text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{P}{urchasing} electricity for a specific bidding zone involves a considerable risk due to the price risk. One delicate arrangement is to go to a forward market, e.g. financial transmission right (FTR) or day-ahead (DA) market, and buy a forward contract \cite{Bjork2019arbitrage}. Then we would be able to guard ourselves against this risk with an option/binding contract for a specific delivery time. Although wholesale electricity markets operate as a multi-settlement system (i.e. DA and intraday (ID) electricity markets), the DA markets conventionally lead providing economic dispatch. To facilitate integration of renewable energy resources in these multi-settlement systems, ID markets play a significant rule in delivering electricity by offering the opportunity to trade power shortly before the start of delivery time. DA prices and renewable energy generation are not continually coherent due to lack of flexibility in DA markets. Therefore, liquid ID markets, energy storage systems, and demand flexibility are beneficial to avoid price peaks. This requires a reliable price modeling for these multi-settlement systems which is the main focus of this paper.
\vspace{-5mm}
\subsection{Motivation}\label{sec:motivation}
The ID market plays an increasing role in handling the power system uncertainties and accordingly facilitating integration of renewable energy resources. The ID market provides an adjustment platform to trade power shortly before start of the delivery time and hence liquid ID markets are beneficial to avoid real-time price spikes. Still, optimal trading in the ID market requires a proper ID market price modeling.

To deal with the liquidity and trading risks, we need to deal with the existing and growing uncertainties in the electricity markets. Uncertainty in ID markets are caused by several factors such as changes in regulations, higher trading risk, volume-dependent prices, and etc. Compared to DA market prices, ID market prices are often more volatile. This variation is very clear by looking into historical data, e.g., it is shown for 2020-12-14 in Fig. \ref{fig:fig_compare_day_ahead_and_intraday_prices} (up). Intraday prices vary in the presented ranges for minimum and maximum prices. For instance, average ID market price at 3 pm is 43.67EUR which alters between 39.12EUR (-10.4\%) and 57.40EUR (23.9\%) in just one hour, i.e. 18.28EUR (41.8\%) variation in one hour. In addition, these changes are not similar in different periods of time. ID market price variation is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:fig_compare_day_ahead_and_intraday_prices} (down) for 2015 to 2021 which is higher in recent years. The ID market price variation calculated using the following equation can go up to 200\%.
\vspace{-2mm}
\begin{equation*}
\text{ID market~price~variation}=\dfrac{\text{Max.~price} \m \text{Min.~price}}{\text{Avg.~price}}\times100
\end{equation*}
\vspace{-5mm}
\begin{figure}[!h]
	\centering
	\input{fig_compare_day_ahead_and_intraday_prices}
\vspace{-2mm}
	\input{fig_intraday_price_variation}
	\caption{The DA and ID market prices in 2020-12-14 (up) and ID market price variation (down). Data source: \cite{nordpool2021data}}
	\label{fig:fig_compare_day_ahead_and_intraday_prices}
\end{figure}
\vspace{-5mm}

Sweden is divided into four bidding zones i.e. SE1-SE4. Sometimes, prices in these biding zones are the same. To study this, percentage of time steps when the prices are the same in entire Sweden is shown in Table \ref{tab:similar_prices} for 2015 to 2021. For instance, in 2019, DA market prices in 78.77\% of the time (6826 data points) prices in four bidding zones of Sweden are the same, while this is 5.3\% (459 data points) in ID average prices. Therefore, ID prices change more in different bidding zones. Overtime, from 2015 to 2020, this percentage is decreased in DA market and increased in ID market. This shows the growing importance of modeling ID prices in recent years.
\begin{table}[!h]
    \centering
    \caption{Percentage of similar prices in Sweden}
    \begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{XXXXXc}
    \toprule \rowcolor{color111}
     DA &      High &       Low &      Last &       Avg & Year \\\rowcolor{color110}
    \midrule
 85.81 &  2.98 &  2.82 &  3.66 &  1.21 & 2015 \\\rowcolor{color112}
 92.94 &  2.18 &  2.24 &  3.36 &  0.58 & 2016 \\\rowcolor{color110}
 85.45 &  2.67 &  2.84 &  3.63 &  1.82 & 2017 \\\rowcolor{color112}
 81.99 &  1.72 &  1.62 &  3.04 &  1.14 & 2018 \\\rowcolor{color110}
 78.77 &  5.69 &  5.70 &  5.84 &  5.3 & 2019 \\\rowcolor{color112}
 47.66 & 15.22 & 15.11 & 14.89 & 14.77 & 2020 \\\rowcolor{color110}
 60.26 &  0.32 &  0.16 &  0.16 &  0.00 & 2021 \\
    \bottomrule
    \end{tabularx}
    \label{tab:similar_prices}
\end{table}

Also there is a strong correlation between prices in DA and ID markets, the ID market prices may vary significantly. For instance,  in 2020-03-28 in bidding zone SE2, DA prices are almost constant while the ID prices vary from -10 to 20 EUR/MWh as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:fig_compare_day_ahead_and_intraday_prices_max}.
\vspace{-5mm}
\begin{figure}[!h]
	\centering
	\input{fig_compare_day_ahead_and_intraday_prices_max}

	\caption{Compare DA and ID prices}
	\label{fig:fig_compare_day_ahead_and_intraday_prices_max}
\end{figure}

Also international ID markets are established from 1999 \cite{nordpool2021history}, launching several new projects lead to more changes in market regulations. For instance, European Cross-Border Intraday (XBID) and European Single Intraday Coupling (SIDC) solution (from 2018) and Local Implementation Projects are implemented in 2018 and expanded in 2019 \cite{entsoe2021sidc}. As expected, dynamics of the market changes when new regulations or new projects are implemented. Therefore, there is a continuous lack of sufficient data to implement uncertainties in ID markets. We address this by proposing three approaches to model multi-settlement prices (i.e. DA and ID prices).

Schematic of DA and ID electricity markets, in Nord Pool electricity exchange, \cite{nordpool2021data} is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:schematic}. DA market operates as an auction which opens at 08:00 the day before the delivery. Available capacities for DA market are published at 10:00 and the auction is closed at 12:00. Then the DA market is cleared and prices are announced at 12:42. On the other hand, ID market is a continuous pay as bid market which is always open for new bids. Capacities for the new day are published at 14:00 the day before the delivery. Market participants have up to one hour before the time of delivery to use ID market for that specific time of delivery. ID markets are continuously open for bids. Therefore, market participants can use announced prices at 12:42 in D-1 (the day before delivery) and published capacities at 14:00 in D-1 to bid in the market to maximize their profits.
\vspace{-5mm}
\begin{figure}[h!]
    \centering
    \begin{tikzpicture}[line join=round, line cap=round, auto]
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\tikzwd}{1.7};
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\tikzwdm}{5};
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\tikzwt}{2};
    \pgfmathsetmacro{\tikzh}{1};
    \draw[draw=black,fill=color101] ($(0,0)$) rectangle ++(\tikzwdm,\tikzh);
    \draw[draw=black,fill=color101] ($(\tikzwdm,0)$) rectangle ++(\tikzwd,\tikzh);
    \draw[draw=black,fill=color101] ($(0,0)$) rectangle ++(-\tikzwt,\tikzh);
    \draw[draw=black,fill=color102] ($(0,\tikzh)$) rectangle ++(\tikzwdm,\tikzh);
    \draw[draw=black,fill=color102] ($(\tikzwdm,\tikzh)$) rectangle ++(\tikzwd,\tikzh);
    \draw[draw=black,fill=color102] ($(0,\tikzh)$) rectangle ++(-\tikzwt,\tikzh);
    \draw[draw=black,fill=color103] ($(0,\tikzh*2)$) rectangle ++(\tikzwdm,\tikzh);
    \draw[draw=black,fill=color103] ($(\tikzwdm,\tikzh*2)$) rectangle ++(\tikzwd,\tikzh);
    \draw[draw=black,fill=color103] ($(0,\tikzh*2)$) rectangle ++(-\tikzwt,\tikzh);
    \draw[draw=black,fill=color104] ($(0,\tikzh*3)$) rectangle ++(\tikzwdm,\tikzh);
    \draw[draw=black,fill=color104] ($(\tikzwdm,\tikzh*3)$) rectangle ++(\tikzwd,\tikzh);
    \draw[draw=black,fill=color104] ($(0,\tikzh*3)$) rectangle ++(-\tikzwt,\tikzh);
    \node[text=white] at (\tikzwdm/2,\tikzh/2) {\scriptsize \textbf{D-1}};
    \node[text=white] at (\tikzwdm+\tikzwd/2,\tikzh/2) {\scriptsize \textbf{D}};
    \node[text=white] at (-\tikzwt/2,\tikzh/2) {\scriptsize \textbf{Day}};
    \node[text=white] at (-\tikzwt/2,\tikzh*3/2) {\scriptsize \textbf{Hour}};
    \node[text=white] at (-\tikzwt/2,\tikzh*5/2) {\scriptsize \textbf{Continuous ID}};
    \node[text=white] at (-\tikzwt/2,\tikzh*7/2) {\scriptsize \textbf{DA Auction}};
    \node[text=white,rotate=90] at (\tikzwdm/2,\tikzh*3/2) {\scriptsize \textbf{12:00}};
    \node[text=white,rotate=90] at (\tikzwdm/2-\tikzwdm/6,\tikzh*3/2) {\scriptsize \textbf{10:00}};
    \node[text=white,rotate=90] at (\tikzwdm/2-\tikzwdm*2/6,\tikzh*3/2) {\scriptsize \textbf{08:00}};
    \node[text=white,rotate=90] at (\tikzwdm/2+\tikzwdm/6,\tikzh*3/2) {\scriptsize \textbf{12:42}};
    \node[text=white,rotate=90] at (\tikzwdm/2+\tikzwdm*2/6,\tikzh*3/2) {\scriptsize \textbf{14:00}};
    \node[text=white,rotate=90] at (\tikzwdm+\tikzwd*1/3,\tikzh*3/2) {\scriptsize \textbf{D-60min}};
    \node[text=white,rotate=90] at (\tikzwdm+\tikzwd*2/3,\tikzh*3/2) {\scriptsize \textbf{D}};

    \draw [thick,dash dot,draw=white] (\tikzwdm/2,\tikzh*2) -- (\tikzwdm/2,\tikzh*3);
    \draw [thick,dash dot,draw=white] (\tikzwdm/2-\tikzwdm*1/6,\tikzh*2) -- (\tikzwdm/2-\tikzwdm*1/6,\tikzh*3);
    \draw [thick,dash dot,draw=white] (\tikzwdm/2-\tikzwdm*2/6,\tikzh*2) -- (\tikzwdm/2-\tikzwdm*2/6,\tikzh*3);
    \draw [thick,dash dot,draw=white] (\tikzwdm/2+\tikzwdm*1/6,\tikzh*2) -- (\tikzwdm/2+\tikzwdm*1/6,\tikzh*3);
    \draw [thick,-latex',draw=white] (\tikzwdm/2-\tikzwdm*2/6,\tikzh*4) -- node [rotate=90,anchor=south,text=white] {\scriptsize Open} (\tikzwdm/2-\tikzwdm*2/6,\tikzh*3);
    \draw [thick,-latex',draw=white] (\tikzwdm/2-\tikzwdm*1/6,\tikzh*4) -- node [rotate=90,anchor=south,text=white] {\scriptsize Cap.} node [rotate=90,anchor=north,text=white] {\scriptsize Pub.} (\tikzwdm/2-\tikzwdm*1/6,\tikzh*3);
    \draw [thick,-latex',draw=white] (\tikzwdm/2,\tikzh*4) -- node [rotate=90,anchor=south,text=white] {\scriptsize Close} (\tikzwdm/2,\tikzh*3);
    \draw [thick,-latex',draw=white] (\tikzwdm/2+\tikzwdm*1/6,\tikzh*4) -- node [rotate=90,anchor=south,text=white] {\scriptsize Price} node [rotate=90,anchor=north,text=white] {\scriptsize Ann.} (\tikzwdm/2+\tikzwdm*1/6,\tikzh*3);
    \draw [thick,-latex',draw=white] (\tikzwdm/2+\tikzwdm*2/6,\tikzh*3) -- node [rotate=90,anchor=south,text=white] {\scriptsize Cap.} node [rotate=90,anchor=north,text=white] {\scriptsize Pub.} (\tikzwdm/2+\tikzwdm*2/6,\tikzh*2);
    \draw [thick,-latex',draw=white] (\tikzwdm+\tikzwd*2/3,\tikzh*3) -- node [rotate=90,anchor=south,text=white] {\scriptsize Deliver}  (\tikzwdm+\tikzwd*2/3,\tikzh*2);
    \draw [thick,-latex',draw=white] (\tikzwdm+\tikzwd*1/3,\tikzh*3) -- node [rotate=90,anchor=south,text=white] {\scriptsize Close}  (\tikzwdm+\tikzwd*1/3,\tikzh*2);
    \end{tikzpicture}
    \caption{Schematic of DA and ID electricity markets}
    \label{fig:schematic}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Background Research}\label{sec:background}
Studies on price modeling and scenario generation are reviewed in this section. Scenario-generation methods can be categorized under price modeling approaches where different scenarios are considered for uncertain parameters which is widely used in literature for stochastic programming, i.e. \cite{kaut2003evaluation} and \cite{ma2013scenario} and \cite{mitra2019regression} and \cite{wu2020spatiotemporal}.
Scenario generation algorithms can be divided into two general categories:
(1) Fitting/training a model: These algorithms aim to fit/train a model to the available historical data for the uncertain parameter. Then, these models are used to generate scenarios. These models mostly look at each single data point independently. Some of the literatures in this category are \cite{kaffash2020comparison,marcjasz2020beating,liang2019sequence,liang2019sequence,qiao2020renewable}. This category is also known as data-driven based scenario generation \cite{kaffash2020comparison} in literature.
(2) Probabilistic scenario generation: These algorithms aim to generate scenarios based on predicting probability distribution function (PDF). Later, the predicted PDF is used to generate scenarios for the uncertain parameters. Some of the literatures in this category are \cite{di2009scenario,xie2018temperature,kaffash2020comparison,ziel2018probabilistic,hu2020novel,kirui2020scentrees}. This category is also known as statistical-based scenario generation \cite{kaffash2020comparison} in literature.
Literature on price modeling are reviewed in Table \ref{tab:review}.
Recent scenario generation methods are reviewed in more details in papers such as \cite{li2020review,paul2021review}.
\vspace{-3mm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{1pt}
\begin{table}[!h]
	\caption{Literature on Price Modeling Approaches}\label{tab:review}
	\centering\!\!
	\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{llXcX
		\toprule
		\rowcolor{color111}
		\rotatebox[origin=c]{90}{\centering Reference} &
		{\centering Method} &
		{\centering Application} &
		\rotatebox[origin=c]{90}{\centering Model} &
		{\centering Drawbacks} \\
		\midrule
		\rowcolor{color110}
		\cite{kaut2003evaluation} &
		MMSG &
		portfolio management & ST &
		more than 1000 scenarios required   \\
		\rowcolor{color112}
		\cite{ma2013scenario} &
		Probabilistic & Wind power &
		ECDF, IT &
		Employ wind power forecast  \\
		\rowcolor{color110}
		\cite{mitra2019regression} &
		Regression & Performance management &
		SLR &
		limited forecasting capability  \\
		\rowcolor{color112}
		\cite{wu2020spatiotemporal} &
		Spatiotemporal &
		Road network traffic flow &
		LSTM, GANs &
		hyper parameter tuning  \\
		\rowcolor{color110}
		\cite{chen2018modelfree} &
		Spatiotemporal &
		Wind and solar generation &
		GANs &
		hyper parameter tuning \\
		\bottomrule
	\end{tabularx}\centering\\
\begin{tablenotes}
\small
\item ECDF: empirical cumulative distribution function,
GANs: generative adversarial networks,
IT: inverse transform,
LSTM: long short term memory,
MMSG: moment-matching scenario-generation,
SLR: simple linear regression,
ST: Scenario tree,
\end{tablenotes}
\end{table}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{6pt}
\subsection{Contributions}\label{sec:contributions}
ID markets are facing structural changes and lack of insufficient data as explained in Section \ref{sec:motivation} which are addressed in this paper. In particular, we propose \emph{long short term memory (LSTM)}, \emph{deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGAN)}, and \emph{No-U-Turn sampler (NUTS)} algorithms to model ID market price. The main contributions of this paper are the followings:
(1) We have explored the DA and ID market data. We have looked into effect of time, area, and bidding zone, and volume on behavior of these markets.
(2) We have considered time series of the ID market prices. Then, we employed an LSTM-based algorithm to model the ID prices by generating different scenarios based on the latest update in the time series which is effective in capturing temporal dynamics. Advantage of this algorithm is to generate time series for prices similar to the actual data which makes it more suitable for the system operation.
(3) In the second approach, we consider the ID prices as unknown functions (e.g. black boxes) with 24 inputs (one for each hour). Then, we look at the available information for each time step as inputs. In the DCGANs-based approach, we develop an ID price model based on this assumption. Advantage of this approach is to generate prices without fitting a PDF to the historical data, e.g. without knowledge about the probabilistic features. As a result, the prices are able to directly adapt to the changes in the market.
(4) In the third approach, e.g. NUTS-based algorithm, the ID market prices are considered as unknown random numbers. Then, we converge to a target PDF for these prices. Then, we can sample from the PDF for further market studies. Advantage of this algorithm is to generate prices with more similar PDFs by fitting a PDF to the actual data which is required in more long-term studies.
In this paper, ID prices are modeled with each approach and results are compared.

\vspace{-5mm}
\section{The proposed ID price models}\label{sec:proposedapproach}
The proposed approaches for ID price modeling are explained in this section.
\vspace{-5mm}
\subsection{Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) based model}\label{sec:lstm}
Recurrent neural networks always suffered with vanishing gradient which cause different inputs to have high/low influence on the calculated gradient when we are training these networks. LSTM networks are introduced in 1997 in \cite{hochreiter1997long} with the aim of solving this problem. Advantages of LSTM networks are long duration memory (capable of learning long-term dependencies) and a state vector which is separate from output. As discussed before, ID market prices have both short and long term dependencies. Therefore, LSTM networks are suitable for modeling ID market prices.

Schematic of an LSTM network cell is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:LSTM_schematic}. Initial idea is to determine results from both the current input $x_{\indlstmt}$ and previous output $y_{\indlstmt\m1}$ using hyperbolic tangent as activation function $\funlstmtanh(\parlstmwx_{\indlstmt}+\parlstmvy_{\indlstmt\m1})$. Then the current output is established by three switches SW1 to SW3.
$W^{\lablstminput}$ and $V^{\lablstminput}$ determine whether or not we consider the effect of the input and the previous output of the network $y_{\indlstmt\m1}$ which applied by SW1.
Similarly, $W^{\lablstmskip}$ and $V^{\lablstmskip}$ determine whether to skip the previous state of the network $s_{\indlstmt\m1}$ or keep looking at the previous state which is applied by SW2. The ability to skip the previous state is the main advantage of LSTM networks.
Finally, $W^{\lablstmoutput}$ and $V^{\lablstmoutput}$ decide which parts of the current state are going to the output $y_{\indlstmt}$.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\tikzinnersep}{2.5};
\pgfmathsetmacro{\tikzinnersepp}{1};
\pgfmathsetmacro{\tikzinnerseps}{1};
\node[draw,circle,inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt](x) {\scriptsize $x_{\indlstmt}$};
\node[draw,rectangle,inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, above right of=x, node distance = 10mm](w) {\scriptsize $W$};
\node[draw,rectangle,inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, below right of=x, node distance = 10mm](ws) {\scriptsize $W^{\lablstmskip}$};
\node[draw,rectangle,inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, above left of=x, node distance = 10mm](wi) {\scriptsize $W^{\lablstminput}$};
\node[draw,rectangle,inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, below left of=x, node distance = 10mm](wo) {\scriptsize $W^{\lablstmoutput}$};
\node[draw,circle, inner sep=\tikzinnersepp pt, above of=w, node distance=5.5mm](wp) {\scriptsize +};
\node[draw,circle, inner sep=\tikzinnersepp pt, above of=wi, node distance=5.5mm](wip) {\scriptsize +};
\node[draw,circle, inner sep=\tikzinnersepp pt, below of=ws, node distance=5.5mm](wsp) {\scriptsize +};
\node[draw,circle, inner sep=\tikzinnersepp pt, below of=wo, node distance=5.5mm](wop) {\scriptsize +};
\node[draw, rectangle, inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, above of=wp, node distance=5.5mm](v) {\scriptsize $V$};
\node[draw, rectangle, inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, above of=wip, node distance=5.5mm](vi) {\scriptsize $V^{\lablstminput}$};
\node[draw, rectangle, inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, below of=wsp, node distance=5.5mm](vs) {\scriptsize $V^{\lablstmskip}$};
\node[draw, rectangle, inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, below of=wop, node distance=5.5mm](vo) {\scriptsize $V^{\lablstmoutput}$};
\node[draw, rectangle, inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, right of=wp, node distance=8.5mm](wpf) {\scriptsize $\funlstmtanh$};
\node[draw, rectangle, inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, left of=wip, node distance=8.5mm](wipf) {\scriptsize $\funlstmsigmoid$};
\node[draw, rectangle, inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, right of=wsp, node distance=8.5mm](wspf) {\scriptsize $\funlstmsigmoid$};
\node[draw, rectangle, inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, left of=wop, node distance=8.5mm](wopf) {\scriptsize $\funlstmsigmoid$};
\node[draw, circle, inner sep=\tikzinnerseps pt, right of=wpf, node distance=7mm](s11) {\scriptsize };
\node[draw, circle, inner sep=\tikzinnerseps pt, right of=s11, node distance=2mm](s12) {\scriptsize };
\node[draw, circle, inner sep=0 pt, above of=x, node distance=18mm](ymu) {\scriptsize $y_{\indlstmt\m1}$};
\node[draw, circle, inner sep=0 pt, below of=x, node distance=18mm](yml) {\scriptsize $y_{\indlstmt\m1}$};
\node[draw,circle, inner sep=\tikzinnersepp pt, right of=s12, node distance=4mm](s1p) {\scriptsize +};
\node[draw, circle, inner sep=\tikzinnerseps pt, below of=s1p, node distance=24mm](s22) {\scriptsize };
\node[draw, circle, inner sep=\tikzinnerseps pt, below of=s22, node distance=2mm](s21) {\scriptsize };
\node[draw, circle, inner sep=0 pt, below of=s21, node distance=5mm](sm) {\scriptsize $s_{\indlstmt\m1}$};
\node[draw, circle, inner sep=0 pt, right of=s1p, node distance=5mm](s) {\scriptsize $s_{\indlstmt}$};
\node[draw, rectangle, inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, right of=s, node distance=6.5mm](sf) {\scriptsize $\funlstmtanh$};
\node[draw, circle, inner sep=\tikzinnerseps pt, right of=sf, node distance=5.5mm](s31) {\scriptsize };
\node[draw, circle, inner sep=\tikzinnerseps pt, right of=s31, node distance=2mm](s32) {\scriptsize };
\node[draw, circle, inner sep=\tikzinnersep pt, right of=s32, node distance=5mm](y) {\scriptsize $y_{\indlstmt}$};
\path [draw, -latex'] (x) -- (w);
\path [draw, -latex'] (x) -- (ws);
\path [draw, -latex'] (x) -- (wi);
\path [draw, -latex'] (x) -- (wo);
\path [draw, -latex'] (w) -- (wp);
\path [draw, -latex'] (wi) -- (wip);
\path [draw, -latex'] (ws) -- (wsp);
\path [draw, -latex'] (wo) -- (wop);
\path [draw, -latex'] (v) -- (wp);
\path [draw, -latex'] (vi) -- (wip);
\path [draw, -latex'] (vs) -- (wsp);
\path [draw, -latex'] (vo) -- (wop);
\path [draw, -latex'] (wp) -- (wpf);
\path [draw, -latex'] (wip) -- (wipf);
\path [draw, -latex'] (wsp) -- (wspf);
\path [draw, -latex'] (wop) -- (wopf);
\path [draw] (wpf) -- (s11) --++ (0.2,0.2);
\path [draw, latex'-] ($(s11.north)+(0.1,0.05)$) --++ (0,0.8) -| (wipf);
\path [draw, -latex'] (ymu) -- (v);
\path [draw, -latex'] (ymu) -- (vi);
\path [draw, -latex'] (yml) -- (vs);
\path [draw, -latex'] (yml) -- (vo);
\path [draw, -latex'] (s12) -- (s1p);
\path [draw, -latex'] (s22) -- (s1p);
\path [draw] (sm) -- (s21) --++ (-0.2,0.2);
\path[draw, -latex'] (wspf) --++ (1.22,0);
\path [draw, -latex'] (s1p) -- (s);
\path [draw, -latex'] (s) -- (sf);
\path [draw] (sf) -- (s31) --++ (0.2,-0.2);
\path[draw, latex'-] ($(s31.south)+(0.1,-0.05)$) --++ (0,-3.4) -| (wopf);
\path [draw, -latex'] (s32) -- (y);
\path [] ($(s11.south)+(0.1,-0.15)$) node {\scriptsize SW1};
\path[] ($(s21.east)+(0.3,0.1)$) node {\scriptsize SW2};
\path[] ($(s31.north)+(0.1,0.15)$) node {\scriptsize SW3};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Schematic of an LSTM network cell}
\label{fig:LSTM_schematic}
\end{figure}

This LSTM network cell is formulated in \eqref{eq:lstm}. $\circ$ is Hadamard product or element-wise product of two matrices. Output $y_{\indlstmt}$ and current stat $s_{\indlstmt}$ are calculated in \eqref{eq:lstm:y} and \eqref{eq:lstm:s}, respectively. The weight parameters $W$, $W^{\lablstminput}$, $W^{\lablstmoutput}$, $W^{\lablstmskip}$, $V$, $V^{\lablstminput}$, $V^{\lablstmoutput}$, and $V^{\lablstmskip}$ are tuned during training of this network.
We are looking to minimize $\text{MSE}=\text{E}{(y_{\indlstmt}-\hat{y}_{\indlstmt})^\intercal(y_{\indlstmt}-\hat{y}_{\indlstmt})}$ when the constraints in \eqref{eq:lstm} hold. It is a nonlinear problem but it is possible to find local optimal values for the weights using the back propagation algorithm \cite{rumelhart1986learning}.
\begin{subequations}\label{eq:lstm}
\begin{align}
&y_{\indlstmt}=\funlstmsigmoid(\parlstmwoy_{\indlstmt\m1}+\parlstmvox_{\indlstmt}+b^{\lablstmoutput}_{\indlstmt})\circ\funlstmtanh(s_{\indlstmt})\label{eq:lstm:y}\\
&s_{\indlstmt}=\funlstmsigmoid(\parlstmwsy_{\indlstmt\m1}+\parlstmvsx_{\indlstmt}+b^{\lablstmskip}_{\indlstmt})\funlstmprods_{\indlstmt\m1}+\nonumber\\
&\funlstmsigmoid(\parlstmwiy_{\indlstmt\m1}\p\parlstmvix_{\indlstmt}\pb^{\lablstminput}_{\indlstmt})\circ\funlstmtanh(\parlstmwy_{\indlstmt\m1}\p\parlstmvx_{\indlstmt}\pb_{\indlstmt})\label{eq:lstm:s}
\end{align}
\end{subequations}

\vspace{-5mm}
\subsection{Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGANs) based model}\label{sec:dcgans}
Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are a kind of generative models based on game theory which introduced in \cite{goodfellow2014generative} as a two-model system (generator and discriminator). Each model performs a contradictory but accompanying tasks. In \cite{goodfellow2014generative}, simple multi-layer perceptrons are employed to model the generator and discriminator. Later deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGANs) are introduced in \cite{radford2015unsupervised} where CNNs are employed for both the generator and discriminator models.

Generative modeling problems aim to learn the PDF which generates a training data set. Later, the estimated PDFs are employed to generate more data \cite{goodfellow2020generative}. GANs are one of the most outstanding generative models which is based on game theory. This game is between two models (generator $\labdcgansG$ and discriminator $\labdcgansD$) which play a mini-max game where players minimize their loss for the worst cases.

Schematic of the DCGANs network is shown in Fig \ref{fig:DCGANS_schematic}. The generator network $\labdcgansG$ provides $\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}$ for a given latent variable vector $\boldsymbol{l}$. Objective of the generator is to produce $\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}$ very much alike $\boldsymbol{x}$. To reach this objective, parameters in the network model $\text{N}^\labdcgansG$ are adjusted during training when a noise with normal distribution is given as the latent $\boldsymbol{l}$.
The discriminator network $\labdcgansD$ provides an output $\boldsymbol{y}$ which is one for real data ($\text{N}^\labdcgansD(\boldsymbol{x})\!=\!1$) and zero for generated data ($\text{N}^\labdcgansD\bigl(\text{N}^\labdcgansG(\boldsymbol{l})\bigr)\!=\!0$). Objective of the discriminator is to distinguish real inputs $\boldsymbol{x}$ from generated inputs $\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}$. To reach this objective, parameters in the network model $\text{N}^\labdcgansD$ are adjusted during training for given output of the generator network.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[draw, circle](l) {\scriptsize $\boldsymbol{l}$};
\node[draw, trapezium, right of=l, rotate=90, minimum width=15mm, node distance=15mm](g) {\rotatebox{-90}{\scriptsize $\labdcgansG$}};
\node[right of=g, node distance=15mm](m) {};
\node[draw, circle, above of=m, node distance=5mm](xhat) {\scriptsize $\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}$};
\node[draw, trapezium, right of=m, rotate=-90, minimum width=15mm, node distance=15mm](d) {\rotatebox[]{90}{\scriptsize $\labdcgansD$}};
\node[draw, circle, below of=m, node distance=5mm](x) {\scriptsize $\boldsymbol{x}$};
\node[draw, circle, right of=d, node distance=15mm](y) {\scriptsize $\boldsymbol{y}$};
\path[draw, -latex'] (l)--(g);
\path[draw, -latex'] (g)--(xhat);
\path[draw, -latex'] (xhat)--(d);
\path[draw, -latex'] (x)--(d);
\path[draw, -latex'] (d)--(y);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Schematic of the DCGANs-based model}
\label{fig:DCGANS_schematic}
\end{figure}

Training problem of the DCGANs-based model is formulated in \eqref{eq:dcgans:minmax}. In the global optimal point, $\text{N}^\labdcgansD(\boldsymbol{x})\!=\!1$ and $\text{N}^\labdcgansD\bigl(\text{N}^\labdcgansG(\boldsymbol{l})\bigr)\!=\!0$ which leads to $\log\text{N}^\labdcgansD(\boldsymbol{x})\!=\!0$ and $\log\left(1-\text{N}^\labdcgansD\left(\text{N}^\labdcgansG(\boldsymbol{l})\right)\right)\!=\!0$. The objective is always negative except in the global optimal point where it is zero. The discriminator tries to maximize the objective by detecting all generated data from real data. While the generator tries to minimize the objective by generating $\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}$ in such a way that it is not possible to identify by the discriminator network.
\begin{equation}\label{eq:dcgans:minmax}
\begin{aligned}
&\!\!\!\underset{\text{N}^\labdcgansG}{\text{Minimize}}\;\underset{\text{N}^\labdcgansD}{\text{Maximize}}\,\text{E}_{\boldsymbol{x}}\!\!\left[\log\text{N}^\labdcgansD\!\!(\!\boldsymbol{x}\!)\right]\!\!\p
\text{E}_{\boldsymbol{l}}\!\!\left[\log\!\!\left(\!1\m\text{N}^\labdcgansD\!\!\left(\text{N}^\labdcgansG\!(\boldsymbol{l})\right)\right)\right]\!\!\!\!\!\!\!
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
\vspace{-3mm}
\subsection{No-U-Turn Sampler (NUTS) -based model}\label{sec:nuts}
In this approach, we fit a distribution function to the real data. Therefore, we need to know overall structure of PDF of the real data from historical data which is available in ID price modeling. Then, we need to find parameters of the target PDF which will be used to take samples from. When we can not have direct samples or we do not have enough direct samples (i.e. ID market prices), this approach is especially useful. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method can be employed to obtain a sequence of samples from the target PDF \cite{neal2011mcmc}. Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithm is an MCMC method with the advantage to avoid the random-walk behavior of MCMC and to rely less on the correlated variables \cite{nishio2019performance}. HMC is responsive to proper tuning of step-size and number of steps \cite{andrieu2008tutorial}. Recently, NUTS algorithm is introduced which improves the HMC algorithm by finding the step-size and number of steps internally \cite{hoffman2014no}.

\section{Exploring the markets}\label{sec:exploringmarkets}
DA and ID prices are explored in this section. We look at the effect of time in long-term and short-term periods. Then, we investigate the effect of area, bidding zones, and volume.

\subsection{Long-time period}\label{sec:longterm}
To study effect of long-time periods on the markets, we look at ID and DA prices in different years in Fig. \ref{fig:fig_price_avg_yearly}. Mostly distribution of these markets are similar. But, difference between these distributions is higher in 2015, 2020, and 2021 compared to other years.
\begin{figure}[h!]
	\centering
	\include{fig_day_ahead_price_avg}
	\vspace{-7mm}
	\include{fig_intraday_price_avg}
	\vspace{-7mm}

	 \caption{ID and DA market average prices from 2015 to 2021 in Sweden}
	\label{fig:fig_price_avg_yearly}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Short-time period}\label{sec:short-term}
To study effect of short-time periods on ID prices, we look at the average ID prices in different months from 2018 to 2021 in Fig. \ref{fig:fig_intraday_avg_2018_2021_month}. Distribution of the prices are significantly changed at each year. For instance, prices in July were about 45, 30, and 15 EUR/MWh in 2018, 2019, and 2020 respectively.
\begin{figure}[h!]
	\centering
	\input{fig_intraday_avg_2018_month}
	\input{fig_intraday_avg_2019_month}
	\input{fig_intraday_avg_2020_month}
	\input{fig_intraday_avg_2021_month}\vspace{-3mm}

	\caption{ID average prices in different months from 2018 to 2021}
	\label{fig:fig_intraday_avg_2018_2021_month}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Area}\label{sec:area}
Sweden is divided into four area SE1 to SE4. Here effect of location is studied for both DA and ID electricity markets. Average DA market prices (EUR/MWh) are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:fig_day_ahead_price_se:fig_intraday_price_avg_se} (left) in SE1 to SE4 in Sweden. Distribution of the prices are mainly similar in Sweden DA market.
Average ID market prices (EUR/MWh) are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:fig_day_ahead_price_se:fig_intraday_price_avg_se} (right) in SE1 to SE4 in Sweden. Distribution of the prices is different in SE4 where prices are higher compared to other three zones. Therefore, prices in ID electricity market depend more on the location compared to the DA electricity markets.
\begin{figure}[!h]
	\centering
	\input{fig_day_ahead_price_se}\vspace{-3mm}
	\input{fig_intraday_price_seAvg}

	 \caption{DA (left) and ID (right) price (EUR/MWh) in four bidding zones of Sweden (EUR/MWh)}
	\label{fig:fig_day_ahead_price_se:fig_intraday_price_avg_se}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Bidding zones}\label{sec:biddingzone}
Here we look at four zones of Sweden (SE1 to SE4) and variation of ID prices. In Fig. \ref{fig:fig_intraday_avg_se}, variation of ID prices is shown for SE1 to SE4 from 2015 to 2021. ID market prices were similar in different zones from 2015 to 2018. While, distribution of these prices vary in different zones in later years (2019 to 2021).
\begin{figure}[!h]
	\centering
	\input{fig_intraday_avg_seSE1_Avg}
   	\input{fig_intraday_avg_seSE2_Avg}
   	\input{fig_intraday_avg_seSE3_Avg}
   	\input{fig_intraday_avg_seSE4_Avg}\vspace{-3mm}

	 \caption{ID average price in SE1 to SE4 in Sweden from 2015 to 2021}
	\label{fig:fig_intraday_avg_se}
\end{figure}

\vspace{-5mm}
\subsection{Volume}\label{volume}
Up to now, we have have focused on the market prices. We have looked dynamics of volume in ID market in Fig. \ref{fig:fig_intraday_volume_se} in four regions of Sweden which are between 0 and 400 (volumes=0 is removed from this figure). It is shown that transactions with smaller volume are popular in this market. Volumes less than 50MW are more common in SE4. That could be due to better connection to the rest of Europe in this region. On the other hand, volumes more than 200MW are more more common in SE3 which can be a result of connection to Norway.
\begin{figure}[h!]
	\centering
	\input{fig_intraday_volume_seVolume}

	\caption{ID market volumes in four regions of Sweden ($0<$ volume $<400$MW)}
	\label{fig:fig_intraday_volume_se}
\end{figure}

Summation of volumes in DA and ID markets are compared in Table \ref{tab:volcomp} from 2021-04-24 to 2021-05-24. ID market volumes are between 1.9\% to 6.6\% of volumes in DA market in the same time period.
\begin{table}[h!]
	\caption{Buy and sell volumes in DA and ID electricity markets from 2021-04-24 to 2021-05-24}\label{tab:volcomp}
	\centering\!\!
	\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{cYYYY}
		\toprule
		\rowcolor{color111}
		{\centering Zone} &
		{\centering Type} &
		{\centering DA volume (MW)} &
		{\centering ID volume (MW)} &
		{\centering ID volume (\%)} \\
		\midrule
		\rowcolor{color110}
    	SE1	&	Buy	&	865 237.5	&	18 832.4	&	2.2	\\ \rowcolor{color112}
    	SE1	&	Sell	&	2 086 117.5	&	40 491.2	&	1.9	\\ \rowcolor{color110}
    	SE2	&	Buy	&	915 577.1	&	60 801.5	&	6.6	\\ \rowcolor{color112}
    	SE2	&	Sell	&	3 403 113.4	&	81 473.3	&	2.4	\\ \rowcolor{color110}
    	SE3	&	Buy	&	5 638 029.1	&	72 795.2	&	1.3	\\ \rowcolor{color112}
    	SE3	&	Sell	&	4 570 174.9	&	66 343.0	&	1.5	\\ \rowcolor{color110}
    	SE4	&	Buy	&	1 578 820.0	&	35 793.1	&	2.3	\\ \rowcolor{color112}
    	SE4	&	Sell	&	280 141.5	&	11 692.8	&	4.2	\\
		\bottomrule
	\end{tabularx}\centering\\
\end{table}

\vspace{-5mm}
\section{Results}\label{sec:results}
\vspace{-3mm}
Our proposed algorithms have been applied to the recent ID market data. Here we are looking at more recent data (i.e. 2020 and 2021).

\vspace{-5mm}
\subsection{Long Short Term Memory (LSTM)}\label{sec:results:lstm}
PDF of the ID average prices are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:fig_lstm_pdf_Avg} for the LSTM-based approach. Here the market data for 2020 and 2021 are employed for training and testing of the LSTM network respectively. In this approach, we look at the previous ID average prices as input and develop a model to generate prices for the next time step. The LSTM-based model is trained first with the training data (2020). Then, we generate prices for the test data (2021). PDF of the actual ID average prices and PDF of the generated ID average prices are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:fig_lstm_pdf_Avg} which shows proper performance of the LSTM-based model in generating prices with similar PDFs.
\vspace{-5mm}
\begin{figure}[!h]
	\centering
	\input{fig_lstm_pdf_Avg}\vspace{-3mm}

	 \caption{PDF of average ID prices (EUR/MWh) in LSTM-based approach}
	\label{fig:fig_lstm_pdf_Avg}
\end{figure}

Generated ID market average prices employing the LSTM-based approach are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:fig_lstm_pred_Avg} for 2021-01-13. Profile the generated prices follow the real prices in the 24 hour example. The main advantage of the LSTM-based approach is good performance of this approach in generating similar profile of prices. Training the proposed LSTM-based model is an iterative approach. Fig. \ref{fig:fig_lstm_loss_Avg} shows mean square error (MSE) for both training and test data for 500 iterations. Both errors are in their minimum after 200 iterations.
\begin{figure}[!h]
	\centering
	\input{fig_lstm_pred_Avg}\vspace{-3mm}

	 \caption{Generated ID market average prices (EUR/MWh) in the LSTM-based approach for 2021-01-13}
	\label{fig:fig_lstm_pred_Avg}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!h]
	\centering
	\input{fig_lstm_loss_Avg}\vspace{-3mm}

	\caption{MSE loss in LSTM-based approach for training and testing data of average ID prices}
	\label{fig:fig_lstm_loss_Avg}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGANs)}\label{sec:results:dcgans}
PDF of the ID average prices are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:fig_pdf_dcgen_Avg} for the DCGANs-based approach. Similarly, the market data for 2020 and 2021 are employed for training and testing, respectively. This approach does not perform well in generating negative prices. Statistics of generated ID average prices and the actual data are compared in Table \ref{tab:dcganstat}. Generated prices in the DCGANs-based approach have similar minimum, maximum, mean, and median (50\% percentile) compared to the actual data. Therefore, this approach is doing well in terms of statistic measures.
\begin{figure}[!h]
	\centering
	\input{fig_pdf_dcgen_Avg}\vspace{-3mm}

	 \caption{PDF of average ID prices (EUR/MWh) in DCGANs-based approach}
	\label{fig:fig_pdf_dcgen_Avg}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[h!]
	\caption{Statistic Summary of Average ID Prices in DCGANs-based Approach}\label{tab:dcganstat}
	\centering\!\!
	\begin{tabularx}{\columnwidth}{cYYYY}
		\toprule
		\rowcolor{color111}
		{\centering Statistic} &
		{\centering Actual} &
		{\centering Generated} \\
		\midrule
		\rowcolor{color110}
        mean 	&15.33 	&15.08 \\ \rowcolor{color112}
        standard deviation 	&17.37 	&24.26 \\ \rowcolor{color110}
        minimum 	&-29.21 &-29.21 \\ \rowcolor{color112}
        25\% 	&1.83 	&-3.30 \\ \rowcolor{color110}
        50\% 	&10.31 	&11.34 \\ \rowcolor{color112}
        75\% 	&22.50 	&30.25 \\ \rowcolor{color110}
        maximum 	&100.00 &100.00 \\
		\bottomrule
	\end{tabularx}\centering\\
\end{table}

\vspace{-5mm}
\subsection{No-U-Turn Sampler (NUTS)}\label{sec:results:nuts}
PDF of the ID average prices are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:fig_pdf_nuts_Avg} for the NUTS-based approach. This figures shows very good performance this approach in generating samples with the similar PDF as actual prices. Which is significantly better than the DCGANs approach.
\begin{figure}[h!]
	\centering
 	\input{fig_pdf_nuts_Avg}
\vspace{-3mm}
	\caption{PDF of ID average price (EUR/MWh) for observed data (actual) and posterior predictive distributions (generated) in NUTS approach}
	\label{fig:fig_pdf_nuts_Avg}
\end{figure}

All of the proposed approaches in this paper are practical depending on the type of study and it's context. For instance, in operational and short-term studies of power system with right amount of data, the LSTM-based approach is the best choice, as shown in Section \ref{sec:lstm} and Section \ref{sec:results:lstm}. On other hand, for more long-term studies with right amount of data, the DCGANs-based approach is a good choice as shown in Section \ref{sec:dcgans} and Section \ref{sec:results:dcgans}. Finally, for studies with limited access to data, the NUTS-based approach is the best choice as shown in Section \ref{sec:nuts} and Section \ref{sec:results:nuts}. Therefore, we suggest to the market participants to implement different ID price models. Then, depending on changes in the ID market regulations, choose the most precise model. For instance, after each changes in the market regulations, DCGANs-based and NUTS-based models are more accurate. Gradually more historical data is available with the updated regulations and the market participants may use the LSTM-based model. In addition, the market participants should always be updated with the upcoming changes in the market regulations.
\vspace{-5mm}
\subsection{Implementation}\label{sec:results:implementation}
LSTM and DCGANs algorithms are implemented in Keras
\cite{chollet2015keras} with backend of Tensorflow
\cite{abadi2015tensorflow}. NUTS algorithm is implemented in PyMC3
\cite{salvatier2016pymc3}. Source ID market data source is Nord Pool \cite{nordpool2021data}.
\vspace{-5mm}
\section{Conclusion}\label{sec:conclusion}
Uncertainties in electricity markets, e.g. Day-ahead (DA) and intraday (ID) markets, are increasing and they are continuously changing by introducing new regulations. In this paper, we have explored DA and ID markets by looking at the historical data and studied effect of time, area, bidding zones, and volume. It showed excessive and expanding importance of ID market price modeling. With the constant ID market changes, less historical data are available with the current ID market regulations. Therefore, a good price model for ID markets is crucial for the market participants. In the literature, there are not many practical models for electricity market price modeling, e.g. DA market price with sufficient data. We have proposed three approaches for price modeling based on long short term memory, deep convolutional generative adversarial networks, and No-U-Turn sampler which are all for ID market price modeling. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first in proposing several practical models for ID price modeling which is specially essential for ID markets. Finding the best approach depends on the participants theoretical knowledge about the distribution function of ID prices, their access to accurate and up-to-date data, and how valuable precise price is for the consumers. Our reflection is that the market participants need to employ a combination of the proposed price models and make operational decisions based on their context and the changes in the electricity markets.
\section{Nomenclature}\label{sec:appendix}
\printnomenclature

\ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff
  \newpage
\fi
\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Smoketown School was a historic one-room school located near Martinsburg, Berkeley County, West Virginia. It was built in 1869, and is a one-story, brick building in a vernacular Greek Revival style.  It was used as a school until 1940, and the property was later sold to the Greensburg United Methodist Church.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

The building was condemned in June 2012 and razed the next month.

References

Defunct schools in West Virginia
Educational institutions disestablished in 1940
Former school buildings in the United States
Greek Revival architecture in West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Berkeley County, West Virginia
One-room schoolhouses in West Virginia
School buildings completed in 1869
Schools in Berkeley County, West Virginia
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
1869 establishments in West Virginia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Whether you are into the filed of education or want to promote your company products and services, whiteboard animation is one of the best ways these days to communicate to the audience effectively. A professional and creative whiteboard animation grabs the much needed attention, and these software are the perfect way to convey your message, So, choose from the above list and get going with your whiteboard animation today!
If you are looking for an animation software for your business, then MySimpleShow can be the best bet for you. The software makes it much easier to create the professional looking explainer videos for the corporate customers. Whether you aim to create a campaign for your product or service, provide training materials for your employees, or simply want to motivate your team, this whiteboard animation software makes your video shine through.
You can also use it to create educational videos and share the resources with your students or on social media platform. Moreover, it can also be used to juice up your blog, put across a marketing idea, create a crowdfunding video, or a video resume. There is so much that you can do with this program using the animated images and graphics. Bonus – you can also add audio to presentations.
Easy Sketch Pro is one of the best animation software that enables you to make new and stunning interactive whiteboard animation videos for any business. You can start making sketch videos using the "drag and drop" facility available on the interface. What's more? You can also upload any video and the program will create the opening scene followed with the astonishing effect into a Live Video.
The best part is, you can pre-set the sketching time before it transforms to a live video. Spruce up your video by adding background score or narratives to both the drawing or the live video. Whether you want to draw any text, image, music, or video over to the live video, import videos onto the timeline as the sketch video plays, select from the wide range of backgrounds from the library, integrate to it any of your social media page, or make use of the integrated video analytics, Easy Sketch Pro has a lot to offer.


Synopsis: A serial killer who sends miniature dioramas of his crime scenes is thought to have committed suicide until another miniature crime scene arrives, this time before the murder occurs.
Kitty Cameo: At the very beginning of the episode a gray cat is seen running across a living room floor.
Later Grissom (William Petersen) is studying the miniature replica of a room. When he removes some books from the miniature bookcase he finds a tiny cat lying behind them.
Grissom speculates, by way of ghostly video images shows on screen, how he thinks the victim, a woman lying on the couch, has been poisoned and that the cat has gotten into her tea and then goes behind the books and also dies.
One interesting note about this scene: while looking at the miniature cat Grissom asks Hodges (Wallace Langham) if he owns a cat. Hodges replies in the affirmative and explains his cat's name is Kobi, short for Kobayashi Maru, which is a reference to a training exercise in Star Trek.
Having figured out the location of the apartment, the police barge in on a woman named Barbara Tallman (Kathleen Quinlan). She owns a gray cat named Tripper who one officer shooes away from the tray of tea and cookies.
Kitty Carnage Warning! Later the officer who substitutes for Miss Tallman ends up dead in the apartment but the police don't know how. Grissom walks to the bookcase and removes some of the books, revealing Tripper there dead. As is typical for the series a particularly gruesome shot of Tripper post-autopsy is shown but we'll spare you that screen grab. Needless to say a fake cat was used for the last two scenes.
Final Mewsings: Poor Tripper, we hardly knew you.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on October 3, 2017 by elkaye.


Responsible for establishing lines of communication and reporting protocols; project document controls and procedures; preparing project budgets, specifications, bidding procedures, bidder recommendations; pre-qualification of contractors; bid reviews and selection; contract document review and evaluation for functional adequacy and standards compliance; review and response to RFIs, submittals, change proposals, change orders; planning and facilitation of design development, pre-bid, pre-construction, OAC, and other coordination meetings.
Team member in restructuring construction management procedures for Ala Moana Shopping Center expansion and renovation; Supervised development and implementation of construction project accounting, payment review/processing and cost-tracking procedures for this $150 million dollar renovation project; Managed and supervised administrative and accounting staff.
Coordinated construction department activities during construction of Hualalai Four Seasons Hotel and Jack Nicklaus-designed Hualalai Golf Course; Contract administration; FF&E procurement administration.
Providing broad-based project management; design and construction administration.
Facilitated functional and productive relationships within the local community, with local governing agencies, sales/marketing professionals, equity investors, and with the owners' off-island construction management team.
Project Planning & Development, Inc.
Provided contract management and construction administration for numerous owner-builder residential and light commercial projects; oversaw entire process from inception through design to completion. Facilitated risk analysis, permitting, construction planning & scheduling, budget analysis, contract negotiations & administration, material procurement, bond management, project accounting, and proactive subcontractor/materialmen relationships.
Managed full lifecycle of design projects involving electrical systems, power generation, and distribution. Provided project managerial and technical guidance to electrical engineers and designers. Developed and maintained strong client relationships. Performed advanced engineering calculations, code and design expertise on projects.
Performed design work and calculations under the direction of Project Engineer and Project Manager. Handled multiple projects, multitask, and met deadlines. Setup, populate, and coordinate BIM models and CAD drawings received from clients. Coordinated with in-house staff as well as clients and other consultants. Ran interference and clash detection to assist in project coordination using Autodesk Revit and Navisworks.
Responsible to deliver operational excellence through effective management of complex projects. Lead and manage multi-disciplinary teams, reviewing technical accuracy and technical outcomes. Communicate positively and effectively ensuring that team members, managers, and clients are well informed about progress and timelines. Provide specialist knowledge, advice, and technical leadership.
Plan, evaluate, and manage projects and a number of small projects through all aspects of the assignment with limited assistance. Involved in multiple phases of various projects. Presents and discusses planning, design and delivery options and solutions with the team and client. Selects and recommends procedures.


text:
Grandmother says intruder put knife to her throat, threatened to kill her
By: Lauren Pozen
PAULDING COUNTY, Ga. - A grandmother said her sense of security is gone after she was attacked in her own home by an intruder.
Paulding County deputies have released a sketch of the man the woman said put a knife to her throat and threatened to kill her.
Channel 2's Lauren Pozen went to Paulding County Thursday to talk with the woman about the attack.
Angie Vaughn said the day she was attacked started out like any other day, but what happened inside her home forever changed her.
"All I could think was my grandkids. I was not dying. I've got 10 grandkids," Vaughn said. "When the knife was at my throat, I was froze (sic)."
Vaughn said the scary encounter happened two weeks ago when she got home.
"I did hear something, but I thought it was the dog, and he come up behind me with a knife to my neck," Vaughn said.
There's still a mark across her neck from where the knife was. She said the man got inside by smashing the back window with a rock.
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Deadly drug-resistant superbug fungus spreading around world is 'serious global health threat'
"He grabbed me by the hair of my head, and I guess he put the knife down because he held me face-down on the floor by my hair and rummaged through my purse and got all my money, credit cards, medications," she said.
Vaughn said he also cut her hair with the knife.
"He cut it up to my ear just on one side," Vaughn said.
All of a sudden, she said she heard her son's work truck pull up in the driveway.
She said that's when the man punched her and then took off.
Vaughn wants her story to be a warning to women.
"I could have died and I don't want the next woman or child to be hurt worse," Vaughn said. "I was under the assumption that it won't happen to me and I know every one one of them are thinking the same. I had guns, my husband works third shift. We always make sure I could protect myself, but I couldn't get to them."
Deputies told Pozen they've got some leads but no arrests.
Vaughn said she has one thing she wants to say to her attacker: "I would ask him to try to get his life right. I don't hate him. Something is wrong with him."
Vaughn told Pozen she thought about moving but said that would just mean her attacker won. Instead, she and her husband now have a security system with cameras and still want to call their Paulding County neighborhood home.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This is a sample page. I have left them enabled in case you would like to post pages about certain parts of your trip (instead of posts).
It is also great as a resources page.
For safety reasons, I wouldn't recommend posting an itinerary until your trip is complete.


text:
After his photography wish, Marquel sees life in new focus
"It was so cool and inspiring to see my photos. I feel like a real professional photographer."
Marquel and his family arrived in Hawaii for a week of fun.
First, Marquel had a photo lesson with island and nature photographer Heather Goodman.
Marquel enjoyed taking photos of nature and island landscape. He is a natural! (Photo by Marquel(
More of Marquel's work
" Marquel's wish let him see that anything is possible. "
- Natarsha, Marquel's mom
Marquel , 17
I wish to be a photographer
Hawaii , Photography , Heather Goodman
17-year-old Marquel sees the world through a different lens than most kids his age.
Battling stage 5 chronic kidney disease, Marquel receives dialysis three times a week and it's easy for him to feel exhausted, both mentally and physically, trapped inside the walls of his own home.
"He sees everyone else travel, which is hard for him," shared his mom, Natarsha. "Marquel goes to treatment so much, it's been a while since he has been able to go anywhere but the hospital."
One thing continues to help Marquel during tough times so he can look toward the future - his love for photography.
"I see images of all the incredible places in the world, and I'm inspired to get out there and take my own pictures," said Marquel. "I'm going to study art when I go to college and when I was told I could have a wish, I decided I would wish to learn more about nature photography so I can build my portfolio and get more experience. I asked to learn in Hawaii because it's one of the most beautiful places in nature."
Marquel, who had never been to an island before, couldn't wait to experience a much-needed vacation and have the opportunity to take pictures in jungle and water settings.
"We were counting down the days to Marquel's wish," said Natarsha. "First it was two months, then 30 days – it was something he could really look forward to during treatment."
His adventure began when Marquel and his family arrived in Hawaii for a week of fun.
First, he had a photo lesson with island and nature photographer Heather Goodman. Goodman has 10 years of experience as a photographer and teaches classes and workshops on photography.
"We went to a beach and I learned how to pose people, capture the best angles and use different camera techniques," he said.
With some key nature photography tips in his mind, Marquel went to a second beach and then spent time hanging out and learning from Zak Noyle, one of the biggest underwater photographers in the world.
During this lesson, Marquel was also able to practice his new photography skills on wish kid Gal, who was coincidentally learning how to surf on the same beach! A year ago, she was too weak to walk because of her leukemia, and Marquel captured photos of her walking along the beach to celebrate how far she's come.
"The world brings amazing souls together for a reason," said Zak. "I'm thankful I was able to be a part of Marquel's and Gal's wishes and their special day."
At the end of the day, Marquel felt ready to venture off on his own and assisted our chapter as the official photographer for Macy's Believe Day.
Marquel and his family enjoyed other activities during their stay, going to the Honululu Zoo and taking a tour of Kualoa Ranch, where Jurassic Park was filmed. Yet, it was at the end of Marquel's trip, that he really felt as if his wish had come true after he was surprised with his own art show!
"We were so surprised!" said Natarsha. "There was a group of people standing around us and clapping as we walked to an open area where the pictures were."
"It was so cool and inspiring to see my photos, I felt like I was a real professional photographer," said Marquel, whose pictures from the week were printed and displayed at the Surfjack Hotel. "This means a lot to me, I never get chances to do things like this in my life and I'm really excited I was able to have this opportunity."
Since returning home from his wish, Marquel has been looking into beginner photography classes so he can continue to learn and build his skills.
"I feel like I have a lot of business partners now," said Marquel. "I hope I can get a camera for myself and, someday, I would really like to go to South America and take photos of the landscape there."
"It's easy to get upset about my disease and I've always wondered why all of this is happening to me, but my family and friends tell me I have the mentality of a warrior and they continue to inspire me to never give up."
Marquel's wish is not only a fond memory for his family to look back on, but it's an experience that his mom firmly believes will continue to shape his outlook in life.
"It was a way for us to let our hair down and spend time out of the hospital, which means so much," said Natarsha. "But more than that, Marquel's wish was a great learning experience, giving him skills that will benefit him in college and his future. It was an unexpected perk to his wish."
"This opportunity let Marquel see that anything is possible," she continued. "Now he can see his disease is not hindering, but a way to let others know that nothing should stop you from achieving your dreams."
Mahalo to Make-A-Wish Arizona for allowing us to share Marquel's story.
This story makes me feel
In the News & Blogs
KHON2
2nd Annual Wine for Wishes
Help Make-A-Wish Hawaii Grant Wishes this Summer
This Iolani student got a big surprise thanks to Make-A-Wish Hawaii
Read more in the news and blogs


text:
Iowa Regional MLSs Go Live with Massive Mergers and Redesigns
SIMI VALLEY, Calif., May 10, 2017 – Rapattoni Corporation (Rapattoni) announced today that the Iowa Association of REALTORS® (IAR), located in Clive, has successfully completed an ambitious statewide realignment, implementing mergers and redesigns to combine 13 local Rapattoni MLS systems into four large regional MLS sites. IAR currently serves approximately 6,600 members throughout the state.
The new Rapattoni MLS sites include:
Mid Iowa Regional MLS
Northwest Iowa Regional MLS
Heart of Iowa Regional MLS
North Central Iowa Regional MLS
In addition to these mergers, Rapattoni and IAR implemented a full redesign for the Southeast Iowa Regional MLS and West Central Iowa Regional MLS sites, making new features and options available for members. The new setup and design was then implemented across all of IAR's new MLS sites in order to provide a consistent experience for members who belong to multiple MLSs.
IAR's redesigned Rapattoni MLS sites will make it easier for members to find listings and conduct business across all of the state's market areas. The new MLS sites will also give their members access to a wealth of cutting-edge resources, including Rapattoni's new interactive map search powered by the Google Maps™ mapping service. IAR members can also download the free Rapattoni MLS Mobile App from the iTunes App Store and the Google Play Store for instant access to listings and other MLS data using mobile devices.
Rapattoni's conversion process for these mergers included all listings, pictures, history, and attached documents, as well as all active member and office records. In order to ensure a smooth transition for IAR's agents and brokers, their preferences, profiles, carts, and prospects were all transferred to the new MLS systems.
Destyn Dagle, Director of MLS Software at Rapattoni, said, "This was a tremendous project with the final conversion covering 82,028 listings across 58 property types from 13 different MLS sites, plus all membership data. IAR's dedicated staff was exceptionally helpful throughout the process."
Gavin Blair, Chief Executive Officer at IAR, said, "These mergers and redesigns were an important step forward for our member associations. Standardizing our database design across all of our MLS sites has positioned us to take advantage of the next generation of emerging technologies and services."
Ralph Hoover, President of Rapattoni, added, "Regional MLS mergers are becoming more common as associations consolidate their membership to provide better coverage across larger market areas. Our implementation and data management teams have a great deal of experience facilitating these mergers and large-scale data conversions to help our MLS customers meet the evolving needs of their members."
About Rapattoni MLS
Rapattoni MLS provides advanced features such as integrated GIS parcel mapping, an integrated member management and billing system, the industry's most advanced RETS 1.7.2 data exchange system with RESO Web API support and RESO Data Dictionary 1.5 Platinum certification, integrated aerial photography, a robust statistics and trends analysis package, and language translation. Rapattoni MLS is compatible with the Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge, Firefox, Safari, and Chrome web browsers, can be run on PCs and Mac computers, and works seamlessly on popular smartphones and tablets with a native app available for iOS and Android devices.
About Rapattoni
Rapattoni Corporation has been serving the real estate industry for over 46 years. The company provides an array of integrated products and services for real estate associations and MLS organizations, including an internet-based MLS, association management software, and Integrated Website Services, along with hosting and technical support for each product. Rapattoni's association management customers represent more than 80% of the nation's REALTORS®. Rapattoni's headquarters are in Simi Valley, California.
For more information, contact Rapattoni's Sales department at (800) 722-7338 or visit the Rapattoni website at http://www.rapattoni.com/.
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VisitGuernsey tasked us with creating a digital asset that links the newly released historical drama film "The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society" with a holiday in the Bailiwick of Guernsey.
To answer this brief we conceptualised, designed and developed an immersive site that explores the real story of the occupation though interactive content including image galleries, real life interviews, historical footage and newspaper clippings. Working closely with the VisitGuernsey digital team we paired this content with exclusive film assets provided by Studio Canal to tie the experience together.
The site takes the user on a historical journey through the islands' evacuation, invasion, occupation, fortification and liberation. It aims to capture the imagination of those interested in events depicted in the film, and inspire them to visit the Bailiwick and discover our excellent heritage offering.
Contextual calls-to-action are included throughout the site to direct visitors to the fascinating heritage sites they can visit while in Guernsey, and details of special "Potato Peel Pie" inspired holiday offers.


Home Gadgets window Encrypted files not showing in Windows 10 search results? Here's the fix.
Do you have encrypted files that don't appear in search results? In this guide, we'll show you how to fix this problem on Windows 10.


Own a piece of land in the Prairie (Grand Prairie). $10,000.00 per acre with three acre minimum. Restrictions apply. Seller reserves mineral rights. Seller will entertain selling entire 31 acre tract at a reduced price. No mobile/manufactured or modular homes allowed.


text:
Nanoscale
Synthesis, self-assembly, and immunological activity of α-galactose-functionalized dendron–lipid amphiphiles†
John F. Trant,a Namrata Jain,a Delfina M. Mazzuca,b James T. McIntosh,a Bo Fan,c S. M. Mansour Haeryfar,b Sebastien Lecommandouxd and Elizabeth R. Gillies*ac
a Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Canada N6A 5B7
E-mail: egillie@uwo.ca
b Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Canada N6A 5C1
c Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Canada N6A 5B9
d Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux-INP ENSCBP, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organique (LCPO), UMR 5629, 16 avenue Pey Berland, F-33600, Pessac, France
Nanoassemblies presenting multivalent displays of biologically active carbohydrates are of significant interest for a wide array of biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery to immunotherapy. In this study, glycodendron–lipid hybrids were developed as a new and tunable class of dendritic amphiphiles. A modular synthesis was used to prepare dendron–lipid hybrids comprising distearylglycerol and 0 through 4th generation polyester dendrons with peripheral protected amines. Following deprotection of the amines, an isothiocyanate derivative of C-linked α-galactose (α-Gal) was conjugated to the dendron peripheries, affording amphiphiles with 1 to 16 α-Gal moieties. Self-assembly in water through a solvent exchange process resulted in vesicles for the 0 through 2nd generation systems and micelles for the 3rd and 4th generation systems. The critical aggregation concentrations decreased with increasing dendron generation, suggesting that the effects of increasing molar mass dominated over the effects of increasing the hydrophilic weight fraction. The binding of the assemblies to Griffonia simplicifolia Lectin I (GSL 1), a protein with specificity for α-Gal was studied by quantifying the binding of fluorescently labeled assemblies to GSL 1-coated beads. It was found that binding was enhanced for amphiphiles containing higher generation dendrons. Despite their substantial structural differences with the natural ligands for the CD1d receptor, the glycodendron–lipid hybrids were capable of stimulating invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, a class of innate-like T cells that recognize lipid and glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d and that are implicated in a wide range of diseases and conditions including but not limited to infectious diseases, diabetes and cancer.
Supplementary information PDF (12066K)
https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR05030A
Nanoscale, 2016,8, 17694-17704
Synthesis, self-assembly, and immunological activity of α-galactose-functionalized dendron–lipid amphiphiles
J. F. Trant, N. Jain, D. M. Mazzuca, J. T. McIntosh, B. Fan, S. M. M. Haeryfar, S. Lecommandoux and E. R. Gillies, Nanoscale, 2016, 8, 17694 DOI: 10.1039/C6NR05030A
John F. Trant
Namrata Jain
Delfina M. Mazzuca
James T. McIntosh
Bo Fan
S. M. Mansour Haeryfar
Sebastien Lecommandoux
Elizabeth R. Gillies


Service Summary: Private Family Services.
Whitehead, Dan, passed away peacefully at the Walkerton Hospital on Tuesday February 5, 2019 at the age of 68. Dear brother of Gary (Karen) of Durham, Mark of Ayton, and Deb of Ayton. Proud uncle of Cory, Carla, and Michael, and great uncle to Jacob, Sarah, Sadie, Thomas, and Clara Anne. Predeceased by parents Walter & Anne, and by his niece Jodi. Dan enjoyed his many years of volunteering for the Chantry Chinook Classic in Southampton, as well all his time spent on the water, including the launch ramp activities. Private Family Services. If desired, memorial donations may be made to Marine Heritage Society.


text:
Check out more details about The Beatles' deluxe 'Let It Be' reissues
Thu, August 26, 2021 by ABC News
Apple Corps Ltd./Capitol/UMe
HomeMusicRockCheck out more details about The Beatles' deluxe 'Let It Be' reissues
Earlier today, plans were announced for a reissue of The Beatles' last album, 1970's Let It Be, that will be released in multiple configurations on October 15.
Here's a deeper look at the reissue's Super Deluxe editions, which will be available as a five-CD/Blu-ray set, a four-LP/EP vinyl collection and in digital formats.
The expanded reissue boasts a new mix of the original album; previously unreleased recordings from the sessions, including alternate takes, rehearsals, jams, studio chatter and a performance from the band's historic rooftop concert; and a recreation of the unreleased 14-track Get Back LP compiled in May 1969 by engineer Glyn Johns.
The CD and vinyl Super Deluxe reissue will come with a book featuring a foreword by Paul McCartney; commentary, notes and essays by respected Beatles historian Kevin Howlett and journalist John Harris; previously unpublished photos; and rare images of handwritten lyrics, session notes, sketches and more.
Let It Be was released in the U.K. on May 8, 1970 — a month after The Beatles announced their breakup — and 10 days later in the U.S.
The album spent four weeks at #1 on the Billboard 200 in June and July of 1970, and yielded the chart-topping hit "The Long and Winding Road." It also featured alternate versions of two other songs that reached #1 prior to the album's release — the title track and "Get Back."
As previously reported, the new three-part documentary The Beatles: Get Back created by director Peter Jackson from unseen footage shot during the Let It Be sessions will premiere on Disney+ on November 25, 26 and 27.
A companion The Beatles: Get Back book will be published on October 12.
Here's the track list for the CD version of the Let It Be Super Deluxe reissues:
CD 1: Let It Be (new stereo mix of original album)
"Dig a Pony"
"I Me Mine"
"Maggie Mae"
"One After 909"
"The Long and Winding Road"
"For You Blue"
CD 2: Get Back — Apple Sessions
"Morning Camera" (Speech – Mono)/"Two of Us" (Take 4)
"Maggie Mae"/"Fancy My Chances with You" (Mono)
"Can You Dig It?"
"I Don't Know Why I'm Moaning" (Speech – Mono)
"For You Blue" (Take 4)
"Let It Be"/"Please Please Me"/"Let It Be" (Take 10)
"I've Got a Feeling" (Take 10)
"Dig a Pony" (Take 14)
"Get Back" (Take 19)
"Like Making an Album?" (Speech)
"One After 909" (Take 3)
"Don't Let Me Down" (First rooftop performance)
"The Long and Winding Road" (Take 19)
"Wake Up Little Susie"/"I Me Mine" (Take 11)
CD 3: Get Back — Rehearsals and Apple Jams
"On the Day Shift Now" (Speech – Mono)/"All Things Must Pass" (Rehearsals – Mono)
"Concentrate on the Sound" (Mono)
"Gimme Some Truth" (Rehearsal – Mono)
"I Me Mine" (Rehearsal – Mono)
"She Came In Through the Bathroom Window" (Rehearsal)
"Polythene Pam" (Rehearsal – Mono)
"Octopus's Garden" (Rehearsal – Mono)
"Oh! Darling" (Jam)
"Get Back" (Take 8)
"The Walk" (Jam)
"Without a Song" (Jam) — Billy Preston with John and Ringo
"Something" (Rehearsal – Mono)
"Let It Be" (Take 28)
CD 4: Get Back LP — 1969 Glyn Johns Mix
"I'm Ready" (aka "Rocker")/Save the Last Dance for Me"/"Don't Let Me Down"
"Get Back (Reprise)"
CD 5: Let It Be EP
"Across the Universe" (unreleased Glyn Johns 1970 mix)
"I Me Mine" (unreleased Glyn Johns 1970 mix)
"Don't Let Me Down" (new mix of original single version)
"Let It Be" (new mix of original single version)
Blu-ray: Let It Be Special Edition audio mixes
–96kHz/24-bit DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1
–96kHz/24-bit High Res Stereo (2019 Stereo Mix)
On This Day – January 30, 1969: The Beatles gave their final public performance
Mudhoney details new album, 'Plastic Eternity'
From ABBA to the Beatles, Gene Simmons shares 10 albums that changed his life
Former music exec Tony King reveals "mad" experiences working at The Beatles' label
Metallica details single-day tickets for M72 tour
'Glass Onion' gives streaming bump to Beatles, David Bowie & Bee Gees classics


The popularity and versatility of votive candle holders contain generated a full fledged variety of different kinds, shapes, sizes and designs of votive candles that appeal to a much larger target audience and fulfill different needs, hobbies and tastes. Now, an individual only see the average very clear votive candle holders, but you can also find custom personalized votive candle holders, frosted holders, colored versions, customized and etched in many sizes as well as types from stemmed holders, stake glass holders, crystal holders, hurricane cases, chandelier holders and many more.
Nemiri - Hand sanitizer dispenser ebay. Related: automatic hand sanitizer dispenser hand sanitizer holder purell hand sanitizer refill purell hand sanitizer dispenser hand sanitizer dispenser stand soap dispenser hand sanitizer dispenser refill hand sanitizer dispenser with refill hand sanitizer dispenser foam hand sanitizer lot. Hand sanitizer dispenser ebay. Hand sanitizer dispenser gojo designed this automatic hand sanitizer dispenser so there's no need to touch a dirty dispenser ideal for hand hygiene automatically dispenses the perfect amount of soa. Sanitizer dispenser ebay. Find great deals on ebay for sanitizer dispenser shop with confidence skip to main content ebay logo: foam dispenser hand push sanitizer for 1200 ml purell fmx 12 refill w key lock see more like this 400ml automatic sensor touchless hands free sanitizer soap liquid soap dispenser. Purell hand sanitizer dispenser ebay. Find great deals on ebay for purell hand sanitizer dispenser shop with confidence. Automatic hand sanitizer dispenser ebay. Find great deals on ebay for automatic hand sanitizer dispenser shop with confidence. Hand sanitizer dispenser ebay. Find great deals on ebay for hand sanitizer dispenser in medical disinfection and sterilization equipment shop with confidence. Purell hand sanitizer dispenser ebay. Find best value and selection for your purell hand sanitizer dispenser search on ebay world's leading marketplace. Hand sanitizer dispenser ebay. 1,157 results for hand sanitizer dispenser save hand sanitizer dispenser to get e mail alerts and updates on your ebay feed unfollow hand sanitizer dispenser to stop getting updates on your ebay feed. Hand sanitizer dispenser ebay. Find great deals on ebay for hand sanitizer dispenser shop with confidence skip to main content ebay logo: shop by category d67 double end shampoo liquid bathroom soap dispenser hand sanitizer z brand new � unbranded au $ extra 5% off or best offer free postage. Hand sanitizer dispensers ebay. 1,144 results for hand sanitizer dispensers save hand sanitizer dispensers to get e mail alerts and updates on your ebay feed unfollow hand sanitizer dispensers to stop getting updates on your ebay feed.


text:
using UnityEngine;
using System;
using LuaInterface;
using SLua;
using System.Collections.Generic;
public class Lua_UnityEngine_PhysicMaterialCombine : LuaObject {
	static public void reg(IntPtr l) {
		getEnumTable(l,"UnityEngine.PhysicMaterialCombine");
		addMember(l,0,"Average");
		addMember(l,2,"Minimum");
		addMember(l,1,"Multiply");
		addMember(l,3,"Maximum");
		LuaDLL.lua_pop(l, 1);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


M2 appoints Rhoda Phillippo as non-executive director.
M2 Group has appointed, Rhoda Phillippo, as an independent non-executive director.
The appointment, effective today, highlights the board's commitment to broadening the range of skills and experience on the board, according to a company statement.
Phillippo has more than 30 years' experience in the telco and IT sector in the UK, New Zealand and Australia, beginning with 15 years at British Telecom PLC.
Other roles include transition director with Shell in New Zealand (now Z Energy) for H.R.L Morrison and Co, chief executive of Optimisation New Zealand and general manager of Telecom NZ/Gen-i's (now Spark) enterprise trans-Tasman business.
Most recently, she acted as managing director of Infratil energy Australia, leading the successful sale of the business in September 2014.
She is currently chief operating officer of at HRL Morrison and Co; a non executive director of Vix Investments and chair of Snapper Services.
M2 chairman, Craig Farrow, said Phillippo has outstanding global credentials in telecommunications, information technology and energy, "which makes her an excellent fit for the diversified M2 business."
She will present herself for election as a senior director at M2's next annual general meeting.


text:
package nxt;

import java.util.List;
import nxt.util.DbIterator;

public abstract interface Blockchain
{
  public abstract Block getLastBlock();

  public abstract Block getBlock(Long paramLong);

  public abstract boolean hasBlock(Long paramLong);

  public abstract int getBlockCount();

  public abstract DbIterator<? extends Block> getAllBlocks();

  public abstract DbIterator<? extends Block> getAllBlocks(Account paramAccount, int paramInt);

  public abstract List<Long> getBlockIdsAfter(Long paramLong, int paramInt);

  public abstract List<? extends Block> getBlocksAfter(Long paramLong, int paramInt);

  public abstract long getBlockIdAtHeight(int paramInt);

  public abstract List<? extends Block> getBlocksFromHeight(int paramInt);

  public abstract Transaction getTransaction(Long paramLong);

  public abstract boolean hasTransaction(Long paramLong);

  public abstract int getTransactionCount();

  public abstract DbIterator<? extends Transaction> getAllTransactions();

  public abstract DbIterator<? extends Transaction> getAllTransactions(Account paramAccount, byte paramByte1, byte paramByte2, int paramInt);

  public abstract DbIterator<? extends Transaction> getAllTransactions(Account paramAccount, byte paramByte1, byte paramByte2, int paramInt, Boolean paramBoolean);
}


Punar Jeevan aimed at catering the needs of the people of the three southern most districts of Tamil Nadu; namely, Tuticorin, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari.
From 1992 to 2002, Punar Jeevan was functioning at Kanyakumari District. To reach out many more people more effectively, the administrative office and the centre were shifted to Thalapathi Samuthiram Keelur of Tirunelveli District in 2002.


DELAWARE, Ohio -- Before he was sent to prison yesterday for kidnapping and robbing a man at gunpoint, David Horn told a Delaware County judge that his victim was in on the scheme.
Horn said he just didn't have enough evidence to prove it.
"When we started the plan, only me and him knew about it," said Horn, who represented himself in court during a three-day trial.
The jury, however, was not convinced and convicted Horn on three felony counts after about two hours of deliberation. Horn, 47, of Grove City, was found guilty of aggravated robbery, kidnapping and grand theft of a motor vehicle, plus two gun specifications.
Common Pleas Judge Everett H. Krueger sentenced Horn to serve 14 1/2 years in prison. He also ordered him to pay $4,400 in restitution.
Horn's victim was Steven Moore, a former member of the Ohio State University football team who owns a Columbus investment company.
Prosecutors described Horn as a disgruntled contractor who had worked on rental properties owned by Moore and his family. Horn believed he was owed money, Assistant Prosecutor Kyle Rohrer said.
Moore testified that on Nov. 26, Horn and Ray Massey ambushed him at gunpoint outside his Powell apartment and forced him into a truck. They blindfolded him, drove him to a house and bound his arms to his legs with duct tape.
Moore said Horn ordered Massey to search his pockets, taking a cell phone, his work ID card, $400 and a Rolex watch worth at least $4,000.
Horn demanded $100,000. Moore said he negotiated with Horn, eventually persuading him to drive Moore to Fifth Third Bank on E. Broad Street to withdraw $30,000.
The bank manager had been alerted to the kidnapping by Moore's family and helped stall Moore long enough for deputy sheriffs to arrive and lock down the bank.
Moore's family received several frantic calls from Moore that day. Some were placed when he was alone in the basement from a second cell phone he'd had in his back pocket. Moore also had dialed 911 and a Columbus police commander.
Assistant Prosecutor Carol O'Brien told the judge Horn's version didn't make sense.
"He wants to tell this court and officers that this was some kind of plot between himself and Mr. Moore," she said. "It's just a ludicrous story and doesn't hold any weight."
She also noted that Horn had served four years in prison after being convicted of kidnapping WLVQ (96.3 FM) disc jockey Jerry Elliott in 1997.
Massey pleaded guilty in February to one count each of robbery and kidnapping with a one-year gun specification. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison.


text:
NewsMissoula County
City, county leaders seek options for public meetings given state's new gun laws
Laura Lundquist/Missoula Current
Hosting city and county public meetings in the county courthouse would eliminate the threat of guns since it remains a gun-free zone. County officials said the technology in place at the courthouse is similar to what's used in City Council chambers.
By: Martin Kidston - Missoula Current
Posted at 11:59 AM, Apr 02, 2021
MISSOULA — City and county leaders in Missoula are beginning to plan for a phased reopening, including a likely return to public meetings held in person. But when the time comes, the landscape will have shifted from the days before the pandemic.
A bill signed by Gov. Greg Gianforte permitting guns in nearly every sector of society stands prominent among the changes. College campuses and public buildings are no longer gun-free zones, meaning public meetings will soon include firearms, either seen or unseen.
"A year ago, I would have dismissed enhanced security at City Council meetings," said Missoula Mayor John Engen. "At this point, with insurrections and changes at the Legislature and such, I'm concerned about public safety and council safety, and my own safety. There are concerns for staff as well."
State law now allows nearly anyone in Montana to carry a concealed weapon without a permit and take it nearly anywhere they go, be it a bank, a bar or a university classroom.
The authority of local governments to declare gun-free zones is also a thing of the past, and that has elected officials at the local level concerned. As they work toward reopening post-pandemic, hosting "hybrid" public meetings may become the norm.
"Barring some significant change that we don't anticipate, anyone could pack heat in a public meeting in a public building. All that just changes the landscape," said Engen. "I want the public to be confident in their safety coming to a public meeting. I don't want people to be discouraged from public service because they think they're putting their lives at risk."
City and county officials this week began discussing possible safety solutions as they consider returning to in-person meetings. The issues at play include social distancing, the technology needed to live stream any hearings, and finding meeting space where guns are still prohibited.
Early options could include secured entrances or metal detectors. While the state's new gun laws allow firearms in most locations, it still bans them in schools, federal buildings and courtrooms. The latter makes the Missoula County Courthouse an enticing solution.
"One of the advantages of the courthouse is that it's going to be a gun-free zone," said Missoula County Commissioner Dave Strohmaier. "There may be some opportunity for the city to utilize some of our meeting space in the courthouse. If one of the goals, given what's happening in the Legislature, is to find a place where folks aren't going to be packing heat, the courthouse is one of those."
At some point in the future, the city and county may co-locate to the old downtown federal building, though that is still years away. Until then, elected officials will have to contend with potentially angry constituents who may also be carrying a weapon.
Threats against local elected officials are nothing new, and the past is ripe with examples, from threats made to the entire City Council to letters threatening harm to individual council members.
"You mix anger with a gun and sometimes regretful things happen," Missoula County Commissioner Josh Slotnick said in February. "We have to make hard decisions that anger people and that's how it is. It's a bad idea to mix that decision-making with the potential that people in the audience have guns."
Hybrid public meetings could include the option for in-person attendance or remote participation. The meetings would continue to be live-streamed and posted on social media, from YouTube to public access television.
"I think Zoom has actually increased the opportunity for public participation," Engen said. "We have more people who join us than would otherwise trot down to the City Council meeting. I think access is a little more fair in that format."
Missoula County is eyeing June as a possible start to hybrid meetings. The city hasn't set a date.
"I'd like us to generally to be on the same page and maybe look at economies of scale for public meetings in particular," Engen told commissioners. "I think it would be worth us getting staff together at some point to talk about what we're doing."


text:
Подкормка растений — внесение удобрений под сельскохозяйственные культуры в период их вегетации. В этом состоит её отличие от основного удобрения, которое вносится до начала вегетационного периода.

Улучшая питание растений, подкормка способствует их урожайности. Предназначена прежде всего для удовлетворения потребности растений в азоте, реже калии и фосфоре. Необходима разным растениям, но в первую очередь овощным культурам, озимым злакам, многолетним травам, сахарной свёкле, хлопчатнику.

По способу внесения различают коревую и некорневую подкормки. При корневой питательные вещества (сухие удобрения или водные растворы) вносятся в почву и усваиваются корнями; при некорневой посевы или посадки опрыскивают растворами удобрений. Для подкормки могут применяться перепревший навоз или навозная жижа, птичий помёт, зола, аммиачная селитра, мочевина, суперфосфат и т. п. Эффективность во многом зависит от погоды, влажности и степени растворимости используемых удобрений.

Подкормка также необходима комнатным растениям, так как почва, в которой они растут, постепенно обедняется. Как правило, её вносят лишь в период активного роста растений и не вносят в период покоя. Использоваться могут как готовые синтетические, так и естественные удобрения. Недавно пересаженное растение в первое время не нуждается в подкормке.

Примечания

Литература

Агрохимия
Растениеводство