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Far-right politics
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Benito Mussolini, Italian dictator and founder of Fascism, a far-right ideology
Far-right politics are politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of extreme nationalism,[1][2] nativist ideologies, and authoritarian tendencies,[3] all sustained by an organicist vision of the world.[4]
Used to describe the historical experiences of fascism and Nazism,[5] it today includes neo-fascism, neo-Nazism, Third Position, the alt-right, white nationalism[6] and other ideologies or organizations that feature ultranationalist, chauvinist, xenophobic, racist, homophobic, anti-communist, or reactionary views.[7] These can lead to oppression, violence, forced assimilation, ethnic cleansing, and even genocide against groups of people based on their supposed inferiority, or their perceived threat to the native ethnic group,[8][9] nation, state,[10] national religion, dominant culture or ultraconservative traditional social institutions.[11]
YouTube Encyclopedic
✪ Hidden Spaces of Hate: Studying U.S. Far-Right Extremism
1 Definition
1.1 Modern debates
2 History
2.1 Europe
3 Nature of support
4 Right-wing terrorism
5 By country
5.1 Australia
5.2 Germany
5.3 Italy
5.4 United Kingdom
5.5 United States
5.6 Other
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
The core of the far right's worldview is organicism, the idea that society functions as a complete, organized and homogeneous living being. Adapted to the community they wish to constitute or reconstitute (whether based on ethnicity, nationality, religion or race), the concept leads them to reject every form of universalism in favor of autophilia and alterophobia, in other words the idealization of a "we" excluding a "they". The far-right thus tends to absolutize differences between nations, races, individuals or cultures since they disrupt their efforts towards the utopian dream of the organicist community, reconnected to its quasi-eternal nature and established on firm metaphysical foundations.[4][12] As they view their community in a state of decay facilitated by the ruling elites, far-right members portray themselves as a natural, sane and alternative elite, with the redemptive mission of saving society from its promised doom. The current political order is presented as needing to be abandoned or purged of impurity, so that the "redemptive community" can leave the phase of liminal crisis to usher in the new era.[12] The community itself is idealized through great archetypal figures (the golden age, the savior, decadence, global conspiracies), as they glorify irrationalistic and non-materialistic values such as the youth or the cult of the past.[13]
Political scientist Cas Mudde defines the far-right as a combination of: nationalism (state or ethnic); exclusivism (i.e., racism, antisemitism, ethnocentrism, or ethnopluralism); xenophobia; antidemocratic traits (i.e., cult of personality, elitism, monism, an organicist view of the state); populism and antipartyism; the defense of "law and order"; environmentalism and agrarianism; a value system lamenting on the disappearance of traditional frames of reference (the family, community and religion); and a socioeconomic program associating corporatism, state control of certain sectors, and a strong belief in the free play of market forces. Mudde then proposes a subdivision of the far-right nebula into moderate and radical leanings, according to their degree of exclusionism and essentialism.[14][15]
Far-right politics includes but is not limited to aspects of authoritarianism, anti-communism and nativism.[3] Claims that superior people should have greater rights than inferior people are often associated with the far-right,[16] as they have historically favored an elitist society based on its belief in the legitimacy of the rule of a supposed superior minority over the inferior masses.[17]
Modern debates
According to Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, the modern ambiguities in the definition of the "far-right" lies in the fact that the concept is generally used by political adversaries to "disqualify and stigmatize all forms of partisan nationalism by reducing them to the historical experiments of Italian Fascism [and] German National Socialism."[18] There is also debate about how appropriate the labels fascist or neo-fascist are. In the words of Mudde, "the labels Neo-Nazi and to a lesser extent neo-Fascism are now used exclusively for parties and groups that explicitly state a desire to restore the Third Reich or quote historical National Socialism as their ideological influence".[19]
Aspects of fascist ideology can be identified in the agenda of some contemporary right-wing parties, in particular the idea that superior persons should dominate society while undesirable elements should be purged—which in the case of Nazism resulted in genocide.[20] Charles Grant, director of the Centre for European Reform in London, has distinguished between right-wing nationalist parties—which are often described as far-right such as the National Front in France—and fascism.[1] One issue is whether parties should be labelled radical or extreme,[19] a distinction that is made by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany when determining whether or not a party should be banned: an extremist party opposes liberal democracy and the constitutional order, while a radical one accepts free elections and the parliament as legitimate structures.[21] Another question is what the label "right" implies when it is applied to the extreme right, given the fact that many parties that were originally labeled right-wing extremist tended to advance neoliberal and free market agendas as late as the 1980s, but now advocate economic policies which are more traditionally associated with the left, such as anti-globalisation, nationalization and protectionism. One approach, drawing on the writings of Norberto Bobbio, argues that attitudes towards political equality are what distinguish the left from the right and they therefore allow these parties to be positioned on the right of the political spectrum.[citation needed]
Right-wing populism, a political ideology that often combines laissez-faire capitalism, nationalism, ethnocentrism and anti-elitism, is sometimes described as far-right.[22][23] Right-wing populism often involves appeals to the "common man" and opposition to immigration.[24][1] Far-right politics sometimes involves anti-immigration and anti-integration stances towards groups that are deemed inferior and undesirable.[25] Concerning the socio-cultural dimension of nationality, culture and migration, one far-right position is the view that certain ethnic, racial or religious groups should stay separate and it is based on the belief that the interests of one's own group should be prioritised.[26]
Proponents of the horseshoe theory interpretation of the left-right spectrum identify the far-left and the far-right as having more in common with each other as extremists than each of them has with moderate centrists.[27]
The current admitted divisions on the political spectrum come from the different positions held by elected representatives regarding the outcomes of the French Revolution: the democrats and proponents of universal suffrage were located on the left side of the elected Assembly, while monarchists seated farthest to the right.[18] Those who advocated a return to the absolute monarchy during the 19th century called themselves "ultra-monarchists", and embraced a "mystic" and "providentialist" vision of the world where royal dynasties were seen as the "repositories of divine will". The counter-revolutionary and the liberal camps began to transcend the borders of Europe during the first globalization (1870–1914), and a number of the ideas that currently constitute the foundation of far-right ideology—nationalism, populism, or antisemitism—were defended at that time by parts of the revolutionary left, a confusion observable in the writings of Sorel, Michels, Woltmann, or Proudhon.[28][29][30]
The word "extremist" to designate a category of the political spectrum appeared in the French public debate following the Bolshevik revolution of 1917:[a] "far right" was used at that time to describe the strongest opponents of the "far left"—those who supported the events occurring in Russia.[4] A number of thinkers on the far-right nonetheless claimed an influence from an imprecisely defined idea of socialism, based on a military comradeship that rejected class analysis[b]—sometimes called "socialist revisionism":[31] Charles Maurras, Benito Mussolini, Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, or Ernst Niekisch.[32][33][34] They eventually split along nationalist lines from the original communist movement, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels contradicting nationalist theories with the idea that "the working men [had] no country".[35] The main reason for that ideological confusion can be found in the consequences of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 which, according to Swiss historian Philippe Burrin, had completely redesigned the political landscape in Europe by diffusing the idea of an anti-individualistic concept of "national unity" rising above the right and left division.[34] As the concept of the masses was introduced into the political debate through industrialisation and the universal suffrage, a new right-wing founded on national and social ideas began to emerge, what Zeev Sternhell called the "revolutionary right", and a foreshadowing of fascism. The rift between the left and nationalists was furthermore accentuated by the emergence of anti-militarist and anti-patriotic movements in anarchism and syndicalism, which shared even less similarities with the far-right.[35] The latter began to develop a "nationalist mysticism" entirely different from that on the left, and antisemitism turned into a credo of the far-right, marking a break from traditional "anti-Judaism" in favor of a racial and scientific notion. Various leagues began to form across Europe like the Pan-German League or the Ligue des Patriotes, with the common goal of a uniting the masses beyond social divisions.[36][37]
Spanish Falangist volunteer forces of the Blue Division entrain at San Sebastián, 1942
The Völkisch movement emerged in the late 19th century, drawing inspiration from German Romanticism and its fascination for a medieval Reich supposedly organized into a harmonious hierarchical order. Erected on the idea of "blood and soil", it was a racialist, populist, agrarian, romantic nationalist, and from the 1900s antisemitic movement.[38] They idealised the myth of an "original nation", that still could be found at their times in the rural regions of Germany, a form of "primitive democracy freely subjected to their natural elites."[33] Thinkers led by Arthur de Gobineau, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Alexis Carrel and Georges Vacher de Lapouge distorted Darwin's theory of evolution to advocate a "race struggle" and an hygienist vision of the world. The purity of the bio-mystical and primordial nation theorized by the Völkischen then began to be seen as corrupted by foreign elements, Jewish in particular.[38] Translated in Maurice Barrès' concept of "the earth and the dead", these ideas influenced the pre-fascist "revolutionary right" across Europe. The latter had its origin in the fin de siècle intellectual crisis and, in the words of Fritz Stern, the deep "cultural despair" of thinkers feeling uprooted within the rationalism and scientism of the modern world.[39] It was characterized by a rejection of the established social order, with revolutionary tendencies and anti-capitalist stances; a populist and plebiscitary dimension; the advocacy of violence as a means of action; and a call for individual and collective palingenesis.[40]
German political scientist Klaus von Beyme describes three historical phases in the development of far-right parties in Western Europe after World War II.[26] From 1945 to the mid-1950s, far-right parties were marginalised and their ideologies were discredited due to the recent existence and defeat of Nazism. Thus in the years immediately following World War II, the main objective of far-right parties was survival and achieving any political impact at all was largely not expected.[41] From the mid-1950s to the 1970s, the so-called "populist protest phase" emerged with sporadic electoral success. During this period, far-right parties drew to them charismatic leaders whose profound mistrust of the political establishment led to an "us-versus-them" mind set: "us" being the nation's citizenry, "them" being the politicians and bureaucrats who were then in office. Beginning in the 1980s, the electoral successes of far-right political candidates made it possible for far-right political parties to revitalize anti-immigration as a mainstream issue.[41]
Nature of support
Jens Rydgren describes a number of theories as to why individuals support far-right political parties and the academic literature on this topic distinguishes between demand-side theories that have changed the "interests, emotions, attitudes and preferences of voters" and supply-side theories which focus on the programmes of parties, their organisation and the opportunity structures within individual political systems.[42] The most common demand-side theories are the social breakdown thesis, the relative deprivation thesis, the modernisation losers thesis and the ethnic competition thesis.[43]
The rise of far-right political parties has also been viewed as a rejection of post-materialist values on the part of some voters. This theory which is known as the reverse post-material thesis blames both left-wing and progressive parties for embracing a post-material agenda (including feminism and environmentalism) that alienates traditional working class voters.[44][45] Another study argues that individuals who join far-right parties determine whether those parties develop into major political players or whether they remain marginalized.[46]
Bologna bombing by Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari, 1980
Early academic studies adopted psychoanalytical explanations for the far-right's support. For example, the 1933 publication The Mass Psychology of Fascism by Wilhelm Reich argued the theory that fascists came to power in Germany as a result of sexual repression. For some far-right political parties in Western Europe, the issue of immigration has become the dominant issue among them, so much so that some scholars refer to these parties as "anti-immigrant" parties.[47]
Right-wing terrorism
Main article: Right-wing terrorism
Right-wing terrorism is terrorism motivated by a variety of far right ideologies and beliefs, including anti-communism, neo-fascism, neo-Nazism, racism, xenophobia and opposition to immigration. This type of terrorism has been sporadic, with little or no international cooperation.[2] Modern right-wing terrorism first appeared in western Europe in the 1980s and it first appeared in Eastern Europe following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[48]
Right-wing terrorists aim to overthrow governments and replace them with nationalist or fascist-oriented governments.[2] The core of this movement includes neo-fascist skinheads, far-right hooligans, youth sympathisers and intellectual guides who believe that the state must rid itself of foreign elements in order to protect rightful citizens.[48] However, they usually lack a rigid ideology.[48]
Main article: Far-right politics in Australia
As of May 2019[update], there is a number of political parties to the right of the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia and National Party of Australia, many of a populist nature. These include Pauline Hanson's One Nation, Katter's Australian Party, Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party (created 2019), United Australia Party, the Australian Conservatives, Yellow Vest Australia (formerly Australian Liberty Alliance), the Australia First Party, The Great Australian Party, Love Australia or Leave and the Rise Up Australia Party.
In addition to the registered political parties, there is a host of nationalist, far right or neo-Nazi groups and individuals. These include the True Blue Crew, Antipodean Resistance, the Australian Defence League, National Action (Australia), the Q Society, Reclaim Australia and the Lads Society (formerly United Patriots Front).
The parties and groups enjoy varying levels of support, with membership waxing and waning and fairly frequent changes of name and allegiances.[49]
In the lead-up to the May 2019 election, extremist groups, some with members linked to far-right terrorism, have tried to present themselves as legitimate and exert influence on right-wing and far-right parties. According to Geoff Dean, counter-terrorism expert and adjunct professor at Griffith University, "There are two real camps of rightwing extremists: those of the old style that do believe in violence and those of the new style, the new radical right, who want to gain political legitimacy to...change laws to support their agenda." Kristy Campion, of Charles Sturt University, expert on far-right extremism and terrorism, says ""These groups are very good at framing their messaging in such a way that it will gain popular appeal. It's not always blatantly racist...[but]...Fundamentally their ideology is anti-democratic."[49]
Many of Fraser Anning's party have links to white supremacism and some are convicted criminals. There has been attempted infiltration to the Liberal Democratic Party (a libertarian party), echoing the Lads Society's attempts to infiltrate the National Party in 2018.[49]
Far-right extremist Neil Erikson attended a rally in Perth run by Liberal MPs Andrew Hastie and Ian Goodenough in support of White South African farmers.[50] In the same year, Erikson attended a Gold Coast "recruitment event" for the Liberal National Party of Queensland, for which he claims his flights were paid by someone else.[51]
Main article: Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)
The far-right in Germany quickly re-organised itself after the fall of Nazi Germany and the dissolution of the Nazi Party in 1945. However, the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), founded in 1964 and the only neo-Nazi political party remaining, won their first state representations in the Saxony state election, 2004, the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election, 2006 and the 2014 European Parliament election.
CasaPound rally in Naples
Further information: Politics of Italy
Silvio Berlusconi and his Forza Italia party dominated politics from 1994, and gave neo-fascism a new respectability. Caio Giulio Cesare Mussolini, great-grandson of Benito Mussolini, stood for the 2019 European Parliament election, as the member of the far-right Brothers of Italy party. The European migrant crisis has become an increasingly divisive issue in Italy.[52] Interior Minister Matteo Salvini has been courting far-right voters. His Northern League Party has become an anti-immigrant, nationalist movement. Both parties are using Mussolini nostalgia to further their aims.[53]
Main article: Far-right politics in the United Kingdom
Far-right politics in the United Kingdom have existed since at least the 1930s, with the formation of Nazi, fascist and anti-semitic movements. It went on to acquire more explicitly racial connotations, being dominated in the 1960s and 1970s by self-proclaimed white nationalist organisations that opposed non-white and Asian immigration, such as the National Front (NF), the British Movement (BM) and British National Party (BNP), or the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Since the 1980s, the term has mainly been used to describe those groups, such as the English Defence League, who express the wish to preserve what they perceive to be British culture, and those who campaign against the presence of non-indigenous ethnic minorities and what they perceive to be an excessive number of asylum seekers.
The NF and the BNP have been strongly opposed to non-white immigration. They have encouraged the repatriation of ethnic minorities: the NF favours compulsory repatriation, while the BNP favours voluntary repatriation. The BNP have had a number of local councillors in some inner-city areas of East London, and towns in Yorkshire and Lancashire, such as Burnley and Keighley. East London has been the bedrock of far-right support in the UK since the 1930s, whereas BNP success in the north of England is a newer phenomenon. The only other part of the country to provide any significant level of support for such views is the West Midlands.
Main article: Radical right (United States)
In the United States, the term "hard right" has been used to describe groups such as the Tea Party movement and the Patriot movement.[54][55] The term has also been used to describe ideologies such as paleoconservatism, Dominion Theology and white nationalism.[56]
Further information: Far-right politics in Slovenia, Far-right politics in Poland, Far-right politics in Croatia, Far-right politics in Serbia, Far-right politics in Switzerland, Far-right politics in Ukraine, and History of the far-right in Spain
Supporters of the historic Russian far-right Black Hundreds movement marching in Odessa in 1905
Blackshirts of the National Fascist Party led by Benito Mussolini during the March on Rome in 1922
Emblem of the National Fascist Party
Members of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), marching in a mass rally in Washington, D.C. in 1928
Nazis alongside members of German National People's Party (DNVP) in 1931 during the Nazi-DNVP alliance in the Harzburg Front
The flag of Nazi Germany
Members of the Croatian Black Legion of the Ustashe Militia in Sarajevo in 1942
National Front march in Yorkshire, England 1970s
Andriy Biletsky addresses the Second Congress of the "Patriots of Ukraine", Kharkiv, April 2008[57][58]
Right-wing authoritarianism
Right-wing terrorism
Wingnut (politics)
Informational notes
^ The word "extremist" can be found throughout the 19th century in parliamentary debates to designate the "extreme" positions of a group in a party; though not with the accepted categories of "extreme right" and "extreme left" that emerged in the 1870–90s. (see: "The Indian Year Books", or the "Parliamentary Debates" from Australia and New Zealand)
^ What Oswald Spengler had called a "socialism of the blood".
^ a b c Baker, Peter (28 May 2016). "Rise of Donald Trump Tracks Growing Debate Over Global Fascism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
^ a b c Aubrey, Stefan M. The New Dimension of International Terrorism. p. 45. Zurich: vdf Hochschulverlag AG, 2004. ISBN 3-7281-2949-6
^ a b Hilliard, Robert L. and Michael C. Keith, Waves of Rancor: Tuning in the Radical Right (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe Inc., 1999, p. 43
^ a b c Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780674971530.
^ "Historical Exhibition Presented by the German Bundestag" (PDF).
^ "Ctrl-Alt-Delete: The origins and ideology of the Alternative Right | Political Research Associates". www.politicalresearch.org. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
^ Carlisle, Rodney P., ed., The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right (Thousand Oaks, California, United States; London, England; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005) p. 693.
^ Golder, Matt (11 May 2016). "Far Right Parties in Europe". Annual Review of Political Science. 19 (1): 477–497. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-042814-012441.
^ http://mattgolder.com/files/research/arps.pdf
^ Hilliard, Robert L. and Michael C. Keith, Waves of Rancor: Tuning in the Radical Right (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1999) p. 38.
^ Peter Davies; Derek Lynch (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-21494-0. Retrieved 19 August 2011. In addition, conservative Christians often endorsed far-right regimes as the lesser of two evils, especially when confronted with militant atheism in the USSR.
^ a b Bar-On, Tamir (5 December 2016). Where Have All The Fascists Gone?. Routledge. ISBN 9781351873130.
^ Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780674971530.
^ Mudde, Carl. "The Extreme Right Party Family: An Ideological Approach" (PhD diss., Leiden University, 1998).
^ Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9780674971530.
^ Oliver H. Woshinsky. Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior. (Oxon, England; New York City, United States: Routledge, 2008) p. 155.
^ a b Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9780674971530.
^ a b Mudde, Cas (2002). The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6446-3. , p. 12]
^ Woshinsky, Oliver H., Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior (Oxon, England; New York City, United States: Routledge, 2008) p. 156.
^ Minkenberg, Michael (1998). "Context and Consequence: The Impact of the New Radical Right on the Political Process in France and Germany". German Politics & Society. 16 (3 (48)): 1–23. doi:10.3167/104503098782487095. ISSN 1045-0300. JSTOR 23737372.
^ Ware, Alan (1996). Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-878076-2.
^ Norris, Pippa (2005). Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84914-2.
^ Betz and Immerfall, pp. 4–5
^ Parsons, Craig and Timothy M. Smeeding, Immigration and the transformation of Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p. 18.
^ a b Widfeldt, Anders, "A fourth phase of the extreme right? Nordic immigration-critical parties in a comparative context". In: NORDEUROPAforum (2010:1/2), 7–31, Edoc.hu
^ William Safire. Safire's Political Dictionary. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press, 2008. p. 385.
^ Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 5–6, 11. ISBN 9780674971530.
^ Sternhell, Zeev (18 December 1995). Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France. Princeton University Press. p. 192. ISBN 9780691006291.
^ Gregor, A. James (2008). Marxism, Fascism, and Totalitarianism: Chapters in the Intellectual History of Radicalism. Stanford University Press.
^ Bar-On, Tamir (7 December 2011), Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (eds.), "Intellectual Right - Wing Extremism – Alain de Benoist's Mazeway Resynthesis since 2000", The Extreme Right in Europe (1 ed.), Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 333–358, doi:10.13109/9783666369223.333, ISBN 9783525369227
^ Woods, Roger (25 March 1996). The Conservative Revolution in the Weimar Republic. Springer. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9780230375857.
^ a b Stéphane François (24 August 2009). "Qu'est ce que la Révolution Conservatrice ?". Fragments sur les Temps Présents (in French). Retrieved 23 July 2019.
^ a b Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9780674971530.
^ Dupeux, Louis (1994). "La nouvelle droite " révolutionnaire-conservatrice " et son influence sous la république de Weimar". Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine. 41 (3): 474–75. doi:10.3406/rhmc.1994.1732.
^ a b Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 16–18. ISBN 9780674971530.
^ Stern, Fritz Richard (1974). The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520026438.
^ a b Klaus von Beyme: "Right-wing extremism in post-war Europe". In: West European Politics 11 (1988:2), 2–18.
^ Rydgren, J. (2007) The Sociology of the Radical Right, Annual Review of Sociology, pp. 241–63
^ Rydgren, J. (2007) The Sociology of the Radical Right, Annual Review of Sociology, p. 247
^ Bornschier, Simon. (2010). Cleavage politics and the populist right the new cultural conflict in Western Europe. Temple University Press. OCLC 748925475.
^ Merkel, P. and Weinberg, L. (2004) Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century, Frank Cass Publishers: London, pp 52-53
^ Art, David (2011). Inside the Radical Right. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139498838.
^ Allen, Trevor J. (8 July 2015). "All in the party family? Comparing far right voters in Western and Post-Communist Europe". Party Politics. 23 (3): 274–285. doi:10.1177/1354068815593457. ISSN 1354-0688.
^ a b c Moghadam, Assaf. The Roots of Terrorism. pp. 57–58. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2006. ISBN 0-7910-8307-1
^ a b c Smee, Ben (4 May 2019). "'Quite frightening': the far-right fringe of the election campaign is mobilising". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
^ Martin, Sarah (1 May 2019). "Video shows far-right extremist Neil Erikson at rally headlined by Hastie and Goodenough". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^ Martin, Sarah; Knaus, Christopher (3 May 2019). "Neil Erikson attended Gold Coast 'recruitment event' for the Liberal National party". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^ Somerville, Ewan (22 July 2019). "Italy's populist government to continue turning refugee rescue boats away as they boycott European crisis meeting". The Independent. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
^ Mantesso, Sean (26 May 2019). "The ghost of Benito Mussolini lingers as far-right popularity surges in Italy". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
^ Gilbert, Doug. "U.S. Hard Right Being Bolstered by the Mainstream - Political Research Associates".
^ Wills, Garry (11 February 2016). "The Triumph of the Hard Right". The New York Review of Books.
^ "Sectors of the U.S. Right Active in the Year 2011". The Public Eye. Political Research Associates. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
^ "Ukraine crisis: the neo-Nazi brigade fighting pro-Russian separatists". The Daily Telegraph. 11 August 2014.
^ "German TV Shows Nazi Symbols on the Helmets of Ukrainian Soldiers". NBC News.
Arzheimer, Kai. "The Extreme Right Bibliography (Online Reference Database)". Retrieved 29 March 2014.
Carlisle, Rodney P. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right. Thousand Oaks, California, USA; London, England, UK; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications.
Hainsworth, Paul (2000). The Politics of the Extreme Right: From the Margins to the Mainstream. Pinter.
Hilliard, Robert L.; Keith, Michael C. (1999). Waves of Rancor: Tuning in the Radical Right. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe Inc.
Kundnani, A. Blind Spot? Security Narratives and Far-Right Violence in Europe (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2012)
Merkl, Peter H.; Weinberg, Leonard (2003). Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century. Frank Cass Publishers. ISBN 9780714651828.
Parsons, Craig; Smeedling, Timothy M. (2006). Immigration and the transformation of Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139458801.
Woshinsky, Oliver H. (2008). Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior. Routledge. ISBN 9781135901349.
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Perfect for your dog - Perfect for your home! This dog crate is furniture quality, Eco-Friendly and designed to match perfectly any decor, while comfortably and safely securing your pets.
Made of Eco-friendly "Rubberwood", a durable hardwood that is often compared to Teak, the crate is decorative yet functional. Teak is widely admired for its beauty and durability, and now you can have an inexpensive alternative, while still maintaining its many traits. In addition, they have a stained and lacquered finish, just like fine furniture.
Features such as the versatile swing-through door make it superior to many other crates on the market today. The door can be fastened shut with a secure, stainless steel latch. In addition, it rotates inside the crate to provide access for pets, while providing the benefit of being out of the way.
The easy-to-clean Melamine covered MDF crate floor is waterproof which eliminates the absorption of liquids and odors, a very important feature for your home and your pets alike. The durability of Mortise and Tenon construction adds strength to the dog crate, and also adds to its "charm".
With comfort in mind, multiple vents provide a 360-degree view, while providing excellent ventilation. Easy to use hardware makes assembly quick and effortless! You can use this crate as an end table, an entertainment stand, or a nightstand.
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Power 105.1 Returns to Barclays Center For PowerHouse
by Kadeem Lundy October 28, 2017
by Kadeem Lundy October 28, 2017 0 comment
One of New York's top hip hop radio stations Power 105.1 returned to Barclays Center for the fourth consecutive year to host PowerHouse, an annual concert which features the top hip hop and R&B artists of the year.
Prior to hitting the stage Power 105.1 radio personality DJ Envy spoke to The Knockturnal about this year's show, he said, "You're gonna get a lot of impactful people that's performing. I think it's gonna be dope, I think the sets are gonna be going quick and you got me this year we got a bunch of artists coming out this year to perform … it's gonna be like you're in the club. So I look forward to performing tonight, and It's gonna be a lot of fun". During Envy's set he brought out Busta Rhymes, A$ap Ferg and Tee Grizzley as well as performed his new single "Text Your Number" without Fetty Wap, who missed his flight.
The Knockturnal caught up Power actor and R&B artist Rotimi. He teamed up with reggae artist Kranium for "Want More", the latest single from his mixtape Jeep Music Vol 1. When we asked him about future dream collaborations , he shared, "I want to do another record with Kranium, Tory Lanez, I like Tory Lanez a lot and Drake. I think they're really dope." We also asked about the upcoming season of Power which Rotimi said is underway, "Yea we're about a good month into filming, four months left to go, hopefully my character makes it. We'll see what happens" Speaking to Kranium about what he felt is the biggest moment in hip hop this year it was one particular female artist he praised, "There's so much things that happened I can't specify one, but to be honest I feel like Cardi B being the second female in so much years to ever go number one on Billboard is a major thing for hip hop. It gives a lot of female rappers the motivation and that type of stuff. I feel like sometimes it's a little harder for them, and it's a good thing for hip hop honestly speaking."
23 year old Lil Uzi Vert interacted with the crowd going down into the audience as he performed "Sauce It Up," "Do What I Want," "XO Tour Life" and "Money Longer" from his mixtapes Lil Uzi Vert vs. the World and The Perfect Luv Tape and EP Luv Is Rage 1.5.
French Montana paid homage to Max B and Chinx at the beginning of his set with a video montage and performed, "Work (Remix)", "Ocho Cinco", and "Ain't Worried About Nothin." French also gave a special acknowledgement to former Powerhouse performer Bobby Shmurda with a his verse from Shmurda's "Hot N—a (Remix)".
Billboard chart topper and record breaker Cardi B who was also the only female artist on the bill performed fan favorite "Foreva," and her number one hit "Bodak Yellow" as well as brought out special guest G-Eazy as they performed their song "No Limit". Cardi also came back to the stage during Migos set when they previewed their new single "Motor Sport" which features Cardi as well as Nicki Minaj.
The headliner who closed this year's show was The Weeknd who brought out special surprise guests Belly and Travis Scott.
cardi bThe Weeknd
Kadeem Lundy
ON THE SCENE: 57th Annual National Arts Awards Pulls in Nearly $1 Million
Art Review: Small Scenes at TEFAF New York Fall 2017 at Park Avenue Armory

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Cul-de-Sac, St. Maarten - If there was ever one guesthouse that was highly anticipated simply because it is very much needed in a neighbourhood that is screaming for accommodations of this nature and caliber, then St. Maarten newest hotel inn annex guesthouse called The Paradise Inn is certainly the property that fits that need perfectly.
Let me tell you little about this new guesthouse in St. Maarten that is just right for Caribbean business travelers, shoppers and tourists with the appropriate name of The Paradise Inn. The proprietor is Mrs. Josette De Randamie-Dormoy. Josette says that through prayer, hope and belief she was able to acquire the land and with the strength and courage of her belief she managed to put a business plan and financing together to build the newest guest house in St. Maarten.
When this new hotel inn complex with is fully completed it will boast a total of sixty rooms on three floors. Josette even envisions luxurious suites on the top floor. For now, the first floor with twenty rooms are ready. Josette has hired her daughter, Cassandra "Cassy" Generlette, to be the Office Manager. So most likely your next reservation request or email inquiry will be answered by the friendly and courteous Cassy.
Ever heard the expression "location is key"? When it comes to location The Paradise Inn is definitely well situated. Located in the bustling Bush Road commercial center area opposite the Grand Marche Supermarket and shopping center, just above the Cost-U-Less mega center and close to the Yogesh Commercial Building, you cannot get a better small hotel inn to stay at. The Paradise Inn is close to all amenities such as restaurants, supermarkets, shops and public transportation.
As a small hotel and guesthouse, The Paradise Inn is perfect for business travelers, shoppers and tourists looking for the ease and convenience of a centrally located hotel and guest house complex with amenities to meet their immediate needs. The Paradise Inn features all you will need to make your business trip, shopping spree or vacation a success. The rooms are built with your convenience and pleasure in mind.
The Paradise Inn has twenty rooms with hot and cold running water available for you to book. Seventeen rooms are standard rooms with queen size beds and three deluxe rooms with two full size beds and kitchenette complete with dishware and utensils. The rooms overlook a courtyard and parking area with ample parking space for your rental car.
Cassy has informed me that the airconditioned rooms come with high speed internet access, telephones, cable television, voicemail and 24-hour frontdesk service offering, among other things, wake-up call service (so you won't miss your business appointments) and daily cleaning service.
Did I mention that The Paradise Inn is gated and have onsite security and surveillance for your peace of mind and guaranteeing you a safe and private surrounding to spend your vacation days and restful nights without a worry or a care? Your energies are better spent working on your business deals, shopping trips or vacation fun time than worrying about your room security and personal belongings.
The daily maid service will provide you with a clean and hygienic atmosphere to enjoy during your stay at The Paradise Inn. It is because of this service that The Paradise Inn can be considered your home away from home with the one advantage that you won't need to be concerned about your room's cleanliness. Everyday you will come home to a freshly cleaned room where can relax in comfort and pride yourself on being treated like a king or queen.
For more information about this new strategically and conveniently located St. Maarten guesthouse hotel inn property called The Paradise Inn, visit their official website at http://www.theparadiseinn.net. Contact Cassy to book a room at The Paradise Inn for your next trip to St. Maarten. Whether it be for business, shopping or pure pleasure, The Paradise Inn, will have all you need to make your trip a success.
PS: To book other hotels, big or small, click here to check out our hotel site.
The Paradise Inn offers you 3 Deluxe rooms with two full size beds and 17 Standard rooms with a queen size bed.


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LBA, Round 9 | Coach Scariolo's pre-match thoughts: "Brindisi is confirming the qualities of last year, we'll have to play a great game".
Home / News / A league / LBA, Round 9 | Coach Scariolo's pre-match thoughts: "Brindisi is confirming the qualities of last year, we'll have to play a great game".
Virtus Segafredo Bologna vs Happy Casa Brindisi, Sunday, November 21, 8pm, Virtus Segafredo Arena.
Discovery+ and Radio Nettuno Bologna Uno
Unavailable Marco Belinelli, who has begun the recovery process after undergoing surgery due to post-traumatic bursitis in his right elbow. Long-term absentees Awudu Abass and Ekpe Udoh.
Coach Sergio Scariolo spoke on the eve of the challenge with Brindisi: "We're fully aware that we'll have to make a big effort tomorrow to beat a team like Brindisi that last year came very close to closing out the regular season in first place in the standings. This year they are confirming their qualities, with a modern, fast, offensive basketball, with talented players. We will continue to ask for an extra effort from some players and for this the break will be very useful. We will miss some players for this game as well, some will have to grit their teeth, like for example Alessandro Pajola who has been playing for several weeks with two nails in one finger to heal faster from a small fracture. We know, however, that with the support of our fans and the tranquility of a team that expects a balanced game, it will be another game that will make us grow. We approach it with a lot of desire and drive to play it."


The planning strategy should be to keep as much income as possible out of the taxation jurisdiction of the IRS. There are a variety of ways to do this in mixed marriages. For example, if the non-U.S. spouse is earning significant income then "married filing separately" is the appropriate election when it comes to U.S. taxes. This election limits deductions and credits, but prevents the IRS from taxing the non-citizen spouse's income.
Husbands and wives also need to plan carefully around estate and gift tax issues. At death, there is no limit to the size of the estate that can be transferred tax free to a surviving U.S. citizen spouse. However, if the spouse is not a U.S. citizen, estate taxes will be immediately imposed at a rate of 40% on the entire taxable estate amount.
The estate tax exemption amount is $5.45m (for 2016). This means that asset only in excess of this amount will be subject to the estate tax. However, for a wealthy U.S. citizen with a non-Resident Alien spouse, it is important to recognize that this exemption amount applies to assets left to the non-Resident Alien spouse without benefit of the unlimited exemption amount that prevails when both spouses are U.S. citizens. Trusts can be used to address this problem.
Spouses can also transfer up to $148,000 a year (for 2016) to their non-citizen spouse gift tax free. This provision can provide a very useful planning device for Americans with spouses who have residence in a lower tax regime country. By making an annual spousal gift, the money can be permanently removed from the tax purview of the U.S. government, both in terms of capital gains and dividend income taxes ,and estate taxes.
What is a Cross Border Family?
Thun Financial uses the term "cross-border" broadly to refer to any investment planning circumstance that involves families of mixed nationality and/or whose financial affairs extend across borders. Cross-border families include Americans living abroad, U.S. residents of foreign origin, and non-U.S. residents who are investing within the United States. Such families commonly have a mix of citizenships and/or immigration statuses. Cross-border families typically hold a range of financial assets and business interests that are subject to taxation in more than one national jurisdiction.


text:
Website helps jobless band together for moral support
By Star-Ledger Wire Services
Ken Won has read the many stories about the discouraged and growing ranks of the long-term unemployed.
Tales of despair and dejection. Stories of futile searches for new careers or even safety jobs that will at least bring in a little money. Narratives about the hundreds of thousands of "discouraged workers" who have given up looking for work altogether.
But Won has different stories — a whole website full. The laid-off marketing man launched the site this summer, inspired by his own long-term journey through joblessness.
"What struck me was how people help each other so much," Won, 47, says of his fellow unemployed. "You talk to people you don't even know and they offer to help. And you think, 'Wow, what a wonderful thing.'"
There is not much wonderful about being out of work. Won knows. In February, he lost his job as a senior marketing director at SGI, a company that sold itself to Rackable Systems in the spring. He's married, with three kids and a mortgage. He's faced the fear of not being able to pay the bills.
The SGI layoff was Won's second in three years. This time, he says, things are markedly tougher. More people are out of work, making for more competition. He's convinced fewer jobs are being advertised.
That could be because there are fewer jobs to be had, but also because hiring managers are relying more heavily on social-networking tools, such as LinkedIn, that weren't as prevalent three years ago.
Won is attacking the challenge by power networking. He hits the job-hunting mixers, such as the Pink Slip gatherings that regularly bring job-seekers together. He's a member of ProMatch, a Sunnyvale, Calif., program in which out-of-work professionals meet regularly to organize and attend seminars to polish job-hunting skills.
Members act as each other's eyes and ears, looking out for potential opportunities that might be a good fit for group members.
At these and other events, Won found himself asking other unemployed networkers what they were doing to find work. And the conversation would branch out into what they were doing to keep their sanity and their skills sharp. He was struck by the energy, passion and inventiveness of those who suddenly had time on their hands.
"I don't find anyone sitting around on their couch watching TV all day long," he says. "I just think there is so much talent and these people's brains are running at 100 miles an hour."
One man he met is organizing a neighborhood watch on his block. There was another volunteering at church and a person who was giving his time to help with an organization working on economic development in Africa. And, of course, they were all diligently looking for work.
It was uplifting, Won says, just being around them.
And so, Won wanted to give back. He started asking those in his network if they knew of people finding jobs. And so-and-so would put him on to so-and-so and suddenly he'd find himself interviewing a successful job hunter.
In late spring he began building the site, jobsuccessstories.com, teaching himself web development as he went. In June, the site went live with stories of people, many using pseudonyms, who retrained themselves or started businesses or successfully found jobs similar to the ones they had lost.
The lessons are sound, if not earth-shattering: Network, don't be afraid to invest in education, follow your passion, find a connection to personally deliver your resume to a hiring manager.
One unexpected benefit to the site, Won says, is that it's helped him stay positive. Each milestone — launching the site, receiving his first positive feedback — has encouraged him to press ahead with the site and with his job search.
Though Won never envisioned the site as a moneymaker, he's added advertisements to its pages and a small amount of revenue is trickling in. Not even close to enough revenue for him to give up his search for a day job.
And so he will continue to look. Along with thousands and thousands of others, some of whom he hopes he's providing with a little direction and some comfort.
— San Jose Mercury News
You need a job. We want to help. Hire Me features expert résumé critiques and columns on employment topics. To make your pitch, e-mail your résumé to
HireMe@starledger.com


text:
"Cosmos", C. C. Patterson, and "What the Fish Knew" about the Deep Sea
Last night I caught up with the latest episode of Cosmos, the rebooted Carl Sagan series now hosted by Neil Degrasse Tyson. Among the many pleasures of the new series is the amount of time given over to the history of science. As academic historians, of course, we inevitably find ways of critiquing the history portrayed (that is what academics do after all). However, having now worked on the script for the (albeit much shorter) Edward Forbes video promised in the previous blog post, I am well aware what a challenge it can be to digest a complex narrative into a short video format. I'm sure if I were an astrophysicist I would feel the same way about the presentation of the astrophysics. Nevertheless, I think the new series must be commended for the breadth of the history of science material covered.
I was pleasantly surprised when the latest episode, "The Clean Room", included some history of oceanography. Much of the episode was dedicated to the story of Clair Patterson, a geochemist who determined the true age of the earth and discovered that industrial lead had become a widespread environmental contaminant. As was explained in the episode, the key evidence Patterson cited was gathered by extensive collection of seawater samples. Viewers are even shown the cover page of Patterson's article "Concentrations of Common Lead in Some Atlantic and Mediterranean Waters and in Snow" [Nature 199, 350 – 352 (27 July 1963)]. As Neil Degrasse Tyson explained, Patterson (and his co-author Mitsunobu Tatsumoto) argued that shallow seawater contained higher lead contamination than deep seawater. Given previously established models of global oceanic circulation, this evidence suggested that younger shallow water (more recently exposed to the atmosphere near the surface) was contaminated with industrial lead pollution, whereas older deeper water pre-dated industrial lead pollution. Patterson's claims about environmental contamination turned out to be true, of course, and, as we learn later in the episode, his work resulted in government-imposed restrictions on industrial lead production.
Yet, were we to complicate this story, we would note that when Patterson undertook his seawater research much was still unknown about deep-water circulation. In fact, Patterson even suggested in his Nature article that his research promised "a better understanding of oceanic circulation." Mathematics-based theories of abyssal circulation were still quite new in 1963 [see, for instance, Eric Mill's discussion of Henry Stommel in The Fluid Envelope of Our Planet, p. 276]. Throughout the 1960s, however, abyssal circulation was attracting increasing scientific interest. This was because of concern over the safe disposal of radioactive waste. The deep sea was proposed as one feasible location for dumping radioactive waste, but oceanographic studies (beginning during the 1958 International Geophysical Year) indicated that "dead zones" were uncommon at great depths and that the deep sea was not as isolated from ocean water circulation as previously speculated [see Jacob Hamblin, Poisoning the Well, p. 127]. This brings us to the other part of this blog entry title: "what the fish knew."
One of the most famous oceanographic expeditions of this period was the 1960 dive of the Bathyscaphe Trieste into the Marianas Trench, the deepest known spot on the planet. A few years ago I was fortunate to see an online presentation given by Don Walsh, one of the two expedition members who undertook that historic dive. During the question period I asked him about a flat fish which had been seen shortly after the submarine touched down on the bottom. (You can listen to the full interview here; I asked my question at about 51:50.) The answer Don Walsh gave was interesting: "we were engineers, testing a platform; you almost thought you shouldn't have mentioned it." I didn't think much about the Trieste fish sighting again after that until I recently came across a transcript of an interview with the other Trieste expedition member, the late Jacques Piccard. I am copying the relevant excerpt from the interview with Piccard below [Victor Ozols conducted the original interview in 2005; he has made a transcription available on his blog]:
When we arrived at the bottom, just at about ten or 15 feet from the porthole, we saw a fish which was at first absolutely not moving at all, and after a few minutes he started to move and to swim, very slowly, and to disappear in the darkness a few feet farther.
And this was very, very interesting, you know, because a fish living like this in the bottom of the sea of course is using oxygen for breathing. And this oxygen was, of course, in the water, and where was it coming from?
It could come only from the surface, because on the surface you have the […] planktons, making oxygen, producing oxygen, and the waves, taking oxygen from the air, or taking air from the atmosphere, and, by current, this oxygen finally arrived to the deepest place in the ocean.
And then, also, if you have water coming from the surface, maybe after several years of voyage, of course, this new water will push the old water away, and this water will finally arrive back to the surface.
So you can imagine it is a kind of a movement from water from the surface coming down to the bottom of the sea, and back to the surface, and so on. These are cycles which can take scores and scores of years, of course.
But it was very important, because, at that time, many people, scientists, also, and politicians, economists, economic people, and so on, said what can we do with the refuse, I believe you say, of the nuclear power, energy. […]
So people said, oh nuclear waste, we can drop them in the deep trenches and then they would stay there forever. And no, we said no, it's not true, this fish practically told us that we are not to drop any nuclear waste in the bottom of the trenches, because we know that the water is finally coming back to the surface, and all the sea would be damaged, all the oceans and so would be damaged by the nuclear waste.
To conclude – why does this all matter? The Cosmos episode used the story of Patterson to argue for the importance of government-supplied research funding. When Patterson's petroleum company funding was cut he continued to be supported by the U.S. Government, the Army, Navy, the Atomic Energy Commission, the Public Health Service, and the National Science Foundation. The implied message was that public research funding, unlike private funding, is free of bias or external agenda; as historians of science, we know reality is a bit more complex. However, this blog entry shouldn't be read as a critique of Cosmos. Science needs public support and the writers' ability to condense an extremely complicated historical narrative is impressive. I'm looking forward the rest of the series and can only hope we may get some more history of oceanography.
As an example of how the history of oceanography can be told using Cosmos-like animation, check out this video, by animator Roman Wolter, set to an audio excerpt from the original Piccard interview.
April 22, 2014 October 16, 2016 Antony AdlerBiography, film/television
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AquaKlar. We specialise in a range of analytical and consulting services related to water and energy management.
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text:
Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Bill — Clause 145 — Compensation and Offer of New Contracts for Some Workers on Zero Hours Contracts — 19 Nov 2014 at 14:45
The majority of MPs voted against specifically requiring compensation, and the offer of a fixed hours contract, for certain workers on zero hours contracts.
Amendment 10, page 134, line 36, at end insert—
'(1A) Regulations made under section 27B, subsection (1), shall include provisions—
(a) giving zero hours workers the right to be awarded financial compensation of amounts, and in circumstances, to be determined by the Secretary of State;
(b) giving employment tribunals powers to enforce their adjudications, including the award of any applicable compensation as referred to in section (1A)(a), or imposition of any applicable penalty, in cases involving zero hours workers; and
(c) imposing an obligation on an employer to offer a fixed hours contract when a worker has worked regular hours for a continuous period, or series of continuous periods, of employment, to be determined by the Secretary of State."
Had the amendment not been rejected the above text would have been added to Clause 145 of the Bill[2] titled Exclusivity Terms Unenforceable in Zero Hours Contracts, which provided for amendments to The Employment Rights Act 1996, and regulations, intended to outlaw zero-hours contracts prohibiting a worker from working under another arrangement.
SDLP 0 3 0 100.0%


MESA, Ariz. (AP) — Major league home run leader Khris Davis would like a long-term deal from the Oakland Athletics that allows him to stay with the franchise for at least three more seasons.
Oakland general manager David Forst has said signing Davis long-term is a top priority. The team spent the offseason putting pieces around the star outfielder and designated hitter to try to build another consistent contender.


Engineering resins are often used to produce the structural-functional products used in modern equipment and controls. Gears, conveyor components, electrical and power systems, are examples of products we provide.
From our first job, a clear cake cover replacing glass, to today's complete assembly of a hands-free paper towel dispenser (including all electronics and sensors), we have worked in the consumer market.
We are a proven source for interior, exterior and under-the-hood product lines. Tight tolerances, Class A surfaces, and textured components are common. FEMAs, PPAPs, annual cost reductions and true JIT service are daily activities.


One of the lessor known therapies for those struggling with back pain is spinal decompression. It helps to increase the spaces in the spine, bringing about relief to many. This therapy can help when you struggle with degenerative discs, pinched nerves, and similar back issues. It also helps those facing severe sciatica because it helps relieve leg pain as well. There are both surgical and nonsurgical spinal decompression therapies, but the nonsurgical version is showing a lot of promise without the inherent risks of surgery. It may be the best option for you.
Nonsurgical spinal decompression is a process where the spine gets stretched out, very slowly, in an attempt to relieve your back or leg pain. Typically, this is done by means of a harness or a table. The harness holds your body up and lets the weight of your legs naturally stretch out your spine. On the other hand, the table typically holds your feet and lets the natural weight of your body do the stretching. They both have a similar goal – to increase the spaces between the different components of the spine. The point is to have less pressure on the spinal components, which will help reduce or alleviate your pain.
When one gets spinal decompression, the different parts of your spine separate slightly. This can stop the pain that stems from things like a pinched nerve. It also helps when there are issues directly with the discs, such as a herniated disc or one that is slowly degenerating. You can gain up to an additional 20% of space between the discs, giving you the potential of a lot of relief. Spinal decompression therapy is one you need to have repeated. After some time, the body naturally relaxes back down into its former position.
What Risks Are Associated with Surgical Spinal Decompression?
Some people are great candidates for spinal surgical decompression. However, this is only the case for some. Typically, the risks of undergoing a surgical procedure like this offset any benefit that you would get. After surgical spinal decompression, you will be sore. Plus, your ability to move will be limited. The recovery time varies person to person, but most are not able to go back to a "normal" routine for at least 4-6 weeks. This can make the recovery time, even longer, and leave you not feeling any better than when you went in originally.
Also, you cannot determine if the surgery was a success or failure for a minimum of three months after the surgery. That is because your body is still trying to heal. So, you may go through the pain of surgery and recovery, only to not heal up properly. It simply is not worth the risk if you have nonsurgical options that can give you an equal amount of relief.
Is Nonsurgical Spinal Decompression Helpful?
Many people experience significant relief by opting for nonsurgical spinal decompression. They need to repeat the therapy to keep up with the relief, but because of how quickly they feel better, they are often more than willing to do so. The more often the therapy is done, the more relief the patient gets. Aside from the immediate effects patient's feel after spinal decompression, they also get some long-term benefits.
One of the best reasons to consider spinal decompression is the fact that it can give your body a chance to heal. When you struggle with back pain, it can leave you unable to move as well. This can hinder how much your body can heal. Moving around keeps the muscles loose and flexible, plus helps them stay strong. When you are not able to move around, those muscles begin to atrophy. This means the sore areas are less protected, which makes healing less able to happen. When you open up those spaces, more blood can get to the injured areas. This increases how much oxygen those areas have access to, which improves healing. The more blood flow you have to those sore spots, the more likely they are to heal on their own.
Can Other Therapies Work Alongside Spinal Decompression?
Spinal decompression does a lot of good on its own. However, it is even more effective when you use other types of therapy along with it. For example, if you suffered from some type of an injury to your back, one common type of therapy is physical therapy. You can combine the benefits of spinal decompression with the benefits of physical therapy and feel even better as you heal. This helps to rebuild the strength in your back and gives you more mobility. When you have more mobility, you do not struggle with the effects of being sedentary, such as muscle atrophy. It helps you move properly to keep the muscles strong and safe during the healing process.
Another great type of therapy to combine with spinal decompression is chiropractic manipulation. This is when you go in and see a chiropractor and have them put the components of your spine back into proper alignment. When your back is out of alignment, it can leave you in a lot of pain. This can pinch nerves along your spine, and even send out incorrect signals from your spine to your brain. When your brain receives these signals, it can tell you that you are in pain, even if you really are not. You may then react by resting or staying still, even if it is not necessary. When you get chiropractic manipulation plus spinal decompression, it can help your body send the correct signals along your nerves. This can then help you understand when you are actually in pain, and when it is just a wrong message.
When you need help getting over your back pain, there are options out there. Call us here at A Family Chiropractic Clinic today and let us discuss what options you have. Our number is (940)566-0000. Call us and see if spinal decompression would be a good fit for you!


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Q: Bolding Specific text at Footer How to use macro vba excel bolding this specific text at footer? Need some help with thanks first~

A: when you value the footer with your text, use this construction:
YourSheet.PageSetup.RightFooter = "End of Statement : &""-,Bold""" &  ExportForm.cbMonth.Text

A: That looks like the right footer.  To reference the value of the right footer for the current worksheet in VBA, use:
myString = ActiveSheet.PageSetup.RightFooter

I do not know, and you haven't said exactly how "August" is generated.  It could be a constant string, a variable, a macro, etc...
If you wish to bold all month values (i.e. August in this case) in all worksheets, all you need to do is edit your right footer, and place &B directive before and after the month, or whatever generates the month value.
For example:
End of Statement : &BAugust&B

This change will apply to all sheets, and not just the current sheet.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Inside the lavish private club for New York City's creative elite
Sarah Jacobs
James BarehamAlan Linn, founder of Norwood club.
There are few things more exclusive than a private club.
After years of working within the members-only club scene in London, Alan Linn saw a space in the market for a club that catered specifically to New York City's abundant creative community.
In 2007 he came to the US and opened Norwood, a now-bustling five-story club with more than 1,000 members ranging from 21 to 80 years old. Its ranks include architects, fashion designers, musicians, media moguls, and art collectors.
Linn's number-one tip for making it through the selection process is simple: "Be curious."
We talked to Linn about the history of Norwood, and what it's like to be a part of one of New York's top creative communities.
The club is located in an unassuming brownstone near the corner of West 14th Street and 8th Avenue in Manhattan. Built in 1874 by Andrew S. Norwood, the building was, at the time, an extravagant mansion with a total 13 fireplaces, mahogany doors, and intricate plaster crown moulding.
Photo Pink
To be accepted to the club, you must prove your involvement with the creative arts, and go through an extensive hour-long interview, which gets reported to the board of directors. 'It's as much as what are we going to get out of them as members, as what are they going to get out of us,' Linn said. There's a $A1,000 membership joining fee, and an annual fee of $2,800 a year -- or $1,600 if you're under 30.
'When we take on new members, it's not always about everyone knowing everyone,' Linn said. 'It's about creating an alchemy, so to speak. It's nice to combine various professions and backgrounds at one dinner table.'
Members are able to come and go throughout the day and night. The club opens at 10 a.m. and is used by many as a workspace for client meetings, drinks with co-workers (non-members are allowed in when accompanied by a member), or a quick breakfast and some WiFi.
The food served at the club is aimed towards comfort. Shrimp and grits are a menu staple. 'There's so many good restaurants in New York -- so we focus on consistency,' Linn said. Once a month, a group of 16 members who have never met are gathered for a private dinner to help promote networking within the club. 'It's a bit like an AA meeting, but there is alcohol,' Linn joked.
There are multiple bars in the club, in addition to a wine cellar in the basement. Norwood also has an impressive art collection that rotates annually.
Various events are held during the evenings, including sketch-drawing tutorials, wine sample tastings, live music, and speed-mentoring sessions.
Movie screenings are also a regular occurrence at the club.
During the warmer seasons, an outdoor courtyard is open for members.
artists arts & culture features new york city private clubs thelife-us travel visual features


Call Patty for your Insurance needs!
All Insurance Florida is a full-service insurance agency successfully serving the needs of individuals, families and businesses across Florida. We offer Automobile, Homeowners, Motorcycle, Boat, Business Insurance and all lines of commercial insurance including Workers Compensation, General Liability Insurance, Cyber Liability Insurance, Life Insurance and more.


This is how the Lake Tahoe linocut that I recently posted about turned out after the final colors were printed. It's a reduction print and will be a very small edition (less than 10 prints) after I toss out the misprints.
With two shows in December and a camping trip coming up, I'm happily cranking out several new prints including this 10"x13" ski-themed poster. The first block (sky and mountains) was done in multiple shades of gray and I'm now carving the second block (on the right of the photo), which will be printed on top of the first image with green, blue and black.


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Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 before and after symptom onset: impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions in China
View ORCID ProfileMary Bushman, Colin Worby, Hsiao-Han Chang, Moritz Kraemer, William P. Hanage
Mary Bushman
1Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
ORCID record for Mary Bushman
For correspondence: mbushman@hsph.harvard.edu
Colin Worby
2Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
Hsiao-Han Chang
3National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
4University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
William P. Hanage
Nonpharmaceutical interventions, such as contact tracing and quarantine, are currently the primary means of controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2; however, it remains uncertain which interventions are most effective at reducing transmission at the population level. Using serial interval data from before and after the rollout of nonpharmaceutical interventions in China, we estimate that the relative frequency of presymptomatic transmission increased from 34% before the rollout to 71% afterward. The shift touward earlier transmission indicates a disproportionate reduction in transmission post-symptom onset. We estimate that, following the rollout of nonpharmaceutical interventions, transmission post-symptom onset was reduced by 82% whereas presymptomatic transmission decreased by only 16%. These findings suggest that interventions which limit opportunities for transmission in the later stages of infection, such as contact tracing and isolation, may have been particularly effective at reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI128344).
Author Declarations
I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.
The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:
Because the data utilized for the current project were not collected specifically for the present study and because no one on the study team had access to identifying data, the study was not considered human subjects research and a Harvard Longwood Campus Institutional Review Board application was not required.
All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.
I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).
I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.
All data are freely available through Open Science Framework.
https://osf.io/ezmkq/
The copyright holder for this preprint is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Posted December 18, 2020.
You are going to email the following Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 before and after symptom onset: impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions in China
Mary Bushman, Colin Worby, Hsiao-Han Chang, Moritz Kraemer, William P. Hanage


text:
Authorities say man fatally injured at northwest Iowa farm
Authorities say a man was fatally injured when he was run over by a piece of equipment at a farm in northwest Iowa.
Authorities say man fatally injured at northwest Iowa farm Authorities say a man was fatally injured when he was run over by a piece of equipment at a farm in northwest Iowa. Check out this story on argusleader.com: https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/crime/2018/04/19/authorities-say-man-fatally-injured-northwest-iowa-farm/533262002/
Associated Press Published 1:26 p.m. CT April 19, 2018
Argus 911 tile(Photo: Argus Leader)Buy Photo
ROCK VALLEY, Iowa – Authorities say a man was fatally injured when he was run over by a piece of equipment at a farm in northwest Iowa.
The accident occurred Monday afternoon at the farm 4 miles west of Rock Valley. The Sioux County Sheriff's Office says the man was run over while walking behind a payloader as it was backing up. He was taken to a local hospital and then flown to a Sioux Falls, South Dakota, hospital, where he was pronounced dead.
The Sheriff's Office identified him as 52-year-old Bradley Peetsch, who lived in Baxter, Minnesota. The payloader driver was identified as 17-year-old Joey Van Ginkel, of Rock Valley.
A payloader is a heavy vehicle with a large blade or broad scoop mounted on its front.
More Argus911: State inmate sentenced for possession of a weapon
Read or Share this story: https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/crime/2018/04/19/authorities-say-man-fatally-injured-northwest-iowa-farm/533262002/
Severe thunderstorm warning issued for Minnehaha County
Dozens left jobless, without pay as hauler abruptly closes
Train derails six cars carrying soybeans near Brandon
'The Death Boat': Former Argus photojournalist details fatal Okoboji boat crash
Man who raped, killed 18-year-old girl released from prison
Interstate work could be done by end of year


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Romney Didn't Crack Top 100 Display Ad List Until October
Obama dominates digital display game, but Romney makes huge November push
The political ad game is basically over. And while the two candidates and their respective Super PACs have assailed TV, radio and the Web with their pleas, all that's left is the counting of ballots.
If you've been paying any attention to the digital ad game during this election cycle, it's been easy to draw the conclusion that President Barack Obama's campaign is far and away outspending and, perhaps, outperforming Mitt Romney's digital operation. To add some context to how the digital get-out-the-vote-effort played out in the display space, Moat, an ad search and analytics company, provided Adweek with some fresh data from its Top 100 advertiser ranking.
The results, which are ranked by total ad volume (and not spending), show that when it comes to digital display, not only was Romney well behind Obama but that the candidate didn't even crack the top 100 U.S. advertisers for online display until October. In fact, in September Obama was the 16th most active display advertiser in the U.S. while Romney was nowhere to be found.
By October, both candidates ramped up their digital display output, with Obama landing in the fourth spot on Moat's ranker, while Romney eeked into Most's list as the 100th most active advertiser (again, based on volume, not display). The very early November data shows both candidates continuing to dial up their Web presences, as Obama ascended to the No. 2 spot, while Romney climbed to No. 5.
Of course, it's unclear just how important digital display advertising will prove to be in this campaign. These figures are, however, some indicator of the campaigns' faith in the Internet as a persuasion medium. As it has been throughout the general election cycle, the Obama campaign seems to have invested early and often in online advertising whereas the Romney campaign has been more reticent, opting for higher engagement video ads and investing heavily in TV spend.
http://adweek.it/2kamspN
Director, GREAT Britain Campaign
Account Manager, Sales & Community Marketing
The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences


The Jarvis LED Wall Pack is a durable and efficient light that saves electricity, reduces maintenance and enhances night-time visibility. A standard sized wall-pack housing makes mounting simple. Conduit can enter from all sides and back of fixture. Design allows for back mounting plate to be mounted separate from LED components, making for "hands free" wiring.
Shop here to save on LED Wall Packs like the WMFT-320 and more for all of your lighting needs!


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Home Latest News Wrong runway landings
Wrong runway landings
In the last two years, 596 aircraft in the US have landed on the wrong runway—that's one every second day.
At a recent summit in the US, the FAA have warned about these types of incidents and have stated they are one of the top five hazards in aviation.
Eight-five per cent of the incidents involved general aviation aircraft. 'I'm asking each of you to make this a priority,' FAA Acting Administrator Daniel Elwell said at the meeting. In a recent Safety Alert for Operators the FAA cited several best practices for pilots to ensure they are lining up on the correct runway, such as checking NOTAMS, stabilising the approach, making good use of the available technology and being ready to go around if needed.
According to the FAA, the probability of being involved in a wrong-surface event is highest when operating in visual conditions—89 per cent occurred during daylight hours. Airfield geometry, communications and expectation bias also play a role. About 75 per cent of incidents involve parallel runways and parallel taxiways also can cause confusion. At the summit, Teri Bristol, chief operating officer at the FAA's Air Traffic Organization, said pilots need to be aware of the issue. 'We've had some close calls, and we're very concerned,' she said.
The NTSB will release its final report later this month on the near-miss in San Francisco last year when an A320 crew lined up on a taxiway instead of the runway.
Andy Sep 11, 2018 at 4:05 pm
Harrison Ford is heading up the enquiry panel I hear😂
Pilot Pete Sep 12, 2018 at 1:43 pm
Hmmm, it can't be Harrison Ford, cause he landed on a taxiway…


The Galapagos Islands have long been among the world's top attraction, a destination that has grown increasingly popular over the years. With the ease of current media and the connected world we live in, the islands popularity does not show any signs of slowing down, whether for the incredible amount and variety of endemic wildlife or for astounding landscapes at every turn. One way or another the number of tourists visiting the islands show a steady increase in the last 35 years, with an average of 11,000 visitors in 1979 to 180,831 in 2012. Statistics display the islands could be reaching the 200.000 mark by 2015.
Quito is among the 28 finalist cities to be chosen as part of the New7Wonders Cities!, the selection process for the new 7 wonders cities started back in 2012 and will be concluded in December 2014, when the 7 selected cities will be officially announced. We are thrilled to have it made this far and we hope to count with your vote to secure our spot among the final 7!


Although 2009 was a black year for Italian exports, -20% according to the official government statistics, for Italian wine it was an all time record year with an increase in the overall volume of wine exported which was close to 10%, even if the value of the wine exported totaled -6% from the point of view of price.
Absolutely, even if there is little to cheer about because the results were achieved at the cost of painful sacrifices on the part of the cellars: a lowering of prices to the break-even point and, for those accustomed to sell only bottled wine, forced sales of surplus wine in bulk to the sole advantage of commercial bottlers who paid fire-sale prices. Not to speak of the price of the grapes during the 2009 harvest, purchased at drastically lowered prices.
programs, and did not waste time with the usual pointless diatribes of home-grown polemicists: native grapes versus well known French varieties, territory versus less identifiable sources, new oak barrels versus older casks, international taste versus typical character.
2009 was certainly not a lark, the entrepreneurs of the sector were forced to double their efforts and tighten their belts but gained results which none of their European rivals, above all the French, could even come close to.
The prospects for the export of Italian wine in 2010 are rosy.The weakening of the euro against other currencies will be of great assistance in non-European markets.
The objective of exporting at least an additional 2.5 million hectolitres of wine in the coming year is an entirely feasible objective for Italy.
Stocks of wine will inevitably decrease, at least partially due to lower production in the 2008 and 2009 vintages.
The support programmed by the EEC and aimed at compensating producers for crop thinning (the elimination of surplus grape bunches during the growing season, normally before the phase of the colour change of the grapes), if intelligently directed by the cooperative cellars of Italy's centre and south and correctly and carefully carried out by the associated growers, will contribute to maintaining lower levels of production and balancing supply and demand. And so there is a chance that Italy could arrive at the 2010 harvest this coming fall with some prospects of a remuneration - for those who either sell their grapes or confer them to cooperative cellars - which will at least balance the cost of their production.
Exports, which are of great benefit for the country, must become of obsessive importance for those producers of wine who intend to maintain their firms in healthy and competitive shape.


My son has Autism and I'm glad that this facility is his first experience with others. They have been so helpful and the care they have for the students is great. I would recommend this place to anyone with a child just starting out in school with or with out a disability that would like the easiest transitioning possible.
Write a review about AMADOR-TUOLUMNE COMM.ACTION-BLUE BELL FAMILY CTR. Let other families know what's great, or what could be improved. Please read our brief review guidelines to make your review as helpful as possible.


Salty, foul water flows through the pipes of Basra: a city racked by high unemployment, broken healthcare and education systems, drugs smuggled in across the borders and cooked up at home with Iranian raw materials. Millions of landmines from wars past hem in the city, even as militias the armed wings of Shia political parties, given new life by the fight against Isis tyrannise its people. Even the clean, clear river that my brother and I used to fish from is now a muddy creek filled with sewage and sickness.
All this and more came together in the explosion of fury in Basra this past week, driving thousands of citizens into the streets to demand their rights. This unrest may surprise many in the west, where the conflicts of the region are often seen through the lens of sectarian strife. Yet many Iraqis are tired of Iran treating Iraq like its own backyard a shared Shiite faith has been used to exploit Iraqs wealth rather than build up its people. Most of the demonstrators are young people, under the age of 30. They were children when the United States, the United Kingdom and others invaded Iraq in 2003 and toppled Saddam Husseins regime paving the way for Irans expanded influence through the Shia parties that took power in Baghdad.
The demonstrations began peacefully I joined the first crowds that gathered around the local government offices in al-Sai, the heart of Basra. Some protests turned into rioting, although no more than the usual vandalism that accompanies any popular uprising. Soon, though, pro-Iranian parties and Iran itself seized on the issue.
When Iranians attacked the Saudi embassy in Tehran after the execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, the Iranian government deemed them angry citizens. Yet now they call the looting of the Iranian embassy in Basra a brutal and savage attack. At the protests spread past my apartment in Basra, I saw how any violence from the protesters was met with even greater violence from government authorities. The live bullets fired by the military and police, killing and wounding many, have only made matters worse. Popular anger threatens to drag the city into outright civil war.
Yet the government has ignored the true meaning of this mass mobilisation to the point of absurdity. The prime ministers initial response was to announce that he would dispatch several tankers of fresh water to the residents of the city as if the problem was just a water shortage. This only makes it clearer how much the government has stood idly by as this tragedy has unfolded, and how little they understand. You would think the prime minister was talking about another country entirely, not an Iraqi province, especially not one that exports the oil and gas that support the other 18 provinces.
Services have declined as bribery has flourished, with a percentage demanded alongside every deal signed by local officials, ministers, or party chiefs. The bribes have choked off all but the simplest industry in Basra, as investors balk and abandon projects in the face of arbitrary demands. Instead, the parties are under pressure to increase the amount of imported goods and services especially Iran. Iranian construction companies, banks and even hair salons compete with Iraqi firms. Already, most products in Basra are imported from Iran, even as the Islamic Republic seeks to boost its exports to Iraq from $10bn to $15bn. Iraq even imports natural gas to run its power plants, despite huge reserves of gas in Basras oil fields. The ministry of oil simply burns any gas produced in the extraction of oil, polluting the environment further.
Some major oil companies have invested in Basras oil fields, yet the level of bribery involved is unmatched around the globe. Despite all the local development projects promised in the original contracts and all the claims by chief negotiator and former oil minister Hussain al-Shahristani we dont even see efforts to combat the fumes and smoke that pour out of the oil wells. Today, Basra suffers a slow death from the pollution and poison that flow from the industry that was supposed to be its saviour.
Diaa Jubaili was born in 1977 and lives in Basra. He has published six novels and two collections of short stories, and his story The Worker was included in the anthology Iraq + 100: Stories from a Century after the Invasion (Comma Press, 2016).


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Home » People » Baron Kiichirō Hiranuma
Baron Kiichirō Hiranuma
Prime Minister of Japan, January - August 1939
President, Privy Council, 1936, 1945
Home Minister, December 1940 - July 1941
Jushin (Senior Advisor) to Hirohito
Baron Hiranuma served as one the chief political advisors and decision makers during World War II. He was the founder and president of Kokuhonsha, a right-wing patriotic society. During the trial, Hiranuma was represented by American Associate Counsel Samuel Jospeh Kleiman and Franklin E. N. Warren. His Japanese Chief Counsel was Rokuro Usami with Hisao Yanai, Kunio Sawa, Yoichi Mori, and Tameo Hongo acting as his Japanese Associate Counsel. Due to his elderly age, Hiranuma was excused at one point from the defendants box to be sent to the Sugamo Prison infirmary. The Tribunal found him guilty of counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, and 36. Sentenced to life imprisonment, Hiranuma was paroled in early 1952. Controversially, he was later enshrined, along with 13 other convicted defendants, at the Yasukuni Shrine.
Brief - Baron HIRANUMA (Kiichiro)
Doc. 1505-E - Address of Baron Kiichiro HIRANUMA, January 21, 1939
Doc. 949A - Excerpt from Minutes of Privy Council, November 25, 1936
Doc. 956 - Minutes of Conference on the Conclusion of Agreement for Cultural Cooperation between Japan and Germany
Extracts from KIDO's Diary - HIRANUMA, Kiichiro
Extracts from KIDO's Diary - HIRANUMA, Kiichiro (Former Premier)
From Doc. 1105 - Report Concerning the Conclusion of Japanese-German Pact
From Doc. 949 - Privy Council Meeting - Translation from pages 82-89
Further References in the Narrative Summary of the Record for the Defendant HIRANUMA
HIRANUMA Kiichiro - Analysis - Russian Division
References in the Narrative Summary of the Record for the Defendant HIRANUMA, Kiichiro
References to HIRANUMA in Narrative Summary and Record in Individual Defendants Phases other than his own
Collection: Roy L. Morgan Papers
Trial Transcript August 9, 1946
Collection: G. Carrington Williams Papers
United States of America v. Araki, Sadao - Application for Leave to File Attached Application


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Q: margin 0 auto centers an element, why doesn't margin 1 auto do the same? I understand that margin: 0 auto; means a margin of size 0 on the top and bottom of the element, and a margin of size whatever is available, divided equally, on the left and right of the element.
This works as I would expect in the following example - but when I change it to margin: 1 auto (or any other number) the inner element moves all they way over to the left. I would have expected it to remain centered but to have shrunk vertically.
Code:

#outer {
  height: 30px;
  background: blue;
}
#inner {
  margin: 0 auto;
  width: 100px;
  height: 100%;
  background: red;
}

A: The reason your code fails when you change it to margin: 1 auto is that 1 is not a valid CSS measurement.
Only 0 can be written without a unit (such as px or pt). If you change it to margin: 1px auto, it works as expected.

A: Use the pixels after auto.

#inner {

    margin:auto 5px;
    width: 100px;
    height: 100%;
    background:red;
}

Good Luck


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Arrouquelas est une freguesia portugaise située dans le District de Santarém.

Avec une superficie de  et une population de 850 habitants (2001), la paroisse possède une densité de 21,9 hab/km.

Municipalités limitrophes

Freguesia au Portugal
Alentejo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia