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Lacrosse ist ein Mannschaftssport, der mit einem Lacrosseschläger und einem Hartgummiball gespielt wird und deswegen zu den Ballsportarten zählt.

Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1904 in St. Louis und bei den Spielen 1908 in London war Lacrosse eine Wettkampfdisziplin, bei den Spielen 1928 in Amsterdam, 1932 in Los Angeles und 1948 in London nur noch Demonstrationssport und verlor danach weiter an Bedeutung. Lacrosse gilt neben Eishockey als kanadischer Nationalsport.

Geschichte

Das Spiel stammt von den Indianern der Ostküste und der Großen Seen, auf den Gebieten des heutigen Kanada und der Vereinigten Staaten. Sie nannten es Baggataway oder auch Tewaraathon ("kleiner Bruder des Krieges") und weihten es dem Kriegsgott. Nicht selten endeten diese Spiele, die zur Vorbereitung auf Kriege mit anderen Stämmen gespielt wurden, tödlich. Die Spiele wurden zum Teil mit mehr als 100 Spielern ausgetragen, und als Tor galt oft ein Stein oder ein Baum. Neben der für die Kriegführung als notwendig erachteten Vorbereitung des Teamgeists wurde das Spiel auch eingesetzt, um Streitigkeiten zwischen Stämmen und anderen Gruppen zu schlichten.

Erstmals erwähnt wurde das Spiel 1634 von dem französischen Jesuitenmissionar Jean de Brébeuf in Ontario, den die Schläger an einen Bischofsstab erinnerten und der dem Spiel deshalb den Namen La Crosse gab, das französische Wort für Bischofsstab.

In den 1850er Jahren fingen auch Weiße an, sich für Lacrosse zu interessieren. 1856 gründeten die Franzosen den ersten Club, den Montréal Lacrosse Club. Den Siegeszug begann Lacrosse im Jahr 1867. In diesem Jahr wurde der kanadische Verband, Canadian National Lacrosse Association, aus der Taufe gehoben, die Anzahl der Teams stieg von 6 auf ca. 80, und auch der erste Verein der USA wurde gegründet. Erstmals kam das Spiel nach England. 1874 gelangte Lacrosse nach Australien und 1878 nach Neuseeland. 1879 wurde der Dachverband in den USA gegründet.

Das erste Frauen-Lacrossespiel wurde 1890 an der Klosterschule St. Leonards in Schottland gespielt – eine Nonne las über Lacrosse und befand, dass dies eine gute Sportart für die von ihr unterrichteten Mädchen sei. Männer- und Frauen-Lacrosse wurde bis in die Mitte der 1930er Jahre ohne schützende Ausrüstung mit fast den gleichen Regeln gespielt. Zu dieser Zeit fingen die Regeln des Männer-Lacrosse an, sich stark zu verändern, während Frauen-Lacrosse weiterhin mit den ursprünglichen indianischen Regeln gespielt wurde. Bis etwa zur Jahrtausendwende beispielsweise spielten die Frauen noch ohne feste Seitenlinien – vielmehr wurde als Anhaltspunkt eine Baumreihe, die nächste Wiese oder ein Strauch genommen. Heutzutage spielen Frauen und Männer Lacrosse nach völlig unterschiedlichen Regeln. Die Frauen-Lacrosseregeln limitieren den Schläger- und Körperkontakt, deshalb wird nur wenig Schutzausrüstung benötigt. Beim Männer-Lacrosse hingegen werden, ähnlich dem Eishockey, Helme, Rippen- und Schulterschutz und Handschuhe getragen.

Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1904 in St. Louis und bei den Spielen 1908 in London war Lacrosse bei den Männern Wettkampfdisziplin, bei den Spielen 1928 in Amsterdam, 1932 in Los Angeles und 1948 in London war es im olympischen Vorführungswettbewerb.

Anschließend allerdings versank der Sport Lacrosse für eine Weile in der Versenkung. Weder die amerikanischen Ureinwohner noch die US-Amerikaner und Kanadier zeigten noch ein großes Interesse für den Sport. Er überlebte einzig als Collegesportart an einigen Prepschools der Ostküste. Dabei wäre es wohl auch geblieben, denn das Wachstum des Sports war durch einige Faktoren limitiert. Zum einen war der Sport durch seinen Charakter, ein "Sport der Elite" zu sein, nur einer kleinen Bevölkerungsschicht zugänglich, zum anderen gab es nur wenige Indianer, die in der Kunst der Anfertigung von Lacrosse-Schlägern ausgebildet waren. Erst durch die Einführung des Kunststoffschlägerkopfs wurde Lacrosse dann einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit zugänglich. 2007 spielten rund 47.000 Kanadier eine vor allem in Kanada gespielte Variante des Lacrosse, das Box Lacrosse. Erheblich erfolgreicher ist noch Inter Crosse, welches Männer und Frauen gemeinsam spielen und das ohne Kontakt gespielt wird. Es wird von 250.000 Kanadiern gespielt, darüber hinaus weltweit in 45 Staaten.

1987 wurde die National Lacrosse League (NLL) gegründet. Hier treten neun Teams aus vier  kanadischen und fünf US-amerikanischen Städten gegeneinander an. In den letzten sieben Jahren war die Mannschaft von Rochester mit drei Meisterschaften die erfolgreichste. Seit 1988 gibt es U-19-Lacrosse-Weltmeisterschaften. 1994 erhob das kanadische Parlament Lacrosse zur Nationalsportart. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft im australischen Perth besiegten die USA Kanada. Die Weltmeisterschaft 2006 fand in London, Ontario statt. Seit 1999 (Spielbetrieb seit 2001) gibt es in den USA die Major League Lacrosse als Profiliga der Herren. Älter ist die Hallenlacrosse-Liga in Nordamerika, die bis 1997 unter dem Namen Major Indoor Lacrosse League (MILL) operierte und heute National Lacrosse League heißt. Sie wurde 1986 gegründet. Die Lacrosse-Europameisterschaft wurde erstmals 2004 ausgetragen. Seit 2003 findet alle vier Jahre die Indoor- oder Hallen-Weltmeisterschaft statt.

Die Frauen spielten unter der Ägide der 1972 gegründeten International Federation of Women's Lacrosse Associations. Hier sind die US-Amerikanerinnen führend. Inzwischen gehören zehn internationale Teams zur Association.

Spielregeln

Allgemeines
Gespielt wird auf einem 45 m breiten und 102 m langen Feld. Das Tor ist 1,83 m × 1,83 m groß und befindet sich ähnlich wie beim Eishockey nicht am jeweiligen Spielfeldende, sondern 14 m davor. Der Ball besteht aus Hartgummi, hat einen Umfang von 20 cm und wiegt ca. 140 g. Er wird mit dem Schläger gefangen, getragen und geworfen. Der Schläger, genannt Crosse oder Stick, ist zwischen 101 und 183 cm lang und nicht dicker als 2,5 cm. Der Schlägerkopf besteht meist aus Kunststoff, kann aber auch aus Holz oder laminiertem Holz bestehen. Im Schlägerkopf ist ein Netz, die sogenannte "Pocket", geknüpft, das gleichzeitig präzises Passen und Ballkontrolle ermöglichen soll. Der Schaft besteht entweder aus Holz, Aluminium, Titan oder kohlenstofffaserverstärktem Kunststoff.

Gespielt wird bei den Herren 4 × 20 oder 4 × 15 (amerikanische Ligen) und bei den Damen 2 × 30 Minuten.

Spielablauf

Gestartet wird das Spiel bei den Herren mit einem Face-off, bei den Damen mit einem sogenannten Draw. Beim Face-off knien oder hocken die beiden Spieler der Mannschaften, die den Face-off durchführen, am Mittelpunkt gegenüber und versuchen nach dem Anpfiff, den Ball zu erobern oder einem ihrer Mitspieler zuzuspielen. Bei den Damen wird der Ball zum Draw zwischen die beiden Schläger der durchführenden Spieler geklemmt und beim Anpfiff in die Luft geworfen. Während des Spiels darf der Ball beliebig lang getragen werden; es gibt also keine Vorschrift, wann ein Ball gepasst werden soll. Die angreifende Mannschaft wechselt, wenn die Gegenmannschaft den Ball erobert hat. Zu jeder Zeit ist es einem verteidigenden Spieler erlaubt, den Schläger des Gegenspielers mit dem eigenen Schläger zu schlagen, um den Ball freizubekommen. Bei den Herren ist der Kontakt zwischen den Spielern Teil des Spieles, weshalb diese den Gegenspieler auch mit Körpereinsatz vom Ball trennen bzw. fernhalten dürfen. Damen-Lacrosse kennt hingegen keinen starken Körpereinsatz, weshalb die Damen den Gegenspieler allenfalls etwas "streicheln" dürfen. Ziel des Spieles ist es, mehr Tore als die gegnerische Mannschaft zu erzielen.

Herren-Lacrosse

Ausrüstung

Der Schläger
Der Lacrosseschläger (Stick) besteht aus Holz, laminiertem Holz oder synthetischem Material und hat ein geformtes, taschenartiges Netz (Pocket) am Kopfende. Der Stick muss eine Gesamtlänge von 102 bis 107 cm für Angreifer und Mittelfeldspieler aufweisen, während die Länge für Verteidiger zwischen 132 und 183 cm liegt. Der Schlägerkopf muss 17,5 bis 25,5 cm breit sein. Eine Tasche entspricht nicht den Regeln, wenn der oberste Punkt eines in der Tasche liegenden Balls unter der Unterkante des Schlägerkopfrahmens liegt.

Der Ball
Der Ball besteht aus Vollgummi und kann in offiziellen Spielen die Farben weiß, gelb oder orange haben. Der Ball hat einen Durchmesser von 60 bis 75 mm und wiegt 142 bis 149 Gramm.

Der Helm
Der Helm mit Schutzgitter wird über eine 4-Punkt-Befestigung, die von einem geformten Kinnstück ausgeht, gehalten und muss von allen Spielern getragen werden. Alle Helme und Schutzgitter sollten von der NOCSAE, der National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment, zertifiziert sein. In Europa gekaufte Helme müssen zusätzlich eine CE-Zertifizierung haben. Das Tragen des Helmes ist Pflicht.

Die Handschuhe
Alle Spieler müssen Schutzhandschuhe tragen. Änderungen an den Handschuhen sind verboten.

Schutzausrüstung
In der Regel tragen die meisten Spieler Ellenbogenschützer, Schulterprotektoren und Mundschutz (alle drei sind Pflicht in US-Ligen).  Weiterhin ist das Tragen eines Tiefschutzes  und von Rippenprotektoren für alle Spieler empfehlenswert.

Team und Spieler

Eine Mannschaft besteht aus bis zu 23 Spielern (unter NCAA-Regeln beliebig viele). Während eines Spiels dürfen sich höchstens 10 (bei der Hallenvariante 6) Spieler gleichzeitig auf dem Spielfeld befinden. In der Regel bestehen diese aus 3 Angriff-Spielern, 3 Mittelfeld-Spielern, 3 Verteidigungs-Spielern und einem Torwart. Die Spieler dürfen nach Belieben zwischen den beiden Spielfeldseiten wechseln. Es muss lediglich beachtet werden, dass mindestens 3 Spieler einer Mannschaft auf der gegnerischen und 4 Spieler (inkl. Torwart) auf der eigenen Spielfeldseite vertreten sind (Abseitsregel), dabei ist die eigentliche Position nicht von Bedeutung. Geht z. B. ein Verteidiger oder der Torwart über die Mittellinie, so muss ein Mittelfeldspieler oder Angreifer zurückbleiben. Jedes Team muss mindestens einen Kapitän bestimmen, der kein Erkennungssymbol tragen muss. Das Auswechseln von Feldspielern ist nicht nur während Spielunterbrechungen möglich, sondern kann auch "fliegend" erfolgen.

Positionen
 Angreifer: Es stehen drei Angreifer auf einmal auf dem Feld. Dabei benutzen diese einen Shortstick, also den normalen Lacrosseschläger. Die Angreifer sollten über gute Schläger-Technik (stickskills) verfügen, da sie als Gegner größtenteils den Verteidiger haben. Des Weiteren sollten sie die Fertigkeit haben, das Spiel insgesamt zu überblicken und zu wissen, wo sich ihre Mitspieler befinden.

 Mittelfeldspieler: Es stehen 3 Mittelfeldspieler zur gleichen Zeit auf dem Spielfeld. Sie werden in offensive und defensive Mittelfeldspieler unterschieden. Sie sind die bewegungsbelasteten Spieler auf dem Feld, was dazu führt, dass sie oft ausgewechselt werden. Die Mittelfeldspieler tragen den Ball in die gegnerische Zone und versuchen dort den Angriff aufzubauen. In der Verteidigung übernehmen sie meist die gegnerischen Mittelfeldspieler. Sie übernehmen zumeist den Face-off.
 Fogo: (engl.: Face-off, Get-off) ist ein Mittelfeldspieler, der nur beim Face-off eingesetzt wird, um diesen auszuführen. Er wird danach so schnell wie möglich ausgewechselt. Im amerikanischen College-Sport ist dieses weit verbreitet, in anderen Ligen ist es seltener, da hier die Face-off-Spezialisten ansonsten auch noch gute Spieler sind und man nicht über eine so große Auswahl an guten Ersatzspielern verfügt.
 LSM: Ein Mittelfeldspieler kann einen langen Schläger erhalten (LSM = Long stick Middie). Dieses ist ein taktisches Manöver, um besser verteidigen zu können. Insgesamt dürfen sich nur bis zu vier lange Schläger pro Team gleichzeitig auf dem Feld befinden. Der LSM wird im Angriff meist gegen einen Mittelfeldspieler mit kurzem Schläger ersetzt. Trotzdem braucht er neben guten Abwehrfähigkeiten auch gute Stickbeherrschung, da er Konter laufen oder sich in den Angriff einbringen muss.
 Verteidiger (Defense): Es gibt drei Verteidiger mit langen Schlägern (long sticks). Verteidiger benutzten ihren großen Schläger dafür, den Gegner in jeglichen Formen zu checken und somit Tore zu verhindern und einen Ballverlust des Gegners zu provozieren.
 Torwart (Goalie): Die Aufgabe des Torwarts ist es, das eigene Tor zu schützen, also die gegnerischen Schüsse zu stoppen. Der Torwart ist für die Organisation der Verteidigung zuständig und unterstützt sie z. B. durch Ansagen der Ballposition. Der Torwart sollte eine gut hörbare Stimme haben, um seine Mitspieler korrekt koordinieren zu können. Des Weiteren sollte er über physische wie psychische Kraft und auch gute Reflexe verfügen, da er durch schnelle Bewegungen den Ball, der über 160 km/h schnell werden kann, verletzungsfrei stoppen können sollte.

Strafen

Strafen werden von den Schiedsrichtern ausgesprochen. Dabei wird zwischen technischen und persönlichen Fouls unterschieden. Die Strafe für ein technisches Foul ist entweder Ballbesitz für die gefoulte Mannschaft oder 30 s Zeitstrafe (wenn die gefoulte Mannschaft schon im Ballbesitz ist). Ein persönliches Foul zieht immer eine Zeitstrafe von 1, 2 oder 3 min nach sich. Es gilt der Grundsatz: "was legal beginnt, endet legal". Das heißt, wenn ein Gegenspieler sich kurz vor dem Kontakt wegdreht und deswegen zum Beispiel von hinten geschubst wird, so ist dies kein Foul. Besonders schwere Fouls können auch mit dem Ausschluss eines Spielers vom Spiel geahndet werden. Dieser darf dann nach 3 min durch einen anderen Spieler der Mannschaft ersetzt werden. Hat ein Spieler 5 persönliche Fouls begangen, ist er Fouled Out, was einem Ausschluss des Spielers gleichkommt. Ein Spieler, der ein Ausschlussfoul begangen hat, wird in Deutschland im Unterschied zum Fouled Out für mindestens ein weiteres Spiel gesperrt.

Persönliche Regelverstöße im Herren-Lacrosse (Personal Fouls)

 Checken mit dem Schläger auf den Körper (Cross Checking): Wenn ein Spieler mit seinem Schläger den Körper des Gegenspielers angreift, müssen die Hände beim Check so eng zusammengenommen werden, dass der Gegner nicht durch den Schlägerschaft zwischen den Händen berührt werden kann.
 Illegaler Körper-Check (Illegal Body Check):
 Regelverstoß, wenn ein Gegenspieler angegriffen wird, obwohl er weder im Ballbesitz ist noch sich innerhalb von 2,74 m eines am Boden befindlichen Balles aufhält.
 Regelverstoß, wenn ein Check gegen einen ehemals ballführenden Gegenspieler, der den Ball bereits gepasst oder geschossen hat, vermeidbar gewesen wäre.
 Regelverstoß, wenn der Gegner von hinten oder unterhalb der Hüfte gecheckt wird.
 Regelverstoß, wenn der Check des Gegners oberhalb der Schultern erfolgt. Ein Körper-Check muss zwischen Schulter und Hüftbereich erfolgen und beide Hände müssen den Schlägerschaft umfassen.
 Illegales Schlagen (Slashing): Regelverstoß, wenn der Schläger des Spielers den Gegner hart oder vorsätzlich in einen Bereich außerhalb des Schlägers oder der Handschuhe trifft.
 Beinstellen (Tripping): Regelverstoß, wenn ein Spieler seinen Gegner durch Berührung mit jedwedem Körper- oder Ausrüstungsteil zum Stolpern oder Fallen bringt.
 Unnötige Härte (Unnecessary Roughness): Regelverstoß, wenn ein Spieler seinen Gegner mit übermäßiger bzw. unangemessener Härte trifft.
 Unsportliches Verhalten (Unsportsmanlike Conduct): Regelverstoß, wenn ein Spieler oder Trainer eine Handlung durchführt, die von einem Schiedsrichter als unsportlich erachtet wird, wie z. B. übermäßiges Diskutieren, Verspotten und obszöne Sprache oder Zeichen. Unsportliches Verhalten ist es auch, wenn ein Spieler einen nicht regelkonformen Schläger benutzt. Ein Schläger verstößt gegen die Regeln, wenn die Tasche zu tief ist oder andere Teile des Schlägers in regelwidriger Weise verändert wurden, um einen Vorteil zu erlangen.

Eine Besonderheit im Lacrosse stellen die Flaggen dar. Bleibt ein gefoulter Spieler im Ballbesitz, so unterbricht der Schiedsrichter das Spiel nicht, sondern wirft eine Penalty Flag. Die Unterbrechung (durch Pfiff) erfolgt erst, wenn der Angriff abgeschlossen ist.

Technische Regelverstöße im Herren-Lacrosse (Technical Fouls)
 Eintritt in den Torkreis (Crease Violation): Regelverstoß, wenn ein Spieler der angreifenden Mannschaft den Kreis um das Tor (Crease) betritt oder ein balltragender Defensivspieler, inkl. des Torwarts, aus dem umliegenden Spielfeld in den eigenen Torkreis eintritt, ausgenommen, ein Foul führt zum Betreten des Kreises.
 Halten (Holding): Regelverstoß, wenn regelwidrig (z. B. durch Festhalten) die Bewegung des balltragenden Gegenspielers beeinträchtigt wird.
 Illegaler Block (Illegal Offensive Screening): Regelverstoß, wenn ein sich bewegender Offensivspieler einen (nicht direkt gegen ihn spielenden) Defensivspieler durch seinen Körper oder seine Ausrüstung berührt und dadurch diesen in seinen Bewegungen beeinträchtigt.
 Behinderung (Interference): Regelverstoß, wenn ein Spieler die Bewegungsfreiheit seines Gegners in irgendeiner Weise beeinträchtigt, obwohl der Gegner nicht im Ballbesitz ist, noch sich innerhalb von 4,57 m eines in der Luft oder am Boden befindlichen Balles bewegt.
 Abseits (Offsides): Regelverstoß, wenn eine Mannschaft nicht mindestens 4 Spieler in der Verteidigungshälfte oder mindestens 3 Spieler in der Angriffshälfte des Spielfeldes hat.
 Schubsen (Pushing): Regelverstoß, wenn ein Spieler seinen Gegner von hinten stößt oder schiebt.
 Zeitschinden (Stalling): Regelverstoß, wenn eine Mannschaft absichtlich den Ball außerhalb der Angriffszone hält, ohne das Ziel zu haben, auf das gegnerische Tor zu spielen, und somit Zeit schindet. Dem Zeitschinden geht eine Warnung voraus, den Ball in die Angriffszone zu bringen und ihn dort zu halten (bring it in, keep it in).
 Spielverzögerung (Delay of Game): Regelverstoß, wenn eine Mannschaft den Wiederanpfiff unnötig hinauszögert, z. B. wenn ein Spieler den Ball wegwirft, eine Mannschaft nicht rechtzeitig die Face-off-Positionen einnimmt oder kein Spieler den Ball zum Wiederanpfiff aufnimmt.

Damen-Lacrosse

Ausrüstung

Der Schläger
Der Lacrosseschläger besteht aus Holz, laminiertem Holz oder synthetischen Material und hat ein geformtes, taschenartiges Netz, genannt Pocket (Tasche), an einem Ende. Der Schläger muss eine Gesamtlänge von 90–110 cm vorweisen. Der Kopf hat eine Breite zwischen 18 und 23 cm. Das Pocket der Damen wird aus Riemen und Bändern, oder mit Maschenmaterial (Mesh) geflochten. Die Oberseite des Balls in der Tasche darf nicht tiefer als die Oberseite des Schlägerrahmens liegen.

Ball
Der Ball muss gelb und aus Vollgummi sein. Ein legaler Ball sollte einen Durchmesser von 60 bis 75 mm haben und zwischen 142 g und 149 g wiegen.

Mundschutz
Der Mundschutz ist Pflichtausrüstung bei allen Spielerinnen.

Freiwillige Schutzausrüstung
Eng anliegende Handschuhe und eine Schutzbrille ("Goggle") dürfen von allen Spielerinnen getragen werden, sind aber keine Pflicht.

Teams und Spielerinnen
Während eines Spiels stehen Zehn Spielerinnen auf dem Feld. In der Regel bestehen diese aus drei Angriffs-Spielerinnen, drei Mittelfeld-Spielerinnen, drei Verteidigungs-Spielerinnen und einem Goalkeeper. Wie bei den Männern dürfen die Mittelfeld-, Verteidigungs- und Angriffsspielerinnen beliebig die Positionen wechseln, jedoch dürfen zu jeder Zeit nicht mehr als 7 (inklusive Goalkeeper)  Spielerinnen jeder Mannschaft in dem äußeren Drittel des Feldes, hinter der sogenannten Restraining Line, sein.
Jedes Team hat einen oder mehr Captains, wie bei den Herren muss dieser kein Erkennungssymbol tragen. Feldspielerinnen dürfen laufend während eines Spiels ausgewechselt werden.

Regelverstöße

Grobe Verstöße (Major Fouls)
 Blockieren (Blocking): Regelverstoß, wenn eine Verteidigerin sich einer ballführenden Angreiferin so in den Weg stellt, dass diese keine Chance hat auszuweichen und es zu einem Körperkontakt kommt.
 Anstürmen (Charging): Regelverstoß, wenn eine Spielerin sich in eine Gegnerin wirft, mit der Schulter rempelt, rückwärts in die Gegnerin hineinläuft oder diese mit Händen oder Körper stößt.
 Gefährlicher Schuss (Dangerous Shot): Regelverstoß, wenn eine Spielerin unkontrolliert in Richtung des Tores wirft und dabei Spielerin und/oder Torwart gefährdet.
 Fehlverhalten (Misconduct): Fehlverhalten liegt dann vor, wenn eine Spielerin in einer groben unsportlichen oder gefährlichen Weise spielt, ständig die Regeln bricht oder vorsätzlich die Sicherheit der gegnerischen Spielerinnen gefährdet.
 Unkontrolliertes Schlagen (Dangerous Check): Regelverstoß, wenn eine Spielerin ihren Schläger in Richtung der Gegnerin schwingt und dadurch vorsätzlich die Sicherheit der Gegnerin gefährdet, unabhängig davon, ob sie den Schläger oder den Körper der Spielerin trifft.
 Hindernis im Freiraum (Obstruction of Free Space): Regelverstoß, wenn eine Verteidigerin ihre (nicht ballführende) Gegnerin nicht eng genug deckt und dadurch der ballführenden Angreiferin im Weg zum Tor steht. Diese Regel wird nur angewendet, wenn die Angreiferin die Möglichkeit zum Torschuss hat und sucht.
 Drei Sekunden Regel (Three Seconds): Eine Verteidigerin darf nicht länger als drei Sekunden im 11 m Halbkreis vor dem Tor stehen, es sei denn, sie deckt eine Gegnerin mit maximal einem Meter Abstand aktiv.

Geringfügige Verstöße (Minor Fouls) im Damen-Lacrosse
 Ball am Körper (Body Ball): Ein Ball, der vom Körper abprallt und der Spielerin oder ihrer Mannschaft einen Vorteil verschafft.
 Torkreis-Regelverstöße: Regelverstoß, wenn irgendein Körperteil oder Schläger einer beliebigen Spielerin (Angriff, Verteidigung oder Mittelfeld) mit Ausnahme des Torwarts oder ihrer Stellvertreterin in den Torkreis eintrifft.
 Illegale Abwehr (Warding off): Regelverstoß, wenn eine Spielerin einem am Boden liegendem Ball mit dem Fuß oder Schläger einklemmt, eine Hand vom Schläger nimmt und ihren freien Arm zur Abwehr der Gegnerin nutzt.
 Checken einer Schlägerin ohne Ball (Empty Crosse Check): Eine Spielerin darf eine gegnerische Schlägerin nicht checken, wenn diese nicht ballführend ist.

Positionen

Angriff
 First Home: Die Aufgabe der First-Home-Spielerin ist es, Tore zu schießen. Die Spielerin ist direkt vor dem Tor positioniert und muss ständig versuchen, sich vor dem Tor freizulaufen oder sich vom Tor wegzubewegen, um anderen Spielerinnen Platz zu machen. Die First-Home-Spielerin sollte über sehr gute Ball- und Schlägerkontrolle verfügen.
 Second Home: Die Second-Home-Spielerin unterstützt die First-Home-Spielerin. Die Spielerin sollte in der Lage sein, hart und präzise aus jedem Winkel zu schießen.
 Third Home: Die Aufgabe der Third-Home-Spielerin ist es, den Ball aus der Verteidigung in den Angriff zu passen oder zu tragen. Sie sollte in der Lage sein, präzise Pässe zu spielen und in die Flügel nachzurücken.

Mittelfeld
 Attack Wings: Die Aufgabe der Flügelspielerinnen ist es, den Ball aus der Verteidigung in den Angriff zu tragen. Sie sollten schnell sein, über eine gute Ausdauer verfügen und bei einem Ballgewinn der eigenen Verteidigung anspielbereit sein, um den Ball nach vorne zu tragen oder zu passen.
 Center: Die Aufgabe der Center-Spielerin ist es, den "Draw" durchzuführen (ein Manöver, bei dem zu Spielbeginn oder nach Toren der Ball zwischen Schläger zweier Spielerinnen gelegt wird), sowie Verteidigung und Angriff spielen. Sie muss sehr schnell sein.
 Defense Wing: Die verteidigenden Flügelspielerinnen decken die angreifenden Flügelspielerinnen und bringen den Ball in die Angriffszone. Sie sollten über Schnelligkeit und Ausdauer verfügen.

Verteidigung
 Point: Die Point-Spielerin ist die letzte Instanz vor dem Torwart, sie spielt meistens eine Crease Defense. Sie deckt die First-Home-Spielerin der Gegenmannschaft und sollte in der Lage sein, mit dem Schläger zu checken sowie Pässe abzufangen.
 Coverpoint: Die Coverpoint-Spielerin deckt die Second-Home-Spielerin. Sie sollte für in der Verteidigung gewonnene Bälle anspielbereit sein, schnell laufen können und gute Beinarbeit vorweisen.
 Third Man: Die Third-Man-Spielerin deckt die Second-Home-Spielerin. Sie muss Pässe abfangen, den Ball aus der Verteidigung in den Angriff tragen oder passen und schnell laufen können sowie eine gute Beinarbeit aufweisen.
 Goalkeeper: Der Torwart steht im Tor und "schützt" es somit. Die Spielerin sollte über gute Ball- und Schlägerkontrolle, Mut und Selbstvertrauen sowie schnelle Reflexe verfügen.

Schiedsrichter
In der Regel stehen vier Schiedsrichter auf und neben dem Platz. Sie werden in einen Haupt-Schiedsrichter, zwei weitere Feldschiedsrichter und einem CBO (Bankschiedsrichter) eingeteilt. Die Schiedsrichter haben Kontrolle über die Spieler und Trainer. Alle vier achten auf Sicherheitsrisiken und Regelverstöße und dürfen pfeifen. Dabei ist der CBO aber eingeschränkt: er achtet lediglich auf die Strafzeiten, Wechselfehler und unterstützt bei der Überwachung der Abseitsregeln. Er darf bei anderen Verstößen, die ihm auffallen, nicht pfeifen, aber die anderen Schiedsrichter informieren. Ein fünfter Schiedsrichter wird oft als Ersatzschiedsrichter eingesetzt. Dieser nennt sich Bankmanager (BM) und unterstützt den CBO, darf aber keine Regelverstöße ahnden. Neben den Schiedsrichtern gibt es die Zeitnehmer und Anschreiber, die einerseits die Spielzeit und die Strafzeiten stoppen, andererseits die Tore mit ihren Assists aufschreiben.

Organisation
Auf internationaler Ebene steht die Dachorganisation Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL) für Männer- und Frauen Lacrosse. Diese richtet im vierjährigen Rhythmus eine Lacrosse-Weltmeisterschaft jeweils für Männer oder Frauen (zeitversetzt) aus. Der FIL gehören 27 nationale Verbände an. Trotz seiner olympischen Vergangenheit gehört Lacrosse nicht mehr zu den vom IOC anerkannten Sportarten, die FIL ist auch nicht Mitglied des Weltsportdachverbandes Sportaccord. Auch die meisten nationalen Lacrosse-Organisationen gehören nicht den jeweiligen Sport-Dachverbänden an.

Einzelne Länder

Deutschland
Nach Deutschland gelangte Lacrosse erst 1993, als Austauschschüler aus den USA in Berlin und München Vereine gründeten. Mittlerweile gibt es drei Herrenligen, vier Damenligen und zwei Juniorenligen, die unter dem Dachverband, dem Deutschen Lacrosse Verband (DLaxV), organisiert sind. 2014/2015 spielen folgende Herren-Teams im Ligabetrieb:

 Die Bundesliga Nord/Ost umfasst den regulären Spielbetrieb im Norden und Osten Deutschlands und teilt sich in die 1. Bundesliga Nord/Ost, die 2. Bundesliga Nord und die 2. Bundesliga Ost auf. In der 1. Bundesliga Nord/Ost treten sechs Mannschaften an. Diese sind der DHC Hannover A, die USV Dresden Braves A, die Bielefelder TG Hawks, die HTHC Hamburg Warriors A, der Berliner Hockey Club A und der SCC Blax A. In der 2. Bundesliga Nord spielen der Lacrosse Club Kiel, die Bremen Likedeelers, die HTHC Hamburg Warriors B, die Spielgemeinschaft DHC Hannover B/Braunschweiger THC, die East Coast Shellbacks (Spielgemeinschaft aus Lübeck und Rostock), die Osnabrück Peacekeepers und die Göttingen Grasshoppers. In der 2. Bundesliga Ost spielen Victoria Lacrosse Berlin, sowie die Spielgemeinschaften Berliner Hockey Club B/Dresden B, SCC Blax B/Cottbus und Halle/Leipzig/Erfurt A & B.
 In der 1. Bundesliga West spielen folgende sieben Mannschaften: Aachen Lacrosse A, SC 1880 Frankfurt Lacrosse A,  Schwarz-Weiß Köln Lacrosse A, Düsseldorfer SC 99, Marburg Saints, Münster Mohawks A und Mainz Musketeers. Die 2. Bundesliga West ist in zwei Ligen aufgeteilt. Im Nord-Osten spielen Bochum Lacrosse, HC Kassel Raccoons, Paderborn Hornets, Dortmund Wolverines, Essen sowie Münster Mohawks B. Im Süd-Westen treten die Kaiserslautern Lumberjacks, Frankfurt B, Aachen B, sowie die Spielgemeinschaften Köln/Bonn und Saarbrücken/Trier an.
 Die Bundesliga Süd besteht aus der 1. Bundesliga Süd und den Landesligen Bayern und Baden-Württemberg In der 1. Bundesliga Süd spielen HLC Rot-Weiß München A, ABV Stuttgart A, Karlsruhe Storm KIT SC 2010 A, der FT Würzburg, die Erlangen Tribesmen, Tübingen Lacrosse A und PTSV Jahn Freiburg A. Die Landesliga Baden-Württemberg wird gebildet von folgenden Mannschaften: SG Friedrichshafen / Konstanz, Rhein-Neckar Lacrosse B, Tübingen Lacrosse B, ABV Stuttgart B, und PTSV Jahn Freiburg Pumas / Karlsruhe Storm  B. Die Landesliga Bayern wird gebildet von folgenden Mannschaften: HLC Rot-Weiß München B & D, Spielgemeinschaft Bayreuth/Erlangen B, HG Nürnberg Wizards, TSV Ingolstadt Panthers, und Passau.

Die ersten vier der 1. Bundesliga Nord/Ost und die jeweils ersten zwei aus der 1. Bundesliga West und der 1. Bundesliga Süd kommen in die Playoffs, in denen die besten vier in einer sogenannten "Double elimination-Runde" ermittelt werden. Die besten vier tragen dann die deutsche Meisterschaft im K.-o.-System aus.

Damen-Liga:
 Die Damen-Bundesliga Nord teilt sich in die 1. Bundesliga Nord, in der die HTHC Hamburg Warriors A, Bielefeld TG Hawks, DHC Hannover A, ATS Buntentor Bremen und HTHC Black Pearls spielen, und in die 2. Bundesliga Nord, wo die Mannschaften vom Lacrosse Club Kiel, der Spielgemeinschaft Lübeck/HTHC Hamburg-Warriors C und die B-Mannschaften von den HTHC Hamburg-Warriors und dem DHC Hannover in einer Spielgemeinschaft mit dem BTHC Braunschweig spielen.
 In der Damen-Bundesliga Ost spielen zwei Teams des SCC Blax, Victoria Lacrosse, die Dresden Braves und die Spielergemeinschaft aus Cottbus, Leipzig, Jena und Halle.
 In der 1. Damen-Bundesliga West spielen SC 1880 Frankfurt Lacrosse, Münster Mohawks, die Düsseldorf Hirschkühe, die Mainz Musketeers und die Cologne Indians. In der 2. Bundesliga West treten die Mannschaft DoPa Donkeys und die Spielegemeinschaften Köln/Bonn/Aachen, Kassel/Osnabrück/Essen und Marburg/Göttingen gegeneinander an.
 In der 1. Damen-Bundesliga Süd spielen HLC Rot-Weiß München A, PTSV Jahn Freiburg, Karlsruhe Storm Lacrosse, Würzburg Lacrosse und ABV Stuttgart Lacrosse. In der 2. Bundesliga Süd sind HLC Rot-Weiß München B, Kaisar, Lacrosse Verein Heidelberg, Tübingen und die Spielgemeinschaften Passau/Friedrichshafen/Nürnberg/Regensburg und Konstanz/Mannheim.

Junioren:
Seit 2007 gibt es eine Juniorenliga in Deutschland, die DLaxV-Juniorenliga. In ihr spielen: HTHC Tomahawks, Düsseldorfer SC 99 Antlers, Bruessel Lacrosse, Stuttgart Lacrosse, SC 1880 Frankfurt Lacrosse, Schwarz-Weiß Köln Lacrosse, Berliner Hockey Club, DHC Hannover und der Südmix, HTHC Hamburg Warriors.

Österreich
Bereits im Jahre 2001 wurde der Grundstein für Lacrosse in Österreich durch die Gründung der Salzburg Arizonas gelegt. Vier Jahre später, am 10. November 2005 wurde der Österreichische Lacrosse Verband (ÖLaxV) gegründet. Bereits ein Jahr nach der Gründung wurde mit der Ausrichtung der Österreichischen Lacrosse Liga (ÖLL) begonnen, an der auch Teams aus den Nachbarländern Österreichs teilnehmen. Um Spieler zu gewinnen, begann man bereits 2005 mit der Rekrutierung über Lacrosse-Kurse auf den Universitäten in Wien, Graz und Innsbruck.

In der ALL befanden sich 2012 folgende Herrenmannschaften: Vienna Monarchs, Graz Gladiators, Vienna White Coats, Carinthian Celtics sowie als Gastteams aus Ungarn Budapest Blax. Die burgenländische Mannschaft der Eisenstadt Steelers befindet sich ebenso wie das Waldviertel Lacrosse Team und die Innsbruck Eagles im Aufbau. Die Damenmeisterschaft wird bestritten von den Graz Gladiators, den Vienna Monarchs und Vienna Cherokees sowie den Bratislava Tricksters aus der Slowakei.

Schweiz
Die Herzogenbuchsee Iroquois Lacrosse, Wettingen Wild Lacrosse, Bern Titans, Zürich Lions Lacrosse, der St. Gallen Sunnyboys Lacrosse Club, die Basel Spartans und das Mixed-Team aus Fribourg/Olten/Luzern (ab der Saison 2011 spielen die Olten Saints, Lynx Lacrosse Luzern und die Freiburger Skunks separat) und Wizards Sports aus Winterthur sind im Schweizerischen Lacrosse-Verband (SwissLaxV) organisiert. Auf die Saison 2010 trennen sich die Fribourg Skunks vom Mixed-Team und der KSC Chur tritt dem SwissLaxV bei. In der dritten Saison nach 2008 und 2009 kämpfen 9 Teams um den Schweizermeistertitel, nachdem in den ersten beiden Jahren die Zürich Lions den Titel holten. Der SwissLaxV ist Mitglied in der European Lacrosse Federation (ELF) und der Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL). Der SwissLaxV fördert die Verbreitung von Feld-Lacrosse in der Schweiz und entsendet die Nationalmannschaft zu den internationalen Lacrosse-Wettkämpfen der ELF und der FIL.

Der Schweizer Lacrosse und Intercrosse Verband (SLIV) befindet sich zurzeit im Aufbau. Im Moment gibt es fünf Mannschaften im SLIV: Blackhawks Kriens (hat sich aufgelöst), Red Monkeys Rothenburg (hat sich aufgelöst), Green Buzzard Rickenbach, Hurricanes Herzogenbuchsee und Aquillas Basel. Einmal im Jahr finden die Swiss Games statt.

Kanada

Lacrosse ist neben Eishockey Nationalsport in Kanada (in der Zuschauergunst höher steht allerdings Canadian Football). Seit der Gründung des Landes war der Sport offizieller Nationalsport, bis die Regierung einen Gesetzesentwurf vorlegte, in dem Eishockey zum Nationalsport erklärt wurde. 1994 erhoben Interessenvertreter der First Nations Einwand gegen diesen Gesetzesentwurf. Sie argumentierten, dadurch würde die kulturelle und historische Bedeutung von Lacrosse verloren gehen. Seit dem 12. Mai 1994 gilt Lacrosse als offizielle Sommer-Nationalsportart und Hockey als offizielle Winter-Nationalsportart.
Der Spielbetrieb des Frauen-, Männer-, Jungen- und Mädchenlacrosse wird von der Canadian Lacrosse Association organisiert. Die nationale Meisterschaft der Männer wird als Ross Cup und die der Frauen als Robertson Cup bezeichnet. Die Männer-Nationalmannschaft gewann bisher dreimal die Weltmeisterschaft.

Größeren Zuspruch als die Feld-Variante findet die Indoor-Variante Boxlacrosse. Diese Spiele werden in Eishockeystadien, deren Eisflächen abgetaut oder mit Kunstrasen bedeckt wurden, ausgetragen. Das bedeutendste Turnier ist die National Lacrosse League, an dem sowohl Mannschaften aus den USA und Kanada teilnehmen. Herausragende Spieler der Feld- und Indoor-Variante werden in die Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame aufgenommen.

Wichtige Auszeichnungen
Folgende Auszeichnungen sind einige der bedeutendsten im Lacrosse:
 die Tewaaraton Trophy
 der Lt. Raymond Enners Award
 der Jack Turnbull Award
 der William C. Schmeisser Award
 der Ensign C. Markland Kelly, Jr. Award
 der National Lacrosse League MVP Award

Siehe auch
 Intercrosse (Trendsportart ohne Körperkontakt und "mixed")
 Polocrosse (Kombination aus Polo und Lacrosse)

Literatur
 Vincent Perez-Mazzola: The Lacrosse Training Bible: The Complete Guide for Men and Women. Hatherleigh Press, ISBN 978-1-57826-249-6.
 David G. Pietramala, Neil A. Grauer: Lacrosse: Technique and Tradition. Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-8410-1.
 Jim Hinkson: Lacrosse Team Strategies. Warwick Publishing, ISBN 1-894622-48-0.
 Neil Duffy: The Spirit in the Stick. Duffy Publishing, ISBN 0-9753686-0-5.
 Thomas, Jr. Vennum: Lacrosse: Little Brother of War. Smithsonian Books, ISBN 1-56098-301-9 (auf Deutsch erschienen als: Thomas Vennum. Das indianische Lacrosse-Spiel. Baum Publications, ISBN 3-930596-03-2).
 Maud C. Hietzge: Handbuch für Lacrosse und Intercrosse: Spielstruktur – Technik – Training. Meyer & Meyer Verlag, März 2009, ISBN 978-3-89899-275-6.

Weblinks

 Deutscher Lacrosse Verband
 Österreichischer Lacrosse Verband
 Schweizer Lacrosse Verband (SwissLaxV)

Einzelnachweise

Torspiel
Indianische Kultur
Mannschaftssportart

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Robots Joining the Front Lines to Battle COVID-19
A new robotic system allows medical staff to remotely operate ventilators and other bedside machines from outside intensive care rooms of patients with infectious diseases.
The system, developed by a team of Johns Hopkins University and Medicine researchers, is still being tested, but initial trials have demonstrated how it could be deployed to help hospitals preserve protective gear, limit staff exposure to COVID-19 and provide more time for medical work.
"Two of the toughest challenges we faced at the peak of COVID-19 were staffing and PPE (personal protective equipment)," says Sajid H. Manzoor, director of adult respiratory therapy at The Johns Hopkins Hospital.
The pandemic spurred a massive surge of highly infectious, intensive care patients requiring ventilators, infusion pumps and other support equipment. Treating them requires hospital personnel to change protective gear every time they enter rooms, even for minor adjustments to machines.
"This remote-control system will be a force multiplier for our frontline clinicians," said Jonathan Cope, a respiratory therapist who assisted with the project. "Being able to save time to deliver more care to more patients will pay huge dividends when we face massive scenarios such as pandemics."
University of Maryland computer science graduate student Misha Khrenov – working under computer science professor Axel Krieger, who joined The Johns Hopkins University in July – and Johns Hopkins research scientist Balázs P. Vágvölgyi built the working prototype.
The robotic device is affixed to the ventilator's touch screen with a horizontal bar secured across the top edge. The bar serves as a stationary track for the back-and-forth movement of two connected vertical bars that extend the full height of the screen. As the vertical bars sweep across the screen, a stylus they carry moves up and down according to its commands, similar to how an Etch A Sketch moves its drawing tool along an X-Y axis. A camera connected to the top bar sends an image of the screen to the operator's tablet outside the room.
"Whether it's for Covid or the next pandemic, there is always going to be a need for this," he said. "It will definitely end up in the ICU environment in the coming years."
Date Posted: September 10, 2020 | Disclaimer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If you've gotten word that your loved one or family member has gotten into trouble with the law, the last thing you want to worry about are expenses. Unfortunately, bail bonds are the first things you'll actually need to deal with in order to get your loved one released from prison and in a position to move forward.
In most states, bail amounts are set extremely high. Even the legally-set 10% fee to your bail bonds agent can often exceed a few thousand dollars. If paying for your bail bondsman will be difficult for you, here are some tips about common financing options and actually qualifying for bail through a bondsman.
Determining the total cost for your bail bonds services is easy. The amount owed to a bail bonds company cannot fluctuate. Rather, it's set by the State Department of Insurance. For example, in California it is set at 10% of the total bail amount determined by the judge. The bail bonds business is not permitted legally to alter the price of a bail bond.
This works to your advantage because interest charges cannot be tacked onto bail bonds fees either. While most bail bonds companies will require payment in full up front for their services, most will also offer some type of financing options or payment plans in order to stay competitive with other companies in the area.
Most bail bonds companies will require a credit check in order to finance a potential client. A good credit score assures the bondsman that a client is diligent in paying bills on time and can afford his or her services.
Some will even request using a house or other assets as collateral in order to release your loved one. If you don't think you will qualify for bail financing, consider obtaining another family member or friend as a co-signer. Then that person provides additional collateral, guaranteeing the bail bondsman he will not lose money if the defendant flees.
Again, the two main things most companies will take into consideration are home ownership and credit history. For non-homeowners, many bail bondsmen will also consider employment status, length of residency, arrest history and crime severity for consideration when determining whether you qualify for bail services and financing plans. The bail business wants to earn its bail cost fee so it will not be too discerning, but it will also not take on a shady client. Speak to a bail bondsman for more details.


Fan cries profusely over Nigerian rapper, M.I.
Home 2015 May 18 Fan cries profusely over Nigerian rapper, M.I.
hugging her because his performance battery was already blinking red.
He later rendered a special song for her which made her fully open her mouth wide, like that of a baby hippopotamus, and cry even more….. she was later overheard telling her friends dt M.I wld start feeling like one doromegasuperstar now not knowing dt she jst did it for attention…..
READ Super Eagles player, Emenike, performs ritual to lift curse placed on him.
Human with male and female organs caught in Ghana.Another heavy weight wedding bells may ring soon as Aliko Dangote romances Sylvia Nduka, National Enquirer exclusively reports.


text:
State will compensate victims of forced sterilization
Government orders creation of the Registry of Victims of Forced Sterilizations to record violations that occurred between 1995 and 2001.
Latin America and the Caribbean, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela.
Indigenous peoples claim territorial rights
Bri-bri and Teribe communities suffer attacks aimed to abandoning their land reserve.
Elections with surprising results
Argentina, Colombia, Guatemala and Haiti had elections on October 25 whose results could change the political panorama of the region.
Humala loses popularity
Executive branch dismisses prosecutor who was investigating first lady for alleged money laundering.
Gold mining started in zone claimed by Venezuela
Dispute over border territory rich in natural resources intensifies.
"If they touch our territory, they are touching our bodies"
Rural and urban women organize to fight against government policies that cede their territories as part of mega-project concessions.
At risk of returning to poverty
Economic slowdown would cause 200 million people in Latin American and the Caribbean to fail to meet their basic needs.
Towards a more violent scenario
Government decision to reverse benefits to imprisoned gang member ends truce and unleashes an open war against the state.
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Venezuela.
"Peace is possible and is closer than ever"
President Juan Manuel Santos and FARC leader Rodrigo Londoño announced that within six months a peace agreement should be signed.
Comedian obtained a surprising electoral victory
Jimmy Morales has described himself as a "Christian nationalist" and his discourse veers towards the far-right.
Drug trafficking behind massacre of Ayotzinapa students
The report of IACHR-appointed experts contradicts the official version of the assassination of the students.
Dilma Rousseff in her worst hour
Corruption and economic slowdown catch up to the President.
Governor declares debt owed to creditors as "unpayable."
Indigenous uprising confronts government repression
Hundreds of people have been detained in President Rafael Correa's offensive against the indigenous demonstrations.
An intense El Niño is predicted
Scientific organizations sound the alarm about the impact of climatic phenomenon.
Colombia / Venezuela
Political and humanitarian crisis due to border closure
Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro declared state of emergency along the border with Colombia to combat smuggling and insecurity.
"I have a right to be happy, no matter what I am"
Women sex workers seek to be visible in Costa Rica's legislation, draw up a bill recognizing their rights as regular workers.
Sex workers seek to dignify their profession
Bill seeks to recognize and protect sex workers.


Google is many things: the most used Internet search engine, the largest seller of online advertising, the busiest online video site (YouTube), a maker of maps, e-mail and scores of other applications delivered over the Web. And all these things are possible because, first and foremost, Google is an immense collection of electricity-hungry data centers, packed with hundreds of thousands of computers that deliver all these digital services almost instantly to virtually any computer around the globe.
Google has always considered these data centers among its most prized crown jewels and has gone to great lengths to protect information about them — their design, operation, energy use and even their location — as a corporate secret.
So it came a bit as a surprise to industry watchers when on Wednesday Google boasted that its data centers were perhaps the most efficient in the industry. The company also unveiled a Web site where it reveals some of the secrets behind its efficiency.
The limited disclosures come at a time when Google faces increasing criticism for its secrecy. The growing energy of use of data centers is considered by many to be an industrywide problem. Data centers accounted for about 1.5 percent of all electricity consumed in the United States in 2006. Just three years from now, the figure is expected to rise to 2.5 percent. As a result, many companies, including Google's No. 1 rival, Microsoft, have become increasingly open and collaborative in hopes that their own efforts to become more energy-efficient will help move the entire industry forward.
Separately, Google began talking up a blueprint developed at its philanthropic unit, Google.org, to "transform our economy from one running on fossil fuels to one largely based on clean energy." It is one of Google's many efforts to promote clean energy. Google's chief executive, Eric Schmidt, is expected to discuss some of those efforts Wednesday night in a speech at the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco.
I'm excited to see Google take such a strong approach to promote greater data center efficiency. But, I think what's lost in this post is one of hte most inherent issues with efficiency in a data center to begin with: power distribution. This is, however, called out on Google's website (//www.google.com/corporate/datacenters/step1.html), saing, "Up to a third of the total energy consumption by a typical server is wasted before reaching the computing components. THe majority of these losses occur when converting electricity from one kind to another. The power supply, which converts the AC voltage coming from a standard outlet to a low set of DC voltages, is where most of the energy is lost." While technologies like "evaporative cooling techniques" are certainly important in taking on excessive heat, by fixing the problem at the root – inefficient facility-level eletrical distribution – you can generate less heat in the first place (which means less to cool). This occurs because, as Google notes, there are conversions (AC to DC), as well as transformations (higher voltage to lower voltage), that need to take place in a data center, which create excess heat at each point of change. With AC power distribution you are looking at 5-7 conversions and transformations, opposed to 2 with DC power distribution – reducing energy consumption anywhere from 15-50%. When it comes to energy efficinecy in the data center, I"m as big a fan as anyone of unique and inventive technologies, but if you simply start at the source (electricity), you may be surprised how far you'll get (www.validusdc.com).
So the lesson is what, build your data center next to a wind/solar farm? It's green and the energy doesn't need to travel very far. Google isn't going to do much about the transmission line infrastructure.
Cute graph, but how many watts per server are they drawing and what is the cooling load. Saying "we are green" is a far cry form actually backing it up.
Certainly the power transformations which take place in data center, which I have been building for over 30 years, are a major source of loss. The phone company (used to represent one entity!) has always relied on 48 volt UPS units which use a single conversion at the point of entry. Sometimes old technology works!


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Click here to ask questions about RA...
The effects of RA on the lungs
The lungs can be affected in RA through the RA itself, or as an effect from treatment given for RA.
There are three situations in which the lung can be adversely affected in people with rheumatoid arthritis:
A direct effect of rheumatoid disease on the lungs
An adverse effect of treatment given for rheumatoid on lung tissue
Chest infections, as a consequence of rheumatoid itself or the immune-suppressing therapies given to treat it, causing a further deterioration in lung function
This article aims to give an overview of these three ways in which the lungs can be affected.
1. The direct effects of rheumatoid disease on lung tissue and pleura
People with RA can develop disease in their lungs, as a consequence of their immune system attacking their joints and other tissues. Different types of lung disease can occur, including interstitial lung disease (ILD), bronchiectasis and bronchiolitis obliterans. In each of these, inflammation and damage can occur to the lung tissue, reducing the ability to absorb oxygen from the air we breathe into the bloodstream and causing breathlessness in affected people. Often this is accompanied by a persistent cough, especially with exertion. Breathing tests (also called lung function or pulmonary function tests) and a CT scan of the lungs are used to confirm the diagnosis, and precise patterns of lung disease are described.
In interstitial lung disease (ILD) immune cells collect in the lung, accompanied by thickening or fibrosis of the tissues.  This means the air sacs (alveoli) are less able to absorb the oxygen we breathe into the bloodstream. Although CT scans show evidence of ILD in a high proportion of RA patients (over half in some studies), this is not sufficiently extensive to cause breathlessness or cough in most, with symptoms estimated to occur in as few as 5% of RA patients.  The CT appearances are so characteristic that radiologists are able to describe four patterns of ILD, listed below in order of how common they are:
interstitial pneumonia (UIP) – the commonest form
non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP)
organising pneumonia (OP) and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) – much less frequent
RA patients who are more likely to develop ILD include:
those that have smoked
have rheumatoid nodules
developed RA at a relatively older age
have rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies
are male
Usually, ILD develops several years after the RA diagnosis, but up to a quarter of RA patients have ILD from when they first develop RA, or even before their joints are affected. Historically there was no treatment for ILD and survival was poor, this being the second commonest cause of premature death (after cardiovascular problems such as heart attacks and strokes) in people with RA. However, more help is available now and there is evidence that some therapies, including mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab and abatacept, slow down or even prevent ILD progression.
Bronchiectasis is a condition in which the branches of the airways are widened. This can occur as a consequence of recurrent infections or because they are pulled apart from fibrosis, as occurs in ILD. The consequence is that mucus and secretions collect within the airways, rather than being coughed up. Retention of secretions is a problem because this reduces the flow of air and hence oxygen absorption, making the affected person breathless on exertion. Retained secretions also encourage bacteria to grow, making chest infections more likely, and in the most extensive cases, these become a recurring problem. As in ILD, features are more commonly seen on CT than reported by patients, with up to 30% having areas of bronchiectasis but far fewer having symptoms. There are some chicken and egg theories concerning bronchiectasis and RA with thoughts that the bacteria in bronchiectasis are a cause of CCP antibodies which then trigger the onset of RA, and alternatively that the immune suppression used to treat RA leads to recurrent chest infections which ultimately result in bronchiectasis.
Bronchiolitis obliterans is another inflammatory condition, in which the smallest airways (bronchioles) become blocked or obstructed. This means there is less airflow to the air sacs and so less absorption of oxygen. The affected person feels breathless and may have a cough and be wheezy. This condition is more commonly seen as a result of inhaling chemicals, such as diacetyl used as a flavouring in microwave popcorn and e-cigarettes, but rarely may also occur in people with RA. In contrast to ILD, symptoms can commence over a short period of time, get worse quickly, and in the absence of reversible treatment, the most severe cases may require lung transplantation.
The pleura is a double-layered envelope surrounding the lungs. In some people with RA, the pleural layers can be affected by inflammation, leading to thickening of the pleural tissue and fluid collecting in the pleural space. This is more likely to occur in men and people with rheumatoid nodules. Pleural thickening and fluid may occur around one or both lungs, and whilst there are signs of this in over half of all RA patients on CT scans, in the majority, the extent is mild and far less than 10% have pain or breathlessness from pleural disease. Often investigations have to be done to confirm the diagnosis, requiring the fluid to be sampled and a pleural biopsy is taken to distinguish rheumatoid pleural fluid from infection (bacteria or tuberculosis) or cancer. Standard treatments for RA are usually effective for pleural disease, and only very rarely is surgery necessary to prevent fluid collecting.
Nodules are a feature of RA and can occur within the lung or on the pleura. They are collections of immune cells, often found at the back of the elbow, and whilst a sign that the immune system is over-active (part of the RA disease process), the nodules themselves rarely cause symptoms and generally do no harm. When present in the lung, they can be solitary or multiple and range in size from a few millimetres to several centimetres when they can be visible on a chest X-ray.  Although they have some characteristic features on CT and PET scans, sometimes a biopsy (small tissue sample) has to be taken to confirm the diagnosis, as they can look the same as cancer. Methotrexate treatment can make rheumatoid nodules larger and more numerous, whereas other therapies, including rituximab and JAK inhibitors, are effective in shrinking them.
2. The effects of RA treatment on lung tissue or the pleura
In principle, any medication that effectively suppresses the immune driven inflammatory processes that cause RA should also be effective for all manifestations of the disease, in all organs. This is generally true, with many instances in which the early signs of lung or pleural disease on CT scan never progress to the extent that the affected person becomes breathless or develops a cough, because of the effectiveness of the medications they are taking. Nonetheless, when RA lung disease is found to get worse, it can be hard to decide if this is because the existing therapy is not completely effective at suppressing the inflammatory RA process or alternatively because the therapy itself is having a direct toxic effect on the lung or an indirect effect as a consequence of chest infections.
Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the most important disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) used to treat RA. It is very rarely associated with an allergic lung reaction, called hypersensitivity pneumonitis (in less than 1% of people). This often occurs early, well within the first year of treatment, but can be delayed up to 3 years after starting treatment. Patients become unwell over a few days, with breathlessness, fever and malaise. Stopping MTX and giving high dose steroid for a short while is sufficient for the majority of cases to recover. However, because hypersensitivity pneumonitis can be severe and even life-threatening, people with pre-existing lung disease (such as COPD) are not started on MTX if it is felt that they might not survive MTX pneumonitis should it occur. Apart from this reaction, and the possibility of increasing rheumatoid nodules,  there is no evidence that MTX makes it more likely that any of the other RA associated lung complications will occur, such as ILD, and on the contrary may be protective by so effectively treating the underlying RA disease process.
Sulfasalazine has been associated with a lupus-like syndrome where pleural disease is seen, and also a hypersensitivity 'eosinophilic' pneumonia. These are not common events and are usually reversible after stopping treatment.
Leflunomide has been associated very infrequently with the development of ILD, particularly in Asian people.
Early reports of TNF inhibitors (TNFi) suggested a link with progressive ILD and death. However, it has been difficult to determine if this link was caused by the drugs, as TNFi were initially given to people with advanced severe ILD with a high risk of chest infections and a poor likelihood of survival. This class of biologic agent has not been found to cause ILD in people with other immune driven diseases, not in themselves associated with lung disease (e.g. psoriasis, colitis) but caution is still important when starting a patient with severe lung disease and high risk of a chest infection on a biologic therapy.
Currently, rituximab, abatacept and mycophenolate mofetil are favoured options over TNFi, partly because of a somewhat lower risk of chest infections.
4. Chest infections
People with RA and lung disease have several reasons to be at an increased risk of chest infections (bronchitis and pneumonia). Firstly, because the lung is damaged, the natural defences from infection are curtailed. This is made worse in people who smoke or are exposed to fumes or other lung toxins, and every effort must be made to stop smoking. This is over and above the fact that smoking reduces the effectiveness of DMARDs and TNFi. Secondly, the treatments for RA (all DMARDs and biologics) work by suppressing the immune system. In so doing, they reduce the body's defence against infection and so increase the risk of infections. Furthermore, an unwanted cycle can develop in which DMARD and biologic therapies have to be interrupted to enable recovery from chest infections, which in turn result in a flare of the RA and its lung disease, leading to more lung damage and even greater susceptibility to infection.
A balance between the risk of infection and treatment of the underlying rheumatoid process needs to be struck. Helpful measures include avoiding contact with sources of infection such as crowded spaces, keeping up to date with vaccines (influenza yearly, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine PPV once) and respiratory exercises to aid natural ways of clearing lung secretions. Stopping smoking is very important.
Whilst all DMARDs and biologic therapies carry an increased risk of infection, it is becoming increasingly clear that steroids (prednisolone) confer the greatest risk of all, and every effort should be made to stop oral steroid (prednisolone) treatment in people with rheumatoid lung disease.
References available on request
Coronavirus (COVID-19) and RA
Coping with isolation
Exercise during COVID-19 lockdown
Get involved in COVID-19 research
What is RA?
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA)
Symptoms of RA
Managing flares
Possible complications and related conditions
RA diagnosis and possible causes
Possible causes and risk factors
RA medication
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JAK inhibitors
General Medicine Information
RA healthcare
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Guidelines on the management of RA
Monitoring RA
Living with RA
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Sebi clears new shareholding norms for Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process companies
In respect of companies that continue to remain listed due to implementation of the resolution plan under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, Sebi said such firms will be required to have at least 5 per cent public shareholding at the time of their admission to dealing on the stock exchange.
By: PTI | New Delhi | December 16, 2020 5:55:16 pm
Securities and Exchange Board of India. (File)
Markets regulator Sebi's board on Wednesday approved the new shareholding norms for Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process companies and decided to give relaxation in minimum promoter contribution in follow-on public offer.
At present, there is no such minimum requirement, the regulator said in a statement after the board meeting.
Further, such companies will be provided 12 months to achieve public shareholding of 10 per cent from the date such shares of the company are admitted to dealings on the stock exchange and 36 months to achieve public shareholding of 25 per cent from the said date.
For all the latest Business News, download Indian Express App.


text:
Review: Hotel Artemis (2018)
Going into Hotel Artemis, one might be inclined to admire it just on premise alone. A pulpy crime thriller with a cyberpunk setting is not too commonly done in cinema, and in a world where box-office draws consist mainly of remakes, reboots, sequels, and superhero redundancies, Hotel Artemis is even more commendable for the fact that it isn't an adaptation. The film's synopsis even mentions that it is "set in its own distinctive crime universe," suggesting that writer/director Drew Pearce may intend to expand on this film's world in future projects. If he does, then there's certainly a fine well to draw from—even if this initial entry leaves a lot to be desired on its own.
Set a decade into the future in L.A., the city has been ravaged by an unending riot that has allowed its criminal underworld to fluctuate. The film's title location is an underground hospital for criminals that is run by an enigmatic character known as The Nurse (Jodie Foster). The Nurse accepts all types of victims into her abode, but this takes a turn for the worse when she discovers that she may be housing an assassin that is there to kill one of her patients.
One of the many creative movie posters for Hotel Artemis.
Englishman Drew Pearce certainly seems to have the pedigree to pull off a movie like this. Even though Hotel Artemis marks his feature directorial debut, the man has had a good track record with genre. He's the creator of the British superhero comedy series No Heroics and a co-writer for Iron Man 3, and he even penned the storyline for Mission Impossible: Rogue Nation. A sci-fi film featuring minimal sets and a healthy amount of pulp-fiction tropes seems like a good venue for Pearce to get his start as a director, and it does work at times.
First, the good: Hotel Artemis has plenty of good ideas attached to its relatively unique setting, and it also possesses a self-aware nature that keeps its material well-grounded. Pearce's script wears its influences on its sleeve, with its colorful array of misanthropic criminals and its underworld-saturated hotel that's potentially lifted from a more recent action film series (hint: it rhymes with John Wick)—which is fine as certain crime filmmakers have succeeded on distinct imitation (hint: his name rhymes with Quentin Tarantino). He even writes some good dialogue and action scenes for his characters to indulge in, and the film's climax is an old-fashioned, against-the-odds escape scenario that's a bit of a nod to John Carpenter's Assault on Precinct 13.
It's just that Hotel Artemis doesn't have the structure to bring it all together in a satisfying way. For one, at only 94 minutes, the film doesn't really allow enough time to develop the dozen or so characters it introduces. Hotel Artemis indeed has an attractive cast (I don't know if it's likely we'll ever see a movie to feature the likes of Jeff Goldblum, Charlie Day, Zachary Quinto, Dave Bautista, and Jenny Slate again), but Pearce doesn't allow his characters to develop in a fulfilling way. Face it, it's hard to make a good ensemble piece with anything under two hours (and even that's pushing it), and the interactions/arguments the characters have with one another suggest that it could have delved into some really engaging insanity had it a less-restrictive runtime.
The film's structure isn't the only issue, as the cinematography isn't exactly easy on the eyes either. While Pearce's direction is fine for the most part, and the set décor is good enough, the lighting in the film is evidently problematic. Shot in a very dim scheme, it can often be hard to make out visuals, giving it a perpetually grainy feel that looks ugly (and no, not the good kind). Not to say that Hotel Artemis needed a neon-saturated look akin to other neo-noir (e.g., Drive, Blade Runner), but its attempt at a gritty aesthetic ultimately proves flawed.
Hotel Artemis' premise is interesting and well-intentioned, but it just doesn't come together enough for it to become the cult-classic it aspires to be. By the time the credits roll, it's likely that a viewer may feel a degree of sorrow over what they just watched—not for the plight that Foster's character faces but for the fact that they haven't been given anything substantial enough to care about. There's enough here to suggest that Drew Pearce may find more of a voice in his next project, but for those in need of a fun action film this summer, your time and money are best spent on the likes of Marvel properties or Upgrade.
Watch the Red-Band Trailer for Hotel Artemis!
Filed Under: Drew PearceFilmPeter Foy


This log cabin enjoys plenty of natural lighting with tall windows and cathedral ceilings, and the charm doesn't stop there. The beautiful wood slab kitchen table, cozy leather couch and river-stone fireplace mantle create the perfect atmosphere for your vacation home in the Smokies. For entertainment, this cabin has a TV mounted over the gas fireplace and a pool table in the loft that overlooks the living room, as well a bubbling hot tub on the covered back deck off the main level. Enjoy unlimited long distance, Over 75 HD digital channels and WIFI.
Please remember this is not pet friendly and is a smoke free property. Steep and winding mountain roads to cabin.
Up to $425 in free passes daily!
Nice, clean, welcoming, beautiful scenery, and enjoyable cabin. Many things to admire, especially with the peaceful surroundings. Thank you!
Great! Will be back. Very happy with the cleanliness and location.
Clean cozy cabin. the most relaxing vacation I've ever had!
This was my first time staying in a cabin. My wife and I come to stay with you guys for our honeymoon. It was absolutely perfect. We will be back in the future without a doubt!
Everything was excellent!! The cabin was clean and the staff at check in was very friendly and helpful!
We arrived late and you all arranged for us to have access to our cabin after hours. It was greatly appreciated. Then, the cabin was clean and beautiful inside!
Staff was very friendly. In the cabin the fire place did not work.
Great again!!!! I will come and stay again, you guys rock!!!!
Almost Paradise was well cleaned and maintained. Customers service was excellent and the ladies were super friendly. I will for sure use Auntie Belham's in the future.
It was amazing. The cabin was an awesome experience. I totally enjoyed the whole weekend. My family and I will definitely be back to have another vacation.
It was a perfect mini getaway for us as we celebrated our 9th wedding anniversary! The location was great and the perfect drive to Gatlinburg or Pigeon Forge. We will definitely be back!
Everyone was so helpful and nice!!! The cabin was perfect and clean!!
Very efficient and organized. Will defiantly return. Thanks for having us.
Excellent!! We are already making plans to come back next year!!!
Beautiful cabin! We enjoyed every second of our stay. It was very clean and had everything we needed for our honeymoon weekend.
Room was great! It could use a new mattress. There's a noticeable dip in the middle. Loved the attraction tickets. Last year we got 1 packet of laundry detergent, which was really nice. Would like to have that included again.
We had an amazing time, our cabin was beautiful and clean.
the cabin was very nice. It was very quite, just what we need that week. there was some things that needed your attention to the cabin. ceiling fan in bedroom and main area squeak . the tub the jets didn't work. but over all it was nice .
We had a wonderful, safe, and eventful experience on our honeymoon.
Our stay with you was absolutely wonderful. The cabin we rented was perfect for the two of us and our occasion. It was my boyfriends 54th birthday he had never been to TN before and we were looking for quiet and relaxation and that is exactly what we received plus more.
Our experience was excellent as always. This was probably our 4th or more times renting a cabin with you all.
It was a great cabin to stay in.Excellent overall... we will be back.
Everything was really nice. Well kept and clean. Check roof for animals, we kept hearing something trying to get in from the roof.
We always love reserving through Auntie Belhams! We do wish that there were written instructions on how to get back down to the office from the cabins. As we called the office for help, they also were not able to read the instructions backwards to lead us back to the office. So that would be helpful!
Everything was nice. Cabin was nice and clean. Rates were fair.
The staff was very friendly our cabin was very clean and has that home feeling my husband and I loved staying there we will definitely be back there was nothing that I could complain about our experience with you guys overall was amazing thank you for having us! We will bet returning and we will definitely let everyone else know about you guys so thank you again!!
Great place. Need to provide hair dryer, extra bar of soap & toilet paper. Support under hot tub cannot be properly designed. Needs to be looked at by a contractor.
Very relaxing and cozy, everything we needed was there. My father passed away from cancer just before Christmas and this stay gave me must needed rest.
Beautiful, clean ,quiet. Great place to relax. We will be back!!
A few things need a little attention-the refridgerator, it leaks top and bottom shelf. The hot tub-not all the jets work. Overall we were very pleased with the cabin, getting there and checking went good except finding the office was a little bit of a problem. A sign on the road would help. Checking out-I called upon check out, but apparently the girl didn't get us checked out. I received a call about an hour later wanting to to know if we had checked out. We would definitely stay with Auntie Belham again!
The cabin as fantastic and we enjoyed the Gatlinburgh/Pigeon Forge area especially the The Great Smokey Mountain Park. Hiked about 20-25 miles of the park and attended a few shows. The only exception was no screens on the windows. I'm not a big fan of air conditioning especially at night and it would have been nice if I could open a couple of windows.
We loved the cabin. We had time to unwind and enjoy the nature. I was hoping to see a bear, but maybe next time.
Easy to reserve and easy check in. Cabin was clean and ready.
Reservationists was very good. The cabin was clean and functional, trash can in the kitchen area was very smelly and needs to be cleaned really good. That unit also needs new bed linens, the fitted portions no longer fit. But overall a very nice experience.
The cabin was very clean. Would come back! The only thing that we would suggest is that you put up a spot to cage the garbage can. Having the garbage on the back porch is a bad idea. Raccoons got into the garbage one day. Thanks for the stay!
Very clean and comfortable - loved the free wifi and jacuzzi tub in bedroom!
it was a very clean and maintained establishmant. i will come back and recommed the location to others.
The cabin was great! It did have some issues though like 1. water running continuously into commode bowl. 2. Hot Tub had what appeared to be the filter pieces floating in the tub. 3. The flag in front of the cabin was faded and tattered. Check in went smoothly. Just one item that we felt would have been helpful was to know how many miles it was from exit 407 on I 40 to the check in office.
Cabin was beautiful! There was a great homey feel to it. It was also extremely nice and clean. The pool table and sticks could use some work. One stick broken, 2nd stick curved and table slanted. But it made for a fun game.
Had an awesome stay! Really liked all the accommodities in the cabin!
Check in was wonderful! Cabin wad clean and very nice! This is our 2nd stay with auntie belhams and will not be our last.
The stay as well as the cabin was very nice. The process to check out required a phone call. We had no cell phone service and the land base phone did not work! Pool table needs some new cues.
Our check in staff ( I can't remember her name) was wonderful. She was super sweet and helpful, very pleasant. Made our check in and out smooh and easy. We didn't have reservations and she went above and beyond to find us a cabin that we liked. We have rented from you guys before and we would diffently be back. Thanks for making this trip great.
Overall, we had a wonderful experience; from check-in to check-out. We only had one specific issue with our cabin, Almost Paradise: every morning, the temperature would never reach 70 degrees and would show stg2 heat on the display. It was usually hung between 62-65 which was bitterly cold to wake up to. I relayed this info on our post check-in call, but I was told it was probably due to it being in the 20s the night before. However, I've lived in much colder environments than where this cabin is located and those heaters easily kept the home at 69/70. Of our 3 stays with AB, this was our least comfortable.
Absolutely stunning cabin. It was super clean, had everything we needed, and was super convenient to everything. The staff was super friendly and helpful. Everything from booking, checking in and checking out was easy breezy. Will be booking again!
The staff was friendly and the directions to the cabin were great. The cabin was clean and very comforting.
Making the reservation was very easy and they went out of the way to make our stay comfortable and hassle free. I definitely recommend them to anyone.
The cabin was very clean and cozy. We would definitely recommend it to anyone. We will be back!
Check in was easy...good directions to cabin. Our cabins hot tub needs some repairs (broken jets). Fireplace operation needs some directions listed, many comments in cabin notebook about how no one can figure it out.
Everything was nice. No complaints about anything. All smiles here.
Cabin was great! The only issue was that when we try to rent movies, we could only rent one as there was still a movie out on that rental card. We contacted the office and got a new card the next morning.
Very nice cabin. It was a very comfortable stay and vacation. Gatlinburg was just a short drive away.
Everything was great! Very friendly and helpful staff we will stay again.
Had an amazing time the fireplace was off and the hot tub console in poor condition but amazing regardless.
The staff was friendly and welcoming. The cabin was beautiful and a great place to get away for a weekend.
Excellent stay. Beautiful, clean cabin as always. Great customer service.
Had problems with toilet leaking. It was fixed promptly . Rug in bathroom deteriorating from previous water. Need new pillows.
The reservation process was very smooth and I appreciate your patience in answering my questions. The cabin was in wonderful condition and was very well represented as per your web site.
Beautiful and immaculately clean cabin! Will definitely visit again!
Everything was fine with the cabin with one exception: your photos and description of the cabin indicated "mountain view." There was no view of mountains. I understand that trees grow and obstruct over a period of time. When that happens, I think your information should be updated to reflect "mountain retreat" rather than continue to advertise mountain view.
Click HERE for this cabin's Guidebook!
When you move heaven and earth to make a vacation happen for your family, you may not think about the unexpected that could possibly hamper your plans- the unexpected illness or weather or other emergency that ruins your trip. When unforeseen circumstances spoil your vacation, you shouldn't have to suffer loss on top of disappointment. Trip Preserver comprehensive travel insurance provides reimbursement coverage when things don't go as planned.
Auntie Belhams Cabin Rentals has partnered with Red Sky Travel Insurance to provide Ski Trip Preserver® coverage for our guests. Ski Trip Preserver provides trip cancellation and interruption insurance, emergency assistance and travel services, coverage for lack of snow and road closure, job loss, and family emergencies such as illness or death in the family as well as emergency medical coverage while on your trip.
Click here for more information about Red Sky Trip Insurance.


THU- Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment: "A New Way of Thinking: The Birth of Modern Science"
1. Why did Christianity take hold in some places more than in others?
2. In what ways was the missionary message of Christianity shaped by the cultures of Asian and American peoples?
3. Compare the processes by which Christianity and Islam became world religions.
4. In what ways did the spread of Christianity, Islam, and modern science give rise to culturally based conflicts?
5. Based on Chapters 13 through 16, how does the history of Islam in the early modern era challenge a Eurocentric understanding of those centuries?
1. Do Now Question: Trading systems questions - examples of Multiple Choice prompts.
Do you understand the rise of Financial History?
Can you imagine a world with no money?
Tulip Bulb Bubble in The Netherlands: Economic Speculation. How does it work? & How does it BREAK?
1. Do Now Question: In what was did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, and politics?
How does the Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment compare to the Protestant Reformation?
What characteristics did they share in common?
Quote: "An individual has not started living until he can rise above the narrow confines of his individualistic concerns to the broader concerns of all humanity." - Martin Luther King, Jr.


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Artstor to help launch the Digital Public Library of America
Yupik Eskimo | Mask: The Bad Spirit of the Mountain | late 19th century | Dallas Museum of Art
Artstor is partnering with the Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) to provide access to more than 10,000 high-quality images from six leading museums.
As part of its collaboration with Artstor, the DPLA will aggregate and make available data records and links to images from six major American museums: the Dallas Museum of Art, the Indianapolis Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art (paintings from the Samuel H. Kress Collection), the Walters Art Museum, the Yale Center for British Art, and the Yale University Art Gallery. In addition to linking to the original contributing museum's own website, each DPLA record will link to the image in Open Artstor, a new Artstor initiative that allows users to view and download large versions of public domain images.
The DPLA is a large-scale, collaborative project across government, research institutions, museums, libraries, and archives to build a digital library platform to make America's cultural and scientific history free and publicly available anytime, anywhere, online through a single access point. As part of its two-year Digital Hubs Pilot Project, the DPLA is working with several large digital content providers—including the National Archives and the Smithsonian Institution—and seven state and regional digital libraries to make digitized content from their online catalogs easily accessible to all. The DPLA will celebrate the groundbreaking work of hundreds of librarians, innovators, and other dedicated volunteers in its collective effort to build the first national digital library platform on April 18 at the Boston Public Library.
Thomas Eakins | Taking the Count | 1898 | Image © Yale University Art Gallery
Artstor's Digital Library (which currently includes over 1.5 million images aggregated from over 250 museums, artists, libraries, and archives around the world) is licensed to more than 1,500 subscribing institutions worldwide for exclusively non-commercial educational uses. Open Artstor, launching in phases over the course of 2013 and beginning with the DPLA collaboration, will make thousands of public domain images from the collections in the Digital Library freely accessible to everyone.
"We are enormously grateful for this partnership with Artstor and its partner museums," remarked Dan Cohen, DPLA Executive Director. "Our vision for the Digital Public Library of America has always been one of open access to the full range of human expression, including visual culture, and Artstor's contribution adds vital works of art to our growing, networked collection."
"The DPLA is quickly realizing a vision of raising discovery of our shared cultural heritage to a whole new level," said Artstor President James Shulman. "We look forward to our collaboration serving everyone from the boxer who is fascinated with Eakins's 'Taking the Count' (Yale) to someone studying a mask of The Bad Spirit of the Mountain made by the Yup'ik Eskimo people (Dallas Museum of Art) via open educational resources such as Smarthistory/Khan Academy."
The Digital Public Library of America is taking the first concrete steps toward the realization of a large-scale digital public library that will make the cultural and scientific record available to all. This impact-oriented research effort unites the leaders from all types of libraries, museums, and archives with educators, industry, and government to define the vision for a digital library in service of the American public. More information is online at http://dp.la. To find out more about the DPLA launch, April 18-19 in Boston, visit http://dp.la/get-involved/events/launch/.
Artstor is a nonprofit 501(c)3 organization founded by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation with a mission to use digital technology to enhance scholarship, teaching, and learning in the arts and associated fields through digital technologies. In addition to the Artstor Digital Library of more than 1.5 million images, Artstor also makes available Shared Shelf, a Web-based media management software service that allows institutions to catalog, edit, store, and share local collections. For more information, visit http://artstor.org.
For press information about the Digital Public Library of America, contact Kenny Whitebloom, Project Coordinator, at 617-384-9107.
For press information about Artstor, contact Giovanni Garcia, Communications Manager, at 212-500-2404.
Download the press release here.
| Tagged
Artstor user group meetings: a roundup for librarians
Building a new Artstor: 2017 in review
New service: Artstor Analog
ITHAKA Founder and Trustee William G. Bowen Dies


Not a new idea, I think I met it first in The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, yet I recognize it more and more as time passes by.
In the model above, collaboration is depicted as the next step from autonomy. Given the huge amount of studies showing the benefit of autonomous, self-organizing teams, it is easy to get caught into the trap of viewing autonomy as a walled garden - which is precisely the opposite.
I think a collaborative attitude is a responsible attitude. It all starts with autonomy as a prerequisite: you are assigned an area of responsibility, you are accountable for the results (both upsides and downsides, skin in the game) so, in order to succeed, because you are self confident and responsible, you are not afraid to discuss your plans and strategies with others. In the end, the decision lies with you so you do your due diligence and consider several points of view.
According to this evolutionary model, from dependency to autonomy to collaboration, I don't think one can be truly collaborative as long as one is not granted autonomy and responsibility. I think COLLABORATIVE = AUTONOMOUS + RESPONSIBLE(upsides, downsides) while ACTING RESPONSIBLE means not taking disconnected decisions but rather reaching the right decisions by being connected to the environment and incorporating several points of view. The beauty of this recursive definition is that it shows the reinforcing pattern of collaborative attitude - once this path is taken one can only value it more.
I think the problem is that people view one's ability to act autonomously as the ultimate goal. The fallacy lies in the fact that successes tend to appear sooner while negative consequences tend to appear much later, disconnected from the time of success reporting. For the individual it is dangerous as it makes himself / herself obsolete sooner or later, while for the organization is a disaster waiting to strike.
I believe being autonomous and stopping there is a result of not enough self confidence. As people succeed, they develop work patterns which they apply successfully reinforcing their beliefs while, at the same time, they build walls around themselves to protect their beliefs. It is painful to prove yourself wrong or inaccurate. It is confidence and ego-shattering. Yet this precise attitude leads to restricted learning in adults. It is OK for a while, an example of a local optimum where "good is the enemy of better" and of short-term comfort at the expense of long-term development.
I don't think it is possible to effectively learn enough to be successful if one is to discover everything by himself / herself. There is simply too much out there. Networking, reaching out, asking what one may consider "dumb questions" is a must. Being vulnerable is a must. Opening up your work is a must.
The image above is quite self explanatory - as success is built on top of another success, more trust is gained, more money is involved. The problem with trust is that it grows linearly (or even exponentially) while the single failure is a one-time event that might have disastrous consequences (think turkey before Thanksgiving anecdote - so far so good). In such cases, collaboration and showing openness to dialogue and vulnerability is what strengthens the system, as through low-pain but frequent interactions it helps uncover cracks and assumptions which, otherwise, get undetected and produce major consequences sooner or later.
In short, being autonomous is not enough.
The article seems to be well thought and considered, but in my opinion it presents on opposite direction of the current market. Several studies have shown that moving towards empowering employees is the best way to motivate for achievement and engage employees.
I find that while the opinions expressed in this article are strong, they fail to address two topics: the fallacy that autonomy and collaboration conflict (which is an intrinsic fallacy of the article, since these two do not conflict; multitude of autonomous opinions create value and collaboration, while many voices expressing the same opinion do not supply the environment with the needed creativity to evolve), and also there is a lack of evidence from studies or scientifical background to backup these diagrams and opinions.
I see collaboration as the next step from autonomy. The problem with autonomy is that some people understand it as a walled garden - which is precisely the opposite.
I think a collaborative attitude is a responsible attitude. It all starts with autonomy as a prerequisite: you are assigned an area of responsibility, you are accountable for the results (both upsides and downsides! skin in the game!) so, in order to succeed, because you are self confident and responsible, you are not afraid to discuss your plans and strategies with others. In the end, the decision lies with you, but you simply don't consider only a single point of view.
Even more, I don't think one can be truly collaborative as long as one is not granted autonomy and responsibility. In short, I see COLLABORATIVE = AUTONOMOUS + RESPONSIBLE(upsides, downsides).
"the fallacy that autonomy and collaboration conflict (which is an intrinsic fallacy of the article, since these two do not conflict; multitude of autonomous opinions create value and collaboration, while many voices expressing the same opinion do not supply the environment with the needed creativity to evolve)" - totally agreed.


A court in Casablanca has sentenced a 60-year-old French citizen to 12 years in prison for paedophilia, Moroccan police said on Saturday, confirming a verdict announced earlier in the week.
Police originally arrested the Frenchman on charges of paedophilia, "setting up a criminal organisation" and "illegal residency" in the kingdom.
On Tuesday, a court handed the accused a 12-year jail term, police sources said, confirming reports in the Arabic-language dailies Akhbar al-Yaoum and Al-Massae.
He also received a fine of 60,000 dirhams ($7,000) to be paid to the family of the girl whose complaint lead to his arrest.
Akhbar al-Yaoum reported that he had confessed to the charges, but police sources said that the accused had appealed the verdict.
The police sources added that the French national had come to live in Morocco four years ago, fleeing the possibility of prosecution for paedophilia at home.
After he arrived in Morocco, he started relationships with two young women he employed as domestic workers, before asking them to help him meet 10-year-old girls.
The two young women were also jailed for eight months for "complicity in forming a criminal organisation".
Thousands of people marched in Casablanca on May 5th to protest against child sexual abuse after a harrowing assault last month in the northwestern Sidi Kacem region nearly killed a young girl.


text:
Ole Miss opens with worst loss of Kennedy's tenure
Hugh Kellenberger
OXFORD -- Andy Kennedy's ninth season at Ole Miss started with may be the worst nonconference loss of his tenure.
Charleston Southern's Cedrick Bowen dunked a put-back with less than a second remaining Friday, beating Ole Miss 66-65 at Tad Smith Coliseum. The Bucs came into the game ranked No. 194 by KenPom.com; the previous worst loss was to a Southern Miss team in 2008 that finished the year No. 154.
Maybe Charleston Southern will go on to do great things (Mercer was a bad loss last season until it beat Duke in the NCAA tournament), but it won all of 13 games a year ago, has one NCAA tournament appearance 17 years ago and came away with the victory Friday despite shooting 32.8 percent from the floor and making barely half of its free throws.
"I've been doing this 10 years (counting one season at Cincinnati)," Kennedy said. "I've never had one like this."
Ole Miss, up 65-64, let a 50/50 ball go out-of-bounds and give Charleston Southern one last chance with 8.5 seconds remaining. Saah Nimley sprinted down the court and beat his defender off the dribble, and the Rebels did not block out on his missed layup.
The Rebels were lucky to have a chance to win the game at all -- "a minor miracle" in Kennedy's words.
The Rebels were passive on offense, passing the ball around the perimeter against a 2-3 zone (that they knew they were going to see) before throwing up brick after brick (6-of-30 from 3-point range for the game). It was of little surprise that Charleston Southern was up 29-17 at halftime, even with its own problems making shots.
Jarvis Summers (eight points) fouled out late in the second half, leaving Stefan Moody to control the ball on the final possessions in regulation. He was 0-of-8 from the field when he made a runner in the lane with 10 seconds remaining to tie the game at 57 and send it to overtime. Moody had seven points in his first regular season game; with both of the team's presumed top scorers faltering, defensive standout Martavious Newby led the Rebels with 14.
"Coach (Kennedy) "was already telling us about this team, that they had five seniors and were capable of this," Newby "said. "All of them were averaging double-figures last year. I thought to myself and I'm sure the team was that the coach was just talking … They came out ready. It did happen."
Maybe even a bigger problem is the one in the middle. Just like last season the Rebels were an awful rebounding team, grabbing only 16 of 51 available rebounds on the offensive end. Kennedy overhauled the roster with five newcomers to fix that problem, but no solution made itself known in game 1 and the Rebels suffered a gut-punch loss because of it.
"I think it's just awareness," Kennedy said. "It's an anticipation. It's a toughness. It's a pursuit of the ball. It's a relentless attitude that we do not have, and that's something that has to change."
Contact Hugh Kellenberger at (601) 961-7291 or hkellenber@clarionledger.com. Follow @HKellenbergerCL on Twitter.
(Above video courtesy NBCSports.com)