Isaac Meyer is the host of the History of Japan Podcast 💠 He is a former grad student who did his graduate research in modern Japanese history (and modern China and European history). After several trips to Japan spanning 12 months, he got the idea to do a podcast on the country's rich history after discovering Mike Duncan's History of Rome and Laszlo Montgomery's China History Podcast. Six years on, the show is still going strong and is on a mission to cover the entire span of Japanese history. Isaac is a teacher at a private high school and lives in Seattle.
Isaac will be live on Mar 27 starting at 930am ET for one and a half hours to answer as many questions as possible. Feel free to start asking Isaac questions any time in the lead-up to the AMA.
Thank you for the terrific podcast.
My questions are about the sons of Oda Nobunaga. Were they considered for succession, even if controlled by a guardian? What happened to them? How did Toyotomi Hideyoshi go around them to become the second unifer of Japan. It is interesting that Oda's sons were disregarded yet so much was devoted to securing succession for Toyotomi Hideyoshi's son.
Hey there Rob! Thanks for listening; you've been a part of the show's facebook page for a while now, right?
So, Oda Nobunaga's kids were considered…sort of. In traditional succession dispute fashion, each had backers among Nobunaga's surviving generals — however, it was always fairly clear that nobody planned to give the kids actual power. Instead, they were trotted out as symbols of legitimacy, and discarded fairly quickly once they were no longer necessary. For example, during his first abortive bid for power in the 1580s, Tokugawa Ieyasu claimed to be acting in the name of Nobunaga's son Oda Nobukatsu. So yes, Nobunaga's kids were still a part of the succession question, but they lacked independent authority (and especially independent armies) and were thus political pawns more than anything else.
I have just caught up with your podcast episodes and it was quite a journey. The podcast is amazing and thank you for creating it. As I'm studying Japanese language and have an interest in history, I find it the perfect form of entertainment.
I did come up with some questions, however they are only vaguely related to history so feel free to ignore them if they are a bit too off. Also, some of the questions you might not know the answers to but you will definitely have a better idea than I do.
1.How is history taught in Japanese schools? How much is left out?
2.What is the perception modern Japanese would have of Koreans and the Chinese? Taking into account their history.
3.Will the ama be recorded? As I might miss it on the day.
4.List of favorite books by Japanese authors? Any recommendations?
Hi Dace! Thank you for the kind words, and the questions! They're really interesting, and I'll do my best to answer.
1) Modern Japan's school system is far more centralized than what we have in the United States, so most subjects, including history, are taught in a very standardized manner. There's a national standard produced by MEXT (The Ministry of Education, Sports, Science, and Technology — I have no idea where they got the acronym from). Local districts are then charged with implementing it, but the standards are exact enough that in practice this really only means a choice of what textbooks to use and what order to tackle the material in. The education system is also very test driven, and most college entrance exams have a world history or Japanese history component (or sometimes both). All in all, it seems to me like a structure that is poorly adapted to the two most important parts of teaching history — building interest in the subject in students (which requires giving teachers and students the freedom to pursue their passions in the classroom) and building good historical skillsets around research and investigation.
2) This is pretty variable, of course, and particularly thanks to the politicization of Japan's recent history it can vary a lot based on a person's political leanings. Broadly speaking, I tend to think of the Japanese attitude towards the rest of East Asia as existing along a spectrum, where one end is the "escape from Asia" crowd. These are the people who think that it's in Japan's interest to clearly divorce itself from the rest of Asia and to build up an image as a Western nation to the greatest extent possible. On the other end, you have the more "Asian unification"-oriented Japanese, who talk about a single East Asian culture stemming from China and how it unites nations across the region. There's obviously a lot of variability between those polls, but in my limited experience people tend to trend more towards one or the other. That, in turn, is a pretty good predictor of political views on foreign policy — escape from Asia types tend to support a more aggressive Asian foreign policy, while the opposite side tends to promote conciliation over lingering World War II issues and negotiations over territorial disputes.
3) It'll stay up here, so you can always return to it! I'm glad it's just typed, though. Nobody wants to hear what my voice sounds like before my second cup of coffee.
4) Ooh this is hard. I have a fondness for Murakami Haruki, of course. He's one of the great authors of the modern world, and can be very funny. That's something I really appreciate, because I've often found that more "literary" authors can come off as a bit joyless. I also really enjoyed some Yoshimoto Banana short stories that I read in Japanese class back in the day, and keep meaning to check out more of her stuff. Of course, Akutagawa Ryunosuke is the best place to start — there's a reason Japan's biggest literary prize is called the Akutagawa prize. I also have Ishiguro Kazuo's Never Let Me Go on my shelf, which has gotten some great reviews. I'm excited to check it out. I've read a bit of Higashino Keigo, and enjoyed that as well. After the Teigin Bank episode, I've been meaning to find some crime novels by Matsumoto Seicho as well.
For first time visitors to Japan which historical site(s) do you recommend they visit that best embody the history and culture of Japan?
Oh man, as someone who has started planning a honeymoon in Japan, I have a LOT of feelings about this topic. Let's see.
Kyoto is easily my favorite city not only in Japan but on the entire planet. It's not pretty in the same way that, say, the skyline of Shanghai is pretty when viewed from the Pudong River, but it's like living inside a historical treasure chest. Turn the corner and you can just stumble into a 1000 year old Shinto Shrine tucked away next to a Lawsons, or find some lovely little restaurant with a great ambiance and a view of the Kamo River. If I'm remembering the numbers right, there are 1100 Buddhist temples and 700 shrines within the city, so no shortage of things to find! Plus, the bigger sites are all majestic in their own ways — Kinkakuji is beautiful, as is Ginkakuji, and Fushimi Inari shrine is just otherwordly in a way that is hard to describe. You've also got Nara and Osaka as great day trips.
Tokyo is, of course, the heart of all of it. It's hard to avoid spending some time there (after all, it's where the most popular airport is) and there is a LOT to do. I tend to associate the city with work from my grad school days, but there's a lot to entertain you as well. You've got shopping districts like Harajuku, nerdy stuff galore in Akihabara (be sure to pop by Kanda Myojin shrine to get your electronics blessed), and museums everywhere. I'm very partial to the weapons collection at Hiei Shrine and to the Studio Ghibli museum, personally. Plus, Nikko and Kamakura are easy day trips, and Kamakura in particular is just lovely. If you REALLY want to dive deep in history, Yokohama also has some great stuff left over from the early Meiji period. Also, good city for baseball.
Hiroshima has, of course, a pretty central theme around the atomic bomb, and the peace park is worth a trip. But the city has more going on than that — it's got some fun touristy areas too. Plus, you're an easy day trip from Itsukushima, which is the place with the shrine where the gate is partway in the water (if you've never seen it, google some photos). It's quite something. For the best experience, I recommend staying overnight in Itsukushima and then going out to the shrine gates at low tide.
Finally, I HAVE to mention one place that tends not to get mentioned so much — Hokkaido. I lived there for about two months in 2009, and I LOVED it. It was hard to get around without knowing Japanese (though I haven't been back in almost 10 years, so maybe that's changed). But Hakodate is a beautiful city, and I liked Sapporo — most people tend to rag on it as Tokyo Lite, but I found it kind of charming. Plus, the Sapporo Beer Factory and the Meiji Chocolate Museum are hilariously weird. Hokkaido also has some of the best damn food I've ever had in Japan. Fresh seafood, and one of the few areas where cheese is relatively easy to come by (which for long stays is highly essential).
So, there are a few ideas. I've actually never been further south than Shikoku (which is also nice, but I wouldn't list it as essential for a first time visitor). I'm told there's some great stuff to see in Kyushu, and I do really want to go to Kagoshima one day. Hope this helps!
1. I remembered you saying that you specialized on 1930s Japan. Apart from that, what other period would be your favorite?
2. What is your view on Japan's current state of its nationwide 'Galapagos syndrome'?
3. What are your thoughts on current Japanese politics, most notably the impending post-Heisei period?
Oh man, I would love to do more stuff with literature, but it's also not my background so I have a constant fear of making some very obvious mistake in my research or something. But I do have some ideas. I really enjoyed doing the Ihara Saikaku episode in particular. Probably would want to do one on Murakami Haruki's career at some point, and maybe Edogawa Ranpo's too because I love a good crime story.
1. Oh lord, this is like asking me to choose a favorite child. I suppose if you put a gun to my head, the Bakumatsu/early Meiji period, from about 1854-1877 would top the charts. It's this incredible mix of old and new Japan, and it's really cool to see family names you recognize from reading about the VERY early Tokugawa period alongside names that have a lot of resonance in modern history. Plus it has assassinations, war, political double dealing — all the good stuff. That said, I do also enjoy reading about the height of Tokugawa Japan, even though it's outside my specialty. It's really interesting to see feudalism adapted to the context of a peacetime government that's trying to centralize itself, and how those compromises worked to make a functional (if extremely complicated) system.
2. This is actually something I feel really strongly about. In my current line of work, I have chances to work with exchange students from all over the world, but mostly East Asia (since Seattle is a fairly close place for Asian students to come and study in the US — that 10 hr flight home is a LOT less miserable than 14+ from the East Coast). Getting those students to look at other cultures from their region with fresh eyes, divorced from the stereotypes, is VERY important to me. For the Japanese kids, that means essentially making the argument to them that while Japanese culture is fantastic and beautiful, it's not so unique that it cannot function or be understood outside of Japan (which, for those of you reading this, is what the Galapagos Syndrome idea refers to). The failures commonly attributed to Galapagos syndrome (like, for example, the failure of Japanese 3G smartphones to succeed outside Japan prior to the iPhone) has more to do with a failure of overly conservative and lazy corporate leadership than it does something unique to Japanese culture. I really try to reinforce the idea that for a long time, the official narrative about Japanese culture was entirely the opposite — the Japanese people and government prided themselves on their ability to take ideas from outside, adapt them, make them better, and then ship them back to the same people they got the idea from. Galapagos Syndrome is merely an attempt to change the narrative to cover up for the failures of modern leadership.
3. So I should probably cop straight away to the fact that my sympathies lie much more with the opposition than with the ruling LDP. I find the LDP's cynical use of historical issues in politics to wrangle votes pretty hard to swallow, and while I do have sympathy for the more technocratic bits of the LDP platform I also find PM Abe's politics around the military VERY misguided. That said, the Japanese opposition is a total mess, so I'm not too confident in their odds if they can't even wrangle together an agreement to caucus as a group. I'm not too hopeful about much changing without a strong political leader to challenge Abe. I had hoped for a bit that Murata Renho might manage it; her Taiwanese background would disqualify her to Japanese conservatives, but I'd hoped it would serve as a rallying point for more left-leaning Japanese eager to change the country's narrative on Japanese identity. Not so sure that optimism was well founded, though. That said, Abe's popularity is plummeting now, so maybe things will change. Who knows? I do think his pet issue of changing article 9 is now dead in the water — his economic policies have failed to deliver consistently enough to draw attention away from that wildly unpopular notion.
When identifying historical Japanese characters, the convention appears to be surname first and then given name. Contemporary Japanese folks are commonly (but now always) identified by given name first and then surname, unlike their Chinese or Korean counterparts. When did this change occur?
This is a shift that began during the Meiji period but really took off during the postwar period. The idea is essentially to go easy on foreigners by giving names in an order that foreigners are used to. Personally, I find it very condescending and get super annoyed when people do it. I've given more than a few very nice people an earful over it. Not sure who started the trend, but I plan to be the one to end it! We foreigners are more than capable of learning basic facts about other cultures! And once we get that down, we can start to work on bowing.
a) what aspect of groups such as the Shinsengumi endeared them to the point of becoming cultural touchstones in Japan? Clearly, history offers no precedent to them being featured in a dating sim. And yet, there they are. Was it a matter of simply commercializing historical figures that teens would be familiar with from history class?
b) i'm sure you've attempted to research the topic of secret societies in Japan for a potential episode, and you've noted how difficult it is to obtain reliable information about them. Out of all of them, which tend to be the most documented?
c) how do you find that students respond to your interest in Japanese history? do they tend to listen to your podcast, or do they not care. I find that people my age and younger are less and less interested in talking about and learning history, but I'm not quite sure why. I thought that as a high school teacher, you might have some insight.
d) if (and I assume when) you return to Japan for at least a visit, where do you plan on going first?
And lastly a comment: thanks for all you've done. This podcast has helped me through a lot over the years and I can't say enough how much I appreciate the time you've put into this. As much of a trek as it can be to listen to the longer series and learn about the ins and outs of the more complicated periods of Japanese history, I can't imagine how difficult it was to produce such series. And for that, I am eternally greatful.
a) You know, I think a lot of this has to do with two factors. First, there's this tendency in Japan (and other places) to romanticize figures and groups perceived as doomed. The Shinsengumi fought and lost, and a few kept fighting even when it was clear they would lose, and that gives the things they did a sort of romantic aura that is very attractive. This is the kind of thing Ian Morris talks about a lot in his book The Nobility of Failure, but I've also been rereading that for a new episode so maybe I just have it on the brain. Second, the Shinsengumi in particular feel like this throwback to older values in a way that has an attraction as well. Their intense code of conduct evokes very romantic ideas about samurai "chivalry" in an age where that idea is dying off, which also gives it an attraction. This is, to be fair, not unique to Japan — look at how successful, say, Outlander has been as a series. That's a show/book series that's about (among MAAANY other things) the death of an old way of life (the Scottish Highlander) in the face of outside pressures (those damn British). As to the whole dating sim thing, I've actually been thinking about doing an episode on this. My experience is that when Japanese creative types adapt historical or mythological stories, they're less interested in telling the straight story or being accurate to the narrative, and more interested in evoking a set of archetypes and themes associated with that story. That's what creates Shinsengumi dating sims, or franchises like Dynasty Warriors/Samurai Warriors, or games like Okami. It's a different emphasis in what matters about the story.
b) Probably the best documented ones are the Sakurakai (because of its involvement in the well researched coup attempts of the 1930s) and the Black Dragon/Amur River Society because of its longevity and reach. I've come across some really intriguing research suggesting connections between former Black Dragon members and revolutionary nationalists in other countries, and considered making a series about it if I can find enough good material.
c) The students who take my 12th grade class are self-selecting to be in an elective with me, so they do tend to have pre-existing interest. Though some of them take my class not because of the material, but because (if I do say so myself) I have a reputation as a pretty solid teacher. A few of them have found my podcast, or I've shown them the RSS feed after we got onto a related topic (say, projects we do in our spare time). That said, with Japanese history and history in general, I do find that some, maybe even many students come in with a predisposition towards the idea that history is boring or unimportant. I don't blame them for that — I blame a society that de-emphasizes history as a field and instructors who focus first on specific unit content (we HAVE to do a unit on X, and you HAVE to know facts y and z for it) over simply developing student interest. To an extent, yes, history requires you to learn some dates and names, but more often than not those dates and names have great stories attached to them, and if you just tell those stories and show how they are fun, students respond to that. I suppose in summary, I don't blame the kids. The kids are alright. I blame systems that seem designed to make kids not want to engage with what is, objectively, the only high school subject where you can have a conversation about how to most effectively build a pyramid from human skulls and have it be a part of the curriculum.
d) I hope to get back next year for my honeymoon, and when we go I'm hoping to see southern Japan. I've actually never been to Kyushu, so I'm hoping to see it. But I also want to see Kyoto again because I love it, and I think my wife would like Tokyo. Plus I haven't been to Hokkaido in almost 10 years. Too many options!
Thank you for the kind words. Hearing that the show means something to people is what makes it worth doing.
You are appointment listening for me Isaac!
How are you able to keep a weekly schedule like you do?
How do you determine your topics?
You changed your website to isaacmeyer.net because you wanted to do other projects. So, what other projects do you have in mind?
I got interested in the idea after listening to The History of Rome and the China History Podcast. Mike Duncan, in particular, was a big inspiration — I think my early episodes kind of suffer from my attempts to immitate his style instead of finding my own. Anyway, I wasn't sure anyone would actually listen, but my then girlfriend (now wife) convinced me to give it a shot with a cheap mic and basic hosting. And the rest is history.
I've got a pre-determined schedule I stick to. Weekends are for brainstorming ideas and locating sources, then the first four days of the work week I spend about 60-90 minutes a day drafting and editing the script, and then Friday is recording day. That really is the secret. If you can build a consistent schedule and stick to it, things just become automatic.
Topics are determined based on three factors: my personal interest, expressed fan interest, and quality of available sources. I've got a highly official google doc that keeps track of topic ideas with some entries for each of these things, and beyond that it's a simple matter of just picking what I find interesting. Sometimes, outside factors intrude — for example, that Meiji Restoration series was an outgrowth of my PhD oral defense, for which I had to cover that topic rather exhaustively.
So, at some point, I'm going to move off the History of Japan as a project. Probably sooner rather than later, because I've been at this for, oh lord, five years now? I'm ready to try something new. That said, there will be plenty of advance warning when that time comes. And when it does, I have two new project ideas. The first is to take the HoJ formula and apply it more broadly to world history. I want to look at famous moments throughout history and explore how they remain relevant to the modern day. The second is to do a show with my wife on the history of crime and criminals, because it's something we're both really interested in, and the idea of being a podcasting power couple sounds pretty fun. I know folks would be sad to see HoJ come to a close, but I hope those project sound intriguing enough that they'd stick around to try out something new.
Heya, I'm wondering if you looked at any of the family records used to discriminate against the Burakumin, are there any translated copies of them?
Not to my knowledge. The records are used mostly within Japan for exciting bureaucratic purposes. I know there are firms that specialize in translating them into English where necessary (say, for visa applications), but to my knowledge there aren't any publicly available English translations. Honestly, I'd settle for ones that are simply available online with less of a hassle.
Hello Issac, I just want to say your latest episode "a people apart" was the most informative and neutral information about Buraku people I ever had. As a 34 year old Japanese woman it's been hard to get simple Buraku history in Japan since it's still a taboo to talk about. (And all those internet sources seems a bit biased.) so thank you.
Thank you for listening! I'm glad it was informative. I did my best to bring in as many different perspectives as I could. The burakumin issue is a really important one, so I was happy to do my part to shine some light on it.
Bear with me for this long introduction but I think it will pay off. Your podcast is fantastic, the way in which you handle the subjects, even if they are complicated or if they very politically charged in nature is something to learn from. I've been posted, now for four years, in Japan as an Attache on an Embassy and I've been lucky enough to have met members of the Imperial Family, included the Crown Prince and High ranking government people, including the PM. Thanks to your long running series of podcast I think I have been able to appreciate those meetings even more, see them on a different light, something that is fundamentally different that from a book, specially since they are very general but insightful in nature.
For that I thank you very much.
1.- Whats the story of Kabukicho? Was it always that way? even in Edo period?
2.- Apparently a letter written by Akechi Mitsuhide was discovered last year. Do you think it shines new light into the Honno-ji incident?
3.- Could you give your opinions about and around the battle of Sekigahara? I visited the place, I was shocked of how small the the battlefield was giving the amount of people battling there. I highly recommend it if you get the chance to visit.
4.- Could you also one day make a podcast about Japanese music, classic and contemporary? I think it could be interesting.
5.- If you get the chance to bring back from the dead 3 people from Japan to interview them, 15 min each, which ones would it be and what would you ask them?
Thank you again Issac and if by any chance you are coming to Japan before I get posted to another country, I would very much like you to treat you to my favorite restaurant in Tokyo.
1. The Kabukicho district is actually a fairly new one. My understanding is that the name came from a planned Kabuki theater that was never actually built because the funding disappeared. Originally, the area was swampland, and then light industry that was bombed out during the war. The, shall we say, seedier aspects of the neighborhood are outgrowths of the failure of that theater project, which left the neighborhood without an economic base that more entrepreneurial minds stepped in to provide. In particular, I've read that overseas Chinese families helped fund a lot of the businesses both legitimate and less legitimate, because the entertainment industry was one of very few after World War II where foreign investments were not regulated (as they were with, say, any kind of heavy industry). The traditional prostitution district, the Yoshiwara, was closer to what is today Nihonbashi.
2. I had actually not heard of this letter before, so thank you for teaching me something! Apparently, it suggests that he wanted to try to restore the Muromachi shoguns to power? Personally, I doubt that was the case — it seems like a political fig leaf designed to legitimize his own power grab. But one of the major criticisms I've always heard of Mitsuhide was that he was less than energetic in attempting to legitimize his grip on power after seizing it, and this letter seems to suggest that understanding is wrong! Oh man I love it when things like this happen.
3. I find Sekigahara fascinating mostly because of what it reveals about Tokugawa Ieyasu. I've always viewed generals along a spectrum. On the one end, you have tactically inclined leaders like Napoleon who can win any battle you throw their way, and on the other you have strategic generals like, say, George Washington or Mao Zedong, whose tactical insights are less impressive but whose understanding of how strategy and politics coincide enable them to direct the shape of a conflict in an interesting way. Ieyasu, it seems to me, was very keen with both — he won at Sekigahara both because of his tactical skill in preventing the opposition armies from linking up completely and because of a strategic gift for manipulating leaders on the opposing side. I've never been to Sekigahara, but I definitely want to go!
4. Music is not really my background, but I've definitely thought a bit about it, if for no other reason than the fact that mixing in clips would make for an interesting show. Maybe I'll do a music month with a few different genres at some point.
5. Ohhhh god this is hard. OK. First, probably Tokugawa Ieyasu, simply because I'm really curious what kind of person he was face to face. I'd also want to ask him about his strategies for his rise to power; how much was him improvising, how much did he plan, that kind of stuff. Second, probably Ito Hirobumi, simply because I'd want to ask about his vision for Japan and how much the country has matched what he wanted to see it become. Third, probably Konoe Fumimaro so I could ask him why he's such an idiot and then punch him in the nose.
Thank you for the great podcast, you are doing a wonderful job. I wanted to ask you what is your opinion on history as portrayed in the media? Do you have a favorite historical movie or tr series?
Ooh this is a great question. In terms of personal favorites, I've always enjoyed HBO's Rome, even though it takes some fairly substantial liberties. I do feel like it captures the major fault lines of a really interesting historical moment. I've also been enjoying The Last Kingdom, since I don't know much about Anglo-Saxon history and it's a good opportunity to learn. I've seen bits and pieces of the big NHK historical dramas, but need to sit down and watch them all at some point when I have some free time. Maybe this summer.
Personally, I'm a fan of any portrayal of history that will get people interested in the subject. Telling a good story often means sacrificing accuracy by compressing events — otherwise, things just get REALLY hard to follow. I can accept that, because my hope is that it will get people in the door, so to speak, and build interest that will then translate into the actual events themselves. There are a few ways in which things can get stretched too far in my opinion. Particularly, portrayals that are overtly jingoistic or which dramatically change a narrative from reality can do a lot of harm, because a well done drama is far more memorable than some boring person lecturing you about how it wasn't actually like that. Lord, if I had a dollar for every student I've had to teach about how the Last Samurai wasn't how things really went down in Japan I could take a nice vacation to Japan right now. But overall, I want people to care about history. If a movie, a game, or a TV show does that, I'm in favor. I mean hell, thanks to Assassin's Creed a bunch of kids in a lecture I gave on the Italian Renaissance already knew who Cesare Borgia and Niccolo Machiavelli were, and that's awesome!
That's all, folks! Thank you for the great questions. Let's do this again some time!


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text:
Role of connective tissue proteases in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung disease.
J. E. Gadek, G. A. Fells, R. L. Zimmerman, Ronald Crystal
The normal structure and function of the human lung is dependent on the maintenance of the connective tissue matrix. These structural macromolecules provide the template for normal parenchymal cell architecture on which efficient gas exchange depends. In addition, the organization and amount of this extracellular matrix accounts for much of the mechanical behavior of the lung parenchyma during the respiratory cycle. The preservation of this intricate connective tissue scaffold depends on the lung's capacity to prevent enzymatic disruption of the component matrix proteins. Specifically, the integrity of the normal connective tissue skeleton of the lung is determined by the maintenance of a balance between proteases capable of cleaving these structural elements and the specific protease inhibitors. The normal extracellular matrix is preserved when the local concentrations of protease inhibitors prohibits expression of active connective tissue proteases within the lung parenchyma. Conversely, the disruption of lung structure during the course of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the lung is often associated with an imbalance of protease-antiprotease activity. The consequence is the expression of unimpeded proteolytic attack on the connective tissue matrix of the lung. In this context, the nature of the pulmonary lesion and its physiologic consequences, reflect the specificity of the expressed proteases for the individual connective tissue components. Experimental evidence suggests that the differential expression of collagenase and elastase, prototypes of connective tissue proteases, may determine whether the pathologic outcome is fibrosis (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) or destruction (e.g., emphysema) of the alveolar structures.
Pancreatic Elastase
Collagenases
Macromolecules
Lung Volume Measurements
gas exchange
lesion
Gadek, J. E., Fells, G. A., Zimmerman, R. L., & Crystal, R. (1984). Role of connective tissue proteases in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, 55, 297-306.
Role of connective tissue proteases in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung disease. / Gadek, J. E.; Fells, G. A.; Zimmerman, R. L.; Crystal, Ronald.
In: Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 55, 01.04.1984, p. 297-306.
Gadek, JE, Fells, GA, Zimmerman, RL & Crystal, R 1984, 'Role of connective tissue proteases in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung disease.', Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 55, pp. 297-306.
Gadek JE, Fells GA, Zimmerman RL, Crystal R. Role of connective tissue proteases in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung disease. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1984 Apr 1;55:297-306.
Gadek, J. E. ; Fells, G. A. ; Zimmerman, R. L. ; Crystal, Ronald. / Role of connective tissue proteases in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung disease. In: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1984 ; Vol. 55. pp. 297-306.
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title = "Role of connective tissue proteases in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung disease.",
abstract = "The normal structure and function of the human lung is dependent on the maintenance of the connective tissue matrix. These structural macromolecules provide the template for normal parenchymal cell architecture on which efficient gas exchange depends. In addition, the organization and amount of this extracellular matrix accounts for much of the mechanical behavior of the lung parenchyma during the respiratory cycle. The preservation of this intricate connective tissue scaffold depends on the lung's capacity to prevent enzymatic disruption of the component matrix proteins. Specifically, the integrity of the normal connective tissue skeleton of the lung is determined by the maintenance of a balance between proteases capable of cleaving these structural elements and the specific protease inhibitors. The normal extracellular matrix is preserved when the local concentrations of protease inhibitors prohibits expression of active connective tissue proteases within the lung parenchyma. Conversely, the disruption of lung structure during the course of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the lung is often associated with an imbalance of protease-antiprotease activity. The consequence is the expression of unimpeded proteolytic attack on the connective tissue matrix of the lung. In this context, the nature of the pulmonary lesion and its physiologic consequences, reflect the specificity of the expressed proteases for the individual connective tissue components. Experimental evidence suggests that the differential expression of collagenase and elastase, prototypes of connective tissue proteases, may determine whether the pathologic outcome is fibrosis (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) or destruction (e.g., emphysema) of the alveolar structures.",
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AU - Fells, G. A.
AU - Zimmerman, R. L.
N2 - The normal structure and function of the human lung is dependent on the maintenance of the connective tissue matrix. These structural macromolecules provide the template for normal parenchymal cell architecture on which efficient gas exchange depends. In addition, the organization and amount of this extracellular matrix accounts for much of the mechanical behavior of the lung parenchyma during the respiratory cycle. The preservation of this intricate connective tissue scaffold depends on the lung's capacity to prevent enzymatic disruption of the component matrix proteins. Specifically, the integrity of the normal connective tissue skeleton of the lung is determined by the maintenance of a balance between proteases capable of cleaving these structural elements and the specific protease inhibitors. The normal extracellular matrix is preserved when the local concentrations of protease inhibitors prohibits expression of active connective tissue proteases within the lung parenchyma. Conversely, the disruption of lung structure during the course of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the lung is often associated with an imbalance of protease-antiprotease activity. The consequence is the expression of unimpeded proteolytic attack on the connective tissue matrix of the lung. In this context, the nature of the pulmonary lesion and its physiologic consequences, reflect the specificity of the expressed proteases for the individual connective tissue components. Experimental evidence suggests that the differential expression of collagenase and elastase, prototypes of connective tissue proteases, may determine whether the pathologic outcome is fibrosis (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) or destruction (e.g., emphysema) of the alveolar structures.
AB - The normal structure and function of the human lung is dependent on the maintenance of the connective tissue matrix. These structural macromolecules provide the template for normal parenchymal cell architecture on which efficient gas exchange depends. In addition, the organization and amount of this extracellular matrix accounts for much of the mechanical behavior of the lung parenchyma during the respiratory cycle. The preservation of this intricate connective tissue scaffold depends on the lung's capacity to prevent enzymatic disruption of the component matrix proteins. Specifically, the integrity of the normal connective tissue skeleton of the lung is determined by the maintenance of a balance between proteases capable of cleaving these structural elements and the specific protease inhibitors. The normal extracellular matrix is preserved when the local concentrations of protease inhibitors prohibits expression of active connective tissue proteases within the lung parenchyma. Conversely, the disruption of lung structure during the course of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the lung is often associated with an imbalance of protease-antiprotease activity. The consequence is the expression of unimpeded proteolytic attack on the connective tissue matrix of the lung. In this context, the nature of the pulmonary lesion and its physiologic consequences, reflect the specificity of the expressed proteases for the individual connective tissue components. Experimental evidence suggests that the differential expression of collagenase and elastase, prototypes of connective tissue proteases, may determine whether the pathologic outcome is fibrosis (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) or destruction (e.g., emphysema) of the alveolar structures.
JO - Environmental Health Perspectives
JF - Environmental Health Perspectives

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Skelmersdale wife's 'nightmare' as husband guilty of his brother's death
Sarah Lowe says her husband Mark is a family man who is devastated by the loss of his brother Wayne
Sophie McCoid
Mark Lowe admitted Manslaughter of his brother Wayne Lowe
The wife of Mark Lowe, who will be sentenced this month for killing his brother, has spoken of the devastating impact the last few months have had on her family.
In December Mark, 31, admitted manslaughter of Wayne Lowe but denied murdering him.
In a brief hearing at Liverpool Crown Court on Monday, prosecutors said they had accepted this plea on the basis of loss of control and agreed to drop the murder charge.
Lowe, of Beechtrees, Skelmersdale, will be sentenced on Monday, February 16.
Wayne Lowe, 33, was found dead at his house in Linaker Street, Southport, on September 7 last year.
It is understood the brothers became engaged in a violent confrontation after drinking alcohol.
Wayne Lowe sustained multiple injuries after allegedly being hit with a chair.
Wayne Lowe with his mother Jillian
Sarah Lowe, 33, said: "These past few months have been a living nightmare for us all.
"Mark is a good person and he wouldn't have done this unless he had been provoked.
"He just lost control and now has to live for the rest of his life with what he's done.
"I've been married to Mark for eight years and we have three beautiful children together Jessica, seven, Jaiden, two and Jocelyn, three.
"Mark is my best friend, when we first got together he helped me through some really difficult times, including the death of both my parents.
"He is a well respected member of the community and a fully trained mental health nurse.
"He worked very hard and every place he worked had nothing bad to say about him. We were looking into moving to Derbyshire and then this happened and our lives were turned upside down overnight.
"Everyone who knows Mark can't believe this has happened and we are all in shock."
At the hearing Judge Clement Goldstone said a pre-sentence report would be prepared to assess whether Mark is considered to be a dangerous offender and if he should be made subject to an extended or life sentence.
Sarah said: "We have prepared the children and told them that daddy might not be coming home for a while, but they have taken it in their stride and are being very strong. It's still heartbreaking though.
"We got on well with Wayne as a family, he had some problems, but when he was in a good place he was a lovely man and helped us do DIY around the house.
"Mark loved his brother and is devastated by what's happened but he wouldn't have done what he did if he didn't have to.
"It's so out of character, but Mark just lost control.
"We're not making any assumptions about what sentence he will get. The scope is vast and it's just too hard to say.
"We will stand by Mark through it all though, we are a strong family and will come through this together."
Speaking shortly after Wayne Lowe's death, his mum and step-father Jillian and Ken Atkins said: "We are completely devastated at the death of our much loved son Wayne.
"Wayne had such a big heart and would do anything for anyone. He was a great father and adored his son Lewis. His death is a tragedy. We miss him so much already."


text:
Maryland Senate Passes Same-Sex Marriage Bill
The Religious Freedom and Civil Marriage Protection Act (SB 116), which would grant marriage rights to same-sex couples in Maryland, passed the state Senate yesterday by a vote of 25 to 21. The bill awaits a vote in the Maryland House of Delegates. If the bill is passed by the state legislature, Governor Martin O'Malley (D-MD) has publicly declared that he would sign the bill into law.
Joe Solmonese, president of the Human Rights Campaign stated, "Today the state Senate recognized the simple truth that recognizing the love and commitment of same-sex couples under state law will strengthen families and communities. This is a matter of fairness and equality and will put Maryland on the leading edge of giving loving same-sex couples the rights, responsibilities, benefits, and dignity that marriage entails."
Currently, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Washington DC allow marriage of same-sex couples. Six states, California, Nevada, New Jersey, Oregon, Washington, and Hawaii allow same-sex couples to form civil unions or domestic partnerships, which carry many of the benefits of marriage. Yesterday Governor Neil Abercrombie signed the Hawaii civil union legislation into law.
Human Rights Campaign Statement 2/24/11; Washington Post 2/24/11


My short paper on this came out on Friday in the British Medical Journal. The aim is to help both authors and readers of research make sense of this rather confusing but unavoidable statistic, the odds ratio (OR). The fundamental problem is that quoting the odds in group A, divided by the odds in group B, confuses most people because we just don't think in terms of odds.
The home-made video abstract on the BMJ website shows you the difference between odds and risk, and how one odds ratio can mean several different relative risks (RRs), depending on the risk in one of the groups. Unfortunately, in some situations, you just have to get an OR, notably logistic regression and retrospective case-control studies.
The bottom line is that authors should present RRs if they can, and with excellent software like margins and marginsplot in Stata, and effects in R, there's really no excuse not to do this, even for complex models. In particular, I'm a huge fan of the plots of marginal probabilities from these packages, which help you to show the complex patterns in your data to an audience that will run scared from tables of ORs, interaction terms and confidence intervals. John Fox's 2003 paper is still worth reading.
where p is the risk in the control group. I've given a ready-reckoner table in the BMJ paper.
And one more subtlety, if I may. As we've seen, a statistical model with a single shared OR for everyone (take this pill and your odds of a heart attack go down by 10%) does not imply a shared RR for everyone. If the logistic regression included adjustment for confounders, or if the case-control study was matched, then those other factors will warp the RR for different subgroups of people. This is where the plausible range comes in handy as well.


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text:
McGraw files proceedings against lenders
By John O'Brien | Sep 6, 2007
CHARLESTON, W. Va. - West Virginia Attorney General Darrell McGraw is getting tired of Internet payday lenders not listening to him.
Wednesday, McGraw sued 17 online lenders for allegedly not complying with his investigative subpoenas, then added contempt of court charges against 10 more that he says have not responded to the Kanawha Circuit Court's orders to do so.
Payday loans are short-term loans, typically for 14 days, that are secured by a post-dated check or by an agreement authorizing an electronic debit for the full loan amount, plus fees, from the consumer's account. They are illegal in West Virginia.
"Our Legislature has outlawed payday loans in West Virginia in order to protect our citizens from falling victim to modern day loan sharks. Nonetheless, these companies have sought to evade West Virginia law by making usurious payday loans to consumers in their homes over the Internet via interactive web sites," McGraw said.
"Today, my office has taken steps in enforcing West Virginia laws against companies that believe they are above the law simply because they operate over the Internet."
Since late 2005, McGraw has been investigating payday lenders who conduct business online. So far, 28 Internet payday lenders have signed settlements that require them to stop collecting payday loans while providing a total of $814,465.11 in canceled debt and refunds for 2,253 consumers.
On Feb. 5, Kanawha Circuit Judge Paul Zakaib told 10 lenders to comply with McGraw's subpoenas, though the Attorney General says they have not done it. Now he's asking that the companies be held in contempt and fined up to $5,000 a day until compliance.
Those companies are: Cash Advance Network, Inc. of Carson City, Nev.; Cash Advance USA of Miami; Cash Advance Marketing, Inc. d/b/a Cash Back Values of Carson City; Cash Net of Salt Lake City; Leads Global d/b/a Cash Today Limited of Reno, Nev.; Cash2day4you.com of Reno; GECC d/b/a Cashdirectnow.com of Rapid City, S.D.; Americash Hotline, LLC d/b/a Direct Cash Express, LLC of Wilmington, Del.; Ambassador Financial Services d/b/a Nationwide Cash of Espanola, Minn.; Quik Payday.com Financial Solutions of Logan, Utah; and USA Cash Center of Rapid City, S.D.
Seventeen others are apparently on the same track, as McGraw has initiated court proceedings against them. They are: AeroAdvance Financial, Inc. of San Jose, Cal.; Cash Supply of Espanola, N.M.; Eastside Lenders.com of West Orange, N.J.; FTR Processing of Shawnee Mission, Kan.; Geneva-Roth Lenders.com of Kansas City; Interim Cash.com of New York; Miami Nation Enterprises d/b/a Ameriloan, d/b/a Cash Advance, d/b/a US Fast Cash, d/b/a United Cash Loan of Miami, Okla. and Carson City; MTE Financial Services d/b/a 500 Fast Cash, d/b/a NoFaxingPaydayLoan.com, d/b/a PayCheckToday.com, d/b/a QuickestPaydayLoan.com, d/b/a Rio Resources, d/b/a XtraCash.com of Miami, Okla. and Albuquerque; My Cash Now of West Vancouver, British Columbia and Chattanooga, Tenn.; Payday Max.com of West Vancouver, British Columbia; Payday Services.com of Columbus, Tenn.; Payday Yes.com of Wilmington; Preferred Cash of Carson City; Route 66 Funding of Albany, N.Y.; Selling Source d/b/a Preferred Cash Loans.com of Las Vegas; SFS, Inc. d/b/a One Click Cash of Niobrara, Neb. and Carson City; and Web Payday of Salt Lake City.
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text:
Das Institut für Geschichtliche Landeskunde Rheinland-Pfalz (bis 2022 Institut für Geschichtliche Landeskunde an der Universität Mainz e. V.; kurz IGL) ist eine 1960 gegründete außeruniversitäre Forschungseinrichtung, die sich der Geschichte und Sprache des heutigen Bundeslandes Rheinland-Pfalz und der mit ihm historisch verbundenen angrenzenden Gebiete widmet.

Geschichte
Erste Überlegungen zur Gründung eines Landesinstituts gab es bereits in der Frühzeit der wiederbegründeten Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. In den 1950er Jahren forschte Ludwig Petry im Bereich Landesgeschichte am Historischen Seminar. Im Januar 1958 legte Petry ein Memorandum zur Gründung eines eigenständigen Instituts für Geschichtliche Landeskunde vor. Darin verwies er auf die Überlastung seiner Seminarabteilung mit Lehre und Prüfungen sowie außeruniversitärer Anforderungen, wies auf die mangelnde Vernetzung der Geschichtsvereine und Arbeitsgemeinschaften im Lande hin und hob als Vorbilder der geplanten Gründung folgende Institute in der BRD hervor: Bonn (Institut für geschichtliche Landeskunde der Rheinlande, IgL), Freiburg (Alemannisches Institut) und Marburg (Landesamt für geschichtliche Landeskunde).

Am 1. April 1960 fand in Mainz die Gründungsversammlung des Instituts für Geschichtliche Landeskunde an der Universität Mainz e.V. statt. Bestimmend für die Institutsarbeit der frühen Jahre war historische Grundlagenforschung. Neben der Koordinierung der Flurnamenforschung in Rheinland-Pfalz, wobei zwischenzeitlich an eine Übernahme der Sammlung Christmann in Kaiserslautern gedacht wurde, widmete man sich der Erschließung auswärtiger Quellen zur Landesgeschichte, der historisch-topografischen Dokumentation in Form von Ortslexika (seit 1965) und Karten für Fragen der Raumordnung und Verwaltungspraxis.

Direktoren und Erste Vorsitzende des Instituts:

 Ludwig Petry (1960–1976),
 Alois Gerlich (1976–1994),
 Michael Matheus (1994–2003, 2013–2020, 2021–2022),
 Franz Josef Felten (2003–2013),
 Damaris Nübling (2020–2021),
 Nina Gallion (2021),
 Hans Berkessel (2021–2022),
 Christian Geulen (2022–heute),
 Leif Scheuermann (2022–heute)

Auf der Mitgliederversammlung am 1. Juni 2022 wurde durch die Mitglieder neben einem neuen Vorstand auch ein neuer Vereinsname gewählt und der Zusatz "an der Universität Mainz" wurde gegen "Rheinland-Pfalz" ausgetauscht. Dies solle laut Pressemitteilung den Charakter als Landeseinrichtung widerspiegeln, gleichzeitig aber eine Wiedererkennbarkeit der "Marke IGL" weiterhin ermöglichen.

Vereinsstruktur
Der über 800 Mitglieder starke Verein (Stand: 2022) ist gemeinnützig anerkannt. Durch seinen Status als An-Institut der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz ist das Institut zwar rechtlich eigenständig, aber in Forschung und Lehre durch wissenschaftliche Kooperationen gut vernetzt. So werden zahlreiche Positionen in Vorstand und Verwaltungsrat von Funktionsträgern der rheinland-pfälzischen Forschungslandschaft (u. a. der Universitäten Mainz, Koblenz, Trier) besetzt. Das IGL wird vornehmlich durch einen Landeszuschuss des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz sowie durch Mitgliedsbeiträge und Spenden finanziert. Zusätzlich werden für Projekte Finanzmittel in Form von Drittmitteln eingeworben. Die Mitglieder sind neben Einzelpersonen auch Forschungseinrichtungen und Institutionen vornehmlich aus Rheinland-Pfalz, aber auch aus dem gesamten Bundesgebiet und dem Ausland.

Arbeitsweise
Der Verein versteht sich selbst als Netzwerk, das Verknüpfungen und Kooperationen von Forschungseinrichtungen, historisch und kulturhistorisch arbeitenden Vereinen und Institutionen sowie interessierten Einzelpersonen anstrebt und fördert. Dabei gilt stets das seit Institutsgründung vorangetragene Credo: Forschen – Vermitteln – Mitmachen. Das IGL hat sich zu einer modernen außeruniversitären Forschungseinrichtung und einem der wichtigsten Akteure des Landes im Bereich Public History entwickelt. Das Institut verfügt über eine sprachwissenschaftliche und eine historische Abteilung, legt jedoch größten Wert auf Interdisziplinarität. Neben zahlreichen Forschungsprojekten zu verschiedenen Epochen zählt das IGL vor allem die Vermittlung der Forschungsergebnisse an ein breites Publikum zu seinen Aufgaben. Ein großer Fokus liegt des Weiteren auf digitalen Angeboten, allen voran das große Internetportal zur lokalen und regionalen Geschichte.

Forschungsschwerpunkte
Das interdisziplinär ausgerichtete Institut besteht aus den beiden Abteilungen Landesgeschichte und Landeskundliche Sprachforschung. Daraus ergeben sich wissenschaftliche Schwerpunkte in der landeskundlichen Geschichtsforschung und der regionalen Sprachforschung. Dabei ist stets der Bezug zum heutigen Bundesland Rheinland-Pfalz und ggf. für die historische Betrachtung zu wichtigen Nachbarregionen der maßgebliche Nenner.
Schwerpunkt der historischen Abteilung sind Themen vom Mittelalter bis ins 20. Jahrhundert, hier vor allem die Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensgeschichte, die jüdische Geschichte, die Demokratiegeschichte sowie Rechts- und Sozialgeschichte. Die sprachwissenschaftliche Abteilung behandelt vor allem Themen aus dem Bereich der Familien- und Flurnamen, der regionalen Fachsprachen und der Dialektforschung.

Aktuelle Projekte (in Auswahl):

Landesgeschichte
Demokratiegeschichte in Rheinland-Pfalz (z. B. zur Mainzer Republik und zum Hambacher Fest), Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Besatzungszeit im heutigen Rheinland-Pfalz, Weingeschichte, Jüdische Geschichte, Das Mainzer Kaufhaus am Brand, Klöster und Stifte in Rheinland-Pfalz, Die Ingelheimer Haderbücher, Die Mainzer Inschriften sowie Wirtschaftsgeschichte in Rheinland-Pfalz.

Regionale Sprachforschung
Das Anna und ihr Hund – Weibliche Rufnamen im Neutrum, Hunsrücker Platt, Wortatlas für Rheinhessen, Pfalz und Saarpfalz, Rheinfränkisches Familiennamenwörterbuch, Flurnamen und Weinlagenamen.

Vermittlung vor Ort und digital
Neben der reinen Forschungsarbeit ist die Vermittlung historischer Zusammenhänge ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der Vereinsarbeit. Durch Vorträge, Publikationen, Exkursionen, Museums- und Wanderausstellungen, Tagungen und Kolloquien sowie pädagogische Angebote werden historische und sprachwissenschaftliche Projekte vermittelt. Über einen Newsletter und Social Media-Auftritte bei Facebook und Twitter informiert das IGL zudem über regionalhistorische Neuigkeiten. Auch der landesweite Einsatz eines hauseigenen "Geschichtsmobils" gehört zu den Vermittlungsangeboten des Instituts.

Bereits seit der Jahrtausendwende verstärkt das IGL seine Arbeit in den digitalen Formaten und stellt eine Vielzahl digitaler Angebote und ihre Inhalte kostenfrei zur Verfügung. Ausgehend von der Regionalgeschichte werden viele Forschungsprojekte in webbasierten Themenportalen aufbereitet. Den Projekten Wirtschaftsgeschichte in Rheinland-Pfalz, Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Besatzungszeit im heutigen Rheinland-Pfalz liegt klassische Forschungsarbeit zugrunde. Die Veröffentlichung in Form von Webportalen ermöglicht eine stetige Erweiterung und ist zudem besonders niedrigschwellig, sodass möglichst vielen Interessierten ein einfacher Zugang und eine eigene Beteiligung an den Projekten ermöglicht wird.

Maßgeblich für den neuen Schwerpunkt der Vereinsarbeit ist das landeskundliche Themenportal regionalgeschichte.net, das 2002 online ging. Die Website ist ein Internetportal zur regionalen und lokalen Geschichte einzelner Regionen in den Bundesländern Rheinland-Pfalz und dem Saarland. Das Portal hat sich die Bereitstellung historischer Information aus dem regionalen und lokalen Bereich zur Aufgabe gemacht und basiert auf dem Prinzip des Open Access. Gemäß dem Vereinsmotto Forschen – Vermitteln – Mitmachen können sich historisch interessierte und arbeitende Heimatforscher, Vereine und Institutionen dem Regionalportal als Lokalredakteure anschließen, um Forschungen und Beobachtungen zu einem historischen oder kulturellen Thema einzustellen.

Publikationen
Das Institut für Geschichtliche Landeskunde ist Herausgeber folgender Schriftenreihen (Stand Mai 2021):
"Geschichtliche Landeskunde", "Mainzer Vorträge", "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Juden in Rheinland-Pfalz", "Mainzer Beiträge zur Demokratiegeschichte", "Wirtschaftsgeschichte des rheinland-pfälzischen Raums", "Mainzer Studien zur Sprach- und Volksforschung"
Darüber hinaus erschienen bislang zahlreiche Einzelpublikationen.

Weblinks
 Website des Instituts für Geschichtliche Landeskunde
 Website von regionalgeschichte.net

Einzelnachweise

Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Geschichte (Rheinland-Pfalz)
Landesgeschichte
An-Institut
Gegründet 1960

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The project involves the installation of two new wells which will connect to the existing CSA 30 water system. Water facility improvements will be within its existing footprint.


text:
The World Changed Its Approach to Health After the 1918 Flu. Will It After The COVID-19 Outbreak?
The Oakland Municipal Auditorium being used as a temporary hospital during the influenza pandemic of 1918, in Oakland, California.
Underwood Archives—Getty Images
By Laura Spinney
March 7, 2020 11:30 AM EST
Spinney is the author of Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How it Changed the World.
As the world grapples with a global health emergency that is COVID-19, many are drawing parallels with a pandemic of another infectious disease – influenza – that took the world by storm just over 100 years ago. We should hope against hope that this one isn't as bad, but the 1918 flu had momentous long-term consequences – not least for the way countries deliver healthcare. Could COVID-19 do the same?
The 1918 flu pandemic claimed at least 50 million lives, or 2.5 per cent of the global population, according to current estimates. It washed over the world in three waves. A relatively mild wave in the early months of 1918 was followed by a far more lethal second wave that erupted in late August. That receded towards the end of the year, only to be reprised in the early months of 1919 by a third and final wave that was intermediate in severity between the other two. The vast majority of the deaths occurred in the 13 weeks between mid-September and mid-December 1918. It was a veritable tidal wave of death – the worst since the Black Death of the 14th-century – and possibly in all of human history.
Flu and COVID-19 are different diseases, but they have certain things in common. They are both respiratory diseases, spread on the breath and hands as well as, to some extent, via surfaces. Both are caused by viruses, and both are highly contagious. COVID-19 kills a considerably higher proportion of those it infects, than seasonal flu, but it's not yet clear how it measures up, in terms of lethality, to pandemic flu – the kind that caused the 1918 disaster. Both are what are known as "crowd diseases", spreading most easily when people are packed together at high densities – in favelas, for example, or trenches. This is one reason historians agree that the 1918 pandemic hastened the end of the First World War, since both sides lost so many troops to the disease in the final months of the conflict – a silver lining, of sorts.
Crowd diseases exacerbate human inequities. Though everyone is susceptible, more or less, those who live in crowded and sub-standard accommodation are more susceptible than most. Malnutrition, overwork and underlying conditions can compromise a person's immune deficiencies. If, on top of everything else, they don't have access to good-quality healthcare, they become even more susceptible. Today as in 1918, these disadvantages often coincide, meaning that the poor, the working classes and those living in less developed countries tend to suffer worst in an epidemic. To illustrate that, an estimated 18 million Indians died during the 1918 flu – the highest death toll of any country, in absolute numbers, and the equivalent of the worldwide death toll of the First World War.
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In 1918, the explanation for these inequities was different. Eugenics was then a mainstream view, and privileged elites looked down on workers and the poor as inferior categories of human being, who lacked the drive to achieve a better standard of living. If they sickened and died from typhus, cholera and other crowd diseases, the reasons were inherent to them, rather than to be found in their often abysmal living conditions. In the context of an epidemic, public health generally referred to a suite of measures designed to protect those elites from the contaminating influence of the diseased underclasses. When bubonic plague broke out in India in 1896, for example, the British colonial authorities instigated a brutal public health campaign that involved disinfecting, fumigating and sometimes burning indigenous Indian homes to the ground. Initially, at least, they refused to believe that the disease was spread by rat fleas. If they had, they would have realized that a better strategy might have been to inspect imported merchandise rather than people, and to de-rat buildings rather than disinfect them.
Healthcare was much more fragmented then, too. In industrialized countries, most doctors either worked for themselves or were funded by charities or religious institutions, and many people had no access to them at all. Virus was a relatively new concept in 1918, and when the flu arrived medics were almost helpless. They had no reliable diagnostic test, no effective vaccine, no antiviral drugs and no antibiotics – which might have treated the bacterial complications of the flu that killed most of its victims, in the form of pneumonia. Public health measures – especially social distancing measures such as quarantine that we're employing again today – could be effective, but they were often implemented too late, because flu was not a reportable disease in 1918. This meant that doctors weren't obliged to report cases to the authorities, which in turn meant that those authorities failed to see the pandemic coming.
The lesson that health authorities took away from the 1918 catastrophe was that it was no longer reasonable to blame individuals for catching an infectious disease, nor to treat them in isolation. The 1920s saw many governments embracing the concept of socialized medicine – healthcare for all, free at the point of delivery. Russia was the first country to put in place a centralized public healthcare system, which it funded via a state-run insurance scheme, but Germany, France and the UK eventually followed suit. The U.S. took a different route, preferring employer-based insurance schemes – which began to proliferate from the 1930s on – but all of these nations took steps to consolidate healthcare, and to expand access to it, in the post-flu years.
Many countries also created or revamped health ministries in the 1920s. This was a direct result of the pandemic, during which public health leaders had been either left out of cabinet meetings entirely, or reduced to pleading for funds and powers from other departments. Countries also recognized the need to coordinate public health at the international level, since clearly, contagious diseases didn't respect borders. 1919 saw the opening, in Vienna, Austria, of an international bureau for fighting epidemics – a forerunner, along with the health branch of the short-lived League of Nations, of today's World Health Organization (WHO).
A hundred years on from the 1918 flu, the WHO is offering a global response to a global threat. But the WHO is underfunded by its member nations, many of which have ignored its recommendations – including the one not to close borders. COVID-19 has arrived at a time when European nations are debating whether their healthcare systems, now creaking under the strain of larger, aging populations, are still fit for purpose, and when the US is debating just how universal its system really is.
Depending on how bad this new pandemic gets, it may force a rethink in both regions. In the U.S., for example, we have already seen heated discussion of the costs and availability of COVID-19 testing, which could help revive the proposals to make healthcare more affordable, that President Obama put forward in his 2010 healthcare reform plan. In Europe, meanwhile, the outbreak could re-ignite a long-running debate over whether people should pay to use national health services (other than indirectly, through taxes or insurance schemes) – for example through a monthly membership fee. Whether current outbreak generates real change remains to be seen, but one thing is certain: we are being reminded that pandemics are a social problem, not an individual one.
Please send any tips, leads, and stories to virus@time.com.
Local Residents Complain Over Plans For Coronavirus Motel at Epicenter of Seattle Outbreak


We've been giving away a lot of great jewelry lately so why stop now?!? Enter to win our dazzling into summer sweepstakes to win an Onyx Twist Necklace by Medu Jewelry. It retails at $625! Giveaway is organized by Budget Earth and sponsored by Medu Jewelry. Enter to win this gorgeous gemstone necklace below and good luck everyone!
Do you love gemstone jewelry but not the price tag? What would you say if we told you we know the perfect place to get high quality jewelry at unbelievable prices? If so, we are excited to tell you about one of our new favorite jewelry stores – Medu Jewelry. What makes this jewelry store different from your everyday jewelry store is that they offer high quality gemstone jewelry at amazing prices, by cutting out the middle man. Each of the gemstones used to make their jewelry comes directly from the mine, and the pieces manufactured by Medu Jewelry, giving them full control over the making of their jewelry. At their website, you can necklaces, bracelets, and even rings in your favorite gemstone. To learn more about their jewerly and the company, make sure to check out Budget Earth's Medu Jewelry Onyx Twist Necklace review here.
Would you love the chance to own this gorgeous onyx necklace? Budget Earth and some of our favorite bloggers are excited to be working with Medu Jewelry on this awesome giveaway! One lucky reader will have the opportunity to win a Onyx Twist Necklace (suggest retail $625+ in the United States). To enter, make sure to read the rules below and then enter through the Rafflecopter.
One lucky reader will win an Onyx Twist Necklace from Medu Jewelry.
Sweepstakes ends June 21 at 11:59pm ET.


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2023 CMA Fest VIP Experience & Accommodations for Two in Nashville
Your bid supports: End Hunger Now
The CMA Music Fest is a four-day music festival celebrating country music and its fans, hosted each June by the Country Music Association in Nashville, Tennessee. Country's biggest stars take to the stage at Nissan Stadium Thursday – Sunday night in this annual mega music event.
This curated VIP experience will get you front and center for the biggest event in Country Music. In addition to premium seats for each of the four-night, main stage shows at Nissan Stadium (exact ticket locations below), your passes get you access to Fan Fair X inside Music City Center, featuring the CMA Close Up Stage and CMA Spotlight Stage. These stages give pass-holders the chance to take in artist interviews, Q&As, special acoustic performances, and unique interactive experiences, along with showcases featuring more than 50 emerging artists.
If the main stage at Nissan Stadium, and the CMA Close Up and CMA Spotlight Stages aren't enough to bring you all of Country Music's best, you'll also be steps from all of the free stages, including the Chevy Riverfront Stage, Dr. Pepper Amp Stage, Chevy Vibes Stage, and the Maui Jim Reverb Stage.
And to make your weekend even more special, you and your guest will be invited to join for a VIP welcome party in downtown Nashville, with all the fixings of Tennessee catered. You'll also join for a VIP tour of the world-famous Jack Daniels distillery, a can't-miss accoutrement to an awesome weekend in Nashville. And when the fun begins and ends each day, rest assured your accommodations will have you right in the heart of all the action at one of Nashville's best and most convenient hotels, (Renaissance). You'll stay just blocks from Music City Center, and all of the lively stages. You'll also have access to the CMA shuttles, taking you from stage to stage, and to Nissan Stadium.
This 2023 CMA Music Festival package includes:
Two 4-night Lower Level Passes to the main stage at Nissan Stadium
Section 18, Row 4, Seats 21 & 22
Access for two to Fan Fair X, inside Music City Center with artist Q&As, acoustic performances, interactive experiences, and more.
Access for two to CMA Close Up Stage
Access for two to CMA Spotlight Stage
Public access to Chevy Riverfront Stage, Dr. Pepper Amp Stage, Chevy Vibes Stage, and Maui Jim Reverb Stage.
Accommodations for 4 nights at the Renaissance, Nashville.
Private VIP Reception Opening Night with food and open bar included
Private small-group tour of the world-famous Jack Daniels Distillery
Transportation via CMA Shuttles between Nissan Stadium, Riverfront, and Fan Fair X.
Charitybuzz on-site staff to assist with restaurant reservations, private catered meals, sightseeing, shopping, touring, and other special needs
Cma fest occurs from Jun 08, 2023 to Jun 11, 2023.
Hotel occurs from Jun 08, 2023 to Jun 12, 2023.
All package inclusions valid for 2 people.
Participants must be at least 21 years or older.
Duration: 4 nights, 5 days (June 8-12, 2023).
Check-in: June 8, 2023.
Check-out: June 12, 2023.
Ticket location at Nissan Stadium's main stage as listed.
Tickets will be available at hotel upon check-in
The cost of food, beverages and gratuity are included at the VIP Reception and Private Tour of Jack Daniels Distillery only.
Lodging is for 4 nights.
Room taxes are included.
Room type: Standard Room, King.
Travel is not included.
All Charitybuzz winners are expected to follow COVID guidelines set by state and local governments or event organizers. Failure to comply with guidelines (i.e. face coverings, temperature readings, social distancing measure, etc.) may result in forfeiture of the experience and the final purchase price.
Should this travel be canceled, postponed, delayed, or rescheduled due to force majeure (i.e. weather, act of God, state of war, terrorism, strike, pandemic, etc.) or any other condition beyond reasonable control, the purchase will be honored, per the experience provider, on a extended redemption window, and the winner will be expected to either attend or transfer the purchase accordingly. No cash refunds will be issued.
End Hunger Now
Ending hunger and poverty by connecting people to nutritious, affordable food and by supporting grassroots solutions.
Please be aware this item is not tax deductible. A minimum of 5% of this hammer price or purchase price may go to Pledgeling Foundation, a registered 501(c)(3) public charity, who will then grant the funds to WhyHunger.


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500th anniversary of the Reformation
October 20, 2017 February 8, 2018 Oxford History Team
The Reformation is of great significance in British and European history and is a topic that students will likely come across multiple times during their study of History. This year marks 500 years since the start of the Reformation with the publication of Martin Luther's '95 Theses' in 1517.
Martin Luther's attack on the Church in Germany from 1517 gave rise to Protestantism, with followers rejecting papal authority and believing in faith alone. German Protestants came to London and eastern England in the 1520s, and a group based in Cambridge included Thomas Cranmer – the man who helped Henry VIII break with Rome to create an independent Church of England. However, although their ideas attracted some Christian humanists, there was little committed attempt to spread Lutheran Protestantism before the 'King's Great Matter' brought religious issues into the political discourse in England.
The religious upheaval of the 1530s had huge social consequences in England:
In the short term, resentment at the dissolution of the monasteries and attacks on traditional Catholic practices was exacerbated by fears of an attack on parish churches. This led to a major rebellion, the Pilgrimage of Grace, in 1536.
A huge amount of land was transferred from the Church to the Crown. This temporarily increased the Crown's wealth. However by 1547 nearly two thirds of the confiscated Church and monastic property had been sold off, often cheaply, to fund Henry VIII's expensive foreign policy. This greatly increased both the size and the wealth of the landholding gentry.
Education suffered, with the loss of monastery schools.
Many monks and nuns became unemployed.
Many monasteries had played a key role in their communities (e.g. offering jobs, welfare services, education and hospitals); this was all lost.
The split in the Church initiated by the Reformation caused huge tensions: subsequent monarchs embraced different religious views, but England's Protestant identity was eventually secured via the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The significance of the Reformation can be felt to this day. The Pope and the Church had previously had almost absolute authority over all areas of life in England. The events of the Reformation marked a move away from this, and the advent of modern-day Church of England.
For more information, see Oxford AQA A Level History: The Tudors: England 1485-1603 Revision Guide and Oxford AQA GCSE History: British Depth Studies c1066–1685.
GCSE links
AQA: Elizabethan England c1568-1603
Britain: Power and the people: c1170 to the present day
OCR A: The English Reformation c.1520–c.1550
Edexcel: Henry VIII and his ministers, 1509–40
A Level links
AQA: The Tudors: England, 1485–1547
Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570
OCR: The Catholic Reformation 1492–1610
Edexcel: Rebellion and disorder under the Tudors, 1485–1603
HistoryA Level history, GCSE history, history, KS3, Luther, Oxford History Team, Reformation
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There's nothing cuter than siblings wearing similar outfits, so we've put together some adorable ideas for cute identical looks inspired by George and Charlotte's style. From what to wear on a play date to the royal tours, we've picked three beautiful matching looks for you to enjoy.
Being comfortable is at the upmost importance during a play date as they'll be running around all day but don't worry, there's no need to compromise on style! Just like their cousin Mia wore, we think wearing stripes makes for a great play date outfit as it's relaxed yet still looks smart. Team with a pair of jeans and comfy shoes for the perfect play time outfit.
Have you ever wondered what the royals wear when they go for dinner? Here's what we think! An adorable shirt, trousers and waistcoat combination for George, and a matching grey dress and cardigan for Charlotte. Sweet and sophisticated!
For the 2016 royal tour, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge will be visiting the Caribbean. Although it is unclear whether George or Charlotte will accompany them, we couldn't help but dream up outfits we think they'd wear! Tropical florals are a must in the Caribbean sun, just make sure to pair it with white for a refreshing look.
Which is your favourite matching outfit?


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The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (John Huston, 1948)
The Blu-Ray cover for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre depicts Humphrey Bogart in a moment of sober, slack self-recognition, a repulsed and vacant stare into nothingness. A more representative image, however, would have been one of the countless looks of uncontrollable hunger and desire that crosses Bogie's face throughout this vicious fable of greed. Like his greatest performance in Nick Ray's In a Lonely Place, Bogie's work here channels the actor's vulnerability into a self-annihilating fury, an unfocused explosion of fear and loathing that can consume anyone caught in its blast radius.
When we first meet Bogart, as Fred C. Dobbs, we see the actor at his most vulnerable, shuffling around a harsh Mexican town with no prospects bumming pesos off fellow Americans. Bogie's hangdog expression has never drooped so low; if it sagged any further the flesh would fall off his skull. But when he and compatriot Curtin (Tim Holt) hear about a potential gold vein from an old prospector who's played his luck enough to squander the fortunes he's made, the men drag the old-timer, Howard (Walter Huston), with them on the hunt for gold, utterly ignoring the warnings made to them.
John Huston wastes no time delving into the film's macabre moralism: he introduces Howard in a seedy, cheap motel room where bums share a giant space in rotting cots rambling on about the evils of gold and how he's back here in the dumps after finding his share of wealth, but all Curtin and Dobbs can think of is those mountains of gold Howard says undid him. Howard cautions that the yellow stuff changes and corrupts people, something he himself proves when he instantly agrees to join the men's expedition. After his borderline soliloquy on the evils of gold, he goes right back to being a slave to it.
With his sturdy, uncluttered compositions, Huston uses his honed workman style to greatest effect here. Using a dusty, hollow mise-en-scene, vast enough for howling winds and kicked-up sands to swirl around the triumvirate of losers, the director leaves gaps of space in his tight 1:37:1 frame to let the atmosphere accumulate over the men. When those sandstorms die down, all that's left is static, arid air that crackles with the electricity emanating from the three as the gold they actually discover begins to addle their brains.
And no one loses sight of his humanity faster than Dobbs. Bogart runs the gamut of his range in this movie, from the always-on-the-verge-of-tears look of infinite sadness on his face to animated glee at the thoughts of rivers of gold. But it's that aforementioned naked greed, that twisted, paranoid avarice cracking the caked dirt and sweat along evil wrinkles. Having gone bald from alcoholism and hormonal injections to help conceive a child with Lauren Bacall, Bogart wears a wig that doesn't look fake (it's too damn dirty to tell) but suggests a receded, eaten away scalp underneath the thick, unwashed lump. His smile is as unsettling as the look of ecstasy in his face as he imagines the murder in In a Lonely Place; his grin is gap-laden, jagged and grimy—you can practically see a thin film of plaque on the teeth. When Bogie gets this look on his face, Satan himself wouldn't rush to collect this damned soul.
Dobbs' descent into madness is exacerbated by the dangers the trio face in their trek. The train they take to get to the area is attacked by banditos. The cave they dig out to extract gold collapses on Dobbs and jars his head. Another gold hunter follows Curtin back from a trading post, forcing the three to consider whether to cut him in on the work to ensure the secrecy of their dig or kill him and face both the risk of being discovered and the moral repercussions of killing for money. At last, a group of banditos ascends the mountains, having bought the miners' ruse of being hunters but come all the same for guns and ammunition. All of these issues weigh on Dobbs' mind, splintering the focus on his distrust and anger until he can no longer find his way back to sanity after his outbursts.
Huston's great strength was his economy, but he takes his time out here in the Sierra Madre range, not only letting the space air out the narrative without losing flow but even throwing in a few extraneous scenes that successfully add flavor without feeling like add-ons. The most memorable of these is a moment late in the film when Mexican Indians emerge from the dark politely requesting help in reviving a semi-drowned boy. Howard heads out with them, leading to a beautiful, strange scene of the old man using pre-CPR methods to work some life back in the boy as an almost impossible number of Mexicans stand by in this tiny village, as if Aztec ghosts suddenly appeared behind the gathered corporeal beings to monitor the future of this latest descendant of the bloodline. That scene is so striking in and of itself that its mesmerizing, almost dreamy quality somehow fits within the stark moral desert of the rest of the film's tone.
But that scene also serves to demonstrate the different moral states of the men. If Dobbs rests at one end wholly consumed by his greed, Howard has achieved a self-aware wisdom that may not prevent him from still going out on these damn fool digs but gives him the clarity to rise above the corrupting influence of gold and to entrust his goods with the others to do the right thing and help someone. In the middle is Curtin, whose own corruption is handled more subtly than Dobbs'—when the mine partially collapses on the latter, Curtin has a brief moment of hesitation, the look on Holt's face suggesting, if only for a millisecond, that he could leave his friend and partner to die and take his share. But he also has flecks of humanity and decorum, tiny displays of better judgment that only further strain his relations with Dobbs.
Their various levels of temperance in the face of gold's influence bear out in their ultimate fates. Like a Coen brothers film, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre shoves its grisly climax back from the very end of the film, turning what could have been a trite, obvious comeuppance into a removed, finely observed moral reckoning with dramatic space afterward to truly reflect. Dobbs' actual demise is blunt, half-seen, uninviting to audiences seeking a thrill in the villain's downfall, and the critical distance of Huston's lens pulls back as if getting nature's view of the situation. As such, it makes odd but undeniable sense that his death should have nothing to do with the gold and that the stuff should finally return to the mountain dirt from whence it came. Howard and Curtin come to terms with this in gales of laughter: Howard knows that he has a shot at a comfortable twilight with the Indians who respect him, while Curtin is, by his own admission, no worse off than when he started, but now he has the same clarity Howard got through experience and can perhaps carve out some happiness.
Importantly, however, Huston does not resolve solely to fates reflective of one's moral status. Cody, the potential usurper who comes to the camp, helps the strangers who reluctantly agreed to kill him fend off the bandits, and we learn that he sought riches to care for his family, from whom he'd been away for a long time. But he dies in the bandito raid, his own complex, human morality entirely separate from the end that befell him. Make no mistake: The Treasure of the Sierra Madre is assuredly a fable, but Huston does not present his location-shot adaptation of B. Traven's book in a moral vacuum. Cody's death, like Dobbs', is meaningless and inevitable in the unbending, dispassionate view of nature.
Posted by Jake Cole
Labels: Humphrey Bogart, John Huston, Walter Huston
Eliz January 18, 2012 at 6:14 AM
Love this story a lot. It is, no doubt, written in Konrad's tradition using adventure not as an end in itself but as a test of its characters. It is indeed worth reading.
Sara January 19, 2012 at 1:29 AM
Amazing story!!! I really enjoyed reading it a lot!!!! I think everybody should read it. It's worth it!!!
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