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text:
Nicholas Ndubi Muyoti (born 8 September 1976) is a retired Kenyan. international defender cum midfielder. He is the current head coach of Kenyan Premier League side Nairobi City Stars.

Muyoti is a former Kenya captain best remembered for lifting the Castle Cup trophy in 2002.

Career
Muyoti started out his career at lower-tier side Kenyatta Hospital F.C. while still a student at Upper Hill School.

Early life
Muyoti was born on 8 September 1976 in Nairobi. He went to school at Our Lady of Mercy Primary School before moving to Mumias Boys Primary School. He then proceeded to Amukura Secondary School in Busia before ending up at Nairobi's Upper Hill School.

AFC Leopards
While at Kenyatta Hospital F.C. he tried out with AFC Leopards whom he joined in 1997 where he spent six seasons before heading to Thika United in 2002. He returned to the same club nine years later in 2011 to end his playing career.

Singapore
After four seasons at Thika United in 2002, Muyoti moved to Sporting Afrique for the 2006 S.League,. Described as a conscientious leader, Muyoti captained Sporting Afrique at the 2006 S.League,

India
After Singapore, Muyoti moved to Churchill Brothers for 2006, the captain was Man of the Match as they drew with Sporting Clube de Goa 1-1 despite earning a yellow card which left him out for the 11th round.

He then moved to Sporting Clube de Goa for 2007 season, the Kenyan had to leave the Flaming Oranje  in 2008 due to injury, out for eight months.

Return to Kenya
After India, Muyoti returned to Thika United for a season in 2008 then made moves in each of the next seasons to Sher Karuturi, Sofapaka F.C. before finally returning 'home' to AFC Leopards in 2011 where he hanged his boots as a player at the close of that season.

Swindon Town
In late 2002, it was reported that Muyoti had caught the eye of English side Swindon Town. as the Kenya national football team toured England for a series of friendly games. The reports later stated the deal did not materialize.

National team
While at AFC Leopards, Muyoti was called up to the Kenya national football team in 2001 and played for the national team till the year 2003.

He was handed his first cap at the Amahoro Stadium by Reinhard Fabisch in a game against Ethiopia in the final of 2001 CECAFA Cup.

Management
Muyoti began his journey to coaching when, at the end of the 2011 season at AFC Leopards, he was named the assistant coach, then team manager, and back as an assistant. He left the club towards the end of 2013 to join Oserian FC as head coach before returning to AFC Leopards in 2016 as an assistant coach.

He moved to Zetech University at the onset of 2017 for a short stint before heading to Thika United as an assistant coach first, then head coach. Head coach roles at Nzoia Sugar, Kakamega Homeboyz then to his current station Nairobi City Stars  then followed.

Career statistics

International

International goals
 (scores and results list Kenya's goal tally first)

Honours

Club
AFC Leopards
 Moi Golden Cup: (2001)
Kenya
 2002 CECAFA Cup
 Castle Lager Cup (East Africa): 2002

References

External links

Kenyan footballers

1976 births
Living people
Association football midfielders
Association football defenders
Kenyan football managers
A.F.C. Leopards players
Thika United F.C. players
Churchill Brothers FC Goa players
Sporting Clube de Goa players
Vegpro F.C. players
Kenya international footballers
Kenyan Premier League players

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
By - The Washington Times - Friday, February 15, 2002
Good-government types the same people who have been hollering the loudest for so-called "campaign-finance reform" always complain that lobbyists have undue influence in Congress. For that reason, it comes as something of a shock to learn that the campaign finance "reform" bill that passed the House yesterday was written by lobbyists.
"An eleventh-hour error by attorneys drafting language for the final version of the Shays-Meehan bill threw supporters of the legislation into turmoil Wednesday," Roll Call reporters Amy Keller and Ethan Wallison write.
"Supporters of the bill on both sides of the aisle said the error was made by one or more lawyers from the reform group Common Cause, which had been working behind the scenes to draft the final language."
Embracing Bush
"Democratic strategists like James Carville can issue all the memos they like claiming President Bush is vulnerable on domestic policy despite his popularity as war leader but Dem candidates are still running very scared," the New York Post's Deborah Orin writes.
"In fact, one vulnerable Democrat in a key race is now trying to hide behind Bush after Republicans unveiled a TV ad starring Bush and accusing targeted Dem senators of opposing Bush's economic-stimulus plan," Miss Orin said.
"And that could be a pointed reminder to Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle because the embattled Democrat is fellow South Dakota Sen. Tim Johnson.
"Instead of firing back at Bush, Johnson [on Wednesday] pledged allegiance to the president with a TV ad of his own that says he 'has strongly supported President Bush, the war against terrorism, his tax cuts and his education reforms.' …
"Insiders say other targeted Dem senators in Montana and Missouri are also feeling the heat and mulling response ads."
Ironic accusation
The campaign arm of Senate Republicans yesterday accused Democrats of violating current campaign laws on the very day that they were creating new ones.
The National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC) says it has notified television stations in South Dakota that the advertisements running on behalf of Sen. Tim Johnson, South Dakota Democrat, are "blatantly illegal."
"The 'issue ad,' paid for by the Democratic Party of South Dakota with funds transferred from the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee (DSCC), is, in fact, a candidate-advocacy ad, which is expressly forbidden under the rules that allow non-federal dollars to be spent in issue advertising," the NRSC said in a prepared statement.
"Isn't it ironic that on the very day that campaign-finance reform passes the House, the Democrats ruptured current law?" said Mitch Bainwol, NRSC director.
"The Tim Johnson ad, erroneously classified by the Democrats as an issue advertisement, clearly shows Johnson giving a campaign speech from a podium decorated with his campaign poster," the NRSC said. "Showing the candidate with a campaign poster is a clear violation of that law. Secondly, if the stations were to continue to show the ad, it would constitute a breach of their FCC-licensing requirement to operate in the public interest."
Said Mr. Bainwol: "The Johnson campaign and the Democratic Party must immediately remove their ad from the airwaves to avoid further deliberate violation of the law."
'Enemigos del estado'
Democrats accused Rep. J.D. Hayworth, Arizona Republican, of calling Hispanic green-card holders in the United States "enemies of the state."
During Wednesday night's debate on campaign-finance reform, Republicans offered an amendment to prohibit permanent residents from contributing to federal election campaigns.
Mr. Hayworth, speaking in favor of the amendment, said it would keep "enemies of the state" from influencing U.S. politics, citing questions about Chinese nationals, and other foreigners with ties to communist China, who gave to Democrats during the Clinton administration.
But Democrats, particularly members of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus, said his remarks impugned every legal noncitizen resident.
"The Republican message to Hispanics is loud and clear: Stay out of politics," said Rep. Robert Menendez, New Jersey Democrat. "By labeling Hispanics as enemies, it clearly shows that they are not welcome in the Republican Party."
Mr. Hayworth's spokesman, though, said the congressman never mentioned Hispanics in his two-minute speech.
"Obviously, the Democrats are uncomfortable in being reminded of the efforts of the Chinese communists to pervert the American political system in 1996," said Larry VanHoose, a spokesman for Mr. Hayworth.
Lawyers, not warriors
"Sometimes, as we stare at the ceiling at night, we wonder if these columns are too hard on lawyers," the Wall Street Journal says in an editorial.
"And then we go to work and hear what defense attorney Neal Sonnett said recently before the American Bar Association:
"'Our system does not work, democracy does not live, unless we are willing to give the same rights to the worst of us as to the best of us.'
"That was just before the ABA voted 286-147 for a resolution calling illegitimate any U.S. military tribunal that doesn't treat al Qaeda captives exactly like any American criminal defendant.
"Earth to ABA: There's one small problem here. The guys you're talking about aren't 'us.' Those guys are 'them,' foreign enemies who want to kill 'us.' They've already killed more than a few."
The newspaper noted that the Bush administration had implored the ABA to put off a vote on the subject until the administration had actually promulgated rules for the tribunals.
"But the ABA went ahead anyway, in what has to rank as one of the all-time snubs of a U.S. president, in peace or war. This is the same ABA, remember, that professed to be shocked last year when George W. Bush pulled its privileged vetting role of federal judicial nominees on the grounds that it had become too politicized."
How romantic
Gennifer Flowers, who almost sank Bill Clinton's presidential campaign in 1992 when she revealed their long-running affair, went to court yesterday Valentine's Day to press her defamation suit against Hillary Rodham Clinton, James Carville and George Stephanopoulos.
Miss Flowers accuses Mrs. Clinton and the two former aides to Mr. Clinton of embarking on a "smear campaign" to destroy her image.
Representing Miss Flowers at the U.S. Court of Appeals in San Francisco was Judicial Watch, the busy legal group that has been dogging Republicans as well as Democrats. Representing Mrs. Clinton was David Kendall, her husband's former impeachment attorney.
Tribute to Waylon
Nobody on Capitol Hill was more touched by the death of Waylon Jennings than House Majority Leader Dick Armey, an aficionado of country music.
"There will never be another one like him," the Texas Republican said. "Waylon Jennings just knew things that the rest of us never knew. To our good fortune, he put those things in his songs."
Missile shield backed
The New Hampshire House of Representatives yesterday approved a resolution endorsing a national missile shield. The vote was 186-135.
"We are pleased to have the measure passed. And we want to express our strong support for the president to complete his homeland-defense efforts and missile defense is an important part of that," said state Rep. Steve Avery, who lead the floor debate in favor of the resolution.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In case of a flood or tsunami and there are wall sockets and whole houses getting ripped of the ground, what up with electrocution?
because we use a grounded system, the electricity will take the shortest route to the ground. Salt water is a good conductor, you are not, so the electricity will go through the water to the ground. This would also cause the fuses and circuit breakers to open the circuit. You would only be in danger if it was extremely high voltage (137,000 volts or so) then you might be hurt.
Nasty Smell In Floor-boards - How Do I Know If It Is The Smell Of A Dead Rat Without Ripping Up The Floor Boards, And What Can I Do To Get Rid Of The Smell?
My Dog Just Got Sprayed In The Mouth By A Skunk And Now My Whole House Smells Like It. How Do I Get Rid Of It? What Do I Do For His Mouth And The House?
What Are The Positive And Negative Effects Of Floods?
How Do You Get Rid Of Lice In Your Carpet; It Has Been Sprayed And Shampooed; Are The Lice Still In The Carpet. Whole House And Family Has Been Previously Treated, But The Lice Have Returned For A Third Time.?
What Are The Disadvantages Of Tsunami?
What Are The Dos And Don't Of Sharing A House With Other People?
A fuse went out in my house and I'm kinda nervous about trying to fix it or whatever. What do I need to know about messing around with electrical stuff so I don't get electrocuted? Should I be wearing a certain type of footwear?
A 15 foot ladder is leaning against the side of a house so that the distance on the ground between the base of the ladder and the house is 7 feet. What is the angle at the base of the ladder is making with the ground?
this guy took a picture of water half way up his truck windows outside houston with flooding going on. his msg was all i wanted to do was get home. his truck was found downstream. are people that dumb or afraid of water of jumping out and swimming??
Is there a charity that will come and pick up EVERYTHING in your house (as a donation). I just inherited a condo, with a bunch of stuff I dont want and dont really have the space for?


text:
sowing THE GOSPEL
YOU HOW YOU IN 2017GAVE REAPED THE HARVEST!
$2,900,000 for missions!
WHICH MADE POSSIBLE
103 mission team members 97 gospel workers
50,000+ RESULTING IN
people for Christ
1,375 baptisms 2
ALONG WITH
CONTRIBUTING TO
31 children's programs for 3,740 kids 35 construction projects
1,325 Bibles to new believers HOLDING
47 mission field clinics for more than 9,893 people
CHAIRMAN'S MESSAGE B
ecause you're a supporter of Quiet Hour Ministries, you understand the faith it takes to sow seeds for the gospel.
We work, worldwide, to build chapels, reach people through gospel workers, hold medical clinics, children's programs and evangelistic series—that's the easy part. The hard part is continuing to sow when the reaping is not always evident in whole. It takes faith to know that your gifts will be used to further the gospel. It takes faith to have confidence that the message is reaching hearts. And it takes faith to know that, even if we never see it on earth, God is changing lives through our work.
It can be easy to feel like we're only sowing and never reaping. But we share this annual report with you each year to demonstrate the incredible harvest that God is making possible through you! With a history of more than 80 years, this ministry has had the great privilege of seeing the vastness of the harvest when dedicated servants work together to bring more people into the light of Christ's love. The past year was no exception and I want to thank you for making it possible. John 4:36 says, "Both he who sows and he who reaps may rejoice together." This is so true. As you and I continue to sow seeds with our support, those in the mission field, baptizing new believers, reap with joy. I hope, as you read, you rejoice over what we have worked together to reap in 2017! There would be no harvest without your willingness to continue sowing—thank you.
Ralph S. Watts, Jr. Chairman of the board
president'S MESSAGE W
hat a year 2017 was! Quiet Hour Ministries entered our 81st year in 2017 with the theme, "One sows and another reaps," (NIV) taken from John chapter 4. We embraced Jesus' words that, "the sower and reaper rejoice together!"
meetings, invitations are made through free clinics, chapel construction and children's outreach. It all works together for a special evangelism experience that accomplishes our mission of making and growing disciples by preaching the gospel.
Every aspect of this report demonstrates an intentionally planned focus on global evangelism. We continue to fulfill requests from the Seventh-day Adventist world church for evangelism assistance. We're working for the bigger picture—to complete the work Christ calls all of us to do—to go, preach and baptize.
As we move into 2018, we look to 2 Corinthians 3:12: "Therefore, since we have such a hope, we are very bold," (NIV). We move with conviction and courage because of Jesus and His promises.
There is a special joy in working alongside Adventist brothers and sisters around the world. We see international friendships develop that, today, are able to continue through social media. And our team members make plans to serve together again on future trips. Our evangelism efforts are supporting international churches by helping them reach out to their communities. With the goal of bringing people to attend evangelism
Now is the time for all God's people to show their faith by being bold in the way we live and give. Join us! Step out with confidence and go! Give, so others can go. And pray that the work will be completed soon.
Randy Bates President/CEO
Haiti: Baby Samuel hen our mission team was holding clinics in Haiti, they had no idea what they were in for. Team member, pastor Glenn Hill, shared this story:
The doctor called for formula and a small bottle to attempt feeding the malnourished baby. Later, he also arranged for the baby to return to the hospital and get IV hydration.
A mother and her tiny, premature baby appeared at our clinic one day. The baby didn't even have the strength to be fed. His mother had not named him or bonded with him because she did not expect he would live long.
Our team also had the opportunity to sit with and feed the baby as he slowly regained some strength. The precious little boy was not left alone and, as a result of our team and the clinic, his mother named him Samuel Quiet Hour.
She had taken him from the hospital without a proper release and against medical advice. But when she saw that the baby was doing so poorly eight days later, she brought him to us.
Praise God for the opportunity to save lives like baby Samuel's and to witness to worried hearts like his mother's.
One of our team members saw that this mother and baby needed immediate attention and brought them to the doctor right away, despite the long line of patients.
world impact With your help in 2017, we supported mission outreach in 20 different countries! Plus, in several of these countries, we launched multiple mission trips and projects, reaching tens of thousands for Jesus!
Cuba | Ethiopia | Gambia | Ghana | Guinea Conakry | Haiti | India | Indonesia | Jordan | Kenya | Malaysia | Mali | Mauritania | Mexico | Nicaragua | Pakistan | Philippines | Senegal | Ukraine | Vietnam
With your help, we sent mission teams to hold 8
31 evangelistic series in 20 countries
Philippines: baptism I
n October of 2017, Pastor Bill Tucker and a team of volunteer missionaries landed in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. Working closely with the local church to hold multiple evangelistic meetings, the team truly saw God working. As a result of the meetings, more than 850 precious souls were baptized! On the final Sabbath, candidates, church members and supporters all gathered on the beach to witness a beautiful, moving baptismal ceremony.
The impact of these meetings that you helped create wasn't just on the hundreds who were baptized, though. The evangelistic meetings were also streamed online by the local church and gospel workers continued studying with people for several months after our mission team left. We won't know the true impact of this harvest until Jesus comes again but the impact that we have already witnessed is incredible!
ukraine: bogdan T
he children who learn about Jesus through the programs that we hold in the mission field are sometimes reached through seeming coincidence. But God has a special way of putting people in the right place at the right time to meet Him. Bogdan is a great example of this. When our mission team was in Ukraine in the fall of 2017, Bogdan had no idea about the meetings or about Jesus. But, as he was walking by the building where our team was gathered, his jaw dropped open.
The young teenager saw a sign announcing that a group of Americans had arrived to share Jesus with the community. Although he didn't know much about Jesus, Bogdan was shocked that English-speakers, Americans even, would come to his home town! Bogdan was eagerly learning English in school and was shocked and amazed to meet some Americans for the first time in his life. His enthusiasm grew, and he attended every night of the meetings, making friends with everyone and expressing how excited he was to be a part of what was happening. He even helped translate for the younger children who didn't understand English. Even though Bogdan didn't expect it, in secular Ukraine, he ended up finding a new friend in Jesus! Through his excitement to meet our foreign mission team, he was then introduced to the church community right in his own backyard.
children's outreach
No matter what country we visit, there are always children who live impoverished lives, longing for love and to know Jesus. Sometimes attendance at the children's meetings even surpasses the adult meetings!
Thank you for helping us reach more than
3,740 children last year!
clinics One of the ways we create an avenue to the gospel is through medical mission work. By meeting the needs of a community, more doors are opened to invite people to attend our evangelism meetings. Plus, the great joy of helping those in need is a reward in itself!
With your help we reached 12
9,893 people through medical clinics
construction W
ithout a church to worship in, believer communities fragment and fall apart. New believers are not able to engage in fellowship and growth if the local church does not have a reliable place to meet and worship together.
In 2017, you helped accomplish
That's why it's extremely important for us to help provide essential chapel buildings in the field. Plus, our team members are given another way to make a tangible difference. And a standing building is a long-lasting reminder of our collaboration with the community.
10 much needed construction projects 13
Malaysia: lisa L
isa Shenk is one of our faithful team members who has embarked on multiple mission trips. Just last year she did mission work in Haiti, Malaysia and Ethiopia.
and will do mighty things through them. Lisa made a very personal impact on her audience in Malaysia, sharing her personal story and demonstrating how God can change anyone who is willing to be changed.
On one of her mission trips, someone suggested to Lisa that God could really use her Nearly 80 people were baptized as a result if she was willing to be a speaker and preach of the meetings that Lisa and the rest of the an evangelistic series. Like many of us who fear mission team held in Sabah, Malaysia. public speaking, Lisa was hesitant to follow the advice. But with encouragement from more than one person and by willing herself to step out in faith, Lisa decided she would let God use her and preach a series in Malaysia! As you can imagine, when a person volunteers to be used, God can
The team members who volunteer in the mission field, witnessing, doing construction, preaching and working in the clinics are a key part of our outreach! If not for their generosity and time, none of the work that we do would be possible.
in the last year we sent
103 volunteer missionaries into the field
Reaping the gospel E
very year we send volunteer team members all over the world. They donate their time and energy to going abroad, connecting with people to show them Jesus. This is an incredible sacrifice! But even their time and effort would not make a difference if it weren't for your generosity in giving to support our mission projects around the world. The gifts that you give to make international evangelism possible truly are sowing the seeds that our mission teams reap when they baptize new believers in the field. Without you sowing the seeds by funding projects that lay the groundwork for our mission teams, there would be no harvest!
I'm thankful to share with you that, in 2017, total contributions reached $2.9 million. Planned gift maturities equaled $.9 million, temporarily restricted gifts were $.8 million and current gifts totaled $1.2 million. When the contributions were distributed, 38 percent went to international evangelism projects, 13 percent built chapels around the world and the remaining 49 percent was used for children's outreach, gospel workers, Bibles and medical supplies. You enabled us to sow the seeds of 55 different mission projects around the world, reaching tens of thousands of people with the gospel message. Our commission, as Christians, is clear: to sow the gospel to all people. And you have been faithful in that commission through your generosity. Thank you so much for helping to grow the harvest and watering the hearts of so many around the world who thirst deeply for the love of God!
Diana Oei Chief Financial Officer
MISSION DISTRIBUTIONS BY 14%
Southwest Africa
Gospel workers
Holistic evangelism
World Projects
Direct contributions and other
$-300,000
Contributions from estates, trusts and annuities
Released from restriction
Change in temporary restricted
LEGEND CODE
Dionicio Alcantara....................... E
Kisha Colegado.. ........................... E
Norma Aldridge.. .......................... E
Elizabeth Cowan.......................... E
Dianne Anderson......................... E
Thomas Davis. . .............................. E
Lotze Armand............................... E
Linda Davis.................................... E
Randal Bates.. ................................ E
Ana Dumitrescu...........................V
John Beishke.................................V
Joseph Farah................................. E
Darryl Bentley. . ............................. E
Bryan Fellows. . .............................. E
Maritess Branson.. ........................ E
Dianne Fillman.............................B
Allen Branson.. .............................. E
Elizabeth Ford. . ............................. E
Alyssa Branson.. ............................ E
Bruce Galbraith............................ E
Paul Bryant.................................... E
Judy Gilbaugh.. ............................. E
Deborah Burgin. . ..........................V
Maria Gonzalez. . ........................... E
Karlton Burt. . ................................. E
Arlind Hackett.. .............................B
Georgia Burt. . ................................ E
Zoltan Hangyal.............................V
Evelyn Caldwell............................ E
Christine Hangyal........................V
Elaine Campbell........................... E
Carol Hargreaves. . ........................ E
Yolanda Canedo........................... E
Kenneth Hart................................ E
Michael Case................................. E
Fred Hernandez. . ..........................B
May Forshee.................................. E
Cory Herthel. . ................................ E
Leslie Clare.................................... E
Glenn Hill....................................... E
Mary Alice Hill.. ............................. E
Rhona Magpayo........................... E
James Hoffer................................. E
Megan Malate. . ............................. E
Ruth Hoffer. . .................................. E
Charlotte Marriott.. ...................... E
Taylor Hoing. . ................................ E
Patricia Marruffo..........................B
Stephen Hollandsworth............. E
Melvin Martinez-Bracamonte... E
Angeline Huang........................... E
Adriana Martinez-Bracamonte................. E
Mark Hyde..................................... E Roy Ice...................................... E, M Carmen Infantas. . ......................... E Carissa Ireland-Wolniewicz.. ...... E Jacqueline Jager.......................... E Leticia Jimenez............................. E Mary Johnson............................... E Shirley Johnson. . .......................... E Divya Joseph. . ...............................V Yanira Joy. . ..................................... E Solomon Joy................................. E Leif Koester.. .................................. E Damon Lawson. . ........................... E Zelma Lewis.................................. E Henry Linares. . .............................. E
Keri Mau......................................... E Abraham McFarlane.................... E Estela Mike.................................... E Raquel Natal-Manso. . .................. E James Neergaard......................... E Melinda Paluszewski................... E Esther Parker................................. E Marian Parson. . ............................. E Tessie Penuela.............................. E John Perez..................................... E Daniel Peters. . ............................... E Rosalie Peters. . .............................. E Pavel Polehna............................... E Estera Polehna.............................. E
Stephanie Polehna...................... E
Loanne Taylor.. .............................. E
Matthew Polehna. . ....................... E
Halvard Thomsen.........................B
Jeff Quam.. ..................................... E
Steve Thorpe.................................V
Ruth Ranchez. . .............................. E
William Tucker.................... B, E, M
Rebecca Rodenbush.. .................. E
Jackie Tucker. . ...........................E, V
Daniel Rotelli................................ E
Elizabeth Urmos...........................V
April Rouser. . ................................. E
Patt Watts. . .....................................B
Leslie Sain...................................... E
Ralph Watts Jr...............................B
Karen Sanchez.............................. E
Carol Weaver.................................V
Maria Scarlett. . .............................. E
Fred Webb..................................... E
Rita Schroeder.............................. E
Arlene Webb................................. E
Glinda Scott.. ................................. E
Emily Weber.................................. E
Alisha Seaman.............................. E
Aaron Weber................................. E
Lisa Shenk. . .................................... E
David Wilkins................................B
Rachel Shenk.. ............................... E
Irene Wilkinson. . ........................... E
Sara Sidmore. . ............................... E
Alice Yeo. . ....................................... E
Sandy Smith.................................. E Debra Speck.................................. E Mary Ann Stumpf. . .......................V Romulo Tabo................................. E Arlegie Tabo.................................. E
E Evangelism team member B Board and committee member V Volunteer M Ministry Representative
board of directors CHAIRMAN
Ralph S. Watts Jr.
VICE CHAIRMAN Hal Thomsen
PRESIDENT/CEO Randy Bates
Back row from left: Bill Tucker, Arlind Hackett, Randy Bates, Hal Thomsen. Front row from left: Ralph Watts Jr., Patricia Marruffo, Dr. Dianne Fillman, David Wilkins.
OUR MISSION Partnering with God in leading people to share His saving grace. Worldwide Headquarters PO Box 3000 Redlands, CA 92373 (800) 900-9021 qhministries.org
@qhministries
Quiet Hour Ministries
2017 QHM Annual Report
qhministries


text:
Klobuchar Releases List of Executive Actions She'd Take During Her First 100 Days as President
Victoria Marshall
@vemrshll
Source: AP Photo/Darren Hauck
On Tuesday Democratic presidential hopeful Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-Minn.) tweeted a list of 100 executive actions she would take in the first 100 days of her presidency.
"In my first 100 days as president I will enact an ambitious, optimistic agenda to improve our health care, combat climate change, pursue economic justice and shared prosperity, and build a stronger democracy and safer world," she wrote. "With these concrete steps, we will put our country back on a path of progress where people have an opportunity to get ahead."
Here it is: a plan for my first 100 days as President of the United States. The urgent problems our country is facing require immediate action and bold solutions, and I plan to get to work delivering results on Day One.https://t.co/YuJbh7qwH9
— Amy Klobuchar (@amyklobuchar) June 18, 2019
Among the actions Klobuchar would pursue are reentering the United States in the Paris Climate Accords, raising the federal minimum wage to $15, removing the citizenship question from the 2020 census, ending the family separation policy at the border, lifting the ban on transgender people from serving in the military, ensuring funding for Planned Parenthood, ending the Trump Administration's travel ban, establishing universal healthcare coverage, and protecting Dreamers--teenagers who were brought with their parents illegally into the country--under the Obama Administration's DACA.
Klobuchar wrote that a new president cannot wait for Congress to reverse President Trump's policy actions.
"After four years of Donald Trump, a new president can't wait for a bunch of congressional hearings to act," Klobuchar said. "The urgent problems our country is facing require immediate action."
Klobuchar's comments come just eight days before Democratic presidential hopefuls will take to the debate stage in Florida.
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text:
Чангі (장기, 將 棋) — настільна гра шахового типу, поширена в Кореї. Вважається похідною від китайської гри сянці. Використовує практично аналогічну сянці дошку, той же набір фігур, відрізняється правилами ходів.

Правила гри

Дошка
У Чангі грають на прямокутному дошці, розкресленій вертикальними і горизонтальними лініями, 9 × 10 ліній (9 вертикалей і 10 горизонталей). При грі, як в го або рендзю, фігури ставляться на перетинання ліній, звані пунктами. Дев'ять пунктів на стороні кожного гравця, утворені перетинами трьох найближчих до гравця горизонталей і трьох центральних вертикалей, утворюють палац — він виділяється на дошці проходять через центральний і кутові поля палацу діагональними лініями. Палац впливає на ходи деяких фігур.

Відмінністю від дошки сянці є те, що на дошці Чангі немає річки — в просторі між п'ятою та шостою горизонталлю лінії вертикалей перериваються, і всім фігурам, крім генералів і охоронців, доступна вся дошка.

Фігури і ходи
Обидва гравці отримують однакові комплекти фігур, кожен — свого кольору. Традиційно один комплект має зелений або синій колір, другий — червоний. Традиційною формою фігур Чангі є плоскі восьмикутники з нанесеними на них ієрогліфами позначеннями. Фігури мають різні розміри — чим більш важливою вважається фігура, тим вона більше. Першими в партії ходять зелені, потім ходи робляться по черзі.

Кожен комплект включає шістнадцять фігур: генерала, двох охоронців, двох слонів, двох коней, дві колісниці, дві гармати і п'ять солдатів. Склад фігур той же самий, що в сянці, частина фігур ходить аналогічно, частина — відмінним від сянці чином.

Фігури Чангі можуть робити або звичайні ходи, або ходи зі взяттям. Хід із взяттям може робитися, коли на кінцевому полі, куди ходить фігура, стоїть фігура противника. При взятті фігура противника знімається з дошки, а взяла її фігура стає на її місце. На відміну від європейських шахів, в Чангі всі фігури ходять так само, як і б'ють (в шахах пішак робить звичайний хід одним чином, хід зі взяттям — іншим). Взяті фігури знімаються з дошки і більш в даній партії не з'являються.

Існує оригінальне правило в розстановці фігур: на відміну від інших шахових ігор, де початкова розстановка зазвичай фіксована, в Чангі гравці можуть змінювати положення слонів і коней. У стандартній розстановці фігури йдуть в «шаховому» порядку: колісниця, кінь, слон, охоронець, генерал (на другий горизонталі), охоронець, слон, кінь, колісниця. Але гравець має право поміняти місцями слонів і коней. Відповідно до прийнятої традиції, після жеребкування кольору (виконуваної цілком звичним європейцям чином: один з гравців затискає в руках пішаки (солдат) різного кольору, інший вибирає одну з рук, таким чином отримуючи той чи інший колір) спочатку свої фігури розставляє грає червоними, і тільки потім — грає зеленими. Вважається, що це дає зеленим деякий стратегічну перевагу: розставляючи свої фігури другим, цей гравець може за своїм бажанням, або скопіювати положення слонів і коней супротивника, або вибрати протилежне.

Генерал
На початку партії знаходиться на центральному пункті палацу. Пункт позаду генерала залишається порожнім.

Ходить на одну клітку по вертикалі або горизонталі, а також по зображеним на дошці діагональним лініях, що з'єднує кути палацу з центральним його пунктом. Може переміщатися тільки в межах палацу. Генерал — головна фігура, її втрата означає програш партії. Тому заборонено залишати свого генерала під боєм фігури супротивника. Також заборонено залишати свого генерала в протистоянні з генералом противника, тобто в положенні, коли генерали стоять на одній вертикалі і між ними немає фігур.

Охоронець
У початковій позиції знаходяться на першій горизонталі, на кутових пунктах палацу.

Ходить так само, як генерал — на одне поле по вертикалі, горизонталі та зазначеним діагоналям, не може виходити за межі палацу. Через обмежену області дії вважається досить слабкою фігурою, в партії використовується практично тільки для охорони генерала.

Кінь
На початку партії коні розташовуються на першій горизонталі, на друге або третє вертикалях від країв дошки.

Ходить аналогічно коню в сянці — за один хід робить два рухи — спочатку на одну клітку по вертикалі або горизонталі, потім на одну клітку по діагоналі вправо або вліво від напрямку першого руху. Кінь в Чанг — лінійна фігура, він не «стрибає» через поля, а переміщається в площині дошки, тому будь-яка фігура, як своя, так і ворожа, що стоїть на сусідньому з конем по вертикалі або горизонталі поле, блокує його рух в даному напрямку.

Слон
Слони в початковій розстановці поміщаються на першій горизонталі, праворуч і ліворуч від охоронців, або на одну вертикаль далі від них.

Хід слона в Чангі абсолютно оригінальний. Він являє собою «подовжений» хід коня: слон ходить на одну клітку по вертикалі або горизонталі, а потім по прямій на дві клітини по діагоналі вправо або вліво від напрямку першого руху. Як і кінь, слон є лінійної фігурою, переміщується в площині дошки, тому будь-яка фігура, своя або ворожа, що стоїть на одному з проміжних пунктів його руху, блокує відповідний хід.

На відміну від сянці, де слони призначаються виключно для оборони і не можуть виходити за межі своєї половини дошки (перетинати річку), в Чангі вони можуть вільно діяти по всій дошці.

Колісниця
У початковій розстановці колісниці розташовуються на кутових полях дошки. Колісниця — аналог однойменної фігури сянці або шахової тури. Вона ходить на будь-яку відстань по вертикалі або по горизонталі, в межах одного ходу переміщаючись тільки по прямій. Крім цього, в межах палацу колісниця може рухатися по зазначеним діагоналям, також тільки по прямій.

Гармата
Гармата може ходити і бити фігури супротивника тільки перестрибуючи через іншу свою або чужу фігуру. Звичайний (без взяття) діло гармату робиться по вертикалі або горизонталі, в напрямку, де стоїть якась постать, за якої є один або більше вільний пункт. Гармата при ході перестрибує через цю фігуру і ставиться на будь-який з пасажирів за нею вільне поле. Між початковим і кінцевим полем переміщення гармати повинна бути рівно одна фігура, якщо фігур більше або немає зовсім — хід не допускається.

Гармата може взяти (побити) фігуру противника, що стоїть на одній з нею вертикалі або горизонталі за будь-якої своєї або ворожої фігурою. При взятті гармата, як і при звичайному ході, перестрибує через що стоїть між початковим і кінцевим полем фігуру і ставиться на місце взятої фігури. Для взяття необхідно, щоб між гарматою і береться фігурою перебувала рівно одна фігура (неважливо, якого кольору). Відповідно, гармата загрожує всім полям, що знаходяться на одній вертикалі або горизонталі з нею, після будь-якої своєї або ворожої фігури. Щоб захистити фігуру від загрози гармати противника, можна, крім очевидних дій (побити гармату або прибрати свою фігуру з-під загрози) видалити фігуру, через яку гармата повинна стрибнути при ударі, або ввести між гарматою і захищається фігурою ще одну фігуру — бити через дві фігури гармата не може. Дві фігури свого кольору, що стоять поруч на одній вертикалі або горизонталі з гарматою, є для неї нездоланною перешкодою — перестрибнути дві фігури гармата не може, а бити свої фігури не можна.

В межах палацу гармата може рухатися і бити по зазначеним діагоналям, щоб виконувати всі інші правила. Тобто для того, щоб піти по діагоналі палацу, гармата повинна стояти на кутовому пункті, на центральному пункті повинна перебувати якась фігура, а порожнє поле, на яке робиться хід, або фігура противника, яку потрібно побити, повинна стояти на протилежному кутку палацу. При русі через палац по вертикалях і горизонталях гармата ходить точно так же, як на будь-який інший частині дошки.

Гармата не може стрибати через свою або чужу гармату і не може бити гармату противника. Крім того, заборонено робити перший хід у партії гарматою.

Гармата — фігура із змінною силою. На початковому етапі партії, поки на дошці багато фігур, через які гармата може стрибати, вона є дуже сильною і рухомий фігурою. У міру вибуття фігур з гри у гармат стає все менше можливостей ходити і бити фігури супротивника — їх сила зменшується.

Солдат
Солдат ходить на одну клітку вперед, вправо або вліво. Крім того, в межах ворожого палацу він може ходити по зазначеним діагоналям, на одну клітку за хід, але тільки вперед. Солдат, на відміну від шахової пішаки, б'є так само, як і ходить. Солдат, який дійшов до останньої горизонталі дошки, може рухатися тільки убік.

Порядок ходів
Першими ходять зелені, потім ходи робляться по черзі. Якщо гравець не може зробити за правилами жодного ходу, він пропускає свій хід, але якщо будь-якої хід можливий, відмовитися від свого ходу не можна. Заборонені ходи, які ставлять свого генерала під удар (тобто на поле, якому загрожує фігура противника).

Завершення партії
Як в більшості шахових ігор, партія закінчується, якщо одному з гравців вдалося поставити мат генералу іншого, тобто створити позицію, коли генерал противника знаходиться під боєм і противник не може наступним своїм ходом прикрити його або вивести з-під удару. Якщо у обох гравців не залишилося достатньо фігур, щоб можна було оголосити мат, фіксується нічия.

Через наявність правила пропуску ходу пат в Чангі неможливий — гравець, який не має можливості ходити, просто пропустить хід. У надзвичайно рідкісному випадку взаємного пата (коли жоден з гравців не має жодного ходу за правилами) — оголошується нічия.

Нічия також присуджується в разі, якщо після ходу гравця генерали виявилися вартими один навпроти одного (кожен в своєму палаці), між ними немає ніяких фігур, а другий гравець (той, чия черга ходити) не може ані забрати свого генерала від протистояння, ні ввести між генералами якусь свою фігуру.

Також існує правило форсованої нічиєї: якщо один з гравців своїм ходом викликав протистояння генералів (як в попередньому випадку), але у противника є допустимі ходи, то противник може, за власним вибором, або перервати протистояння, або оголосити нічию. Це правило дозволяє в деяких випадках врятувати безнадійну партію: гравець може оголосити нічию, якщо в результаті ходу, який перериває протистояння генералів, він поніс би істотні втрати. Правило форсованої нічиєї не загальноприйнята, і застосовується тільки тоді, коли гравці до початку партії домовилися йому слідувати.

В офіційних турнірах застосовуються правила, які виключають можливість нічиєї. Для цього при нічийному результаті партії виробляється підрахунок очок. Очки нараховуються за ті фігури, які на момент завершення партії залишилися у гравців на дошці:

 Колісниця — 13 очок
 Гармата — 7 очок
 Кінь — 5 очок
 Слон — 3 очка
 Охоронець — 3 очка
 Солдат — 2 очка

Додатково грає червоними отримує 1,5 очка компенсації за те, що зелені ходили першими. За результатами підрахунку той, у кого очок більше, оголошується переможцем. Нецілі розмір компенсації за перший хід призводить до того, що рівність числа очок неможливо, отже, турнірних нічиїх в офіційних партіях не буває.

Відмінності від сянці
З огляду на абсолютно очевидного подібності Чангі з китайськими шахами сянці, має сенс виділити відмінності в правилах цих ігор.

 Дошка для Чангі не має річки, яка в сянці обмежує рух слонів.
 Всі фігури, окрім генералів і охоронців, можуть ходити по всій дошці.
 У початковій розстановці генерал стоїть на перетині середньої вертикалі і другий від гравця горизонталі (в сянці генерал стоїть на першій горизонталі).
 Гравці можуть поміняти місцями слонів і коней в початковій розстановці.

Відрізняються ходи фігур:

 Генерал ходить по вертикалях, горизонталях і зазначеним діагоналям палацу (в сянці — тільки по вертикалях і горизонталях).
 Охоронці ходять по вертикалях, горизонталях і зазначеним діагоналям палацу (в сянці — тільки по діагоналях).
 Хід слона схожий на хід коня — перед тим, як переміститися на дві клітини по діагоналі, слон робить рух на одну клітку по вертикалі або горизонталі (в сянці слон просто ходить на дві клітини по діагоналі).
 Хід гармати відбувається стрибком через іншу фігуру, незалежно від того, береться фігура противника чи ні (в сянці гармата б'є, стрибаючи через фігуру, але тихий хід робить аналогічно колісниці).
 Солдат може ходити вперед, вправо або вліво на всій дошці (в сянці ходи убік дозволені тільки за річкою).
 Всі фігури, які ходять по вертикалях і горизонталях, потрапивши до палацу, можуть також ходити, дотримуючись основні принципи свого руху, по зазначеним діагоналям палацу. У сянці такого правила немає.
 Дозволено хід, що викликає протистояння генералів при відсутності між ними фігур.
 Існує правило форсованої нічиєю при протистоянні генералів.
 Правило пропуску ходу.

Абстрактні стратегічні ігри
Настільні ігри


text:
Breaking down the 15 'nay' votes on immigration
By Alexa Dragoumis and Carrie Dann, NBC News
On Tuesday, the bipartisan immigration legislation moving through the Senate cleared its first hurdle, with 82 senators -- including 28 Republicans -- voting for the cloture motion to proceed on the bill.
But 15 senators -- all Republicans -- voted against the motion. Strikingly, with just two exceptions, each of these "nay" senators hail from states with Latino populations less than the national average (about 16 percent).
The two exceptions: Ted Cruz, R-Texas, and Mark Kirk, R-Ill.
Here are the 15 "nay" votes:
Sen. John Barrasso (R-WY)
Percentage of Hispanic in Wyoming: 9%
2012 state vote: Romney
"Senator Barrasso strongly supports reforming our immigration system and Senator Rubio deserves a tremendous amount of credit for proposing serious reforms that are very difficult and contentious.
Senator Barrasso believes the current bill gets many things right. However more has to be done to guarantee stronger border enforcement and effective triggers before he can support it. Senator Barrasso will be actively working on the bill as it moves forward to strengthen those provisions," said Laura Mengelkamp, a spokesperson for Sen. Barrasso.
Sen. John Boozman (R-AR)
Arkansas Hispanic population: 6%
2012 presidential vote: Romney
Sara Lasure, a spokesperson for Sen. Boozman said on Tuesday, "Senator Boozman has serious concerns that the border security component of the bill is not strong enough and that the language in this bill will lead to amnesty so as it is currently written he will not support it."
Sen. Mike Crapo (R-ID)
Idaho Hispanic population: 11%
Although Sen. Crapo not yet released an official public statement, on Tuesday afternoon, he tweeted, "The U.S. Senate is officially considering the Immigration Reform bill. We need an open amendment process and significant changes must occur before I could support the bill. I will continue to evaluate the 1,944 page bill and welcome your input."
Sen. Ted Cruz (R-TX)
Texas Hispanic Population: 38%
In his floor speech yesterday, Sen. Cruz said, "As written, this bill will not pass into law. And if this bill did become law, it would not solve the problem. Indeed, it would make the problem of illegal immigration that we have today worse rather than better… I very much hope we work together in a bipartisan manner to fix this problem in a way that secures the border, in a way that respects rule of law and in a way that improves legal immigration so we remain a nation that welcomes and celebrates legal immigrants."
Sen. Michael B. Enzi (R-WY)
Wyoming Hispanic Population: 9%
A press release from Sen. Enzi's office released yesterday reads, "The Senate's comprehensive immigration bill gives everyone something to disagree with, according to U.S. Senator Mike Enzi, R-Wyo., who would like to see more emphasis on E-Verify, border security and other measures in the bill… Enzi opposes amnesty and in addition to border enforcement and security, wants guest worker programs that work, 'from sheep herding to high tech engineers.'"
Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-IA)
Iowa Hispanic population: 5%
2012 presidential vote: Obama
"It seems as though the rhetoric was spot on, but the details were dubious. What they professed --- that the border would be secured and that people would earn their legal status – was not what the bill actually did. The bill, as drafted, is legalization first, border security and tracking visa overstays later, if at all," Sen. Grassley said on the Senate floor on Tuesday.
Sen. James Inhofe (R-OK)
Oklahoma Hispanic Population: 9%
"This is an amnesty bill that fails to address the serious problems and dire need for reform that is plaguing the U.S. immigration system," said Inhofe on Tuesday. "We must effectively secure our borders. The Department of Homeland Security has already proven itself incapable of properly securing the border, and the arbitrary triggers in this proposal allow the administration to certify that the borders are secure without any oversight from Congress. This proposal contains provisions that would allow illegal aliens to obtain citizenship in as little as 13 years while many current legal immigrants must already wait for much longer. Furthermore, the fence alone cannot prevent illegal entry of immigrants, and we must eliminate the availability of entitlements and other public assistance resources that attract and keep these individuals inside the United States. In many instances, the current proposal before the Senate may weaken current law and therefore I cannot support it."
Sen. Mark Kirk (R-IL)
Illinois Hispanic Population: 16%
"Senator Kirk believes that the border security provisions in the current bill are inadequate. He hoped to see a bipartisan strategy to strengthen border security first, before moving forward. Instead, it appears the Senate approach is once again falling along partisan lines," said a spokesperson for Sen. Kirk on Wednesday morning.
Sen. Mike Lee (R-UT)
Utah Hispanic Population: 13%
"Among the many problems with the bill, the proposal provides immediate legalization without securing the border; rewards criminal aliens, absconders, and deportees and undermines law enforcement; contains national security loopholes and facilitates fraud in our immigration system; creates no real penalties for illegal immigrants and rewards them with entitlements; delays for years the implementation of E-Verify; and does not fix our legal immigration system…I firmly believe that we can achieve real comprehensive reform without having to pass another thousand-page bill full of loopholes, carve-outs, and unintended consequences. In fact, the only way to guarantee successful reform of the entire system, and ensure we are not repeating the mistakes of the past, is through a series of incremental steps that ensure the foundational pieces — like border security and an effective entry-exit system — are done properly," Sen. Lee noted in an Op-Ed piece that he wrote for the KSL-TV website.
Sen. James E. Risch (R-ID)
Suzanne Bottorff, the Press Secretary for Sen. Risch says that the senator has yet to release a public statement on the issue. However, Risch made an appearance Tuesday night on the Nate Shelman show to discuss his decision:
http://cdn.stationcaster.com/stations/kboi/media/mpeg/The_Nate_Shelman_Show-1371001726.mp3
Sen. Pat Roberts (R-KS)
Kansas Hispanic Population: 11%
Sen. Tim Scott (R-SC)
South Carolina Hispanic Population: 5%
"Our immigration system is broken, and needs to be fixed. That process should start with securing the border, enforcing existing laws, and creating a workable, efficient system for future immigrants. Unfortunately, the sweeping approach of the Senate bill limits our ability to tackle these issues in a targeted, responsible way. We see the failures of that approach every day as Americans struggle to digest the complexities of laws like Obamacare and Dodd-Frank. While I cannot support the current legislation, I am hopeful in the future we can move forward with a more tailored plan that accomplishes meaningful reform," Senator Tim Scott stated publically.
Sen. Jeff Sessions (R-AL)
Alabama Hispanic Population: 4%
Sen. Jeff Sessions has publically expressed two reasons why he is choosing to oppose comprehensive immigration reform at this time: "The Senators didn't write this. [The special interests] knew exactly what they were doing. They were putting in numbers to get certain workers that businesses wanted so they could have more employees and they could keep wages down. That was what the scheme was," he said on Tuesday.
Sen. Richard C. Shelby (R-AL)
Jonathan Graffeo, Shelby's press secretary said, "He's been voting against amnesty since the 1980's, and will continue to do so."
Sen. David Vitter (R-LA)
Louisiana Hispanic Population: 4%
"The big threat is that Senator Cornyn's amendment could pass the bill but definitely won't fix it," Vitter said. "To be effective, his security 'triggers' must occur before any legalization takes place, not after. We must ensure that real enforcement is in place, working, verified BEFORE any adjustment of citizenship status happens. It's also important for Congress to be the judge of whether the border had been secured, not the Administration, which would certify that the borders are secure enough today."
Alexa Dragoumis and Carrie Dann, NBC News


text:
Q: how to show icon inside a button windowsForms I want  to add icon inside a button. Here is my code
private void Printbutton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    // Assign an image to the button.
    Printbutton.Image = Image.FromFile("D:\\Downloads\\print.png");

   // Align the image and text on the button.
   Printbutton.ImageAlign = ContentAlignment.MiddleRight;
   Printbutton.TextAlign = ContentAlignment.MiddleLeft;

   // Give the button a flat appearance.
   Printbutton.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Flat;

   if (SetupThePrinting())
         printDocument1.Print();
}

The problem here is that the icon doesn't appear at first , it appears when I click to the button.
What's wrong here ?

A: you added the icon in printbutton_click event instead defining it in Form initializecomponents
    public Form2()
    {
        InitializeComponent();

        // Assign an image to the button.
        Printbutton.Image = Image.FromFile("D:\\Downloads\\print.png");
        // Align the image and text on the button.
        Printbutton.ImageAlign = ContentAlignment.MiddleRight;
        Printbutton.TextAlign = ContentAlignment.MiddleLeft;
        // Give the button a flat appearance.
        Printbutton.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Flat;
    }

    private void Printbutton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        if (SetupThePrinting())
            printDocument1.Print();
    }

A: Like this
    public Form1()
    {
        InitializeComponent();

        // Assign an image to the button.
        button1.Image = Image.FromFile("C:\\Yourfolder");
        // Align the image and text on the button.
        button1.ImageAlign = ContentAlignment.MiddleRight;
        button1.TextAlign = ContentAlignment.MiddleLeft;
        // Give the button a flat appearance.
        button1.FlatStyle = FlatStyle.Flat;
    }

    private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        // Your print code.
    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


First Solar, Inc. (NASDAQ: FSLR) shares touched a new 52-week low of $29.25 after the company announced plans to cut 27 percent of its global workforce and issued a weak sales forecast for 2017. However, the company raised its adjusted profit guidance for 2016.
Stein Mart, Inc. (NASDAQ: SMRT) shares fell 23 percent to touch a new 52-week low of $5.24 after the company reported weak results for its third quarter.
Stage Stores Inc (NYSE: SSI) shares touched a new 52-week low of $4.35 as the company reported a wider-than-expected Q3 loss and issued a weak earnings forecast for the current quarter.
MagneGas Corporation (NASDAQ: MNGA) shares reached a new 52-week low of $0.50. On Wednesday, MagneGas reported a financing of $3 million.


text:
Why do some fish normally live in freshwater and others in saltwater? How can some fish adapt to both?
Aldo Palmisano is a research chemist at the Western Fisheries Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division and is affiliated with the University of Washington in Seattle. Here is his answer.
The reason some fish normally live in freshwater and others live in seawater is that one or the other environment provides them with opportunities that have traditionally contributed to their survival. An obvious difference between the two habitats is salt concentration. Freshwater fish maintain the physiological mechanisms that permit them to concentrate salts within their bodies in a salt-deficient environment; marine fish, on the other hand, excrete excess salts in a hypertonic environment. Fish that live in both environments retain both mechanisms.
SALMON and other so-called anadromous fish species spend portions of their lives in both fresh and saltwater.
Life began evolving several billion years ago in the oceans and since that time, living things have maintained an internal environment closely resembling the ionic composition of those primeval seas. Presumably, the ionic conditions in which life began are uniquely appropriate to its continuation. Laboratory studies support the view that the various chemical phenomena on which life depends--including the interactions of nucleic acids with each other and with proteins, the folding and performance of proteins such as enzymes, the functioning of intracellular machines such as ribosomes, and the maintenance of cellular compartments--are critically dependent on the ionic milieu in which the reactions take place.
Given time, ocean-dwelling creatures took advantage of untapped resources, such as relatively safe spawning habitats or new food sources, that were available to them only by colonizing other environments, like freshwater and land. Colonization was facilitated, if not necessitated, by geological events, such as the movements and collisions of land masses (plate tectonics) and volcanic activity, which served to isolate portions of very similar populations of a single species from one another. Such geological change forced some populations to either adapt or face extinction. Time and natural selection due to physical and environmental variation worked in concert with isolation to foster adaptations. In some cases, these adaptations became permanent and led to species differentiation.
One important aspect of environmental variation is the ionic composition of bodies of water utilized as habitat. Chloride cells in the gills of marine fish produce an enzyme, called gill Na+/K+ ATPase, that enables them to rid their plasma of excess salt, which builds up when they drink seawater. They use the enzyme to pump sodium out of their gills at the cost of energy. Additionally, their kidneys selectively filter out divalent ions, which they then excrete. An alternative set of physiological mechanisms allows freshwater fish to concentrate salts to compensate for their low salinity environment. They produce very dilute, copious urine (up to a third of their body weight a day) to rid themselves of excess water, while conducting active uptake of ions at the gill.
Certainly, other adaptations contributed to the capability of isolated populations to adapt more fully to their circumstances. With different sets of predator and prey organisms present in the differing habitats, and different physical ranges available to them, behavioral changes would be required; perhaps a smaller or larger body size or body part would be favored. The accumulation of these kinds of physiological, behavioral and physical changes ultimately led to new species. Isolation may have forced them to conserve their newly developed adaptations among their own descendants, rather than distribute them more broadly. For some, the rift eventually became complete and there could no longer be any cross-breeding between populations that once interbred.
Not unreasonably, there were multiple instances of colonization of the freshwater environment by seawater species of fish; some were more or less complete. The ability to escape an environment may have been seasonal, or periodic in some other way, or intermittent, and the ability to osmoregulate in freshwater need not have excluded the capacity to revert to a seawater mode of osmoregulation, as long as the capacity could be utilized by a substantial portion of the population, and selected for, rather than simply lost.
Salmon spend a relatively short time in freshwater before developing the capacity to osmoregulate in seawater, where they live for the majority of their lives. Some species of salmon, like pink salmon, migrate to sea as soon as they emerge from the gravel as free-swimming juveniles. Others, such as sockeye and coho and some chinook salmon, remain in freshwater for one or two years or more before the urge to migrate downstream overcomes them, in a sequence of physiological and physical events that coincides with the development of their capacity to osmoregulate in seawater. So the different species of salmon exploit different aspects of the freshwater environment, but evidently they all enjoy better life prospects if they are spawned in a freshwater habitat and spend their adult lives in seawater.
Other related species, like trout, are physiologically less tolerant of salty water. Most have permanently adapted to life in freshwater. They have probably also lost characteristics (e.g., mating behaviors) that might enable them to lead a successful life in the marine environment. For reasons that may relate to their geographic distribution, the characteristics that once made life in seawater natural to them eventually became excess baggage and fell into disuse and disrepair.
William A. Wurts is an aquaculture specialist in Kentucky State University's cooperative extension program. He provides additional insight on fish evolution and physiology.
The various species of fish found in oceans, lakes, rivers and streams have evolved over millions of years and have adapted to their preferred environments over long periods of time. Fish are categorized according to their salinity tolerance. Fish that can tolerate only very narrow ranges of salinity (such freshwater fish as goldfish and such sea water fish as tuna) are known as stenohaline species. These fish die in waters having a salinity that differs from that in their natural environments.
Fish that can tolerate a wide range of salinity at some phase in their life-cycle are called euryhaline species. These fish, which include salmon, eels, red drum, striped bass and flounder, can live or survive in wide ranges of salinity, varying from fresh to brackish to marine waters. A period of gradual adjustment or acclimation, though, may be needed for euryhaline fish to tolerate large changes in salinity.
It is believed that when the newly formed planet Earth cooled sufficiently, rain began to fall continuously. This rainfall filled the first oceans with freshwater. It was the constant evaporation of water from the oceans that then condensed to cause rainfall on the land masses, which in turn, caused the oceans to become salty over several billion years. As rain water washed over and through the soil, it dissolved many minerals--sodium, potassium and calcium-- and carried them back to the oceans.
Vertebrate animals (fish, birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles) have a unique and common characteristic. The salt content of their blood is virtually identical. Vertebrate blood has a salinity of approximately 9 grams per liter (a 0.9 percent salt solution). Almost 77 percent of the salts in blood are sodium and chloride. The remainder is made up primarily of bicarbonate, potassium and calcium. Sodium, potassium and calcium salts are critical for the normal function of heart, nerve and muscle tissue.
If the salinity of ocean water is diluted to approximately one quarter of its normal concentration, it has almost the same salinity as fish blood and contains similar proportions of sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride. The similarities between the salt content of vertebrate blood and dilute seawater suggest a strong evolutionary relationship among vertebrates and with the primordial oceans.
Indeed, it seems likely that vertebrate life evolved when the oceans were approximately one quarter as salty as they are today. As the oceans became saltier and vertebrates evolved further, several groups of vertebrates (birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians) left the oceans to inhabit the land masses, carrying the seawater with them as their blood. They maintained their blood salt concentrations by drinking freshwater and absorbing salts from food.
But fish stayed in the aquatic environment. To adapt, they had to either remain in low salinity environments, such as bays and estuaries, or they had to evolve mechanisms to replace water lost through osmosis to the seawater and to remove salts absorbed from the increasingly saline oceans. To inhabit freshwater, fish had to replace salts lost through diffusion to the water and eliminate excess water absorbed from the environment. Kidney function had to be altered accordingly for fish to survive in these different habitats.
In seawater, fish must drink salt water to replace lost fluids and then eliminate the excess salts. Their kidneys produce small volumes of fluid containing high concentrations of salt. Freshwater fish produce large volumes of dilute urine, which is low in salt. Less demand is placed on the kidneys to maintain stable concentrations of blood salts in brackish or low salinity waters.
Ultimately, fish adapted to or inhabited marine, fresh or brackish water because each environment offered some competitive advantage to the different species. For instance, it has been suggested that euryhaline fish are able to eliminate external parasites by moving to and from fresh and saltwaters. Habitats of differing salinity offered new or more food, escape from predators and even thermal refuge (stable temperatures).
Steven K. Webster, marine science advisor to the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California adds some perspective on fish that move between salt and freshwater.
The approximately 22,000 species of fishes alive today live in virtually all sorts of marine and aquatic habitats that are not unduly toxic. Some, including salmon, lampreys, shad, sturgeon and striped bass, move between freshwater bodies and the ocean at least once in their lives to spawn. Many of these anadromous species do so annually, finding conditions needed for reproduction in one realm and those needed for feeding and growth in the other.
These fishes have to switch over their salt balance physiology when they move from fresh to saltwater and back again. They typically make these adjustments in a brackish estuarine environment--which lies on the way between salt water and freshwater habitats.


text:
Anno
 1996 – (MCMXCVI in numeri romani) è un anno bisestile del XX secolo
 1996 a.C.

Matematica
 1996 – numero naturale

Astronomia
 1996 Adams – asteroide della fascia principale del sistema solare.

Musica
 1996 – album di Mia Martini del 1996
 1996 – album di Ryūichi Sakamoto del 1996
 1996 La stagione del rumore – singolo di Levante del 2018


text:
Fiji losing $60.26 million in exports to US
Staff writer ▼ | October 5, 2015
Fiji Trade Commissioner in Los Angeles, Jitendra Singh said Fiji exports to the US amounted to $31.6m ($F68m) which was a decline of 34.4 percent on annual basis.
"While the decline in exports was broad-based across most categories, lower export of tuna was the main driver of the decline in the first quarter," Singh said, The Fiji Times reports.
He said during the same period, Fiji's imports from the US rose to $19.8m ($F43m), from $16.6m ($F36m) in the same period in 2013.
"Cumulative to March 2014, Fiji recorded a trade surplus with the US valued at $11.8m ($F25m); this was lower than the $31.6m ($F68m) surplus recorded in the same period of the previous year."
He also highlighted that there are a number of factors that impede the competitiveness of our products in the US markets.
"One of the crucial ones is the freight cost to the US which is quite high."
Fiji's fresh produce such as taro, cassava and yams and dry goods are competing strongly on price with products from Mexico, Costa Rica and other Asian countries.
Ministry of Agriculture Permanent Secretary Uraia Waibuta said geographical location and close proximity to the US, could land these nations their product at ports more cheaper than Fiji.
He said this was the reality for all Fiji products exported to the US and it was crucial that Fiji focused its effort in developing value-added products.
"However, our comparative advantage is quality; all our products are sold under Fiji brand which is liked by the American consumers," Mr Waibuta said. ■
Australia and Fiji enjoyed $1.9 billion trade relationship
Fiji's growth revised upward to 4.3 percent
Fiji inflation slowed to 1.5% in April from 2.4% in March


NEW YORK — Facebook says a software bug affecting nearly 7 million users may have exposed a broader set of photos to app developers than what these users intended.
Generally when people give apps access to their photos, this means only photos posted on their Facebook page. Facebook says the bug potentially gave developers access to other photos, such as those shared on Marketplace or on Facebook Stories. The bug also affected photos that people uploaded to Facebook but chose not to post or could not post for technical reasons.
On Thursday, to counter the bad rap it's gotten around privacy as of late, Facebook hosteda one-day "pop-up" to talk to users about their settings and whatever else may be on their mind. Chief Privacy Officer Erin Egan was on hand to answer questions. Asked by a reporter what grade she'd give Facebook for its privacy work in the past year, she said "B." By 2019, she said she hopes the improvements will result in an "A."


It is rather unfortunate that the government, which has reduced GST on a number of products and services in recent months, hasn't favourably looked at ghee, which is being currently taxed at 12 per cent, said Radhey Shyam Dixit, Chairman and Managing Director of Ananda Dairy.
"Look at the irony. While edible oil, a good part of which is imported, carries a GST of only 5 per cent, ghee is taxed at a much higher rate. It is all happening when our dairy farmers are out in the streets over falling milk prices on account of a glut in production," Dixit told BusinessLine.
According to him, reduced taxes will result in improved sales of ghee and ultimately benefit farmers by increasing the volume of milk procured by the organised dairy sector.
Talking about the 1,500-crore company's future plans, Dixit said Ananda Dairy plans to double its milk procurement to 16 lakh litres per day in 2021 from the current 8-9 lakh a day.
While Ananda sells 60 per cent of milk procured as liquid milk, the rest is converted into different milk products. Over the last few years, Ananda has opened 500 company-owned company-operated stores across the National Capital Region and it plans to increase the number to 1,500 by 2021.
"We are currently growing at a rate of 30 per cent and hope to sustain the same in the near future," Dixit said.
Ananda currently has 34 chilling centres in different parts of Uttar Pradesh and procures milk from 2.5 lakh farmers at present. It has plans to extend procurement to other States such as Rajasthan in the near future.


text:
Mk.17 — найбільша і наймасивніша американська термоядерна бомба. Для експлуатації цієї бомби була придатна лише одна авіабаза, на якій були зосереджені спеціальні машини і пристосування для її підвіски і обслуговування, причому підняти в повітря Мк.17 міг лише один літак — Convair B-36. У 1950-х років було виготовлено п'ять бомб Мк.17, які недовго перебували на озброєнні, незабаром їх розібрали, і ядерні матеріали, що входили в «начинку», використовували у виробництві інших ядерних боєприпасів.

Характеристики
 Довжина — 7536 мм
 Діаметр — 1560 мм

Див. також
 Ядерна зброя
 Ядерна зброя США
 Список ядерної зброї США

Література
 Костянтин Кузнєцов, Григорій Дьяконов, В-36 — останній аргумент Америки? / / Авіація і Час. — 2006. — № 3. — С.12.

Посилання
 http://www.airwar.ru/weapon/ab/mk17.html

Атомні бомби США


this jewellery box is the perfect solution to keeping charms safe in style.
4 ring rolls, and space for other additional storage.
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Received this jewellery box today and I'm so delighted with the style and quality. The value is incredible. I've had an anti tarnish box for about 18 years and they really keep jewellery pristine. There is loads of room for all items of jewellery. The packaging was exceptional. It was in a sturdy box and contained in a fabric cover if you need to travel with the box. I would strongly recommend this box.


Are you Gita Narayanan? Claim this listing.
Gita Narayanan is a certified financial planner based out of Atlanta, Georgia, who has been in the financial industry for 11 years. Narayanan currently works for Morgan Stanley. Their career trajectory has included roles at Ubs Financial Services Inc, Morgan Stanley and Morgan Stanley Private Bank, National Association. Narayanan holds Series 63 and Series 66 licenses, certifying them as a securities representative, and is registered to serve investors in Georgia. Morgan Stanley is a firm that has its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. The firm has offices in 702 locations and a total of 26,000 employees. It handles $735 billion in assets across its 1,724,668 client accounts, making it one of the biggest investment advisory firms in the United States by assets under management. The firm provides financial advisory services to 283 charities and foundations. The company has a number of services, including financial planning services, portfolio management for individuals and small businesses, portfolio management for investment companies, portfolio management for institutional clients, pension consulting services, selection of other advisers, educational seminars and other services. Fees charged by financial advisors usually are based on which services the firm provides the client. Fee types billed by Morgan Stanley likely include asset-based, fixed, commission-based and other fees.
Gita has 11 years of experience.
Gita Narayanan has no disclosures.


text:
Mizzou History
Top Moments of the 2010s: Henry Josey clinches the SEC East
Reliving the moments that made the 2010s what they were.
By Josh Matejka Dec 31, 2019, 11:30am CST
Share All sharing options for: Top Moments of the 2010s: Henry Josey clinches the SEC East
Henry Josey
Missouri was an afterthought headed into the 2013 football season. No, they were less than an afterthought. They were the punching bag, the program no one respected and the team no one even considered.
That is, until they ended up as SEC East champs and one of the Top 5 teams in the country.
Mizzou's surprise dream season was the result of many factors, but it couldn't have been done without the miraculous return of Henry Josey. Forget jumping to the most competitive football conference in the country — Josey returned from an injury that would've ended 99 careers out of 100. Not only did he get back on the field, he was Missouri's money back, finding pay dirt 17 times in the season... that's three more than in his first two seasons combined.
Going into the match up against Texas A&M, Missouri was already feeling like a team of destiny — at least in Columbia. There was a quiet sense of confidence that the Tigers could take care of business against their old Big 12 foe. However, Johnny Football and the Aggies were able to keep things close into the final minutes.
That's when Henry Josey put a cap on his one-of-a-kind comeback story.
Shane Keyser/Kansas City Star/Tribune News Service via Getty Images
From Bill's post-game links wrap-up:
This Missouri team has gone above and beyond in both facets, and the human side of the men on the field last night made an incredible night and season even better. There are too many human interest stories to count on this team. Henry Josey's is at the top of the list. There is nothing in the world more fitting than the fact that Josey's score won the East.
2013 would be Josey's last in a Missouri uniform, and there's a case to be made that no one wrote himself a better sendoff than the speedster from Angleton.
Best of the 2010s: A Decade of Mizzou Sports
Top Moments of the 2010s: Defense, Marcus Murphy lead a crazy win at The Swamp
Top Moments of the 2010s: Denmon downs Kansas


text:
Égica o Egica (? – 702/703) fue rey de los visigodos (desde el año 687 – 702) Según la Crónica de Alfonso III, era sobrino del rey Wamba. Égica estuvo casado con Cixilo, hija de su antecesor, Ervigio.

Sucesión de Ervigio
El rey Ervigio, con el fin de evitar represalias para con su familia, casó, en algún momento de su reinado, a su hija Cixilo con Égica; un magnate pariente de Wamba y que encabezaba un clan nobiliario hostil. En 687 Ervigio, sintiéndose mortalmente enfermo, proclamó a Égica como su sucesor el 14 de noviembre y el 15 recibió la penitencia, y desligó de su obediencia a los magnates para que fueran a acompañar al nuevo rey a Toledo. El 24 de noviembre fue ungido en la iglesia de los Santos Apóstoles Pedro y Pablo en Toledo.

El nuevo rey trató de debilitar la posición de su familia política para impedir que se presentaran como sus rivales. Pero además quería atraerse al sector de la nobleza que había sido combatido por Ervigio y para ello debía devolverles las propiedades que les había confiscado Ervigio y repartido a sus hijos. El 11 de mayo de 688 el rey inauguró el XV Concilio de Toledo para liberarse del juramento que había hecho a Ervigio de proteger a la familia real. El rey presentó a los obispos la disyuntiva entre el juramento prestado a Ervigio de proteger a la familia de Ervigio y el juramento que había tenido que hacer a Ervigio antes de ser rey relativo a prestar justicia al pueblo. Égica planteaba que ambos juramentos eran incompatibles, y esto suponía que Ervigio había condenado injustamente a personas y les había arrebatado bienes para otorgárselos a su propia familia, pero revertir tales injusticias suponía perjudicar a la familia de Ervigio, por ello planteaba ser liberado de alguno. Además les planteó revocar las medidas acordadas en el XIII Concilio de Toledo acerca de la protección de la familia de Ervigio.

En el XV Concilio Égica no tuvo el éxito esperado para perjudicar a la familia de su mujer, pues aunque los obispos juzgaron que el interés público estaba por encima del de una familia, esto no implicaba que la familia del rey precedente debía quedar desprotegida. Respecto de la revocación de la protección de la familia de Ervigio aprobada en el XIII Concilio, los obispos indicaron que tal protección no podía impedir que se hiciera justicia si hubiera culpabilidad en delitos. En relación con esto, la versión Rotense de la Crónica de Alfonso III indica que Égica, a instancias del antiguo rey Wamba, pariente suyo, repudió a su esposa Cixilo, sin embargo, esto habría significado que era adúltera, una acusación que se consideraba tan grave que no tiene sentido que en el XVII Concilio de Toledo de 694 se hiciera mención a la reina de una forma tan honrosa, con lo que tal afirmación debe ser considerado como una forma de vincular a su hijo Witiza con la familia Ervigio y así con el declive del reino.

Égica esperó la muerte del metropolitano de Toledo, Julián II, para continuar perjudicando a la familia de Ervigio, y en el III Concilio provincial de la Tarraconense celebrado en Zaragoza en noviembre de 691, la viuda de Ervigio fue recluida en un convento, lo que revocaba parcialmente lo acordado en el XIII Concilio, en el que se prohibía a la reina viuda el casarse en segundas nupcias pero le garantizaba no ser obligada a ingresar en la vida monástica. De este modo el monarca reinante se aseguraba la estabilidad del poder al impedir el engrandecimiento de otra facción nobiliaria en caso de que la reina viuda pudiera casarse de nuevo.

Las medidas contra la familia de Ervigio le pudo acarrear el enfrentamiento con un sector poderoso de la nobleza y el clero. Fue en este contexto cuando Égica tuvo que enfrentarse a una conspiración para reemplazarle en el trono y asesinarle. Se ha conservado una moneda a nombre de Suniefredo que muestra que los conspiradores tuvieron el control de Toledo durante un tiempo. En mayo de 693 el rey convocó el XVI Concilio de Toledo para sancionar las medidas contra el metropolitano de Toledo, Sisberto, —que habría ungido rey a Suniefredo en Toledo—, puesto que su destitución debía ser sancionada por un procedimiento canónico. Por las actas de los firmantes al Concilio se pone de manifiesto la renovación del personal palatino a raíz de la conspiración. Entre los conspiradores aparecieron parientes del rey Ervigio como la reina Liuvigoto, pero parece que esto fue una artimaña de Égica para liquidar a la familia de Ervigio; aunque por otro lado E. A. Thompson indica todo lo contrario, que la conspiración iba encaminada también contra la reina Liuvigoto.

Legislación
Debido a la coyuntura inestable, el rey intervino políticamente para ubicar a leales en los obispados de Toledo, Sevilla y Braga, lo que fue aprobado en el XVI Concilio. Debido a la conjuración, el rey enfocó el refuerzo de su autoridad con la represión a la nobleza hostil, el favorecer a sus aliados y el refuerzo del carácter teocrático del monarca. En este sentido pidió la confirmación de medidas a adoptar contra cualquiera que conspirase contra el rey: a los futuros conspiradores se les prohibiría el desempeño de cargo palatino, lo que se aplicaba también a su descendencia, se convertiría en esclavo del Fisco y sus bienes serían confiscados y a disposición del rey, y los obispos anatematizaron quien conspirare contra el rey. Además el rey dictó una ley para reforzar su poder real por la que se prohibía cualquier juramento que no fuera al rey o a los tribunales de justicia, con lo que se trataba de impedir que los vínculos entre los nobles estuvieran al mismo nivel que con el rey. Añadido a estas medidas, Égica obtuvo la protección de su descendencia —pero no se hizo mención a la reina Cixilo— lo que muestra que el reino aún no estaba pacificado.

Ante la situación de debilidad regia, solicitó la revisión del Derecho vigente excepción de las leyes de Recesvinto y Wamba, por lo que fueron suprimidas algunas leyes de Ervigio y reintroducidas otras leyes suprimidas por Ervigio, pero no fue una revisión sistemática como la que había hecho Ervigio.

Por último se endureció la política antijudaica, prohibiendo a los judíos el comercio exterior y con cristianos. y los que se convirtieren serían eximidos de sus impuestos y esa cantidad tendría que ser asumida por los judíos que no se convirtieran. En el XVII Concilio de Toledo del año 694, el rey no denunció una conspiración judía de los judíos españoles con los del norte de África para destruir el reino cristiano visigodo. Por ello los obispos decretaron la disgregación de las aljamas judías, la esclavitud de todos los judíos y la prohibición de ejercer su religión, y la obligación de entregar sus hijos a la edad de siete años para ser educados con cristianos. Estas medidas no se aplicaron en la Narbonense dada su precaria situación demográfica, aunque debían entregar no obstante sus propiedades. Sin embargo, estas medidas no tuvieron eficacia porque las aljamas seguían existiendo cuando los musulmanes invadieron la península ibérica en el año 711. Dado que estas medidas habían sido inspiradas por una supuesta conspiración judía, pues a cambio de haber salvado a la Iglesia de la conspiración judía el rey recibió de los obispos la declaración de anatema contra aquellos que, una vez muerto el rey, hicieran ofensa a sus hijos o a la reina Cixilo, medida que se había manifestado ineficaz, como había sido el caso de Égica con la familia de Ervigio.

Matrimonio y descendencia
Égica casó con Cixilo, hija del rey Ervigio como una parte del compromiso para compatibilizar los intereses de la familia de Ervigio y la de Égica. Pero tal compromiso solo tendría validez si existía descendencia del matrimonio. Witiza fue hijo de Égica, y el hecho que fuera ungido a finales del año 700 pudo ser debido a que debía tener más de catorce años de edad, y entonces puede ser factible que Witiza fuera hijo del matrimonio de Égica con Cixilo.

Sin embargo, a tenor de la descripción literal establecida en el canon 7 del XVII Concilio, por el que se protegía a la descendencia de Égica, parece deducirse que la reina Cixilo aún no tenía hijos en el año 694, por lo que Witiza no era hijo de Cixilo sino de un matrimonio anterior. El hecho que aparezca un conde Égica firmando como asistente al XIII Concilio en 683, generalmente aceptado que fuera el posterior rey, muestra que podría tener entonces al menos treinta años y por tanto, al acceder al trono en la década de 680, tener hijos de un matrimonio anterior al de Cixilo. Pero también esta postura ha sido puesta en duda puesto que en XVI Concilio —donde no se menciona a la reina— se puso bajo protección a los hijos del rey con sus cónyuges una vez muerto el rey, y a pesar de que esos hijos casados no podrían por edad ser hijos de Égica con Cixilo, no existe constancia de tal matrimonio anterior ni que tuviera hijos ya casados en el momento del Concilio XVI, por lo que entonces hay historiadores que deducen que los cánones conciliares que protegían a la familia de Égica eran genéricos. Aun así, hay estudiosos que han deducido que la ausencia de mención de Cixilo en el XVI Concilio es porque aún no tenía hijos, el equilibrio entre las familias de Ervigio y Égica no se habría alcanzado aún, por lo que los hijos de Égica mencionados procederían de un matrimonio anterior, para los que Égica buscaba protección incluso frente a los hijos de Ervigio. Siguiendo esta hipótesis, la vuelta a planteamiento de la protección de la descendencia de Égica al año siguiente en el XVII Concilio no sería del mismo tipo, pues en este caso se refiere a la reina Cixilo y a la futura descendencia con ella, una protección necesaria frente a sus hermanastros habidos del hipotético primer matrimonio de Égica. Por tanto, si Witiza no hubiera sido hijo de Cixilo, las medidas tomadas por Égica siguen una lógica: en el III Concilio de Zaragoza (691) hizo que la reina viuda ingresara en un monasterio para que una vez fallecido Égica su viuda Cixilo ingresara en su momento para evitar que usara su poder e influencia contra los hijos habidos en el primer matrimonio, y en el XVI Concilio (693) Égica puso bajo protección a los hijos del primer matrimonio, pero en el XVII Concilio (694) hizo proteger a los hijos habidos con Cixilo —ante la situación futura que se quedaría viuda y tendría que ingresar en un monasterio— de sus hermanastros una vez muerto el rey.

La Crónica de 754 indica que Égica tuvo un hijo llamado Oppas, que había huido de Toledo cuando se produjo la invasión árabe, lo que se puede deducirse que podría haber sido un rival a Rodrigo. Pero por otro lado, aparece el nombre de Oppas como obispo de Tuy y Sevilla que se ha supuesto como un obispo de la familia real al que se ubicaba según los intereses del rey, sin embargo, esos traslados de diócesis iban contra el derecho canónico y solo se conocen los aplicados a la rebelión de Suniefredo en el XVI Concilio.

Corregencia de Égica y Witiza

La Crónica de 754, más cercana a los hechos, establece que Witiza fue asociado al trono en el año 698, sin embargo, existe un documento contemporáneo por el que se indica que Witiza fue asociado al trono a finales de 693 o en 694, lo que viene corroborado por el número total de moneda acuñada en relación con otros reinados del siglo VII. De este modo, esto vendría a ser consecuencia de la rebelión de Suniefredo para asegurar y monopolizar el trono para su familia frente a otros candidatos.

En este sentido la misma asociación de Witiza puede verse como demostración de que no era hijo de Cixilo, pues si Witiza hubiera sido hijo de Cixilo no habría oposición entre las dos familias a la sucesión, y la unción de Witiza se presentaba como la forma de garantizar el apoyo del clero ante una eventual oposición a dicha sucesión. La afirmación de la Crónica de Alfonso III de vincular a Witiza como hijo de Cixilo, y así nieto de Ervigio, podría verse en este sentido como una forma de establecer una familia real malvada que habría llevado la ruina de España ante la invasión árabe. Sin embargo, existe la postura contraria, que Witiza fue hijo de Cixilo y que ante las complicadas circunstancias de la sublevación de Suniefredo, la asociación le habría sido impuesta, lo que vendría ilustrado en los tipos monetarios de bustos enfrentados, que ilustran una forma de compromiso entre facciones en oposición.

La versión ovetense de la Crónica de Alfonso III indica que Égica dejó a cargo de Witiza el gobierno del antiguo reino suevo estableciendo su residencia real en Tuy. La Chronica regum Visigothorum establece que Witiza fue ungido el 15 de noviembre del año 700, de lo que parece derivarse que fue en ese año cuando alcanzó la edad para no estar sometido a una tutela, esto es, en torno a los catorce años de edad, aunque por otra parte hay autores como Julia Montenegro y Arcadio del Castillo que establecen que Witiza tendría los catorce años al inicio de la corregencia hacia 694, de esta forma la unción habría generado un verdadero cogobierno.

La corregencia fue un periodo turbulento, así pues, la Crónica de 754 indica que el reino visigodo sufrió una epidemia de peste, por la que los reyes tuvieron que abandonar Toledo hacia 701. Y alrededor del año 700 hubo campañas de los aquitanos sobre la Narbonense que posiblemente capturaron Carcasona. El Cronicon Pacense establece que en los reinados de Égica y Witiza hubo confrontaciones bélicas entre visigodos y bizantinos, que estuvieron enmarcadas en la debilidad de los emperadores Leoncio y Tiberio III en la defensa de África. En este reinado conjunto se conoce que una flota bizantina atacó las costas del sur de Hispania y fue rechazada por un noble llamado Teodomiro, que se puede deducir que es el mismo que pactó en 713 con los musulmanes en el pacto de Teodomiro. La fecha de este evento es dudosa: Roger Collins indica que pudo haber sucedido durante la expedición mandada por el emperador Leoncio entre 697-698 para recuperar Cartago de los árabes; o quizás al finalizar el reinado de Witiza. Tal y como establece E. A. Thompson no se conoce el contexto de este suceso, aunque puede estar ligado con acciones de vigilancia en los enclaves bizantinos de Tánger y Ceuta, como establece Collins, o incluso, como establece Fernando López Sánchez, que Cartagena seguía en manos bizantinas y que la posición de Teodomiro antes de la invasión árabe estaba enfocada a cercar una Cartagena todavía bizantina.

No se tiene constancia de la muerte de Égica, la última mención figura en una ley promulgada a finales de 702, pero quizás podía haberse producido en 703. Su hijo Witiza quedó como rey único.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Reyes visigodos del reino de Toledo del siglo VII
Reyes visigodos del reino de Toledo del siglo VIII
Fallecidos en Toledo