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Population structure in Italy using ancient and modern samples
Thread: Population structure in Italy using ancient and modern samples
Originally Posted by berun
Thracians in Lemnos? ok, but just read some interesting info here:
https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/...greek-speakers
well, I know to sum, 1 + 1 = 2, Etruscan and Lemnian are related, and Lemnos was inhabited by Pelasgians. Italian posters can deny the evidences, no matter.
Spanish posters should stop having these inferiority complexes over Italians, so much so that they participate in these discussions just to provoke. What is your contribution to this discussion? Nothing. Only very puerile provocations.
Ygorcs
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Originally Posted by alais
Is it possible that the Italic IE languages were linked to the Anatolian IE languages?
Or was Elymian of Sicily alone a language derived from Hittite? However Wikipedia says it has been speculated, not that there's a certainty about Elymian and its likelihood of being related to Hittite.
Pretty unlikely. Italic shares the many innovations that define LPIE and link all known IE subgroups together with the exception of Anatolian IE. Besides, Italic clearly shares many more similarities (not just vocabulary, but morphology and syntax too) with Celtic. Anyway, the Wikipedia article itself makes it clear that the association of Elymian to Anatolian IEs is just a tentative hypothesis, the evidences are too scant even to analyze and classify the language at all, let alone to link it to Hittite.
Anyway, Italy does have some Anatolia_BA-related ancestry (not that much if you include other more proximate sources with more EEF, like Minoan_Lasithi, and others with more CHG/Iran_Chl, like Hajji Firuz_Chl), and South Italians and Cretans look closest to BA Anatolians (which of course must not imply direct descent, but rather an accumulation of similar admixtures over the millennia)... But we will never be sure those movements involved Anatolian IE speakers unless we find strong evidences of Hittie, Luwian or other Anatolian IE language in Italy.
Based on what I can notice in modern Italians, I'd still link (pre-)Proto-Italic people to an EEF-enriched BB split, maybe with some Western CWC (Germany) input mixed into them, too.
bigsnake49
R1b-M269 (LDNA)
U5a1b
I have noticed that some people are treating Herodottus as if he was like a modern historian with all the modern advantages of communication, records and travel. Think a lot of his histories are based on myths or stories he has picked from traders that travelled to those places. I do not for a moment believed that he travelled all over the Balkans and wrote down all the borders between the different tribes of Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians. Think of his writings as a guideline.
I don't understand why the fact that Etruscan is not related to Vasconian or Basque or Iberian means it can't be a pre-Indo-European language.
By this time, the "farmers" had been in Europe for 5,000 years. Is that long enough for differences in language to have developed?
Are Iberian and Vasconian or Basque closely related?
Plus, we have so little actual written Etruscan, I don't know how hard and fast conclusions can be reached. It seems linguists are all over the place in this matter.
Or, we could go back to the hypothesis that some R1b people, as perhaps in Spain, carried non-IE languages. Of course, we don't yet know the yDna of the Etruscans.
Are some people still writing elsewhere that there was an "elite" migration from Asia Minor and the language came from them? It would have to have been very small as the autosomal signature is not only close to Tuscans, North Italians, Spaniards, but one is close to the French.
Also, to correct a misstatement above, there was disagreement among the ancient authors as to whether the Etruscans were "local" or from Lydia.
I don't think we can already rule out the possibility(not likelihood) that Etruscan/Tyrsenian languages came from Anatolia or more broadly from the East Mediterranean... but onlyat least 2,000 years before some people had thought. In all of Italy, even North Italy, some of the best models that I can reach, using only Eneolithic & Bronze Age samples, include a good chunk (~20-30%) of Minoan-like ancestry. Of course that does not mean "from Minoans", but "similar to the genetic structure found in those few Minoan samples". There is also a lot of extra CHG/Iran_Chl-related admixtures. So some similarity with the BA East Mediterranean probably did exist, which might have brought the Tyrsenian language family (and what if the Minoan language belonged to a related group, even if it was not Tyrsenian itself?). In any case, that language shift would have happened even before Proto-Italic existed (let alone was spoken in much of Italy, or in Italy at all).
Originally Posted by binx
Ignorance knows no national borders, I'm afraid.
We have great posters from Iberian descended areas, like Duarte and Ygorcs, for example.
Just an example: did you know that Etruscans have nothing to do with iron metallurgy? :) If it weren't so sad it would be funny.
Sometimes I get very frustrated by the level of ignorance out there, usually married to very noxious agendas. It's even more dangerous when someone does have knowledge of basic dna and the samples or superficial knowledge of, say, Imperial Rome, and just massages it all to fit into their agendas.
Originally Posted by Ygorcs
So some similarity with the BA East Mediterranean probably did exist, which might have brought the Tyrsenian language family (and what if the Minoan language belonged to a related group, even if it was not Tyrsenian itself?). In any case, that language shift would have happened even before Proto-Italic existed (let alone was spoken in much of Italy, or in Italy at all).
Minoans were mostly EEF + minor CHG, their closest population was Anatolian_N. So also Minoan language was likely an EEF/ENF language.
hrvclv
R1b-U152-DF103
H1bm
Arvern
On Etruscans. Nothing revolutionary, a bit long, but worth watching, imo.
It is therefore worth while to search out the bounds between opinion and knowledge; and examine by what measures, in things whereof we have no certain knowledge, we ought to regulate our assent and moderate our persuasion. (John Locke)
Etruscan language. What did it sound like?
I agree with much of this post. I was merely asking questions. I have no issue with Etruscan being possibly not a language of EEF people on the Italian peninsula but rather a language which made its way up the boot of Italy through Bronze Age Migrations from the east, most likely by way of Greeks, although there are other possibilities. Heck, one linguist thinks its Uralic in origin (Hungarian).
I fail to see how any of this could be proved either way unless we have in the future a "Rosetta Stone" like moment with some language spoken/written elsewhere.
However, going by the evidence we have so far, which is the "leaked" PCA, at least 2 of the Etruscans plot with the Iberians. Do they have 20-30% Minoan like ancestry too? How about the French? One of them plots near the French too. Maybe we just really don't have the right samples yet for some of these "runs".
I'm sure when we have the actual samples things will become clearer. It would also help to have Neolithic Era samples from Italy, particularly from the cultures around or immediately to the south of Tuscany, and some samples from that 1000 year blank slate in between some Italian samples and the Iron Age.
I'm open to whatever the evidence will show.
@Binx,
Heck, one linguist thinks its Uralic in origin (Hungarian).
Etruscan as Uralic in origin is unlikely imho.
Moreover, in my opinion, closer we get to the end of Bronze age/Iron Age the more a language is no longer in close connection with the genetics of the population.
The Mycenaeans spoke an Indo-European language but how much genetically can be defined as Indo-European? The Mycenaeans are more EEF than genetically Indo-European and are still very close to the Pre-Indo-european language Minoans.
I dont see how anyone can claim etruscans are from aegean/anatolian areas when the lemnian stelae is 400 years younger in time to what etruscans where speaking in italy......logically lemnos would be an etruscan colony of traders setup to trade along anatolia or in the black sea.......a stop off port for etruscans
Well, nobody said Etruscans - the people and its culture - came readily from Aegrean/Anatolian areas, let alone by the time of the Lemnian stelae. I'm talking of much earlier migration events that could possibly have brought the language (or rather its mother or even gradmother language) and some ancestral admixture to Italy. Lemnian is too late to serve as either evidence or counter-evidence for what we've speculated here. Profound East Mediterranean influence in Italy, especially South Italy, is a fact, it's not controversial. What needs to be determined is whether they were the bringers of some language still spoken in the Early Roman era in Italy.
I don't know why, but Hungarians seem to be like Turks in that their ultranationalists have tried to link it with basically any ancient language connected with a great civilization and not properly classified as of now (language isolates). It's weird.
xiaodragon
santa rosa ,ca, USA
It is now accepted by many scholars that from Golasecca Celtic type ethnic groups emerge. Also because the language of the inscriptions associated with the Culture of Golasecca is Lepontic language that is considered a Celtic language to all intents and purposes. There is now a great consensus on this. Golasecca is the final result of a fusion of Ligurian-like elements (pre-Indo-European elements) with migrants who arrive from Urnfield culture and are proto-Celtic.
Golasecca : 45° 42′ 0″ N, 8° 39′ 0″ E
Last edited by xiaodragon; 30-05-19 at 00:35. Reason: credit
Pax Augusta
Imo, all civilizations are not "equal" in terms of the "hallmarks" of civilization, or their sophistication: some have more remarkable achievements than others.
You want to believe that Golasecca was as sophisticated and "remarkable" a civilization as the Etruscans? That's your prerogative, although nothing in that material shows that in any way, imo. So, I completely and utterly, but respectfully disagree.
I've already answered that.
"The Etruscans were obviously the most advanced civilization of the early Iron Age of Italy. I don't think anyone can argue otherwise."
Originally Posted by xiaodragon
Why are you copying and pasting my posts?
berun
And you can continue to deny ancient dna in preference to your outdated theories.
Do you even read other people's posts, or look at PCAs? Do you know what a PCA is? Do you know what ancient DNA is?
It seems some of the Etruscans plot pretty damn close to the Iberians. Hello, fellow Pelasgian. :)
which Etruscans? looking at recent papers on ancient and modern samples I would not accept their lack of social or cultural discrimination
"What I've seen so far after my entire career chasing Indoeuropeans is that our solutions look tissue thin and our problems still look monumental" J.P.Mallory
"The ultimate homeland of the group [PIE] that also spread Anatolian languages is less clear." D. Reich
Originally Posted by bigsnake49
It's not just that, even.
Other ancient historians believed that the Etruscans were descended from local people. Some only remember what they choose to remember, or they quote what someone else says without doing the actual research.
I wrote this in 2014:
"Well, the conclusion of Briquet, and my conclusion after reading the chapter again, is that none of what these ancient writers say should be taken as a "scientific inquiry about the identity of a people."
As Briquet shows quite compellingly, I think, these ancient writers were not historians in the modern sense of the world. They wove together the stories of their gods and ancient heroes and modern cultural and trade associations into one big mish mash, and, as is the case for some people nowadays as well, they often had an agenda to promote.
Dionysius, as has been seen, supported the autochthonous origin. However, given the tenor of his entire work, some scholars believe he supported this theory largely to denigrate the Etruscans by showing them not to be Greek or civilized, but rather the barbarian pirates of common Greek perception.
As to Herodotus' claim, I would suggest reading the whole chapter by Briquet; it's not very long. To recap it, it appears in a much longer exposition of who invented the games. In the course of it he says that the Lydians maintained that they invented the games at the same time that they sent some settlers to "Tyrrhenia". It doesn't seem they were necessarily correct about who invented the games, and, of course, the area around the northern Aegean was also called "Tyrrhenia" at one point. Meanwhile, the Etruscan/Tyrrenians called themselves Rasenna. You see how it goes?
Also, as has been pointed out, Lydians spoke an Indo-European language, and the Lydian historian of the 5th century BC, Xanthos, had, according to Dionysius, never heard of the story.
As for the "Pelasgian" theory of Hellicanus, among others, both the Greeks and the Etruscans promoted it, but from the explanation of Briquet, both the Greeks and the Etruscans, although sometimes rivals in trade, were also allies in trade, and it was in both their interests to support a theory whereby the Greeks and the Etruscans were somewhat related.
From the text:
"Etruscans were barbarians; this connected them with a people whom the Greeks represented as having been established on the soil of Hellas even before themselves and constituting the source of several Hellenic populations of later times (especially the Athenians presented by Herodotus 1.56 as the finest example of a Greek people descended from the Pelasgians.)...He well understood an aspect that would have been a positive in the eyes of the Greeks: being of Pelasgian origin, the Etruscans could be perceived, if not as Greeks in the strict sense (because they did not speak Greek) at least as related to a people with whom the Greeks were linked. In short, considered as ancient Pelasgians, the Etruscans were quasi-Hellenes."
This putative "Pelasgian" origin was also helpful to the Etruscans. "It is no coincidence either that around the time that Hellicanus developed the tradition of the Pelasgian origin of the Etruscans (firth century BC)... these two Etruscan cities (Spina and Caere) were centers of active trade with the Greek world. They presented themelves as founded by Pelasgians, highlighted their syngeneia" with this nearly Hellenic people, and conferred on themselves a prestigious foundation for the bonds of exchange and commercial partnership."
I'm quite aware that there are people who would interpret this claim by the Etruscans as meaning they must indeed descend from the "Pelasgians". The Etruscans are like a Rohrschack test; people see what they want to see.
In that regard it should be noted that the Pelasgian spoken, according to Herodotus, in Placia and Sylace near the Hellespont, and in Chalcidice , not in Cortona, as sometimes averred, is held by Dionysius not to resemble Etruscan at all. Well, at least it seems everyone is in agreement that Pelasgian was still spoken in some areas even at this late date. :)
Chalcidice is in Macedonia, by the way, so we are circling that area again...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalkid...Chalidikis.png
I'm rather persuaded by Briquet's conclusions about these stories: "Whether for the autochthonist thesis, or that identifying the Etruscans with the Pelasgians, or that they derived from Lydian colonists, their primary function was to account for the connections that existed at the time that these traditions were disseminated between the historical Etruscans and the Greeks. The meaning of a doctrine such as this, making the Etruscans natives, carried the corollary that they were mere Italian barbarians and were unrelated to Hellenism and its values: we recognize a development by hostile Greeks, probably the Syracusans at the time of their struggles against the Etruscans. The other two doctrines were rather favorable presentations: whether that of the Lydian origin...or that of the Pelasgian origin...With all of this we are far from scientific discourse."
I was particularly amused by the author's citation for a situation where, to facilitate trade, the Spartans asserted "brotherhood" with the Jews through their common origin from Abraham. Who knew? :)
That isn't to say that some historical memories might not have survived of an ancient population movement from the Aegean or other areas to the east into portions of Italy. We in fact know from archaeology that there was movement during the Bronze Age from Greece proper and Crete into Italy. The point is that we don't know if an additional migration happened specifically around 1000 BC to central Italy from either the northern Aegean or some other part of Anatolia, because the ancient writers contradict one another, and the stories are based on assertions that could be seen as agenda driven. I'm back to the beginning on this...if it happened, we don't know if it happened around 900 to 1000 BC, we don't know from where, and we don't know what they were like autsomally. Hopefully we'll know more soon.
What we do know, as the author points out, is that " we cannot reduce a people to a single origin to account for all they have been in history. Every people has been the result of a melting pot, formed by the superposition and mixing of diverse elements. Any attempt to explain it in terms of origin is historically simplistic and wrong."
It doesn't matter how often facts are presented. People will believe what they want to believe.
I fully agree with this statement:
by the way it's funny to see reactions about Lemnian, Etruscans setting a colony just in an Aegean island, poor Greeks.
Or the Shekelesh and Sardana as Sea Peoples, like those Tuscan Tershen. Well, why expend time with those that don't like maths.
Have you ever done any research before opining?
As an illustration that Etruscans created trading centers in other parts of the Mediterranean, see the following thread:
https://www.eupedia.com/forum/thread...ight=Etruscans
I also posted this in 2014, and it was discussed at length:
""As for Etruscan immigration(s) into Italy based on Herodotus and the non-Greek, Etruscoid Lemnian inscriptions, there is now evidence to the contrary: Etruscan pirates from Southern Etruria may have settled on Lemnos, around 700 BC or earlier and had been responsible for the inscriptions. Moreover, Carlo de Simone has definitely shown that Etruscan is not an Anatolian language.3 The Etruscan numerals, very characteristic elements of any language, do not have any parallels in Anatolian or other languages. "
http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2015/2015-03-02.html"
By the way, statistics is math, and it's math which creates Admixture, and all the other statistical tools which come up with conclusions you don't like. Oh, and PCAs too.
Don't have a response yet as to how these "Pelasagian", West Asian, like Etruscans plot so close to some modern Iberians? Cat got your tongue? :)
Johane Derite
E-V13>Z5018>FGC33625
U1a1a
Originally Posted by Johane Derite
I'm posting the accompanying source to these images here because he lays out the most supported arguments and himself develops an interesting and attractive argument:
"The relationship between Etruscan and Lemnian within the frame of the autochthonous thesis leads up to unsurmountable difficulties.
The first option, according to which the Etruscans and Lemnians wereboth remnants of population groups surviving the onset of Indo-Europeanimmigrations, runs up against the fact that the two languages were so closelyrelated that such a long period of independent development is highly inconceivable (the Indo-European invasions in the Aegean date back to at least c.2300 BC).
The second option, according to which the north-Aegean regionwas colonized by Etruscans from Italy in the late 8th or early 7th century BC,is, considering the slight dialectal differences, a priori possible, but lacks aproper archaeological and historical basis.
From an archaeological perspective, the colonization of Etruria at the endof the Bronze Age is highly unlikely. It is true that at this time Italy is characterized by the introduction of a new culture, the so-called proto-Villanovan (=an earlier phase of Villanovan)2, but, as demonstrated convincingly by HughHencken, the latter shows close affinities with the European urnfields. Thusthe typical biconical urns relate to counterparts primarily discovered in theregion of Oltenia and the Banat, Hungary (see Fig. 1). Furthermore, the houseurns, which are so well-known a feature of the Latial variant of (proto-)Villanova, find their closests parallels in northern Germany (Behn 1924, 90-1; Tafel 6, d-e) (see Fig. 2)3. In line with these observations, it seems reason able to assume that new population groups have entered Italy, as Henckendoes, only not from the Aegean, but from Europe. These new populationgroups can plausibly be identified as the forefathers of the historical Italicpeoples of the Umbrians, Oscans4, Latins, and Faliscans, whose languagesshow the closest affinity to Celtic and Germanic. At any rate, the Umbrianshave the same name as the German tribe of the Ambrones as recorded forJutland in Denmark (Altheim 1950, 56-7), branches of which can, on the basisof related place and river names, be traced as far afield as France, Spain andeven northern Italy (Schmoll 1959: 83, 119), whereas that of the Oscans orAusones is obviously related to the Celtic ethnonyms Ausci of the people nearAuch in southern France and Ausetani reported for Ausa-Vich in Catalonia(Bosch-Gimpera 1939: 40). � Note in this connection that, as demonstrated byHans Krahe (1964: 90-1, 43-4), both ethnonyms are rooted in his OldEuropean river names, the first being based on *embh-, *ombh- �moist,water� and the second on *av-, *au- �source, stream�.
This reconstruction of Italian prehistory at the end of the Bronze Age, whichassumes a relation between urnfield culture and the historical peoples of theUmbrians, Oscans, Latins, and Faliscans, collides with the view of the foremost representant of the autochthonous thesis, Massimo Pallottino. He putmuch effort in an attempt to disconnect the Italic Indo-European languagesfrom the (proto-)Villanovan culture, the bearers of which he considers to bethe forebears of the Etruscans. To this end he presents a map showing the distribution of archaeological cultures of Italy in the 9th and 8th centuries BC,which he compares with the distribution of the various languages as attestedin about the 5th century BC (Pallottino 1988, 68; Abb. 1-2). This is a dangerous procedure. In the first place, it leaves out the proto-Villanovan phase,which cannot be separated from Villanovan and which spread far to the south,reaching Apulia, the Lipari islands and even northern Sicily � regions wherelater evidence of Italic languages is found (see Fig. 3)5. Secondly, the use ofthe distinction between cremation and inhumation burial rites as an ethnicmarker is, as far as the 8th century BC is concerned, an oversimplification.After the introduction of proto-Villanovan at the end of the Bronze Age, thereis a revival of the rite of inhumation spreading from the south of Italy to thenorth, reaching Caere in the 9th and 8th centuries BC. Similarly, the Etruscansare also acquainted with both rites � be it that their cremation burials are clearly distinct from the Villanovan ones (see further below). Hence, the distinction is rather Villanovan style cremations and inhumations versus Etruscan style cremations and inhumations � a line of approach actually applied byIngrid Pohl in her publication of the Iron Age cemetery of Caere (Pohl 1972).Finally, the identification of the bearers of Villanovan culture in Etruria withthe forebears of the Etruscans disregards the historical evidence according towhich the Etruscans colonized the land of the Umbrians and drove them outof their original habitat (Plinius, Natural History III, 14, 112). As a matter offact, there are numerous reminiscences of the Umbrians originally inhabitingthe region later called Etruria, like the river name Umbro, the region calledtractus Umbriae, the association of the Umbrian tribes of the Camartes andSarsinates with the inland towns Clusium and Perugia, and the identificationof Cortona as an Umbrian town (Altheim 1950, 22-3). At any rate, the siteswhich have yielded Umbrian inscriptions mostly lie along the eastern fringeof the Villanovan style cremation area (Poultney 1959, 3) and there even havebeen found Umbrian type inscriptions in Picenum on the other side of theAppenines, whereas literary sources speak of Umbrians in Ancona,Ariminum, Ravenna and Spina to the north (Briquel 1984: 33; 51; 88; Salmon1988, 701) � regions where (proto-)Villanovan is attested (cf. Fig. 3)."
Colonization in the Early Iron Age
The question which remains to be answered is whether the colonization ofItaly by the Etruscans from Asia Minor as recorded by Herodotos does fit intothe period of the Early Iron Age. This is the period of exploration and colonization of the west-Mediterranean basin by Phoenicians and Greeks. Wasthere among these explorers and colonists of the far west a third party, namely Luwians from western Anatolia?
First of all, it is important to note that only from c. 700 BC onwards Etruriais characterized by an archaeological culture that with certainty can be identified as Etruscan, because from that date onwards inscriptions conducted inthe Etruscan language are found (Hencken 1968, 631). One of the most outstanding features of this Etruscan culture is formed by the chamber tombunder tumulus for multiple burials. The burial rites may consist of inhumationor a special form of cremation, according to which the remains of the pyre arecollected in a gold or silver container which, wrapped in a purple linen cloth,is placed in a loculus of the grave. The closest parallels for such �lite-cremations are found in Anatolian style chamber tombs under tumulus at Salamison Cyprus (D�Agostino 1977, 57-8)8. The rite in question is meticulouslydescribed by Homeros in connection with the burial of Patroklos, for whichreason one often speaks of a Homeric burial.
The inference that colonists from various regions of western Asia Minormigrated to Etruria may receive further emphasis if we take a look at thescript. As mentioned in the above the earliest inscriptions in the Etruscan language date from c. 700 BC onwards. In general, it is assumed that theEtruscans have borrowed their alphabet from the Greeks, in particular fromthe Euboians at Pithecussae and Cumae. This view, however, runs up against serious difficulties, since the local Etruscan alphabets are characterized bysigns and sign-forms unparalleled for Greek inscriptions. In the first place wehave to consider in this connection the sign for the expression of the value [f]as attested for an early 7th century BC inscription from Vetulonia (Vn 1.1) innorth-Etruria, which consists of a vertical stroke with a small circle on eithertop. As time goes by, this sign develops into the well-known figure-of-eight[f], which spreads from the north of Etruria to the south ultimately to replacethe digraph of wau and e�ta (< he�ta) for the same sound in the south-Etruscanalphabets. The origin of this sign can be traced back to the Lydian alphabet,where during the same time it knows exactly the same development! Next, alate 7th century BC inscription from Caere (Cr 9.1) in south-Etruria bears testimony of a variant of the tsade which is closer in form to the Phoenician original than the Greek san. The closest parallel for this sign can be discovered inthe local script of Side in Pamphylia. On the basis of these observations it liesat hand to infer that various groups of colonists from various regions in western Asia Minor, ranging from Lydia in the north to Side in the south, simplyhave taken their script with them (Woudhuizen 1982-3, 97; for the Sidetictsade, see Woudhuizen 1984-5b, 117, fig. 5).
The colonists not only introduced their own type of grave and their own typeof alphabet, they also settled themselves, just like the Phoenicians and Greeks,in urban centres founded according to neatly circumscribed rituals(Woudhuizen 1998, 178-9). An often heard argument in favor of the continuity between the Villanovan and Etruscan Orientalizing periods is that theEtruscan cities are founded on locations where in the previous periodVillanovan villages are situated (Hencken 1968, 636). It should be realized,however, that the Greek colony in Cumae is also preceded by an indigenousItalic settlement and that there is ample evidence for intermingling betweenthe original inhabitants and the new arrivals (M�ller-Karpe 1959, 36-9)10. Thesame model is applicable to the Etruscan colonization, as suggested by thelarge number of Italic names in Etruscan inscriptions dating from the 7th and6th centuries BC. To give some examples, one might point to: Cventi, Eknate,Venelus, Vete, Vipie, Kavie, Kaisie, Mamerce, Numesie, Petrus, Punpu,Pupaia, Puplie, Spurie, Flavie, and tribal names like Latinie, Sapina, andSarsina (cf. Vetter 1953). As a matter of fact, the colonists from western AsiaMinor constitute an �lite, who impose their superior culture on the by far morenumerous indigenous Italic population. A vital component of the colonial culture is formed by their language.
A first hint at the nature of the language can be derived from the name ofsome of the newly founded cities. Thus Tarquinia (= Etr. Tarchna-) is, on the analogy of Greek colonial names like Posidonia, Apollonia and Herakleia,which are also based on a divine name, named after the Luwian storm-godTarh≠unt-11. In addition, a number of Etruscan personal names, like Arnth,Mezentie, Muchsie, Thifarie or Thefarie, can be traced back to Luwian counterparts (Arnuwanta-, Mukasa-) or Luwian onomastic elements (masana-�god�, Tiwata- or Tiwara- �sun-god�); the same applies to family names likeCamitlna (< Luwian h≠anta- �in front of�) and Velavesvna (< Luwian walwa-�lion�), be it that the diagnostic element -na- is an Etruscan innovation unparalleled for Anatolian onomastics. Furthermore, Etruscan vocabulary showsmany correspondences with Luwian, like for instance the very common verbmuluvane- or muluvani- �to offer as a vow�, the root of which is related toLuwian maluwa- �thank-offering�.
Of a more profound nature are similaritiesin morphology (adjectival suffixes -s- and -l-), the system of (pro)nominaldeclension (genitive-dative singular in -s or -l, ablative-locative in -th(i)or -r(i), nominative plural in -i, genitive plural in -ai > -e) and verbal conjugation (3rd person singular of the present-future in -th(i)), the use of sentenceintroductory particles (va-, nac, nu-), enclitic conjunctions (-c or -ch, -m),negative adverbs (nes or nis), etc. On the basis of these features, Etruscancan be classified as most closely related to Luwian hieroglyphic of the EarlyIron Age (adjectival suffixes -asi- and -ali-, sentence introdutory particle wa-, negative adverb nas), but in certain aspects already showing developmentscharacteristic of Lycian (genitive plural in -�i > -e1) and Lydian (dative singular in -l1, loss of closing vowel in the ablative-locative ending, sentenceintroductory particle nak, enclitic conjunction -k) of the Classical period.Finally, Etruscan shows a number of deviations from Luwian which it shareswith Lemnian, like the 3rd person singular ending of the past tense in -ce, -keor -che, the vocabulary word avi- �year� and the enclitic conjunction -m�and�. "
LINK: http://www.talanta.nl/wp-content/upl...TxsRjeLZ4m2hgQ
"As we have already stressed, the mass evacuation of the Albanians from their triangle is the only effective course we can take. In order to relocate a whole people, the first prerequisite is the creation of a suitable psychosis. This can be done in various ways." - Vaso Cubrilovic
To my knowledge the only Etruscan remains are those of ELITE Etruscans, the ones who could afford big sarcophagi.
The relationship between Etruscan and Lemnian within the frame of the autochthonous thesis leads up to unsurmountable difficulties.
In the end, the same things are always repeated with the Etruscans. Sometimes it gets boring.
This is a paper by Fred C. Woudhuizen written over 15 years ago. Everyone who has read a lot about the Etruscans already knows it.
The vision of Fred C. Woudhuizen and his master Beekes is typical of Indo-Europeanists. Indo-Europeanist linguists have done enormous damage to linguistics. Neither of them is an etruscologist. And you can see it clearly from their work that lacks of deep and accurate knowledge of the Etruscan world.
Fred C. Woudhuizen believes that Etruscan is an Indo-European language and derives from colonial Luvian. Nothing could be more wrong. In fact, Woudhuizen's work does not have a good reputation among etruscologists. The consensus is that Etruscan is a pre-Indo-European language and does not belong to the Anatolian language family.
Woudhuizen's conclusions go in the opposite direction even of archaeological discoveries.
Much more interesting than Woudhuizen's paper are the two images that you posted (and that Woudhuizen had taken from other texts and published in his paper).
The first image (fig. 1) comes from a work by Hugh O'Neill Hencken from 1968. It's a bit outdated work but Hencken was a very good archaeologist.
In essence Hencken sees that the biconical urns present in the Etruscan Villanovan are present in the southernmost extension of the Urnfield culture, roughly where today is the Banat, between Hungary, Serbia and Romania. It may be. Others have also found similarities between the Gáva culture (subtype of the Urnfield culture) and the Villanovan, where there are also biconical urns. Hencken's work being over 50 years old, it may be that in the meantime biconical urns have been found in a larger area.
https://books.google.it/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA598
The second image (fig. 2) comes from a more recent (1997) work by Jan Bouzek.
According to this image house urns are distributed both in Etruria (Tuscany and Lazio) and in the Latial culture (central Lazio).
So, house urns are absolutely not just typical features of the Latial culture according to Bouzek, but also of the Etruscan villanovan culture. This contradicts what Woudhuizen tries to prove.
Good lord, even you suddenly don't understand that ancient dna trumps any theorizing by individuals? Do I really have to post all the archaeologists who think this is C***?
I have no more "juice", Pax, or I would upvote your post.
Suddenly some sanity from someone who actually knows a lot about the Etruscans.
To think someone would actually endorse the theorizing of that crackpot, Woudhuizen!
They're all irrelevant at the end of the day, so I should just put all the usual suspects with an ax to grind on ignore and save myself the aggravation.
Ancient DNA, if these reports turn out to be true, trumps all the stupidity written in the past about the Etruscans, whose remains, as I said above, come, to the best of my knowledge, from the cemeteries where prominent Etruscans were buried.


text:
Latest Malaria-Fighter: Spermless Mosquitoes
Tim McDonnell
This week, another solution takes the stage.otisarchives2/Flickr
By 1951, the US had eradicated malaria stateside with the help of a few smart doctors and a healthy smattering of good, old-fashioned DDT. But today, many parts of the world are still fighting vigorously against a disease that kills nearly a million people every year—most of them children in Africa—and the mosquito species that carries it. The weapons at their disposal include nets, a sticky insecticide sprayed onto the interior walls of homes, and even lasers.
This week, scientists in the UK might have hit on another, surprisingly simple eradication technique: reduce the size of the mosquito population. I know what you're thinking: "Well, obviously." But the new research suggests that, rather than trying to kill mosquitoes themselves, we should prevent them from ever coming into being in the first place. To do that, the scientists injected a batch of mosquito eggs with a compound that turned off the gene behind sperm production; when males were hatched, they produced no sperm. No sperm, no larvae, fewer mosquitoes. The added bonus is that female mosquitoes typically mate only once in their lives, and the study found that the absence of sperm did not seem to change that behavior.
"Targeting fertility is a good way to proceed and it's a good alternative to what's already there," study co-author Flaminia Catteruccia of Imperial College London said.
Because the turned-off gene is unique to mosquitoes, she said, there's no risk that the sterility could be passed up or down the food chain. Moreover, there's little chance that such an artificially deflated mosquito population would disrupt ecosystems (for example, by depriving mosquito-eaters of a food source), because malarial mosquitoes are only a few species out of several hundreds. Indeed, she said, the ecological impact of sterilization would be less severe than that of insecticides.
Catteruccia cautioned that in its current form, the method is too laborious to be effectively deployed in the field. Each egg had to be injected individually, and a complex fluorescent marking system was in place to double-check that the procedure had been successful in each male. For obvious reasons, the sterility is not passed down from one generation to the next, so releasing sterile males would need to be a continuous process. The next step, she said, is figuring out how to embed the sterilization in females, who would then pass it on to all their male progeny, lessening the burden on technicians in the field. She was optimistic that with proper funding, a viable field system could be available by 2020.
Improving Malaria Treatment…or, Why You Should Have Paid Attention in Geometry Class
Joe Kloc
No Nation Is an Island When It Comes to Malaria
Malaria Vaccine
Can Malaria Be Stopped?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Some cities, including Greenville and Charleston, have given municipal boards the authority to prohibit demolition of historic structures that are not within a designated historic district. The idea of giving Beaufort's Historic District Review Board similar powers to prohibit demolitions has gained traction among members of the City Council.
"What (Gen. William T.) Sherman didn't do, I think we're trying to do -- destroy some of the historic buildings we have," said Councilman Gary Fordham. "I think that (the board's) powers need to be broadened outside the traditional Historic (District)."
Though several council members said they would need to do further research, Mike Sutton was the only member of the five-person council who was not in favor of expanding the Historic District Review Board's powers.
"Knowingly living in the Historic District comes with a price ... but these little homes scattered throughout the city that are on (the Beaufort County Historic Sites Survey) are in neighborhoods where the neighbors may not contribute to (the home's) value," he said. "If I own a small rental that someone deemed historic, what you see is what you get ... but you could build a Frank Lloyd Wright house right next to me or a glass house or a domed house."
Though he recognized that imposing restrictions on owners of historic structures could affect property values, Mayor Bill Rauch said he thought owners would be able to work around those restrictions.
"Historic buildings have great value even though in some cases they may not be in great shape, and once you know you have to work around it, you find ways," he said. "We have builders, in particular in Beaufort, who are good enough and sophisticated enough and resourceful enough to find ways to work around those kinds of problems and still get their projects done."
Beaufort staff members are working with Atlanta-based consultant Lord, Aeck & Sargent to draw up a new historic preservation plan for the city, which is expected to be completed in February. That plan may include a recommendation to establish an additional historic district or districts, Alley said.
The city has the authority to establish local historic districts, which would not have national landmark status. Alley said the Ribaut Road corridor, the Pigeon Point neighborhood, Depot Road and North Street are possible locations for new historic districts.
The Historic District Review Board could then be given expanded powers in those neighborhoods while continuing to restrict its powers in other parts of the city. City Council members said they were open to that type of solution.


Every 3 years I get to perform at the musical olympics: our New Year's Concert in the amazing Golden Hall of the Musikverein. I personally always really appreciate the stunning floristic decoration. What you never see on TV is that as soon as the concert is over, audience members start pulling it apart and take it home. Actually quite a nice keepsake of this special event.


text:
Culture | Springtime of the Renaissance
At the dawn of magnificence
A new exhibition celebrates the masters of the early 15th century
Mar 30th 2013 | FLORENCE
ITALY'S self-esteem is at a low ebb. Last month's election was won by clowns. The Italian economy is struggling and the new pope is reading the results of an unhappy inquiry into the Roman Catholic church bequeathed to him by his predecessor. But for visitors to Florence, the dome that Filippo Brunelleschi built in 1436 rises "above the skies, ample to cover with its shadow all the Tuscan people", according to a contemporary commentator.
Brunelleschi's dome is a reminder that Florence was once the fulcrum of a new world. It also symbolises the intellectual and artistic movement that came to be known as the Renaissance, which many argue had its birth here.
A new exhibition devoted to this pivotal moment explores how a small group of remarkable men in Republican Florence broke through the carapace of medieval thought to rediscover ancient learning. They unleashed a wave of study and creativity that spread across politics, art, architecture, literature and philosophy, and has become a byword for renewal.
The movement placed man, rather than God, at the centre of the universe. Nature, more than heaven, was to be the proper subject for an artist. The causes and consequences of this shift have been endlessly debated. But the curators of this show argue that it was in sculpture, not painting, that the Renaissance was really born.
They suggest that this aesthetic revolution first showed itself in two bronze relief panels made by Brunelleschi and his compatriot, Lorenzo Ghiberti, in 1401 in a competition to create a set of new bronze doors for the cathedral's neighbouring baptistery. Both artists sculpted scenes of vivid human drama drawn from the story of Abraham's sacrifice of his son, Isaac (pictured). Although Ghiberti eventually won the competition, both artists combined a Gothic elegance of costume and scenery with realistically modelled figures that owe a visible debt to classical sculpture.
A collaboration between the National Museum of the Bargello, the main sculpture museum in Florence, and the Louvre in Paris, the exhibition has brought together 137 objects, from museums and private collections all over Europe and America. Most of the curators' requests were granted, with the result that almost all the great pieces of this Renaissance jigsaw are here.
The first few rooms contain examples of the Roman sculptures that provided the stimulus for the innovative Renaissance pieces placed beside them. The magnificent Roman vase known as the Talento Crater, which once stood outside Pisa cathedral, inspired Nicola Pisano, a 13th-century master sculptor who was an important precursor to the Renaissance. Roman portrait-busts have been placed nearby, alongside the monumental statues of prophets and saints that they influenced.
The most important artist exhibited here is Donatello, who started out as an assistant to Ghiberti and Brunelleschi. Brought together, on his home ground, are some of Donatello's finest sculptures, such as the 1425 hollow bronze statue of St Louis of Toulouse, which has been restored specially for this exhibition. The show enables the visitor to trace directly Donatello's decisive impact on his contemporaries, including, among others, his longtime collaborator Michelozzo, whose work is represented here by two marble angels from London's Victoria and Albert Museum.
The exhibition also points out how ideas expressed first in sculpture became the catalyst for new ideas about beauty and truth in painting. One example is Donatello's delicate use of precise central-point perspective when carving in very shallow relief, which was first seen in 1417, in a scene of St George fighting the dragon. This development was immediately seized on by the painters of the day—Masaccio, Filippo Lippi, Paolo Uccello and Andrea del Castagno—who wanted to emulate the liveliness of sculpture by creating convincing three-dimensional space on flat canvas and wood.
The Strozzi's thematic approach reinforces the importance of the contribution that sculpture made to the Florentine Renaissance. The result is a selective rather than exhaustive presentation. One room explores how the transformation of Roman putti into Donatello's charming childlike spirits represents a concerted effort to reconcile Roman imagery with Christian ideals. Another looks at Donatello's reinvention of the classical equestrian portrait. A whole room is devoted to paintings and sculptures of the Madonna and child. The pieces reinforce the idea that the Renaissance's love affair with antiquity was not at the expense of Christian piety, proving at the same time just how quickly new ideals of beauty could spread.
The exhibition also shows sculpture following Florence's political shift from a citizens' republic to a state that was controlled more and more by powerful families like the Medici and the Strozzi. Donatello's early monumental sculptures were commissioned by guilds or the church. The later portrait-busts of Florentine worthies in Roman garb by Mino da Fiesole reflect a new world of magnificent private patronage.
The elegant geometries of the Strozzi palace are illustrated by Giuliano da Sangallo's wooden model of 1489, placed at the end of the show. As with every exhibition here, departing visitors are expected to spill into the city and seek out the Renaissance elsewhere—in other museums and churches, and under Brunelleschi's dome itself.
"The Springtime of the Renaissance: Sculpture and the Arts in Florence, 1400-1460" is at Palazzo Strozzi in Florence until August 18th before moving to the Louvre in Paris from September 23rd until January 6th 2014
This article appeared in the Culture section of the print edition under the headline "At the dawn of magnificence"
Culture March 30th 2013
Quietude
The times they will be a-changing
Missing the Nobel
Stalin and his cursed cause
From the March 30th 2013 edition
Tom Lehrer was midwife at the birth of modern satire
The musical comedian has surrendered the rights to his work. It is a particularly rich archive
Hockey's potential relies on India, its fallen superpower
But the national team's revival is far from complete
Kapka Kassabova traverses a landscape that time forgot
The author was born in Bulgaria and revisits it in "Elixir"


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For the 2018 birthday release the Raspberry Pi 3 has been upgraded to the Rpi3 B+ it goes faster and gets a WiFi upgrade.
Sequent Microsystems: MEGA-IO is a stackable home automation expansion card for Raspberry Pi B+, 2, 3 and Zero.
There are many guides for creating a Raspberry Pi Access Point but from Raspbian 9 Stretch the network setup has changed, which means a lot of guides are out of date. So this guide is about setting up a Raspberry Pi Hotspot for Raspbian 9 Stretch onwards, it also works for Raspbian 8 Jessie.
A script to allow the Raspberry Pi to connect to a know wifi router or automatically generate a Non Internet Hotspot Access Point if no network is found. You can then use SSH or VNC on the move and switch between the hotspot and home network without a reboot.
This is suitable for the Pi Zero W which has no Network port or anybody who does not need an internet routed access point on a Raspberry Pi 3 or RPi 3B+. Just for direct Wifi access to the PI when you are out and about.
Google's Artificial Intelligent Assistant comes to the Raspberry Pi 3 with the AIY Projects Voice Hat. Now you can control your GPIO projects with Voice controls.
A Solar Panel battery charging monitor using a Raspberry Pi 2 connected to a Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) and a Raspberry Pi 3 showing the output graphs and data.
The TSL2561 Luminosity Sensor is used to measure ambiant light levels more accuratly and across a wider range of light levels than a Light Dependant Resistor or LDR.
PiCapture is a video capture card that uses the CSI camera port allowing it to use the Raspberry Pi's fast graphics processor for video capture instead of the cpu.
With the Raspberry Foundations 5th Birthday this month a new and improved Raspberry Pi Zero is released. The Raspberry Pi Zero W.
SEQUITUR is a real-time locating and communication system. SEQUITUR Ranging allows measuring within a few centimeters the distance between devices that can be hundreds of meters apart. SEQUITUR InGPS allows locating mobile users outdoors and indoor, with an accuracy within a few centimeters.
EasyEDA is an easy to use circuit design, circuit simulator and PCB design that runs in your web browser.


text:
Users who are interested in detecting a specific type of change can easily do so by creating a custom cost function.
Provided, they subclass the base cost function [`BaseCost`][ruptures.base.BaseCost], they will be able to seamlessly run the algorithms implemented in `ruptures`.

!!! important
    The custom cost class must at least implement the two following methods: `.fit(signal)` and `.error(start, end)` (see [user guide](../../custom-cost-function.md)).

## Example

Let $\{y_t\}_t$ denote a 1D piecewise stationary random process.
Assume that the $y_t$ are independent and exponentially distributed with a scale parameter that shifts at some unknown instants $t_1,t_2,\dots$
The change points estimates are the minimizers of the negative log-likelihood, and the associated cost function is given by

$$
c(y_I) = |I| \log \bar{\mu}_I
$$

where $I,\, y_I$ and $\bar{\mu}_I$ are respectively an interval, the sub-signal on this interval and the empirical mean of this sub-signal.
The following code implements this cost function:

```python
from math import log
from ruptures.base import BaseCost

class MyCost(BaseCost):

    """Custom cost for exponential signals."""

    # The 2 following attributes must be specified for compatibility.
    model = ""
    min_size = 2

    def fit(self, signal):
        """Set the internal parameter."""
        self.signal = signal
        return self

    def error(self, start, end):
        """Return the approximation cost on the segment [start:end].

        Args:
            start (int): start of the segment
            end (int): end of the segment

        Returns:
            float: segment cost
        """
        sub = self.signal[start:end]
        return (end - start) * log(sub.mean())
```

!!! warning
    For compatibility reasons, the static attributes `model` and `min_size` must be explicitly specified:

    - `model` is simply a string containing the name of the cost function (can be empty);
    - `min_size` is a positive integer that indicates the minimum segment size (in number of samples) on which the cost function can be applied.

This cost function can now be used with all algorithms from `ruptures`.
For instance,

```python
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pylab as plt
import ruptures as rpt

# creation of data
a = np.random.exponential(scale=1, size=100)
b = np.random.exponential(scale=2, size=200)
signal, bkps = np.r_[a, b, a], [100, 300, 400]
# cost
algo = rpt.Pelt(custom_cost=MyCost()).fit(signal)
my_bkps = algo.predict(pen=10)
# display
rpt.display(signal, bkps, my_bkps)
plt.show()
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
HN Media
SHREC Awards
Energy North
Mum and daughter smash target after taking bungee jump plunge for Munlochy Animal Aid
By Hector MacKenzie
- hector.mackenzie@hnmedia.co.uk
We did it! Marion Mullin and daughter Shirley Maddocks took the plunge for Munlochy Animal Aid
A DARING mum and daughter duo who took the plunge to boost the kitty of a well-respected Black Isle animal shelter exceeded all their expectations with a short – but unforgettable – fundraising feat.
Marion Mullin, who lives in Conon Bridge, came up with the idea of helping out Munlochy Animal Aid after rehoming a number of much-loved dogs from the centre and helping out its operator, Iona Nicol a volunteerdog walker.
She was also impressed with a book, Folk We've Met, written by Mrs Nicol outlining her experiences in setting up and developing the shelter, overcoming numerous hurdles along the way.
She then roped in her daughter, Shirley Maddocks, who stays in Alness, to commit to a charity bungee jump challenge at Killiecrankie.
They had hoped to raise "a few hundred" said Ms Maddocks but surpassed expectations by securing pledges for £1443.
Ms Maddocks said she was thrilled by the support and delighted to help the shelter.
Looking forward to more challenges, it seems the sky's the limit. She said: "I want to do something different next year. I'm not sure what I'm contemplating a skydive."
It may now be her turn to talk her mum into the next challenge...
Story or picture for us? Email newsdesk@spp-group.com
© 2020 - HN Media Ltd. All rights reserved.


Mónica Diskin is a lawyer, graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, responsible for Legal Affairs of Enel Argentina since 2016.
She joined Enel Group in 2012 to perform external assistance tasks of power plants and suppliers of energy of the Group. She provided support of legal issues related to share transfers and company reorganizations within the Group, and also dealt with company law and regulatory issues related to companies in Argentina.


The invention relates to a composition, particularly in the form of liquid to be used externally as a rinsing contact lenses, containing nanocrystalline photocatalyst active in visible light, and optionally hydrogen peroxide.
Titanium dioxide based materials are commonly known as photocatalysts of environmental and biomedical relevance.Photoactive TiO2 irradiated with ultraviolet light shows antiseptic, fungicidal, disinfecting and odour-neutralizing properties. It can be used for production of self-cleaning surfaces as well as disinfection, sterilization or odour-neutralizing agents.
Experimental tests of the bovine serum albumin photodegradation and Escherichia coli photoinactivationconfirmed a high photocatalytic activity of the modified nanocrystalline titanium dioxide under visible light irradiation conditions.
Further development of the invention is under progress at Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University. Currently the Centre for Innovation, Technology Transfer and University Development (CITTRU) is looking for entities intrested in the licence and commercial applications of the described materials.
Page created at 2019-04-25 14:35:06, Patent Auction Time.


If you are a parent or grandparent of small children, or, if you have a Pinterest account and are not blind; you have learned about the Elf on a Shelf phenomenon. The elf is supposed to be a messenger to Santa, updating him on the activities of all good (or bad) little girls and boys. He's a mandatory reporter for the North Pole.
He is also rumored to be quite ornery, himself; getting into mischief and pulling pranks around the house; pranks that all good little boys and girls instinctively know will earn them no love from Santa.
As we all know, my kids have outgrown the Santa myth, so, you may be wondering why I am telling you all of this.
...meet our elf, Dee Nyall.
Dee Nyall is a-somewhat lame- attempt on my part to keep the Christmas magic alive for my children (or, for myself, DO NOT JUDGE ME!). He only recently moved in, so, we haven't really gotten a chance to know him very well, but I am working on it.
That's the postman from the North Pole! Dee Nyall stole his mail truck! Chaos! Naughtiness! Fun!
I'm afraid it is going to be a long holiday season for Dee Nyall.


text:
Shop: Unfolding Nature: Being in the Implicate Order Bulk Substrate Red Vein Kratom Autoflowering Cannabis Seeds
grib
Loc: Here and there
article - Republican Presidents And War Crimes - Nothing New
Republican Presidents And War Crimes - Nothing New Here By Michael Gaddy
It appears today there is a distinct division on how Americans are viewing the news of the war crimes perpetrated on Iraqi detainees by American troops. Although the President and the Secretary of Defense have both ?apologized? for these actions, their minions in the press and their shills on the radio are trying mightily to rationalize these acts away.
Just the ?horrors? of war some say. You know, kind of like ?collateral? damage. While there are others claiming the stories are much worse than reality, while even the Democrats on the Senate Armed Services Committee are working hand in hand with their fellow Republicans to keep a great deal of the new evidence of sex crimes and murder, perpetrated against these Iraqis who had been convicted of no crime, out of the hands of the American People.
Perhaps, some of these photos and videotapes the Senate is hiding will find their way into the hands of the foreign press. Then they will be available for the whole world to see on the Internet. Even while our politicians on both sides work like cats in a sandbox to cover up the truth from the citizens of this country, and the world.
All of this is not new. The much-worshipped first Republican president, Abraham Lincoln, conducted just such a war against the citizens of the South. Murder, rape, pillaging and theft were rampant, perpetrated by the Union Army. Charles Adams documents in his fine work, ?When in the Course of Human Events? that some Northern newspapers even called for the total annihilation of the entire people of the South.
Lincoln, the master of duplicity, had issued a ?code of conduct? if you will, for the Northern Army. It was known as General Order No. 100, also known as the ?Lieber Code?. As professor Thomas DiLorenzo points out ?The Code?s author was the German legal scholar Francis Leiber, an advisor to Otto von Bismarck and a staunch advocate of centralized governmental power. In his writings Lieber denounced the federal system of government created by the American founding fathers as having created "confederacies of petty sovereigns" and dismissed the Jeffersonian philosophy of government as a collection of "obsolete ideas." In Germany he was arrested several times for subversive activities.?
This code, while mentioning the illegality of waging war against the civilian populace, gave total discretion to the commanders in the field to dismiss the code if situations ?warranted.?
Like the war against Iraq, the war Lincoln brought to the south, targeted civilians from the very beginning. Did not the sanctions of the past 13 years weigh much more heavily on the civilians than it did the military in Iraq? Do you really think for a moment that Saddam and his legions went without essentials?
Compare if you will these sanctions against Iraq and Lincoln?s ?Anaconda Plan.? Lincoln?s idea was to blockade the Southern ports (an act of war) to starve the Southern populace into submission. Drugs and medicines were on the list of banned items. Ironic is it not that George W. Bush included vaccines for infants in the things to be denied Iraq by the embargo.
If Madeline Albright found the deaths of 250,000+ civilians, many of them children and elderly, ?acceptable,? do you really think our government cares about a few thousand tortured detainees?
Lincoln certainly had nothing but praise for his commanders who perpetrated acts of violence on civilians in the South. In the early stages of the war, Commanding General George McClellan, reacting to acts of terrorism against the citizens in the South, wrote Lincoln a letter requesting the war be conducted in accordance with ?the highest principles known to Christian civilization? and to avoid targeting the civilian population. Lincoln relieved McClellan of his command shortly thereafter and obviously ignored the letter.
In Iraq, as we did in Vietnam, the citizens are seen in the light of ?collective responsibility? for acts perpetrated on soldiers. I?m sure the phrase ?Kill them all, let God sort them out? is just as popular with the troops today as it was with soldiers I served with some 39 years ago. Try to explain to a foot soldier who lives with fear every moment, sees obvious civilians blown to bits by U.S. rockets and bombs, that for him to shoot civilians is a crime. This creates a lose-lose situation. The more of these folks they shoot the more enemies they create. Just look at Vietnam. Many estimate their casualties exceeded a million or more, and our troops never lost a major battle. Yet, we left with our tails between our legs.
If our soldiers were used as they were designed to be, for defense of our country only, they would not be faced with this mind-destroying dilemma
As we read about the battle for the city of Fallujah, think back to General Sherman?s acts against the city of Randolph, Tennessee in 1862. When Confederate Sharpshooters from the town fired upon federal gunboats, Sherman had the entire town burned to the ground. He took civilian hostages from the town and in some instances traded them for Federal soldiers or just executed them. Does the word My Lai come to mind here?
Jackson and Meridian Mississippi would face the same fate from one of Lincoln?s favorite Generals. They would both be burned to the ground even though there were no Confederate Armies in the area. Sherman?s soldiers then sacked the town and, as Sherman biographer John Marzelek wrote, soldiers "entered residences, appropriating whatever appeared to be of value . . . those articles which they could not carry they broke."
Sherman would write of the campaign "for five days, ten thousand of our men worked hard and with a will, in that work of destruction, with axes, sledges, crowbars, clawbars, and with fire.... Meridian no longer exists."
Professor DiLorenzo writes in his work, Targeting Civilians, that in 1862 Sherman wrote his wife that his purpose in the war would be "extermination, not of soldiers alone, that is the least of the trouble, but the people" of the South. His loving and gentle wife wrote back that her wish was for "a war of extermination and that all [Southerners] would be driven like swine into the sea. May we carry fire and sword into their states till not one habitation is left standing." This has a remarkable resemblance to words I hear from folks at such Neocon worshipping sites as FreeRepublic.com
I?m sure the Neocons and John Kerry (who has said Bush is just not doing enough) would love to have Generals such as Sherman. He was a no holds barred kind of guy, just like they are. In October of 1864 Sherman ordered a subordinate, General Louis Watkins, to go to Fairmount, Georgia, "burn ten or twelve houses" and "kill a few at random," and "let them know that it will be repeated every time a train is fired upon."
Professor DiLorenzo also says in his work ?Although it is rarely mentioned by 'mainstream' historians, many acts of rape were committed by these federal soldiers. The University of South Carolina?s library contains a collection of thousands of diaries and letters of Southern women that mention these unspeakable atrocities.?-Anyone beginning to pick up a pattern here?
DiLorenzo continues: ?Sherman?s? band of criminal looters (known as "bummers") sacked the slave cabins as well as the plantation houses. As Grimsley describes it, "With the utter disregard for blacks that was the norm among Union troops, the soldiers ransacked the slave cabins, taking whatever they liked." A routine procedure would be to hang a slave by his neck until he told federal soldiers where the plantation owners? valuables were hidden.
Then there was the much heralded ?March to the Sea? wherein Sherman claimed in his memoirs that his army ?destroyed more than $100 million in private property and carried home $20 million more.?
General Philip Sheridan perpetrated like terror on the citizens of the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. In the autumn of 1864 Sheridan?s 35,000 infantry troops essentially burned the entire valley to the ground. As Sheridan described it in a letter to General Grant, in the first few days he "destroyed over 2200 barns . . . over 70 mills . . . have driven in front of the army over 4000 head of stock, and have killed . . . not less than 3000 sheep . . .. Tomorrow I will continue the destruction."
Again from Professor DiLorenzo, ?One soldier wrote home that he had personally set 60 private homes on fire and opined "it was a hard looking sight to see the women and children turned out of doors at this season of the year." A Sergeant William T. Patterson wrote that "the whole country around is wrapped in flames, the heavens are aglow with the light thereof . . . such mourning, such lamentations, such crying and pleading for mercy [by defenseless women]... I never saw or want to see again."
It was no accident that these fine specimens of terrorism, Sherman and Sheridan, were the leaders the government turned loose on the American Indians as they brought terror to their villages in search of empire.
No one refutes today the terror that was brought to the American Indian by the Federal Armies. Even Blacks played their part. Have we forgotten the much heralded ?Buffalo Soldiers?? Just exactly whom were they fighting? How can we today place such honor on a group of soldiers who were fighting and killing to take by force the land and property that belonged to another?
Take a look and see for yourself that the pattern of terror that was brought to the Southern citizen was then brought to the Indian.
Washita Creek
Before dawn, the troopers attacked the 51 lodges, killing a number of men, women, and children. Custer reported about 100 killed, though Indian accounts claimed 11 warriors plus 19 women and children lost their lives. More than 50 Cheyenne were captured, mainly women and children. Custer's losses were light: 2 officers and 19 enlisted men killed. Following Sheridan's plan to cripple resistance, Custer ordered the slaughter of the Indian pony and mule herd estimated at more than 800 animals. The lodges of Black Kettle's people, with all their winter supply of food and clothing, were torched.
Sand Creek.
We will look at the Congressional Testimony of one John S. Smith, an eyewitness to the attack by Colonel Chivington, who by the way was running for Congress in Colorado.
Question. Were the women and children slaughtered indiscriminately, or only so far as they were with the warriors?
Answer. Indiscriminately.
Question. Were there any acts of barbarity perpetrated there that came under your own observation?
Answer. Yes, sir; I saw the bodies of those lying there cut all to pieces, worse mutilated than any I ever saw before; the women cut all to pieces.
By Mr. Buckalew:
Question. How cut?
Answer. With knives; scalped; their brains knocked out; children two or three months old; all ages lying there, from sucking infants up to warriors.
By Mr. Gooch:
Question. Did you see it done?
Answer. Yes, sir; I saw them fall.
Question. Fall when they were killed?
Answer. Yes, sir.
Question. Did you see them when they were mutilated?
Question. By whom were they mutilated?
Answer. By the United States troops.
American Horse
"There was a woman with an infant in her arms who was killed as she almost touched the flag of truce? A mother was shot down with her infant; the child not knowing what its mother was dead was still nursing? The women as they were fleeing with their babies were killed together, shot right through? and after most all of them had been killed a cry was made that all those who were not killed or wounded should come forth and they would be safe. Little boys? came out of their places of refuge, and as soon as they came in sight a number of soldiers surrounded them and butchered them."
Dewey Beard
"?I was badly wounded and pretty weak too. While I was lying on my back, I looked down the ravine and saw a lot of women coming up and crying. When I saw these women, girls and little girls and boys coming up, I saw soldiers on both sides of the ravine shoot at them until they had killed every one of them? Going a little further, (I ) came upon my mother who was moving slowly, being very badly wounded? When (I) caught up to her, she said, 'My son, pass by me; I am going to fall down now.' As she went up, soldiers on both sides of the ravine shot at her and killed her? (I) heard the Hotchkiss or Gatling guns shooting at them along the bank. Now there went up from these dying people a medley of death songs that would make the hardest heart weep. Each one sings a different death song if he chooses. The death song is expressive of their wish to die. It is also a requiem for the dead. It expresses that the singer is anxious to die too?."
Commanding General Nelson A. Miles
"?A detachment of soldiers was sent into the camp to search for any arms remaining there, and it was reported that their rudeness frightened the women and children. It was also reported that a remark was made by one of the soldiers that "when we get the arms away from them we can do as we please with them," indicating that they were to be destroyed. Some of the Indians could understand English. This and other things alarmed the Indians and [a] scuffle occurred between one warrior who had [a] rifle in his hand and two soldiers. The rifle was discharged and a massacre occurred, not only the warriors but the sick Chief Big Foot, and a large number of women and children who tried to escape by running and scattering over the prairie were hunted down and killed."
Compare if you will the following:
"? My people looked pitiful. There was a big drought, and the rivers and creeks seemed to be dying. Nothing would grow that the people had planted, and the Wasichus had been sending less cattle and other food than ever before. The Wasichus had slaughtered all the bison and shut us up in pens. It looked as if we might all starve to death. We could not eat lies, and there was nothing we could do?."
Editor and Publisher, The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer
"Sitting Bull, most renowned Sioux of modern history, is dead. He was an Indian with a white man's spirit of hatred and revenge for those who had wronged him and his? With his fall the nobility of the Redskin is extinguished and what few are left are a pack of whining curs who lick the hand that smites them. The Whites, by law of conquest, by justice of civilization, are masters of the American continent, and the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians?."
Americans need to examine closely the words of Mr. Baum and see if they are not the seeds of our feeling of ?moral high ground? as we deal with people of other nations today. Is this not the attitude that was carried into the War Between the States and the Indian Wars? Consider also that 140 years later many Indians and Southerners have never forgiven the Federal government for the acts of terrorism visited upon them.
Neither group enjoys the wonders of ?democracy? brought to them by the governing elite cabal that controls the omnipotent State. Neither will the Iraqis!
Lincoln was the Commander in Chief when the horrible acts of the ?Long Walk? were perpetrated on the Navajo. The entire campaign against the Indian was to make safe passage for the railroads and secure the land for population. Lincoln was the chief lawyer for many of the railroads before he was elected president.
Lincoln also presided over the largest mass execution of American Indians with the hanging of the Santee Sioux in Minnesota.
War against civilians in the quest for empire is nothing new for Republicans. Bush is just continuing with the program.
<~>Our truest life is when we are in dreams awake <~>
Resident Cynic
Loc: Apt #6, The Village
Re: article - Republican Presidents And War Crimes - Nothing New [Re: grib]
Interesting article, it brings up points that are too often ignored. It's also interesting to note that 'honest' Abe did not free a single slave in the U.S. (contrary to the propaganda fed to us in schools). Also, many Union generals including Grant owned slaves (some didn?t free their slaves until the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868), whereas the confederate general Robert E. Lee had freed the slaves that his wife inherited from his father in law (he never owned any slaves before that) long before the war between the states began.
"There are few, I believe, in this enlightened age, who will not acknowledge that slavery as an institution is a moral and political evil."
Robert E. Lee - circa 1856
"My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and it is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union."
Abraham Lincoln - August 22, 1862 letter to New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley
To call humans 'rational beings' does injustice to the term, 'rational.' Humans are capable of rational thought, but it is not their essence. Humans are animals, beasts with complex brains. Humans, more often than not, utilize their cerebrum to rationalize what their primal instincts, their preconceived notions, and their emotional desires have presented as goals - humans are rationalizing beings.
Edited by Evolving (05/21/04 12:56 AM)
silversoul7
Chill the FuckOut!
Loc: mndfreeze's puppet army
Re: article - Republican Presidents And War Crimes - Nothing New [Re: Evolving]
"In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free - honorable alike in what we give, and what we preserve. We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last best hope of earth. Other means may succeed; this could not fail. The way is plain, peaceful, generous, just - a way which, if followed, the world will forever applaud, and God must forever bless."
--Lincoln's Second Annual Message to Congress, December 1, 1862.
"Whenever I hear any one arguing for slavery I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally."
--The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
"It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong."--Voltaire
MetaShroom
菌类人
Loc: East Anglia UK
Re: article - Republican Presidents And War Crimes - Nothing [Re: silversoul7]
He was a typical politician then, saying what he thought people wanted to hear.
JOIN MAPS -> www.MAPS.ORG
Re: article - Republican Presidents And War Crimes - Nothing [Re: MetaShroom]
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text:
O Rio Ciuma é um rio da Romênia, afluente do Bârsa lui Bucur, localizado no distrito de Braşov.

Rios da Roménia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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