A one-bit stream is unacceptably noisy, but very high sampling rates and noise shaping techniques are used to greatly reduce the noise in the audio spectrum. This noise energy is moved from the audio baseband into the area of the spectrum above 20 kHz, where it is inaudible. It is also impossible to properly dither a 1-bit stream, so there is always a small amount of distortion due to quantization error.
Properly done, PDM can digitally represent high quality audio, and is inexpensive and easy to implement. For these reasons, a PDM stream is now commonly used as the data output of a MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical System) microphone. MEMS microphones can be made to be very small and are inexpensive to implement on silicon chips, and are found in many small devices such as cell phones or Bluetooth devices.
An analog signal can be directly sampled at a high sampling rate (several megahertz or more) and converted to a PDM stream. The PDM signal can be converted back to analog audio by passing it through a low-pass filter.
A signal that is coded as PCM (pulse code modulation, the coding widely used in digital audio) can be converted to PDM by sampling it at a higher rate (interpolating) and reducing the word length to one bit. The ratio of the interpolating PDM bit rate to the PCM sample rate is called the oversampling ratio.
A signal that is coded as PDM can be converted to PCM by sampling it at a lower rate (decimating) and increasing the word length. As mentioned above, the ratio of the PDM bit rate to the decimated PCM sample rate is called the oversampling ratio.
PDM modulators have a series of integrators, or accumulating nodes. The "order" of a modulator refers to the number of its integrators.
Higher-order modulators provide improved noise and distortion performance over much of the amplitude range, but suffer from increased instability at amplitudes approaching maximum level. To allow full amplitude levels without driving a PDM modulator into instability, limiting techniques are typically employed. In APx, an Overload indicator (shown in the Status Bar) is activated when the modulator exceeds the defined overload point. For the APx 4th-order modulator, the overload point is about –7.5 dBFS. For the 5th-order modulator, the overload point is about –9 dBFS. Limiting is used above this point, enabling both the 4th and 5th order modulators to operate to maximum level without instability. However, noise and distortion rise for signals above the overload point. In practical applications, such performance is deemed acceptable, since voice signals at maximum levels are typically brief transients. In APx, modulator distortion at maximum level is about 1% THD+N.
A MEMS microphone system consists of the MEMS sensor, an analog preamplifier, and a PDM modulator, often implemented on a small silicon chip. DC power and a clock signal at the sampling rate are typically provided by downstream devices.
Manufacturers of such devices typically use 4th-order sigma delta modulators at a clock frequency of 3.072 MHz, which in the receiver is typically decimated by a factor of 64 to a baseband sampling rate of 48 kHz.


Being a first-round pick in professional sports carries certain prestige and great expectations.
Since being called up to Triple-A El Paso last month after the All-Star break, outfielder Travis Jankowski has certainly lived up to expectations.
The speedy outfielder is hitting .405 with 11 RBIs and seven stolen bases (through Friday's game). He has been batting in the leadoff spot for the San Diego Padres' top farm club and at one point this season had a 10-game hitting streak for the Chihuahuas.
"Travis plays hard and he has a passion for the game," Chihuahuas manager Jamie Quirk said. "He has tremendous speed and he uses it well. He comes ready to play every game."
Jankowski plays the game the way it should be with plenty of ambition and with plenty of emotion. He helped spark El Paso to a 9-3 record on the team's 12-game road trip after the All-Star break, which has helped keep El Paso in the hunt for the Pacific Coast League Pacific Southern Division title.
"Baseball is fun, I just love playing and competing," he said. "I don't know any other way to play other than give it my best."
Jankowski was a first-round pick by the San Diego Padres in the 2012 Major League Baseball Draft after a stellar college career at Stony Brook. He hit .355 in 2011 at Stony Brook and .414 in 2012. He stole 79 career bases in college and was caught stealing just 11 times.
"I've been fortunate to get this chance to play baseball at a high level," the 24-year-old Jankowski said. "I feel as if I have grown as player, but I certainly can improve in so much.
"Every day is another chance to work hard and get better."
Jankowski has steadily risen in the Padres minor league system. In 2013 at Class A Lake Elsinore, he hit .286 in 122 games. This year, he hit .316 at Double-A San Antonio and before his call-up to El Paso, he played for the United States in the Pan American Games.
"I've been fortunate enough to have had a great summer with so many great experiences," he said. "The Pan American Games were great and being here has been a plus for me. We have a lot of veteran players and I've picked up on a wide range of things. In this game, you just have to be patient and take it one game at a time."
Jankowski was a standout athlete growing up in Lancaster, Pa. He was a three-sport star in football, basketball and baseball, and out of high school he had offers to play college football, including one from the University of Connecticut, a Division I school.
But baseball is his favorite sport. Jankowski comes from a family of athletes. His father, Paul, played baseball, his brother, Tyler, played college baseball and his sister, Mandy, played college softball.
"My dad has been a huge influence in my career," Jankowski said. "Sports has always been important in our family.
"We have had a lot of great experiences. My goal is to make it to the big leagues, I'm grateful for the Padres organization taking a chance on me."
Jankowski is one of several players who have been called up from Double-A San Antonio who have made an impact on the Chihuahuas squad this year, including pitchers Colin Rea and Michael Dimock.
"The Padres have developed good players and the fact that guys have been called up to El Paso and done well shows that hard work has paid off," Jankowski said.
Of Note: Started the season in Double-A San Antonio before being called up to El Paso last month. Represented the United States at Pan American Games this summer.


2.30.090 Staff report to the examiner.
2.30.140 Failure to appear—Default judgment.
2.30.160 Violation of order of hearing examiner—Gross misdemeanor.
Creation. The city creates the office of hearing examiner consistent with Article XI, Section 11 of the Washington State Constitution, and Chapters 35A.63 and 58.17 of the Revised Code of Washington, as currently written or hereafter amended.
Purpose. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an efficient and effective system for appeals of land use decisions, code enforcement violations, and other regulatory and administrative actions taken by the city; to provide for consistency and predictability in certain land use decision-making; to establish clear and understandable rules for the application of policies and regulations adopted by the city; and to provide for fair and impartial determinations of appealed matters while ensuring procedural due process.
As used in this chapter, unless the context clearly requires otherwise, the words defined in this section shall have the indicated meanings.
"Department" means the community development department for the City of Black Diamond.
"Director" means the community development director for the City of Black Diamond.
"Examiner" means the regular hearing examiner or hearing examiner pro tem for the City of Black Diamond.
The examiner shall be appointed by the mayor with confirmation by the council, and shall serve at the pleasure of the mayor. The examiner shall be appointed based on his or her qualifications for the duties of the office and shall have the necessary training and experience in land use and related legal matters to conduct administrative or quasi-judicial hearings, and to render decisions according to law. The examiner shall hold no other classified, appointive, or elected position in city government. The examiner shall suggest an examiner pro tem to serve in the event of his/her absence or disability, or in the event of a conflict of interest. The appointment of an examiner pro tem is expected to be infrequent in nature. The mayor will confirm the appointment of an examiner pro tem, in writing, and specify the term of service. Confirmation of appointment of an examiner pro tem is not required by the council. The examiner pro tem will be entitled to the same compensation as the examiner during his/her term of service.
The examiner may be retained on a professional service contract on terms deemed appropriate by the mayor with any necessary approval for budget purpose, by the council. The contract shall specify that the examiner serves at the pleasure of the mayor, and that the examiner has authority to suggest appointment of an examiner pro tem to the mayor, to serve in the absence or disability, or in the event of a conflict of interest of the examiner.
The examiner has a direct or indirect familial interest which might influence or interfere with his or her decision-making process or give rise to a violation of the appearance of fairness doctrine as codified in Chapter 42.36 RCW as written or hereafter amended, and the common law.
The examiner shall disclose matters involving ex parte contacts, conflicts of interest or appearance of fairness issues prior to or at the beginning of any matter or immediately upon becoming aware of the need for such disclosure. The examiner shall recuse himself or herself if the examiner believes his or her review of the matter would represent a conflict of interest or violate the appearance of fairness doctrine as set forth herein.
In the event the examiner recuses himself or herself, an examiner pro tem will be appointed, according to BDMC Section 2.30.030.
No city official either elected or appointed shall attempt to influence the examiner in any matter officially before him or her so as to constitute misconduct by a public officer under Chapter 42.20 RCW, as written or hereafter amended, or that would constitute a violation of the appearance of fairness doctrine as codified in Chapter 42.36 RCW, as written or hereafter amended.
Organization. The examiner operates independently of any department of the city, but will receive such administrative assistance from the director as is necessary to carry out the functions of his or her office.
Rules. The examiner shall have the power to prescribe rules not in conflict with this chapter for procedural matters including adopting procedures for pre-hearing conferences, the scheduling and conduct of hearings, the submission of legal motions, briefs and other written documents, the scheduling of discovery, issuance of subpoenas for the attendance of witnesses or the production of information, receipt of evidence, and issues relating to settlement.
General. The examiner shall receive and examine all information in the official file, conduct hearings and administer preparation of the official record and issue a written a recommendation or a written decision on the matter. The examiner is authorized to impose conditions on the applicant's proposal, consistent with federal, state and local law. The examiner is authorized, as applicable, to hear and decide issues related to a taking of private property for public use without just compensation, and/or the denial of substantive due process of law, in addition to challenges to imposition of conditions or exactions on a project, whether based on constitutional, statutory or common law.
Specific. In addition to the general authority as granted herein, the examiner shall have the specific authority granted to him or her in other chapters of the Black Diamond Municipal Code.
The city council may, from time to time, grant to the examiner additional powers and authority as the council deems appropriate, consistent with state law and city code, ordinances and resolutions.
Unless prohibited by another section of the municipal code or other law, any regulatory decision or civil code enforcement action by the city may be appealed to the city's hearing examiner, including but not limited to denial of a permit and application of zoning or other land use policies and regulations. Such request for an appeal hearing must be in writing and must briefly describe the basis of the appeal, and must be postmarked or hand delivered to the city clerk no later than ten business days after the date of the decision being appealed. Requests transmitted via telephone, email, or facsimile shall not satisfy the requirements of this section.
The department shall coordinate and assemble the reviews of other city departments and governmental agencies having an interest in the subject application and shall prepare a report summarizing the factors involved and the department's findings, conclusions, and recommendations. The report shall be filed with the examiner and copies thereof shall be mailed to the applicant and made available for public inspection at least five working days prior to the scheduled hearing, unless otherwise provided in the ordinance governing the specific application or appeal.
Before rendering a decision or recommendation on any application or appeal, the examiner shall hold one open record public hearing thereon. The department shall, in coordination with the examiner, be responsible for assigning a date and assuring due notice of public hearing for each such application or appeal. Notice of the time and place of the public hearing shall be given as provided in the ordinance governing the application or appeal. If none is specifically set forth, such notice shall be given at least ten days prior to such hearing. The public hearing shall be conducted in accordance with the ordinance governing the ap plication or appeal and such other rules as the hearing examiner may adopt pursuant to BDMC Section 2.30.080.
All decisions or recommendations of the examiner must be supported by findings of fact and conclusions of law. The findings of fact must be supported by substantial evidence in the record and the conclusions of law must be based upon the policies of the comprehensive plan, subdivision regulations, environmental regulations, the standards set forth in the various land use codes of the city, or any other relevant plan, regulation, federal or state law, case law, growth management hearings board decisions, or any other applicable law. Decisions or recommendations of the examiner may be to approve, conditionally approve, or deny the application or appeal.
All decisions or recommendations of the examiner will be rendered within ten working days following the conclusion of all testimony and hearings and closing of the record, unless otherwise provided in the ordinance governing the specific application or appeal, or unless a longer period is mutually agreed to by the applicant or appellant and the examiner. Upon issuance of the examiner's decision, the examiner will transmit a copy of the decision to the director and, by certified mail, to the applicant or appellant and by regular mail to other parties of record.
Any party of record may, within seven working days of the date of the examiner's written decision, file with the department a written request for reconsideration based on any one of the following grounds: errors of procedure, errors of law or fact, error in judgment, or the discovery of new evidence which was not reasonably available at the open record public hearing.
The request shall set forth the specific errors or new information relied upon. The department shall forward the request for reconsideration to the examiner within three working days. Upon receipt of a request for reconsideration, the examiner will review the request in light of the record and take such further action as is deemed proper, including, but not limited to: denying the request; granting the request; reopening the record and public hearing process, and may render a revised decision. The examiner shall take such action as he or she deems appropriate within ten days of receipt of the request. The decision of the examiner will be subject to reconsideration only one time, even if the examiner reverses or modifies the original decision.
The filing of a request for reconsideration shall effectively stay the appeal period until the examiner issues his or her decision on the request.
Unless specifically provided for elsewhere in this chapter or in another applicable ordinance, the decision of the examiner shall be the final administrative decision of the city and may be appealed by a party of record with standing to the King County superior court pursuant to Chapter 36.70C RCW. A petition for a judicial appeal must be filed within twenty-one days of the issuance of a decision.
Failure of appellant to appear for a scheduled hearing after proper notice of the hearing has been provided shall result in a default judgment being entered by the hearing examiner in favor of the city, affirming the action or decision taken by the city that was the subject of the appeal, provided, the hearing examiner may, at his or her discretion, nullify the default judgment and reschedule the hearing should appellant, within twenty-four hours of failing to appear, provide the hearing examiner with good cause for failing to appear. At the city's request, the costs of the missed hearing shall be assessed by the hearing examiner against the appellant.
A copy of the hearing examiner's decision shall be served upon the appellant in person or by regular first class mail to the most recent address provided to the city by appellant, or, if the appellant has not provided an address, to any address for the appellant that is maintained in the city's current utility billing records, most recent county tax rolls, or current department of licensing records. When notice of a hearing examiner's decision has been given as required in this section, failure of appellant to receive such notice shall not relieve the defendant of the responsibility to pay any fees imposed or to take any other actions ordered in the hearing examiner's decision.
Any person who intentionally violates or refuses to comply with an order of the hearing examiner shall be guilty of a gross misdemeanor punishable by a fine not to exceed five thousand dollars and imprisonment not to exceed three hundred sixty-five days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Each day or portion thereof during which the violation or non-compliance continues shall constitute a separate violation.
Nothing in this chapter shall limit the right of the city to pursue all other lawful legal remedies and penalties for continued violation of, or non-compliance with, an order of the hearing examiner.


Monsoon is magic. If I have said it already (thrice now), please bear with me. This magic is not the kind we read in books. It is a heightened sense of seeing, of hearing, of smelling, of tasting, of being happy. Of love. It is a heightened sense of knowing: anything natural seems supernatural. Anything supernatural is no less than magic. And monsoon is just that – a heightened sense of everything.
To be amidst the deep and dark woods or over the edge of a cliff while the cupid of clouds strike the ground with numerable arrows, is not only our time of happiness. It belongs to all the creatures of this world. Happiness to be alive, to be able to survive, to procreate. During this time of the year, it is monsoon that expands this emotion, even to creatures we so wrongly consider sphexish. As I followed the plants, I followed insects as well. Their lives are intermingled, and I find observing either without their counterpart unfair.


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Talking football: Bravest of decisions gives Wigan Athletic a fighting chance
Wigan Athletic forward in line for surprise post-deadline return
Wigan Warriors' off-season business so far: Who has left and who has arrived?
Wigan Warriors are preparing themselves for the 2023 campaign both on and off the field.
By Amos Wynn
29th Nov 2022, 4:00pm - 2 min read
Matty Peet's side will be looking to build on their most recent season, where they won the Challenge Cup and reached the semi-finals of the Super League play-offs.
They have recruited two new players so far, while there has also been a number of departures.
Here is what they've done so far:
Toby King in pre-season training
Championship striker makes Wigan Athletic switch
Jake Wardle (IN)
Jake Wardle has joined Wigan from Huddersfield Giants on a three-year deal.
In 62 Super League games, the 24-year-old has gone over for 22 tries.
Jake Wardle: Who is Wigan Warriors' new addition for the 2023 season?
Oliver Partington has joined Salford Red Devils
Toby King (IN)
Alongside Wardle, the Warriors have also added Toby King to their ranks on a season-long loan from Warrington Wolves.
On joining the club he said: "I'm buzzing to get going. It's set to be a big year.
"I've had a lot of chats with Matty (Peet), so I'm excited to start.
"I'm all guns blazing now just getting ready for Wigan, it's a massive club to play for."
Oliver Partington (OUT)
Oliver Partington is among a number of academy products to depart the club during the off-season.
The 24-year-old, who captained the Warriors in his final outing for the club, has joined Salford Red Devils on a two-year deal.
During his time with Wigan he enjoyed Academy Grand Final success, was named the young player of the year alongside Morgan Smithies in 2019, and received multiple call-ups to the England Knights squad.
James McDonnell (OUT)
James McDonnell has joined Leeds Rhinos ahead of the 2023 campaign.
Since making his senior debut in 2020, the 22-year-old has made a handful of appearances for the Warriors, but spent the majority of last season on loan with Leigh in the Championship, where he helped Adrian Lam's side to promotion.
Sam Halsall (OUT)
As part of the deal for Jake Wardle, Sam Halsall has moved in the opposite direction to Huddersfield Giants.
After making his senior debut in 2020, the 21-year-old made a total of 17 appearances for the club, scoring eight tries.
On the deal Peet said: "He's a good lad and a good player. In an ideal world as a coach and as a club you'd love to keep all your players, but the fact is we needed something to make the deal happen and Huddersfield wanted Sam."
Jack Bibby (OUT)
Like Halsall, Jack Bibby has also made the move to the John Smith's Stadium.
He was among a number of players who made their senior debuts in a game against Hull KR last year.
The prop also spent a number of spells out on loan during the 2022 campaign.
Jake Bibby (OUT)
A third Wigan player to join Huddersfield Giants during the off-season is Jake Bibby.
After starting his career with Salford Red Devils, the centre joined his boyhood club in 2020, where he reached a Super League Grand Final and started in the Challenge Cup victory against his new side at the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium.
Following the end of his contract with the Warriors, the 26-year-old has joined the Giants on a three-year deal.
James McDonnellJake BibbyHuddersfield GiantsSuper League
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: How to read from an existing .txt file without hard coding (winforms)? I am working on a project with winforms. I want to read from an existing .txt file but without hard coding. This means that I want to allow the user to provide the path of the file as input. I have tried the following code:
private void pathSearch_TextChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    string path = "";
    OpenFileDialog ofd = new OpenFileDialog();

    if (ofd.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
    {
        path = ofd.FileName;
        pathSearch.Text = File.ReadAllText(path);
    }

    string[] lines = File.ReadAllLines(path);

    if (!File.Exists(path))
    {
        // Create a file to write to.
        string[] createText = { "Hello", "And", "Welcome" };
        File.WriteAllLines(path, createText);
    }

    string[] values;

    for (int i = 0; i < lines.Length; i++)
    {
        values = lines[i].ToString().Split('|');
        string[] row = new string[values.Length];

        for (int j = 0; j < values.Length; j++)
        {
            row[j] = values[j].Trim();
        }
        table.Rows.Add(row);
    }
}

You can check screenshot1 and screenshot2 to give you an idea of how it will work. I want to enter the path inside the text field but it gives me an ArgumentNullException. After entering the path I want to import by using the button to see the data on that table.
P.s I'm not sure if checking the existence of the path, works that way.
Edit
  After the comments I edited my code and I have something that works. However, in order to import the file I have to select it 2 times and it is writing the same lines twice inside the table. How can I fix that?

A: The problem is that you're doing this in the TextChanged event of the pathSearch text box, and you're modifying the text inside that event, so the event gets fired twice:
// This line of code causes the pathSearch_TextChanged event to fire again
pathSearch.Text = File.ReadAllText(path);

As a side note: do you really mean to write the contents of the file to the Text property of pathSearch, or should it just be the FileName instead?

Probably the best solution is to not modify the contents of a control inside an event that gets triggered when the contents are modified. Normally the OpenFileDialog is launched from a Button_Click event:
// Launch the file browser dialog from the click event of the Import button
private void btnImport_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    OpenFileDialog ofd = new OpenFileDialog();
    if (ofd.ShowDialog() != DialogResult.OK) return;

    var path = ofd.FileName;
    pathSearch.Text = path;

    // Code continues...
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1947, Hardback in Dustwrapper..
Condition: Very Good - in Very Good Dust wrapper. Dust wrapper a little edgeworn with some very small nicks. Top edges red. Slight spotting to leading edges. Internally bright and clean.


As President Trump holds more joint press conferences, he continues to field questions from news outlets that in past administrations didn't get called upon on the national stage. The winners have ranged from local broadcasters to conservative media outlets that openly support the president.
For instance, during Wednesday's press conference with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Trump took questions from TownHall and Christian Broadcasting Network with the Michael Flynn scandal looming.
TownHall bills itself as the "top source for conservative news." Reporter Katie Pavlich asked about possible changes to the Iran deal.
The Christian Broadcasting Network is another prolific conservative news source. The network's reporter asked about both the Flynn scandal and Israeli settlements.
Earlier this week, Trump took a question from a local TV reporter for WJLA in Washington, the ABC affiliate owned by Circa's parent Sinclair Broadcast Group. That reporter, Scott Thuman, asked about sharp policy differences between Canada and the U.S., with both country's leaders present.
Sinclair's Vice President for News Scott Livingston said the company's news reporters don't have a point of view, and that the question Thuman asked about U.S. differences on immigration and healthcare is one people who live outside the Beltway care about.
Trump has so far called on Christian Broadcasting Network and Townhall—he's only called on conservative outlets for last three pressers.
Trump's choices have frustrated other outlets.
Applauding @POTUS calling upon real journalists from Christian Broadcasting Network and Townhall.
Trump supporters, meanwhile, like the way he's handled questions.
The practice also extends to White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer's daily briefings. Spicer introduced "Skype seats" where news outlets from outside the Washington, D.C. area can ask questions. However, these seats have been occasionally used for conservative talk show hosts.
Pointedly, Spicer gave the first question at a January press briefing to LifeZette, a conservative site founded by conservative talk radio host Laura Ingraham.


OLCC special event permit must be obtained by August 27, 2018.
You may obtain an OLCC Temporary Sales license and permit by calling 541-957-2020, there is a $10 fee to OLCC.
Anticipate up to 10 business days for the City of Roseburg to review and approve the temporary permit, there is a $10 fee to the City for one day use at the park.
Alcohol may only be served by licensed servers or charitable and non-profit sponsors may use volunteer servers who have received training from the applicant and signed the OLCC brochure provided for such volunteer services.
Copy of liquor liability insurance listing the city as an additional insured in the certificate holder section.
$100 fee to Umpqua Economic Development Partnership – use the payment button below.
Must have a Roseburg Business Registration by August 27th.
Must have a Food Handlers LIcense from Douglas County by August 27th.
Must already have the required annual fire inspection from the Fire Department.
We encourage food vendors to provide some vegetarian options.
If you would like to be a vendor at the Great Umpqua Bash on September 1st, please use the links below to apply and pay the $100 fee.


text:
The Mystery on 17th Street by Annie Gorra | Kagay-anon's novel now part of digital libraries in US, Canada
The Mystery on 17th Street, a local book set in Cagayan de Oro and written by a Kagay-anon is now part of the digital catalogue of the public library of the City of New Westminster in British Columbia.
The book written by Annie Gorra, a Kagay-anon who resides in British Columbia, Canada, is set on 17th Street Nazareth and tells the story of families living on the street as seen through the eyes of a young boy named Agustin.
He recalls with nostalgia the life he lived there with his mother and father, his two friends and his neighbours, one of whom was an old irascible woman they suspected was a witch. They climbed trees, swam in rivers and learned life lessons including justice when Agustin's father stood up to the military to save the life of a young mother.
In presenting the book for consideration to the New Westminster Public Library, Gorra said that the book will most likely be strange to most Canadians, but reading about strange things is part of growing up and learning. It opens a window to learn about a culture and how people (children and adults) live their lives in other places of the world.
"I hope it will find space in the New West Public Library Catalogue," Gorra said.
After being reviewed, it was added to the library's digital catalogue. Alicia Dobbs of the New Westminster Public Library said in a statement:
"We are happy to include books from local authors that are relatively new, that fill a gap in our collection, and/or may be of interest to our community. After reading a bit of it I do think that the slower pace, poetic style, and themes of nostalgia and social commentary will make it most appealing to adult readers who enjoy memoir and autobiographical fiction, though perhaps some more sophisticated young readers who are looking for something out of the ordinary will find it interesting!"
The Mystery on 17th Street is also part of the digital catalogue of the Kalamazoo Public Library in Michigan, USA. The book is published by Anvil Publishing Inc in Mandaluyong City, Philippines. It was a finalist in the Gintong Aklat Awards in 2018.


text:
Tag: Esther Salas
Federal Judge's Family Ambushed
Judge Salas' home taped off after attack on family
So, the world is a strange place in 2020! The latest in organized crime news (yeah, I said it) is a seriously frightening story of a family coming face-to-face with an assassin.
On July 19 at approximately 5pm, a FedEx delivery person visited the home. The judge, Esther Salas, was home at the time of the visit, but her husband, Mark Anderl, answered the door. At that time, the delivery person opened fire on the husband. Upon hearing gunshots, Daniel Anderl- the couple's 20-year-old son -rushed to assist his dad and was killed by the shooter. The shooter fled and, at the time of this piece, is still at large. Judge Salas was not injured in the attack but she is undoubtedly traumatized by the assault on her family.
It is still very early in the FBI investigation. In fact, they are asking for neighbors to assist in filling out pieces of the timeline. Everything I am adding at this point is conjecture- just my thoughts on a possible motive.
Five days ago, Judge Salas was assigned to hear a case that involves financial crimes. A group of investors are suing Deutsche Bank, contending that the firm failed to flag questionable transactions that were made from the account of the financier Jeffrey Epstein, who died last August while in jail awaiting trial on sex trafficking charges. While she has been involved in a number of high-profile cases, the timing of this attack leads me to believe it is connected to this current case.
Of course, I will continue to follow this story and keep us updated. In the meantime, what are your thoughts on this very sad situation?
AP: Shooter posed as FedEx delivery person
Den Hollander is accused of going to the Anderl-Salas family's door posing as a FedEx delivery person, according to the Associated Press. Hollander was an "anti-feminist" attorney and reportedly had terminal cancer. He is now deceased, apparently from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.
ABC News reports that Dan Anderel answered the door and was shot first. His father was shot moments later. Salas was in the basement at the time and remained unharmed, the outlet reported.
More to follow as this story is updated.
Sources & Shit
Author Sinister SilhouettesPosted on July 20, 2020 July 20, 2020 Categories UncategorizedTags Esther Salas, Organized crime, True CrimeLeave a comment on Federal Judge's Family Ambushed


I first heard of this casserole when I ran into Kathy and Brian at the Pathmark. They were buying ingredients to make it for their family's Easter morning breakfast and I thought "Mmmm, how perfect!" It would also be great for Christmas morning, don'tcha think? But why wait for a holiday? It's perfect for any Sunday breakfast or brunch when you'd like to serve a big meal without having a big mess to clean up. Thanx guys!
Layer the frozen potatoes, bacon, onions, green pepper and cheese in the crock pot in two or three layers. Finish up with cheese. Beat the eggs, milk and mustard, salt & pepper together. Pour over the whole mixture. Cook on low for ten to twelve hours.
Be sure to season it well. The potatoes and the eggs require more salt and pepper than you think they will. So, season as you normally do, and then add a few extra pinches of salt and a few extra grinds of black pepper.
Feel free to do as many variations as you like. You can add or substitute ham for either the bacon or sausage, or add all three! You can do different kinds of cheese and any kind of veggies you like. I'm sure broccoli, asparagus or spinach would be delicious. Add a little heat with some diced jalapeno peppers and serve it with your favorite salsa. Yum!


text:
La stoa de Zeus, aussi appelée « portique de Zeus Eleutherios », est un édifice antique situé sur l'Agora d'Athènes et décrit par Pausanias.

Le monument, construit à l'emplacement d'un sanctuaire du  en l'honneur de Zeus Elefthérios (c'est-à-dire libérateur), avait une forme de « Π ». La partie latérale au nord a été détruite lors des aménagements de la ligne 1 du métro d'Athènes, à la fin du .

Références

Voir aussi
 Athènes
 L'Agora d'Athènes

Athènes antique
Monument en Grèce

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Dementia heightens COVID-19 death risk
Tiffanie Turnbull
6 January 2021, 11:46 pm ·1-min read
Australians with dementia are more likely to catch COVID-19 and die from the infection or suffer severe complications, researchers say.
Safeguarding procedures, such as physical distancing and mask wearing, are extremely difficult for people with dementia to follow, increasing their risk of infection, UNSW Sydney's Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA) found.
Many people living in aged care homes - a high-risk transmission setting - have dementia, further compounding the risk, co-director of CHeBA Scientia Professor Henry Brodaty says.
"This type of living arrangement - where residents live in close proximity and where physical distancing is impossible for residents who are dependent on staff for most of their daily activities - drastically increases virus transmission," he said.
But dementia sufferers are also likely to be hit harder by the virus.
A study conducted in the UK has indicated dementia can increase the risk of neurological complications from COVID-19, CHeBA's Dr Katya Numbers says.
On top of that, measure designed to curb the spread of the virus have serious mental and behavioural impacts on those with dementia.
"Older adults are likely to experience additional distress as a result of the absence of relatives they would normally engage with on a regular basis," Dr Numbers said.
"The strict limitations imposed on their social activities and engagement with each other appear to have a direct impact on neuropsychiatric symptoms and behavioural complications - mostly in residents with dementia, but also in people without any cognitive impairment."


Fort Elliott CISD is a school district in Briscoe, TX. As of the 2017-2018 school year, it had 135 students. The school received an accountability rating of Met standard. 40% of students were considered at risk of dropping out of school. 0.7% of students were enrolled in bilingual and English language learning programs.
An average teacher's salary was $47,281, which is $6,053 less than the state average. On average, teachers had 16.8 years of experience. The average ACT score was 20.9. In the Class of 2017, 100% of students received their high school diplomas on time or earlier.
Students in Fort Elliott CISD are part of the Texas Education Agency's Region 16. Students who started eighth grade in 2006 in this region had a college graduation rate of 21.9 percent. View a more comprehensive breakdown of the higher ed outcomes in Region 16.


text:
Sigma Nu, others recognized by EVERFI for campus impact
Impact award recognizes prevention leadership in addressing alcohol abuse, sexual assault and hazing
EVERFI, the leading social impact education innovator, June 4 announced the winners of the 2019 EVERFI Impact Awards, which recognize institutions of higher education that have demonstrated excellence in comprehensive alcohol abuse, sexual assault, and hazing prevention efforts. The EVERFI Impact Award recognizes an organization's commitment to creating safe and healthy college campuses by implementing evidence-based practices.
This year's winners were selected based on three categories: Excellence in Alcohol Prevention,Excellence in Fraternity and Sorority Life, and Excellence in Sexual Assault Prevention. Winners in each category are:
Excellence in Alcohol Prevention — Ohio University, University at Buffalo, Wake Forest University
Excellence in Fraternity and Sorority Life — Sigma Nu, Zeta Tau Alpha
Excellence in Sexual Assault Prevention — Amherst College, Centre College, University of Chicago, University of Delaware, University of Rochester
"Sigma Nu Fraternity appreciates this special recognition from EverFi for our efforts in prevention of alcohol misuse, hazing, and sexual misconduct. We remain committed to the important work of supporting student health and safety," said Fred Dobry, Sigma Nu Fraternity's Director of Health & Safety.
Institutions of higher education and national Greek letter organizations that belong to the Campus Prevention Network are eligible to receive the award. Winners of the award are selected based on the results of their Alcohol Diagnostic Inventory (ADI), Fraternity and Sorority Diagnostic Inventory (FASDI), or Sexual Assault Diagnostic Inventory (SADI) — comprehensive, evidence-informed assessments of a school or organization's prevention programs and practices. Additional selection criteria include interviews with prevention experts and a careful review of each institution's accomplishments from the previous year.
"EVERFI Impact Award winners have committed to the highest standards in prevention, paving a path for creating safer, healthier campus communities, and providing a roadmap to help drive the change that every campus wishes to see," said Rob Buelow, vice president, Impact and Education, EVERFI. "Our research shows that best-in-class institutions consistently invest significant resources and staff to help further their prevention efforts; they also engage in formal strategic planning processes to guide prevention efforts and investments."
EVERFI Impact Award winners consistently demonstrate a dedication to prevention efforts that exceed their peer institutions. For example,
2019 EVERFI Impact Award winners spend, on average, three times more per student on prevention efforts than peer institutions with a spend of $14.44 vs $4.78, respectively.
2019 EVERFI Impact Award winners average one full-time equivalent (FTE) dedicated to prevention per every 4,979 students vs non-recognized universities, which dedicate one FTE per 9,191 students.
87.5% of 2019 EVERFI Impact Award winners have engaged in a formal strategic planning process to inform and guide prevention efforts while only 46% of nonrecognized institutions/organizations have undertaken the same process.
100% of 2019 EVERFI Impact Award winners have undertaken a comprehensive reviewand examination of their policies related to prevention vs 84% of non-recognized institutions/organizations.
100% of 2019 EVERFI Impact Award winners have articulated specific, measurablegoals for improving prevention efforts compared to only 45% of non-recognized peer institutions/organizations.
EVERFI Impact Award winners will be recognized during the annual Campus Prevention Network Summit, taking place in Nashville, Tenn. June 10-12. EVERFI's Campus PreventionNetwork provides tools, resources, and insights to help colleges and universities drive lasting, large-scale change.
SOURCESigma Nu/Ever Fi
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text:
Thompson said the new school probably would not be built before fall 2019. Two new elementary schools opened in Fayette County in August. District officials are also in negotiations to buy property in the Richmond Road corridor for a middle school.
The district is building a new high school on Winchester Road that will open in 2017. The board on Monday approved a $477 million general fund budget for 2016-2017 that included $2 million in one-time start-up costs for the new high school.
In addition, the budget also includes $100,000 for the salary of the principal at the new high school. Salaries are between $100,000 and $110,000 for Fayette County's high school principals.
There are also start-up costs for law enforcement at the new high school: $350,000 for five law enforcement officers and $140,000 for police cruisers, radios and uniforms.
Hiren Desai, senior administrative services director, said the district is in "healthy financial condition" and is "moving in the right direction." One indicator is that its contigency or rainy day fund has grown since 2015-16 from $25 million to $32 million.
At least $2 million in the budget is being spent on instructional priorities in Superintendent Manny Caulk's entry plan, including hiring college and career coaches, special education teachers and teachers for gifted and talented students.
Sixty-five percent of the budget is spent on instruction.
An $150,000 expenditure is directed at fixing deficiencies in equity between boys' baseball and girls' softball programs at Fayette County high schools that include Lafayette, Henry Clay, Paul Laurence Dunbar and Bryan Station.
The deficiencies are a violation of federal Title IX laws requiring that females get high school athletic opportunities and benefits equal to males. Kentucky High School Athletics Association Commissioner Julian Tackett told the Kentucky Board of Education about the deficiencies during a presentation on gender equity issues in June.
In the past, at some Fayette County high schools, boosters clubs have built locker rooms for the boys in dugouts near the fields. The school district built softball fields and dugouts for the girls, but the girls' lockers are inside the school gyms.
Desai said the money earmarked in the 2016-17 budget will be spent on surveying areas that need the improvements.
Last week, district Athletic Director Robbie Sayre brought the deficiencies to the attention of the Local Planning Committee. The upgrades were estimated in 2013 to cost $3.3 million at each school. For the upgrades to move forward, the committee will have to decide whether to keep them as a priority in the 2017 plan that is being drafted.
Valarie Honeycutt Spears: 859-231-3409, @vhspears
Model Laboratory School at EKU
Governor's School for the Arts at UK
'An unreal nightmare.' Many comfort Kentucky father after wife dies during 'perfect' pregnancy.
By Valarie Honeycutt Spears
Thousands of people have showed support for Knott County father Jordon Hall, whose wife, a career and college navigator for Knott schools, suffered catastrophic pregnancy and childbirth complications.
Spain, Japan ... Lexington. Hundreds will attend this conference next week, and pay $1,050.
KHSAA takes action on popular video game used in esports league. Some called it violent.
A $26 million renovation starts next week to give innovative school a permanent home
Trevor Noah to speak at UK as university marks 70 years of integration
This 'lab' school is a top performer. It wants more students from Fayette, other counties.
See which Lexington schools are getting new principals


As the temperature goes up, so does the number of activities you want to do. After all, summer was made for hanging out on the beach, hosting cookouts, and moving your workout out into the sun at the local park. But all of those scorching hot days can do a number on you. If you really want to have a cool summer, you've got to keep yourself cool!
Luckily, it's easy to do with the right blend of essential oils!
Aromatherapy is one of the best natural remedies for summer's heat because it cools you down without creating any strange side effects.
We want you to enjoy your time outdoors, so we have created a special recipe to help.
My first essential oil blend of choice is SUMMER BLEND.
It's a great way to stay cool with aromatherapy, because it contains spearmint and lemongrass — all of which have natural cooling properties! These essential oils can eliminate the germs on your skin that you get on a hot, sweaty day, along with making your mind a little sharper.
Mix 4 drops of Summer Blend with 1 tsp of salt in a bowl.
You'll instantly feel cool, calm, and collected!
Ready to have a cool summer?
You can get all of the aromatherapy products you need at Aromandina!


text:
iMaverick, Thursday 10 November
By Andy Rice
Max du Preez: South Africa, grow a spine; Malema's day of reckoning; Jo'burg's impending doom; Berlusconi, a scumbag; and the BMW 1-Series M Coupe. By TEAM iMAVERICK.
SAMMY TO CHEER TENDULKAR'S 100TH TON
After denying Sachin Tendulkar a 100th international century on Wednesday, West Indies captain Darren Sammy promised to salute the Indian batting great when he reaches the milestone – providing it comes against another side. By AMLAN CHAKRABORTY (Reuters).
One planet, 15 minutes
South Africa; Africa; World; Business; and Life, etc.
10 more minutes
MOODY'S DOWNGRADES SA'S OUTLOOK TO NEGATIVE
South Africa is going through something of a rough patch, thanks to the global recession and political difficulty. Moody's added on to worries when it downgraded South Africa's A3 rating outlook to negative. Consider it a "Strike One" on our way to a ratings downgrade. By SIPHO HLONGWANE.
THE PRESIDENTIAL HOTLINE: NUMBERS
In response to a question by the Democratic Alliance, minister in the presidency Collins Chabane dished out some statistics on the presidential hotline. They don't tell a pretty story. By SIPHO HLONGWANE.
LIBERIA SILENCES OPPOSITION BROADCASTERS
Liberian President Ellen Sirleaf-Johnson may be the flavour of the month in the international community after being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in October. But her government's handling of dissenting voices during Liberia's election period has been far from peaceful. By THERESA MALLINSON.
KHARTOUM BANGS THE WAR DRUMS
After a decades-long civil war was finally resolved with the secession of the south, you'd think Sudan would be ready for a little peace and quiet. Instead, Khartoum is threatening to re-ignite the conflict over an increasingly violent border dispute. By SIMON ALLISON.
CONGOLESE CANDIDATE DECLARES HIMSELF HEAD OF STATE
Who needs an election when you've got plenty of confidence and a bit of bravado? DRC presidential candidate Etienne Tshisekedi pre-empted the polls by virtually anointing himself as head of state on national TV. What hope is there for Congo's democracy when even the opposition favour the autocratic approach? By SIMON ALLISON.
SARKOZY TOLD OBAMA GREEK PM TOO DOWN TO TAKE TO TASK
French President Nicolas Sarkozy told Barack Obama last week it was not worth attacking Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou over his sudden call for a referendum on the eurozone crisis, describing the decision as the act of a depressed man, according to journalists who overheard the comments. By EMMANUEL JARRY & BRIAN LOVE (Reuters).
GITMO RESUMES MILITARY TRIALS – IN DEADLY EARNEST
So much for shutting down Guantanamo Bay. Obama has not only failed to close the prison, but has reinstated military trials there. The first one began on Wednesday, and has gone one better than any trial organised by George Bush's administration in contemplating – for the first time – the death penalty. By SIMON ALLISON.
WORLD WAR II, RETWEETED
Want to brush up on your knowledge of the Second World War, but don't have the time? No excuses, these days it's as easy as following the @RealTimeWWII Twitter account. By THERESA MALLINSON.
JULIUS MALEMA'S DAY OF RECKONING
It's D-day for Malema. You've seen the billboard so many times already, we can understand if you don't care that much anymore. But if you take one look at the Moody's decision to downgrade South Africa's outlook, you will know that what happens to Julius Malema today matters. Big time. STEPHEN GROOTES.
MAX DU PREEZ: SOUTH AFRICA, GROW A SPINE
He's the man who caused an outcry when he said, during the hushed times of Thabo Mbeki, that discussing the aloof former president's "womanising" was fair game. He's made Jackson Mthembu froth at the mouth, and it's unlikely he's going to be invited to the ANC's centenary celebrations. Not that it's likely that Max du Preez gives a damn, given he's one of the few locals who isn't afraid of wading deep where lesser men fear to tread. By MANDY DE WAAL.
DA RED-FLAGS JOHANNESBURG'S CASH CRISIS
The City of Johannesburg is running out of money, and the notorious billing crisis ain't nothing compared to what would happen should the city fail to pay. The DA councillors Patrick Atkinson, John Mendelsohn and the party's caucus leader in the city council Mmusi Maimane delivered the dour statement to the media on Wednesday morning. By SIPHO HLONGWANE.
KATE TISSINGTON: TENANT'S RIGHTS, COMING DOWN TO EARTH
Stephen Grootes' article, "Landlord's rights, the final frontier" (4 November 2011), is riddled with misconceptions. His comments about the Maphango case, heard by the Constitutional Court last week, bear little relation to what that case is about.
KENYA'S MUD-MIRED TRUDGE INTO SOMALIA
They're taking their sweet time, the Kenyan military. Despite launching their incursion (some say invasion) into Somalia nearly three weeks ago in a firestorm of bravado, they've yet to encounter Al Shabaab properly, and haven't managed to get near the enemy's stronghold, the port of Kismayo, only a couple of hundred kilometres from the Kenyan-Somali border. So what's taking them so long? By SIMON ALLISON.
SILVIO BERLUSCONI'S LONG WALK INTO DARKNESS
it's not difficult to imagine Silvio Berlusconi's Italian leadership is dead, mostly because he pastes so much make-up on his Botoxed visage that he looks like he's lying in state. Is this it for the scourge of Italian politics? It looks that way. And the most incredibly thing of all? It isn't Italians who'll be kicking him out of office, but Italy's debt holders, who are about as Italian as a deep dish Hawaiian pizza. On Silvio Berlusconi, and the end of democracy in Europe. By RICHARD POPLAK.
ITALY'S WORRIED PRESIDENT STEPS IN TO CALM MARKETS
Italy's president stepped in to try to calm markets on Wednesday after the country's borrowing costs raced to catastrophic levels, saying urgent action would be taken to end a political crisis. By BARRY MOODY (Reuters).
FRENCH, GERMANS EXPLORE IDEA OF SMALLER EUROZONE
German and French officials have discussed plans for a radical overhaul of the European Union that would involve setting up a more integrated and potentially smaller eurozone, EU sources say. By JULIEN TOYER and ANNIKA BREIDTHARDT (Reuters).
REVIEW: GARETH CLIFF ON NOTHING MUCH
There's a difference between being opinionated and holding a well-constructed opinion. For all his shock-jock image, Gareth Cliff seems to believe he has some seriously thought-out arguments to share with us. We don't doubt he's capable of this; it's just pity they don't make an appearance in his first book. By THERESA MALLINSON.
BMW 1-SERIES M COUPE: MUNICH'S HARD-CORE HOT ROD
The arrival of the MBW1-Series M Coupe has not been met with enthusiasm from all quarters. Designed to bring the magic of the M-badge to a wider audience, some consider it a brash upstart without the pedigree required for admittance to the M-car fold. Others recognise a thrilling driving machine when they see one. By DEON SCHOEMAN.
Sport pages
SPORTS BRIEFS
PROMOTERS TELL IAAF TO GO WEST
The IAAF need to strike a balance between taking athletics to new markets and maintaining the sport's popularity in Western Europe, meeting organisers said ahead of this week's decision to choose London or Doha as 2017 world championship hosts. By JUSTIN PALMER (Reuters).
CLARKE INSPIRES AUSSIE FIGHTBACK
Captain Michael Clarke defied a rampant Dale Steyn with an authoritative century to keep Australia afloat on the opening day of the first test against South Africa at Newlands on Wednesday. By KEN BORLAND (Reuters).
FIFA URGES BRAZIL TO PASS WORLD CUP LAWS
Brazil must hurry up and pass a package of new laws if the 2014 World Cup is to go ahead, FIFA secretary general Jerome Valcke told the country's Congress on Tuesday, adding there was "not a day to lose". By PETER MURPHY (Reuters).
MOMENT OF TRUTH FOR HAMILTON
Lewis Hamilton faces a moment of truth in Abu Dhabi this weekend. The 2008 world champion has never finished a season behind a McLaren team mate since he entered Formula One in 2007, but that proud boast is set to end in the glare of the Yas Marina floodlights on Sunday. By ALAN BALDWIN (Reuters).
PENN STATE PROBE COACH OVER SEX ALLEGATIONS
Pressure mounted on Joe Paterno on Tuesday to retire as head football coach at Penn State amid a widening scandal involving allegations an assistant coach sexually abused boys for over a decade and school officials covered it up. By IAN SIMPSON (Reuters).
European debt crisis
Hlongwane
International Emmy Directorate Award
Julius Malema
Max du Preez
Life's a pitch: How Covid forced public relations into new territory
SA's most famous showerhead sparks more debate
Zapiro bares all on Muhammad cartoon in, you guessed it, another cartoon
Popia and the delicate balance between press freedom, freedom of expression and data protection
From hero to zero, the Jackie Selebi story


Double Dare Squasher Camp is designed for kids who love to get messy, do obstacle courses, and be challenged! Inspired by the classic TV game show Double Dare, each day is packed with fast-paced fun and trivia, and includes wacky, wet, gooey and slimy challenges that keep campers active, competitive, laughing with friends, and getting soaked to the core!
Opposing teams race against time to complete sloppy challenges using water games, shaving cream slip n' slides, slime buckets, our famous Shaving Cream Pie Squashers (of course), and more. This camp is the ultimate combination of trivia, education, strategy, teamwork and physical challenges!
Each day, campers enjoy 4 periods of Double Dare activities, 1 period for lunch, and 1 extra activity period in lieu of swim. Campers take part in exciting opening and closing ceremonies with other LINX Campers, and there is a campwide special event every Friday!


I Shall in this lecture, for the sake of argument, change the ground I formerly took; and in the first place, allow that 'the Word' here signifies Jesus Christ; secondly, that the sentence I have rendered 'God was the Word' should run according to the order of the common version; and, I ask, will the passage, after all, prove the Deity of Jesus, or at most no more than his pre-existence and his instrumentality in the creation of the world? I answer, no; and I proceed to prove it.
Jesus, then, as the Trinitarians do not dispute, is called the Word, because he was the medium of divine communications to men; because he declared to us the mind and will of God; as we declare our thoughts to one another by words. Now, how plain it is that he who was the medium of another's communications is not the very being whose medium he is; and it is equally obvious that he is inferior to the being whose mediator he is. To deny this, is to maintain the absurdity, that the same things may be affirmed and not affirmed of the same existence at the same time. The very appellation 'Word,' by which Jesus is here distinguished, is sufficient to demonstrate that he is a distinct being from God, and subordinate to him in his operations. And whose Word is he?—that of God. Here again we perceive him to be distinct from Jehovah; as distinct from him as one who bears a certain name is distinct from him who bears it not.
"The Word was in the beginning." What period is referred to? The first of time; for eternity had no beginning. The same word taken otherwise, in the Mosaic cosmogony, would produce the doctrine of the eternity of matter, or the absurdity that God created from eternity. Now there is an obvious connection between the words we are considering and the assertion 'the Word was God.' The assertion is, therefore, that God existed in the beginning of time. An important declaration! That God existed when he must have existed; that God existed in time, when he must have existed from eternity, comprehending all periods of successive duration in the boundlessness and immensity of unoriginated existence.
"The Word was with God." Here is a distinction of being intimated in the very terms. He who is with another is not the same existence with whom he is. Jesus, then, is a different being from God, and that he is not Jehovah is clear from the appellation 'God' being confined in the sentence to the being with whom he is said to have been. There is one Supreme in the Christian's creed. He then who in a sentence is mentioned in distinction from the one God, cannot be that exclusive Deity. The name of God is not given to Jesus. Jesus is not therefore the being to whom the appellation is appropriate. By the circumstance of being with, and by the bearing of the office of the medium of divine communications, Jesus is distinguished from God, and cannot therefore be he.
Is the first person of the Trinity ever called the Word of the second or the third person? If he is not, the appellation 'Logos' must denote in the nature of the person who bears it something not characteristic of the Deity; for all that can be applied to the Deity, could be predicated of the first, second, or third persons of Deity. It can at all times be said of Jehovah, that he is infinite, unchangeable, independent and everlasting. And since the title 'Word' expresses something which cannot be affirmed of all the supposed persons in the Godhead, it expresses something which cannot be affirmed of either.
"The Word was God." 'I have made thee God to Pharaoh,' was language used by God to Moses. Why, in the same sense, may not Jesus be God to our world—God in the Christian dispensation? And what is there, then, in his being called so?
Again, when you find in the Gospel the expression, 'I am the resurrection and the life,' do you not think it natural and requisite, in ascertaining the meaning of it, to supply a word, so as to understand the passage as declaring that Jesus is the medium or the revealer of resurrection and life. When you meet with the declaration of Christ, 'This is my body,' does not a regard for consistency and rationality in the doctrines of the Gospel require us to supply the word represents, so as to understand the passage as asserting that the bread is the representative of the body of Jesus? On the very same principle, when we meet with the phrase, 'the Word was God,' in order to avoid the grossest absurdity, and to maintain concord among the contents and reason throughout the scripture, we are to understand the assertion as implying that the Word represents God or communicates God's will.
When we consider how strongly the expression in question is guarded both before and behind; when we find the Evangelist, immediately before the passage, saying, 'the Word was with God,' and immediately after, 'the same was in the beginning with God,' can we here hesitate for a moment to understand the passage as a generally expressed statement of the office of Christ? We should think him void of common sense, and wishing to burlesque the scriptures, who would refuse to give to any other similar expression on another subject, occurring in such a connection, an interpretation in unison with the general tenor and express statements of the book in which it was found.
I have now to notice another view of these words, arising from a difference in the translation. That proposed is, 'the Word was a god.' This sounds strangely to an English ear; but those who consider how often persons of dignity and exalted character are in the Old Testament denomin ated 'gods,' and who find that in this inferior application of Theos, our Savior affirmed that it would have been justly his, had he claimed it, John x. 35, will see nothing in the assertion of the proem that Jesus was a god, which, on the supposition of his mere Messiahship, is in the least singular. The fact is, that it is a proper translation of the original; for it is a common rule of Greek grammar, that the want of the article before the noun indicates indefinite reference.
Origen, Eusebius, and Clemens Alexandrinus, three of the most learned Fathers, who spoke the Greek as their vernacular tongue, and who ad dressed their remarks to persons familiar with that language from their infancy, have remarked with some of the moderns, that the lower sense of Theos in the last clause of the first verse is indicated by the want of the definite article. Those who know that the word Theos commonly has the article prefixed in the original when the Supreme Being is intended, will not be disposed to deny the propri ety of this translation. I have myself adopted another translation, because the words, like many other passages of Greek writers, will equally bear different renderings; and because the account given by Irenæus of the object of the proem seems to suggest the propriety of taking the Logos as the predicate, and Theos as the subject, of the proposition. Nothing, however, can be more evident than this, that had the Evangelist intended to declare the Deity of the Word, he might have done so unequivocally and distinctly by the addition of the article. And it may be remarked, as an evident general proof of the inferiority of Christ, that while the Father is called God, and that with the article, thousands of times, the Son is not once called God with the article; and, which is of no consequence in the argument to remark, he is not even called God without the article more than once or twice.
"All things were by him, and without him nothing was that was." Now, in the first place, if Jesus was the absolute creator of the world, the efficient agency of the first and third persons of the Trinity would be excluded. To speak of one subsistence in the Trinity supporting the Majesty of the Godhead, while another exerted almighty power in creation, is to contradict Scripture, which, in numerous places represents the Father as "the creator of the heavens and the earth," and is to produce perfect distinction of being between the Father and the Son, which at once destroys the unity.
Further, the preposition dia, here translated by, and which occurs nearly three hundred times in the New Testament, universally signifies instrumental agency in distinction from hypo, which almost universally implies primary original operation and causation. Those who wish fully to understand the subject, can find no difficulty in ascertaining the correctness of this remark. And, on this ground, what can be plainer than that Jesus is not possessed of almighty power; that, supposing him to have pre-existed, he was but the agent of God in the production of the world; a being, therefore, both distinct from him, and inferior to him.
I now proceed, in the last place, to mention that explanation of this passage, which supposes the phrase en arche to mean 'in or at the beginning of the Christian dispensation;' that by 'the Word' is meant Jesus Christ; that 'all things' denote all things connected with that dispensation; and that ginomai does not convey the idea of natural creation.
2. It is held that the Logos must be used here as a designation of Christ, because it is thus employed in the introduction to John's Epistle, and in Rev. xix. 13, where also the Alexandrian MS. reads 'hath been called,' instead of 'is called,' while there is no instance of its signifying a divine power in the New testament.
3. The position that 'all things' mean all things connected with the Christian dispensation, is maintained on this ground, that the expression in John's writings never signifies the material universe; and that when it is spoken of in the Old or the New Testament, it is always under the distribution of the heavens, the earth, the sea, &c. as in Acts iv. 24. & xiv. 15. & xvii. 24. Rev. xiv. 7.
4. That the idea of creation is not contained in the passage, is grounded upon the circumstance that ginomai is not the word which properly expresses natural creation, but really signifies and is universally translated in John's Gospel, and in the New Testament in general, 'to do, to transact, to be, to become, or to come to pass.' And with respect to the objection arising from its occurrence in ver. 10, in connection with the word kosmos, it is replied that the sense and connection of the passage require the supplement of the word enlightened, (see Matth. xxiii. 15.) or that the word egeneto is to be taken in the sense of enlightened, or as denoting a kind of spiritual and intellectual creation, which seems to be the import of the word in ver. 13, also in chap. iii. 5, 6, 7, 8, and frequently in the Epistles of Paul. That this is the import of John's words in the passage, is further contended from the meaning of the word kosmos. As it signifies human beings in the latter part of the verse, it must, it is said, have the same meaning in the other, and not the material universe. It is conceived also, that the scope of the passage renders the whole of this interpretation necessary.
This interpretation of the words is not inconsistent with the account which Irenæus gives of the purpose for which they were written. The declaration, O Logos sarx egeneto, might have been intended to correct the notion of the Gnostics, that the Word was a celestial Aeon, by whom all things were created. Taken in connection with ver. 17, the declaration was also fitted to inform them that Christ and Jesus were not distinct beings; and that Jesus Christ, a real human being, was the only proper Word.
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Catherine Rondina is a freelance writer-researcher with over 1,700 published articles and eight books to her credit. Born in Toronto, Ontario, she grew up in a household of avid readers.
Catherine also credits her love of reading to her inspirational elementary school teacher, Mrs. D., at Jackman Avenue Public School. A one time reluctant reader, Mrs. D. was able to select just the right book, E.B. White's, Charlotte's Web, that captured Catherine's imagination and made her want to become a writer herself.
So, it seemed only natural for Catherine to take her love of books, reading and writing with her throughout her life.
She has spent over twenty-six years working with the Toronto Public Library in many different facets from children and young adult services to literacy and film.
She began her own writing career in the late 1980s in the magazine and newspaper trade. Her work has appeared in publications such as the Toronto Star, Canadian Living, Modern Woman, Cottage Life and the Toronto Sun. Catherine has written monthly columns for Good Times, City Parent and Post City Magazines. Her writing for children, from grades 3 to 12, has been published by Nelson Education Ltd., Pearson Education Canada, Prentice Hall Ginn, Gage Educational Publishing and Owl Communications, including two educational workbooks for Nelson Literacy, Literacy Power A and Literacy Power G.
Catherine has also published three children's books for James Lorimer & Company: Lying: Deal With It Straight Up! (2006), Rudeness: Deal With It If You Please (2005) and Gossip: Deal With It Before Word Gets Around (2004). In April of 2008, she published The 10 Worst Things About the Internet for Rubicon/Scholastic. Kids Can Press published her latest book, Don't Touch That Toad & Other Strange Things Adults Tell You.
In addition to her writing, Catherine hosts numerous school and public library visits throughout southern Ontario. Her workshops are very well received by students and teachers alike. Catherine takes great pride in being able to curtail each workshop to the audience she is presenting to, whether it's a public library program with over 150 young adults or a classroom setting of thirty-five grade 4 students.
At present, she teaches creative nonfiction for children at George Brown College in Toronto, Ontario. Catherine lives in Richmond Hill, Ontario, with her husband and three children.


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"It's time to wake up and smell your own coffee."
In response to Starbucks closing 8,000 of its stores on Tuesday to correct its employees' "unconscious bias," a pro-life coalition spearheaded by Dr. Alveda King and Brent Bozell has released an open letter to Starbucks CEO Kevin Johnson asking that he end the company's ongoing love affair with abortion conglomerate Planned Parenthood if Starbucks cares so much about race relations.
"A coalition of pro-life leaders, led by the grassroots organization ForAmerica, has released an open letter to Starbucks CEO Kevin Johnson challenging him to stop donations to Planned Parenthood which takes precious lives away from minority communities and was founded by Margaret Sanger – an outspoken racist," reads the group's accompanying statement.
With signatures from Priests for Life founder Father Frank Pavone and Father Shenan of Human Life International, the letter highlights Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger's racist past and how her legacy has carried over into the Roe v. Wade era, with a disproportionately high number of black babies aborted every year in Planned Parenthood clinics.
"If you think this public relations fix means Starbucks is no longer complicit in racism, it's time to wake up and smell your own coffee," the letter reads.
"With every donation your company gives to Planned Parenthood, the largest single provider of abortions in the United States performing over 300,000 per year, Starbucks is contributing to one of the most racist organizations in our nation's history," it continued.
"So if Starbucks wants to own the corporate mantle of ending racist business practices, then we challenge you to stop funding Planned Parenthood's House of Horrors which has taken precious lives away from minority communities; and from society at large."
The letter finishes with some startling statistics. For instance, abortion has effectively reduced the black population in the United States by 30% since 1973, with more black children dying from abortion than from AIDS, accidents, violent crimes, cancer, and heart disease combined.