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Parameter Identification in Viscoplasticity using Transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method
by Ehsan Adeli, et al.
To evaluate the cyclic behavior under different loading conditions using the kinematic and isotropic hardening theory of steel, a Chaboche viscoplastic material model is employed. The parameters of a constitutive model are usually identified by minimization of the difference between model response and experimental data. However, measurement errors and differences in the specimens lead to deviations in the determined parameters. In this article, the Choboche model is used and a stochastic simulation technique is applied to generate artificial data which exhibit the same stochastic behavior as experimental data. Then the model parameters are identified by applying an estimation using Bayes's theorem. The Transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (TMCMC) is introduced and employed to estimate the model parameters in the Bayesian setting. The uniform distributions of the parameters representing their priors are considered which literally means no knowledge of the parameters is available. Identified parameters are compared with the true parameters in the simulation, and the efficiency of the identification method is discussed. In fact, the main purpose of this study is to observe the possibility of identifying the model and hardening parameters of a viscoplastic model as a very high non-linear model with only a surface displacement measurement vector in the Bayesian setting using TMCMC and evaluate the number of measurements needed for a very acceptable estimation of the uncertain parameters of the model.
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Ehsan Adeli
Hermann G. Matthies
∙ 06/17/2019
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In order to predict the behavior of mechanically loaded metallic materials, constitutive models are applied, which present a mathematical frame for the description of elastic and inelastic deformation. The models by Miller, Krempl, Korhonen, Aubertin, Chan, and Bodner are well-known constitutive models for isotropic materials [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] which describe the inelastic behavior. In 1983, Chaboche [6, 7] put forward what has become known as the unified Chaboche viscoplasticity constitutive model, which has been widely accepted.
All inelastic constitutive models contain parameters which have to be identified for a given material from experiments. In the literature only few investigations can be found dealing with identification problems using stochastic approaches. Klosowski and Mleczek have applied the least-squares method in the Marquardt-Levenberg variant to estimate the parameters of an inelastic model [8] . Gong et al. have also used some modification of the least-squares method to identify the parameters [9] . Harth and Lehn identified the model parameters of a model by employing some generated artificial data instead of experimental data using a stochastic technique [10] . A similar study by Harth and Lehn has been done for other constitutive models like Lindholm and Chan [11] .
There are few investigations on the simplest material model, the elasticity model, to identify only very few parameters of the model where sampling approaches like the Metropolis algorithm and its modifications are employed. Pacheco et al. [12] investigated a three-point bending test to identify elastic behavior and calibration is done by solving the inverse problem in a Bayesian setting by using the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. Only elastic moduli are identified without considering the error. Slonski et al. [18] also applied a sequential particle filter on an elastic model and Young's modulus is estimated, where the Bayesian setting is compared to the deterministic approach, and the Bayesian setting is preferred. The elastic modulus of a polymeric material is updated by Zhang et al. [24] , where a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method is used, but very high computation time is reported. Further, Young's modulus is estimated for a considered material by Gallina et al. [13] by applying a multi dimensional Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. A similar Bayesian approach for composite materials to estimate Young's modulus is carried out by Pieczonka et al. [14] . Arnst et al. [15] have applied a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method by using polynomial chaos expansion to identify Young's modulus of an elastic model.
Only few investigations were carried out on enriched material models such as a viscoelastic model to identify the few parameters by employing the Metropolis-Hastings technique and the classical Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Rappel et al. [16, 17]
studied an elastic and a viscoelastic model where the measurement error is considered. Bayesian inference is applied to estimate only the elasticity modulus by applying an adaptive Metropolis-Hastings technique. An et al.
[19] investigated a crack model by a classical Markov Chain Monte Carlo method in order to estimate the parameters of a model which represent the size and position of the crack in the Bayesian setting. Also Hernandez et al. [20] applied a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method on a viscoelastic model in order to update its model parameters in a Bayesian setting, but the posterior distributions of the parameters are not updated properly. In fact, the parameters are not identified properly. Mahnken [21] has also applied a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to estimate few parameters of a plasticity model. The damage parameters of a truss structure under model uncertainties are studied by Zheng et al. [22] , where a multi-level Markov Chain Monte Carlo method is applied and the true values are not well estimated. Further, this approach suffers from high computation time. Another damage detection approach is applied by Nichols et al. [23] by applying a modified version of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method.
There are other investigations in the Bayesian setting using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, and Madireddy et al [25] , Wang and Zabaras [26] , and Oh et al [27] have carried out an investigation on the identification of a material model by using its modified method. In studies carried out by Alvin [28] , Marwala and Sibusiso [29] , Daghia et al. [30] , Abhinav and Manohar [31] , Gogu et al. [32, 33] , and Koutsourelakis [34, 35] , the elastic parameters of the model are estimated stochastically. Fitzenz et al. [36] , Most [37] , and Sarkar et al. [38] investigated elastoplastic materials and thermodynamical material models to identify their model parameters. Other studies on viscoelastic models are carried out by Zhang et al. [39] , Mehrez et al. [40] , and Miles et al. [41] . Further investigations on viscoelastic models to estimate a higher number of model parameters are studied by Zhao and Pelegri [42] , and by Kenz et al. [43] . The estimation of fatigue parameters using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods is also studied by [44] .
In this paper, a viscoplastic model of Chaboche is studied. The model contains five material parameters which have to be determined from experimental data. It should be noted that here virtual data are employed instead of real experimental data. A cyclic tension-compression test is applied in order to extract the virtual data.
The model is described in Section 2, whereas Section 3 explains how to perform the update. The employed method, which is the Transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo (TMCMC) method, is described in this section and applied on the case study model.
In Section 4 the desired parameters of the model are identified from the measured data which .. take as surface displacement measurements, as could be done for example by digital image correlation (DIC). In fact, the parameters which have been considered as uncertain parameters are updated and the uncertainties of them are reduced, while the random variables representing the uncertain parameters are updated during the process. The results are thoroughly studied and the identified parameters as well as the corresponding model responses are analyzed. The section discusses the ability of the applied method to identify the highly non-linear viscoplastic model parameters by considering the surface displacement measurement.
2 Model Problem
The mathematical description of metals under cyclic loading beyond the yield limit that includes viscoplastic material behavior as well as the characterization of isotropic-kinematic hardening is here given in terms of a modified Chaboche model introduced in [45]
. As we consider classical infinitesimal strains, we assume an additive strain decomposition of elastic and inelastic strains. The material behavior is described for the elastic part by isotropic homogeneous elasticity which is characterized by the shear and bulk moduli, the eigenvalues of the elasticity tensor. The inelastic behavior is described following the standard generalized materials paradigm
[46] , so that obey the specification of the dissipation pseudo-potential is necessary. For viscoplasticity the dissipation potential is given by
ϕ(σ)=kn+1⟨σexk⟩n+1, (1)
with ⟨⋅⟩=max(0,⋅) and k and n as the material parameters. Here σex is the over-stress, defined via the equivalent stress (σeq) which reads
σeq=√32tr((σ−χ)D.((σ−χχ)D), (2)
where (⋅)D denotes the deviatoric part and χ is the back-stress of kinematic hardening. The over-stress σex is given by
σex=σeq−σy−R=√32tr((σ−χ)D.(σ−χ)−σy−R, (3)
where σy is the yield stress and R models the isotropic hardening which is introduced in the following. The partial derivative of the dissipation potential ϕ with respect to σ leads to the equation for the inelastic strain rate
˙ϵvp=∂ϕ∂σ=⟨σexk⟩n∂σex∂σ. (4)
The viscoplastic model allows for isotropic and kinematic hardening, which is considered in order to describe different specifications. Assuming R(t) and χ(t) with R(0)=0 and χ(0)=0 to describe isotropic and kinematic hardening respectively, the evolution equations for these two are
˙R=bR(HR−R)˙p (5)
˙χ=bχ(23Hχ∂σeq∂σ−χ)˙p (6)
respectively. In the evolution equations, ˙p is the viscoplastic multiplier rate given as:
˙p=⟨σexk⟩n, (7)
which describes the rate of accumulated plastic strains. The parameter bR indicates the speed of stabilization, whereas the value of the parameter HR is an asymptotic value according to the evolution of the isotropic hardening. Similarly, the parameter bχ denotes the speed of saturation and the parameter Hχ is the asymptotic value of the kinematic hardening variables. The complete model is stated in Table 1. Note that \mathboldsansE represents the elasticity tensor.
Strain ϵ(t)=ϵe(t)+ϵvp(t) Hooke's Law σ(t)=\mathboldsansE:ϵe(t) Flow Rule ˙ϵvp(t)=⟨σeq(t)−σy−R(t)k⟩n∂σex∂σ Hardening ˙R=bR(HR−R)˙p ˙χ=bχ(23Hχ∂σeq∂σ−χ)˙p
Initial Conditions ϵvp(0)=0, R(0)=0, χ(0)=0
Parameters σy (Yield Stress) k, n (Flow Rule) bR, HR, bχ, Hχ (Hardening)
Table 1: The constitutive model of Chaboche
By gathering all the desired material parameters to identify into the vector q=[κ G bR bχ σy], where κ and G are bulk and shear modulus, respectively, which determine the isotropic elasticity tensor, the goal is to estimate q given measurement displacement data, i.e.
u=Y(q)+e, (8)
in which Y(q) represents the measurement operator giving the prediction of the observed displacements and e is the measurement (also possibly the model) error. As the function Y(q) is typically not invertible, this is an ill-posed problem, and the estimation of q given u is not an easy task and usually requires regularization. This can be achieved either in a deterministic or in a probabilistic setting. Here, the latter path is taken as further described in the text.
3 Bayesian identification via the Transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo method
Ching and Chen [48] modified the approach by Beck and Au to develop a Transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (TMCMC). This approach is based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method and its adaptive capability is inspired from an adaptive Metropolis–Hastings (M-H) method developed by Beck and Au in 2002 [47] . This approach employs a sequence of PDFs, where the entire data set of the available data is used for each stage of the sampler which is proportional to the local posterior with some exponent times likelihood, with a change of exponent between 0 and 1. As the same idea was used in the simulated annealing approach [49] , this exponent is called a tempering parameter. TMCMC and the Beck and Au approach also differs in theory of employing the M-H algorithm. In each stage a local proposed PDF is constructed instead of a global proposed PDF, and it is also to be noted that to improve the rate of convergence in TMCMC, re-sampling is used.
Based on the formulation of Bayes's theorem [50, 51]
, it is difficult to generate samples from the posterior PDF due to lack of information about the geometry of the probability density function. In order to overcome this problem, the TMCMC algorithm employs a sequence of intermediate PDFs which converge to the target posterior PDF as defined in the Equation
9, where the index j denotes the stage number [48, 52] . Considering the reformulation of Bayes's theorem for the model class M which is defined by the parameter vector θ, the prior PDF of this model class over the parameter vector f(θθ|M) is updated with the measurement data D, where the likelihood function is f(D|M,θ).
fj(θ)∝f(θ|M)f(D|M,θ)rj (9a)
j=0,1,2,..., M0=r0≤r1≤r2≤...≤rM=1 (9b)
The stage number fulfills the desirable properties such as producing a series of intermediate PDFs (fj(θ)) from the prior PDF, i.e. it starts with rj=0 stating that the initial prior is proportional to the prior PDF (f0(θ)∝f(θ|M)) and it ends with rj=1 stating that the final PDF is proportional to the posterior PDF (fM(θ)∝f(θ|M)f(D|M,θ)). The right hand side of the latter relation represents the posterior PDF f(θθ|M,D) and its proportionality is shown in Equation 10.
rj=0f0(θ)∝f(θ|M) (10a)
rj =1fM(θ)∝f(θ|M,D) (10b)
Although the geometry change from f(θθ|M) to f(θθ|M,D) is large, the change between two adjacent intermediate PDFs can be small. Due to this possible transition, from where the method derives its name, it is possible to determine samples efficiently from fj+1(θ) based on samples from fj(θ).
3.1 Transitional MCMC Algorithm
In this subsection, the entire algorithm of TMCMC is described in the following steps in detail [48, 52, 53] .
As a first step, set j=0, and generate from f0(θ)=f(θ|M) a set of N samples.
It is to be noted that rj+1 is selected in such a way that the coefficient of variation of f(D|M,θ(j)k)rj+1−rj where k=1,2,...,N is a prescribed value and θ(j)k stands for the k-th sample that belongs to level j. Accordingly, the coefficient of variation serves as an indicator to measure the closeness of fj(θ) to fj+1(θ).
The plausibility weight w(θθ(j)k)=f(D|M,θ(j)k)rj+1−rj is obtained for k=1,2,...,N, from which the parameter Sj=∑Nk=1w(θ(j)k)/Nj is computed.
Samples θj+1k where k=1,2,...,N determined from f(θθ)j+1 by Metropolis-Hastings technique are chosen randomly from a Markov chain which has samples starting from one of the samples θji where i=1,2,...,N. The i-th initial sample θ(j)i is chosen with probability w(θθ(j)i)/∑Nl=1w(θ(j)l)
. As in the proposed distribution a Gaussian distribution which is centered at the current sample is applied in the k-th chain in the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, and the determined covariance matrix is shown in Equation
11 and 12, where β is a prescribed scaling factor that scales the proposal distribution and β=0.2 is suggested by Ching and Chen [48] .
\mathboldsansΣj=β2∑Ni=1w(θ(j)i)[θ(j)i−μj][θ(j)i−μj]T∑Nk=1w(θ(j)k) (11)
μj=∑Nl=1w(θ(j)l)θ(j)l∑Nl=1w(θ(j)l). (12)
Steps two to four are repeated until rM=1. At the final step, samples θ(M)k for k=1,2,...,N are distributed according to f(θθ|M,D).
The significant advantage of the modified Metropolis-Hastings algorithm applied in TMCMC is that initially it allows a large and a free sample space to explore but in the final stages the samples are generated from a narrower neighborhood of sample space. Furthermore the proposal distribution will change within a simulation level and this will result in better local behavior. This is accomplished by modifying the proposal distribution for each level in such a way that its standard deviation is small for higher simulation levels. But the average value drives the generation of samples towards the most important neighborhood of the sample space
[48, 52, 53] .
4 Numerical results
The identification of the material constants in the Chaboche unified viscoplasticity model is a reverse process, here based on virtual data. In case of the Chaboche model the best way of parameter identification is using the results of cyclic tests, since more information can be obtained from cyclic test rather than creep and relaxation tests, specifically information regarding hardening parameters. The aim of the parameter identification is to find a parameter vector q introduced in Section 2. The bulk modulus (κ), the shear modulus (G), the isotropic hardening coefficient (bR), the kinematic hardening coefficient (bχ) and the yield stress (σy) are considered as the uncertain parameters of the constitutive model.
A preliminary study is on a regular cube, modeled with one 8 node element. The minimal number of freedoms that have to be constrained is six and many combinations are possible. As shown in Figure 1
, all three degrees of freedom at point B are fixed. This prevents all rigid body translations, and leaves three rotations to be taken care of. The
x displacement component at point A is constrained to prevent rotation about z, and the z component is fixed at point C to prevent rotation about y. The y component is constrained at point D to prevent rotation about x [54] .
Figure 1: Boundary condition considered
The normal tractions, which is a Neumann boundary condition, are applied cyclically [55, 56, 57] in x, y and z directions on front and back faces and the magnitude of tractions in all directions are shown in Figure 2 where green, red and blue colors represent the stress vector values in x, y and z directions respectively.
Figure 2: Decomposed applied force at point E according to time
By considering the parameters listed in Table 2 as the virtual truth, for the top right corner node on back face, point E, as shown in Figure 1, the related displacement graph is obtained as shown in Figure 3 where green, red and blue colors represent the displacement of point E in x, y and z directions respectively.
σy
bχ
Hχ
1.66e9 7.69e8 1.7e8 1 1.5e8 50 2.75e8 50 2.75e8
Table 2: The model parameters
Figure 3: Displacement of point E in x, y and z directions according to time
The displacements of point E in x, y and z directions are noted as the virtual data in this case.
The Transitional Markov chain Monte Carlo method is applied using sampling by which 1000 samples are generated and the history of the displacement of point E is noted. The determined prior and posterior probability density functions are compared and illustrated in Figure
5 and 5. It should be noted that the Burn-in period is considered as 200 in all iterations but in last iteration it is considered as 500. Further, the scaling parameter (β) in TMCMC is considered as 0.2 [48] . The acceptance ratio is implemented in such an adaptive way that it is between 0.2 and 0.3, considering the optimal acceptance ratio 0.234 [58] . The initial prior of the material model parameters are taken as uniform distributions.
Figure 4: Prior distribution of the parameters
Figure 5: Posterior distribution of the parameters
From the prior and posterior distributions of the bulk modulus (κ), shear modulus (G), the isotropic hardening coefficient (bR), the kinematic hardening coefficient (bχ) and the yield stress (σy), it is found that the model parameters can be detected by using the TMCMC. The obtained results are acceptable, however it should be mentioned that the TMCMC method is a very time consuming approach, particularly when the case study is a PDE system. The determined true values, the mean and standard deviation of the estimated parameters via the TMCMC approach are shown in Table 3.
qtrue qest(mean) qest(standard deviation)
1.66e9 1.71e9 1.33e7
1.7e8 1.67e8 1.37e6
Table 3: The identified model parameters
4.1 Discussion of the results
From the sharpness of the posterior PDF of κ, G, bR, bχ and σy, it can be concluded that enough information from virtual data, the surface displacement measurement, is received, and updating the parameters considering their uncertainty is done very properly, as the standard deviation of the residual uncertainty is below 1% of the mean. On the other hand, it should be mentioned that the Transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach, which is employed, is a very time consuming method and applying it, besides a model which is solved by employing the finite element method as a relatively expensive method, leads to a computationally very expensive approach to estimate the model parameters.
Using the Transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo method explained in Section 3 to identify the model parameters of the Chaboche model indicates that it is possible to identify the model parameters by employing this method. The method works well on this highly non-linear material model by taking the vector of surface displacement measurement into consideration. The parameters are well estimated, and the uncertainty of the parameters is reduced, while the distribution functions of the parameters are updated during the process. The adaptive procedure of the acceptance ratio, where the acceptance ratio is accepted when it is between 0.2 and 0.3, leads to very accurate posterior distributions, which estimate the parameters very finely. As applying the TMCMC on the discussed material model needs a lot of computational time, a new much faster approach will be introduced to estimate the model parameters using the surface displacement measurement and the results will be compared on the same material model in the upcoming paper of the authors which can be proposed not only for the purpose of model parameter identification but also for the purpose of structural health monitoring and damage detection of the real structures such as bridges under cyclic tests.
This work is partially supported by the DFG through GRK 2075.
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[42] X. Zhao and A. A. Pelegri. A Bayesian approach for characterization of soft tissue viscoelasticity in acoustic radiation force imaging. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 32(4), E02741, 2016.
[43] Z. R. Kenz, H. T. Banks and R. C. Smith. Comparison of frequentist and Bayesian confidence analysis methods on a viscoelastic stenosis model. SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification 1(1), 348-369, 2013.
[44] D. An, J. Choi, N. H. Kim and S. Pattabhiraman. Fatigue life prediction based on Bayesian approach to incorporate field data into probability model. Journal of Structural Engineering and Mechanics 37(4), 427-442, 2011.
[45] J. Velde. 3D Nonlocal Damage Modeling for Steel Structures under Earthquake Loading. Department of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences University of Braunschweig - Institute of Technology, 2010.
[46] Q. S. Nguyen. Mechanical Modeling of Anelasticity. Revue de Physique Appliquee 23(4), 325-330, 1988.
[47] J. L. Beck and S. K. Au. Bayesian updating of structural models and reliability using Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 128(4), 380-391, 2002.
[48] J. Ching and Y. C. Chen. Transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo method for Bayesian model updating, model class selection and model averaging. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 133(7), 816-832, 2007.
[49] G. S. Fishman. Coordinate selection rules for Gibbs sampling. University of North Carolina, UNC/OR TR-92/15, 1996.
[50] R. C. Aster, B. Borchers and C. H. Thurber. Parameter Estimation and Inverse Problems. 2nd Edition, Academic Press, 2012.
[51] M. Dashti and A. M. Stuart. The Bayesian Approach to Inverse Problems. Handbook of Uncertainty Quantification, 1-118. , 2015.
[52] J. Ching and J. Wang. Application of the Transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm to probabilistic site characterization. Journal of Engineering Geology 203, 151-167, 2016.
[53] J. Wang, L. S. Katafygiotis and M. N. Noori. Transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation for reliability-based optimization. Safety, Reliability, Risk and Life-Cycle Performance of Structures & Infrastructures – Deodatis, Ellingwood & Frangopol (Eds), 1593-1599, 2014.
[54] C. Felippa. Introduction to FEM, FEM Modeling: Mesh, Loads and BCs. Lecture Notes, University of Colorado Boulder, 2016.
[55] E. Adeli, B. V. Rosić, H. G. Matthies and S. Reinstädler. Bayesian parameter identification in plasticity. XIV International Conference on Computational Plasticity. Fundamentals and Applications COMPLAS XIV E. Oñate, D.R.J. Owen, D. Peric and M. Chiumenti (Eds), 2017.
[56] E. Adeli, B. V. Rosić, H. G. Matthies and S. Reinstädler. Effect of Load Path on Parameter Identification for Plasticity Models using Bayesian Methods. Quantification of Uncertainty: Improving Effieciency and Technology, G. Rozza, M. D'Elia and M. Gunzburger (Eds), http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.07246, 2018.
[57] E. Adeli. Viscoplastic-Damage Model Parameter Identification via Bayesian Methods. Ph.D. Dissertation, Institut für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2019.
[58] A. Gelman, G. O. Roberts and W. R. Gilks. Efficient Metropolis Jumping Rules. In: J. M. Bernardo, J. O. Berger, A. P. Dawid and A. F. M. Smith (ed.), Bayesian Statistics 5, Oxford University Press, 599-607, 1996.
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According to most people, handing your child an iPhone or an iPad is the best way to keep them distracted while you concentrate on your work. We can all relate to how most kids become quiet once they start watching videos or playing online games on an iPhone or iPad. Well, it seems that most of us have been harming our children.
According to parenting experts, too much use of a smartphone or any other electronic screen for that matter, can have very negative effects on a developing child's brain, behavior, and sleeping habits. Kim Knull, psychologist and parenting columnist, says that too much time spent tapping away with the eyes glued on an iPad, iPhone, or any other similar screen especially before bedtime can be very detrimental on a child's mental wellbeing.
Most of us are asking ourselves how this can be true. Unlike the stupor that is caused by watching too much TV, interactive technology in the form of texting, emailing, and playing online games increases irritability and stress levels. This affects the sleep cycles of the children and hurts their social interaction as well as depleting their mental reserves.
This is even a bigger problem when the kids, or even grown-ups for that matter, are playing on smart gadgets immediately before bed. According to the latest tech news, even very few minutes of exposure to a screen before bed delays the release of melatonin, a hormone that is associated with good sleep. Having a lit screen in the bedroom is also not recommended as it leads to poor sleep quality as well as depression.
To reduce this negative effect, most experts recommend that there should be no technology in the bedroom and one should limit its use two hours before going to bed.
A lot of interaction with smart screens can also impact negatively on brain chemistry thus altering how the kid experiences pleasure. Increased screen time desensitizes the brain's reward system as there is too much dopamine released in the brain, which overuses the reward pathways. This leads to a situation where the child requires more stimulation to feel happy in their normal day-to-day life. The children then get addicted to the screens due to the chemical reliance that occurs.
To avoid this, experts suggest that parents make adjustments to the amount of time that children are allowed to use these electronic devices. This could be achieved by setting timers that will help draw the line. Parents should also remove screen devices from the children's reach and put them in a safe place.
According to a leading Sydney optometrist, children who are exposed to smartphone screens and similar gadgets for extended periods of time are at the risk of potential irreversible eye damage. This is caused by the blue light emissions from digital devices. With the increase of handheld technology devices, doctors have reported a huge boost in the number of patients complaining about eye strain and dry eyes that are caused by prolonged exposure.
Although these conditions can be treated and prevented with regular breaks, the dangers of accrued exposure to blue light, especially for children, are still not fully known. Experts are convinced that the risk to children is something that cannot be ignored. It has been proven through evidence that intense blue light from smart screens causes damage to the retina. According to recent technological news, extended exposure to children could lead to an early onset macular degeneration and even blindness in later years.
Unlike adults whose eyes can be able to block out some of the blue light, children's eyes are still developing, which makes it able to penetrate directly to the retina. This is even more dangerous at night as it interferes with circadian rhythm and disrupts sleep. Advanced LED screens that are used in iPhones and iPads emit more blue light than previous screen technologies such as LCD. TVs are less harmful compared to the above mentioned screens since they are not as close to the eyes as iPhones and iPads.
A report published by the Millennium Cohort Study revealed that children who had prolonged screen time had a higher chance of developing conduct related problems, relationship issues, as well as emotional symptoms by the time they reached the age of seven, as compared to those children who were not. A renowned Center for Toddler Development at Bernard's College carried out an experiment where they observed the reaction of children to traditional toys and their reactions to an iPad.
The children using traditional toys could be seen interacting with each other as they played. Those playing with iPads were so engrossed in the gadgets that they could not respond when their names were called out. When all the toys were confiscated, those using iPads were angrier than the ones using traditional toys. Researchers concluded that the more parents use iPhones, iPads and smart screens to calm their children down, the less likely the children are to learn to calm themselves down naturally.
So, are you still going to buy your kid an iPad?
Margaux Diaz is a technology and gadget geek. She has an interest in writing and has written numerous articles related to gadgets, electronic instruments, and new technologies. Her main motive is to help and support people around the world, as well as give them information regarding the latest technology. She is an inspirational writer who strongly believes in the power of self-motivation.


Australia's fast bowling trio has been considered nigh on untouchable for several years now but Jhye Richardson could yet force his way in for The Ashes.
The 22-year-old quick became Test player no. 458 at The Gabba on Thursday afternoon and had 3/18 before the second drinks break.
An injury to Josh Hazlewood opened up a place in the squad for the Sri Lanka series and Richardson edged out veteran Peter Siddle for the spot in the XI for the first Test.
The youngster opened the bowling with Mitchell Starc and after a couple of LBW shouts broke through for his maiden Test wicket in his sixth over.
Sri Lankan captain Dinesh Chandimal poked at a full one on off stump, with the seaming ball finding Joe Burns at second slip via the edge of the bat.
A first Test wicket for Jhye Richardson!
After being given a spell, it took just three balls to get his second scalp, this one an absolute peach that swung in before seaming away and rattling Kusal Mendis' off peg.
The Western Australian then gave up one run in his next 17 balls before striking a third time.
Again it was the movement away from the right hander that did it, Dhananjaya de Silva nicking a full outswinger to Tim Paine for an easy catch.
Richardson finished with 3/26 from 14 overs as Sri Lanka were bowled out for 144 in the first innings.
After a summer of seeing Australia's quicks outplayed by their Indian counterparts, Richardson consistently making the ball talk was a welcome change of tune.
And with movement in the air and off the deck such a big factor in England, Richardson could cement himself an Ashes spot if he carries this form through the two Tests with Sri Lanka.
Former England skipper Michael Vaughan certainly thought so in commentary.
"I'd say they've already booked a seat for him on the plane to England for the Ashes," Vaughan said on day one.
"He looks the type of bowler that with the Duke ball in his hand, in favourable swing and seam conditions in the UK, will have a great time.
"He bowls a good length for that Duke ball, brings the batsman forward and, if the wickets are anything like what England played India on, he'll have a field day on two or three of the venues."
Australia's quicks have drawn plenty of criticism this summer, and, barring Pat Cummins, their places in the side look more vulnerable than ever.
Richardson could well be the breath of fresh air the attack needs after a hellish 12 months and Kerry O'Keeffe would have Starc, who picked up his 200th Test wicket on Thursday, making way on current form.
"I've got Hazlewood in (the team for the first Ashes Test), I've got the spotlight on Mitchell Starc," O'Keeffe said at tea on day one in Brisbane.
"(Starc's) line, his rhythm was all over the shop. He's got two poles, he may finish them off, but I've got Richardson ahead of him."
Vaughan added that Richardson's style was perfect for the low, slow pitch at Edgbaston where the first Test will be played.
Despite their advancing years, England's spearheads in Jimmy Anderson and Stuart Broad are still expected to be a huge factor come August and September.
Most Aussie fans would still have nightmares about Stuart Broad's 8/15 as the visitors were bowled out for 60 before lunch on a Trent Bridge green top.
Broad topped the wicket-takers in that series, 21 at an average of just under 21, while veteran Jimmy Anderson picked up 24 at 18 during India's recent tour to England, showing the 36-year-old is anything but a spent force.
Forgetting for a moment the many questions around the batting order - some of which will be answered by the return of Steve Smith, and most likely David Warner - Australia's seamers will need to be on song if they're to stand a chance of a first away Ashes win since 2001.


NEWTON - Richard R. Unruh, 89, son of Albert and Katie Unruh, died Nov. 21, 2013. He is survived by a sister, Lillian Voth of Hesston; two nephews and a niece.
Private family interment has taken place. Moundridge Funeral Home is in charge of arrangements.


text:
Feature Publisher: American School of Prehistoric Research
American School of Prehistoric Research
Publisher of the Journal of Eurasian Prehistory, which is a joint venture endorsed by the American School of Prehistoric Research at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology and the Institute of Archaeology at Jagiellonian University in Poland. Aims to provide the rapid publications of site reports, articles and syntheses on aspects of the palaeolithic and neolithic of Eurasia.
Browse all titles by the American School of Prehistoric Research.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Johnny peered through the curtains with a wink and smile and two thumbs up for his parents as he tucked his 1/16th size violin under his chin and stepped out onto the Myerhoff Concert stage in Baltimore, Maryland. He was four.
From an early age Johnny was determined to push his violin to the edge, and sometimes over it... Sometimes they both went over. "The violin isn't supposed to rock!", "watch me" he'd say. Johnny didn't just hold the violin, it became a part of him; it was meant to sing, shred, and glisten across the stage.
Johnny's true passion for performing a variety of genres, coupled with his unique ability to push the violin far beyond what's normal has produced some extraordinary blessings in his life. If you are looking for a new and exciting musical experience Johnny Benson is your man.
Johnny is classically trained in the renowned Suzuki program, as well as conservatory theory. At twelve he became the youngest member of F.A.M.E; the prestigious and renowned Baltimore based String Chamber Orchestra. Under the coaching of violinists and pedagogues, Sue Taylor and Collette Wickert, he achieved Principal Chair, leading the second violin section in composition and interpretation under the baton of Lucy Rouse.
Under the tutorship of Anne Lane Vosough, Founder and President of the Baltimore String Orchestra Camp, Ltd., he attained principal Chair as well as Concert Master in his Junior High and High School orchestras. He received All-County and All-State recognition throughout his secondary education. During this period, Johnny also had the privilege of performing under the baton of conductors Dr. Christian Tiemeyer, Conductor of the Dallas Symphony, Lois Stout, Conductor of the Salt Lake City Chamber Orchestra, and Roman Palowski, Conductor of the Delaware Symphony Orchestra.
With F.A. M.E. Johnny performed throughout the state of Maryland at such venues as the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen, the Meyerhoff, the Charlestown Chapel, the Merriweather Post Pavilion, and the Congressional Sub-Committee for the Performing Arts at the State Department in Washington D.C.
International exposure came when Johnny concretized abroad with F.A.M.E. during the summer of 2000. While studying at the Graz Universitat fur Musik und Darstellende Kunst in Austria, he had the opportunity to not only meet but study with such World renowned musicians as Francois Rabbath, contrabassist, Randy Sabien, jazz violinist, Ivan and Michaela Straus, father and daughter violinists, and Eduard Melkus, Baroque violinist. When not studying at the Universitat, he traveled throughout Austria and Germany representing the U.S.A. under the baton of Lucy Rouse, performing in the concert halls of Graz, Vienna, Salzburg, Munich and Oberzeiring. As a member of the International String Orchestra he had the privilege of performing under the baton of Dr. William L. Jones at Kasematten, Schlosberg, Austria.
In 2001 Johnny was the recipient of the Loch Raven High School Award for Outstanding Musicianship and received the Virginia Polytechnic and State University Music Scholarship. During college he performed with the Gettysburg Symphony under the baton of Ronald Gretz and shared a desk in the first violin section of the Baltimore Philharmonic Orchestra with his mother, Diana Benson under the baton of Dr. Raymond Faracco. After graduation Johnny began to experiment with the skills he had acquired during his degree. Being a bit of a rebel, he didn't like the idea that some considered the violin only a classical, country or ethnic instrument; began breaking into the rock, metal, techno, and hip-hop.
An entertainer at heart, Johnny is comfortable playing a sweet classical serenade or a devastating rift. As long as the people are entertained and happy, he believes he has done his job.
From 1:25 - 3:30, Johnny Benson performs with The American Rogues at The Maryland Music Awards.


Registration is now open for the conference 'Bridging the Culture Clash between Employers, Young People and Local Cultures' on the 11th September at the Osmani Centre in Whitechapel, London, which is free and open to anyone (subject to numbers) with an interest in this area.
The conference is the final event of 'Big Bang', an international project funded by the European Union's Lifelong Learning programme, which has been exploring the extent to which mismatches between the 'culture clash' of work, school and 'local or street' culture is one factor amongst many that are contributing to long-term youth unemployment across Europe.
- Ilias El Hadioui of Erasmus University, whose work was one of the original inspirations behind the project, is a published author from the Netherlands . He has written and spoken extensively on the relationship - and the mismatch - between the 'street culture' of young people and the norms of school and college culture. He will present a theoretical framework that he has developed to describe this manifestation and highlight the experience of urban youth in large multi-ethnic urban conurbations in the Netherlands.
The conference will consider the the challenges of a 'lost generation' which has emerged since the Financial Crisis of 2008 in that whilst unemployment in general has increased internationally, these increases have been disproportionately high amongst young people. This is a global phenomenon and has been the subject of much discussion as to the causes and solutions - such as that in a recent commentary published by Demos.
Pictured right: Young people from Big Bang partner 15billion at one of their recent employability workshops.
To find out more details and to register for the conference, click here.


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Ontholestes cingulatus, known generally as the gold-and-brown rove beetle or carrion beetle, is a species of large rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae.

References

Further reading

External links

Staphylininae
Beetles described in 1802

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Europe: An Abode to Exotic languages
Europe, is a continent known for its beauty, and for its art of preservation of culture, architechture, history, and languages alike. Although the countries are integrated in a one seemingly tiny continent, each one has a speciality of its own. Out of these unique things, language is something that sets them all apart. For knowing about the culture of each country, one of the best things to do is to learn their language. So, let's go to a virtual journey through Europe via its most special and most prevalent languages!
English - The language of the world
There are no doubts about the fact that English will is the universal language, and more so in Europe, considering that Europe has the native English-speakers (from United Kingdom), and a lot of migrants who don't speak many of the different European languages. This makes English the most prominently spoken language in Europe, which is around 33%.
German - Das ist süß
Germany, being the economic and technological powerhouse of Europe, is always booming with career opportunities. For the same reason, Germans hardly move out of their country. All other immigrants want to live in Germany, and hence learn the language too. It is one of the perfect places to live in, with high-end technology, better resources, less crime and an ideal lifestyle. German is also spoken in Austria, Switzerland and parts of Hungary, and this makes up to a total 22.4% prominence.
French - l'être aimé
Like the wine and cheese, French language is one of the most loved things about Europe. It is one of the most passionate tongues (metaphorically and quite literally, as well) in the world. The beauty of France is best conveyed through the language they speak, which is around 19.7% of the total European world.
Italian - il calore è la loro qualità
Italian (14.31%), is one of the Romance languages, and one of the closest languages to Latin. Because of its music terminology and opera, it is the language of music. Italian language is probably as famous as Italian food in Europe.
Feb 16, 2018 by Nupur
BoostContent 2014-2020	- MeritCrowd AB, Trädgårdsgatan 11, Uppsala, Sweden


text:
Chrissy Teigen Hospitalized after experiencing bleeding during pregnancy: 'It Is Scary'
Lewis SchenkSeptember 28, 20200 Comment0571
Chrissy Teigen was hospitalized over the weekend for issues relating to her third pregnancy. The 34 year old model, who is expecting her third child with singer husband, John Legend, was taken to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center on Sunday.
The beloved TV personality, who is pregnant with a baby boy, updated fans about her situation through a series of Instagram Stories while still in her hospital bed.
"We're talking more than your period, girls, and definitely not spotting"
Teigen is spending time in the hospital after weeks of mandatory bed rest due to excessive bleeding from her 'weak' placenta. The cookbook author says that she is halfway through her pregnancy and her bleeding issues have been going on for a "little less than a month."
"We're talking more than your period, girls, and definitely not spotting. A lot of people spot and it's usually fine, but mine was a lot," Teigen revealed. Sharing more about her condition, the model added, "Every time I'd go to the bathroom it would be blood, but honestly, just laying there would be blood. But today the big difference was that it kind of was like you were to turn a faucet on to low and leave it there….It was at the point today where it was like never stopping."
Teigen went on to confess that the entire situation feels absurd to her, especially since, "I feel really good," adding that she is "usually at my happiest pregnant, mood-wise. I feel happier than I do, not pregnant. That's why it's so, so hard for me to come to terms with," she said.
"You have to trust me that I have very good doctors who know what they're doing"
The "Lip Sync Battle" presenter even made it a point to explain that her sharing such personal information shouldn't be mistaken as a plea for sympathy. Nor is she looking for unsolicited medical advice and makes it very clear that this is not an opportunity to diagnose her. "You have to trust me that I have very good doctors who know what they're doing. Who know the entire story," she said. "There's so much more than you can ever imagine. I share a lot, but not absolutely everything. So trust me when I say they know and I just want to keep things so simple for you guys."
I just shared as much as you need to know about what's goin on, on insta stories – medical Twitter I beg you to please not diagnose me as there are so many factors that make me different from your patients ????????????????????
— chrissy teigen (@chrissyteigen) September 28, 2020
"The baby is so healthy, growing stronger than Luna or Miles"
Teigen, who has always been very candid and open about the joys and struggles of her pregnancies, paused for a moment during her video to explain her condition. The former Sports Illustrated cover star reassured fans that her baby boy's health had not been impacted by the fact that her "placenta is really, really weak."
"I feel really good, the baby is so healthy, growing stronger than Luna or Miles," she said, comparing her to-be-born child with her kids. 4-year-old daughter Luna and 2-year-old son Miles. "He moves a lot," she continued. "He's moved so much earlier than they ever did. He's like a rollie pollie. We have like a million great pictures of him. He's just so different than they were."
"Basically he's the strongest, coolest dude in the s—tiest house"
Although the third time mom-to-be is confident in her unborn child's strength, Teigen knows that he isn't in the clear just yet.
"Basically he's the strongest, coolest dude in the s—tiest house. His house is just falling apart," she said. "It didn't have a good foundation to begin with, though. He didn't have the strongest chance at the very, very beginning."
Since the model said she is in a "weird in-between time" and simply has to wait things out for now, she's feeling a bit anxious. But she also added that she feels good knowing that she and her medical team are doing everything they can.
"If I can make it through the next few weeks, if our little boy can make it through the next few weeks. Then, you know, we can go from there and be able to kind of get through the danger zone or whatever. But we have to get through this first. So yeah, it is scary. But it's scary in the way that there's just really nothing to do," Chrissy admitted.
She also went on to share a cute little message to her future son, saying, "Anyhow, little dude. I want to show you all these when you come out, little butthead. I love you. Mommy loves you so, so much, you butt."
"I can't wait for him"
Fans already know that Teigen's husband, singer John Legend, is by her side every step of the way. Legend even made a cameo in her Instagram story as he was making sandwiches for his wife.
different location, same sammy pic.twitter.com/7zeseLggcm
Teigen first announced her pregnancy in August in a music video for her husband's latest song, "Wild," after which she eventually let it slip that they're expecting a baby boy. It's been a rough couple of months for Teigen, but she's still more thrilled than ever to meet her baby boy.
Teigen even previously revealed that her complicated pregnancy has forced her to cancel and postpone work commitments. In fact, the model announced just last week that she would be postponing her third cookbook. Chrissy has been very open in the past with her struggles getting pregnant, since, both her previous pregnancies have been through In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). And obstacles in her current pregnancy have not dampened her spirits either.
"I'm just so excited for him because he's so wonderful and the strongest little dude," she said in her video. "I can't wait for him."
Pregnancy Announcemt
Chinese SMIC Shares Fall Over Fears Of Losing Access To US Technology Previous post
Amanda Seyfried and Husband Thomas Sadoski Welcome Second Child, A Baby Boy! Next post


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MacAppBlocker for OS X updated to version 1.3
dsellers
KnewSense today announces MacAppBlocker 1.3 for OS X, an update to their utility that enables users to block access to any application by placing it on a Blocked App list that's password protected.
MacAppBlocker allows the user to share their computer or leave it unattended, while being assured that sensitive apps and documents cannot be opened, according to the folks at KnewSense. The app appears as a convenient Menu Bar icon.
In addition, a timeout value may be assigned to each app on the list, so that the app will automatically close after a specified period of inactivity. MacAppBlocker gives the user the option of whether or not it launches automatically at startup.
MacAppBlocker 1.3 costs US$14.95 and available worldwide exclusively through the KnewSense website (http://knewsense.com/macappblocker). A 15-day free trial download is also available.
Mac App Blocker updated to version 2.5
Mac App Blocker for OS X updated to version 2.0
Mac OS X software updates for May 8


text:
Access to Knowledge
Can the Aadhaar Act 2016 be Classified as a Money Bill?
In this infographic, we show if the Aadhaar Act 2016, recently tabled in and passed by the Lok Sabha as a money bill, can be classified as a money bill. The infographic is designed by Pooja Saxena, based on information compiled by Amber Sinha and Sumandro Chattapadhyay.
Download the infographic: PDF and JPG.
License: It is shared under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Filed under: UID, Privacy, Internet Governance, Digital India, Aadhaar
The views and opinions expressed on this page are those of their individual authors. Unless the opposite is explicitly stated, or unless the opposite may be reasonably inferred, CIS does not subscribe to these views and opinions which belong to their individual authors. CIS does not accept any responsibility, legal or otherwise, for the views and opinions of these individual authors. For an official statement from CIS on a particular issue, please contact us directly.
UID, Privacy, Internet Governance, Digital India, Aadhaar
Pooja Saxena
The PDP Bill 2019 Through the Lens of Privacy by Design
The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: Demanding your Data
Reclaiming AI Futures: Call for Contributions and Provocations
Comments to National Digital Health Mission: Health Data Management Policy
Mapping Web Censorship & Net Neutrality Violations
How to Shut Down Internet Shutdowns
Cybersecurity Visuals Media Handbook: Launch Event
Internet Speech: Perspectives on Regulation and Policy
SOTM Asia 2018
Workshop on Cybersecurity Illustrations
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We invite researchers, practitioners, artists, and theoreticians, both organisationally and as individuals, to engage with us on topics related internet and society, and improve our collective understanding of this field. To discuss such possibilities, please write to Amber Sinha, Executive Director, at amber[at]cis-india[dot]org or Sumandro Chattapadhyay, Director, at sumandro[at]cis-india[dot]org, with an indication of the form and the content of the collaboration you might be interested in.
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Delicious pure Arabica Coffee- enjoy a strong, smokey roasted cup of coffee with our Double French Roast blend.
Good coffee. Works well in our flat bottom Mr. Coffee coffee maker. Not quite as dark a roast as I typically get from Peets and with shipping about $2/lb more expensive (comparing 14 oz to 16 oz). Flavor is excellent and ordering by mail is convenient.


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Q: How to make parsleyjs only trigger validation on blur (for a field that has already failed validation) I'm trying to figure out how to make parsleyjs only trigger validation on blur for a field that has already failed validation.
See http://jsfiddle.net/billyroebuck/zbmv2d3w/
Markup:
<form id="myform">
    <label for="email">Email</label>
    <input type="email" name="email"
        data-parsley-required="true"
        data-parsley-type="email"
        data-parsley-custom
        data-parsley-trigger="blur"
    />
    <input type="submit" />
</form>

JavaScript:
window.Parsley.addValidator('custom',
function (value, requirement) {
    console.log('custom validation triggered');
    sleepFor(3000); // simulate a delay (testing only)
    if (value == 'test@test.com') {
        console.log('custom validation failed');
        return false;
    }
    console.log('custom validation passed');
    return true;
}, 32)
    .addMessage('en', 'custom', 'custom validation failed');

$('#myform').parsley();

function sleepFor(sleepDuration) {
    console.log('pretend this takes a while...');
    var now = new Date().getTime();
    while (new Date().getTime() < now + sleepDuration) { /* do nothing */
    }
}

parsleyjs Version 2.2.0-rc1
The email field has validation rules to check:

*

*a value is provided,

*the value entered is a valid email address,

*some custom rule (pretend this is an AJAX request)

I have the parsley-trigger attribute for this field set to blur.
Steps:

*

*Open the console

*Enter "a@b.com" in the email field above and press tab

*Note the custom validation is triggered (good)

*Enter "xyz" in the email field and press tab

*Note the parsley type validation kicks in (good)

*Enter "xyz@test.com" in the email field View the console

*Note the custom validation is triggered the moment the input becomes a
valid email (in this case when you press the letter c in .com) vs
blur :(

How can I make sure the validation is only triggered on the blur event for invalid fields?
Thanks in advance!

A: I'm afraid there is no such option currently. The idea is to remove the error message as soon as possible and everyone appears to like this.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Microsoft Kinect 2 to read lips?
One development source told Eurogamer that Kinect 2 will be so powerful it will enable games to lip read, detect when players are angry, and determine in which direction they are facing.
Kinect 2 can track the pitch and volume of player voices and facial characteristics to measure different emotional states.
The current Kinect is hamstrung by having to pass data to the Xbox 360 through ageing USB technology - an issue discussed by Eurogamer last year.
When Kinect launched in November 2010 the depth sensor was set at a 30 frames per second limit and a 320x240 resolution limit. The issue relates to the USB controller interface, which is capable of around 35MB/s, but it only uses around 15/16MB/s. This artificial limit is in place because multiple USB devices can be used at once on an Xbox 360.


North Prairie, WI: DYNATEK™ Articulated Loading Systems is pleased to introduce Dynequip Material Handling Solutions as the newest member of its growing network of independent sales representatives.
Operating from offices in St. Paul, MN, Dynequip's sales staff will be supporting potential and current DYNATEK Articulated Loading Systems customers in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and Western Wisconsin.
To learn more about Dynequip Material Handling Solutions and the full range of products & services they offer, go to www.dynequip.com .
DYNATEK™ Articulated Loading Systems, a division of D&D Products, designs and builds truck, railcar, barge and IBC loading systems based on auger, belt, drag and air slide conveyor technologies. To learn more about DYNATEK and the advantages of articulated loading, visit www.dynatekloadingsystems.com .


2012 Platinum Gray Metallic Volkswagen Passat. 2.5L 4-Cylinder Engine, Front Wheel Drive, 5-Passenger Sedan. SE Package, Heated Seats, Bluetooth, Satellite Radio and more! Call or Text Tyler at (605) 215-7825 to schedule your test drive. In-Business Since 1997. Nationwide Delivery. Service Contracts & GAP Protection Available. We Value All Trades. $0-Down Payment Options. All Credit Type Financing Available. Up to 72-Month Financing.
Hello, I would like more information about the 2012 Volkswagen Passat, stock# N708.
Hello, I would like to see more pictures of the 2012 Volkswagen Passat, stock# N708.
Hello, I would like to take a test drive in the 2012 Volkswagen Passat, Stock# N708.


Directy connected with the Laguna Palace, the Conference Center is a futuristic auditorium with high and estensive technology. Ideal to cater for any convention or meeting, thanks to its genious modular system (with space enough for 750 people in the plenary room to 20 delegates in the smallest combination, and in between the other composition solutions to generate spaces according to the Client?s request.
Close to the Conference Center, the Laguna Gallery has been developed, an equipped and independent open-space of 600 sq.m., able to satisfy the needs of many congress organizers in terms of exhibition, but also conceived for any special set-up, fashion shows or cultural and wordly events.
Banquet rooms and open spaces are an adition to meetings and events.
The NH Laguna Palace is situated in a privileged location, 15 minutes from Marco Polo Airport and 10 minutes from Venice. The hotel is made up mainly of two buildings, linked together by a flat and transparent glass roof, which is the biggest in Europe. A marina has been created between both buildings of the hotel, which connects with all canals, enabling you to reach the city of Venice. The conference center and the exhibition area are a point of reference for this destination.
384 Rooms in the two buildings including 31 Suites over 50 square meters and 22 ?Camere Amiche? specially equipped for disabled guests. Double rooms: 197 (135 ?Palace room? at the building A and 62 ?Club room? at the building B). Double rooms with view on the marina: 135 (55 ?Laguna room? at the building A and 80 ?Marina room? at the building B). Junior Suites: 23 (23 ?Palace Junior Suite? at the building A). Suites: 29 (29 ?Club Suite? at the building B). Satellite TV, Pay per view films, Internet access, Air-conditioning, Mini-bar, Hairdryer, Access to room by magnetic card, Radio, Smoke detector and sprinkler.


text:
Q: why there are two files in my layout folder in android studio while there are only one in of others? My android studio has a folder named layout which has two files

*

*activity.xml

*content.xml
while the tutorials I have been watching has only one file

*

*activity.xml
How it's going to effect me? What should I do?

A:
My android studio has a folder named layout which has two files activity.xml content.xml while the tutorials I have been watching has only one file activity.xml

The videos that you are watching are using a different version of Android Studio, a different template than the one that you chose when setting up your project, or both.

How it's going to effect me?

The code in your IDE will be different than that shown in the videos, most likely.

What should I do?

You could:

*

*Use educational materials (books, videos, whatever) that are up to date with whatever version of Android Studio that you are using, or

*Try to install the older version of Android Studio used by your videos, or

*Simply watch the videos without attempting to reproduce them step-by-step in Android Studio


text:
/*
 * reprojectImageTo3D.h
 *
 *  Created on: Jun 18, 2015
 *	Author: nicolasrosa
 */

#ifndef reproject_Image_To_3D_LIB_H_
#define reproject_Image_To_3D_LIB_H_

/* Libraries */
#include "cv.h"
#include "highgui.h"
#include "cvaux.h"
#include "stdio.h"
#include "opencv2/opencv.hpp"
#include "trackObject.h"

using namespace cv;
using namespace std;

/* Calibration */
#define RESOLUTION_640x480
//#define RESOLUTION_1280x720
#define CALIBRATION_ON

/* Threshold, Erosion, Dilation and Blur Constants */
#define THRESH_VALUE 100
#define EROSION_SIZE 5  //SAR
#define DILATION_SIZE  5	//SAR
#define BLUR_SIZE 3

/* Custom Classes*/
class StereoProcessor{
public:
    StereoProcessor(int inputNum); //Constructor
    int getInputNum();

private:
    int inputNum;
    //float percentageOfDeletion;
};

StereoProcessor::StereoProcessor(int number){
    inputNum=number;
}

int StereoProcessor::getInputNum(){
    return inputNum;
}

class ConfigFile{
public:
	string intrinsicsFileName;
	string extrinsicsFileName;
	string QmatrixFileName;
public:
	void readConfigFile(ConfigFile *cfg);
};

void ConfigFile::readConfigFile(ConfigFile* cfg){
	FileStorage fs("config.yml", FileStorage::READ);
    if(!fs.isOpened()){
        printf("Failed to open config.yml file.\n");
        return;
    }
    fs["Intrinsics Path"] >> cfg->intrinsicsFileName;
    fs["Extrinsics Path"] >> cfg->extrinsicsFileName;
    fs["Q Matrix Path"]   >> cfg->QmatrixFileName;

    fs.release();

    cout << "Intrinsics Path: " << cfg->intrinsicsFileName << endl;
    cout << "Extrinsics Path: " << cfg->extrinsicsFileName << endl;
    cout << "Q Matrix Path: "   << cfg->QmatrixFileName    << endl;
    cout << "Config.yml Read Successfully." << endl << endl ;
}

/* Functions Scope */
void on_trackbar(int,void*);
void createTrackbars();

void printHelp();
void openStereoSource(int inputNum,VideoCapture* capL,VideoCapture* capR,Mat* imageL,Mat* imageR);
void stereoInit(StereoBM* bm);
void stereoCalib(Mat &M1,Mat &D1,Mat &M2,Mat &D2,Mat &R,Mat &T,ConfigFile* cfg);
void stereoSetparams(Rect* roi1,Rect* roi2,StereoBM* bm,int numRows,bool showStereoBMparams);
void readQMatrix(Mat &Q,double* focalLength, double* baseline,ConfigFile* cfg);
void calculateQMatrix(Mat &Q,Point2d imageCenter,double focalLength, double baseline);
void imageProcessing1(Mat img, Mat imgMedian, Mat imgMedianBGR);
void imageProcessing2(Mat src, Mat imgE, Mat imgED,Mat cameraFeedL,bool isTrackingObjects);

void resizeFrame(Mat* frame1,Mat* frame2);
void changeResolution(VideoCapture* cap_l,VideoCapture* cap_r);
void contrast_and_brightness(Mat &left,Mat &right,float alpha,float beta);

/* 3D Reconstruction Functions */
void eular2rot(double yaw,double pitch, double roll,Mat& dest);
void lookat(Point3d from, Point3d to, Mat& destR);
void projectImagefromXYZ(Mat &image, Mat &destimage, Mat &disp, Mat &destdisp, Mat &xyz, Mat &R, Mat &t, Mat &K, Mat &dist, bool isSub);
void fillOcclusion(Mat& src, int invalidvalue, bool isInv);

/* 3D Reconstruction Classes */
template <class T>
static void projectImagefromXYZ_(Mat& image, Mat& destimage, Mat& disp, Mat& destdisp, Mat& xyz, Mat& R, Mat& t, Mat& K, Mat& dist, Mat& mask, bool isSub);

template <class T>
static void fillOcclusionInv_(Mat& src, T invalidvalue);

template <class T>
static void fillOcclusion_(Mat& src, T invalidvalue);

/* Global Variables */
const string trackbarWindowName = "Stereo Param Setup";
const double focal_length = 752.093;
const double baseline = -2.61138;
bool isVideoFile=false,isImageFile=false,needCalibration=false,isTrackingObjects=true;
bool showInputImage=true,showXYZ=false,showStereoParams=false,showFPS=false,showDisparityMap=false,show3Dreconstruction=false,showDiffImage=false;

/* Trackbars Variables
 * Initial min and max BM Parameters values.These will be changed using trackbars
 */
int preFilterSize			 = 50;	const int preFilterSize_MAX		 	= 100;
int preFilterCap			 = 100;	const int preFilterCap_MAX		 	= 100;
int SADWindowSize			 = 25;	const int SADWindowSize_MAX		 	= 100;
int minDisparity			 = 47;	const int minDisparity_MAX		 	= 100;
int numberOfDisparities		 = 3;	const int numberOfDisparities_MAX 	= 16;
int textureThreshold		 = 30;	const int textureThreshold_MAX		= 100;
int uniquenessRatio			 = 0;	const int uniquenessRatio_MAX		= 100;
int speckleWindowSize		 = 0;	const int speckleWindowSize_MAX	 	= 100;
int speckleRange			 = 0;	const int speckleRange_MAX		 	= 100;
int disp12MaxDiff			 = 1;	const int disp12MaxDiff_MAX		 	= 1;

#endif /* reproject_Image_To_3D_LIB_H_ */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Flooring is a very delicate component of a home. Good flooring can enhance the feel of your interior's theme. Choosing the right option is more of a subjective task. A variety of options are available in the market. However, wood has a special place in the hearts of those who wish to give their home a warm, classy, and a vintage feel. But, maintaining the hardwood floor is also a difficult task, or its finish and robustness lose.
Cleaning a hardwood floor is a very important task. You must not compromise it or the dust particles will eat up the finish of the wood. Some polishes, if not cleaned properly will cause the floor to crack up eventually destroying your flooring completely. It is better to use vacuum cleaner once a week and call in local flooring contractors every once in a while to inspect any undetected damages to your floor. If it needs any replacement or some other maintenance instructions, they can help you in a great way.
Water and humidity is a huge enemy of hardwood floors. It is recommended to keep the windows and doors closed on rainy days. If you observe any water on the floor, clean it with a dry cloth immediately. If you are living in humid regions, it is good to have a dehumidifier in the room to keep the flooring intact. Water can ruin your finishes and may seep into the flooring, damaging the rest of the structure.
Since you can't control the traffic in the bedrooms and living rooms, it is better that you use some rugs. It will keep the dirty feet off most of the flooring. Any dirt or debris will damage your hardwood floors in just a few days. The rugs will not only help in retaining the integrity of the floor but they can also give your home a beautiful look. Do some research and choose the rug that suits your theme and can cover the most visited area.
Furniture has its own weight and when placed directly on the hardwood floor, it starts compressing it. This will slowly crack up the floor's slabs. It might not completely break it but it will surely leave a depression in the wood, which will result in damage of entire flooring structure. You will get restricted to use the furniture at the same place, and wouldn't be able to make changes in your room. With padding, it not only saves the integrity of the hardwood floor, but it also makes it easy to move the furniture.
Make it a habit in your home that everyone shall walk barefooted or with clean socks on the wooden floor. Put a shoe rack in the entrance of your house or you can use a shoe cleaning mat. Make sure you clean the mat weekly to keep any dust and other particles from spreading into the hardwood floor. This will help you in preserving the structure of the floor for a long period.
Hardwood floors are hard to maintain but can be preserved with the right techniques and by regularly cleaning it. Use the right polishes and waxes for reconditioning or you can seek help from your local renovation contractors to maintain your flooring. This will keep your hardwood floors intact and home in a beautiful shape.


In a medium bowl whip together the lemon curd, cream cheese, confectioners sugar, and extracts. In a separate bowl dust a little flour and confectioners sugar on the washed and dried blueberries to coat.
Lay puff pastry on a silicone-baking mat and roll out slightly to seal seams. Spread filling lengthwise down the puff pastry. Top with blueberries. Cut 2 in. Slices in the puff pastry about 1 ½ - 2 in apart down both sides of the filling. Take one piece at a time interchanging the pieces as if braiding the danish. In a small bowl whisk egg with a tablespoon of water. Brush egg wash on pastry. Sprinkle with almonds and coarse sugar.
Bake at 400 for 20 minutes. Allow to cool before cutting 1 ½ -2 in wide slices. Its delicious warm or cold!


The Mobile Giving program is a mobile engagement and communication tool designed to help you build your supporter database. It is ideal for nonprofits interested in managing volunteers, raising awareness about events, and polling supporters about their interests.
Register your Non-Profit Organization with Mobile Giving Program and get a Shared keyword and short code.
Donors text your keyword to your short code and make a mobile donation from their cell phone.
As per the telecom operator users will be charged on there cell phone bill, collected from cell phone carriers, & 10%-30% of the Charged Amount will be distributed to your organization as Donation.
Our products and services empower you to reach your goals through the power of mobile technology.
optimize fundraising, and create a movement.
Grow your supporters reach and build your mobile community.


The role of the Finance Officer involves providing financial support to colleagues and stakeholders of ACG.
Ensure all vouchers and payments are timely checked and processed in compliance with ACG and stakeholders financial/procurement policies and procedures.
Ensure that all vouchers are accurately entered, classified, and categorized into relevant ledgers in QuickBooks.
Review all vouchers on daily bases and take timely corrective actions on un-posted vouchers, including the vouchers with missing supporting documents, coding errors, and unapproved vouchers.
Timely follow up with procurement department and others to make sure that travel claims, contractor invoices, and other entitlements are duly processed.
Maintain and track record of all advances issued from petty cash and bank accounts.
Ensure all advances with procurement and other parties are cleared on time.
Keep track of petty cash and bank account balances to make sure sufficient funds are available.
Updating trackers and financials documents in share drive for core fund and projects.
Support other department in data collection for annual budgeting based on requirement and availability of funds.
Assist ACG in producing financial reports on monthly, quarterly and annual basis for executive directors and line managers.
Prepare monthly bank/cashbook reconciliations, budget vs. actual reports, and financial statement reports.
Support other department in preparation of accurate expenditures forecasts and requesting fund from main office in timely manner.
Maintain a well traceable filing system and archiving of financial documents.
Meet with and respond to enquiries from stakeholders in absence of ACG.
Any other tasks assigned by line manager based on requirement.


text:
Q: trick to match photoshop pixel size and css render pixel size Checked different sites but no clear answer. Every time I get a new design in photoshop I try to match the pixel sizes into my css code. The browser then renders the size completely different than what I see in the photoshop file. I always get all the files with a 72pp resolution.
Is there a trick to match the pixel size of the photoshop to be the same as the CSS pixel size  once rendered?
As a visual example...
Same typography, google font typography in this case.
Both have the value of 18px
Photoshop:

CSS render:

A: I don't know, mate. I translate perfectly all my psd into css with no problem.
Work ALWAYS with 72dpi images and be sure at preferences > Units & Rules > Units to mark both "rulers" and "type" as pixels


text:
Q: Bokeh: trigger callback update for multiple graphs I have data with three dimensions x, y and z. I display them as a bokeh gridplot with three separate graphs below each other. The x-axes are linked so that if I pan in one of the graphs, the other ones are updated:
time = np.arange(len(data))

labels = ["x","y","z"]
plots = []

for i in range(3):
    if i != 0:
        fig = figure(plot_width=900, plot_height=150, x_range=first.x_range)
    else:
        fig = figure(plot_width=900, plot_height=150)
        # First figure is saved as other figures are linked to this one
        first = fig

    source = ColumnDataSource({'x': time, 'y': data[:,i]})
    fig.line('x','y', source=source)

    fig.yaxis.axis_label = labels[i]
    plots.append([fig])

p = gridplot(([plots[0], plots[1], plots[2]]))
show(p)

I also implemented a callback for the x-axes ranges which updates the graph each time the x-range changes so that the plot fills the complete graph on the y-axis:
fig.x_range.callback = CustomJS(args=dict(source=source, xrange=fig.x_range,
                                yrange=fig.y_range), code=adjust_y_range_js)

In this code, the range objects are set with the newly calculated ranges, which triggers an update in the graph from which the callback originated. I.e. if I zoom in on the first of the three graphs, the y-range of the first graph will be updated so that it fills the plot. Due to the link with the other plots, the x-ranges of the other two plots will change as well. However, their x_ranges won't trigger the callback. I tried passing the other ranges in the callback JS code and updating them in the following manner, but unsuccessfully:
xrange_other.trigger('change');

This will make the box selection tool freeze for some reason, i.e. it will permanently try to make a selection. Any ideas how to update the whole plot in another way?
The code for the callback is the following (taken from someone's github, but can't find the original source unfortunately):
adjust_y_range_js = """
function isNumeric(n) {
    return !isNaN(parseFloat(n)) && isFinite(n);
}

var data = source.get('data');
var start = yrange.get('start');
var end = yrange.get('end');

var time_start = xrange.get('start');
var time_end = xrange.get('end');

var pre_max_old = end;
var pre_min_old = start;

var time = data['x'];
var pre = data['y'];
t_idx_start = time.filter(function(st){return st>=time_start})[0];
t_idx_start = time.indexOf(t_idx_start);

t_idx_end = time.filter(function(st){return st>=time_end})[0];
t_idx_end = time.indexOf(t_idx_end);

var pre_interval = pre.slice(t_idx_start, t_idx_end);
pre_interval = pre_interval.filter(function(st){return !isNaN(st)});
var pre_max = Math.max.apply(null, pre_interval);
var pre_min = Math.min.apply(null, pre_interval);
var ten_percent = (pre_max-pre_min)*0.1;

pre_max = pre_max + ten_percent;
pre_min = pre_min - ten_percent;
if((!isNumeric(pre_max)) || (!isNumeric(pre_min))) {
    pre_max = pre_max_old;
    pre_min = pre_min_old;
}

yrange.set('start', pre_min);
yrange.set('end', pre_max);

// This is what I tried. When using these variables, I passed them in the CustomJS args dict, of course.
//yrange_other1.trigger('change');
//yrange_other2.trigger('change');
//xrange_other1.trigger('change');
//xrange_other2.trigger('change');
//soure_other1.trigger('change');
//soure_other2.trigger('change');
"""

I'm using python 2.7.10 and Bokeh version 0.12.3.


At this point, we have a script which downloads and stores the news that we need and runs every hour.
However, artifacts are split per job run, therefore we need to write another script that downloads all our JSON artifacts and aggregates them in a single dataset.
Aggregating ArtifactsSince we will be using GitLab's API for downloading the artifacts, we need to get some initial information like the project's ID and an access token for HTTP requests.
To find the project's id just navigate to the project's GitLab page:For creating a new Access Token go to your profile settings from the top right corner:Click on the Access Tokens tab, fill in a token name and click Create personal access token:The token should be displayed at the top of the page.
Save that somewhere because we will need it for the next steps.
With these you can use the script below to download all artifacts, extract them in a directory and load them in memory:Make sure that you have replaced the project-id and access-token values in the CONFIG class before running.
Additionally, an extra dependency of the progress is needed, so you can go ahead and install it:pip install progressAnd that was the last part needed for this tutorial folks.
After waiting for a couple of days I run my aggregation script and I already had 340 unique news entries in my dataset!.Neat!RecapIf you have followed all the steps from the previous sections you should end up with the following files:- feed_miner.
ymlThese include:A script which downloads and stores an RSS feed to a json file.
A Gitlab CI configuration file that defines a pipeline to install python dependencies and run the miner script.
(Scheduled to run every hour)An aggregation script that downloads all artifacts from the successful jobs, extracts them and reading all news records in memory while removing duplicates.
With all these, you can sit back and relax while the data are being mined for you and stored in your Gitlab repository.
A potential improvement would be to create another pipeline which runs the aggregation script every week or so, and creates a csv file but further data processing is totally up to you.
I hope you enjoyed the tutorial folks!.You can find the complete code in my github repository here.


text:
East Surrey Hospital
Reigate man who murdered pensioner with cricket bat had declining mental health and 'minimal' supervision
Rosemary Hill was hit over the head with a cricket bat by Guy Unmack as she picked herbs
Jenny Seymour
Rosemary Hill, right, celebrating her 80th birthday at her home in Reigate with her sister Hilary Elliott (Image: Rosemary Hill Family)
The son of a pensioner bludgeoned to death in Reigate says the neighbour convicted of her murder should never have been free to commit the killing.
Jonathan Few said the murder was a tragedy for his family but also for the killer, who he said had been under "minimal" supervision as his mental health deteriorated in the first lockdown.
Guy Douglas Unmack, 46, of Warren Road, was found guilty of murdering 87-year-old Rosemary Hill at Guildford Crown Court on Thursday, June 10.
READ MORE: Do I need to isolate while waiting for PCR result? Reigate surge testing questions answered
He hit the talented musician over the head with a cricket bat in an unprovoked attack as she picked herbs last June. She died four days later.
Mr Few sat through the six-day trial with his two siblings and says they were shocked at what they learned.
He said Unmack, a former Eton College schoolboy with a history of mental health issues, was subject to "absolutely minimal" interventions from mental health professionals.
He had been accused of assaulting two elderly women in 2017 and was displaying increasingly "menacing" behaviour, he said. Mr Few had moved in with his widowed mum to keep her company during lockdown last year.
On Sunday, June 21, he was making supper at her home and asked her to gather some rosemary from a bush 150 yards along Warren Road. When she did not return after 10 minutes, he went out to see where she was. He found a commotion, and realised the person lying on the ground being tended to was his mum.
Guy Unmack hit Rosemary Hill over the head with a cricket bat (Image: Surrey Police)
Unmack had smashed her over the head as she bent down to pick the herbs outside his flat in a random attack. She suffered a fractured skull and multiple bleeds on her brain.
Mr Few said it has frequently been said that his beloved mum was in "the wrong place at the wrong time".
That is a sentiment he cannot agree with.
"We feel Mr Unmack was in the wrong place at the wrong time," he said.
"He should not have been there. He was clearly, from a number of eyewitness accounts, suffering declining mental health during the first lockdown, there were quite a few reports made to the police and healthcare trust [Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust (SABP)]."
SurreyLive email updates: We bring the stories to you
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Mr Few said it was revealed CCTV showed Unmack charging around Reigate with a cricket bat hours before the killing.
In addition to the assaults in 2017 – for which he was not charged – he was also reported to the police in 2019 after being seen making stabbing movements with a knife in the street, he said.
He said the court heard that just a month before the murder, police took Unmack to East Surrey Hospital in Redhill after he was found shouting, drunk and disorderly in Reigate.
'Very little support'
It was said Unmack uttered the same words after his mother's killing as he had following the 2017 assaults; that he did it because he "wanted to have fun".
"What is clear is that the healthcare trust had minimal interventions," said Mr Few.
"He would weekly go to [SABP community mental health base] Gatton Place in Redhill to pick up his prescriptions, which would take 10 minutes. They also had a care worker that would go to see him every couple of months to check on him and a doctor would talk to him about once every three months.
300 tests done by midday as mobile unit heads to Reigate for surge testing operation
"He was a man left in the community, really with very little support.
"We are obviously shocked this could take place in a quiet residential street in Reigate, but we are also concerned that, along with a number of other cases that have been highlighted during lockdown, this man's mental health was allowed to decline with minimal interventions and that has made us particularly concerned for the future about care in the community as an idea."
He said 218 days' worth of prescriptions were found in Unmack's flat and that it was known by a doctor that he was not taking some of his medication. Mr Few had seen his mother's killer out and about in town before.
He recalled him looking dishevelled, and "obviously very troubled", but did not think he looked dangerous.
"It is complex but I do think that what [the trust] were doing was managing him on a 'hope for the best' scenario, and not really thinking 'is he safe?'," he said.
They had "made a mistake", he believes.
Rosemary toured the world
Mrs Hill, who had one grandchild, was an accomplished clarinetist. She studied at the Royal College of Music and travelled the world before working at Reigate Grammar School for more than 20 years.
She still played in the Band of the Surrey Yeomanry. She was the oldest member and had been looking forward to rejoining the group when lockdown eased.
"She was such a caring woman, she never had a cross word," said Mr Few, 55, who lives in Crystal Palace and teaches cello at the Whitgift School in Croydon.
"She was extremely generous about everyone, always assuming the best."
Rosemary Hill, pictured in her Surrey Yeomanry Band uniform (Image: Rosemary Hill Family)
That made her death at the hands of Unmack even more tragic, not only for her but for her killer, who had been "allowed to throw his life away", he added.
Reviews of the case are ongoing Three authorities approached by SurreyLive have declined to provide information about their contact with Guy Unmack.
A year since Rosemary Hill's murder, all say reviews are taking place and any 'learnings' will be acted on.
Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust did not answer any of our questions about the case.
Planned changes to Surrey constituencies include moving Horley and Cranleigh and splitting South West Surrey
Interactive map shows Surrey areas where surge testing will take place including Banstead and Reigate
Chief medical officer Justin Wilson expressed his deepest sympathies to Mrs Hill's loved ones, adding: "We will be studying closely the findings of the trial of Guy Unmack which took place [earlier this month] and also the outcome of an independent report that we have commissioned into this serious incident, to ensure any learning is identified and implemented."
Surrey Police was asked to provide details of its encounters with Unmack in the years leading up to Rosemary Hill's murder, but they too declined.
'Inappropriate for us to comment'
Chief Superintendent Clive Davies also expressed sympathy to Mrs Hill's family.
"During the trial at Guildford Crown Court, it was disclosed in evidence that Surrey Police had previous dealings with Unmack prior to the tragic death of Rosemary Hill," he said.
"The interactions Surrey Police had with Unmack have been subject to a review which commenced last year. It would be inappropriate for us to comment on these incidents prior to the conclusion of the criminal trial and sentencing, and any inquest process concluding.
"Learnings from this investigation will be reviewed and evaluated by senior officers."
We also asked Surrey County Council about contact it had with Unmack. A spokesperson, who also expressed his sympathy over the tragedy, replied: "It is important that all aspects of the case are reviewed thoroughly, and we're committed to playing our part in that.
"This includes reviewing our own involvement and any findings from that will be acted upon."
SurreyLive has asked all three authorities for more information about the reviews they refer to, but none of them have replied.
Guy Unmack will be sentenced on Thursday (June 24).