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"Pizzagate" er en konspirationsteori, der gik viralt under det amerikanske præsidentvalg i 2016. Den er i vid udstrækning blevet miskrediteret af en lang række organisationer, herunder politiet i Washington, DC.

I marts 2016 blev John Podesta (Hillary Clintons kampagneleder) personlige e-mail-konto hacket i et phishing-angreb. WikiLeaks offentliggjorde hans e-mails i november 2016. Tilhængere af Pizzagate-konspirationsteorien hævdede, at disse e-mails indeholdt kodede beskeder, der forbandt adskillige højtstående embedsmænd fra Det Demokratiske Parti og forskellige restauranter med menneskehandel og en børnesex-ring. Et af de restauranter, der angiveligt var involveret, var Comet Ping Pong-pizzeriaet i Washington, DC.

Medlemmer af alt-right, konservative journalister og andre, der havde opfordret Clintons retsforfølgelse over e-mails, spredte konspirationsteorien på sociale medier som 4chan, 8chan, Reddit og Twitter. Som direkte konsekvens heraf rejste en mand fra North Carolina til Comet Ping Pong for selv at efterforske konspirationsteorien. Dette ledte til, at manden – som led i denne efterforskning – affyrede en riffel inde i restauranten for at bryde låsen på en dør til et lagerrum. Restaurantejeren og personalet modtog også dødstrusler fra konspirationsteoretikere.

Pizzagate betragtes generelt som en forløberen for QAnon-konspirationsteorien. Pizzagate genopstod i 2020, primært som følge af QAnon. Mens konspirationsteorien oprindeligt blev spredt blandt den yderste højrefløj, er den siden blevet spredt af teenagere på TikTok "som ellers ikke passer ind i det højreorienterede miljø for konspirationsteoretiker": de største spredere af "Pizzagate"-konspirationsteorien på TikTok ser ud til at være mest interesserede i emner om virale danse moves og Black Lives Matter. Konspirationsteorien har således udviklet sig og er blevet mindre partisk og politisk af natur, og har mindre vægt på Clinton og mere på vægt på den påståede verdensomspændende elite af børnesexsmuglere.

Baggrund

Podestas e-mail

John Podesta var en politisk rådgiver for Det Demokratiske Parti, som bl.a. tidligere havde været Det Hvide Hus' stabschef under præsident Clinton, ligesom han også havde fungeret som rådgiver for præsident Obama fra 2014 til 2015. Podesta fungerede endvidere som Hillary Clintons kampagneleder i forbindelse med hendes 2016-præsidentkampagne.

I marts 2016 blev Podesta personlige Gmail-konto hacket i et phishing-angreb. Forskellige cybersikkerhedseksperter såvel som den amerikanske regering, har tilskrevet ansvaret for angrebet til en russisks hackergruppe ved navn Fancy Bear, som angiveligt er en enhed af det russiske militærs efterretningsagentur.

WikiLeaks kom efterfølgende i besiddelse af nogle af Podestas e-mails, som de offentliggjorde i oktober og november 2016. Samlet offentliggjorde de over 20.000 sider med e-mails, som angiveligt tilhørte Podesta. Podesta og Clinton-kampagnen har afvist at autentificere disse e-mails. Cybersikkerhedseksperter, der blev interviewet af PolitiFact, mener, at størstedelen af disse e-mails sandsynligvis er autentiske og fremkommer i en uændret version, men påpeger samtidig, at det er muligt, at hackerne har redigeret i og/eller opdigtede nogle af disse e-mails. PolitiFact-artiklen påpeger samtidig, at Clinton-kampagnen ikke har anfægtet eller fremlagt beviser for, at nogen af de pågældende e-mails ikke skulle være autentiske. En efterfølgende undersøgelse foretaget af amerikanske efterretningstjenester konkluderede også, at de filer, som WikiLeaks var kommet i besiddelse af, ikke umiddelbart indeholdt nogen "åbenbare forfalskninger".

Tilknytning til børnemisbrug

Konspirationsteoriens beskyldninger om seksuelt misbrug af børn har delvist ophav i/inspireret af en række prominente sager i USA, som har omhandlet beskyldninger om, at kendte personer har seksuelt misbrugt børn. Eksempelvis:

 Sagen om Jeffrey Epstein, hvor der allerede i 2007 blev rejst anklager mod ham, der blandt andet omhandlede seksuelt misbrugt mindreårige. Denne sag endte med, at Epstein indgik en kontroversiel aftale med anklagemyndigheden (altså det amerikanske justitsministerie), hvori Epstein blev givet immunitet – sammen med fire navngivne medsammensvorne og eventuelle unavngivne "potentielle medsammensvorne" – overfor de ellers alvorlige anklager. Denne kontroversielle aftale gav efterfølgende anledning til debat og affødte spekulationer om en mulig konspiration, idet det generelt undrede folk, herunder journalisten Julie K. Brown fra Miami Herald, at Epstein havde fået tilbudt en så "god aftale". Epstein havde mange kendte bekendtskaber, hvilket var med at sætte skub i konspirationsteorierne, herunder Prins Andrew, Bill Clinton, Bill Gates, Robert F. Kennedy Jr, Donald Trump, Kevin Spacey og mange flere – mange af disse havde angiveligt også fløjet med Epsteins privatfly, 'Lolita Express'. Epstein blev i 2019 anholdt og på ny anklaget for bl.a. seksuelt misbrug af børn og sexhandel. Han blev senere, den 10. august 2019, fundet død i sin fængselscelle i hvad der tilsyneladende lignede et selvmord. Dødsfaldet har efterfølgende været genstand for adskillige konspirationsteorier, hvilket blandt andet har givet anledning til udtrykkene "Epstein didn't kill himself" (dansk: "Epstein begik ikke selvmord") og "Epsteined" (reference til, at man bliver likvideret). Hele Epstein-sagen har over årene således kontinuerligt været genstand for adskillige konspirationsteori, som har forbundet seksuelt misbrug af børn med dele af den såkaldte "elite". Flere af de brugerne på 4chan, som skabte "Pizzagate"-konspirationsteorien henviser således også flere gange til Epstein, herunder hans privatfly 'Lolita Express'.
 Sagen om Anthony Weiner, hvor der i september 2016 blev offentliggjort påstande om, at Weiner havde deltaget i sexting med en 15-årig pige fra North Carolina, hvilket afstedkom at forskellige elektroniske enheder ejet af Weiner blev beslaglagt, som del af en større undersøgelse af hændelsen. Disse påstande ledte til, at Weiners bærbare computer blev beslaglagt og en kriminel efterforskning blev igangsat. E-mails, der var relateret til en kontrovers vedrørende Hillary Clintons e-mail server, blev opdaget på Weiners computer, hvilket afstedkom at FBI-direktøren, James Comey, genåbnede en undersøgelse af Clintons e-mail server blot elleve dage før det amerikanske præsidentvalg i 2016. Weiner-sagen blev også refereret og og brugt i "Pizzagate"-konspirationsteorien.

Oprindelse
Den 30. oktober 2016 hævdede en Twitter-konto, fejlagtigt, at New York City Police Department (NYPD) havde opdaget en pædofili-ring, som havde forbindelse til medlemmer af Det Demokratiske Parti, idet de eftersøgte Anthony Weiners e-mails. Igennem oktober og november 2016 havde WikiLeaks offentliggjort John Podestas e-mails. Tilhængere af konspirationsteorien læste disse e-mails og påstod, at de indeholdt ord og sætninger, der var kodet. I henhold til konspirationsteoretikerne havde disse ord og sætninger således i virkeligheden en anden skjult betydning, som de hævede havde med pædofili og menneskehandel at gøre. Konspirationsteoretikerne hævdede endvidere, at Comet Ping Pong, et pizzeria i Washington, DC, var et mødested for "satanisk rituel misbrug".

Konspirationsteorien har hentet inspirations fra sit navn fra Watergate-skandalen. Selve konspirationsteorien blev først bragt på hjemmesider, som urigtigt udgav sig for at være medier – herunder siden Your News Wire, der var den første som bragte konspirationsteorien. Your News Wire citerede et 4chan-indlæg fra tidligere samme år. Your News Wire-artiklen blev efterfølgende spredt af pro-Trump-hjemmesider, inklusive SubjectPolitics.com, som tilføjede påstanden om, at NYPD havde ransaget Hillary Clintons ejendom. The Conservative Daily Post havde endvidere en overskrift, der hævdede, at FBI havde bekræftet konspirationsteorien

Spredning på sociale medier
Ifølge BBC spredte beskyldningerne sig til "det almindelige internet" nogle dage inden det amerikanske præsidentvalg i 2016, idet en Reddit-bruger postede et Pizzagate "bevis"-dokument. Det originale Reddit-indlæg, som siden er blevet fjernet, påstod, at Comet Ping Pong var involveret idet:

Historien blev efterfølgende opfanget af andre hjemmesider og konspirationsteoretikere såsom InfoWars, Planet Free Will og The Vigilant Citizen. Andre der promoverede konspirationsteorien omfatter: David Seaman, tidligere skribent for TheStreet.com, CBS46- værten Ben Swann, basketballspilleren Andrew Bogut og Minecraft-skaberen Markus "Notch" Persson. Den 30. december, da Bogut kom sig over en knæskade, fremmede medlemmer af "/r/The Donald"-fællesskabet (også kaldet subreddit) på Reddit en falsk teori om, at hans skade var forbundet med hans støtte til Pizzagate. Jonathan Albright, en assisterende professor i medieanalyse ved Elon University, sagde, at et uforholdsmæssigt stort antal tweets om Pizzagate kom fra Tjekkiet, Cypern og Vietnam, og at nogle af de hyppigste retweetere var bots.

Medlemmer af Reddit-fællesskabet "/r/The_Donald" oprettede et nyt fællesskab på Reddit, "/r/pizzagate", for at videreudvikle konspirationsteorien. Dette nye fælleskab blev bandlyst fra Reddit den 23. november 2016, idet dette fælleskab havde overtrådt Reddits anti-doxing-politik, efter at brugere havde videregivet personlige oplysninger om personer med forbindelse til den påståede sammensværgelse. Reddit offentliggjorde efterfølgende en erklæring, hvori de sagde: "Vi vil ikke have en heksejagt på vores side". Efter forbuddet mod Reddit blev diskussionen flyttet til et andet fælleskab, "v/pizzagate" på en anden platform, Voat (en hjemmeside, der ligner Reddit).

Nogle af Pizzagates tilhængere, herunder David Seaman og Michael G. Flynn (søn af Michael Flynn, som var Trump-administrationen første national sikkerhedsrådgiver), videreudviklede konspirationsteorien til at blive en bredere regeringssammensværgelse kaldet "Pedogate". Ifølge denne konspirationsteori driver en "satanisk kabal af eliten" fra den Nye Verdensorden en internationale børnesexhandelsringe.

I juni 2020 fandt konspirationsteorien fornyet popularitet på TikTok, hvor videoer tagget #Pizzagate nåede over 80 millioner visninger.

Chikane af restaurantejere og ansatte

Restauranten Comet Ping Pong i Washington D.C. var ejet af James Alefantis. Alefantis havde længe været en tilhænger og støtter af Det Demokratisk Parti og havde i denne forbindelse derfor indsamlet penge til fordel for både Barack Obama og Hillary Clinton. Ligeledes havde Alefantis tidligere været i et forhold med David Brock, som – af magasinet Time – er blevet beskrevet, som: "en af de mest indflydelsesrige operatører [personer] i Det Demokratiske Parti". Alefantis fremgik således nogle af de – af Wikileaks – lækkede e-mail (fra John Podestas e-mail konto), som følge af hans deltagelse og forbindelse til forskellige fundraising-indsatser.

Brugere på 4chan begyndte i begyndelse af november 2016 at spekulere i, at ordet "pizza" i nogle af de lækkede e-mails i virkeligheden var kodet og havde en anden skjult betydning. Man spekulerede her i, at ordet i virkeligheden skulle have med pædofili og menneskehandel at gøre. Dette afstedkom, at brugerne begyndte at gennemse de lækkede e-mails for referencer til "pizza". Her stødte brugerne på pizzeriaet Comet Ping Pong og ejerens forbindelser til Det Demokratiske Parti. Endvidere hævede nogle brugere på 4chan, at dette pizzeria havde hemmelige rum, døre og en kælder. Alt dette førte til at brugerne begyndte i at spekulere i, om pizzeriaet var hjemsted for en hemmelig pædofili-ring for fremtrædende politikere og politiske donorer.

Efter at konspirationsteorien havde spredt sig fra 4chan til det almindelige internet – herunder Reddit, Twitter – begyndte folk at demonstrere ude foran Comet Ping Pong, ligesom restauranten begyndte at modtage hundredvis af trusler fra konspirationsteoretikere. Alefantis sagde i denne forbindelse til The New York Times, at: "Vi er kommet under konstant angreb fra denne vanvittige og opdigtede konspirationsteori. Jeg har ikke gjort andet i flere dage end at prøve at rydde op i det her og beskytte mine medarbejdere og venner mod at blive terroriseret." Overfor BBC udtalte Alefantis endvidere, at "De ignorerer grundlæggende fakta" og eksemplificerede dette ved konspirationsteoriens påstand om, at restauranten skulle have en skjult kælder, hvortil Alefantis påpegede: "Vi har ikke engang en kælder."

Det hele kulminerede d. 4. december 2016, da en 28-årig mand med en AR-15 riffel gik ind i Comet Ping Pong for "selv at efterforske" konspirationsteorien. Manden affyrede skud og ramte vægge, et bord og en dør – ingen personer kom til skade. Manden overgav sig efterfølgende frivilligt til politiet og blev arresteret. Manden så sig selv som historiens helt - en redningsmand af børn. Han blev efterfølgende idømt fire års fængsel for episoden.

Pizzagate-relateret chikane af virksomheder strakte sig ud over Comet Ping Pong og omfattede også andre restauranter såsom Besta Pizza (tæt ved Comet), Little Red Fox cafe, boghandelen Politik og Prosa og den fransk bistro Teraso.

Noter

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Pseudohistorie
Konspirationsteorier


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Does Hiring Based on 'Cultural Fit' Encourage Discrimination?
by Derek Loosvelt | June 01, 2015
My first job after graduating college was working as a financial analyst for an investment bank in New York. A couple weeks into that first job, one of the associates I worked with told me how the behind-the-scenes decision making process went in my hiring: The managing director of the group in which I worked wanted to hire another candidate with a higher GPA and better (more directly-related) internships. However, this associate, an alumnus of the same college I went to, as well as a member of the same fraternity I'd been in, pushed hard for me to be hired over the other guy, saying that I was a better fit with the group. Which I understood to mean that the associate (who graduated years before me so we didn't overlap at school) liked me better than the other candidate, thought he had more in common with me than him, and could see himself drinking beer with me after work more often than he could with the other guy.
I mention this because today "fit" and "cultural fit" are popular recruiting words used to describe a good part of the decision making process when it comes to who gets hired and who doesn't. And here at Vault, when we survey banks, law firms, and consulting firms, employees in large numbers tell us that "fit" is among the most important aspects of determining who belongs and who doesn't within the ranks of their firms.
For example, here's one Goldman Sachs employee from our 2014 Banking Survey (emphasis added is mine): "We are seeking people with a strong cultural fit who are quick learners, independent, and professional; smart candidates with unique capabilities such as in sports, art, literature, etc." Here's another Goldman insider: "Technically unqualified candidates get cut early; later rounds focus on fit and long-term potential." And here's a McKinsey insider speaking to us in our 2014 Consulting Survey: "The interview process is rigorous and increasingly aims not only to determine if a candidate is a good fit but to give recruits a good glimpse into the firm and their potential career path upon joining."
At a glance, the practice of hiring based on fit doesn't seem to be much of a problem, and even makes sense. If you describe fit as "you have a similar outlook to us when it comes to your work ethic, how you approach problems, and how you work in a team and on your own," then there's probably a better chance a candidate who fits well will succeed at the firm and stay for a fairly long time. However, the problem is that, too often, fit and cultural fit mean something to the effect of "you are like us in that you look like us, appreciate the same kind of food as us, come from the same racial and socioeconomic background as us, support the same professional sports team as us, even are the same gender as us."
Which is exactly what Lauren Rivera, a professor at Northwestern's Kellogg School of Management, found when "researching the hiring practices of the country's top investment banks, management consultancies, and law firms"—where, she says, "fit has gone rogue."
Fit was not about a match with organizational values. It was about personal fit. In these time- and team-intensive jobs, professionals at all levels of seniority reported wanting to hire people with whom they enjoyed hanging out and could foresee developing close relationships with. Fit was different from the ability to get along with clients. Fundamentally, it was about interviewers' personal enjoyment and fun. Many, like one manager at a consulting firm, believed that "when it's done right, work is play."
To judge fit, interviewers commonly relied on chemistry. "The best way I could describe it," one member of a law firm's hiring committee told me, "is like if you were on a date. You kind of know when there's a match." Many used the "airport test." As a managing director at an investment bank put it, "Would I want to be stuck in an airport in Minneapolis in a snowstorm with them?"
Further, Rivera claims that the practice of defining fit as personality fit is getting dangerously close to crossing the discriminatory line. And she presents a strong case. Here are more of her findings.
Discovering shared experiences was one of the most powerful sources of chemistry, but interviewers were primarily interested in new hires whose hobbies, hometowns and biographies matched their own. Bonding over rowing college crew, getting certified in scuba, sipping single-malt Scotches in the Highlands or dining at Michelin-starred restaurants was evidence of fit; sharing a love of teamwork or a passion for pleasing clients was not. Some (former) athletes fit exclusively with other athletes; others fit only with those who played the same sport. At one hiring committee meeting I attended, I watched a partner who was an avid Red Sox fan argue for rejecting a Yankees supporter on the grounds of misfit.
Warning to employers: aside from the fact that the practice is nearing discriminatory territory, there's the fact that diverse workforces have been shown to make better business decisions than homogenous ones. As Rivera puts it, "Too much similarity can lead to teams that are overconfident, ignore vital information and make poor (or even unethical) decisions."
Which reminds me that, in the wake of the financial crisis of 2008, there were many observers, including this one, who thought it very possible that if there had been more women in decision making roles at some of the world's leading financial institutions at the time, a crisis on the magnitude of the one that hit us could have largely been avoided.
In any case, I'm curious: How do you define cultural fit? And do you think hiring based on fit is a form of discrimination? Let me know in the comments below.
Bain: Why There Are So Few Women Business Leaders
Forget Goldman and McKinsey, Take a Gap Year Instead
In Interviews, Heart and Brains Beats Experience
Filed Under: Consulting|Finance|Interviewing|Job Search|Workplace Issues Tags: cultural fit|discriminatory hiring practices|fit interviews|goldman sachs|mckinsey

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It's cold and rainy outside in Atlanta right now. Five minutes ago I ordered my dog some glucosamine on amazon, flushed my toilet, and began remembering the time I crossed an ocean in a tube with wings in order to find the same life in a new reality.
I remember Kenya, June 2016. I remember how I felt at home there. I remember how sometimes I felt more at home in Africa than Atlanta.
I was at-ease. My travels adhered to no agenda. I just wanted an honest look, an honest conversation. To eliminate the distance in my mind between what I knew and what I'd only heard of. In the process I witnessed the beauty of creation, humans choosing joy in struggle, and endless gratitude in the abundance of enough.
Below is my meek attempt to bridge the gap between things/ideas that were once separate in my mind. Identifying evidence of shared life, both simple and sacred.
I could try to say more. But I won't.
In closing, my prompt to you: ruthlessly seek connection, everywhere.


Everyone will be wanting a slice of the action on Halloween with this fun and tasty pumpkin shaped cake!
Every celebration needs a cake and Halloween is no different. Well, it is in a way because you might not want to give out cake slices at the door but if you have a party planned, then a fab cake is just what's needed. A pumpkin cake no less. And I'm not talking one containing pumpkin, but one in the actual shape. A fun addition to your table that combines autumnal spices and chocolate underneath its bright orange skin. One more thing: don't worry about every little bit being absolutely perfect. I'm no expert in decorating cakes with fondant, but have found that small flaws can easily be covered with more decorations. Have fun!
Transfer your cake to your chosen plate or wooden board before setting it amongst your decorations. Happy Halloween!


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Music for the Mind: How Music Nurtures Cognitive Development
febrero 28, 2019 febrero 27, 2019 Alexandria Weaver auditory, Cognition, cognitive development, Emotion, Emotional Awareness, Learning, Listening, Memory, mood, Music, Musical Therapy, Performance, Therapy, Visuospatial abilities
Imagine listening to your favorite song, how it makes you feel, and the flood of memories the sounds bring with them. Music is well known for its ability to evoke emotions and memories and has an array of uses, including therapy for rehabilitation and as a tool for teaching, learning, expression, celebration, bonding, and so much more.
Music as a tool seems great, but how much can it really do? In recent years, scientists have been interested in music's potential to change our cognitive abilities. Unfortunately, listening to Mozart sonatas will not make you smarter, but listening to music does have the ability to change your mood, which might slightly affect how you perform on a test from one day to another.
Playing music also seems to affect how certain regions of our brains look. Research tells us that musicians' brains are structurally different in areas that are related to motor, auditory, and visual-spatial regions due to years of practice, and musicians have also been found to perform higher on tests of executive functioning compared to non-musicians.
What is Executive Function?
Our executive functions work together to help us pay attention while inhibiting distractions, hold and organize information, switch between different points of view, problem solve, and regulate our emotions. There are three main parts to executive functions: working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control. These processes help us navigate the world we live in and are essential to efficiently processing information.
Playing a musical instrument is believed to develop executive function because performance and intense practice puts a high demand on those cognitive areas and strengthens them.
Playing a musical instrument is believed to develop executive function.
Many music research studies have used a cross-sectional design to determine if musical training is correlated with differences in cognitive functioning. This makes it difficult to conclude for sure that playing an instrument develops areas of executive functioning or if there are preexisting differences in executive functioning that make individuals more likely to play an instrument. As a result, there has been a mix of findings and debate about whether or not music training substantially causes differences in cognitive functioning.
An ideal way to test whether there are benefits to musical training is to randomly assign non-musician participants to different groups where some participants learn an instrument for a long period of time, and some don't. This allows for comparisons on performance between and within groups on tests of executive functioning before training and every few years while training. An example of this kind of longitudinal study is currently being conducted by Dr. Assal Habibi and her colleagues in Los Angeles, California. They created a youth orchestra modeled after El Sistema, a similar program taking place in Venezuela. In Dr. Habibi and colleagues' study, they compared children participating in the youth orchestra to children participating in sports, as well as to children who were not involved in any intense after school program. After participating in music, sports, or no intense after school program for two years, they found that children in the music group showed much better performance in auditory skills and observed brain related changes in auditory regions compared with children participating in sports or no intense after school program. They also observed stronger neural activation during a task measuring executive function compared with children without music or sports training. Even though they didn't find major differences between the music and sports group beyond auditory areas in the brain, this study provides evidence that those differences in auditory regions are more than likely due to musical training rather than any pre-existing differences. This is an ongoing study, so stay tuned for their report of their findings after four years of training.
Does Musical Training Improve School Performance?
Long answer short, research generally says yes. While many studies have found a positive relationship between music lessons and academic performance, the exact reason for this is still debated. Some research attributes improved academic performance to improvements in executive function skills as a result of music training.
Some research attributes improved academic performance to improvements in executive function skills as a result of music training.
Other research on music and academic achievement highlight the importance that musical engagement plays in increasing self-esteem, motivation, and ability to deal with stress. At times, learning can be frustrating and difficult. If providing students the opportunity to play an instrument or participate in a musical group such as choir can positively impact their self-esteem, motivation, and ability to deal with stress, this might support students in their academic learning in general.
It's Not All About the Instruments
Not everyone has access to an instrument or the time to intensely train for long hours every day, so what else can we do? Dr. Vesa Putkinen and colleagues conducted a correlational study with children examining the relation between informal engagement with music at home such as singing, and auditory abilities such as attention and discrimination. They found that the more children were involved with musical activities at home, the less likely they were to get distracted by novel sounds during the experiment. Based on their findings, Dr. Putkinen and colleagues suggest that engaging in these kinds of informal music activities in early childhood might be beneficial to the development of important auditory functions. Classrooms can sometimes be full of distractions, especially when there is a lot of noise. Having the ability to inhibit these kinds of auditory distractors at an early age may help students better focus on verbal instructions during class, which can have an impact on their school performance.
Dr. Sylvain Moreno and colleagues did a study not utilizing instruments, but instead an interactive computerized training program designed for preschool children. Students took part in either a music curriculum which was composed of mainly listening activities, or a visual arts curriculum emphasizing visuospatial skills. They found that students in the music group showed improved performance on verbal ability and executive functioning compared with students in the visual arts group. Verbal ability and executive functions have both been shown to be important to academic achievement.
Even though researchers have not come to a consensus on why music improves students' performance, no research has found musical engagement to be significantly harmful. So, keep singing and practicing your instrument of choice and when your neighbors say to keep the noise down, let them know you're exercising your executive functions, increasing your self-esteem, and ask them to join you by singing along.
Is that All?
Of course not! Music can help us develop other skills important for our cognitive development. Participating in musical groups such as a choir, orchestra, or band can create friendships, helps children develop social skills, and can lead to a sense of belonging. Working in groups involves teamwork, cooperation, and learning to recognize the emotions and reactions of others while appropriately responding to them. Engaging with music has also been associated with improved self-regulation and an increase in emotional awareness.
Concert venues are constantly overflowing with dedicated fans that come together and bond over their shared interest in a particular artist or genre of music, and for many cultures, music is a central part of social gatherings. Overall, music has the power to bring people together in many different ways, and is beneficial to our overall cognitive development.
Who knows what we will discover 10 years from now? Researchers have only scratched the surface of music and how it affects human cognition.
Has music education impacted your life in a similar way? Let us know in the comments below!
Dingle, G. A., Hodges, J., & Kunde, A. (2016). Tuned In Emotion Regulation Program Using Music Listening: Effectiveness for Adolescents in Educational Settings. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 859.
Gaser, C., & Schlaug, G. (2003). Brain Structures Differ between Musicians and Non-Musicians. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(27), 9240–9245.
Habibi, A., Damasio, A., Ilari, B., Elliott Sachs, M., & Damasio, H. (2018). Music training and child development: a review of recent findings from a longitudinal study: Music training and child development: a review. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1423(1), 73–81.
Hallam, S. (2010). The power of music: Its impact on the intellectual, social and personal development of children and young people. International Journal of Music Education, 28(3), 269–289.
Kokotsaki, D., & Hallam, S. (2011). The perceived benefits of participative music making for non-music university students: a comparison with music students. Music Education Research, 13(2), 149–172.
Moreno, S., Bialystok, E., Barac, R., Schellenberg, E. G., Cepeda, N. J., & Chau, T. (2011). Short-Term Music Training Enhances Verbal Intelligence and Executive Function. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1425–1433.
Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & Formann, A. K. (2010). Mozart effect–Shmozart effect: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 38(3), 314–323.
Putkinen, V., Tervaniemi, M., & Huotilainen, M. (2013). Informal musical activities are linked to auditory discrimination and attention in 2-3-year-old children: an event-related potential study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 37(4), 654–661.
Wetter, O. E., Koerner, F., & Schwaninger, A. (2009). Does musical training improve school performance? Instructional Science, 37(4), 365–374.
Winsler, A., Ducenne, L., & Koury, A. (2011). Singing One's Way to Self-Regulation: The Role of Early Music and Movement Curricula and Private Speech. Early Education & Development, 22(2), 274–304.
— Written by Alexandria Weaver. Illustrated by McCall Sarrett.
Alexandria Weaver
Alexandria graduated from Syracuse University with a B.S in Psychology before completing a postbaccalaureate in Cognitive Psychology at the University of Pittsburgh. She is currently pursuing her PhD in Education at the University of California, Irvine. In the Working Memory and Plasticity Lab, she is investigating the effects of cognitive training - such as playing a musical instrument - on working memory and how acquired skills and knowledge transfer across cognitive domains. She is ultimately interested in developing methods utilizing music to support learning and memory. In addition to her research she enjoys teaching guitar, engaging and discussing with students and the community about brain science with CNLM, and exploring California in search of the perfect cup of coffee.
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Alexandria graduated from Syracuse University with a B.S in Psychology before completing a postbaccalaureate in Cognitive Psychology at the University of Pittsburgh. She is currently pursuing her PhD in Education at the University of California, Irvine. In the Working Memory and Plasticity Lab, she is investigating the effects of cognitive training - such as playing a musical instrument - on working memory and how acquired skills and knowledge transfer across cognitive domains. She is ultimately interested in developing methods utilizing music to support learning and memory. In addition to her research she enjoys teaching guitar, engaging and discussing with students and the community about brain science with CNLM, and exploring California in search of the perfect cup of coffee.
3 comentarios en «Music for the Mind: How Music Nurtures Cognitive Development»
febrero 28, 2019 en 7:37 pm
Very interesting and excellent article about ?? and our brain! like all that you do! You Aced it! ????
Tim Yaotome
marzo 29, 2019 en 9:20 pm
I find it cool when you shared how attending music classes can help a person increase their self-esteem and motivation. Learning about this convinced me to enroll all my kids to guitar lessons this summer. Doing this will help them feel better about themselves so that they can be energized enough to go to school next season.
Rock Out Loud
Glad you mentioned music training also helps kids to improve their school performance. A lot of parents think that enrolling their kids in music classes may impact their studies. But, the way you have explained it with the help of a research, I hope a lot of parents will understand how music training will benefit their kids.
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Car News Lamborghini
Lamborghini Aventador LP 700-4 production hits 1000
Can you believe 1000 lucky motorists out there are driving around in a brand new Lamborghini Aventador? The company recently announced a production milestone of 1000, with the 1000th edition being personally delivered to its new owner by Lamborghini CEO Stephen Winkelmann.
The lucky buyer was a German architect, Hans Scheidecker, who ordered the V12 supercar in the bright and vibrant Argos Orange colour.
It only took Lamborghini one year and three months to achieve 1000 sales, which is not bad considering this is a very expensive and exclusive vehicle. So impressive that the company has had to increase production capacity, going from three per day up to 4.5 a day.
In comparison, Lamborghini took two years and five month to reach 1000 with the Aventador's predecessor, the Murcielago. The Mucielago was built at the same facility in Sant' Agata, Bologna, Italy.
To refresh your memory, the Aventador features a new 6.5-litre V12 engine – not based on a previous engine – producing 515kW of power and 690Nm of torque.
Power is sent through a Independent Shifting Rod seven-speed sequential transmission and into all four wheels. Acceleration from 0-100km/h takes just 2.9 seconds while its top speed is a whopping 350km/h.
Well done, Lamborghini. The milestone proves supercars are not dying, despite the economic and environmental pressures.
InLamborghini Aventador


The Britax Advansafix III SICT is now available in Singapore. The cheapest Britax Advansafix III SICT price in Singapore is S$ 649.00 from Lazada. You can also choose between different Britax Advansafix III SICT variants with Flame Red starting from S$ 649.00. Britax Advansafix III SICT price details are updated April 2019.


text:
Austrachelas est un genre d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Gallieniellidae.

Distribution
Les espèces de ce genre sont endémiques d'Afrique du Sud.

Liste des espèces
Selon  :
 Austrachelas bergi Haddad, Lyle, Bosselaers & Ramirez, 2009
 Austrachelas entabeni Haddad & Mbo, 2017
 Austrachelas incertus Lawrence, 1938
 Austrachelas kalaharinus Haddad, Lyle, Bosselaers & Ramirez, 2009
 Austrachelas merwei Haddad, Lyle, Bosselaers & Ramirez, 2009
 Austrachelas natalensis Lawrence, 1942
 Austrachelas pondoensis Haddad, Lyle, Bosselaers & Ramirez, 2009
 Austrachelas reavelli Haddad, Lyle, Bosselaers & Ramirez, 2009
 Austrachelas sexoculatus Haddad, Lyle, Bosselaers & Ramirez, 2009
 Austrachelas wassenaari Haddad, Lyle, Bosselaers & Ramirez, 2009

Publication originale
 Lawrence, 1938 : A collection of spiders from Natal and Zululand. Annals of the Natal Museum, , ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Gallieniellidae
Genre d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique d'Afrique du Sud

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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I noticed that (in fairness, before President Carter announced his diagnosis) Ted Cruz made a point of telling people that the Iranians released those hostages the very moment Ronald Reagan was sworn in. He wants his fans to assume Carter was a wimp and the Iranians cowered in fear before Reagan. In actuality, Carter ordered a rescue mission which his military wasn't able to accomplish, and, partly in response to that heretical decision, Ayatollah Khomeini withheld the diplomatically-obtained release until the inauguration was over as one final poke in Carter's eye. But that's ancient history — which is what putzes like Cruz count on.
encouraged the idea that American hostage-taking was a profitable strategy. Yet he came off being considered strong because of his more presidential carriage. Go figure.
Thank you for this lovely tribute, John. I've always felt a connection to President Carter's era as his election was the first I could really follow as a young voter and because I lived through what can only be termed a Carteresque-storm-of-the-century. As it turned out, I was a political science student during the last several months of his failed re-election bid. We were modeling the polling results on a weekly basis (terrible statistics memories, those) and watched his late lead slide into a loss in the final 9 days of campaigning. Coincidently, two of my roommates at Washington University in St. Louis were Iranian girls whose parents were trying to flee after the Shah was deposed. To add yet another layer, St. Louis was close to Rocky Sickmann's home town, and the airport where he landed when he returned from debriefing after the hostage crisis. (Rocky was one of the hostages who endured 444 days of captivity.) With all of these influences, I was deeply affected by those dark days in the Fall of 1979 and the hostage liberation in early 1980. President Carter could have gone back to his farm, but I've always thought part of the motivation for his tireless dedication to the world during retirement was some sense of penance on his part for having failed to successfully address the Iranian issue. There have also been some disturbing accusations of anti-Semitism, which I've never been able to shake completely. If you are sensing some conflicting thoughts and emotions, you would be correct. Thoughts?
Thanks. That is an interesting background….
I think Carter did what he could. He initiated an unsuccessful rescue mission and refused to barter for the hostages. He simply looked weak doing so. Reagan, on the other hand, looked strong while pursuing a much weaker strategy of actually selling arms to Iran in hopes of freeing Iranian held hostages in Lebanon…also unsuccessful. But because he was the great communicator he came out of it looking strong rather than weak even though his policy likely did far more long term damage.
I do not believe Carter was anti-Semitic. I do think he was the first US President (or ex-President) to temper enthusiasm for Israel with a recognition that the Israeli position on Palestine was untenable in the long run and the solution (if there is one) to the Palestine/Israel problem is not likely to be solved focusing solely on the Palestinians. But that is not anti-Semitism.
Carter is without a doubt one of our best, maybe our best, former President. He has been a great force for good and an example of the committed life. I used to have a dim view of him as President along the same lines as you, but a few years ago I did a fairly intense review of recent Presidents and their performance on national security that caused me to change my mind. Carter was dealt a very weak hand when he took office–a country that had just lost ignominiously in Vietnam, its military in disarray, an economy starting to sink under high energy costs and foreign competition, not to mention the lingering effects of Watergate. Despite this Carter was able to negotiate a new arms deal with the USSR; he negotiated the peaceful transfer of the Panama Canal; he pretty much single-handedly pulled off the Camp David accords; and I think he responded forcefully to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. His personal views were fairly dovish but he kept the hawkish Brzezinski as his NSC advisor deliberately because he wanted a range of advice–which shows a lot of self-confidence. The hostage crisis tarnished his reputation and letting the Shah into the US was probably a mistake, but I'm not sure he could have done much more than he did, especially when the military option failed. He negotiated relentlessly and got all the hostages back, unharmed. Really not a bad performance under the circumstances.
Thanks, Adam. I had forgotten lots of that but glad to know it. I always felt he was a better leader than he "looked".


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'In the companies I work for, safety standards are high and the equipment very reliable. Commercial diving has become one of the most safety conscious professions in the world,' says Roman Frischknecht.
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text:
TODAY.AZ / World news
Turkey sees double growth in 7M2021 carpet exports to Turkmenistan
21 August 2021 [13:27] - TODAY.AZ
By Trend
Value of export of carpets by Turkey to Turkmenistan from January through July 2021 notably increased, the Turkish Ministry of Trade told Trend.
According to the ministry, this indicator amounted to $2.58 million, up by 102.3 percent compared to the first seven months of last year.
In July 2021, Turkey's export of carpets to Turkmenistan rose to $397,000, which is 112 percent more than in July 2020.
In the first seven months of 2021, the products' export by Turkey to world markets has grown by 41.5 percent on annual basis up to over $1.8 billion.
At the same time, Turkey exported carpets worth $215 million in July 2021, which is by 13.7 percent less than in the same month of 2020.
Turkey's export of carpets has totaled $3.14 billion during the last 12 months (from July 2020 through July 2021).
URL: http://www.today.az/news/regions/209140.html
Over 139 mln coronavirus vaccine shots given in Turkey to date
CSTO peacekeepers will be withdrawn from Kazakhstan until January 19
Turkey registers 67,857 daily COVID-19 cases
Erdogan discusses Turkey-UK ties with PM Johnson
EU welcomes welcomes willingness of Armenia and Turkey to work on normalization of their relations
Armenia creates working group for construction of section of Zangezur corridor
Russian FM talks meeting of Turkish, Armenian special representatives
Processes launched in '3+3' format are very important - Russian FM


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You are here: Home » Robert Bly
Group/School: Other
Race/Ethnicity: European
Robert Bly was born in Madison, a town in rural Minnesota, where he has lived most of his life. He was educated at St Olaf's College and at Harvard, thereafter enrolling in the Writer's Workshop at the University of Iowa. From 1944 to 1946, Bly served in the Navy. In addition to his poetry, he has done a number of translations, including poetry by Neruda, Vallejo, and Rilke, and edited a continuing journal renamed after each decade——The Fifties, The Sixties, etc. He organized antiwar poetry readings during the Vietnam War. A broadside version (without copyright notice) of his "Counting Small-Boned Bodies" printed by the Palo Alto, California, Free Poetry Institute for the Study of Nonviolence, was widely distributed at the time. Bly often read the poem in a grotesque rubber mask of an ancient, mad crone. In recent years he has been a leading figure in the men's movement, for which he has written successful manifestos, including the widely read Iron John (1992).
Influences on his poetry include the poets he has translated and the seventeenth-century mystic Jakob Boehme. He believes scientific rationalism has led us astray. Bly seeks deep images drawn from the unconscious and deploys them in relatively simple structures, believing that such subconscious or unconscious revelations can resist the dominant Cartesian logic of the Western world.
Counting Small-Boned Bodies
Hearing Gary Snyder Read
The Dead Seal Near McClure's Beach
Criticism by Poem
William Heyen: On "Counting Small-Boned Bodies"
George S. Lensing and Ronald Moran: On "Counting Small-Boned Bodies"
Charles Altieri: On "Counting Small-Boned Bodies"
Victoria Frenkel Harris: On "Counting Small-Boned Bodies"
Charles Molesworth: On "The Dead Seal near McClure's Beach"
Mark Rudman: On "The Dead Seal near McClure's Beach"
Biographical Criticism
George S. Lensing and Ronald Moran: On Robert Bly
Victoria Frenkel Harris: On Robert Bly
Wayne Dodd: On Robert Bly
General Criticism
Kevin Bushell: Leaping Into the Unknown: The Poetics of Robert Bly's Deep Image
Robert Bly on Male Violence
Other Writings by the Poet
Robert Bly: "Acceptance of the National Book Award for Poetry" (1969)
Robert Bly: "War is the Health of the State" (1991)
Poet Details
Poet Overview
Title Robert Bly Type of Content Poet
School of Poetry Other Originally Posted 17 Apr 2013
Gender Male Ethnicity European
Sexuality Straight
Curator Modern American... Tags
Multimedia and Visualizations


Hmm if anyone noticed or if they did not notice, either way, I have been gone for like two and half weeks now. I apologize for my absence. I would just like to clarify I have not left, I have been unable to get online due to some medical conditions, nothing serious just a minor situation which got out of hand. I have finally been able to get back home for a few days, before I leave for school again. Due to the fact that I have alot of work to catch up on, I will continue to remain inactive for a week or so. I hope to fully return soon.
Oh And Eatos, Happy Birthday Bro I hope you enjoy it to the fullest.
DARKNESS MAY RISE, LIGHT MAY FALL, BUT NEITHER SHALL MATTER WHEN YOU HEAR THE FINAL JUDGEMENT CALL!
WHEN YOU BANISH THE DARK AND WHEN YOU BANISH THE LIGHT, ALL THAT REMAINS, IS A PURE CHAOTIC SIGHT!!!


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Wasn't that a cocktail dress, rather than the upholstery of the presidential limo?
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I Object! A Blog on Preservation of Error
Preserving Arguments: Playing "Hide the Ball" Can Be Costly
Appellate & Trial Support | Litigation and Trials | October 12, 2020
Peter D. Webster
Rachel A. Oostendorp
A state high court recently issued a stark reminder to litigants of their duty to clearly bring to the court's attention the arguments and evidence upon which they rely in order to both survive summary judgment and preserve an issue for appeal.
In Bliss v. Minidoka Irrigation District, 468 P.3d 271 (Idaho 2020), the Idaho Supreme Court affirmed the grant of summary judgment in favor of an irrigation district on claims by a landowner. Among other things, the landowner argued on appeal that summary judgment should not have been granted on his malicious prosecution claim because the requisite malice was established by evidence that the district's secretary had wrongfully distributed police body camera footage of the landowner to district members on the eve of a vote. When the district responded that this argument had not been raised below, the landowner pointed to his paper opposing summary judgment that included citation to portions of the secretary's deposition, which were attached to the filing.
The court flatly rejected the landowner's argument, noting that, although the deposition was attached to his response below, nothing in the memorandum itself hinted at the argument he was making on appeal. The high court reaffirmed that a trial court "is not required to search the record looking for evidence that may create a genuine issue of material fact; the party opposing the summary judgment is required to bring that evidence to the court's attention."
It is worth a reminder that the same is true for arguments presented in appellate briefs. As the Seventh Circuit once notoriously cautioned: "A skeletal 'argument,' really nothing more than an assertion, does not preserve a claim. … Judges are not like pigs, hunting for truffles buried in briefs." U.S. v. Dunkel, 927 F.2d 955, 956 (7th Cir. 1991). The Eleventh Circuit has similarly explained that a party fails to adequately brief a claim where it is not "plainly and prominently" raised, for example, "by devoting a discrete section of his argument to those claims." Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Insurance Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014). A party may also abandon an issue where only "passing references" to it are made in the statement of the case, summary of the argument, or as mere background to an argument. Id. at 681-82.
In your briefing before the trial court and on appeal, present your arguments clearly and explain how your evidence supports those arguments. Passing references to an argument and bare citations to attached evidence are insufficient to properly raise and preserve those issues.
To reduce the risk of abandoning or waiving your arguments, devote a discrete section of your argument to each issue, and use headings and subheadings where appropriate.


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On the phase structure of driven quantum systems
Vedika Khemani Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, 01187 Dresden, Germany Achilleas Lazarides Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, 01187 Dresden, Germany Roderich Moessner Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, 01187 Dresden, Germany S. L. Sondhi Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, 01187 Dresden, Germany
Clean and interacting periodically driven quantum systems are believed to exhibit a single, trivial "infinite-temperature" Floquet-ergodic phase. In contrast, here we show that their disordered Floquet many-body localized counterparts can exhibit distinct ordered phases delineated by sharp transitions. Some of these are analogs of equilibrium states with broken symmetries and topological order, while others — genuinely new to the Floquet problem — are characterized by order and non-trivial periodic dynamics. We illustrate these ideas in driven spin chains with Ising symmetry.
pacs:
Introduction: Extending ideas from equilibrium statistical mechanics to the non-equilibrium setting is a topic of perennial interest. We consider a question in this vein: Is there a sharp notion of a phase in driven, interacting quantum systems? We find an affirmative answer for Floquet systems Shirley (1965); Zel'dovich (1967); Sambe (1973) , i.e. systems whose Hamiltonians depend on time t periodically, H(t+T)=H(t). Unlike in equilibrium statistical mechanics, disorder turns out to be an essential ingredient for stabilizing different phases; moreover, the periodic time evolution allows for the existence (and diagnosis) of phases without any counterparts in equilibrium statistical mechanics.
Naively, Floquet systems hold little promise of a complex phase structure. In systems with periodic Hamiltonians, not even the basic concept of energy survives, being replaced instead with a quasi-energy defined up to arbitrary shifts of 2π/T. Indeed, interacting Floquet systems should absorb energy indefinitely from the driving field, as suggested by standard linear response reasoning wherein any nonzero frequency exhibits dissipation. This results in the system heating up to "infinite temperature", at which point all static and dynamic correlations become trivial and independent of starting state — thus exhibiting a maximally trivial form of ergodicity D'Alessio and Rigol (2014); Lazarides et al. (2014); Ponte et al. (2015a) .
To get anything else thus requires a mechanism for localization in the energy domain wherein the absorption from the driving field saturates and the system exhibits a long time state which is sensitive to initial conditions. The current dominant belief is that clean or translationally invariant interacting systems cannot generically exhibit such energy localization Lazarides et al. (2014); D'Alessio and Rigol (2014); Ponte et al. (2015a) , although there are computations that suggest otherwise Prosen (1998); Citro et al. (2015); Chandran and Sondhi (2015) . The basic intuition is that modes in translationally invariant systems are spatially extended so that they interact with and transfer energy between each other.
This can be different when disorder spatially localizes the modes, with individual modes exhibiting something like Rabi oscillations while interacting only weakly with distant modes. While the actual situation with interactions is somewhat more involved, several pieces of work Lazarides et al. (2015); Ponte et al. (2015b); Abanin et al. (2014) have made a convincing case for the existence of Floquet energy localization exhibiting a set of properties closely related to those exhibited by time-independent many-body localized Basko et al. (2006) (MBL) systems 111For a recent review see Nandkishore and Huse (2015) and references therein.
In the following we show that such Floquet-MBL systems can exhibit multiple phases. Some of these are driven cousins of MBL phases characterized by broken symmetries and topological order. Remarkably, others are genuinely new to the Floquet setting, characterized by order and non-trivial periodic dynamics. Our analysis identifies a key feature of the Floquet problem, the existence of Floquet eigenstates, which permits us to extend the notion of eigenstate order Huse et al. (2013); Pekker et al. (2014a); Vosk and Altman (2014); Chandran et al. (2014); Bahri et al. (2015) to time dependent Hamiltonians. Our work also builds on the discovery of topologically non-trivial Floquet single particle systems and recent advances in their classification Thouless (1983); Oka and Aoki (2009); Jiang et al. (2011); Kitagawa et al. (2011); Lindner et al. (2011); Kitagawa et al. (2010); Rudner et al. (2013); Nathan and Rudner (2015); Roy (2015) . As we will explain, non-trivial single particle drives can yet lead to trivial many-body periodic dynamics even without interactions. Thus, the full framework of disorder and interactions is required for the many-body problem.
Below we offer details of this analysis. After a quick review of the Floquet eigenstate formalism, we describe the notion of eigenstate order and generalize it to the Floquet problem. We then illustrate our general ideas for driven Ising spin chains. First we show that there are two Floquet phases, paramagnet (PM) and spin glass (SG), that connect smoothly to phases in the undriven systems. We then identify two new phases that do not, which we term the Floquet 0π-PM and the Floquet π-SG. Along the way we note that, reformulated as fermion problems, these yield instances of Floquet topological order. We close with a summary and outlook.
Floquet Formalism: We consider periodic, interacting Hamiltonians which are local in space. The time dependent Schrödinger equation
id|ψ(t)⟩dt=H(t)|ψ(t)⟩ (1)
has special solutions Shirley (1965); Sambe (1973); Zel'dovich (1967) :
|ψα(t)⟩=e−iϵαt|ϕα(t)⟩ (2)
defined by periodic states |ϕα(t)⟩=|ϕα(t+T)⟩ and quasi-energies ϵα defined modulo 2π/T.
These replace the eigenstates of the time independent problem; in them observables have periodic expectation values, and they form a complete basis. The "Floquet Hamiltonian" HF is defined via the time evolution operator over a full period, U(T)=e−iHFT. The |ϕα(0)⟩ are eigenstates of both U(T) and HF, with eigenvalues e−iϵαT and ϵα respectively.
The question of energy localization relates to the action of U(nT)=(U(T))n as n→∞. An equivalent formulation of Floquet-MBL is that there exists an HF which is local and exhibits the generic properties of any fully MBL Hamiltonian, such as a full set of conserved local operators Serbyn et al. (2013); Imbrie (2014); Huse et al. (2014); Ros et al. (2015); Chandran et al. (2015) (l-bits), area law eigenstates and failure of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) Pal and Huse (2010) .
Eigenstate Order: Traditionally, phase transitions at non-zero energy densities are considered in the framework of quantum statistical mechanics, signaled by singularities in thermodynamic functions or observables computed in the T>0 Gibbs state. Work on MBL has led to the realization that this viewpoint is too restrictive Huse et al. (2013); Pekker et al. (2014a); Vosk and Altman (2014); Chandran et al. (2014); Bahri et al. (2015) —instead one can look directly at the many-body eigenstates and eigenvalues and ask if they exhibit singular changes as a parameter is varied. Such transitions have been termed eigenstate phase transitions. This distinction is irrelevant for Hamiltonians obeying ETH, but when ETH fails it becomes important. The passage from ergodicity to localization is an example of an eigenstate transition undetectable by standard ensembles Pal and Huse (2010); Oganesyan and Huse (2007); Žnidarič et al. (2008) —it can take place at T=∞ and yet the individual many body eigenstates are sharply different in their entanglement properties, with the eigenvalue distributions exhibiting different statistics. Moreover, eigenstate phase transitions can take place between two ETH violating phases Huse et al. (2013) and they may even involve a singular rearrangement of the eigenvalues alone.
We now generalize this to the Floquet-MBL regime, leading us to find multiple phases whose existence can be detected in the Floquet many-body eigensystem. In general this will require examination of the full periodic solutions |ψα(t)⟩ for sharply different characteristics. The transition out of the Floquet ergodic phase to a Floquet-MBL phase lacking any order has already been discussed Lazarides et al. (2015); Ponte et al. (2015b) . We will now exhibit Floquet-MBL phases with order in the canonically simplest interacting setting: a one dimensional disordered spin chain with the Ising symmetry,
H=∑iJiσxiσxi+1+∑ihiσzi+Jz∑iσziσzi+1. (3)
Carrying out a Jordan-Wigner transformation on only the first two terms gives a p-wave superconducting free-fermion model, whereas the final term is a density-density interaction in the fermion language.
Figure 1: Level statistics ⟨r⟩ of HF for the driven, disordered Ising model (4) averaged over 2000-100,000 samples for the different system sizes. ⟨r⟩ approaches the Poisson limit of .386 with increasing L deep in the PM and SG phases, showing that these remain well localized. There is a peak in ⟨r⟩ near the non-interacting critical point at ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logJ=¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logh indicating partial delocalization, although the value still remains well below the COE value of .527. (inset): The SG diagnostic χSG defined in (6) which goes to 0 in the paramagnet and approaches a non-zero value in the SG phase.
Floquet Paramagnet and Spin Glass: We begin with the two phases that do exist in undriven systems and demonstrate the stability of these to being (not too strongly) driven. Starting with the non-interacting limit, Jz=0, we choose the Ji and the hi to be log-normally distributed with a tunable mean ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯log(Ji)≡¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logJ, fixed ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯log(hi)≡¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logh=0 and two fixed and equal standard deviations δlog(hi)=δlog(Ji)=1. Work on random, non-interacting transverse field Ising models culminating in Ref. Fisher, 1995 finds a ground state phase diagram which is a paramagnet for ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logJ<¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logh and a Z2 breaking ferromagnet for ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logJ>¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logh, separated by an infinite disorder fixed point at ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logJ=¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logh. The work on eigenstate order has shown that, with disorder and localization, both phases exist at all energies with the symmetry-breaking phase exhibiting SG order in individual eigenstates instead of ferromagnetism.
With weak interactions, 0<Jz≪1, the strongly localized PM and SG phases remain (many-body) localized Pekker et al. (2014b); Kjäll et al. (2014) . The fate of the SG-PM transition is more sensitive to the inclusion of interactions. It was suggested that it would remain localized Huse et al. (2013) and exhibit the same scaling as the non-interacting fixed point Pekker et al. (2014b) ; we comment on the analogous question in the Floquet setting below.
We consider a periodic binary drive—computationally much simpler than a monochromatic modulation—switching between two static Hs with ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logJ differing by 1:
H(t)=∑ifs(t)Jiσxiσxi+1+∑ihiσzi+Jz∑iσziσzi+1,
fs(t)={1if 0≤t<T4 or 3T4<t≤Teif T4≤t≤3T4. (4)
We set Jz=0.1 in the following. For −1≤¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logJ≤0 the drive straddles the phase transition, up to small corrections to its location due to the interaction.
Drives consistent with Floquet localization require both small interactions and not too small frequencies. We arrange the latter by defining, for each set of (¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logJ, ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logh) parameters, an effective "single-particle bandwidth", W=max(σJ,σh), where σh and σJ are the standard deviations of hi and Ji determined from the parameters of the underlying log-normal distributions. The period is then defined by ω=2π/T=2W. This choice ensures a roughly constant ratio of ω/W for different ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logJ−¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logh values and thus isolates the effect of tuning the means through the phase diagram.
The lowest frequency in our drives is bigger than the estimated single particle bandwidth but much smaller than the many body bandwidth, so that localization is not a foregone conclusion. In Fig. 1 we characterize the quasi-energy spectrum ϵn∈[0,2π) using the level statistics of HF. We define quasi-energy gaps by δn=ϵn+1−ϵn and the level-statistics ratio r=min(δn,δn+1)/max(δn,δn+1). An average value ⟨r⟩ over all quasienergies and disorder realizations approaching the Poisson limit of .386 signals a lack of level repulsion and hence MBL and ergodicity-breaking. Conversely, delocalization implies the COE value of .527. The trends with increasing system size in Fig. 1 show localization away from the critical region which—given the weak interactions and large frequency of the drive—is close to the undriven, non-interacting transition point ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logJ=¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logh. In the interacting critical region we find a peak in ⟨r⟩ which does not grow with system size and is much less than the COE value; we return to this below.
With localization established, we turn to distinguishing the phases. We consider a pair of Z2 invariant correlators (with A=x or y)
CαAA(ij;t) =⟨ϕα(t)|σAiσAj|ϕα(t)⟩ (5)
for i−j≫1 in any given Floquet eigenstate. We find that for ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logJ<¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logh both correlators vanish with increasing system size L at all t, signaling a PM, while for ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logJ>¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯logh are both generically non-zero, though of random sign varying with eigenstate and location, signaling SG order. For the latter, our parameters give |Cαxx(ij;t)|≫|Cαyy(ij;t)| at all t although the more general signature is that |Cαxx(ij;t)| and |Cαyy(ij;t)| do not cross for 0<t<T. For our parameters, it suffices to compute
χSGα(t)=1L2L∑i,j=1(⟨ϕα(t)|σxiσxj|ϕα(t)⟩)2 (6)
for t=0 as its variation during the period is qualitatively insignificant. In Fig. 1 (inset) we plot χSGα(0) averaged over 2000—100,000 disorder realizations for different Ls; the trend indicates that for L→∞, χSG(t)>0 in the spin-glass and χSG(t)→0 in the paramagnet, thereby sharply distinguishing the two phases.
Three comments are in order. First, recall that it would be sufficient to establish the existence of the Floquet PM---the SG can be obtained by duality222In the tails of the SG phase, ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯log(J)−¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯log(h)≳2, the values of the couplings J are much bigger than the fixed interaction strength Jz=0.1 so the problem effectively looks non-interacting. The PM does not suffer from this problem, and the strongly localized, interacting SG can be simply obtained by dualizing the PM.. Second, in chains with uniform couplings, both spin and dual spin order vanish in all but one of the Floquet eigenstates (the notion of the "ground-state" is not well defined in a Floquet system) even without interactions—this is the Landau-Peierls prohibition against discrete symmetry breaking in disguise. Localization is essential to avoid this. Third, in the fermionic formulation of the localized problem, the PM is topologically trivial while the SG is non-trivial. The non-interacting SG phase has zero energy edge Majorana modes in open chains. With interactions, the edge modes remain coherent only in the MBL setting Chandran et al. (2014); Bahri et al. (2015) . This implies that with localization, the many-body Floquet eigenstates on open chains come in conjugate, almost degenerate pairs which can be connected by spectrum generating operators localized near the two edges. In the free fermion problem, such operators (the Dirac fermion creation operators on either edge are examples) toggle the occupation of the bilocal edge Dirac mode and thus connect conjugate many-body states; in spin language, the operators toggle between many-body states with different parity. More concretely, the spectral function of σ+1, the spin raising operator on the left edge, in the Floquet eigenbasis
A(ω)=12L∑αβ⟨ϕα(0)|σ+1|ϕβ(0)⟩δ(ω−(ϵα−ϵβ)) (7)
is a delta function peaked at ω=0 (this phase will hence also be labeled the '0' phase below). Finally, we note that the SG displays long-range string order in all eigenstates regardless of boundary conditions. Without disorder, the string order vanishes even in the many body eigenstates of free fermion chains—despite the non-trivial momentum space topology present in their Hamiltonians.
Paramagnet-Spin Glass Phase transition: In the non-interacting problem we have strong evidence that the infinite disorder fixed point continues to control the physics near quasienergy zero. We have examined HF and we find that all its eigenstates are localized even at the transition, and its structure differs from the canonical strong disorder renormalization group form Fisher (1995) by short ranged, irrelevant, terms. The ultimate fate of the critical region in the interacting driven problem is an interesting open question Khemani et al. , but we note for now that our data on ⟨r⟩ suggests a partially delocalized interacting critical point.
Figure 2: (a) Phase diagram for the binary Ising drive, Eq. (8) without interactions (Jz=0) and disorder. (b) Level Statistics ⟨r⟩ of HF in the π phase with parameters defined in the text and disorder averaged over 2000-100,000 realizations for different Ls. HF is localized for interaction strengths Jz≲0.1. (c) Disorder averaged spectral function A(ω) defined in Eq. (7). Solid (dashed) lines are for the π-SG (0-SG) phase showing a delta function peak at ω=π/T(0) for small interaction strengths which disappears as the interaction is increased. (d) Time dependence of the Cxx and Cyy correlators defined in Eq. (5) for an eigenstate in the π phase; L=10 and Jz=0.04. The crossings are robust in the π phase.
π Spin Glass and 0π Paramagnet: We now present two new Ising phases which exist only in the driven system—the π-SG and the 0π-PM. In identifying these new Floquet phases, we have built on existing work on the band topology of translationally invariant free fermion chains and related open spin chains. This work Jiang et al. (2011) has shown that the Floquet eigenmodes for such chains with open boundary conditions can exhibit edge Majorana modes with ϵα=π/T in addition to the better known edge modes with ϵα=0. In the MBL setting, this implies that in the 'π' phase the many-body Floquet eigenstates come in pairs separated by quasienergy π/T which can be connected by spectrum generating operators localized near the two edges, i.e. the edge spectral function A(ω) (7) shows a delta function peak at ω=π/T.
We now establish these phases for the binary periodic drive
H(t)={Hzif 0≤t<T1Hxif T1≤t<T=T1+T2 (8)
Hz =L∑i=1hiσzi+L−1∑i=1Jzσziσzi+1,
Hx =L−1∑i=1Jiσxiσxi+1+Jzσziσzi+1 .
For Jz=0 and hi=h, Ji=J these are, essentially, the free fermion drives considered in Refs. Bastidas et al., 2012; Thakurathi et al., 2013 . Fig. 2(a) shows the uniform, non-interacting phase diagram with the four possible driven Ising phases. The phases labeled '0' and ' π' have edge Majorana modes at quasienergies 0 and π/T respectively. With disorder and localization, these phases display long-range SG eigenstate order in the correlators (5) for both A=x,y. Moreover, in the π-SG phase, the time dependence of the Cxx and Cyy correlators over the period is non-trivially correlated: their magnitudes must cross twice during a period. Thus, in this phase, the axis of SG order rotates by an angle π about the z-axis during the period which can be intuitively understood by thinking semi-classically about the drive (8) at the extremal boundaries of the phase diagram shown in Fig. 2(a). As before, without localization, only one of the Floquet eigenstates will display long-range order in the 0,π phases. The other two phases, labeled PM and 0π, have no long-range order and are respectively dual to the 0 and π phases.
We now turn to numerically identifying the localized π phase with disorder and interactions. We pick hiT1 uniformly from the interval (1.512,1.551) and JiT2 from (0.393,1.492), so that all pairs of values (hiT1,JjT2) lie in the π/T Majorana region of the free uniform chains. We have confirmed that the free fermion disordered drive exhibits π/T Majoranas for open chains while all other modes are localized in the bulk. In Fig 2b we examine stability to interactions via ⟨r⟩ and clearly observe a transition around Jz≈0.1, with the small Jz regime being the MBL phase we seek.
Fig. 2c shows the appearance of the π/T Majorana peak in the disorder averaged edge spectral function (7) for system size L=10 as the delocalization transition is crossed by decreasing the interaction strength. In contrast, the dashed lines show the spectral function for a similar drive in the 0-SG phase, clearly showing a peak at ω=0. Finally, Fig 2d displays the anticipated time dependence of the SG order in the Cxx and Cyy correlators in a single eigenstate of the interacting system with Jz=0.04 and L=10. The crossings in the correlator within the period are robust in the π-SG phase and topologically distinct from the correlators in the 0-SG phase where there are no crossings. We emphasize that this is a true bulk diagnostic of the phase which, unlike the edge spectral function, is insensitive to boundary conditions. We also note that the non-trivial spin dynamics captured by it cannot be obtained without localization.
Finally we turn to the 0π-PM. The simplest approach to obtain this phase is to dualize the π-SG. Now the dual SG order is long ranged and rotates by π during the period. With open boundary conditions the duality leads to an additional two states and thus conjugate sets of four MB states—two degenerate pairs of states separated by quasienergy π/T—as required by the fermionic analysis. The edge spectral function shows delta function peaks at both 0 and π/T consistent with the presence of coherent Majorana modes at both 0 and π/T in the non-interacting (and disordered, interacting) problems.
Summary and open questions: We have shown that MBL Floquet systems exhibit sharply defined phases bounded by parameter surfaces across which properties of their Floquet eigensystems change in a singular fashion. These phases include the trivial Floquet-ergodic phase and multiple non-trivial non-ergodic phases exhibiting various forms of ordering and dynamics, some of which are entirely new to Floquet systems. While our work builds naturally on very recent progress in the understanding of MBL and its extension to Floquet systems, the net result is still something that is quite surprising given the contentious history of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. Indeed, it is quite likely that Floquet systems constitute the maximal class for which such a definition of phase structure is possible; with generic time dependences it would not be surprising if heating to infinite temperatures is the inevitable result. Going forward we anticipate a more systematic search for Floquet phases and a better understanding of their phase diagrams. In this context we note two studies that include disorder, but not interactions, in Floquet systems Titum et al. (2015a, b) . One interesting question is whether it is possible for Floquet systems to exhibit coexistence of macroscopically distinct eigenstates at the same quasienergy. It should also be possible to observe the new localized phases by the methods of Ref. Schreiber et al., 2015 .
Acknowledgements: We are especially grateful to Curt von Keyserlingk and Rahul Roy for many helpful discussions on topology in Floquet systems and to Anushya Chandran, Arnab Das and David Huse for discussions on Floquet and MBL matters. This work was supported by NSF Grant No. 1311781 and the John Templeton Foundation (VK and SLS) and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the German Science Foundation (DFG) via the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize Programme at MPI-PKS (SLS) and the SFB 1143.
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The CapinCrouse Story: Building On Our Legacy
The life lessons of our firm's founder, Dick Capin, provide an inspiring story of God's faithfulness and provision in the life of one faithful steward — and how a life surrendered to God can be used for greater good. From humble beginnings to working with national business and industry leaders, Dick found success but sought for more lasting treasure. The following are some of the stories of his journey, including the inspiration for founding CapinCrouse.
"God can use anyone with a willing heart." – Dick Capin, founder of CapinCrouse
It all started with a desire to follow God's calling.
Dick Capin, a successful businessman and CPA from a small town in southern Illinois, promised God that he would spend his life any way He directed.
After a journey around the world, Dick was haunted by the needs of the people he'd seen with broken hearts and lives. He also had observed seminary-trained missionaries burdened with administrative and financial responsibilities that interfered with their primary purpose of proclaiming the Gospel.
"Dick was really one of the early leaders in using one's business skills to serve the Lord."
– Jim Canning, co-founder, Christian Management Association
Dick began to wonder if there was a way God could use him as a businessman. The answer came when OMS International, a Los Angeles-based missionary organization, asked if Dick and his family would serve in Korea.
Dick helped design and implement systems and procedures that would free the missionaries from the day-to-day operations of the organization and give them more time to minister. He also made sure he had time to witness.
"God had shown a need for an accounting firm, one especially equipped to assist Christian ministries."
– Dick Capin
In 1972, Dick felt God lead him to form a small accounting firm so he could serve international Kingdom ministries with his accounting and business expertise. It was not about doing accounting, but about doing ministry through accounting. The new firm, which became CapinCrouse, soon began receiving many questions and requests from organizations that needed guidance on responsibilities to donors, financial accounting, internal controls, and compliance with governmental requirements.
"Integrity is God's idea, His character and His identity."
Until the late 1970s there was little in the way of guidelines or best practices to help the leaders of Christian ministries in being good and faithful stewards. The lack of accounting standards and practices left ministry leaders without guidance and donors without standards and disclosures. In addition to not-for-profit guidance developed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), Dick was involved in helping international mission organizations forge guidance to promote disclosure and transparency in the complex arena of international operations and finance.
In 1979, the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability (ECFA) was formed with membership of 150 organizations in response to concerns raised from congressional leaders. Ted Engstrom of World Vision was named board chair and followed by George Wilson of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Dick was the only non-ministry leader at that time named to serve on the board. He also served as Treasurer and would later serve as board chair.
ECFA is committed to helping Christ-centered organizations earn the public's trust by developing and maintaining standards of accountability that convey God-honoring ethical practices.
"We're here to leave a legacy, to make ministries more valuable, by providing them with the tools they need to take them from where they are now to where God wants them to be."
Dick Capin's vision of an accounting firm dedicated to serving and empowering mission-focused not-for-profit organizations has been at the core of the firm's mission for more than 45 years. Today, CapinCrouse serves more than 1,500 not-for-profit clients from a network of offices across the nation.
Dick retired from the firm in 1987 but has remained active in ministry service. God has continued to lead him to use his business and leadership skills in serving OMS International, Samaritan's Purse, and the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association.
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