If we asked you to name the strangest natural phenomena on Earth, chances are that nobody would say "lakes". Bad move. Turns out these placid-seeming bodies of water are home to some of the craziest, weirdest Easter eggs of the natural world. From the mysterious lake that appeared out of nowhere, to a killer lake that super-murdered everyone within a few miles of its shore, here are the top ten strangest lakes in the world.
Quick note: Before we get started, we'd like to thank Gwen Edgett for her suggestion to write this list. If you liked it, give her a big thank you. If you don't, blame us. We're the amiable doofuses messing up her entertainingly-odd idea.
Pretty early on in life, most of us learn that things don't just appear from nowhere. Apparently, Gafsa Lake in Tunisia never got the memo. One day in 2014, a group of Tunisian shepherds were making their way to a familiar patch of land. Imagine their surprise when they got there and found a giant freakin' lake where their meadow used to be. A lake that just happened to be the most-inviting shade of azure.
Gafsa is an area that has seen lots of mining in its past, much of it unregulated. Scientists think that some rupture in the rock above the water table resulted in the sudden appearance of Lake Gafsa, as below-ground water was sucked up onto the surface. Whatever the cause, it happened quickly. One local resident said he'd passed the remote area only three weeks beforehand and it had been dry as a bone.
Although Gafsa Lake started out a cool, inviting blue, it quickly became full of algae, and possibly toxic to humans. Not that that stopped locals from bathing in it. In the heat of Tunisia, even a lake full of green sludge is better than no lake at all.
There are certain things you never want to find in any body of water. Piranhas is one. The decaying remains of hundreds of humans who've died a terrifying death is another. Yet that's exactly what British troops found in Roopkund Lake in the winter of 1942.
It being wartime and all, the Brits naturally assumed that they were at the scene of a Japanese massacre. The truth was far, far stranger. When the bones were examined, it turned out that they all dated to around 850 AD. On top of that, they'd all been killed in a similar way: with a blow to the head that cracked their skulls. The injury matched no known weapon. So what could have caused 200 people to die in this way? The eventual answer scientists came up with was hailstones. Really, really big hailstones.
There's an old song from the region around Roopkund, about a mountain goddess who smote a bunch of travelers with a titanic hailstorm. It's now thought this is a folk memory of a real event, and a freak hailstorm that dropped baseball-sized chunks of solid ice killed all 200 pilgrims in the valley when they couldn't reach shelter. Over time, the valley filled with water, eventually becoming the skeleton-haunted Roopkund Lake.
Picture the scene. You arrive home from a weekend away, to find your neighborhood full of corpses. Bodies lie in the streets, an expression of fright etched on their dead faces. You wonder what could have killed all these people. Was it a terrorist attack? A virus? The answer could be even weirder. They could've been killed by a nearby lake.
In 1986, this is exactly what happened in Cameroon. As locals lay in bed, Lake Nyos quietly released a gigantic bubble of CO2, like the Earth was exhaling. The effect was immediate and horrific. A cloud of deadly gas settled over the region, suffocating anyone in its path. Up to 25 kilometers away, people and animals suddenly fell to the ground, coughing and gasping for air. Flames extinguished. Children died in seconds. Within minutes, 1,746 people and 3,500 animals had died. Entire villages had been wiped out. It remains one of the world's weirdest natural disasters.
That it happened at all is down to sheer bad luck. Lake Nyos was formed from a CO2 rich volcanic crater. While similar crater lakes usually released small doses of CO2 over a long period of time, Nyos was so freakishly still that the gas became trapped. It wasn't until something – a landslide, a heavy rainstorm on one side of the lake – agitated the water that its deadly payload was released, ending nearly two thousand lives.
Unlike Lake Nyos, we know for certain what caused the freakish Lake Peigneur disaster. Texaco were drilling for oil when they accidentally punctured the roof of a mineshaft below the lake. Not that knowing the cause makes what happened next any less bizarre or terrifying.
The collapse of the mineshaft created a whirlpool. A whirlpool that became a powerful vortex. A vortex that grew and grew until it became the biggest, scariest sinkhole in human history.
The entire lake was sucked down into a swirling mess of mud and terror. The drilling platform was pulled in. 11 barges on the lake at the time went under. Landslides started, bringing surrounding forest and countryside tumbling down into the sinkhole. The canal flowing out the lake actually reversed, pulling the Gulf of Mexico up into the former-lake. Imagine pulling the plug out your bathtub and having not only your entire house, but half your neighborhood go swirling down the drain. That was Lake Peigneur.
Incredibly, this muddy vortex of horror didn't kill a single human being. 50-odd people all managed separate, miraculous escapes from what should have been certain death.
The lake at Baotou, China, is so new that it doesn't have a real name. Instead, reports simply refer to it as the 'Baotou toxic lake'. That the word 'toxic' is in its title should be telling enough. Baotou is a manmade lake, created by the mining and refining processes that give us the minerals to power our shiny iPhones. As such, it is one of the most-polluted lakes anywhere on Earth.
Coming face-to-face with it is like stepping into a dystopian nightmare. The surface is almost entirely black, a giant swathe of sludge that's unremittingly bleak. Nothing can grow here. The shores are all dyed as black as the lake itself. The result is a nightmarish, monochrome world. A place that's as surreal to set eyes on as it is horrifying.
Perhaps the strangest part of the Baotou Lake is why it exists. Most modern technologies use specific minerals in their running, such as cerium, which gives us touchscreens on our phones. Many of these minerals are also used in 'green' technologies, like wind turbines. Minerals for such technologies are one of Baotou city's biggest exports. That's right: Perhaps the most-polluted lake on Earth was created thanks to our love of eco-friendly tech.
It sounds like something out of a fairy tale, or maybe some haunting Disney story. A lake that magically turns anything that touches its surface into a frozen statue. Yet Lake Natron in Tanzania is far from being fictional. Hidden deep in east Africa, it is surrounded by the creepy stone statues of animals that strayed too close to its deadly waters.
Of course, Lake Natron isn't magical, or cursed, or anything like that. Instead, its waters are filled with natron, a naturally-occurring compound that contains a lot of sodium carbonate, and a bit of sodium bicarbonate. They're also dangerously hot and have an alkalinity of around pH 10. The result is that anything that tries to drink from the lake usually dies, quickly, and gets immersed in the waters. The natron then does its thing, calcifying the bodies and essentially turning them into stone.
For visitors, it represents a spectacularly horrible sight. All around the lake are dead statues, often of birds that died when attempting to land on the water's surface. As a result, visiting is like walking through the most-gruesome department store in history, one where all the mannequins used to be living things.
At first sight, Kawah Ijen Crater Lake in Indonesia looks almost inviting; the kinda lake you'd like to take home to meet your folks. But this sky-blue lake at the top of a volcano has a fiery underbelly… literally. The whole thing is so full of sulphur that it periodically bursts into neon-blue flames that are both hypnotic to look at, and so deadly that even getting close can cause you to keel over and die from inhaled fumes.
While the shores of the lake burn and rage, the lake itself is basically one great big bath full of hydrochloric acid. Remember the chemical vat Michael Keaton's Batman knocked Jack Nicholson's Joker into, like, three Bat-decades ago? Well, that's Kawah Ijen Crater Lake. The thing's got a pH of 0, and could melt anything you chuck in it as quickly as a pool of car battery acid. Speaking of acid, the air around the lake is so full of the stuff that its almost essential to wear a gasmask while visiting. Unless you want your lungs to resemble those of a lifelong, six pack-a-day smoker, that is.
The craziest part of this weirdo lake? Some people actually choose to work here, dodging streams of flickering blue fire to mine chunks of Sulphur from the volcano itself.
Pitch Lake may have the most-apt name of any lake on Earth. It is a lake made entirely from pitch asphalt, the same stuff we use to surface roads and so-on. You better believe the result is weird. Pitch Lake is so thick in places that you can walk across it… and so dangerously-thin in others that you can slip through its surface, vanishing forever into the murky depths below.
The lake's surface ranges in texture from being as thick and solid as rock, to as springy as an eraser, to as squidgy and terrifying as quicksand. Trees, boulders and other bits and pieces that fall into its embrace often get stuck to the surface, where the pitch hardens around them, effectively turning them into stone. This means Pitch Lake is a lake that you walk across while surrounded with the statues of dead trees and other lifeforms. We're betting that's not a sentence you hear very often.
Word to the wise if you're planning a visit: While some tourists brave the lake's clearer waters for a swim, this is about as dangerous as the idea of swimming in pitch sounds. Don't say we didn't warn you.
As we saw with Gafsa Lake, it is possible to have a lake just spontaneously appear from nowhere. But what about one that disappears? Lost Lake in Oregon is such a lake. Every summer, the nine-foot deep, 85-acre lake quietly vanishes. Every fall, it reappears again, as if nothing ever happened.
We don't mean 'most of it dries up' or anything. It utterly vanishes. In its place, a pretty little meadow appears that has no trace of water in it at all. The reason this happens: Lava tubes.
Lava tubes are… well, tubes in rock that are left over from ancient lava flows (duh). They can be less than a foot across, or big enough to walk into. There are two small ones in Lost Lake, constantly draining water off from the surface, ensuring the lake doesn't flood in winter. In summer, however, the streams that feed Lost Lake dry up. As a result, the lava tubes completely drain the lake dry, until the fall rains come and the two little tubes can no longer keep up with all the water flowing in, and the lake reappears.
Literally everybody reading this has heard of Yellowstone Lake. Famously vast, calm, and beautiful, it's about as far from a 'strange' lake as you're likely to get. At least, it is on the surface. Go diving in its placid depths, and you might just notice an odd dome growing on the bottom. This is the current topmost point of what's been termed the Yellowstone Supervolcano. One day it's gonna burst. When it does, you can say goodbye to life as we know it.
Think of the lake as your teenage face, and the dome as a gross little spot that's just starting to swell under the skin. Over time, that spot is gonna swell up and up and up, until it's ripe and ready to pop. Only it won't be a little jet of pus that comes out. Instead, the bottom of Yellowstone Lake leads into a gigantic magma chamber that contains enough lava to fill the Grand Canyon more than 11 times over.
If it one day erupted, it would be a catastrophe. Although a relatively-small number would die for such a gigantic blast (estimated in the region of 90,000), the Midwest would be buried under a layer of ash, and massive crop failures would plague the US for the next decade or so. If you thought Lake Nyos up there was deadly, just wait till Yellowstone Lake blows.
If you hear the high pitched squealing of what sounds like a 6yr old girl, it's me. Thank you SOOOOO much. Wonderful. Thank you for fleshing it out as only you can do. Three Bat-decades ago….BAWAHAHAHA !!!
Glad you are happy with it. Should be in YouTube Ina a month or so. I'll tell Simon to bump it.
Honestly I'm tickled pink with what y'all did with it. Just reading the facts is OK but dry. Y'all added your special touch to make it interesting and humors. Too bad you don't make school books. Thank you for all the work y'all put into your work. LOVE ya so much.
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Cruise through the charming city of Amsterdam as you enjoy a mouth-watering Angus Beef burger and chilled beer. Unwind on the luxurious cruise boat and witness some of Amsterdam's most amazing sights and sounds.
Unwind and marvel at the spectacular views of an illuminated Amsterdam from the water.
Enjoy unlimited drinks, a homemade brownie, and an Angus Beef hamburger on the cruise boat.
The expert guide will tell you more about the historical sites along the way, giving you an immersive tour of the Dutch capital's finest.
The tour takes you through some of the iconic canals of the 'Venice of the North'. The elegant architecture of the city is entwined with the canals that run through it. This two-hour cruise is one of the best ways to experience the spirit of Amsterdam. Your English or Spanish guide will keep you entertained with fascinating facts about the historical buildings that line either side of the canal. The quaint 17th-century houses and cathedrals are mesmerizing to gaze at as you learn more about the city. Sit back and relax completely on this luxurious cruise as your boat glides smoothly on the canal. Around thirty minutes into the cruise, your charcoal-grilled burger will be served. You can enjoy your burger with a cold glass of beer and some homemade brownies. The boat has a wide variety of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks that are completely free during the cruise. Experience Amsterdam in a whole new light on this serene cruise!
Enjoy the best of the Dutch capital on this delightful cruise, perfect for friends and family!
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An Angus Beef Burger and a homemade brownie.
The tour is available on all days of the week at two time slots: 6.30 PM and 9 PM. The duration of the tour is approximately 1½ hours.
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You will receive an email with your Amsterdam Burger Cruise vouchers shortly. You may display your voucher on your mobile phone with valid photo ID the box office/ticketing counter at the venue to collect your physical tickets. After which, you must ensure you are present at the meeting point 30 minutes before departure.
Lindbergh Tour and Travel Office, Damrak 26, 1012 LJ Amsterdam.


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Drivers urged to test their eyesight amid concern many are breaking the law
You could be prosecuted if you drive without meeting the standards of vision for driving
Laura LoveAdvance Content Writer
Motorists are being urged to test their eyesight amid concern many behind the wheel do not realise they are too shortsighted to drive.
The DVLA has launched an awareness campaign calling on drivers to test whether they can see a number plate from 20 metres away.
The "number plate test" reflects the legal distance from which all motorists should be able to read a sign.
It comes as a DVLA survey indicated less than half of drivers knew that 20 metres was the legal limit for sight.
5 medical conditions you should legally notify the DVLA about
Five car lengths is said to roughly match the distance and road users are being encouraged to use the measure to test their vision on passing signs.
Anyone concerned about their vision should visit an optician or optometrist for an eye test, the DVLA said.
Eyesight can naturally deteriorate over time (Image: iStockphoto)
Wyn Parry, the DVLA's senior doctor, said: "The number plate test is a simple and effective way for people to check their eyesight meets the required standards for driving.
"The easiest and quickest way to do this is to work out what 20 metres looks like at the road side - this is typically about the length of five cars parked next to each other - and then test yourself on whether you can clearly read the number plate.
10 motoring offences you probably don't know are illegal
"It's an easy check to perform any time of day at the road side and takes just a couple of seconds.
"Having good eyesight is essential for safe driving, so it's really important for drivers to have regular eye tests."
Eyesight can naturally deteriorate over time, he added, meaning those who have never needed glasses before could eventually require a pair.

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It has been truly a constant rivalry between both Subaru and Mitsubishi. Both these vehicle makers were founded in the early nineties. This was the time when Subaru and Mitsubishi took part in the World Rally Championship and have been at loggerheads. The rivalry became even fierce when both these vehicle makers did away with their heavy, all-wheel drive and bulky WRC cars- Legacy (Subaru) and Galant (Mitsubishi) and moved towards manufacturing and promoting their lighter and more compact cars, namely Impreza and the Lancer.
By the year 2003, the rivalry between WRX vs. Evo was already fierce in the global car marker. Subaru made a strategic decision of sending its WRX model to the United States but Mitsubishi also followed suit taking its Evo 8 to the North American nations.
However, nothing is constant as they. When Subaru decided to pull back its WRX STI form the Detroit auto show last year, Mitsubishi made a crucial decision of stopping its production of the Lancer Evolution right after its 2015 model.
The fierce competition between Subaru and Mitsubishi that had once seemed to be never-ending for years and constant brawls that reached across the market may head for a ceasefire after those decisions. But there is a big question in the mind of car enthusiasts all over the world. When the production of Lancer Evolution is ended by Mitsubishi, what will happen to Subaru's WRX STI? That's a reply only time can give.
If you want to test drive a car, you can drop in at Pine Belt.


Kate says the meeting ended with Paul offering to walk her to her hotel room. Yu stepped in and said he was going to do it.
Kate says that after she hit it big with her first Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover in 2012, Guess offered her a $400,000 campaign. She agreed with hesitation. But Paul started texting her that she better not bring her boyfriend to set, and so she cancelled on them a week before the photoshoot. She says the experience made her want to quit modeling for good. She also says that the modeling industry pressures newer models to accept the behavior.
TIME contacted Guess for a comment, but they didn't have anything to say on the matter.
If Paul really wants to cooperate with Guess on a full investigation, then he might want to have an explanation for why he allegedly wanted to see Kate Upton's hotel room so badly. And no, I don't think "I wanted to look at the bedspread and curtains to get inspiration for my gaudy tacky fabric patterns" is going to cut it.


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Qantas chief executive Alan Joyce has warned the Australian economy could become less competitive if the company tax rate is not lowered.
Qantas chief Alan Joyce is concerned Australia will become less competitive and lose investment if the company tax rate is not lowered as the federal government plans.
"That will mean the economy will struggle here compared to the rest of the world, that will mean Qantas and other companies won't do as well," the airline boss told ABC radio on Thursday.
The Turnbull government wants to lower the company tax rate to 25 per cent for all businesses but its legislation looks like being blocked in the Senate.
Qantas has paid no corporate tax for close to 10 years, according to an expert analysis this week.
Mr Joyce explained the tax system allows companies to offset losses endured in previous years.
In the case of Qantas, it suffered losses after the 2008-2009 global financial crisis, which was followed by the impact of union disputes in 2011 and 2012, and then the impact high oil prices and a very strong Australian dollar in 2013.
"Last year we made $1.4 billion ... if we make that number again this year, we will be paying tax next year," Mr Joyce said.
The government argues that a tax cut for business will result in companies hiring more staff and offering higher wages.
Asked if there should be a social compact between business and workers to pledge higher wages in return for the tax cut, Mr Joyce said that was up to every company.
"The circumstances are different for everybody," he said.
At Qantas, during more profitable times in the last few years, Mr Joyce said staff have received three per cent pay increases, well above the rate of inflation and the national average.
Federal Labor argues the budget can't afford a business tax cut, and comes at a time when the government wants to lift taxes for individuals through an increase in the Medicare Levy to help pay for the national disability insurance scheme.
However, even the levy looks in trouble in the Senate with One Nation leader Pauline Hanson concerned about increasing the tax burden on low-income earners and costs blowing out in the NDIS.
"I'm still in discussions with the government over the NDIS scheme, but I've made it very clear that I have concerns with the system," Senator Hanson told the Australian Financial Review.


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Major Wireless 600Mhz Spectrum Auction coming. (Courtesy Mix Magazine, January 2014)
by admin in Stay Tuned!
The Wireless Crunch…Again! 600MHz Spectrum in Danger, Looming White Space Issues
Jan 1, 2014 9:00 AM, Mix, By Jeri Palumbo
Photo: Courtesy of Sennheiser
"Wireless microphones and monitors have very high performance requirements that need the favorable wave propagation characteristics that UHF frequencies provide. The telecom industry wants to gain more access to this prime spectrum to expand their broadband services. That's what is causing this modern-day Range War."—Joe Ciaudelli, Spectrum Affairs Correspondent for Sennheiser
Most people don't think about the RF spectrum. They love having TV shows on their tablets or songs on their phones, but they don't really understand what transmitting in UHF means or how it impacts every single person in the U.S. in some way, every day. But it does. Nearly every show on TV was produced using UHF devices. Every concert you attend uses UHF for their wireless mics, IEMs and instruments. Every sporting event uses UHF. Broadway shows use UHF. Breaking news coverage absolutely uses UHF. Oscars, Grammys, UHF. Your favorite game shows? UHF. Houses of Worship, UHF. And, of course, motion picture and film productions use UHF. Smaller venues, corporate events, town halls or local theaters also use the UHF spectrum. Sports, entertainment, worship, July 4th fireworks shows—all of the content we enjoy on a daily basis uses UHF. That is about to change. Again.
As recently as 2010, pro audio wireless and RF companies lost roughly one-third of the RF spectrum due to the 700MHz auction. A portion was sold to telecom companies to expand broadband wireless services, while another portion was reserved for the National Public Safety Network to be used exclusively for fire, police, medical and emergency responders. It was a major adjustment and disruption for manufacturers, sound companies and users who had large amounts of inventory operating in the 700MHz range. Any organization operating in 700MHz had to replace their equipment to meet the new FCC rules, and manufacturers had to adjust their designs accordingly. It was costly to everyone
Today, the industry faces a double-whammy, the first being a potential sell-off of the 600MHz spectrum in an Incentive Auction scheduled for mid-2015. If that goes through, wireless microphones, IEMS and comms may have to share some of what spectrum remains post-auction with White Space Devices. Coupled with that is the very real possibility that pro audio could lose exclusive rights to spectrum held in two dedicated TV channels (unique in each metropolitan market), 12 MHz of bandwidth that the industry had secured in the 2010 battle.
In Front of Congress
The pending UHF Incentive Auction comes out of a bill passed by Congress nearly two years ago, the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012. It is a large and complicated bill with several provisions for stimulating the U.S. economy, one of them calling for a second auction of UHF spectrum. There are three goals: 1) fund the National Public Safety Network (known as First Net); 2) free up more spectrum for mobile broadband delivery; and 3) make money for the treasury. This bill is wrapped with incentives for current over-the-air broadcasters to receive a cut of the auction proceeds.
Mark Brunner, Senior Director of Global Public Relations at Shure, Inc. and a regular in the halls of Congress these past few years, explains: "[Station owners] can resign their current licenses and vacate the business entirely, agree to share a 6MHz DTV channel with other broadcasters, or move to a less desirable channel. Willingness to pursue one or more of these paths is equated with a monetary value that is established in a confidential process called a 'Reverse Auction.' The 'Forward Auction' is the more familiar process by which the spectrum rights are sold to the highest bidders, which will likely be telecom companies such as AT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile, etc."
What does the UHF spectrum really have to do with The Middle Class Tax Relief Act? "Aside from generating revenue for the Treasury, the Government sees spectrum directly stimulating the economy by creating jobs and services in the development of apps, jobs, IT infrastructure, LAN systems, tablets, cell phones and other transmitting wireless devices," Brunner states. "Consider spectrum as the new energy of the modern U.S. economy."
In addition to economic stimulus, the Incentive Auction is clearly designed to make room for mobile delivery to smart phones, tablets and whatever delivery devices emerge in the near future. When analog TV channels converted to digital, the vacant channels left over in the 700MHz range that were sold at auction after the DTV repacking process yielded close to $20 billion. Those are high stakes, and telecom and tech companies have the money and power to play. The irony is that telecom and tech companies live off of the very thing that wireless systems help to create: content.
"The incentive auction focuses on how content is distributed, but what is missing from the debate is the importance of appropriate spectrum for content creation," states Joe Ciaudelli, Spectrum Affairs Correspondent for Sennheiser.
UHF is Prime Time, literally. TV broadcasters were the original occupiers of the UHF spectrum because it works really well. It has great wave propagation characteristics, it goes through walls and buildings, travels through forests, has a good ratio of distance to power and uses only moderate transmit power.
There are a lot of frequencies in the electro-magnetic spectrum that have different wave propagation characteristics but are not suited for wireless microphones, which have a very high and unique performance requirement. They have to work all the time with no dropouts, have decent battery life, have better than CD quality, full-frequency response and most importantly, low latency.
"UHF used to be a 'one-size-fits-all' solution," says Jackie Green, VP of R&D/Engineering for Audio-Technica. "You could make it inexpensively; you could use 3 channels or 30 channels if you had multiple bands. Now you need to spread it out. For example, you might want to use VHF, you might want to use 2.4GHz, you might want to use UWB, and you might want to use more robust FM/UHF."
Participation and outcome of the Incentive Auction will determine how much of the spectrum will be affected, which as of this writing is unknown. It is speculated that it could impact the 608MHz-698MHz range (TV channels 37-51) but could dip as low as the 500MHz bands.
White Space UHF Locations
Today there are operating rules for both Fixed White Space Devices and Portable White Space Devices. WSDs gain their permission to transmit from the Geolocation Databases, which house all of the active DTV information at a specific location, as well as the two FCC-assigned exclusive 6MHz channels for wireless microphones. These will vary by market, and are generally close to TV 37. Neither a Fixed nor Portable WSD can use an active DTV or wireless microphone reserved channel.
White Space Devices below 512 MHz (TV channel 21) will be Fixed only, as Portable White Space Devices are not allowed between TV CH 14-20 (470-512 MHz). Generally, if you are a traveling tour, the exclusive wireless microphone channels are your best bet for the highest priority signals. From there, utilize open channels between TV 14-20, particularly those adjacent to DTV. It is imperative that these are not in use by Public Safety, however. Consult the Geolocation Database to confirm. Above 512 MHz (TV CH 21), there will be an increasing potential over time of encountering Portable WSDs, which will be more similar to today's consumer handheld devices. Unless you have reserved your channel in the database, the PWSDs will be free to transmit there and may interfere with your production.
James Stoffo, RF Coordinator for this year's Rose Bowl, explains: "In addition to direct interference, once these devices are deployed in large numbers, some audio professionals also have concerns about their creation of intermod signals because they, in some cases, will have more power than a wireless mic. This problem becomes exacerbated if the devices are in close proximity to each other. Consider the Rose Bowl. You have 90,000 people all sitting next to each other. If only 10 percent, almost 9,000 people have devices online, it could create a problem. No one wants 9,000 consumer digital devices transmitting right on top of their microphones. If the microphone gets the slightest amount of interference, it becomes unusable.
"Every city has different TV broadcast channels, so the fixed white space transmissions will also be in different 6MHz chunks," Stoffo continues. "If you ship a package of equipment from the Rose Bowl to another venue, all of the frequencies may have to change from city to city. Not just to work within the RFscape of the other wireless at that particular game, but also due to the Fixed White Space Devices in each city."
Leading manufacturers are all investigating new technologies, although there is no silver bullet that will compensate for a large loss of UHF spectrum. With WSDs looming, the challenge will be to create more spectrally efficient microphone/comms systems. We can no longer take up 200 kHz of bandwidth for every frequency we use. Equipment that uses a fraction of that bandwidth is needed so we can pack 10-15 times more wireless systems in that same space. Everyone is still going to want the same amount of wireless on these large events, and we need to find a way to accommodate. Think about moving non-critical "over-the-air" product out of UHF and into other bands. With comms, it's possible to go to VHF. With IFBs, it's possible to go in low-band VHF.
Stoffo has developed a VHF Double Sided Band system at his company Radio Active Designs, called UV-1G, which for comms can fit 10-15 frequencies in the same amount of spectrum as one wireless microphone in FM. Some of the major players with high-end digital systems on the market are: AKG's DMS700, Sennheiser's Digital 9000 and Shure's ULXD. These are high-performance, extremely efficient systems capable of handling large-scale live events. Audio-Technica has a very robust and high-channel count 2.4GHz digital product called the System 10. They also have an interesting UWB (Ultra Wide Band) 6.35GHz product called SpectraPulse, which is far out of the reach of PWSDs.
When considering digital wireless, however, Ciaudelli cautions: "It's a common misconception that a digital system is inherently more efficient than analog. Digital does allow the possibility of compression or data reduction but at the cost of audio quality and higher latency, which are not acceptable for some critical applications."
Advocacy and Education
Bobby Rush is a U.S. Representative from near Shure's home district in Illinois and for years has been working on behalf of the pro wireless industry. The Wireless Microphone Users Interference Protection Act, HR 2911, was introduced in August 2013 in the U.S. House of Representatives. The bill "will require the FCC to expand eligibility for FCC Part 74 licenses to certain wireless microphone users, to maintain access for wireless microphones to the FCC's TV bands database and to maintain two (2) safe haven channels for wireless microphones."
With the pending 600MHz reallocation, those channels previously reserved for wireless mic operations might go away, and any spectrum remaining will be shared with White Space Devices. We need these two safe haven channels in the UHF spectrum exclusively, not only to protect ENG groups and others who are particularly vulnerable to time constraints and do not have a 30-day window to register for breaking news or spontaneous shoots/productions, but for the preservation of pristine and quality content creation.
Ask your representative to co-sponsor HR2911 to preserve these two channels for the use of wireless microphones. You can find the name of your district's House member at www.house.gov. Audio-Technica, Lectrosonics, Sennheiser and Shure are some of the leaders in the FCC campaign, most with valuable information on their respective websites. They are all collaborating and working together to find solutions to this spectral crunch. Visit the company sites. Write your members of Congress.
The Incentive Auction is coming, and it is very likely that besides losing some portion of the 600MHz band, our industry could see changes to the two "safe haven" 6MHz channels. So it is crucial that the professional wireless community be heard. We need to retain the protected UHF TV channels, and unlicensed pro wireless users must be afforded the same protection as the licensed user.
In the meantime, start pulling as much non air-critical equipment out of UHF, such as comms and IFBs, and move to other frequencies, like VHF or ones the FCC may free up for that specific use. Look at spectrally efficient digital wireless microphone technology for on-air and live performances. UWB or spectrally efficient VHF might be a work around for small, non over-the-air venues. Tighten up your RF setup by using narrowband filters to reduce interference from out-of-band transmissions. When budgeting for a new system, keep WSD UHF locations and potential Incentive Auction results in mind. It is very important the pro wireless microphone coalition has a Voice, so the voices of others may be heard, uninterrupted.
Jeri Palumbo is a veteran broadcast audio engineer and RF Tech on such events as NFL NBA, MLB, NASCAR, Oscars and Super Bowls. Her company, JaideMedia, has assembled a collection of information and educational materials regarding the Spectrum, including links to GLDs, the Bobby Rush Bill, etc athttp://jaidemedia.com/rfspectrum.
SIDEBAR: LICENSED VS. UNLICENSED
Licensed or unlicensed? How is this determined? Well. It's rather loose. The FCC Part 74 wireless microphone rules only include broadcasters, cable stations, motion picture producers and over-the-air content providers as eligible for licenses. During the initial meetings with the FCC and the database administration, it was incorrectly assumed there were fewer than 1,000 wireless microphones in operation in the entire U.S., based on the fact that there were fewer than 1,000 licenses granted to broadcasters, not taking into account the large number of actual wireless microphones used by licensed users (a production company with one license might have 5 or 200 microphones under that one license). Nor did it take into account venues like the Staples Center, which is technically ineligible for a license and might use hundreds of wireless mics on any given night.
A large volume of pro wireless users fall into the unlicensed category: touring concerts, concert venues, theater, Broadway, corporations, convention centers, etc. Broadway alone might have more than 2,000 wireless frequencies in use on any given day within an eight-block radius in Midtown Manhattan. The FCC was unaware of this usage until the pro audio community began to raise its voice.
Non-licensed pro wireless users who want to ensure protection from White Space Devices on the channels that they are using will have to "apply for permission" to use a database of frequencies through a reservation system called the Geolocation Database (GLD), which requires a 30-day advance request. This is a practical problem for a majority of wireless users.
Licensed users on the other hand will have priority access to the GLD, which is in place to "protect" pro wireless audio from White Space Devices. To put it in perspective, James Stoffo, RF coordinator for the Rose Bowl, NBA All Star Game and other large-scale TV events, estimates that "unlicensed users are as high as 95 percent of the pro wireless user base."
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UN Turns to World's Youth for Achieving 2030 Agenda
By J Nastranis
NEW YORK (IDN) - As UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's second term comes to an end on December 31, 2016, he has intensified efforts to focus on the concerns and aspirations of world's youth, urging them to lead a global drive to break the patterns of the past and set the world on course to a more sustainable future.
"Young people are directly affected by the tragic contradictions that prevail today: between abject poverty and ostentatious wealth, gnawing hunger and shameful food waste, rich natural resources and polluting industries," Ban said in his message on International Youth Day, celebrated annually on August 12.
The young men and women, who number 1.2 billion, making up the largest generation of youth in history, can deliver solutions on such issues, which lie at the heart of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
In the first year of that 15-year plan for a healthier, safer and more just future, the International community is counting on the active engagement of young people to transform the production and consumption of goods and services so they meet the basic needs and aspirations of the world's poorest people without overburdening already strained ecosystems, added Ban.
"Young people are traditionally at the cutting edge, and today's youth have more information than any previous generation. Their dynamism, creativity and idealism can combine to shape attitudes toward demand and help create more sustainable industries," continued the UN chief.
He noted that youth are already influencing how the world produces, distributes and consumes while driving green entrepreneurship by designing sustainable products and services.
As conscious consumers, young people are at the forefront of a shift toward more fair, equitable and sustainable buying patterns. Youth are strong and effective advocates of recycling, reusing and limiting waste, and they are leading technological innovations to foster a resource-efficient economy.
"When we invest in youth, they can contribute to new markets, decent jobs, fair trade, sustainable housing, sustainable transport and tourism, and more opportunities that benefit the planet and people," he said, adding that he was proud that the UN is actively engaged in supporting young leaders who can carry out the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including Goal 12 on sustainable consumption and production patterns.
"I encourage all young people to become involved in advancing the SDGs and demanding action by their Governments. My Youth Envoy (Ahmad Alhendawi) is eager to connect you to our campaigns, which are being carried out across the entire United Nations system," he said.
Ban urged others to join this global push for progress, empowering young people with the resources, backing and space they need to create lasting change in our world.
In her message, Irina Bokova, Director General of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) said that young people are powerful agents of positive change, essential to taking forward the 2030 Agenda.
Bokova, who is a candidate for the post of the UN Secretary-General, said: "It is not enough to hope for a better tomorrow – we must act now. Change is under way, and millions of citizens are already transforming the way we produce, consume, behave and communicate."
She pointed out young people such as #YouthofUNESCO sustainable consumption advocate Lauren Singer, point the way towards a zero-waste lifestyle, fitting all of her refuse produced over the past four years into one small jar.
"This is an inspiration for this year's celebration – 'The Road to 2030: Eradicating Poverty and Achieving Sustainable Production and Consumption.' There are countless initiatives like this, all giving shape to a new humanism, to new forms of solidarity and citizenship to combat poverty, marginalization and despair," she emphasized.
Optimism and confidence do not mean minimizing the challenges ahead. Most young people live today in least developed countries, and shoulder the heaviest burden of conflicts and poverty, stressed Bokova, adding:
"There can be no sustainable development if they remain on the side-lines, and I call upon all Member States and UNESCO partners to support their initiatives, to give them voice, to let them grow, to shape together the future of dignity that we are building today." [IDN-InDepthNews – 12 August 2016]
Related article: Austria's Ex-Chancellor UN Special Envoy for Youth Employment
Photo: Young people from a local NGO in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Credit: Ollivier Girard.
IDN is the flagship of International Press Syndicate
J Nastranis
Waly Faye Youth Global Citizenship Mo Ibrahim Burundi Yemen ICARDA North Korea Kazakh Argentina Taiwan Senegal SGI SDGs Presidnt Obama in Cuba DRC Opinion OPINON Africa Renewal Olusegun Obasanjo


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Hai Duong Online|
Hai Duong Media|
Hai Duong Van Nghe
Education – Labor
Land and people of Hai Duong
Wednesday, 22/01/2020 - 18:12:52
Over 130,000 laborers head overseas for work in 11 months
THURSDAY, 05/12/2019 08:42:27
Vietnam sent 132,802 laborers to work abroad in the first 11 months of 2019, according to the Vietnam Association of Manpower Supply (VAMAS).
Illustrative photo (Photo: VNA)
Japan was the largest market for Vietnamese workers in the period, accounting for 71,156, an increase of 16.64 percent from the same period last year. Taiwan (China) followed with 49,980 workers, down 12.72 percent. The Republic of Korea came next with 6,940.
European nations received 1,693 laborers in the reviewed period, up 2.23 percent year-on-year and making up 1.27 percent of the total.
The number of Vietnamese guest workers sent to countries in the Middle East accounted for only 1.05 percent of the total, with Saudi Arabia receiving highest number of 1,101 people.
From January-November, only 584 people went to work in other Southeast Asian nations, down 0.44 percent compared to the same period last year.
Meanwhile, 350 people were sent to North Africa, equivalent to 0.26 percent.
According to Nguyen Gia Liem, Deputy Director General of the Department of Overseas Labor Management, enterprises providing labor export services should pay more attention to improving the quality of guest workers.
Many legal regulations related to vocational training and foreign language skills will be adjusted to boost the quality of laborers, Liem said.
Employees get about VND652 billion in Tet bonuses
Value of goods for Tet exceeds VND 1,000 billion
Events in Hai Duong from Jan 20 - 26
Traffic accidents drop after drink-driving law takes effect
Thailand reports second case infected with novel coronavirus
Vietnam presides over UNSC session on Yemen
Pre-school teachers honoured in ceremony
Trial begins for Cambodia opposition leader over treason charges
Top 10 world events of 2019
Con Son – Kiep Bac relics' landscapes continue to be renovated
Con Son – Kiep Bac Autumn Festival attracts crowds of participants
Hai Duong holds requiem for peace
Best writers of 2019 receive awards
Hanoi named cheapest city for backpacking escape in Asia
Governing body: Hai Duong Provincial Party Committee
Editor-in-chief: Nguyen Hai Binh
Publication permit No. 97/GP-BTTTT, granted by the Ministry of Information and Communications on February 25, 2016
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The new deep-sea mining regulations which are under development at the International Seabed Authority (ISA) are not enough to prevent damage to marine ecosystems and the loss of unique species, warns a report by the World Conservation Agency IUCN.
The report provides a comprehensive overview of deep-sea mining and its potential environmental impact. It was published at the same time as the 24th ISA meeting took place - on 16 July 2018. The aim of the ISA meeting is to agree on a "mining code" regulating the exploitation of the deep seabed.
According to the report, an effective legal framework is needed to avoid sustainable damage to the marine environment, based on high quality environmental impact assessments. These, in turn, must be based on comprehensive baseline studies to improve understanding of the deep sea, which remains under-studied and still not fully understood.
According to IUCN experts, the mining code currently under development lacks adequate knowledge of the deep sea and a thorough assessment of the environmental impact of mining operations required to effectively protect deep-sea life.
"We work in the dark," says Carl Gustaf Lundin, director of the IUCN's Global Marine and Polar Program. "Our current understanding of the deep sea does not allow us to effectively protect marine life from mining activities, and the exploitation of minerals using current technologies could destroy life in the deep sea forever, benefiting only a few and ignoring future generations."
Due to the projected increasing demand for copper, aluminium, cobalt and other metals, commercial interest in deep-sea mineral deposits is growing. These resources are needed, among other things, for the production of smartphones and electric batteries.
Although there is little empirical evidence for the effects of deep-sea mining, the potential impact is worrying. These include direct physical damage to marine habitats through the scrapping of the seabed by machinery - similar to cutting down a forest - and the swirling of fine sediments on the sea floor, which suffocate animals and can cloud the water. Other effects include toxic effects from leaks, noise, vibration and light pollution from mining equipment and ships.
By May 2018, ISA, which has a twofold mandate to promote deep-sea mining while ensuring that it is not harmful to the environment, has awarded 29 deep sea exploration contracts. Commercial mining in international waters is scheduled to begin in 2025 at the earliest. Exploration in the national waters of Japan started in 2017, and commercial exploitation in Papua New Guinea is expected to take place by 2020.
"Stringent marine environment safeguards should be a core element of any mining ordinance, but it has not yet come into force, and the ambitious and contradictory mandate of the ISA will require better oversight by the international community to ensure that marine life is adequate", says Kristina Gjerde, Senior Advisor to the IUCN Global Marine and Polar Program.
Deep-sea mining refers to the extraction of mineral resources from the deep sea - the area of the ocean below 200 m. The area covers about 65% of the earth's surface and hosts a rich biodiversity. Many species of the deep sea are still unknown to us.


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Content Spark Calendar
American culture American pop culture Civil Rights Pop culture U.S. History U.S. Pop Culture World history
September 2023 – September 2027 Sep 2023 – Sep 2027
Meredith Enrolls at Ole Miss – Anniversary
Rioting broke out when James Meredith became the first African American to enroll in the all-white University of Mississippi. President Kennedy sent US troops to the area to force compliance with the law. Three people died in the fighting and 50 were injured. On June 6, 1966, Meredith was shot while participating in a civil rights march at Mississippi. On June 25, Meredith, barely recovered, rejoined the marchers near Jackson, MS.
Tags: Civil Rights


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Un combustible es cualquier material capaz de liberar energía cuando se oxida de forma violenta con desprendimiento de calor. Supone la liberación de una energía de su forma potencial (energía de enlace) a una forma utilizable sea directamente (energía térmica) o energía mecánica (motores térmicos) dejando como residuo calor, dióxido de carbono y algún otro compuesto químico.

En un combustible con 0% de humedad y sin hidrógeno en su composición elemental, el poder calorífico superior coincide con el inferior.

Tipos
Los combustibles se pueden clasificar, por ejemplo, en sólidos, líquidos y gaseosos. Entre los combustibles sólidos se incluyen el carbón, la madera y la turba natural. El carbón se quema en calderas para calentar agua que puede vaporizarse para mover máquinas a vapor o directamente para producir calor utilizable en usos térmicos (calefacción). La turba y la madera se utilizan principalmente para la calefacción doméstica e industrial, aunque la turba se ha utilizado para la generación de energía y las locomotoras o los barcos que utilizaban madera como combustible fueron comunes en el pasado.

Entre los combustibles comburenciales se encuentran el diésel (gasóleo o gasoil), el queroseno, la gasolina (nafta), y entre los gaseosos, el gas natural o los gases licuados del petróleo (GLP), representados por el propano y el butano. Las gasolinas, gasóleos y hasta los gases, se utilizan para motores de combustión interna o en calderas.

En los cuerpos de los animales, el combustible principal está constituido por carbohidratos, lípidos, proteínas, que proporcionan energía para el movimiento de los músculos, el crecimiento y los procesos de renovación y regeneración celular, mediante una combustión lenta, dejando también, como residuo, energía térmica, que sirve para mantener el cuerpo a la temperatura adecuada para que funcionen los procesos vitales.

Se llaman también combustibles las sustancias empleadas para producir la reacción nuclear en el proceso de fisión, aunque este proceso no es propiamente una combustión. Tampoco es propiamente un combustible el hidrógeno, cuando se utiliza para proporcionar energía (y en grandes cantidades) en el proceso de fusión nuclear, en el que se funden atómicamente dos átomos de hidrógeno para convertirse en uno de helio, con gran liberación de energía. Este medio de obtener energía no ha sido dominado en su totalidad por el hombre (salvo en su forma más violenta: la bomba nuclear de hidrógeno, conocida también como Bomba H) pero en el universo es común, específicamente como fuente de energía de las estrellas.

Características
La principal característica de un combustible es el calor desprendido por la combustión completa de una unidad de masa (kilogramo) de combustible, llamado poder calorífico, se mide en julios por kilogramo, en el sistema internacional (SI) (normalmente en kilojulios por kilogramo, ya que el julio es una unidad muy pequeña). En el sistema técnico de unidades, en calorías por kilogramo y en el sistema anglosajón en BTU por libra.

Tabla de poderes caloríficos de sustancias combustibles

Otra característica de los combustibles, en ciertos casos muy importantes, es la llamada temperatura de ignición, o temperatura a la que se desencadena la reacción de combustión anteriormente citada.

Combustibles fósiles

Los combustibles fósiles se formaron hace millones de años a partir de restos orgánicos de plantas y animales muertos. Durante miles de años de evolución del planeta, los restos de seres vivos que lo poblaron en sus distintas etapas se fueron depositando en el fondo de los mares, lagos y otras masas de agua. Allí se cubrieron por sucesivas capas de sedimentos. Las reacciones químicas de descomposición y la presión ejercida por el peso de esas capas durante millones de años, transformaron esos restos orgánicos en lo que ahora conocemos como combustibles fósiles. Son recursos no renovables, o mejor dicho, son renovables, pero harían falta millones de años para su renovación, y en algún momento, se acabarán. Por el contrario, otros combustibles, como la madera solamente requieren años para su renovación.

Químicamente, los combustibles fósiles son mezclas de compuestos orgánicos mineralizados que se extraen del subsuelo con el objetivo de producir energía por combustión. El origen de esos compuestos es materia orgánica que, tras millones de años, se ha mineralizado. Se consideran combustibles fósiles al carbón, procedente de la madera de bosques del periodo carbonífero, el petróleo y el gas natural, procedentes de otros organismos.

Entre los combustibles fósiles más utilizados se encuentran los derivados del petróleo: gasolinas, naftas, gasóleo, fuelóleo; los gases procedentes del petróleo (GLP): butano, propano; el gas natural, y las diversas variedades del carbón: turba, hullas, lignitos, etc.

Biocombustibles

Los llamados biocombustibles (un tanto impropiamente porque los combustibles fósiles también proceden de materia orgánica, materia viva, fosilizada), son sustancias procedentes del reino vegetal, que pueden utilizarse como combustible, bien directamente, o tras una transformación por medios químicos.

Entre ellos se encuentran:
 sólidos (aprovechamiento de materias sólidas agrícolas: madera o restos de otros procesos, como cáscaras no aprovechables de frutos), que se aglomeran en pellas combustibles;
 líquidos, en general procedentes de transformaciones químicas de ciertas materias orgánicas, como el bioalcohol o el biodiésel;
 gaseosos, como el llamado biogás, que es el residuo natural de la putrefacción de organismo vivos en atmósfera controlada y que está compuesto de metano y dióxido de carbono a partes más o menos iguales.

Inconvenientes
En general, los combustibles utilizados normalmente son el carbón o derivados del carbono (hidrocarburos, derivados de la madera, que también tienen carbono, e incluso los hidratos de carbono de la alimentación humana) por lo que en los procesos de combustión se produce el gas dióxido de carbono.

Además, especialmente los combustibles sólidos, producen hollín y cenizas volantes que ensucian el aire del lugar donde se emiten.

Véase también

 Impacto ambiental
 Cambio climático
 Crisis energética
 Huella ecológica
 Combustible nuclear
 Combustión
 Biocombustible

Referencias

Combustibles
Explotación de los recursos naturales

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Fu nominato Gran Visir dal sultano Osman II il 9 marzo 1621. Dopo la sconfitta militare nella battaglia di Khotin, vinta dalle truppe della Confederazione polacco-lituana e dai suoi alleati cosacchi, fu destituito dal suo incarico il 17 settembre dello stesso anno. Rimase comunque vicino al sultano. Quando Osman II fu arrestato, Hüseyin Pascià, che lo accompagnava, cercò di fuggire, ma fu catturato e ucciso dai giannizzeri il 20 maggio 1622.

Note

Voci correlate
 Gran visir dell'Impero ottomano

Gran visir dell'Impero ottomano del secolo XVII


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Amphibious Gods
Wells, springs, lakes, and oceans have been considered sacred since the earliest days of mankind. Many of these water sources have been associated with gods, goddesses, spirits and demons. Throughout history, many mystical beings have been revered. Today, we look at a few of them.
Amphitrite
To the ancient Greeks, Amphitrite was a goddess of the sea. Over time, she became merely a consort of Poseidon. To the Romans, she was Salacia, consort of Neptune. Amphitrite, in addition to birthing dolphins and seals, also had a son and daughter father by Poseidon.
Cybele is an ancient Phrygian goddess, at least 5000 years older than the Egyptian and Sumerian goddesses. Worshiped in Rome as the "Magna Mater", or Great Mother, this maternal and queenly Goddess' influence can still be seen in the worship of Mary in the Catholic faith. She is a goddess of fertility, of the earth and of animals. She can be found in caverns and mountains and all Earth's wild places.
Her son, Attis, died after castrating himself. When his mother resurrected him, she became an important deity to the ancients in matters of life, death, and rebirth.
This Philistine god represented fertility, nature, and reproduction. From the waist up, he is a man, strong and virile; below the waist he is a fish.
Dagon was also a god of grain and agriculture, worshiped by many cultures. He was a major god of the Semites, the Amorites, and the Philistines. Traces of his name have been found in the writings of ancient Hebrews, Akkadians, and other cultures.
Fu Xi or Fu Hsi
The ancient Chinese believe that their civilization was founded by Fuxi, an androgynous God with the head of a man in detail the fish. Traditionally, he was born in 3322 B.C. His gifts to society include the arts of writing, trapping, and fishing. Chinese mythology credits him as the first of the Mystical Sovereigns of ancient China.
Fu Xi and his sister were the only survivors of a great flood near the Yellow River. In legend, he and his sister procreated, creating the human race. He became more popular once ancient Chinese society became patriarchal.
Fu Xi is credited with developing the I Ching; other gifts to mankind include the secrets of cooking, net fishing, and Iran weapons.
Glaucus
Glaucus was a Greek god of the sea, though the name has been given to several different figures. According to legend, Glaucus was a fisherman. The magical herb he found brought fish back to life, but turned him into a half man, half fish, forced to live in this sea forever. He was well received by the gods of the sea, who taught him the art of prophecy.
Glaucus' love for the beautiful nymph, Scylla, led him to seek the help of a witch, Circe. By refusing to return the witch's love, he condemned Scylla to a terrible fate – she was transformed by Circe into a ravening monster with six heads and 12 feet.
It is said that Glaucus helped Menelaus to return home; he also helped the Argonauts. He is credited with rescuing sailors from storms.


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Home / CELEBRITY NEWS / Teen Actress-Singer Takes the Lead in "Jem and the Holograms"
Teen Actress-Singer Takes the Lead in "Jem and the Holograms"
Ravenfox13 10:54:00 AM CELEBRITY NEWS
Most widely known for her role as the love-to-hate Layla Grant on ABC's beloved series, "Nashville," teen actress Aubrey Peeples takes on the lead role of Jerrica and her alter ego Jem, in Universal Pictures' musical-adventure "Jem and the Holograms."
In the film, as a small-town girl (Peeples) catapults from underground video sensation to global superstar, she and her band of sisters begin a one-in-a-million journey of discovering that some talents are too special to keep hidden. Four aspiring musicians will take the world by storm when they see that the key to creating your destiny lies in finding your own voice.
When recruiting and casting the actress who would portray both Jerrica and Jem, director Jon M. Chu and his fellow producers had quite a task at hand. They needed to find someone who could embody both small-town girl Jerrica, who has been living the unexceptional life up until the time she dons a secret identity inspired by her music, as well as Jem, the bold, stunning and absolutely fearless superstar who is everything that her alter-ego eschews. To add to that, they required a seasoned vocalist who could step right into the complexities of the music and lyrics—a tall order indeed for the production.
In fact, the filmmakers needed to present a Jerrica who is the exact opposite person that one would expect to be Jem. Unlike her sisters, who love to share the minutiae of their lives by posting around the clock on their social media accounts, Jerrica is extremely shy. Although she is a wallflower who cherishes her privacy, in her heart, she is a dreamer and a creator. And while she writes music alone in her room, she will soon find out that some talents are too special to keep hidden. Jem, established by the pet name that her father had for her before he died, is about to meet the world.
Chu walks us through our protagonist's struggle: "Jerrica has a gift, and it's up to her sisters to draw that out of her. Once she's empowered, once the world literally hands itself to her and says, 'We follow you,' she has to decide what kind of a person she's going to be. Is she going to be a hero, or is she going to be a villain? That's a huge struggle for a teenage girl to go through as she attempts to fit in with her high school friends—or with her sisters."
The performer who stood out among all others was Aubrey Peeples, who has starred as Layla Grant on ABC's Nashville since 2013. The versatile singer, dancer and actress knew she was headed for an enormous task when she signed on to portray both Jerrica and Jem, but she was up for the challenge. Peeples appreciated that Jerrica wasn't starstruck; rather, she cares predominantly about her music and family. Peeples offers some insight: "Jerrica has had to take care of her younger sister because they grew up without a mom. Now that their dad is gone, she has to take control of everything. She is alone in this position, but she rises to the challenge."
While too young to have embraced the original animated series Jem and the Holograms as a young girl, that didn't stop Peeples from being moved by the series'—and now the film's—timeless tropes of commitment to family and embracing one's signature creativity. She shares: "I love the messages of aspiring to reach your goal and honoring all cultures. I was also thrilled that the story looks at the double-edged sword of social media. I don't think that we've had a film that comments on both the all-consuming nature of it…as well as how it can form a connection among people all around the world."
Chu provides a bit of insight into Peeples' casting: "When we met Aubrey, we knew right away that she was the one. She wasn't just a great singer, she had an old soul that's rare to find in young actors today. She loves analog over digital, and she could care less about fame. Instead, she was all about honesty in her craft. She was powerfully subtle in Jerrica's quiet moments, then explosive and commanding in Jem's performances on stage. It was pretty extraordinary to watch. She was everything we needed in our new Jem."
"Jem and the Holograms" also stars Stefanie Scott ("Insidious: Chapter 3") as Kimber Benton, Aurora Perrineau ("A House Is Not a Home") as Shana Elmsford, Hayley Koyoko (TV's "CSI: Cyber") as Aja Leith, Ryan Guzman ("The Boy Next Door") as Rio, Molly Ringwald as Aunt Bailey and Oscar®-nominated actress Juliette Lewis as Erica Raymond.
Opening exclusively at Ayala Malls Cinemas nationwide on Nov. 4, "Jem and the Holograms" is distributed by United International Pictures through Columbia Pictures.


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Amitava Ray January 11, 2020 Posted in Wildlife
The Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) is a small passerine bird from Asia that belongs to the Dicruridae family of drongos. It is a common breeder in a lot of tropical southern Asia, from southwest Iran east through India, Sri Lanka, southern China, and Indonesia. It has also been seen in Japan by accident.
Black Drongo, includes:
1 Black Drongo
2 Black Drongo Bird Species
3 Distribution and habitat
4 Food and foraging Behaviour
5 Nesting and breeding
6 Mobbing and proximity nesting
7 Increasing in size and sophistication
8 Relation to human culture
It is a black bird with a forked tail that makes it stand out. It is 28 cm (11 in) long. It eats insects and can be found all over its range in open farmland and light forest, perching in plain sight on a bare perch or along power or phone lines.
Black Drongo Bird © Amitava Ray
The species of bird is known for being aggressive toward much bigger birds, like crows, and will dive-bomb any bird of prey that comes into its territory. Because of this, people sometimes call it a "king crow."
Smaller birds often nest near a black drongo nest, which is a safe place to do so. Before, the Asian fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis) was grouped with the African fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis), but now it is seen as a separate species with several different populations.
Black Drongo Bird Species
The black drongo bird has been brought to some islands in the Pacific, where it has done well and become so common that it is threatening and killing off native and endemic bird species.
Once, people thought that the black drongo was a subspecies of the fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis), which is a close relative that only recently became its own species. Both are now thought to be different species.
The fork-tailed drongo lives only in Africa, while the black drongo lives in Asia. There are seven subspecies, but most of the populations are close to each other and show clinal variation and intergrade.
People from northern India are bigger than people from Sri Lanka, while people from peninsular India (nominate subspecies) are in the middle.
Thailand, Hong Kong, and China are all places where race cathoecus lives. This species has a much smaller spot on the back of its head, and its dark wings have a greenish sheen.
A race of thai lives in southern Siam, but it overlaps with cathoecus that come there for the winter. Java and Bali are both home to the Javanese race, Javanus. In the Formosa race harterti, the tail is shorter than the wing.
This bird is shiny black, and its tail has a wide fork. At the base of the gape, adults usually have a small white spot. The dark brown iris (not crimson as in the similar ashy drongo).
In the field, you can't tell the men from the women. The young birds are brown and may have white bars or spots on their bellies and vents.
They can be confused with the white-bellied drongo. First-year birds have white tips on their belly feathers, but second-year birds only have white tips on their vent feathers.
They are aggressive and fearless birds. Even though they are only 28 cm (11 in) long, they will attack crows and birds of prey that come into their nesting territory. Because of this, they used to be called "king crows."
They fly with powerful flaps of their wings and can move quickly, which helps them catch flying insects. They sit straight up on thorny bushes, bare perches, or electricity wires because their legs are short. They may also sit on animals that are eating grass.
They can make many different sounds, but a common one is a two-note tee-hee call that sounds like the Shikra (Accipiter badius).
Most of the time, the black drongo bird lives in open country and hunts close to the ground. Most of the time, they hunt insects from the air, but they also eat things they find on the ground or on plants.
They visit northeastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan in the summer, but they live from the Indus Valley to Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka.
Some populations move seasonally in ways that are not well understood, while it is known that populations in Korea migrate. The black drongo lives in places like the savanna, fields, and cities.
Before the Second World War, black drongos were brought from Taiwan to the island of Rota to help get rid of bugs. People think that in the 1950s, they moved across the sea to the island of Guam.
By 1967, they were the fourth most common bird seen along roads on Guam. Today, they are the most common bird on the island.
Some people think that black drongos are a reason why endemic bird species like the Rota bridled white-eye and the Guam flycatcher are becoming less common.
Food and foraging Behaviour
The black drongo bird gets up before dawn and goes to sleep later than most other birds. They mostly eat bugs like grasshoppers, cicadas, termites, wasps, bees, ants, moths, beetles, dragonflies, and ants.
They sometimes fly close to tree branches to try to scare away any bugs that might be there. They gather in fields that are being plowed, where they pick up caterpillars and beetle grubs that are exposed.
People have seen as many as 35 birds in these groups. They are also drawn to fires in scrublands and grasslands, which make insects move around.
They don't seem to like flies. They hang out with birds like common mynas, cattle egrets, and others that eat and live in the same places.
Black Drongo © Amitava Ray
Drongos are more successful at finding food when they stick together. Mynas and drongos both eat insects, but they don't eat the same ones.
Sometimes, drongos will steal insects from mynas. People say that they imitate the Shikra's call to scare away mynas and then steal their food.
The fork-tailed drongo does something similar by making false alarm calls. The black drongo has been known to eat small birds, reptiles, and maybe even bats. Some people think that when they migrate, they might eat more birds.
On a stopover island for migrating birds in Korea, one person caught several birds one after the other. They killed the birds by hitting them in the back of the head and neck and then eating only certain parts of them, especially the brain. They have also been seen eating fish from time to time.
They can get water and food from the flowers of trees like Erythrina and Bombax, and they have also been known to eat grains. In contrast, larger arthropods like scorpions and centipedes are rarely seen in their diet.
They eat milkweed butterflies, which most other predators try to avoid. They are also known to feed late at night or during the night, often on insects drawn to lights.
Nesting and breeding
In southern India, most black Drongos have their young in February and March. In other parts of the country, they don't have their first crop until August.
During the breeding season, both men and women sing in the morning. During courtship, they may chase each other in the air and lock their wings and beaks together, which can cause them to fall to the ground. Shows can be set up on the ground.
The bonds between a male and a female last for the whole season. The nest is a cup made of a thin layer of sticks put in the fork of a branch. It takes the males and females a week to build it.
Around the first rain in April, the birds lay their eggs. Most of the time, three or sometimes four eggs are laid in a cup-shaped nest in the fork of a tree branch on the outside. Large trees with a lot of leaves, like the jackfruit, are best.
The eggs are 26 mm (1.0 in) long and 19 mm (0.75 in) wide. They range in color from pale cream to red and have spots and other marks on them. Both parents take care of the eggs until they hatch after 14 to 15 days.
The parents take care of the babies for the first five days. After that, the babies can keep their body temperature pretty steady on their own. If the first one is killed, the bird may lay a second one.
Some birds build their nests on telephone poles. There is a nesting territory that is kept that is 0.003 to 0.012 km2 (0.3 to 1.2 hectares) in size.
The helpers, who are offspring from the previous brood, have been seen helping the parents feed their young at the nest. There have been reports of the Asian koel taking care of other birds' young.
On average, only 44% of eggs were fertilized. The main reason young birds died was because they didn't have enough insects to eat, which depended on the weather.
Mobbing and proximity nesting
It is thought that the way they scare away predators from their nests makes it more likely for other birds, like orioles, doves, pigeons, babblers, and especially bulbuls, to nest nearby.
In one study, red-vented bulbuls were found nesting near 18 of 40 nests (33 ft). A red-vented bulbul was seen feeding the chicks of a black drongo at their nest, which is a strange thing to see.
They are so aggressive that when they are mobbing, they may sometimes land on big birds of prey and peck at them. Some people think that the Asian drongo-cuckoo (Surniculus lugubris) has changed over time to look like this species.
On Java, the intensity of mobbing predators was studied, and it was found that some predators, like the Javan hawk-eagle, were mobbed a lot more during the nesting season.
However, the black eagle, which is also a nest predator, was mobbed the same amount in all seasons. It has been said that this might keep people from finding out where nests are during the breeding season.
Increasing in size and sophistication
The gape of young birds is yellowish-red. On the fourth day, the feather follicles show up, and after a week, the pin feathers come out.
The weight of nestlings stays the same until they are 12 days old. On the eighth day, the eyes open, and the iris is reddish-black and the gape is red.
The babies leave the nest between 16 and 20 days after they hatch. Before three weeks, they didn't have the fork in the tail.
For a month, the parents continue to feed and protect them. Young birds may beg for food for longer, but adults usually don't pay attention or chase them away. Birds are ready to have babies after about two years.
Birds have been seen playing by throwing a leaf into the air and catching it in midair. This may help young birds learn how to do tricks in the air.
From June to October, they lose their feathers in southern India. The wing moult starts with the first primary in July and goes on until the tenth. When the primary leaves reach the third quill in August, the secondaries are changed.
The secondary moult doesn't happen in a straight line; the 8th and 7th are lost before the rest. The tail feathers fall out in a circular motion.
Changes in how much melanin is made cause the testicles to change color with the seasons. During the breeding season, the dark pigment is lost.
Relation to human culture
Beekeepers don't like them because they eat bees, but farmers bring them to their fields so they can eat pest insects. They do this by putting artificial perches in the fields.
Since they are common, they have many local names. The old name for the genus, Buchanga, came from the Hindi word Bhujanga.
Other local names include "srigunting hitam" in Indonesia, Thampal in Pakistan, Gohalo/Kolaho in Baluchistan, Kalkalachi in Sindhi, Kotwal (=policeman) in Hindi; Finga in Bengali; Phenshu in Assamese; Cheiroi in Manipuri; Kosita/ Kalo koshi in Gujarati; Ghosia in Marathi; Kajalapati in Oriya; Kari kuruvi (=charcoal bird), Erettai valan (=two tail) in Tamil; Passala poli gadu in Telugu; Kaaka tampuratti (=queen of crows) in Malayalam; Kari bhujanga in Kannada and Kalu Kawuda in Sinhalese.
In central India, people believe that a cow's horn will fall off if a young bird lands on it. Some people in Punjab respect it because they think it brought water to Husayn ibn Ali, who is respected by Shi'a Muslims.
Indian Peafowl11/13/2021
Asian Openbill Stork03/11/2020
Green Bee Eater02/14/2020
Kingfisher Bird12/12/2019
Purple Sunbird10/16/2019
Purple rumped sunbird10/02/2019
Woodpeckers09/12/2019
Coppersmith Barbet01/27/2019
Spot billed Pelican11/10/2018
Yellow Footed Green Pigeon10/26/2018
Little Egret10/21/2018
Red Vented Bulbul01/28/2018
Indian Birds08/12/2017
Tagged Birds
Kingfisher Bird →
← Green Bee Eater


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Q: Add Text beneath Image background I am trying to do something like this, to put a Text beneath the imagebackground in react native. It does not show up, for some reason, i do not know what and why its behaving so,hence i decided to come and ask on here.
My Code is looking something like this
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Please How do I go about something like this.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Facing the ever tough worldwide competitiveness, the textile industry in many countries on one hand are losing out their international market share, while on the other hand domestic markets also being flooded with cheap imported goods. Production plummet, jobs cut and factories closing down. They are restlessly appealing for help from the government to adopt protective measures.
A number of key manufacturing industries in the Philippines have petitioned the Philippines government to postpone implementation of the tariff reduction provisions of the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA).
The call for a "go slow" policy has been led by the domestic textile industry which has been struggling with a rising tide of low cost imports from China and elsewhere.
Under the AFTA agreement, the Philippines is obligated to lower its imports tariffs on a range of manufactures products – including textiles and apparel. However, AFTA members do have the option of postponing tariff reductions while business conditions are reviewed and the impact of tariff reductions are analyzed.
The textile industry has asked that the government postpone tariff reductions for textiles and apparel for 6 to 12 months awaiting review by the government of which products should be liberalized and which should not.
To date, the Filipino government has only notified the AFTA council that it will take more time to review tariff structures in petrochemicals. No mentioned has been made of postponing reductions in other products.
the realization of the imports to the ministry every month. Import duties on garments in Indonesia is currently range from 15 to 25 percent.
The American Textile Manufacturers Institute (ATMI) on 3rd November 2002 called on the Bush Administration to take immediate action over Indonesia's decision to ban textile imports.
ATMI chairman Van May blasted the ban as illegal and in breach of WTO rules. He also criticised the Indonesian government for imposing such a sweeping ban in response to increased imports from only one nation – China.
ATMI propose that a fair response to Indonesia would be to prohibit imports of Indonesian textile goods, which totaled $350 million last year until the ban is lifted.
The Bangladesh Textile Mills Association (BTMA) on early November unveiled its blueprint for the clothing industry's future, which includes the withdrawal of all duties and taxes.
BTMA officials said they do not want cash incentives put forward under an alternative plan by the government, but low-interest loans, a 25% rebate on utility bills and port charges at international levels.
They also want the ready-made garment and textile industries brought under the umbrella of one ministry to avoid confusion, and downward adjustment of banking charges. The association also called for a crackdown on fabric and apparel smugglers. The government were urged to set up specific entry points throughout the country to better manage a surge in low-cost imports of yarns and fabrics from India and other suppliers.
China has initiated temporary anti-dumping measures against South Korean imports of polyester staple fiber, state media reported on November 2002. The decision followed a probe into claims last year the imports were hitting domestic polyester staple fiber producers hard.
The ministry now requires importers of South Korean polyester staple fiber to provide customs officials with cash deposits, although it did not specify a sum.
The Manufacturers Association's textile division is demanding a15-20% surtax on imports from China to help local manufacturers recapture lost sales.
Massive cheap Asian imports have hit sales at 45% of Israel's textile factories, leading to a loss of some 5,500 jobs. It estimates more than 70 textile factories have been forced to relocate to low-cost areas over the past year.
Asia products have surged in recent years. For the first six months of 2002, apparel imports from all Asian suppliers reached $335 million, up 16% from comparable 2001 levels.


Foote, A. and Morin, P. and Pitman, R. and Avila-Arcos, M. and Durban, J. and van Helden, A. and Sinding, M. et al. 2013. Mitogenomic insights into a recently described and rarely observed killer whale morphotype. Polar Biology. 36 (10): pp. 1519-1523.


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