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IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 13, Issue 6 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 13-20 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.Iosrjournals.Org
Socio Economic Status and its Relation to Academic Achievement of Higher Secondary School Students
Farkhanda Ahmar*, Dr. Ehtesham Anwar**
*Research Scholar, Faculty of Education, Integral University, Lucknow (India) **Associate Professor, Faculty of Education, Integral University, Lucknow (India)
Abstract: This study examined the effects of gender and socio-economic status on academic achievement of higher secondary school students of Lucknow city. The sample consists of 102 males and 98 females in age range of 15 to 19 from five higher secondary schools of Lucknow city Uttar Pradesh (India).Socio economic status scale developed by R.L.Bharadwaj (2005) was used for data collection, while the total mark obtained by the students in the previous class i.e. standard X was used as an achievement criteria. Mean(M),Standard Deviation(S.D),Standard Error of the mean(S.E.M),t-test were used. This study shows that gender does not influence the achievement in science at higher secondary school (Standard -XI) level. Also the result of this study showed the difference between high and low socio-economic status groups. It is found that the academic achievement was influenced by the socio-economic status and those who belonged to high socio-economic status showed better performance. Based on these findings some recommendation was given with great implication for both practice and further studies. Keywords: Academic Achievement, Gender, Higher Secondary School, Socio-Economic Status
Human life, which is the best creation of god, has got two aspects: The biological and sociological or cultural. While the former is maintained and transmitted by food and reproduction, the latter is preserved and transmitted by education. It is through education that he promotes his intelligence and adds his knowledge with which he can move the world for good and for evil according to his wishes. Education in fact, is one of the major "life processes" of the human beings "just as there are certain indispensable vital processes of life in a biological sense. So education may be considered a vital process in a social science. Education is indispensable to normal living, without education the individual would be unqualified for group life (Safaya, 1963). Academic Achievement assumes primary importance in the context of an education system aimed at progressive scholastic development of the child and human resources development at the macro level. The scientific rearing and education of a child is monitored on the basis of his academic achievement. Academic achievement is the core of the wider term i.e. educational growth. The importance of academic achievement in one's life cannot be over emphasized. It acts as an emotional tonic. Sound academic records are the pillars on which the entire future personality stands. Academic achievement have always been the centre of educational research and despite varied definitions about the aims of education, the academic development of the child continue to be the primary and most important goal of education . Life in general and for a student in particular has become highly competitive. Today there is no place for a mediocre student. There is limited room at the top that too only for the best. The importance of scholastic and academic achievement has raised important questions for educational researchers. What factors promote achievement in students? How far do the different factors contribute towards academic achievement? (Ramaswamy, 1990). In this context, the role of socioeconomic status cannot be denied as it has a great effect on personality, learning and development of the individual and his academic achievement It is generally believed that children from high and middle socio-economic status parents are better exposed to a learning environment at home because of provision and availability of extra learning facilities. This idea is supported by Becker & Tomes (1979) when they assert that it has become well recognized that wealthy and well-educated parents ensure their children's future earning by providing them a favorable learning environment, better education, and good jobs. In contrast to this belief, children from low socio-economic status parents do not have access to extra learning facilities; hence, the opportunity to get to the top of their educational ladder may not be very easy. Drummond & Stipek (2004) while discussing their "Low-income Parents' beliefs about their role in children's academic learning" mentioned that a few of these parents indicated that their responsibilities were limited to meeting children's basic and social emotional needs, such as providing clothing, emotional support, and socializing manners. So these parents' shortsightedness toward their responsibilities in the educational processes of their children and scarcity of fund to intensify such processes www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
Socio Economic Status and its Relation to Academic Achievement of Higher Secondary School could be a challenge to their children's success. The present study makes a humble endeavor to investigate the influence of student's socio economic status on the academic achievement of higher secondary school students.
At a time of lively appraisal of educational development, when many changes are being witnessed in organization, curricular and teaching techniques, it is pertinent to seek systematic and up to date information on the significant correlates of achievement. It is appropriate, in this context, to consider at once the factors affecting academic achievement such as the student's socio-economic background Chopra (1969) of Lucknow University studied the relationship between socio-economic background and achievement. It was found that higher socio- economic group students were significantly higher than those of the students from the middle and lower socio- economic group. This study revealed that there is positive relationship between socio- economic background and achievement in English, mathematics and science. Goswami (1982) found that in both urban and rural areas, the upper socio- economic status group has done significantly better than the lower socio-economic group in the achievement tests of science, languages and humanities. Rothman's (2003) analysis revealed that within the same school, a student who comes from a higher socio-economic group will achieve better test results than a student from a lower socio-economic group. In Britain, according to a recent report by the United Kingdom Government's Social Exclusion Unit (2004), a child born into the bottom social class is still more likely to leave school with no qualifications, to live in relative poverty and to die younger than their peers born into the professional classes. Sirin (2005,) explains,"…methodological characteristics, such as the type of SES measure, and student characteristics, such as student's grade, minority status, and school location, moderated the magnitude of the relationship between SES and academic achievement." The relationship is still clear and strong enough, however, to permit statements such as the following: "Socio-economic status differences in children's reading and educational outcomes are ubiquitous, stubbornly persistent and well documented" ( Aikens and Barbarin, 2008). The relationship between SES and academic achievement is due to a complex interaction of a number of variables, it appears to be generally accepted that SES impacts to a considerable extent on various aspects of students' learning experiences. Meeuwisse, Severiens and Born (2010) examined the interaction of multiple variables in students' decisions to withdraw from higher education. They support the general theme that emerges in all of the studies reviewed herein: The interplay of variables that characterizes the investigation of SES and aspects of students' behavior, choices and outcomes is tremendously complex. The present study was aimed at achieving the following objectives i) To ascertain academic achievement among male and female students at higher secondary school level. ii) To ascertain academic achievement among high socio-economic status male and female students at higher secondary school level. iii) To ascertain academic achievement among low socio-economic status male and female students at higher secondary school level. iv) To ascertain academic achievement among high and low socio-economic status male students at higher secondary school level. v) To ascertain academic achievement among high and low socio-economic status female students at higher secondary school level. Hypotheses of the study i) There will be no significant difference between the academic achievement among male and female students at higher secondary school level. ii) There will be no significant difference between academic achievement among high socio-economic status male and female students at higher secondary school level. iii) There will be no significant difference between academic achievement among low socio-economic status male and female students at higher secondary school level. iv) There will be no significant difference between academic achievements among high and low socioeconomic status male students at higher secondary school level. v) There will be no significant difference between academic achievements in science among high and low socio-economic status female students at higher secondary school level.
Justification of the study
One of the most important outcomes of any educational set up is achievement of the students. Depending on the level of achievement individuals are characterized as high achievers, average achievers and low achievers. Many studies indicate that the academic achievement is dependent on variables like school/college set-up and its organization, socio-economic status of students, educational aspiration, well www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
Socio Economic Status and its Relation to Academic Achievement of Higher Secondary School adjusted behavior etc. Beside these the personal characters, vocational aspirations, creativity intelligence, attitude, values, etc also influence it. But socio-economic status plays a major role. The division of society in to different classes and association of parents with a certain class and its linked with the education of their children is an all important feature of our society. The home, as is universally accepted, is the first school of child. As such, a suitable home environment is most conducive to the spread of education among its young members. Parent's socio economic status is an important factor in shaping their attitude towards encouragement or neglect of education of children. Students belonging to high socio economic status could get easily all the necessary things which they require for their high achievement. To realize the democratic ideal of equalizing educational opportunity, it's necessary to estimate the extent to which progress in education .i.e academic achievement at higher secondary school level in Lucknow is being influenced by the socio-Economic variables. The present investigation, therefore was conducted to fulfill this need and aimed at to explore the relationship of the socio-economic variables with academic achievement It was assumed that the conclusions drawn on the basis of the study regarding the relationship between the variables and their effect on academic achievement might provide necessary guide line for improving the academic achievement of higher secondary school students.
The method adopted for this study was descriptive and statistical in nature. The sample consists of 200 students selected from five different colleges of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Out of 200 students 102 were males and 98 were females in age range of 15 to 19 from five higher secondary schools of Lucknow city Uttar Pradesh (India).In Lucknow, there are various separate secondary schools for the boys and the girls. To have a comparative study of the boys and the girls ,the sample was drawn from both the boys and the girl's institutions. Stratified random sampling technique was applied for selection of the students for the sample. Name of the Schools 1. Islamia boy's Inter College 2. Rajkiya Balika girl's Inter College. 3. St. Mary public Inter College. 4. St. Agnes Loreto day Convent school. 5. Center public inter college List of the schools Number of the students 47 39 49 35 30
In the present study standardized tool (socio economic status scale) has used. Standardization is referred to proper item selection and high reliability, validity and usability. In the present study, following standardized tools were used:1. Socio-Economic Status (SES) - a scale developed by R.L.Bharadwaj (2005) 2. Academic achievement- the academic achievement of students was recorded from school record. Data analysis is performed on computer with SPSS 17 software package. When data was analyzed to make a comparative study of the academic achievement of male and female students (Table 1) the result shows there is no significant difference between academic achievement of males and females (df=198 t=0.364). Table 1 Significance of the Difference Between Means of Academic Achievement of Male and Female Students.
Gender Male Female N 102 98 Mean 59.4216 58.6531 Standard Deviation 15.64801 14.10352 Standard Error Mean 1.54938 1.42467 t-value 0.364 df=198
Results and Analysis
The total numbers of male and female student were102 & 98 respectively as indicated by the table 1.The mean of achievement score of male students is 59.421 and the mean score of female students is 58.653. The S.D of the achievement of male students is 15.648 and the S.D of the achievement of female students is 14.103.S.E.Mean of the achievement score of male and female students are 1.549 and 1.424 respectively. The statistically calculated t-value is 0.364 which is not significant at 0.05 level with 198 df. Thus, null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference between the academic achievement of the male and female students shall www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
Socio Economic Status and its Relation to Academic Achievement of Higher Secondary School be accepted. It indicates that gender does not affect academic achievement. The results have also been depicted in the figure 1given below. Figure 1 Academic Achievement Scores of Male and Female Students
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 N Mean Standard Deviation Standard Error Mean Male Female
Table 2 Significance of the difference between means of Academic Achievement of Male and Female Students of High Socio Economic Status
N Gender Male Female 43 37 72.4419 72.4324 Mean Standard Deviation 13.01703 9.81931 Standard Error Mean 1.98508 1.61429 t-value 0.004 df=78
The above table shows that there were 43 male students and 37 female students of high socio economic status. The mean of achievement of male (high SES) is 72.441 and the mean of achievement of female (high SES) is 72.432 .The standard deviation of achievement of male students is 13.017 and the standard deviation of female students is 9.819.The standard error mean of achievement score of male students is 1.985 and that of female students is 1.614. The t-value is .004 which is not significant at 0.05 level of significance. So the null hypothesis which states that there will be no significant difference between academic achievement of male and female students of high socio economic status shall be accepted. It indicates that academic achievement of male and female students of high socio-economic status does not significantly differ. Results have been depicted in the figure 2 given below. Figure 2 Achievement scores of Male and Female of High Socio Economic Status.
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 N Mean Standard Deviation Standard Error Mean Male Female
Table 3 Significance of the difference between Means of Academic Achievement of Male and Female Students of Low Socio Economic Status.
N Male Female 37 26 Mean 47.9459 50.3462 Standard Deviation 9.92736 10.26817 Standard Mean 1.63205 2.01375 Error t-value 0.932 df=61
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Socio Economic Status and its Relation to Academic Achievement of Higher Secondary School
The above table shows that there were 37 male students and 26 female students of low socio economic status. The mean of achievement of male (low SES.) is 47.945 and the mean of achievement of female (low SES) is 50.346 .The standard deviation of achievement of male students is 9.927 and the standard deviation of female students is 10.268.The standard error mean of achievement score of male students is 1.632 and that of female students is 2.013. The t-value is 0.932 at 61 degree of freedom which is not significant at 0.05 level of significance. So the null hypothesis which states that there will be no significant difference between achievement of science of male and female of low socio economic status shall be accepted. It indicates that achievement in science of male and female students of low socio-economic status does not significantly differ. The results have also been depicted in the figure 3 below. Figure 3- Academic Achievement of Male and Female Students of Low Socio Economic Status.
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 N Mean Standard Deviation Standard Error Mean Male Female
Table-4 Significance of the Difference between the Means of Academic Achievement of Male Students of High and Low Socio Economic Status.
N High SES Male Low SES Male 43 37 Mean 67.1395 47.9459 Standard Deviation 15.13838 9.92736 Standard Error Mean 2.30858 1.63205 t-value 6.586 df=78
In the above table there were 43 male students of high socio economic status and 37 male students of low socio economic status. The mean of the achievement scores of male students of high socio economic status is 67.138 and the mean of achievement scores of male students of low SES is 47.945.It shows that male students of high socio economic status achieve more score than that of low socio economic status students. The standard deviation of male students of high socio economic status is 15.138 and the standard deviation of male students of low socio economic status is 9.927.The S.E.M. of male students of high SES is 2.308 and the S.E.M. of male students of low SES is 1.632. The t-value is 6.586 at 78 degree of freedom which is significant at 0.05 level of significance. So the null hypothesis which states that there will be no significant difference between academic achievement of male students of high SES and male students of low SES shall be rejected. It interprets that socio economic status of male students affects their academic achievement. The results have been depicted in the figure 4 given below. Figure 4- Academic Achievement of Male Students of High and Low Socio Economic Status.
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 N Mean Standard Deviation Standard Error Mean High SES Male Low SES Male
Table 5 Significance of the Difference between the Means of Academic Achievement of Female Students of High and Low Socio Economic Status.
N High SES Female Low SES Female 37 26 Mean 69.2703 50.3462 Standard Deviation 8.64307 10.26817 Standard Mean 1.42091 2.01375 Error t-value 7.915 df=61
In the above table there were 37 female students of high socio economic status and 26 female students of low socio economic status. The mean of the achievement scores of female students of high socio economic status is 69.270 and the mean of achievement scores of female students is 50.346.It shows that female students of high socio economic status achieve more than that of low socio economic status. The standard deviation of female students of high socio economic status is 8.643 and the standard deviation of female students of low socio economic status is 10.268.The S.E.M. of female students of high SES is 1.420 and the S.E.M. of female students of low SES is 2.013. The t-value is 7.915 at 61 degree of freedom which is significant at 0.05 level of significance. So the null hypothesis which states that there will be no significant difference between academic achievement of female students of high SES and female students of low SES shall be rejected. It interprets that socio economic status of female students affects their academic achievement. The results have also been depicted in the figure 5 given below. Figure 5. Academic Achievement of Female Students of High and Low Socio Economic Status.
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 N Mean Standard Deviation Standard Error Mean High SES Female Low SES Female
Application of t-test shows that the mean scores of students at higher secondary school do not differ significantly gender-wise, i.e. when the academic achievement of students of males and females were compared they did not differ significantly. This study shows that gender does not influence the academic achievement of higher secondary school students. The finding of this study is in line with findings of previous studies. Taj and Bhargava (1999) carried out a similar study on the socio psychological correlates of academic performance and found that gender does not influence academic achievement. When the data was analyzed on the basis of socio economic status to see the difference between the academic achievements of high and low socio-economic status of male students at higher secondary school level the findings were that significant difference were there. On the basis of this result we can say that males having higher socio-economic status score high academic achievement in comparison of males having low socioeconomic status that is because their parents provided all the necessary facilities regarding their children education, health and understand their problems related to adolescent period which affect their academic achievement. This result is supported previous studies such as Kaur (1971) who conducted a study on a sample of 60 boys of class IX in Patiala city and observed a highly significant correction between socio-economic status & scholastic achievement of the boys of higher secondary school. Furthermore Havighrust (1964) concluded a study on high school boys in six different schools in the eastern united stated that the grades awarded to their social status. He found that the lower status boys also get more direct form of punishment. The teacher's reports of counseling with parents are also summarized. According to the author's statements most of the counseling about discipline was with parents of lower status boys who are influenced adversely by their peer group who are from similar socio economic status and these factors affect their academic achievement. www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
When the data were analyzed to see the difference between academic achievements of female students belonging to high and low socio- economic status, there was significant difference in academic achievement of female students of high and low socio economic status. This result is supported by many previous studies such as Khan (1991) who conducted study on socio economic status and academic achievement, Chopra (1969 and 1982) Frempong (2000) and White (1982). In the studies of White (1982) and Srivastava (1974) this point of view is strongly supported as they reported Socio economic status to be strong predictor of academic achievement of girls. They found that girls belonging to low socio economic status are generally busy in their household work with her mother in very early stage of their life and they don't have much time and facilities which require for scoring good academic score. Rothman's (2003) analysis revealed that within the same school, a girl who comes from a higher socio-economic group will achieve better test results than a girl from a lower socio-economic group. Barger and Hall (1965) have shown that the high socio-economic status of school students was conducive to high academic achievement. Also in his study Menon (1973) investigated and found out the difference between high and low socio-economic status groups. He concluded that the academic achievement was influenced by the socio-economic status accordingly, those who belonged to high socioeconomic status showed better performance.
Limitation of the study
It is not possible in a single research study to cover every aspect of variables associated with the problem under investigation. Although, the problem is very natural and is prevalent everywhere yet due to shortage of time and resources all the aspects variables could not be covered and the study is limited in several ways. It had to be determined in terms of population covered, sample selected, scope of variables studied and the scope of generalizability of finding and so on. 1. Due to the shortage of time and resources the study was carried out only on students of class XI although problem of achievement is common to elementary classes yet the focus of the study has been on the higher secondary stage only. 2. The phenomenon of achievement has been studied on in relation to gender and socio-economic status only 3. The scope of study covers only urban areas of Lucknow city of Uttar Pradesh One cannot generalize the finding of this study to all the schools of India due to number of differences in their conditions and circumstances. 4. It is desirable that the researcher reaches first hand or original sources for the study, but as access to some material was not possible materials taken from available secondary sources has been used. 5. Though the stratified random sampling is adapted for selection of samples at which extent it was practicable but due to some other factors like permission for administration of the tests and availability of schools made the researcher forced to adopt the purposive sampling as an alternative measure for the study.
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] Becker and Tomes (1979), "An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility." Journal of political economy, 87, 1153-1189 Chopra (1964), "A study of Relationship of Socio-economic factors with environments of the students in the secondary schools". Doctoral dissertation, Lucknow University Drummond & Stipek (2004), "Low Income Parent's Beliefs about Their Role in Children's Academic Learning." The Elementary School Journal Vol. 104, No-3, 197-213 Frempong G, Willms D.(2000), "Can school quality compensate for socioeconomic disadvantage"? In: Willms D, editor. Vulnerable Children. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press; 2002. pp. 277–304. Goswami. R. (1982). "An Enquiry into Reading Interests of the Pupils of Standard VII to X in Relation to Intelligence", SES and Academic Achievement. Doctoral Dissertation, M. S. University, Baroda. Khan and Jemberu (2002), "Influence of family Socio Economic Status on educational and occupational Aspirations of high and low achieving adolescents". J. Com. Guid. Res., 19(1): 113-118 Kaur (1971) , "A study of relationship of socio-economic status with the achievement of students in secondary school" PhD thesis in education pan university Menon (1973) , "Performance of students of polytechnics in relation to their socio-economic status and aspiration level" PhD thesis in education Meeuwisse, Severiens and Born (2010), "Reasons from withdrawal from higher vocational education . A comparison of Ethnic minority and majority Non completers" Studies in higher education 35(1) , 93-111. Lokan, Green wood and Cresswell, 2001, p, 151 Rothman's (2003), "The changing influence of socio economic status on students academic achievement," recent evidence from Australia , Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American education Research Association , Chicago , April 2003 Ramaswamy, R.(1990), "Study habits and Academic Achievement." Expt. Education., 18(10): 255- 260. R.Aikens and Barbarin, (2008), "Socio economic differences in reading trajectories," The contribution of family , Neighborhood and school context, Journal of educational psychology , 10092), 235-251 Robert J. Havighurst (1964)"The Chicago School Survey" The Phi Delta Kappan international, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 162-166. Safaya (1963), "Principles and Techniques of Education." Dhanpat Raj and Sons Com, New Delhi Sirin (2005) , Socio-economic status and Academic achievement, " A meta analytical Review of educational Research, 75(3), 417453
[16] [17] [18] [19] [20] Sukhendra Lal Chopra ( 1969), "Father occupation is the indicator of socio economic background" Journal of educational Research, vol. 6, No-10, pp -35-37" Srivastava (1974), "An investigation in to the factor related to under achievement" Doctoral dissertation, Patna University Taj, Haseen, Bhargava, & Mahuh. (1999). "Social-Psychological Correlates of Academic Performance. "Asian Journal of Psychology and Education, 32 (7-8), 16-32. United Kingdom Government's Social Exclusion Unit (2004) "The impact of government policy on social exclusion among young people"www.socialexclusionunit.gov.uk. White, K.R (1982), "The relationship between socio-economic status and Academic Achievement," Psychological Bulletin, 91(3), 461-481.
Consequences of Poverty in Lower Socioeconomic Families
..."Consequences of Poverty in Lower Socioeconomic Families" Chris Caronna Sociology 351 Short Paper November 18, 2012 Socioeconomic status is a classification of one's position in a modern system of inequality based on levels of education, occupational prestige, and income (Eshleman and Bulcroft, 149). It plays a large part in the dynamics of family life. In fact, it determines a family's lifestyle and has many consequences related to what level one resides in. For instance, socioeconomic status affects one's chance to live, socialization, availability of education, marriage, sexual behavior, type of food eaten (Eshleman and Bulcroft, 150). A family's socioeconomic status also determines the level of poverty one resides. This short paper concentrates on the consequences of poverty among lower socioeconomic families. According to a study published by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2009, 12.3 percent of all persons living in the United States in 2006 lived below the poverty line compared to about ten percent when measuring families (Eshleman and Bulcroft, 165). Individual poverty rates are higher than family rates because of the number of children who are in families. The challenges of poverty family's face are difficult to navigate. Whether its inadequate resources, living in dangerous neighborhoods, or unsecure working environments and wages. Poor families do not have the ability to escape these conditions and must adjust to them. Stress and reduced psychological......
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...Understanding the True Meaning of Well-being Divorce forces children to face social and emotional constraints which may promote a downfall in a child's overall well-being. The term well-being can vary depending upon the context and situation that the phrase is being presented. When discussing children whose parents are going through a divorce, well-being refers to his or her overall physical health and emotional stability. Researchers would argue that well-being is much more than that and could be defined more biologically, psychologically and/or economically. I believe well-being refers to a person's quality of life. Success and happiness signify a high quality of life while disappointments signify a lower quality of life. A joyful person has a positive well-being compared to a distressed person. Well being has the potential to affect many areas in a person's life. Some examples are: health, income, career opportunities, emotional stability and relationships. The importance level of theses factors varies amongst individuals but they are all very significant. A study conducted by the Royal Society, which is composed of the world's most eminent scientists, looks at the term on a biological level. The core of well-being contributes to the effective functioning of multiple biological systems, which may help keep the organism from succumbing to disease or when illness or adversity occurs, may help promote rapid recovery (Love, Ryff, & Singer, 1383). ......
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...Explain the potential effects of five different life factors on the development of an individual In Sophie's life there have been five different life factors that have affected her development as an individual. These include genetical factors, socioeconomical factors, environmental factors, biological factors and her employment status. All these factors affect her physical, emotional, intellectual and social development. Genetical Factors: Sophie's Asthma Medical Condition Asthma is a genetical inherited medical condition that affects her physical development throughout her life stages. Asthma affects the small airways, bronchioles, which carry air in and out of the lungs. Therefore Sophie's airways can become inflamed, swollen and constricted; this physically puts extra strain on her body when she exercises, making her breathless and dizzy because there is not enough oxygen within the body to make her muscles work properly when exercising. Sophie's asthma affects her emotional development; this is shown as she still gets embarrassed and frustrated when out in public. When Sophie exercises her asthma causes her to become breathless and light headed very easily. Sophie therefore keeps an inhaler on her. Emotionally she has become slightly unstable at times when faced by embarrassment in front of others. Sophie's intellectual development shows how she has learned to understand her condition and how to try to avoid triggering an attack. Through support and advice......
Socioeconomics
...PHILOSOPHY SHERWIN S. ALAR, MAEd WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?  What is the meaning and purpose of life?  How do we know what we know?  Does God exist?  What does it mean to possess consciousness?  What is the value of morals? DEFINITION Etymologically, Philosophy is derived from the Greek words philo (friend, love) and sophia (wisdom), combined to form the terminology. DEFINITION  Philosophy literally means "love for wisdom". The word philosophia was coined by the Greek thinker Phytagoras (c. 580 – 497 BC) who formulated a practical, ethical and religious philosophy which placed supreme value on intellectual activity (Bauzon, 1994:10). TYPES OF PHILOSOPHY  Pure Philosophy (Speculative Philosophy)  Cosmology is the philosophical study of being as being while taking into consideration that essence and existence are constitutes of being. A philosophical treatise of the physical universe in its final analysis.  Theodicy is the philosophical study of the material world with regards to its order in the universe. Also called Natural Theology, is a study of a Supreme Being and his relation to his creatures.  Anthropology is the philosophical study of man with regard to the union between body and soul. PURE PHILOSOPHY  Rational Psychology is the philosophical study of the immaterial soul and its faculties with consideration to it as the life principle of every living being.  Logic is the science and art of correct thinking. It is the study of the......
Factors Influencing Students Academic Performance in Nigeria
...Factors Influencing Students Academic Performance in Nigeria Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Students Academic Performance in Nigeria Some Explanation from a Local Survey Nigeria like any other developing nations has witnessed series of political instability, with obvious effects on educational policies at federal, state and local government levels. This gradually laid the foundation of fallen standard in education at the primary and secondary school levels, which caused differential academic performance of students. In the quest of finding survival feet, the nation has evolved series of socio-economic and educational measures but these have not improved the social-economic status of families in the country. It is within this milieu that this study examines socio-economic factors influencing students' academic performance in Nigeria, with some explanations from Ido Local Government Area of Oyo State. The time frame of the study covers the period of 2004 to 2007. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) copies of questionnaire were administered to respondents. The study revealed that insufficient parental income, family type and lack of funding by governments are factors influencing students' academic performance. Based on these findings, certain recommendations are made towards improving student academic performance. Prominent of these include proper funding of education by government, sensitization of parents towards their children education and the support of NGOs to......
Cafs Notes - Socioeconomically Disadvantaged
...Detailed Notes - Socioeconomically Disadvantaged - People or families who lack sufficient income to obtain adequate health, food, housing and clothing that the rest of society can afford. - Find it difficult to ensure an adequate standard of living. - Often unemployed and rely on social security and services - Often in situation due to a disability, illness, living in a remote area. - Can be caught in the poverty cycle. - 12.6% of children in Australia live in households with incomes less than 50% of the national mean. - Sole parents, migrants, Aboriginals and low income employees usually fall into this group. Needs - Access to resources o Need to access a variety of services to improve their standard of living - Education o Need to develop knowledge, understanding & skill in identifying and accessing resources as well as problem solving in managing their own situation - Employment o Some have need for permanent employment o Need to be employed to improve their standard of living and self-esteem o The 'working poor' need to have their income supplemented with access to a variety of resources at no extra cost - Financial Support o Need in order to make ends meet o Cheaper loans, assistance in purchasing furniture, clothing and assistance in meeting the cost of schooling and sporting activities is needed - Health o They suffer from more chronic illness thus affordable, quality health care, medicines and treatments are required along with......
Civil War Photography
...War has always been known to be ugly, but the further back in history we go, it seems to become more primitive. Observing the photo of the soldiers in their living quarters brings a realization to how relatively spoiled soldiers at war today really are. Although none of the soldiers in this specific photo look particularly displeased, they don't have any comparison to give as this is the only standard of war they know. You can tell each soldier was a very hard working individual. In the photo, you can see soldiers participating in various laborious activities from sweeping to chopping wood. Everything was more involved than it is today with a much lower quality of living during the Civil War. To me, this single photograph goes a long way in telling the story of the life of a soldier during the Civil War. Others could take a look at the photograph and gain a better understanding for the hardships of the Civil War and further appreciate those in the military today. We can also gain a better appreciation for the improved living standards for any United States campaign today. Of course, technology has come a long way for us to look at this photo and find it hard to believe that this is how war was conducted, but to see it in a photograph really makes it real. I strongly believe photographs are worth a thousand words, and can, at times, teach more than a text book is able to. Going further into the difference in the standards of living during the Civil War and present day can......
...Approaches to learning In this process the students are asked to consider how they learn best, how they know and how do they communicate their understanding. Students are given tools to help them become actively involved in their learning. In addition approach to learning consists of the following (the responsibility of the teacher to assist with this): • Organizational skills and attitudes towards work • Collaborative skills • Communication • Information literacy • Reflection • Problem-solving and thinking skills • Subject-specific and interdisciplinary conceptual understanding. Community and service In this process students are asked to consider how they live in relation to others, how they contribute to the community, and how can I help others? This would require that students take part in the community they are apart of. The concentration is on building community awareness and the tools needed to create a more effective society. Human Ingenuity In this process students are asked to consider why and how do we create along with the consequences. Students are forced to reflect on their brunt on society. Students focus on the evolution, process and products of human creativity and their brunt on life and society. Opportunities are provided for students to increase in themselves the human ability to create, transform, enjoy, and improve the quality of life. Students assess the way individuals can began change for the good or bad......
...QUALITY OF LIFE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM Juanita Hatcher February 2015 Overview • What is AKDN and what are the goals • What does Quality of Life mean • Quality of Life Assessments AKDN • Group of 11 development organizations with diverse development mandates • Primarily works in the poorest parts of South and Central Asia, East and West Africa (30 countries) • Adopts a Multi-Input Area Development (MIAD) approach in selected areas • Seeks to improve the Quality of Life of people living in program areas • Long-term perspective and commitment 3 Multi-Input Area Development • Initiated in 2007, the QoL assessment program includes subnational regions in six countries where AKDN takes a Multi-Input Area Development (MIAD) approach • MIAD: multi-input with enough strategic investment to address key determinants of QoL • MIAD should improve development of an area the economic, social and cultural • AKDN's multi-sectoral capabilities and long term engagement make this a viable strategy • Key question: Are the pooled efforts of agencies, working with partners, influencing positive changes in the QoL of a given area's population? The Overall Goal • • Going beyond material standards of living, health and education • Including positive values and norms in the organization of society – pluralism and cultural tolerance – gender and social equity – civil society organization and good governance • AKF aims to......
...Health Literacy Ice cream Label Assessment Ebony Williams Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University HE 101 Personal and Community Health Dr. Sarah Toth Spring 2016 Health Literacy Many people across the country suffer from poor health literacy. According to Ihealth "Health literacy is the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions." Mainly health literacy is understanding, correctly reading, and acting to health instructions from either personal doctors or simply reading the calories of an ice carton. Having the correct health literacy is important and a very serious matter for citizens with poor health literacy and immigrants. Having poor health literacy can result to poor health choices and misunderstanding of medication from Doctors. People have fallen ill from having incorrect health literacy. It is important to have correct health literacy to understand doctors and medication instructions. Also, it helps to be able to handle health situations and to live a healthier lifestyle without depending on others to assist you. "The population who are at the most risk is the poor, elderly, and those with little education."(Ihealth Chapter 1) My volunteer who took the health literacy assessment is a young male adult. Age is eighteen, race is African......
Can a Business Add to the Quality of Life and the Standard of Living in a Community? If so How?
...these communities and by their interactions within the communities. Some communities with a good business base have the potential to alleviate much of the tax burden on the local homeowners and can also enhance the number of community offerings in the form of parks, recreation and relaxation. Since 1946 Target has given 5% of it's' income to support and enrich the communities they serve. Today that equals more than three million dollars every week to support education, arts, social services and volunteerism. (Tar10) Chevron's three primary focus areas for community investments are improving access to basic human needs, enabling education and training opportunities, and promoting sustainable livelihoods. Each element helps contribute to socioeconomic progress. In 2009, Chevron invested $144 million in our global partnerships and programs: 48 percent in North America; 20 percent in Africa; 14 percent in Asia-Pacific; 14 percent in Eurasia, Europe and the Middle East; and 4 percent in Latin America. (Che10) These are large corporations with a great deal of assets and people to devote to increasing the quality of life in the communities they serve but it is possible on any level. Each business added to a community pays taxes to the local government. If the business has employees they also pay local taxes and frequent other local businesses. These tax dollars can be used to support local community gatherings such as a "movie night" or a concert in the park or a community......
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text:
Q: setInterval keeps on running after clearInterval called This is a snippet of the code:
var interval3 = null;

React.useEffect(() => {
    if(running) {
    if(interval3) clearInterval(interval3);
    interval3 = setInterval(() => {
         console.log('running')
      }, 1000);}
      else {
        clearInterval(interval3)
      }

}, [running]);

I checked the solutions suggested in other posts but none of them is working.

A: You can use state value to track and keep id of interval. Check below for detail.
  const [id, setId] = useState(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    if (running) {
      if (id) return;
      const intervalId = setInterval(() => {
        console.log('running');
      }, 1000);
      setId(intervalId)
    } else {
      setId(null);
      clearInterval(id);
    }
  }, [running, id]);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: If download was cancelled, don't save file In the following code I want don't save incomplete file and delete it, if download was cancelled (e.g. press back or close app).
How can I do it?
This is part of my code:
class DownloadFileFromURL extends AsyncTask<String, String, String> {

    @Override
    protected void onPreExecute() {
        super.onPreExecute();
        showDialog(progress_bar_type);
    }

    @Override
    protected String doInBackground(String... f_url) {
        int count;
        try {
            URL url = new URL(f_url[0]);
            URLConnection conection = url.openConnection();
            conection.connect();
            int lenghtOfFile = conection.getContentLength();
            InputStream input = new BufferedInputStream(url.openStream(), 8192);
            OutputStream output = new FileOutputStream("/sdcard/EBKH/samat.mp3");
            byte data[] = new byte[1024];
            long total = 0;
            while ((count = input.read(data)) != -1) {
                total += count;
                publishProgress(""+(int)((total*100)/lenghtOfFile));
                output.write(data, 0, count);
            }
            output.flush();
            output.close();
            input.close();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            Log.e("Error: ", e.getMessage());
        }
        return null;
    }

    protected void onProgressUpdate(String... progress) {
        pDialog.setProgress(Integer.parseInt(progress[0]));
    }

    @Override
    protected void onPostExecute(String file_url) {
        dismissDialog(progress_bar_type);
    }
}

A: Note that, if all is well, an AsyncTask does not get cancelled when a user presses a back button. If I remember correctly, it also does not get cancelled automatically if the activity is destroyed, but only gets cancelled when cancel() is called on the task.
If you want to delete your file if the cancel was called, please don't add unnecessary logic, just override AsyncTask.onCancelled():
@Override
protected void onCancelled(Object Result) {
    // If the background task was cancelled, delete the mp3
    File file= new File("/sdcard/EBKH/samat.mp3");
    file.delete();
}

@Override
protected void onCancelled() {
    // Implement this one if you also support API levels lower than 11
}

A: You could add a isCanceled flag that you will check every time you write to the file :
while ((count = input.read(data)) != -1 && isCanceled)

Also add a :
catch (Exception e) {
  Log.e("Error: ", e.getMessage());
}
finaly{
    if(isCanceled)
    {
        // delete file code here
    }
}

You will set this flag to true when you want/need to cancel.

A: set global Boolean flag boolean downloadComplete = false;and in onPostExecute change it to  downloadComplete = true;
and overrideonDestroy()method.
then check flag inonDestroy()` whether file is download or not
if(!downloadComplete)
{
   //then delete file
}

and when you cancel the download then onPostExecute() will not be called so your flag value remain false

A: Write below code
@Override
public void onBackPressed() {

    super.onBackPressed();
    if(DownloadFileFromURL!=null){
        if(DownloadFileFromURL.getStatus()==Status.RUNNING||DownloadFileFromURL.getStatus()==Status.PENDING){
            DownloadFileFromURL.cancel(true);
            DownloadFileFromURL=null;
            File file= new File("/sdcard/EBKH/samat.mp3");
            file.delete();
        }
    }
}


It seems that this should be such an easy task, to listen to our heart. If you listen to your heart, you know what brings you joy, peace, beauty, and love. So why wouldn't we want to do this? Most of us have been taught to distrust our heart. Our heart will lead us astray we have been told, and cause us pain. It is our mind, teachers have told us that must be developed and followed.
Much of what we have been taught can be attributed to the patriarchal philosophy that has dominated our world thinking for the past 2000 years. The masculine orientation, historically, has honored intellect over emotions, observation and measurement, through use of our five senses, over intuition and knowing. As a woman, who found it nearly impossible to ignore my emotions and intuition, and think in a rational linear manner, I often had a sense that I was inherently flawed. Try as I might I could not allow the rationalizing processes of my mind to be my final guiding force for my life. I even took classes on how to be a more rational thinker, and how to think logically. I tried to shut down the rich emotion that was being beamed from my heart.
Now as I look back, I realize that my heart was sending out energetic information to guide me. My heart always spoke to me and captured my attention helping me to follow my life's journey. This was often at the disappointment of my family and friends who wanted me to be more rational. It was only as I began to teach the "Living With an Open Heart" workshops that I began to understand the superiority of the heart's wisdom over the intellect. The intellect must be used to inform us of our physical world's teachings and information, but it is our heart that must guide us, integrating the energy of our soul as superior to that of our personality/intellect. Our heart heals us and keeps us in communion with energy of our soul. The heart is also our barometer for helping us know what is important to us from an emotional and spiritual perspective. If we do not listen to our heart, we deny ourselves valuable feedback and guidance.
I have spent most of my professional life in healthcare often teaching people about the risk factors for disease. Cardiovascular disease or heart disease kills more individuals in the United States than any other disease. I believe there is a clear energetic connection between our western world's distrust of our heart wisdom, and the absolute blind following our intellect as superior. I have often taught individuals the medical risk factors for heart disease, like family history, cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, inactivity, being overweight, increasing age, and diabetes. I believe if one only looks at the physical and genetic risk factors, we are only looking at half of the puzzle pieces.
From an energetic perspective, the heart is the center of the human energy system. As I discussed in last month's article, the new field of energetic cardiology is demonstrating that the heart is more than a pump. It has wisdom; it is the energetic center of love, and knowing. How tragic, that our society has taught us to distrust the callings of our heart. We often work when we need to rest, eat when we are not hungry, and laugh when we want to cry, remain angry when we need to forgive. It is our intellect that drives us to prove ourselves when our heart may be broken, feels rejected or unworthy. The intellect/personality knows only fear and lack. The heart is love. If we listened to our heart, our world and ourselves would be much different. We are all so afraid, and all so much the same. We are often afraid to trust, or believe in goodness and mercy, love and light, peace, joy and healing. In truth, this is why we have come to earth to overcome all fear and sense of lack in order that our soul could have that experience of overcoming. The physical body is the vehicle of experience. The third dimension or our physical world is the only dimension in which this can occur. If we suppress our heart's wisdom, we drive ourselves beyond our limits, often injuring our physical bodies and our mental and emotional well being. We fail to forgive, and nurture and honor ourselves. We fail to live with an open heart.
The wisdom of the heart is a gift from Spirit and our Higher Selves. Listen and develop the ability to discern and balance the intellect with heart wisdom. When we do this, we are moving into our Christed Consciousness. We are raising the frequency of our beings, the Planet, and ourselves. That is our work; that is our love made visible.
Janny E. Adkins is a Spiritual Teacher, Author, and Healer/Nurse. She is certified in Holistic Nursing, and Healing Touch. She is also a Reiki Master Teacher, and Karuna Reiki Master. She has worked in healthcare for 25 years. She works with the spiritual guidance of The EinSoph and is available for phone readings, one on one spiritual advising, workshops, and private healing sessions. She teaches a workshop on Practical Ascension. The Rainbow Spiral Meditation CD, which supports the awakening of the Twelve-Chakra Energy System is available through her website. Her business, Twelve Rays of Light is devoted to assisting individuals in re-remembering their co-creatorship abilities, and supporting practical approaches towards actualizing the ascension process. She is also co-owner of Inside Out Concepts, which assists business in utilizing ancient spiritual concepts. Her book "The Call to Anchor Light" was published in December 2001.


An alt-country band featuring Ike Shelton (guitar), Phil Wade (mandolin/dobro/banjo), Betse Ellis (fiddle), and Nate Gawron (bass).
2006, performed at the Spiegeltent at Edinburgh Fringe Festival where they were honored with the Herald Angel Award.
2008, released Someone's Got to Pay album (Free Dirt).
2011, released self titled album "The Wilders" (Free Dirt).


Megan Fox was photographed wearing Junk Food the other day in Los Angeles. The Teenage Ninja Turtle 2 starlet looked causal as she ran errands in her Wonder Woman Fleece ($44, www.junkfoodclothing.com).
Below is the sweatshirt worn by a fashion model so that you can take a closer look.


Well, as you can see, here I am. Don't write to me at the above address, because I shall probably have left by the time you get this. I tried several times to call from Heathrow, but all lines out of London were engaged.
Good flight, via Rome and Athens on a Boeing 720B. Took 10 hours, though. I've been in Addis now about 3 hours, and will get some kip in a minute, then go in to work. I have 250 Ethiopian dollars advance (about £60) so I'm ok.
It's a fantastically beautiful country, the climate is like a warm summer's day in England. I'm noticing the altitude slightly, though.
The people all seem to be extremely friendly, and they wait everywhere in dozens to carry bags or do any old job for a few cents' tip. They're mainly very poor, Addis is a city of great contrasts. Thatched huts a few hundred yards from the Hilton.
I've just come back from work, bought a packet of English and a packet of American cigarettes (about E$1.50 per pkt, or about 30p, as at home) and tried a glass of the local beer—very fizzy, cold, tasteless and quite expensive, about 25p in English money. A bottle of English or American beer costs about 80p, but spirits are relatively cheap. All these, though, are hotel prices, I'll see what the local bars and night-spots are like tonight. While I remember, contact me at the address above until further notice.
Had some interesting Ethiopian food, a dish of veal cooked in spices with mushrooms and tomatoes, and a peculiar omelette. The veal was very good, the omelette I'm less sure about. Going down for dinner shortly.
We have a well-stocked pharmacy, greengrocer's and supermarket nearby, offering many English foods in addition to local, and a Chinese restaurant offering a 14-course meal for E$4.00—about 90p. Well worth investigating further.
Work is fine, modern office, nice people. I'm working with Michel Moësse, the only other computer engineer. He's French, very helpful and considerate. All letters to Geosource here in Addis will get to me, but I may be travelling again very soon. Probably out to eastern Ethiopia next week, Somalia soon after, maybe Oman or Turkey within a month. This all gives me very little time to learn what is a highly-complex system, I hope I'll be able to stay here a bit longer.
Accommodation is cheap, and there are many places advertised in shop-windows. Example, 4-bedroom house, 3 bathrooms, American kitchen, dining room, office, living room, servants' quarters etc., E$1000 p.m. So for four sharing, about £15 a week each out of £26 living allowance. And that is by far the most expensive.
State-of-the-art computer system, circa 1974. 256k of memory!


Our sister Remy Ma and our brother Papoose shared their experience with an ectopic pregnancy on Love and Hip Hop New York. I love this couple to the core. Amid foolishness and ratchetness, this strong Black couple has presented a beautiful manifestation of true Black love, loyalty and family on national television.
It has been an honor and privilege for this couple to let us into their life and daily experiences. We see the real triumphs and struggles of a modern Black family life.
We all saw their wedding and re-commitment to each other during Remy's dream wedding. Papoose was ready to immediately start expanding that family. So since we've been following them so closely and feeling apart of their family, we were so happy to learn that Remy and Papoose became pregnant. Then soon after we learned that the pregnancy was ectopic.
It was fast. Yet, that's how it feels for most couples who go through this experience. You get a positive pregnancy test and then things quickly change.The collective hearts of all those who adore this couple hit the floor when we learned that Remy's pregnancy would not survive because it was ectopic.
An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy outside of the uterus. The most common place for an ectopic place is the fallopian tubes but they could be in the ovaries themselves as well in rare cases.
A fertilized egg should spend a few days in the fallopian tubes as it makes its way down to the uterus where it will implant. In the case of an ectopic pregnancy, the egg does not make its way to the uterus and continues to grow in the very small fallopian tubes.
A woman could experience shooting pains, pelvic pressure, and vaginal bleeding. Intense vomiting, bloating and cramping. Since some of the symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy are the same as being pregnant in general, it's important to schedule an appointment with an obstetric provider as soon as possible to get checked out. It's important that women advocate for themselves if she suspects something is not right with her pregnancy. A sonogram is a common method to see where the egg is implanted.
The method for treating an ectopic pregnancy depends on how long the egg has been developing, where it is located, the mother's health, and the mother's desire to conceive again. Treatment options include chemotherapy, laser surgery, D&C or other treatments based on the individual's plan of care. Ectopic pregnancy are not viable.
After an ectopic pregnancy, it's important that the mother gets as much bed rest as possible. If she's had surgery, she'll want to eat warm, soupy foods and broths for a few days. Gradually transition to a regular diet. The mom should be well hydrated with purified alkaline water. The mother may want a closing ceremony or Ancestral ceremony to honor the being that did not make it to this side this time around. She may journal about her feelings, join a support group or attend individual therapy to work through any emotions regarding the loss. The parents to be should take as much time as they need to mourn the loss. It's important, especially for the mom, not to just get up and resume life as though nothing ever happened.
The main way to prevent ectopic pregnancy is to ensure the health of the fallopian tubes. When a couple is considering getting pregnant, the woman can get a routine pap and also request a sonogram to evaluate the health of her fallopian tubes. A skilled sonographer can even see the tiny hairs called cilia. The cilia helps transport the fertilized egg to the uterus. The body should be well hydrated. The bowels should be emptying regularly and fully. The clothing should be loose and not too restrictive. Foods for good fallopian tube health include grapefruit, oranges, and pomegranates.
Also, women should not let vaginal infections go too long. Use protection and get tested. Untreated infections can damage the cilia and fallopian tube function. Birth control pills, shots and implants have also been linked to ectopic pregnancy and hormonal dysfunction.
As a community, we must support women in our lives who experience an ectopic pregnancy just as we would if she just had a baby. Stop by to visit. Bring soup and tea for her. Offer to help around the house. Just be a listening ear. Provide her with resources like grief groups or pregnancy loss groups. Keep a close eye on the mom and dad. Open the windows to let mom get some sunshine each day. Bring her fresh flowers and surround her with colors, sounds and smells that will uplift her spirits.
I love Pap and Remy. I pray for their continued success and for their family to continue to prosper.


Over our 17 years of partnership with Caterpillar, we have worked on more than 150 digital transformation projects.
Caterpillar is the world's leading manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines, and diesel-electric locomotives.
The manufacturing giant needed to undergo a digital transformation to modernize its customer-facing systems in order to keep up with market demand and remain competitive.
Caterpillar has worked hard to develop strong relationships with its customers and distributors over many years. While digital transformation was an imperative, it was critical that undertaking one did not replace or minimize existing customer relationships, but instead take them to an entirely new level by incorporating technology and connectivity with customers and their assets.
The legacy platform's constraints compelled Caterpillar to embark on creating a digital strategy and finding a solution to effectively manage customer-facing online marketing initiatives.
"Technology plays a key role in our e-business transformation. Our focus is on taking a very traditional company...and working with our distributors to incorporate digital in a way that doesn't replace those relationships."
Other content management and data-related tools have also been integrated to support these initiatives.
The new digital platforms deliver a consistent user experience across all digital channels, including mobile, while integrating with dealer frameworks to effectively handle orders and reduce time and errors.
Deploying these technologies has enabled Caterpillar to make important gains in its customer and dealer relationships.


Callum,Looks very slick although the default colour scheme is a bit too bright for my taste!Nick.
Very strange. It seems the new site has been around for several weeks but it only appeared to me for the first time today (27th Jan). I have been looking daily and saw no changes.
I like the look of the new web site and of the new forum too!BTW, that is a recent saturn image I manage to grab through the clouds. Hopefully I'll be able to post something more worthwhile one day (e.g. when it'll stop snowing!).Andrea T.
I've only now found the new website, certainly is different to the old one. Not sure if the changes are for the best though. I've found that I can't navigate the new site with either my Netgem iPlayer (web enabled TV digi box) or Apple iPod touch. Both devices are unable to use the pull down menus. The iPlayer shows all the links in the wrong place as blank hotspots and the iPod doesn't have a mouse over message to pull the menus down. Also the page seems a little wide for smaller screens.
Thanks Callum.Let's see if it works this time round. A new Saturn image but not a lot better than the other one. Challenging object to image though and the seeing was kind awful at that time. Let's hope I'll get lucky one day...Andrea T.
The new site is enormously better than the old one, so fantastic work, Callum. I have not found anything that does not now work on Safari.I would suggest that maybe the forum should be divided into sections corresponding to the Sections of the BAA. OK, a lot of these would probably be empty for some time, but hopefully they would "catch on" in time with Section Directors and others advertising them and we would get a big forum which could become the main place for interchange of ideas by BAA members.


Möchtest Du alles über die Karte Clear Wing Fast Dragon lernen? In welchen Editionen wurde sie gedruckt? In welchen Decks wird sie gespielt? Wieviel ist sie . CM: Clear Wing Fast Dragon. Cardmarket: Europas größter Online-Marktplatz für yugioh-Karten! YGO Karten, Booster & Displays kaufen und verkaufen. Einfach. You are purchasing Yu-Gi-Oh Magazine Promo Clearwing Fast Dragon (YA JP). This card is Ultra Rare Foil with Gold Letters in Title. Condition: Mint.
These aircraft were sometimes called hydroplanes. Some GEVs are able to fly higher out of ground effect OGE when required — these are classed as powered fixed-wing aircraft.
A glider is a heavier-than-air craft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces, and whose free flight does not depend on an engine.
A sailplane is a fixed-wing glider designed for soaring - the ability to gain height in updrafts of air and to fly for long periods.
As is the case with planes, there are a wide variety of glider types differing in the construction of their wings, aerodynamic efficiency, location of the pilot and controls.
Perhaps the most familiar type is the toy paper plane. Large gliders are most commonly launched by a tow-plane or by a winch.
Military gliders have been used in war to deliver assault troops, and specialised gliders have been used in atmospheric and aerodynamic research.
Rocket-powered aircraft and spaceplanes have also made unpowered landings. Gliders and sailplanes that are used for the sport of gliding have high aerodynamic efficiency.
The highest lift-to-drag ratio is After launch, further energy is obtained through the skillful exploitation of rising air in the atmosphere.
The most numerous unpowered aircraft are paper aeroplanes , a handmade type of glider. Like hang gliders and paragliders, they are foot-launched and are in general slower, smaller, and less expensive than sailplanes.
Hang gliders most often have flexible wings given shape by a frame, though some have rigid wings. Paragliders and paper aeroplanes have no frames in their wings.
Gliders and sailplanes can share a number of features in common with powered aircraft, including many of the same types of fuselage and wing structures.
For example, the Horten H. IV was a tailless flying wing glider, and the delta wing-shaped Space Shuttle orbiter flew much like a conventional glider in the lower atmosphere.
Many gliders also use similar controls and instruments as powered craft. Gliders were developed from the s for recreational purposes.
As pilots began to understand how to use rising air, sailplane gliders were developed with a high lift-to-drag ratio. These allowed longer glides to the next source of " lift ", and so increase their chances of flying long distances.
This gave rise to the popular sport of gliding. Early gliders were mainly built of wood and metal but the majority of sailplanes now use composite materials incorporating glass, carbon or aramid fibres.
To minimise drag , these types have a streamlined fuselage and long narrow wings having a high aspect ratio. Both single-seat and two-seat gliders are available.
Initially training was done by short "hops" in primary gliders which are very basic aircraft with no cockpit and minimal instruments. Originally skids were used for landing, but the majority now land on wheels, often retractable.
Some gliders, known as motor gliders , are designed for unpowered flight, but can deploy piston , rotary , jet or electric engines.
A class of ultralight sailplanes, including some known as microlift gliders and some known as "airchairs", has been defined by the FAI based on a maximum weight.
They are light enough to be transported easily, and can be flown without licensing in some countries. Ultralight gliders have performance similar to hang gliders , but offer some additional crash safety as the pilot can be strapped in an upright seat within a deformable structure.
Landing is usually on one or two wheels which distinguishes these craft from hang gliders. Several commercial ultralight gliders have come and gone, but most current development is done by individual designers and home builders.
Military gliders were used during World War II for carrying troops glider infantry and heavy equipment to combat zones. The gliders were towed into the air and most of the way to their target by military transport planes, e.
C Dakota , or by bombers that had been relegated to secondary activities, e. Once released from the tow near the target, they landed as close to the target as possible.
The advantage over paratroopers were that heavy equipment could be landed and that the troops were quickly assembled rather than being dispersed over a drop zone.
The gliders were treated as disposable, leading to construction from common and inexpensive materials such as wood, though a few were retrieved and re-used.
By the time of the Korean War , transport aircraft had also become larger and more efficient so that even light tanks could be dropped by parachute, causing gliders to fall out of favor.
Even after the development of powered aircraft, gliders continued to be used for aviation research. The NASA Paresev Rogallo flexible wing was originally developed to investigate alternative methods of recovering spacecraft.
Although this application was abandoned, publicity inspired hobbyists to adapt the flexible-wing airfoil for modern hang gliders.
A hang glider is a glider aircraft in which the pilot is ensconced in a harness suspended from the airframe , and exercises control by shifting body weight in opposition to a control frame.
Most modern hang gliders are made of an aluminium alloy or composite -framed fabric wing. Pilots have the ability to soar for hours, gain thousands of metres of altitude in thermal updrafts, perform aerobatics, and glide cross-country for hundreds of kilometres.
A paraglider is a lightweight, free-flying, foot-launched glider aircraft with no rigid primary structure. Paragliding is most often a recreational activity.
A paper plane is a toy aircraft usually a glider made out of paper or paperboard. Model glider aircraft are models of aircraft using lightweight materials such as polystyrene and balsa wood.
Designs range from simple glider aircraft to accurate scale models , some of which can be very large. Glide bombs are bombs with aerodynamic surfaces to allow a gliding flightpath rather than a ballistic one.
This enables the carrying aircraft to attack a heavily defended target from a distance. A kite is an aircraft tethered to a fixed point so that the wind blows over its wings.
This deflection also generates horizontal drag in the direction of the wind. The resultant force vector from the lift and drag force components is opposed by the tension of the one or more rope lines or tethers attached to the wing.
Kites are mostly flown for recreational purposes, but have many other uses. Early pioneers such as the Wright Brothers and J. Dunne sometimes flew an aircraft as a kite in order to develop it and confirm its flight characteristics, before adding an engine and flight controls, and flying it as an aeroplane.
Kites have been used for signaling, for delivery of munitions , and for observation , by lifting an observer above the field of battle, and by using kite aerial photography.
Kites were the precursors to the traditional aircraft , and were instrumental in the development of early flying craft.
Alexander Graham Bell experimented with very large man-lifting kites , as did the Wright brothers and Lawrence Hargrave. Kites had a historical role in lifting scientific instruments to measure atmospheric conditions for weather forecasting.
Kites can be used to carry radio antennas. This method was used for the reception station of the first transatlantic transmission by Marconi.
Captive balloons may be more convenient for such experiments, because kite-carried antennas require a lot of wind, which may be not always possible with heavy equipment and a ground conductor.
Kites can be used to pull people and vehicles downwind. Efficient foil-type kites such as power kites can also be used to sail upwind under the same principles as used by other sailing craft, provided that lateral forces on the ground or in the water are redirected as with the keels, center boards, wheels and ice blades of traditional sailing craft.
In the last two decades, several kite sailing sports have become popular, such as kite buggying, kite landboarding, kite boating and kite surfing.
Snow kiting has also become popular. Conceptual research and development projects are being undertaken by over a hundred participants to investigate the use of kites in harnessing high altitude wind currents for electricity generation.
The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for a powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal.
If you are a seller for this product, would you like to suggest updates through seller support? Fly Responsibly To learn more about safely and responsibly flying your drone in the UK, visit our Fly Responsibly page here.
Product Safety This product is subject to specific safety warnings Warning: Not suitable for children under 36 months. Product Description High performance battling Speeder bike-quadcopter which allows more than 12 pilots to laser battle simultaneously.
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Read reviews that mention wars fan drones flying fantastic annoying display. Showing of 15 reviews. Top Reviews Most recent Top Reviews.
There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later. This is seriously amazing! Only problems are that the propellors are clear so be prepared to go hunting every time the thing crashes or colour them in with sharpie which is what I did and the dismal battery life of around mins of flight.
Those 2 issues are kinda major This is really just an ornament and not for flying. Is too small for its purpose. We waited for a nice day to fly it.
Clear, dry and no wind, in a wide open space This was bought for a gift at Christmas and I am now very disappointed. My advice if you have one is to keep it for display only.
Nice idea but not practical sadly. Must have for Star Wars-, drones- and online gaming-Fans. Fantastic App with flight simulator coming with it for free!
One person found this helpful. This was a gift to my son. As a Star wars fan he loves it but is waiting for a less windy day to fly it.
Pa Kua Books - Amazon. Fighting Systems and Weapons. International Institute of Qigong. Pa Kua Chang Journal. Originally published in , Tokyo.
Chinese Martial Arts Library. Smith and Allen Pittman. Instructional videotape by Cheng, Jian-Je. Plum Flower Press, P.
Box , College Park, MD The Power of Internal Martial Arts: Considerable attention is given to BaGua. By Tina Chunna Zhang. Cheng Style Ba Gua Zhang.
Redding, Chico or Northern California. I am seeking a Ba Gua Zhang instructor!!! Write to Mike Garofalo. Styles of Pa Kua.
Dragon Bagua Animal Forms. Taught by Grandmaster Wing Lam. The 8 sword techniques contain all the essences of the straight sword techniques.
Introduction to Dragon Bagua. Bagua - Sun Style. Sun Lutan Bagua demonstrated by Andrey Fomichev, Swimming Dragon bagua form.
Yang, Jwing-Ming, and Mr. Staff, Stick, Pole, Gun: Sun Lu Tang Bagua. Baguazhang, Xingyiquan, Taijiquan, and Qigong. Bibliography, Links, Quotes, Resources, Instructions.
Demo by Sifu Joshua Brown. Step by step instructions, multiple views, demonstrations. Sun Style Baguazhang - Google Search. Sun Style Bagua with Tim Cartmell.
Lists, instructions, links, bibliography, quotes, notes. Research by Michael P. Standard Competition 73 Movements Form. This webpage includes an introduction, information on the history of the Sun Taijiquan forms, a detailed bibliography, extensive links, references to video resources, a large collections of quotations about Sun Taijiquan, recommendations on the best media resources on the topic, and suggestions for learning the 73 competition Sun Taijiquan form.
A detailed comparative list of the names of each of the 73 movements is provided , with source references, and the movement names are given in English, Chinese, Chinese characters, French, German, and Spanish.
This webpage includes detailed descriptions of each of the 73 movements with black and white illustrations for each movement sequence along with commentary and comparisons.
Many additional nomenclature lists and section study charts in the PDF format, photographs and graphics are also provided - over 1.
This webpage is the most detailed and complete document on the subject of the Sun Taijiquan Competition 73 Form available on the Internet.
The Martial Foundations of Baguazhang. Ten Important Points and Eight Methods. Ba Pa - Eight. Step by step instructions, multiple views,demonstrations.
A 37 posture form created by Grandmaster Liu Jingru. Hand movements, stepping, and circle walking are all taught.
Part 1, 97 Minutes, Color. Part 2, 97 Minutes, Color. Form and Applications, Level 1. All hand forms, stepping techniques and circle walking are taught.
Multiple repetitions from different angles. The traditional old form of Dong Hai-Chuan is taught. Form and Applications, Level 2.
All hand forms, stepping, and circle walking are taught. Multiple repetitons from different angles. These forms were developed by students of Dong Hai-Chuan.
Training Notes of Mike Garofalo for Baguazhang. Understanding Yin Style Bagua. By the Director, Association for Traditional Studies. Mike Garofalo, Taijiquan Instructor.
Walking in a Sacred Circle Garden. Links, Bibliography, Resources, Quotes, Notes. Bibliography, Links, Quotes, Resources, Notes.
Shaftesbury, England, Element Books, Walking - Quotations, Quips, Wisdom. Walking the Circle to Find the Path. Healing Tao, Mantak Chia.
Walking the I Ching: Good information on relating the concepts of the Ba Gua and I Ching to Chinese internal martial arts.
Wang Shujin always said that Zhang Zhao Dong was his best and most influential teacher. There are no reports of Wang Shujin having ever been married or having children.
All of his martial arts students were required to practice Zhan Zhuang daily. Lived in Tai Zhong, about 80 miles from Taipei. Learned the 99 step synthesized form, a Chen style of Taijiquan.
Collaborated with Chen Pan Ling. He could absorb blows from the strongest of men without troubles, and repel and defeat all contenders. His Eight Secrets were: Wang Shujin taught over 1, students in Japan.
In , Wang Shujin said, "There is a saying: I have practiced my art for these many years, avoiding social entanglements, following a strict vegetarian regime, meditating daily, practicing Buddhism, and, after my daily labors, practicing martial arts as my sole entertainment.
First Edition in Chinese, Wang Shujin and Chen Pan-Ling. Chen Pan-Ling taught Wang Shujin a 24 movement cane form. According to Kent Howard, Wang Shujin always carried a cane or walking stick with him, and he could use it effectively in martial applications.
Wang Shujin Bagua Zhang: Demonstrated by Huang Jin-Sheng of Taiwan. A fine source for Tai Chi Chuan books and videotapes.
Way of the Short Staff. A comprehensive guide to the practice of the short staff, cane, jo , walking stick, gun , zhang , whip staff, 13 Hands Staff, and related wood short staff weapons.
A detailed and annotated guide, bibliography, lists of links, resources, instructional media, online videos, and lessons.
Includes use of the short staff and cane in martial arts, self-defense, walking and hiking. Separate sections on Aikido Jo, Cane, Taijiquan cane and staff, Jodo, exercises with a short staff, selected quotations, techniques, selecting and purchasing a short staff, tips and suggestions, and a long section on the lore, legends, and magick of the short staff.
Updated on a regular basis since October, By Jacques Moramarco, O. Send Mike Garofalo information about your Bagua Workshops.
Refer to my Northwestern Tai Chi Directory. A Daoist monk at the Baiyunguan temple in Beijing practices his Bagua stepping in one of the many courtyards tucked away in the compound.
Excellent resources and information. By Frank Allen and Clarence Lu. Tung Hai Chuan and Yin Fu. Interview with Master Xie Peiqi.
By Jarek Szymanski in Webpages on history and structure of form. Presented by Xie Peiqui and He Jinbao. Each DVD is over 2 hours long.
Produced by the Association for Traditional Studies. Demonstrations and instructions by He Jinbao. Voice over in English.
Foundation static postures, walking routines, drills. Yin Style Bagua Large Saber. This instructional DVD is 54 minutes long. Yin Style Ba Gua Zhang.
An interview with He Jinbao. Translations by Garth Reynolds. Zhuan Tianzun - Daoist Circle Walking. Through the correct training of stepping, the martial artist will be able to make quick and agile transitions during combat.
Victory in fighting depends on the proper use of footwork. There is an old Chinese martial arts proverb that states: As such, it contains a great deal of original martial information that has not been changed or adulterated by time.
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