team adjusts to the market demand.
Part-Time Full Stack Flex
24-week program
Available in Richmond
Classes held two weekdays from 6:30 to 9:30 p.m. and Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Explore dates and locations
Contact an admissions advisor at (804) 616-3270 or fill out the form above if you're ready to learn more about the University of Richmond Coding Boot Camp.
Near one of these cities?
You're in range of our programs.
East Highland Park
This program is offered through the University of Richmond School of Professional & Continuing Studies spcs.richmond.edu
Powered by Trilogy Education Services, a 2U, Inc. brand.
Contact UR Coding Boot Camp at
Contact UR Data Analytics Boot Camp at
Contact UR Cybersecurity Boot Camp at
Terms & Conditions	| Privacy/Your Privacy Rights
Facebook A Facebook icon to link to the school's boot camp Facebook page


text:
« Pat Blythe – Chloe Doucet, Melody Maker, Against The Wind, and pics…….
Roxanne Tellier – Our Flag is Red and White »
Segarini: Canadian, Eh? Happy 150th Canada Day!
Have a safe and happy Canada Day…I love you all. And yes…this IS the Greatest Country in the World…even if some of us don't know it.
Portions of this column originally appeared in FYIMusic, Cashbox Canada, and DBAWIS.
Having lived in Canada for the past 44 years and change, (my 45th anniversary here is this coming November), I proudly call myself a Canarican even though, truth be told, I am more Canadian (in certain ways) than most of you born here. A transplant from the lower 48 (San Francisco, to be exact) who moved here with the band I was in (The Wackers) solely on the basis of how much great music you could hear regardless of where you went or what kind of music you liked, how many places there were to play, Montreal radio and media's acceptance of our music, and how wonderfully audiences reacted to our shows. It didn't occur to me at the time that part of that acceptance was because we were from the U.S, specifically California, and that (in some mysterious, and completely goofball way) we were believed to be 'better' than our local counterparts. Say hello to The Great Canadian Insecurity Complex, boys and girls.
No longer as pervasive as it once was, The Great Canadian Inferiority Complex still hinders our ability to recognize and embrace our homegrown talent, and not just when it comes to music. Canada, a country with less than a tenth of the population of the U.S of A, around the same amount of people as the state of California, supplies the world with more comedians, writers, movie crews and technical support persons per capita than anywhere else in the world. Our contributions to the music, acting, and songwriting fields are usually recognized first by the Americans or British after years of under appreciated slogging in their fields here at home. Canadians, feeling less than equal to people from the U.S or even other countries, work themselves to the bone to get better at their craft in the misguided belief that they are never going to be good enough, only to discover they are better at what they do than the very people they are so desperate to be as good as when they ply their craft anywhere outside of Canada. We so doubt our own relevance to the point of not even being able to recognize greatness in our own accomplishments until someone else points them out to us. This National trait lies deep within us in almost every aspect of our daily lives. Timed traffic lights, city core downtown one way street systems, even 4 way crosswalks, all developed here in Toronto in the 1950s, and in place in almost every major city in the world, still haven't been implemented here where we suffer incredible gridlock and congestion.
How many of our now National Treasures were brought into the public's consciousness only after acceptance in the U.S or elsewhere? From Neil Young to Avril Levigne, from Jim Carrey to Arcade Fire, the mainstream didn't get it until someone else told us it was okay to like these people. Jesus.
I know artists who have been told they are "too Canadian" to make it in the States. WTF does that mean, exactly? I guess no one learned anything from SCTV, an insanely Canadian export which even today, decades since any new skits were filmed for television, still makes Saturday Night Live (invented by a Canadian, Lorne Michaels, and whose best work was done by transplanted Canadians) look like what it has become; a layover for 'comedians' looking to get a sitcom deal or become movie stars. Meh….
=0=
What makes me unusual (and insane to many I call friends) is that I migrated here from The Promised Land; California. Why, some of you will ask, scratching your heads through your Roots toques and taking another sip of your Timmy's double double, would anyone in their right mind move from the fabled land of MILFs and Honey and move to a climate better suited to parkas and gloves instead of beach towels and flip flops? Well, first of all, who says I am in my right mind?
I have been playing music since I was 5 years old. Had I been in my right mind at any time since then, I would have become a lawyer, or better still, followed my dad's footsteps into the family business, which was groceries and produce. I could stock a shelf like a pro (back to front), bag groceries (canned goods first, followed by packaged goods, topped with eggs and/or bread and baked goods), and tell you when iceberg lettuce was fresh and crisp and well grown (very little give when squeezed) melons were ripe (thump them, they make a certain sound), and avocados were ready to eat (darker green in colour, slightly pliable when squeezed), all before I was 12 years old.
What stopped me from turning my ability to talk my parents out of grounding me into a law degree and a new Mercedes Benz every year, or turning the family's 5 grocery stores into a state-wide chain of supermarkets, was the uncontrollable desire to write and make music, be in a group, see the world, and get laid. You know…money for nothing and the chicks for free. Even after I learned that was bullshit, it was too late. While my friends drank themselves through college or worked at a real job that would land them in a happy marriage with kids and a dog and a modicum of security, I was busy chasing the dream, the dragon, and the tail. Living for that hour or two on stage, or coming up with a great verse or chorus, or the elusive bridge that turned a piece of music into a bonafide song. I cannot begin to describe the elation of creating something out of whole cloth. The only thing more fulfilling, is creating a living, breathing child who makes you proud, like my daughter does, and turns out better than anything else you have ever done. Born in Montreal, a dual citizen and staunch Canadian like her daddy….
Me – "How did you turn out so great?"
She – "I just looked at what you did and didn't do it."
My Best Production Ever
(Still Number One)
When Elektra Records sent my third recording band (The Wackers) to Montreal to record our second album, I finally succumbed to the lure of Canada that had started back in the '60's when The Family Tree (my first recording band) had played regularly in Vancouver at Tommy Chong's Retinal Circus, among other venues. Where Vancouver had seemed exotic (weirdly branded cigarettes, pop, and chips), Montreal was positively alien. Cosmopolitan like San Francisco, but somehow more urbane, sophisticated, and mysterious. I fell in love, not only with the city, but the people, the food, the ambiance, and most importantly, the music.
Like Vancouver, there were so many great local artists in Montreal, if we weren't playing or recording, The Wackers could go out every night of the week and hear something new and original. Years later I would discover that the same was true of Toronto, and Halifax, and London, and Hamilton, and Calgary, and Edmonton…Canada, it seemed, was boiling over with hard working, creative, musicians and writers whose sole reason for existence was to make music and spread the word. This, I thought, is home. It still is, and for the same reasons.
Mushroom Records Creative VP the late Shelly Siegel. As great a Canadian Gate Keeper as they get.
We have the best writers, creative people, and talented support crews and technicians per capita in the world. Period. And not just on the music side of entertainment. Our country has a wealth of authors, novelists, actors, directors, and other creative individuals who all fly just under the radar, or off the grid altogether.
Why is it then, most of them and what they create (or more importantly, could create) goes unrealized, unseen, unheard, unread, or unnoticed by the masses? Well, I'll tell you; A lack of visionary, risk-taking, creative Gate Keepers…and a Government more interested in Hockey and promoting Canada to the rest of the world than they are in feeding and housing the poverty stricken, repairing our infrastructure, putting aside money for pensions and senior assistance programs, and funding the creative people who live in Canada, the people who ARE Canada.
The almost 2 Billion dollars spent on the Olympics and G8/G20 Summit could have been better spent in so many ways that my poor little head just spins at the thought. Jingoism comes at a much higher cost than just financial as well. We live in a world where hype has become the biggest turn-off when it comes to getting people interested in something. We now live in a world where quality speaks much louder than an exploding Pizza Pop or loud Dorito. The mainstream may be lining up to buy Ga Ga tickets and watching Survivor on TV, but the trend setters and non-conformists are filling the clubs for local and touring acts the mainstream has yet to discover, and watching Archer on their computers, always on the lookout for something new, something fresh, something of value. You have to ask yourself a question; if popular items weren't hyped so much, would they become or stay popular based solely on their quality? Or does greatness always come from left field, unannounced, unpredictable, and unsullied by hype, marketing, and artifice, gaining popularity and attention purely because of their honesty, simplicity, and uniqueness? You all know the answer to that question, don't you?
Everyone in Canada is either creative and talented at what they do, or count creative and talented people among their circle of friends. It is the creative and talented we should be investing in and nurturing. Even more than water and lumber, these people are our most important natural resource, and they deserve our encouragement, support, and attention.
As far as musicians, singers, and songwriters go…
Dear Mr. Government, Music Industry Leaders, Radio Consultants and Music Directors, Agents, Managers, and the Mainstream Public, please realize what an important resource our music, and the people who create it, are to our culture and economy. Start digging deeper, looking beyond the usual suspects, through the hype, and past the consultants, committees and contests. Help the hard working, self-starting individuals who eke out a living creating, performing, writing, and honing their craft. Respect those who take day jobs so they can better their skills and excel at what they do. These are not people hoping to win a contest, be famous, or achieve popularity by formula or compromise. These are artists looking to make a living doing what they love by doing it honestly, better, and with a personal stamp and dedication money can't buy. They need a roof over their heads and food on the table, not a new guitar or fancy clothes. You have seen what originality and perseverance are capable of. Find these people. They're all over this country. They exist, and cannot be manufactured or created by a team of experts. They are Leonard Cohen and Gordon Lightfoot, Randy Bachman and Burton Cummings, Joni Mitchell and Neil Young, Dominic Troiano and Doug Riley, Alec Fraser and Jeff Healey, Carole Pope and Mary Margaret O Hara,. Blue Rodeo and Blackie and the Rodeo Kings, and so many others. They all come from the streets and clubs of Canada. That is where the artists are. There are a bunch of them out there now…go find them and listen to what they have to offer.
A Personal Aside to Toronto's City Fathers….
John John and The Bobo
Dear "Music City",
Okay…first of all, we have been a 'Music City', like…forever. There was a time when the AFofM (The American Federation of Musicians) had a law on the books (a law? maybe just a rule that the venues respected) that stated if you had a capacity for 50 or more occupants, you HAD to have some kind of LIVE entertainment. Prices were reasonable, there was more than one bartender, and audiences would go from venue to venue because there was always a wealth of good music to be had.
It all disappeared.
People could smoke, drink, eat, have a 'Happy Hour', drink specials, free finger foods, and a closing hour that allowed people to take transit to and from the clubs. Even when the smoking laws came into effect, the venues could (and did) build smoking rooms to accommodate not only the non smokers, but the smoking crowd as well.
Democracy. Fairness, Equality.
…and then, thanks to YOU and your stick-up-the-ass constituents, THAT disappeared as well.
…and ALL those things that contributed to Toronto BEING a Music City were dismantled, rescinded, and made illegal by YOU…the City Fathers who are NOW making MORE idiotic rules to further destroy our musicality, the businesses that used to flourish, and the economy as a whole.
You are not doing one thing to contribute to being the MUSIC CITY you constantly yammer about. We have GREAT music people, artists, musicians, bands, venue owners, operators and managers, and a huge amount of music fans who would LOVE to reclaim their clubs and their music.
So either HELP these people and places or shut the fuck up.
We don't need you involved in the venues or the music…we've got that.
We don't need outside people, or festivals, or hype, or anything at all from you in regard to the MUSIC part of MUSIC CITY.
We need you to do what you are supposed to do.
…make the CITY part work.
I don't know who you are listening to, but I can tell you without any doubt whatsoever, that they are NOT the people (or 'brands' or 'corporations', or knee-jerk politically correct dimbulbs that seem hell bent on fucking things up further) you SHOULD be listening to.
We pay you folks to run the city, make it livable, protect its beauty, charm, greatness, and accessibility. Put the PEOPLE back in "PEOPLE CITY", Goddammit!
A few suggestions for your consideration….
Five dollar parking from 7pm till 4am near venues. If private lots refuse or continue to gouge drivers, buy their lots and impose the 5 dollar limit.
If you will not extend transit hours until 4am, then drop the price to 2 dollars inbound at 7pm and raise it to 5 dollars outbound at 1 am.
Really? Bars open until 4am?
Fine.
Then limit live music in those bars to the hours of 8pm until midnight. Bars can close anytime after that. People have to work, musicians need lives, and no one wants to play to 16 drunks at 3 in the morning.
Reinstate happy hour, free snacks, drink deals, and a mandatory 3 dollar beer and mixed drink special. All at the venue's discretion. Venue also has the right to be smoking, non-smoking, or both with smoking rooms and designated patios. They pay taxes…their employees pay taxes, YOU need to butt out and help them thrive.
Guarantee 100 dollars a man for every artist. A combination of what the bar can afford, the door, and a city slush fund to bring it up to 100 dollars if it falls short.
Designated load in/load out parking for artists. Stickers to display on the dashboard of vans and cars. 30 minute parking before and after gigs.
As far as books, movies, and television go…
I know this probably isn't really the case, but it seems as though the Publishers, Networks, and Motion Picture companies in this country aren't interested in anything that isn't about Hockey, Canadiana, autobiographical or second hand biographies of famous people, or Canadian-centric or formula takes on existing American and British TV shows, murder mysteries, and (once) the Avro Arrow. I find this highly insulting.
Ty Templeton is a ridiculously talented (and successful) writer and illustrator who does tons of work for DC and Marvel, Bongo (The Simpsons), and even Mad Magazine, yet I cannot recall having ever seen his work in any Canadian publication. Jaimie Vernon, who successfully ran an Independent record label called Bullseye for 25 years, has been working for decades on a book called The Canadian Pop Music Encyclopedia for which he could not find a publisher and eventually self-published. The only other book similar to this has not been available since 1998, and there are thousands of people, libraries, schools, colleges and Universities, and radio stations, not to mention all the others outside of Canada, who would be interested in this book and yet not one Canadian publisher sees the value or historic significance of this ongoing work-in-progress. WTF? Do any of the publishers troll the blogosphere looking for writers? I highly doubt it. Is there even a place where an aspiring author can have his work read by professionals, evaluated, or considered for publication? Does the government have funding available for these people? The same applies for screenplays and scripts. Studios,, directors, production houses, none will accept unsolicited material, so how do you get solicited? With all the mandatory Canadian content laws, you would think they would be falling over themselves searching for quality work, but oddly, they don't seem to be looking at all. Is it a closed shop? It may be. Look for book publishing and film making to go more and more independent in the near future…that is, if the creative community doesn't starve or freeze to death living on a steam grate or in a refrigerator carton, first.
Clearly, as more and more creators break through without the help of the existing Gate Keepers, new businesses and distribution avenues will spring up around them and like the music industry, more and more control will be handed over to the innovative and visionary upstarts who will come to replace the current regime. A regime whose agenda seems to be financing and releasing only that which they consider to be risk free, mainstream, board member approved, sure bets…which they very rarely are.
Canada has always had a favourable atmosphere for the arts, and up until about 12 years ago, the government was instrumental in funding a lot of arts and entertainment that otherwise would have died on the vine. Severe cutbacks as of late have sent alarms through the arts community, and they seem to be rallying their numbers to change the current government back into a more benign and supportive force.
Regardless of what the current government says, their actions have sent a clear message that the people of this country are considered less a responsibility than the image and corporate identity of a country regarded the world over as a compassionate and people friendly entity. Not just the arts community, but seniors and the young first time voters, also seem to feel that it is time for a change, that taxes (the money we give back to the government to keep our standard of living high and our streets safe, our infrastructure sound, and our culture meaningful) shouldn't be cut, only to have the tax money that is available spent on the military, money draining events like the Olympics and the G8/G20 Summits, and other areas that ignore the needs of the people and the heart of the country. I don't want a tax cut, I want a job, lower prices, better health care (bring back dental and optometry care) and more diverse media, and entertainment choices made available to me. I want to hear new music, see home grown films and television shows, and read books that I would otherwise be unable to experience without our taxes being spent to aid and abet our desire for a better life. That the government has mandated Canadian businesses such as radio, television and other media conglomerates to create and maintain funding to help finance these things is a sound and wise decision. All we need now are people to disperse those funds to the deserving, the unique, the honest artists, and hard working individual groups whose goals are to first create quality entertainment and content, not for fame or financial rewards, those will follow.
We need Gate Keepers whose love, knowledge and passion for the various branches of the Arts comes ahead of commerce and stockholder appeasement. Give the public the music, media, books, movies and television shows we are capable of, not what the bean counters and copyright owners think will generate the most money. When that happens, there will be more money coming in than the bean counters ever dreamed of. It will just be going into the creative Gate Keepers and Artists' pockets instead of theirs.
Some Canadian Gatekeepers from the Past
The Public, taken as a whole, really can't be trusted to decide what's great and what isn't. The Public Whim is a hit and miss way to tell what is worth your time and what isn't. Collectively, we are more interested in popularity than we are talent or depth of quality. Harvey's, the Canadian hamburger chain is hanging by a thread here, even though they make a hamburger a beautiful thing, hands down the best fast food franchise burger out there. Fresh, grilled, made to order, Harvey's has a fraction of the market share of McDonald's and Burger King, but take an American visitor to Harvey's and they won't stop raving about it. Mickey D's is WAY more popular than the clearly superior and much more tasteful Harvey's. Can anybody explain this to me without citing voodoo or hypnosis as the reason McDonald's is so fucking popular.
Popular things can be popular for a variety of reasons, none of which are based in any form of logic. We are, for better or worse, attracted to bright shiny objects, loud noises, and sexually stimulating images. Lady Ga Ga, Nickelback, and the Black Eyed Peas' Fergie explained. We are our own worst enemy when it comes to suffering through what becomes popular, even though it is us who make these trivialities so bloody successful. The real problem, however, lies with what we are exposed to in the first place. That's right record industry and radio corporations…I'm talking about you. Again. Sorry, but you only have yourselves to blame. Ultimately, however, it is us, the public, who are most responsible for the proliferation of style over substance, icing over cake, and sizzle over steak.
There was a time when we could trust the majors and radio to turn us on to great music. Of course they fed us crap too, but we (every generation) tends to like our McDonald's along with our prime rib. Just because radio played Wooly Bully and You Light Up My Life and Who Let the Dogs Out didn't mean we had to like it, but Gee Whiz, how could you not? Thing is, they also used to serve up a lot of new, interesting, and musically and lyrically wonderfulness too. Enough so that we trusted them completely, knowing they would sift through the stacks of hopefuls and expose us to the best of what was out there. Now, it seems, they expose us to what they think will be popular, not necessarily what deserves to be heard. And Lord knows what deserves to be heard these days generally isn't, because it doesn't fit the format.
Of course there are exceptions, but how many songs and artists have been lost because the criteria for label signings and radio content has changed so much? How many careers have been stalled, how many artists have thrown in the towel, how many great pieces of music go unheard because the right producers, label, and songwriters weren't attached to the project? How many wonderful round pegs were cast aside because they didn't fit the square hole?
All of these artists have had some success, some have fair to middling careers, and some have actually done pretty well. Some, unfortunately either gave up, or worse. What I'm saying is just how big could they have gotten/could get if The Great Canadian Inferiority Complex hadn't been/isn't in play? If Mainstream radio had played these earlier songs? If the labels they were on (or the public) hadn't dropped the ball? Of course, major labels and radio airplay are no longer the goal of most artists these days. Pity.
Cadence – I Wish: I can remember when mainstream radio played a cappella music without blinking. Canada even embraced The Nylons years ago who followed up their Canadian success with a good deal of American and European success. This Toronto area based group should have been all over the radio when this amazing cover of the Stevie Wonder classic was released, but I never heard it on the radio, ever. I find that unconscionable.
Major Label: No
Radio Airplay: Little if any.
Career: Yes
Cameo Blues Band – Rockin' My Life Away: There are myriad versions of this Jerry Lee Lewis chestnut out there but none of them (including the original) come close to this incredible little gem. A mainstay in the hipper blues rooms around the GTA for decades, the Cameos are underrated even in their hometown. This, to me, is even more puzzling than the George W. Bush presidency.
Radio Airplay: Limited if any.
Career: They can always get gigs.
BB Gabor – Girls of the Future: When Beeb started out he was the darling of local radio station CFNY when it really was The Spirit of Radio and, like all of Toronto's local radio stations at the time,were proud to play local artists and champion them. We all expected, knew, really, that he was destined for greatness. This track, the title cut from his second album, is a good example of his songwriting and guitar and vocal skills. You can hear why Todd Rundgren became a huge fan and produced some of BB's recordings which were, unfortunately, never released. My favourite song of his is Girls of the Future, but there are so many great ones you need to hear. Here's a link to the whole LP. Frustrated by his lack of success after the Girls of the Future album, BB committed suicide in 1990.
Major Label: Distribution.
Radio Airplay: Yes
Career: No
Dala – Levi Blues: I became a fan of Dala after seeing their first couple of live shows, the second of which was in a church basement. The purity of their voices, songwriting skills, and the out and out joyousness of their harmony sold me out of the gate. Like the Fleetwoods, Patience and Prudence, and Ponytails before them, they embodied the soft, ethereal delivery of words that cut to the heart of what makes a young girl a woman. When you listen to this song, you can almost picture them at a slumber party or on the phone, sharing the dream of the perfect love and the perfect life with the perfect boy. Such a refreshing change from forced beats, rude lyrics, auto-tuned sameness, and meat dresses. Timeless.
Major Label: Since 2005
Career: Yes.
The Wackers – Oh My Love: This track, from the Hot Wacks album, ended up on over 100 Beatle bootlegs as the version cut by the Beatles for inclusion on the Abbey Road album. Kinda cool, but weird as hell too, because I don't think it sounds like The Beatles at all, even though we asked ourselves how would they have done it if they were still together. Elektra had high hopes for the single and so did we. We were beat out by a version by The Letterman, whose recording was the equivalent of Pat Boone doing a Little Richard song. Oh well.
Major Label: Yes.
Radio Airplay: Limited.
Career: No longer together.
Junkhouse – Shine: Tom Wilson. This guy is a national treasure. His catalog is impressive and his music is unique. Hopefully, one day he'll be the household name he deserves to be. Track down his Florida Razors, Junkhouse, Blackie and the Rodeo Kings, and Lee Harvey Osmond CDs.
Radio Airplay: Limited
Career: Yes for most members.
The Respectables – Sweet Mama: Good Lord, this should have been the number one rock record of the year when it was released. This is rock and roll at it's most authentic and honest best. I would love to see a Rival Sons, Respectables double bill one of these days. Eat your heart out Kid Rock.
Blue Shadows – Riding Only Down: With just two albums, this group, fronted by ex Cowsill Billy Cowsill, instantly became the band everyone who heard them wanted to see succeed. A cross between the Everly Brothers' vocal prowess and the early Beatles jangle driven guitar sound, the Blue Shadows represented the alt-country, early rock and roll community better than anyone else at the time. For whatever reason, their great sound, loyal fans, and even their label, couldn't bring this group to fruition. After the two albums failed, they broke up, and Billy formed another band called the Co-Dependents who met with the same lack of success. It is still hard for me to understand why this vital, eerily haunting music didn't break through. Billy passed away at home in Calgary in 2006 after years of failing health.
Radio Airplay: Very Limited.
Career: No.
Michel Pagliaro – J'entends Frapper Even after his initial massive success in Quebec, Pag remains virtually unknown outside his Province with the exception of every rock musician in the country who speak of him in reverent, awe-inspired voices. Of all the artists on this very short list, Pag is the one who is regarded as the Great Canadian Rockstar and an inspiration to every singer/songwriter in the country. Bands still cover his songs, and I have been part of dozens of kitchen table discussions as to why this man never got the attention, and rewards he deserved. He still packs a wallop live, lives up to his cult-like status, and remains the creator of some of the greatest rock songs to ever call Canada home.Here are some other Pag tracks that have stood the test of time. I envy you if this is the first time you have ever heard him.
Michel Pagliaro – What the Hell I Got
Michel Pagliaro – Some Sing Some Dance
Michel Pagliaro – Lovin' You Ain't Easy
Major Label: Yes, more than one.
Radio Airplay: Yes.
David Celia – Best Thing Ever: Personally, I think this guy is the best singer/songwriter/guitarist this countyry has produced so far. The depth and breadth of David's material is jaw dropping. The man easily shits gears from rock, to country, to Beatlesque pop and Grateful Dead psychedelia in the space of a single set or CD and still manages to leave his individual stamp on all of it. David has done some self produced CDs which sell well at his shows, and when he lands some major distribution and continues to record these 3 minute gems, he is going to have the ability to rise as high as he wants to. David just got back from a tour of house concerts in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, and returns to England again in the Spring. If you're in Toronto you can catch him at The Cameron House every Friday from 6:00 until 8:00 pm. Go see him and judge for yourself. Here's another Celia song to whet your appetite.
David Celia – Welcome to the Show
And currently happening….
July Talk
Courage My Love
Sam Taylor
https://bobsegarini.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/smile-samtaylor.mp3
Happy Happy Joy Joy, Canada…I fucking LOVE YOU!
Segarini's regular columns appear here because Word Press has no conscience and it is YOUR fault if your kids read any of them
Contact us at dbawis@rogers.com
Bob "The Iceman" Segarini was in the bands The Family Tree, Roxy, The Wackers, The Dudes, and The Segarini Band and nominated for a Juno for production in 1978. He also hosted "Late Great Movies" on CITY TV, was a producer of Much Music, and an on-air personality on CHUM FM, Q107, SIRIUS Sat/Rad's Iceberg 95, (now 85), and now publishes, edits, and writes for DBAWIS, continues to write music, make music, and record.
This entry was posted on July 1, 2017 at 5:40 pm and is filed under Opinion, Review with tags BB Gabor, Blue Shadows, Cadence, Cameo Blues Band, Canadian Music, Cherry Cola's, Courage My Love, Dala, David Celia, DBAWIS, Don't Believe a Word I Say, july talk, Junkhouse, Moxy Fruvous, music, Pagliaro, Records, Sam Taylor, segarini, The Respectables, The Wackers, Tom Wilson, Toronto.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
2 Responses to "Segarini: Canadian, Eh? Happy 150th Canada Day!"
I LOVE this column!!!!!
Robert Charles-Dunne Says:
Bob, it's been a pleasure to know you, and regard you, as a fellow Canadian since the Wackers days. Thanks for your worthy list of gate keepers, and particularly thank you for including Shelly S. Half of what I later did was a result of working with Shelly.
Stay cool.
RC-D in London


In light of what is happening in the world today, Ben Hardy believes being ritualistic is more important than ever. Ben describes how who you are is a product of what you do. The choices you make on a daily basis shape the type of person you are. Change yourself from the inside out to become a highly influential individual who others will follow.