text:
\section{\bf Introduction}
The cyclotron resonance instability in relativistic plasma which leads to
cyclotron maser emission has been proposed as a feasible mechanism for
generating coherent emission at low radio frequencies in many astrophysical
systems. The emission mechanism works in plasma systems where excess free
energy in the particle distribution is unable to dissipate internally. The
excess energy is directly emitted as electromagnetic radiation through a
mechanism of negative absorption in the plasma, equivalent to a maser-like
emission. The cyclotron resonance instability is expected to be the source
of radio emission in a large number of space plasmas and astrophysical systems
like the auroral kilometric radiation of the Earth, the auroral emission in
Jupiter, Saturn and exoplanets, spikes in radio emission from Sun and stars
at low radio frequencies, coherent radiation from blazar jets, and so on
\citep{tre06}.

The cyclotron resonance instability has been suggested as a possible mechanism
for the coherent main pulse emission in pulsars~\citep{kaz87,kaz91}.
Electromagnetic waves in the radio frequency regime, excited as a result
of this emission mechanism, originate in the outer magnetosphere nearer to the
light cylinder. However observations in the recent past have constrained the
main pulse emission to originate near the neutron star surface at a height
of $\sim$ 500 km, about 1\% the light cylinder distance
{\citep{ran93a,ran93b,kij98,kij03,mit02}}. This rules out the cyclotron
resonance instability as a suitable emission mechanism for the main pulse.

Recent discoveries have shown the presence of coherent radio emission in the
pulsar profile far away from the main pulse~\citep{bas11,bas12}. The coherent
emission from pulsars is generated in the relativistic plasma flowing outward
from the stellar surface along the open magnetic field lines. The main pulse
is observationally constrained to originate near the pulsar surface, thereby
compelling any off-pulse emission far away from it to originate in the outer
magnetosphere. In this paper we assess the plasma conditions necessary for
the cyclotron resonance instability to develop in the outer magnetosphere
and whether it can account for the detected off-pulse emission. In \S 2 we
describe the general conditions in the pulsar magnetosphere leading to radio
emission. \S 3 describes the condition for the cyclotron resonance instability
to develop in the pulsar magnetosphere and its applicabilty to off-pulse
emission. \S 4 deals with the energetics of the emission mechanism followed
by a short discussion in \S 5 about the implications of this mechanism to
pulsar radio emission.

\section{\bf Radio emission in Pulsars}
In this section we briefly describe the conditions in the pulsar magnetosphere
leading to radio emission. Most of the models explaining the emission mechanism
involve the presence of an inner acceleration region above the polar cap
leading to the formation of dense outflowing e$^-$e$^+$ plasma. We explore
below the mechanism first described by~\citet{rud75}; hereafter RS75; and
later modified by \citet{gil00} called the ``sparking" vacuum-gap model.

The neutron star, radius $R_{S}$ = 10$^6$ cm, is characterized by a strong
magnetic field $B_s$, which is highly multipolar near the stellar surface.
The dipole part of the surface magnetic field is given as $B_d$ = 3.2$\times
$10$^{19}~(P\dot{P}) ^{1/2}$ G, here $P$ and $\dot{P}$ are the rotation
period and period derivative, respectively, $B_s$ = $bB_d$ and $b \gg$ 1.
The rotating magnetic field gives rise to an electric field ($\bf{E}$), and
in order to maintain the force-free condition ({$\bf{E\centerdot B}$} = 0) a
corotating charge-separated magnetosphere, with density $n_{GJ} =
-(\bf{\Omega\centerdot B})/2\pi ce$ \citep{gol69}, surrounds the neutron star.
The force-free condition breaks down at the light cylinder, $R_{LC} = c/\Omega
\approx 4.8 \times 10^{9} P$~cm, beyond which the charges no longer corotate.
Above the polar regions there is an outflow of charges and the magnetosphere
slowly recedes, resulting in a charge depleted vacuum gap with a large
potential drop across it. In the gap region $e^-e^+$ pairs are created by pair
production involving background $\gamma$-ray photons interacting with the high
magnetic field. The pairs so created are accelerated in opposite directions
to relativistic energies by the large potential difference across the gap.
These highly energetic particles produced in the vacuum gap emit further
$\gamma$-rays via curvature radiation and/or inverse compton scattering,
giving rise to a cascade of $e^-e^+$ pairs which discharges the potential
difference across the gap. The height of the gap region $h$ stabilizes at
the mean free path length of the $\gamma$-ray photons and is given by RS75 as:\\
$h = 5\times10^3~b^{-4/7}~P^{1/7} \dot{P}_{-15}^{-2/7} {\rho_{6}}^{2/7}$ cm.\\
Here $\rho_{6}$ = $\rho$/10$^6$ cm, where $\rho$ is the radius of curvature of
the multipolar field lines in the gap region. The potential difference across
the vacuum gap is $\Delta V = \Omega B h^2/c$ which, according to RS75, reduces
to:\\
$\Delta V = 5\times10^9~b^{-1/7} P^{-3/14} \dot{P}_{-15}^{-1/14} {\rho_{6}}^{4/7}$ \mbox{Volts}.\\
The discharge of the vacuum gap takes place through a series of sparks which
deposit highly energetic singly charged primary particles beyond the gap
region. According to the ``sparking'' model~\citep{gil00} the typical diameters
of the sparks are $\sim h$. The primary particles have maximum energies
specified as $\gamma_b = e\Delta V /mc^2 \sim$ 3$\times $10$^6$ for typical
pulsar parameters. Due to partial shielding of the acceleration region by
thermionic ions, the gap potental drops to $\Delta V = \eta {\Delta V}_{max}$
\citep{gil03}, and the particle densities are given as $n_b = \eta n_{GJ}$,
where 0 $ < \eta <$ 1 is the screening factor. Once outside the gap the primary
particles cease to accelerate but continue emitting curvature radiation with
characteristic photon energies given by $\hbar \omega_c = \frac{3}{2} \gamma_
b^3 \hbar c/\rho$. The photons continue pair production resulting in a cloud
of secondary $e^-e^+$ plasma with typical energies $\gamma_p = \hbar
\omega_c/2mc^2 \sim$ 10-1000 and density $n_p = \chi n_{GJ}$, where $\chi
\sim$ 10$^4$ is the Sturrock multiplicative factor \citep{stu71}. The spark
discharge timescale in the vacuum gap is a few tens of $\mu$seconds, and this
results in overlapping clouds of outflowing secondary plasma penetrated by
the primary particles. Thus to summarize, the pulsar magnetosphere above the
polar cap consists of a series of secondary plasma clouds, each corresponding
to a ''spark" in the vacuum gap, penetrated by primary particles, moving
outward along the magnetic field.

The principal predicament in explaining the radio emission from pulsars is
its coherent nature evidenced by high brightness temperatures. This presages
the presence of a bunching mechanism resulting in a large number of
charged particles radiating simultaneously in phase. There are two possible
regions where instabilities in the outflowing plasma can lead to charge
bunching. In the first case particles of different momenta in the overlapping
clouds undergo two stream instability giving rise to strong electrostatic
Langmuir waves around heights of $\sim$ 50$R_S$. The Langmuir waves are
modulationally unstable, and nonlinear plasma processes results in bunching
of charged solitons~\citep{mel00}. The radio emission from the main pulse
originates around these heights {\citep{ran93a,ran93b,kij98,kij03,mit02}}
and is explained as curvature radiation from the charged solitons
{\citep{glm04}}.In the second case the naturally developing electromagnetic
modes in the clouds of secondary plasma undergo negative absorption from the
highly energetic primary paricles via the cyclotron resonance instability
\citep{kaz87,kaz91,lyu99} with the possibility of coherent radio emission.
Such an emission near the light cylinder will likely be spread out over
a large part of the pulsar's rotation cycle and is a likely source of
off-pulse emission. In the next sections we examine the conditions necessary
for the development of the cyclotron resonance instability near the light
cylinder and its viability in explaining the detected off-pulse emission.

\section{\bf Conditions for emission near the light cylinder}
The magnetic field near the outer magnetosphere becomes strictly dipolar
field due to the much faster decay of the higher multipoles. The magnetic
field and plasma density, within the dipolar structure, decrease with distance
from neutron-star surface as $(R_S/R)^3$. The high magnetic field near
the neutron-star surface constrains the outflowing plasma to move along the
field lines. This condition is relaxed near the light cylinder where the
magnetic field is much weaker and the particles are able to gyrate. Within
the outflowing plasma various electromagnetic(EM) propagating modes can be
generated. The extra-ordinary mode is one such example which is a transverse
EM wave capable of propagating in the plasma and escaping the plasma region.
The dispersion relation for the extra-ordinary waves is given as~\citep{kaz91}:
\begin{equation}
\omega = kc(1 - \delta),~~~\delta = {\displaystyle \frac{\omega_{p}^{2}}{4\omega_{B}^{2}\gamma_{p}^{3}}}
\label{eqn_1}
\end{equation}
Here $\omega_B$ is the cyclotron frequency and $\omega_p$ the plasma frequency.
\begin{equation}
\omega_{B} = {\displaystyle \frac{eB}{m_{e}c}};~~~~\omega_{p} = {\displaystyle \left(\frac{4\pi n_{p}e^{2}}{m_{e}}\right)^{1/2}}
\label{eqn_2}
\end{equation}
The amplitude of the extra-ordinary wave should grow as it propagates through
the plasma if it is to escape the plasma region. This amplification is provided
by the high energy primary plasma through the cyclotron resonance instability.
The primary particles near the light cylinder are capable of resonating with
the extra-ordinary wave. The particles in addition also undergo curvature drift
with a drift velocity $u_d$ = $\gamma c^2$/$\omega_B \rho$. The resonance
condition for the instability is given as:
\begin{equation}
\omega(\mathbf k)-k_{\|}v_{\|}-k_{\bot}u_d +{\displaystyle \frac{\omega_{B}}{\gamma}} = 0.
\label{eqn_3}
\end{equation}
The dispersion relation [eq.(\ref{eqn_1})] and the resonance condition
[eq.(\ref{eqn_3})] gives the resonance frequency to be
\begin{equation}
\omega_0 = {\displaystyle \frac{\omega_{B}}{\gamma_{res}\delta}}.
\label{eqn_4}
\end{equation}
Here $\gamma_{res}$ = $\gamma_b$. In addition to the excitation of resonance
frequency, another factor that is crucial for the emergence of the emission is
the growth rate $\Gamma$ specified as~\citep{kaz91}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\Gamma = \pi{\displaystyle \frac{\omega_{p,res}^{2}}{\omega_0\gamma_{T}}}~~~~~~~u_d^2/2c^2\delta \ll 1 \nonumber \\
\Gamma = \pi{\displaystyle \frac{\omega_{p,res}^{2}}{2\omega_0\gamma_{T}}} {\displaystyle \frac{u_d^2}{c^2\delta}}~~~~~~~u_d^2/2c^2\delta \gg 1
\label{eqn_5}
\end{eqnarray}
$\gamma_T$ is the thermal spread in the primary particle distribution. The
necessary conditions for the electromagnetic emission due to the cyclotron
resonance instability are:
\begin{enumerate}
\item The growth factor should be large $\Gamma\tau >$ 1, where $\tau \sim$
$R_{LC}/c$ = $P/2\pi$ is the growth time, i.e. the duration before the waves
escape the light cylinder.
\item The resonance frequency should not exceed the damping frequency,
$\omega_0 < \omega_1$ = $2\gamma_p \omega_B$.
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Parametric representation}
We assume the emission to manifest at the light cylinder, $R_{LC} = c/\Omega
\approx 4.8 \times 10^{9} P$~cm, ensuring maximum growth of the resonant waves.
We determine a representation of the conditions explained above in terms of
the basic parameters of the pulsar and the outflowing plasma. The magnetic
field is given as:
\begin{eqnarray}
 B & \approx & 10^{12} (P\dot{P}_{-15})^{1/2}(R_S/R)^3~~G \nonumber \\
   & \approx &  9~(\dot{P}_{-15}/P^5)^{1/2}~~G
\label{eqn_6}
\end{eqnarray}
Here $R_S \sim$ 10$^6$ cm and $B$ is represented at the light cylinder. The
Goldreich-Julian density on the neutron star surface is given as
\begin{eqnarray}
 n_{GJ} & = & -({\bf{\Omega\centerdot B}})/2\pi ce \nonumber \\
        & \approx &  6.9 \times 10^{10}~({\dot{P}}_{-15}/P)^{1/2}~~\mbox{cm}^{-3}
\label{eqn_7}
\end{eqnarray}
Using eq.(\ref{eqn_6}) and (\ref{eqn_7}) and appropriate distance scaling,
the various plasma properties at the light cylinder are as follows.
\begin{eqnarray}
\omega_p^2 & \approx & 4.1\times10^9~\chi\left({\displaystyle\frac{\dot{P}_{-15}}{P^7}}\right)^{1/2}  \nonumber \\
\omega_{p,res}^2 & \approx & 4.1\times10^9~\eta\left({\displaystyle\frac{\dot{P}_{-15}}{P^7}}\right)^{1/2}  \nonumber \\
\omega_B & \approx & 3.3\times10^8\left({\displaystyle\frac{\dot{P}_{-15}}{P^5}}\right)^{1/2}  \nonumber \\
\delta & \approx & 9.6\times10^{-9}\left({\displaystyle\frac{\chi}{\gamma_p^3}}\right)\left({\displaystyle\frac{P^3}{\dot{P}_{-15}}}\right)^{1/2}
\label{eqn_8}
\end{eqnarray}
The frequency of the emitted waves and the damping frequency follows from
eq.(\ref{eqn_8}).
\begin{eqnarray}
\omega_0&\approx&3.4\times10^{16}\left({\displaystyle\frac{\gamma_p^3}{\chi\gamma_{res}}}\right)\left({\displaystyle\frac{\dot{P}_{-15}}{P^4}}\right) \nonumber \\
\omega_1&\approx&6.5\times10^8~\gamma_p\left({\displaystyle\frac{\dot{P}_{-15}}{P^5}}\right)^{1/2}
\label{eqn_9}
\end{eqnarray}
In order to determine the growth condition we need to look into the relevance
of the curvature drift. At the light cylinder $\rho \sim R_{LC}$, hence the
drift velocity and drift condition are given as
\begin{eqnarray}
u_d \approx 5.7\times10^2~\gamma_{res}\left({\displaystyle\frac{P^3}{\dot{P}_{-15}}}\right)^{1/2} \nonumber \\
{\displaystyle\frac{u_d^2}{2c^2\delta}} \approx 1.9\times10^{-8}\left({\displaystyle\frac{\gamma_{res}^2\gamma_p^3}{\chi}}\right)\left({\displaystyle\frac{P^3}{\dot{P}_{-15}}}\right)^{1/2}
\label{eqn_10}
\end{eqnarray}
For typical pulsar parameters it can be shown that $u_d^2/c^2\delta \gg$ 1,
establishing the importance of curvature drift. The growth factor using the
second part of eq.(\ref{eqn_5}) is
\begin{equation}
 \Gamma\tau \approx 1.2\times10^{-15}\left({\displaystyle\frac{\eta\gamma_{res}^3}{\gamma_T}}\right)\left({\displaystyle\frac{P^3}{\dot{P}_{-15}}}\right)
\label{eqn_11}
\end{equation}
Finally the limits on frequency, $\omega_0 < \omega_1$, and growth factor,
$\Gamma\tau >$ 1, constrains the pulsar and plasma parameters.
\begin{eqnarray}
\left({\displaystyle\frac{\chi\gamma_{res}}{\gamma_p^2}}\right)\left({\displaystyle\frac{P^3}{\dot{P}_{-15}}}\right)^{1/2} > 5.2\times10^7 \nonumber \\
\left({\displaystyle\frac{\eta\gamma_{res}^3}{\gamma_T}}\right)\left({\displaystyle\frac{P^3}{\dot{P}_{-15}}}\right) > 8.3\times10^{14}
\label{eqn_12}
\end{eqnarray}
The conditions for the emission are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig} for the pulsar
population in the $P\dot{P}$ diagram.

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[angle=0,scale=1.3]{fig1_mod.eps}
\caption{The condition for cyclotron resonance instability for the pulsar
population (red and blue points) is represented in the $P\dot{P}$ diagram with
the relevant pulsar parameters given in \S 3.2. The solid black line
corresponds to eq.(\ref{eqn_16}) where the growth factor $\Gamma\tau$ = 1.
The instability condition develops in the pulsar population where
$\Gamma\tau >$ 1 [eq.(\ref{eqn_16})]. The region where $\Gamma\tau <$ 1
(shaded region) represents the pulsars (blue points in shaded region) where
radio emission in outer magnetosphere cannot originate. For the pulsar
parameters assumed for our calculations (\S 3.1 and 3.2) the resonance
frequency of emission at 325 MHz [eq.(\ref{eqn_14})] is shown as the green
line. In addition to satisfying the instability condition (region where
$\Gamma\tau >$ 1) the possibility of detecting radio emission depends on the
flux density and the efficiency of energy in the plasma being converted into
radio emission. Using an upper detection limit of 1 mJy for current radio
telescopes at the sub GHz range, we estimate the minimum observable luminosity
$L_{obs}$ for each pulsar using eq.(\ref{eqn_20}). Assuming the efficiency
of the emission mechanism to be about 5\% of $L_p$ [given by eq.(\ref{eqn_19})]
we find a sub-sample (red points) where the emission mechanism presented here
can give rise to detectable off-pulse emission (i.e. 0.05$L_p > L_{obs}$ and
$\Gamma\tau >$ 1). The two pulsars PSR B0525+21 and  PSR B2045--16, where
off-pulse emission is observed, lie in the favorable region for cyclotron
resonance instability.
\label{fig}}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Application to off-pulse emission}
We now look into the application of the parametric formulation for a specific
set of pulsar parameters and apply them to two pulsars with detected off-pulse
emission. The pulsar parameters used for our studies are, $\gamma_p$ = 10;
$\chi$ = 10$^4$; $\gamma_{res}$ = 2$\times$10$^6$; $\gamma_T$ = 10$^2$; $\eta$
= 10$^{-1}$. We look at the various conditions as explained above.
\begin{equation}
{\displaystyle\frac{u_d^2}{2c^2\delta}} \approx 7.6\times10^2\left({\displaystyle\frac{P^3}{\dot{P}_{-15}}}\right)^{1/2}
\label{eqn_13}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\nu_0 = \omega_0/2\pi \approx 270\left({\displaystyle\frac{\dot{P}_{-15}}{P^4}}\right)~\mbox{MHz}
\label{eqn_14}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\nu_1 = \omega_1/2\pi \approx 1.03\left({\displaystyle\frac{\dot{P}_{-15}}{P^5}}\right)^{1/}~\mbox{GHz}
\label{eqn_15}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\Gamma\tau \approx 9.3\left({\displaystyle\frac{P^3}{\dot{P}_{-15}}}\right)
\label{eqn_16}
\end{equation}

{\bf B0525+21:} $P$ = 3.7455 sec; $\dot{P}_{-15}$ = 40.05; \\
The limits expressed in eq.(\ref{eqn_12}) reduce to\\
$\left({\displaystyle\frac{\chi\gamma_{res}}{\gamma_p^3}}\right)\left({\displaystyle\frac{P^3}{\dot{P}_{-15}}}\right)^{1/2} = 2.3\times10^8>5.2\times10^7$
$\left({\displaystyle\frac{\eta\gamma_{res}^3}{\gamma_T}}\right)\left({\displaystyle\frac{P^3}{\dot{P}_{-15}}}\right) = 1.05\times10^{16}>8.3\times10^{14}$\\

{\bf B2045--16:} $P$ = 1.9616 sec; $\dot{P}_{-15}$ = 10.96; \\
The limits expressed in eq.(\ref{eqn_12}) reduce to\\
$\left({\displaystyle\frac{\chi\gamma_{res}}{\gamma_p^3}}\right)\left({\displaystyle\frac{P^3}{\dot{P}_{-15}}}\right)^{1/2} = 1.7\times10^8>5.2\times10^7$
$\left({\displaystyle\frac{\eta\gamma_{res}^3}{\gamma_T}}\right)\left({\displaystyle\frac{P^3}{\dot{P}_{-15}}}\right) = 5.5\times10^{15}>8.3\times10^{14}$\\

The pulsar parameters for the two pulsars have been obtained from the ATNF
pulsar database~\citep{man05}.

As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig}, the two pulsars B0525+21 and B2045--16 which
show the presence of off-pulse emission~\citep{bas11,bas12} lie in the regime
where cyclotron resonance instability is likely to emit observable coherent
radio emission. The resonance frequency of emission at 325 MHz given by
eq.(\ref{eqn_14}) is shown as a green line in Fig.~\ref{fig}.

In the analysis presented here we have made two basic assumptions that the
resonance condition develops at the light cylinder and the secondary plasma
is characterized by $\gamma_p$ = 10. These assumptions, although they
demonstrate the viability of the emission mechanism and constrain the
parameter space, do not put strict limits on the secondary plasma energy
or location of emission in the pulsar magnetosphere. In one scenario for
the same pulsar it is possible for the resonance condition to originate at
a different height for a slightly different secondary plasma energy, i.e,
lower energy particles will emit the same resonance frequency at a lower
height. In an alternate picture the same energy particles will satisfy
the resonance condition at a different height for a different resonance
frequency, i.e, the resonance frequency will be higher at a lower height.
In a typical pulsar all these scenarios are likely to exist, which would
account for not only the wide range of frequencies likely to be emitted
but also the spread of the detected signal over a wide range in the pulsar
profile. However the emission conditions can only develop in the outer
magnetosphere near the light cylinder, which in conjunction with the damping
frequency puts a limit on the maximum frequency that can be emitted to be
around the GHz range.

\section{\bf Energetics}
In this section we look into the total energy available in the plasma and its
sufficiency in accounting for the detected off-pulse emission. The total
available energy in the plasma when emitted as radio emission gives
\begin{equation}
L_{p} = \gamma_{res}mc^{3}n_{res}\beta_{p}~~~\mbox{erg}~s^{-1}
\label{eqn_17}
\end{equation}
Here $\beta_{p}$ represents the cross-section of the open field lines,
$\beta_{p} = 6.6\times10^{8}P^{-1}(R/R_{s})^{3}$ cm$^{2}$. The luminosity
of the off-pulse emission is given as:
\begin{equation}
 L_{obs} = 4\pi D_{L}^{2}S_{\nu}\Delta\nu~\zeta^{-1}~~~\mbox{erg}~s^{-1}
\label{eqn_18}
\end{equation}
Here $D_{L}$ is the distance to pulsar; $S_{\nu}$ the observed off-pulse flux;
$\Delta\nu$ is the frequency range and $\zeta$ the fractional opening angle.
Using $\gamma_{res}$=2$\times$10$^{6}$; $\eta$=10$^{-1}$; $S_{\nu}$=1 mJy;
$\Delta\nu$=100 MHz; $\zeta$=10$^{-1}$ eq.(\ref{eqn_17}) and (\ref{eqn_18})
are expressed as
\begin{equation}
L_{p} \approx 2.2\times10^{29}\left({\displaystyle\frac{\dot{P}_{-15}}{P^3}}\right)^{1/2}
\label{eqn_19}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
L_{obs} \approx 1.2\times10^{27}D_{kpc}^2
\label{eqn_20}
\end{equation}
Applying the luminosity values to the two pulsars as in the previous section
we look into the relevance of the mechanism.\\
{\bf B0525+21:} $D_{kpc}$ = 2.28. $ L_{p}$ = 2.5$\times$10$^{29}$; $L_{obs}$
= 6.2$\times$10$^{27}$.\\
{\bf B2045--16:} $D_{kpc}$ = 0.95. $ L_{p}$ = 1.8$\times$10$^{29}$; $L_{obs}$
= 1.1$\times$10$^{27}$.\\
$L_{p} \gg L_{obs}$ for off-pulse emission in both pulsars. It is clear that
the cyclotron resonance instability is an energetically viable mechanism for
off-pulse emission in the two examples shown.

\section{\bf Discussion}

In this work we have demonstrated the generation of radio emission due to
the cyclotron resonance instability within the outer magnetosphere of pulsars
making it a relevant candidate for off-pulse emission. The conditions for
radio emission are dependent on the parameters of the plasma which are still
poorly understood. The details of the calculations shown here will vary with
changes in plasma parameters although the basic physical processes would
still operate in pulsars. We can draw two primary conclusions about the nature
and extent of the emission from these studies. Firstly, these conditions can
only develop in a certain population of pulsars which have longer periods
and/or smaller period derivatives. Secondly, there is an upper limit to the
frequency that can be emitted constrained by the damping frequency. In
addition we have also found an observational limit based on the detection
capabilities of present day telescopes and energetics which show the emission
from long period pulsars with very small period derivatives generally too weak
to be observed.  The pulsars which follow the above criteria are shown as
red points in Fig.~\ref{fig} (see figure caption for details).

Further observational results involving a large sample of pulsars in addition
to determining the temporal structure, polarization features and the spectral
nature of the off-pulse emission will not only help in validating the
mechanism, but will also help in refining its predictions.

\acknowledgments We thank the anonymous referee for constructive criticism
that helped to improve the paper. We would like to thank Joanna Rankin for
carefully reading the manuscript and her helpful comments which improved the
manuscript. We also thank Janusz Gil for his useful comments. This work was
partially supported through the grant DEC-2012/05/B/ST9/03924 by the Polish
National Science Centre.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Culture November 23, 2022
Meghan Markle Goes Back to High School in New Episode of Her Archetypes Podcast
Meghan Markle went back to her old high school and reminisced about her time there in the latest installment of her podcast series.
On Tuesday's episode of Archetypes, the Duchess of Sussex revisited Immaculate Heart, the Los Angeles high school she attended from the ages of 12 to 17. She kicked off her podcast with a little field trip, saying, "Okay, ready team? This is all very nice and new. Isn't it a pretty campus?" As she walked around the building, the royal remarked, "Oh, my gosh. How funny. My locker was right over here. I was somewhere smack in the middle. I don't remember because these are your lockers when you're in high school and the middle school lockers were up there." She added, "You've heard me talk about Immaculate Heart on the series before and the influence it's had on my life. And look I was there from ages, about 12 to 17 which are really formative years in your life. They certainly were for me. And let me just say, being back there, the energy, it was palpable. I was happy to be back there, and it was also really fun. Especially when I made a surprise visit and I popped in on some of the young ladies in volleyball practice."
During the visit, Meghan also spoke with three recent graduates of her alma mater—Grace, Abigail, and Diana—to discuss some of the negative labels women face these days. The Duchess shared that she was surprised to learn that the three women had only ever heard the word "bimbo," but weren't familiar with the trope, a word the royal had previously discussed with Paris Hilton as a term that was omnipresent when she was younger. "I mean talk about aging myself," she said. "But this idea of the 'bimbo,' the dumb blonde, this was something I grew up seeing all the time and here you go…they hadn't."
Meghan also opened up about an important piece of art in her home that was given to her by a longtime friend that helps keep her grounded. "There's a piece of art in my sitting room. It's not fancy. It's kind of this rectangle shape, almost plaque-like, and it just says a few words very simply across it: 'Human kind. Be both,'" she began. "My dear friend Genevieve gave it to me a couple years ago, and when I walk past it, it always makes me smile, of course, because I love her and our friendship and it reminds me of her. We've been super close since we were about 17, but also because it's true. Human kind. Be both." The Duchess continued, "And it got me thinking of other types of wordplay that resonate. And I specifically was thinking about something that I was told many years ago. You're not just a human being. You're a human, just being. Now, the woman who told me this was trying to remind me to just be easier on myself, sort of in the same vein of saying, 'Don't let perfect be the enemy of good.' Well, this is just another version of that same ilk of advice. You're human, just being."
Originally published in Vanityfair.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The R3 replaces the superb R300 which we were not happy about as manufacturers don't always get things right and the R300 was a brilliant speakrer but the R3 is better.
The R3 redefines standmount performance. No surprise, as it shares the same drivers as the range-topping R11. A true three-way speaker, the 165mm (6.5 in.) bass driver pushes bass performance to new extremes. The 125mm (5 in.) midrange driver and 25mm (1 in.) aluminium dome tweeter creates a Uni-Q array that defies the expectations from the most compact main speaker in the range.
Click the button below to add the KEF R3 Speakers to your wish list.


The Sandstone Trail passes through Delamere Forest, but the rail station and pub are off route.
Below, RambleFest lists details of the Delamere Forest pub and restaurant near the Sandstone Trail, plus info on public transport, giving location and contact info. A map link is included (above), the scale of which can be adjusted after clicking.
If you have Delamere Forest accommodation or other service, you can list it free on RambleFest or upgrade to Superior Listing. See our Listing Upgrade page for details.


If you ask me, this is better than the movie.
Posted by stuffilikenet in Video.
Surprisingly, it's Japanese and not Chinese.
Posted by stuffilikenet in Awesome, Brilliant words, Uncategorizable.
for Father's Day a few years ago. I had the habit of wearing a Batman shirt to Girl Scout camp, and since none of the other girls knew my name they started calling me Batman and one thing led to another. You can't read the plate at the bottom but it says "You're the Greatest Step Father" (they were young, and didn't understand compound words yet). I had only been their stepdad for eighteen months.
Posted by stuffilikenet in Awesome, Books, Brilliant words.
Where is the end for Solomon Grundy?
The radar has failed to find them.
But he's just a little pig still.
Was a spatial hot pertater.
But they fused with all the data.
Because she's unable to Postulate How.
Elle pond ses oefs dans le Quand-Provisoire.
Car l'experience seraite bien trop dure.
They went to sea in a bottle by Klein.
The scenery seen was exceedingly dull.
And produce a more peaceful vicinity.
In a nonchalant sort of a way.
Is not in the picture today.
a quantum, a quantum, a quantum.
I plant 'em, I plant 'em, I plant 'em.
O Plato! O Plato! O Plato!
This is the Theory Jack built.
This is the Flaw That lay in the Theory Jack built.
This is the Mummery Hiding the Flaw That lay in the Theory that Jack built.
This is the Summary Based on the Mummery Hiding the Flaw That lay in the Theory that Jack built.
This is the Constant K That saved the Summary Based on the Mummery Hiding the Flaw That lay in the Theory that Jack built.
This is the Erudite Verbal Haze Cloaking Constant K That saved the Summary Based on the Mummery Hiding the Flaw That lay in the Theory that Jack built.
This is the Turn of a Plausible Phrase That thickened the Erudite Verbal Haze Cloaking Constant K That saved the Summary Based on the Mummery Hiding the Flaw That lay in the Theory that Jack built.
This is the Chaotic Confusion and Bluff That hung on the Turn of a Plausible Phrase That thickened the Erudite Verbal Haze Cloaking Constant K That saved the Summary Based on the Mummery Hiding the Flaw That lay in the Theory that Jack built.
This is the Cybernetics and Stuff That covered Chaotic Confusion and Bluff That hung on the Turn of a Plausible Phrase That thickened the Erudite Verbal Haze Cloaking Constant K That saved the Summary Based on the Mummery Hiding the Flaw That lay in the Theory that Jack built.
This is the button to Start the Machine To make with the Cybernetics and Stuff To cover Chaotic Confusion and Bluff That hung on the Turn of a Plausible Phrase That thickened the Erudite Verbal Haze Cloaking Constant K That saved the Summary Based on the Mummery Hiding the Flaw That lay in the Theory that Jack built.
This is the Space Child with Brow Serene Who Pushed the Button to Start the Machine That made with the Cybernetics and Stuff Without Confusion, exposing the Bluff That hung on the Turn of a Plausible Phrase And, shredding the Erudite Verbal Haze Cloaking Constant K Wrecked the Summary Based on Mummery Hiding the Flaw And Demolished the Theory that Jack built.


You'll be glad you called us.
services including WDO inspections for real estate transactions .
or we will replace your lock at our expense.
If you're being pestered by bugs we can help!
Call us to set up an appointment or get a free quote.


text:
There is no soundtrack
Rethinking art, media, and the audio-visual contract
By Ming-Yuen S. Ma
BIC Category: Installation Art, Art & Design Styles: Conceptual Art, The arts / Theory of art, Contemporary Art, Modern Art, ART / Sculpture & Installation, ART / Mixed Media, ART / Film & Video, Electronic, Holographic & Video Art
Series: Rethinking Art's Histories
There is no soundtrack is a study of how sound and image produce meaning in contemporary experimental media art by artists ranging from Chantal Akerman to Nam June Paik to Tanya Tagaq. It contextualises these works and artists through key ideas in sound studies: voice, noise, listening, the soundscape and more. The book argues that experimental media art produces radical and new audio-visual relationships challenging the visually dominated discourses in art, media and the human sciences. In addition to directly addressing what Jonathan Sterne calls 'visual hegemony', it also explores the lack of diversity within sound studies by focusing on practitioners from transnational and diverse backgrounds. As such, it contributes to a growing interdisciplinary scholarship, building new, more complex and reverberating frameworks to collectively sonify the study of culture.
'Sound, Ming-Yuen S. Ma shows, stretches a ladder between body and imagination. Sound reaches past the visual image to shape other temporalities; it creates resonance with things forgotten and things to come. Ma's scholarship is authoritative yet open-ended, his attention to artworks precise, making There is no soundtrack an invaluable guide to the sonic capacities of media art.'
Laura U. Marks, Dena Wosk University Professor in Art and Culture Studies, Simon Fraser University
'Through a series of close readings and quilt-like juxtapositions, Ming-Yuen Ma thinks sound and art through a broader political field. There is no soundtrack brings the discussion of sound more fully into the study of media art and the discussion of media art more fully into the study of sound art.'
Jonathan Sterne, Professor and James McGill Chair in Culture and Technology, McGill University
'More like a DJ than an author, Ma connects the sonic dots between film, performance, installation and so much more. Sound is material to tell stories in space and time, but are our ears more valuable than our eyes?'
Robin Rimbaud (a.k.a. Scanner), composer and artist
'Strong, critical and refreshing, There is no soundtrack is a unique book that leads the way towards new approaches to art history, media art studies and film studies.'
Caleb Kelly, Associate Professor in Media Art and Art History, UNSW Art & Design
Prologue: film without images
Introduction: rethinking the audio-visual contract
1 Radical otherness: voiceover, autoethnography, performativity
2 History, noise, violence: Christian Marclay's Guitar Drag
3 Media soundscapes: listening to installation and performance
4 Sounding a politics of space: acoustic communities, aesthetic colonization, and sound imperialism
Epilogue: notes on acoustic time
Ming-Yuen S. Ma is Professor of Media Studies at Pitzer College, a member of the Claremont Colleges
Sport and modernism in the visual arts in Europe, c. 1909–39
The political aesthetics of the Armenian avant-garde
Fleshing out surfaces


If you check the credits of The Rolling Stones' Goats Head Soup LP from 1973 you'll find a certain "Pascal" listed on the percussion section. That is none other than Los Angeles based artist Nicolas Pascal Raicevik (1933-1994), aka 107-34-8933, aka Head, aka Nik Pascal, aka Nik Raicevic. Besides his hitting the bongoes on the Stones album, Nik was a great artist on his own, both as a painter and as a musician. As a musician, he was a pioneer in the use of synthesizers, preceeding the Berlin school by some years when his Head LP was released on on Buddah in 1970. Buddah probably saw in Head the opportunity to cash in some money from the remains of the psychedelic scene - the three tracks on the LP are named after drugs used in the late sixties. The sounds, however, are accomplished works that show Raicevic as one of the most interesting pioneers in the use of synths. The album probably didn't do too well, since Buddah didn't renew the contract with Raicevic, who instead took his own way releasing his works on his very own Narco Records and Tapes label. Between 1968 and 1975 Narco would issue 4 LPs credited either to Nik Raicevic (Beyond The End... Eternity) or Nik Pascal (The Sixth Ear, Magnetic Web and Zero Gravity) plus one credited to 107-34-8933 (Numbers, which is in fact the same LP as Buddah's Head, albeit with different cover art). Copies of these LPs came with an ironic sticker over the shrinkwrap that read "Do not listen to this LP if you are stoned".
Numbers was the first reference in the Narco catalogue (NR101), each of the three tracks it contains is named after a drug: Cannabis Sativa, Methedrine and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide. The album was credited to 107-34-8933, there is no date of release on the disc, some sources take it as back as 1968 - in any case, this is the same record that was issued on Buddah in 1970 credited to Head and eponymously-titled. The Wah Wah reissue features the original cover artwork from the Narco edition.
"Nik Raicevic's music is at the intersection of radical psycho-electronic weirdness and kraut kosmische music (in particular the scifi-hypno-minimal modules of Conrad Schnitzler in Grun, Rot and Blau). It presents mega epic & tripped out electronic improvisations.
Never reissued before on vinyl format, the Wah Wah reissue features original sleeve artwork made of paintings and drawings by Nik himself and reproduction of the famous ironic "Do not listen if you are stoned".
Limited edition, 500 copies only.


The Draeger X-am 2500 was especially developed for use as personal protection. The 1 to 4 gas detector reliably detects combustible gases and vapours, as well as O2, CO, NO2, SO2 and H2S. Reliable measurement technology, long sensor life and easy operation guarantee maximum safety at extremely low cost of ownership.


E. Albert, G. Puebla, and J. Gallagher.
Non-Leftmost Unfolding in Partial Evaluation of Logic Programs with Impure Predicates.
In 15th International Symposium on Logic-based Program Synthesis and Transformation (LOPSTR'05), number 3901 in LNCS, pages 115--132. Springer-Verlag, April 2006.
E. Albert, G. Puebla, and M. V. Hermenegildo.
An Abstract Interpretation-based Approach to Mobile Code Safety.
In Proc. of Compiler Optimization meets Compiler Verification (COCV'04), Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 132(1), pages 113--129. Elsevier - North Holland, April 2004.
F. Bueno, D. Cabeza, M. Carro, M. V. Hermenegildo, P. López-García, and G. Puebla-(Eds.).
The Ciao System. Reference Manual (v1.10).
The Ciao System Documentation Series--TR CLIP3/97.1.10(04), School of Computer Science, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Facultad de Informática, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain, August 2004.
System and on-line version of the manual available at http://ciao-lang.org.
F. Bueno, P. Deransart, W. Drabent, G. Ferrand, M. V. Hermenegildo, J. Maluszynski, and G. Puebla.
On the Role of Semantic Approximations in Validation and Diagnosis of Constraint Logic Programs.
In Proc. of the 3rd. Int'l Workshop on Automated Debugging--AADEBUG'97, pages 155--170, Linköping, Sweden, May 1997. U. of Linköping Press.
The PLAI Abstract Interpretation System.
Technical Report CLIP2/94.0, Computer Science Dept., Technical U. of Madrid (UPM), Facultad Informatica UPM, 28660-Boadilla del Monte, Madrid-Spain, February 1994.
A Tutorial on Program Development and Optimization using the Ciao Preprocessor.
Technical Report CLIP2/06, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Facultad de Informática, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain, January 2006.
Extracting Non-strict Independent And-parallelism Using Sharing and Freeness Information.
In 1994 International Static Analysis Symposium, number 864 in LNCS, pages 297--313, Namur, Belgium, September 1994. Springer-Verlag.
M. Codish, A. Mulkers, M. Bruynooghe, M. García de la Banda, and M. Hermenegildo.
Improving Abstract Interpretations by Combining Domains.
In Proc. ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Partial Evaluation and Semantics Based Program Manipulation, pages 194--206. ACM, June 1993.
CHIP System Documentation, April 1996.
S.K. Debray, P. López-García, M. V. Hermenegildo, and N.-W. Lin.
Estimating the Computational Cost of Logic Programs.
In Static Analysis Symposium, SAS'94, number 864 in LNCS, pages 255--265, Namur, Belgium, September 1994. Springer-Verlag.
Freeness and Related Analyses of Constraint Logic Programs Using Abstract Interpretation.
PhD thesis, K.U.Leuven, Dept. of Computer Science, October 1994.
P.W. Dart and J. Zobel.
A Regular Type Language for Logic Programs.
In Types in Logic Programming, pages 157--187. MIT Press, 1992.
M. García de la Banda, M. V. Hermenegildo, and K. Marriott.
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 22(2):269--339, March 2000.
J. Gallagher and G. Puebla.
Abstract Interpretation over Non-Deterministic Finite Tree Automata for Set-Based Analysis of Logic Programs.
In Fourth International Symposium on Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages, number 2257 in LNCS, pages 243--261. Springer-Verlag, January 2002.
M. V. Hermenegildo, E. Albert, P. López-García, and G. Puebla.
Some Techniques for Automated, Resource-Aware Distributed and Mobile Computing in a Multi-Paradigm Programming System.
In Proc. of EURO--PAR 2004, number 3149 in LNCS, pages 21--37. Springer-Verlag, August 2004.
M. V. Hermenegildo, G. Puebla, K. Marriott, and P. Stuckey.
Incremental Analysis of Constraint Logic Programs.
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 22(2):187--223, March 2000.
M. Hermenegildo and F. Rossi.
Strict and Non-Strict Independent And-Parallelism in Logic Programs: Correctness, Efficiency, and Compile-Time Conditions.
Journal of Logic Programming, 22(1):1--45, 1995.
G. Janssens and M. Bruynooghe.
Deriving Descriptions of Possible Values of Program Variables by means of Abstract Interpretation.
Journal of Logic Programming, 13(2 and 3):205--258, July 1992.
In Giorgio Levi, editor, Proceedings of SAS'98, volume 1503 of LNCS, pages 230--245, Pisa, Italy, September 1998. Springer-Verlag.
K. Muthukumar, F. Bueno, M. García de la Banda, and M. Hermenegildo.
Automatic Compile-time Parallelization of Logic Programs for Restricted, Goal-level, Independent And-parallelism.
Journal of Logic Programming, 38(2):165--218, February 1999.
Technical Report ACA-ST-232-89, Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC), Austin, TX 78759, March 1989.
Combined Determination of Sharing and Freeness of Program Variables Through Abstract Interpretation.
In International Conference on Logic Programming (ICLP 1991), pages 49--63. MIT Press, June 1991.
Compile-time Derivation of Variable Dependency Using Abstract Interpretation.
Journal of Logic Programming, 13(2/3):315--347, July 1992.
K. Marriott and P. Stuckey.
Approximating Interaction Between Linear Arithmetic Constraints.
In 1994 International Symposium on Logic Programming, pages 571--585. MIT Press, 1994.
G. Puebla, E. Albert, and M. V. Hermenegildo.
Abstract Interpretation with Specialized Definitions.
Technical Report CLIP12/2004.0, Technical University of Madrid, School of Computer Science, UPM, September 2004.
A Generic Preprocessor for Program Validation and Debugging.
In P. Deransart, M. V. Hermenegildo, and J. Maluszynski, editors, Analysis and Visualization Tools for Constraint Programming, number 1870 in LNCS, pages 63--107. Springer-Verlag, September 2000.
Combined Static and Dynamic Assertion-Based Debugging of Constraint Logic Programs.
In Logic-based Program Synthesis and Transformation (LOPSTR'99), number 1817 in LNCS, pages 273--292. Springer-Verlag, March 2000.
G. Puebla, J. Correas, and M. V. Hermenegildo.
The design of a generic framework for context-sensitive analysis of modular programs.
Technical Report CLIP7/2003.0, Technical University of Madrid, School of Computer Science, UPM, November 2003.
Optimized Algorithms for the Incremental Analysis of Logic Programs.
In International Static Analysis Symposium (SAS 1996), number 1145 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 270--284. Springer-Verlag, September 1996.
H. Saglam and J. Gallagher.
Approximating Logic Programs Using Types and Regular Descriptions.
Technical Report CSTR-94-19, Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, 1994.
An Application of Abstract Interpretation of Logic Programs: Occur Check Reduction.
In European Symposium on Programming, LNCS 123, pages 327--338. Springer-Verlag, 1986.
C. Vaucheret and F. Bueno.
More Precise yet Efficient Type Inference for Logic Programs.
In 9th International Static Analysis Symposium (SAS'02), volume 2477 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 102--116. Springer-Verlag, September 2002.
P. Van Hentenryck, A. Cortesi, and B. Le Charlier.
Type analysis of prolog using type graphs.
Journal of Logic Programming, 22(3):179--209, 1995.
E. Yardeni and E. Shapiro.
A Type System for Logic Programs.
Concurrent Prolog: Collected Papers, pages 211--244, 1987.


text:
'The Jetsons' Animated Film Coming From WB; Matt Lieberman To Write
By Empress Eve | @ | January 25th, 2015 at 9:00 am
Warners Bros. will be making an animated Jetsons movie and has hired Matt Lieberman to write the script, according to Deadline, who added that the writer got the gig after his work on the animated Scooby-Doo movie for the studio.
The animated feature film will be based on the 1960s Hanna-Barbera series The Jetsons, for which WB now owns the archives (they acquired this in 1996 when they merged with Turner, which had held the rights since 1991). The cartoon TV series, which was the Space Age answer to the prehistoric Flintstones, centered on Orbit City residents, The Jetsons: George Jetson, his wife Jane, daughter Judy, and son Elroy, along with their dog Astro and robot maid Rosie.
Topics: Cartoons, Movies, News
Tags: Matt Lieberman, The Jetsons, Warner Bros
'Mr. Toad's Wild Ride' Will Crash Into a Theater Near You
By eelyajekiM | @ | April 17th, 2012 at 9:02 pm
The Disney theme parks have a large catalog of rides and attractions to see, and with the success of four Pirates of the Caribbean movies, it only seems right to go down that catalog and find the next theme-parked based movie. If you want to know what ride is being adapted into a movie, then buckle up, because you are going to be in for one wild ride.
Currently the Haunted Mansion reboot, Jungle Cruise, Matterhorn, and Magic Kingdom park feature films are in the works and now you can add another iconic Disneyland ride to the list. According to Deadline, Mr. Toad's Wild Ride will now be adapted for the big screen and is set to be directed by commercial and music video director Pete Candeland.
Leave a comment: 3 Comments »
Tags: Disney, Matt Lieberman, Mr. Toad's Wild Ride, Pete Candeland
'Short Circuit' Remake Gets A New Writer
By Cinemumra | February 3rd, 2012 at 1:00 pm
Over the past few years, one remake has seemed to stand above the rest as the perfect example of Hollywood's creative death. That would be the long-gestating remake of the cult classic, Short Circuit.
Coming Soon reports that Matt Lieberman will pen a new draft of the film's screenplay, which will be helmed by Tim Hill. Dimension Films has the project, and have been touting their success with Spy Kids and that franchise, so we know just what to expect here.
Tags: Matt Lieberman, Short Circuit


text:
Baofeng railway station is a railway station in Baofeng County, Pingdingshan, Henan, China. It is an intermediate stop on the Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway and the western terminus of the Mengmiao–Baofeng railway.

History
The station opened on 19 June 1970. On 18 January 2008, the name of this station was changed from Baofeng to Pingdingshan West. On 15 July 2019, the name was reverted to Baofeng. The name Pingdingshan West was subsequently taken by a station on the Zhengzhou–Wanzhou high-speed railway which opened on 1 December.

References

Railway stations in Henan
Railway stations in China opened in 1970

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
HomeNews and viewsNewsSouth American Games 2022
South American Games 2022
Copyrights: South American Games 2022
The XII South American Games ended on October 15. Let's take a look at some of the highlights from the Games.
The XII South American Games was a multi-sport event held between 1-15 October 2022 in Asuncion, Paraguay. The games witnessed the participation of almost 5000 athletes from 15 countries in 34 different sports. Along with the 34 sports, padel and chess were being contested as exhibition/demonstration sports.
The games were collaboratively organised by the South American Sports Organization (ODESUR), the Paraguayan Olympic Committee, the government of the Republic of Paraguay, and the local National Secretary of Sports.
The journey to organise the games was met with various obstacles including Paraguay's economic crisis, the global pandemic, and supply delays caused by the Ukraine-Russia war.
In 2019, during Paraguay's financial crisis, authorities announced their withdrawal from this commitment. However, the continuous efforts of sports leaders, as well as ODESUR, made it possible to host the Games. The sports and government authorities of Paraguay were also able to cut down on the budget from USD 180 million to 80 million, making it feasible to host this mega event.
The games turned out to be a noteworthy event, with several records broken and many glorious victories. Here are a few highlights from the games.
Brazil dominates the South American Games
Brazil topped the charts at the Games with a total of 319 medals, including 133 golds. One of the highlights includes Brazilians Caio Bonfim and Viviane Lyra claiming the winning titles for the inaugural 35km race walks. In addition, Lucas Rodrigues da Silva, aged 21, won the men's 200m finals, and Wellington Morais won the men's shot put competition in 20.00 metres.
Panama bags its fifth ever gold
Chamar Chambers, a 24-year old athlete, got Panama its fifth ever gold at these Games when he claimed the first position in the 800m race. Clocking in at 1:24.99, Chambers also managed to set a national record. Before this win, Panama had only won four South American Games golds, with titles won by Alonso Edward at 100m (2014 and 2018), Irving Saladino in long jump (2014) and Ivette Lewis in the 100m hurdles (2014).
Michigan State golfer represents homeland at the SAG
Valentina Rossie, a Michigan State women's golfer, represented her native land, Argentina, at the South American Games 2022. While Rossie has represented her country at other international fora, this was the first time she participated in the South American Games. The SAG offered her a first-time experience at a multi-sport competition. Rossie managed to lead her team to win a gold medal at the Games, marking an important victory for Argentina.
Argentine sprinters shine
After a series of disappointing performances,, the South American Games proved to be a breakthrough for Argentine short distance runners, with Franco Forio and Elian Larregina winning gold in the 100 and 400 metre categories, respectively. 22-year-old Forio became the second Argentine short distance runner to have won a gold medal in the 100m category at the South American Games, after Gerardo Meinardi's victory in 1986.
Breaking records
This year, the SAG also saw many athletes break various records in their respective sports. Ecuador's Brian Pintado delivered a spectacular performance by winning the 20 km walk race in 1:19:43, making a new Games record and retaining his 2018 title.
Glenda Morejon, also from Ecuador, triumphed in the women's race and set a new record of 1:31,34. Chile's Gabriel Kehr, the 2019 Pan American Champion, was the men's hammer champion at the games, beating world finalist Humberto Mansilla and setting a new Games record of 76.81 metres. Finally, Argentina's Federico Bruno brought his country's first title in the men's 5000m race, while also creating a new Games record.
Isha Saxena
Wednesday, October 26, 2022 - 18:17
The sportanddev.org Operating Team
Related: Tokyo 2020 Olympics and Paralympics


Fill in the form below or give us a call to start the booking process.
To become a Network Specialist, you need the right education. But employers don't necessarily look for Degree-level qualifications anymore. Most employers prefer a technical certification as it's direct proof of your knowledge and suitability to do the job you're applying for.
Career specific training here is key. Yes, employers will expect to see your knowledge of LANs, WANs and other networking systems alongside your expertise with routers and switches. They'll also look for personal attributes too - if you have the ability to analyse and problem solve, have good communication skills and can describe technical terms in non-technical ways, you'll stand in good stead.
What Does It Mean to Be a Network Specialist?
As a Network Specialist, you're the main port of call when it comes to the integrity and security of a company's network and the systems connected to it. Your knowledge of network connectivity, network security devices, network types and common OSs will be second-to-none.
Your role will see you responsible for troubleshooting, diagnosing and actioning repairs and identifying ways of streamlining processes. As your career progresses, you could see yourself responsible for monitoring security threats and network access.
That's the benefit of a career as a Network Specialist – you're indulging your passion for tech with a clearly defined career. Your earning potential is incredible - we're talking an average starting salary being £20k, with advanced roles anywhere up to £46k.
How Do I Qualify as a Network Specialist?
There's no simple fix for becoming a Network Specialist – you'll need to put in the work to build up your knowledge. There's no point spending time and money getting a certificate that's of no benefit to your career. You'll need to get a professional certification that's geared towards your career path – think of qualifications for specific vendors that will boost your career like Microsoft, CompTIA and Cisco.
As part of this unit, you'll build an understanding of network infrastructures, network hardware and protocols & services.
Gain thorough knowledge of an introduction to networks, networking topologies, connectors and wiring standards, IP addressing and IP subnetting, wide area networks.
Develop your understanding of building networks, network device management, network security, troubleshooting connectivity wide-area networks and implementing EIGRP based solutions.
What Do I Need to Know About the Network Specialist Course?
Get started in your new career as a Network Specialist in as little as 3 months and find flexibility with online learning. Learn at your own pace, with access to full tutor support throughout your course.
Graduate with certificates in Microsoft Networking MTA, CompTIA Network+ and Cisco CCNA Routing & Switching. Plus, if you choose to upgrade your learning to our Premium Network Specialist course, benefit from addition certificates in Administering Windows Server 2012 R2 and Configuring Windows Server 2012.
At The Training Room we strive to offer our customers first-class service and training at competitive prices. In order to uphold our IT Price Match Guarantee we actively monitor the prices offered by our competitors. If you find a cheaper price for the same training - we'll match it.


Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 348 Know How to Get Good Grades If you do all of these things, you are sure to get good grades. Be Organized  Use a student planner or an assignment notebook.  Have a separate folder for each class.  Have phone numbers for classmates so you will have someone to call if you have a question.  Keep your desk and backpack neat.  Before you go to bed, get everything ready for the next day. Put your backpack in the same place each night. Manage Your Time Well  Use free time in school to start on your homework.  After school each day, look at your homework and make a study plan. Be Successful in Class  Be in school, on time, every day.  Ask and answer questions in class.  Always do your homework.  Obey class rules and treat others with respect.


text:
Kazuo Ishiguro: The Remains of the Day (1723 words)
Andrew Teverson (Kingston University)
The Literary Encyclopedia. Volume 1.2.1.09: Postwar and Contemporary English Writing and Culture , 1945-present.
Vol. editors: Valerie Kaneko-Lucas (Regent's University London), Kerry Myler (Newman University), Deirdre Osborne (Goldsmiths College, University of London), Judith Rahn (Heinrich Heine Universität ), Jenni Ramone (The Nottingham Trent University)
First Circulation/Publication: 1989
Japan (Country of Origin)
Genres and Modes
Ishiguro's Life
Ishiguro's Works
Postcolonial literature - Britain, The Caribbean, Australia, New Zealand
Mr. Stevens, the central character and first-person narrator of The Remains of the Day, is a butler for Mr. Farraday, a wealthy American who has purchased Darlington Hall, the country house that Stevens has worked in for much of his life. The novel opens with Stevens explaining (somewhat disingenuously) that he has accepted an offer from his employer of a few days holiday because he wishes to visit the West Country and persuade Miss Kenton, a former housekeeper, to return to Darlington Hall in order to resolve some problems relating to a "faulty staff plan". The novel then follows Stevens as he makes his way, in Mr Farraday's Ford, through the English countryside, via Salisbury, Dorset, Somerset and Devon, to Cornwall where, i…
Teverson, Andrew. "The Remains of the Day". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 16 June 2003
[https://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=7561, accessed 17 July 2019.]
7561 The Remains of the Day 3 Historical context notes are intended to give basic and preliminary information on a topic. In some cases they will be expanded into longer entries as the Literary Encyclopedia evolves.


The mesmerizing image below, is segment of 2019 Acura Mdx Gallery piece of writing which is listed within Review, 2019 Acura Mdx Gallery, and posted at September 19th, 2018 07:41:53 AM by admin.
Explore 2019 Acura Mdx Gallery, performance and technology features. See models and pricing, as well as photos and videos. We reviews the 2019 Acura Mdx Gallery where consumers can find detailed information on specs, fuel economy, transmission and safety.
Explore the design, performance and technology features of the 2019 Acura Mdx Gallery. See models and pricing, as well as photos and videos. The 2019 Acura Mdx Gallery goes to excess–the right kinds of excess–to preserve its best-of status. Find out if the new 2019 Acura Mdx Gallery coupe takes a step forward in our first-drive review. See photos and get the story at Car and Driver.
Reviews, videos, latest news, specs and road tests on the 2019 Acura Mdx Gallery. Top Gear reviews the 2019 Acura Mdx Gallery. Terrific refinement, class-leading technology, and incredible interior quality. Want to know more? Read more.
Here is main info on 2019 Acura Mdx Gallery. We have the tops method for 2019 Acura Mdx Gallery. Check it out for yourself! You can gather 21 Best 2019 Acura Mdx Gallery Redesign And Concept guide and view the latest 2019 Acura Mdx Gallery in here.


Scalp Folliculitis is an infection or inflammation of the hair follicles, the small sacs beneath the skin from which hair develops and grows. The infection is usually caused by bacteria. Scalp folliculitis generally presents as patches of small itchy, inflamed bumps, which may resemble a red rash. If the condition progresses, these itchy pustules can develop into large, infected, pus-filled bumps. This advanced case represents an infection of part of, or the entire hair follicle. It can lead to permanent side effects such as scarring or hair loss. Though anyone can develop scalp folliculitis, sufferers often have a an oily scalp, or regularly wear tight-fitting hats or a helmet. Scalp folliculitis is also far more common in very hot and humid weather.
Treating scalp folliculitis requires diligent infection control and inflammation relief. This condition can best be avoided by using mild, fragrance and dye-free shampoo and washing hair regularly. Because scratching of the scalp will only worsen the condition, the urge to scratch should be resisted. Keep the scalp uncovered whenever possible, allowing the skin to breathe.
I have suffered from scalp folliculitis that NOTHING seemed to be able to alleviate for most of my adult life - until Terrasil MAX. The sores have abated amazingly and, while I am reluctant to declare my condition "cured", I am quite pleased with the results, which have turned several flaming, bleeding, painful sores into seemingly healed-over, minor annoyances. I was skeptical, but am happy I gave it a try and can definitely recommend this product without reservation.


text:
Helsinki Centre for Digital Humanities
DHH Hackathon
DHH Hackathon #DHH19
Helsinki Digital Humanities Hackathon 2017 #DHH17
Data Clinic
EnglishSuomiSvenskaSupport us
Helsinki Centre for Digital Humanities /
Digital History in Finland, Wednesday 9 December 2015
The Digital History in Finland Network (#DigiHistFi) will organise a one-day symposium on Digital History in Finland at the University of Helsinki on Wednesday 9 December 2015. The motto of the network and symposium is: History first, digital second.
There will be more than 25 presentations of different projects in total, all presentations are short, 10 minutes each. This is a good opportunity to learn about many Digital History projects in Finland and meet other people working in the field. Morning sessions will also be streamed and there is a possibility to present through skype in the morning.
Places are limited, register using this form:
http://www.eventbrite.com/o/8634642340?s=48197640
For online streaming use:
Livestream: http://vn-rec.it.helsinki.fi password: tutiku
Digital History is an area within the emerging field of Digital Humanities that is combining humanities and social sciences with contemporary information and communication technologies. Digital history aims to further historical practice by applying computational methods to various types of historical source materials and data. While there is a tradition, for example, among corpus linguists to use computational methods, the study of history has been slower to take up new approaches in a productive manner.
In Finland, the computational approach to history has so far rarely impacted on the core of the historian's craft in such a way that those who have not already any previous interests in digital humanities would pay attention. Yet, the potential for revisiting old and creating new research questions through computational methods is considerable. This is what the network and symposium seeks to explore further.
The idea of this symposium is to bring together historians working on different aspects of digital history in Finland to talk about their research and meet other scholars interested in similar questions.
Please note that the symposium has two venues:
Morning venue (9.00-12.00), Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Seminar Room, Fabianinkatu 24A, 1st floor
Afternoon venue (12.30-17.30), Siltavuorenpenger 1, tila AUD K170 (sali 2)
Morning venue, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Seminar Room, Fabianinkatu 24A, 1st floor
9.00–9.15: Introduction (Mikko Tolonen, University of Helsinki and Hannu Salmi, University of Turku)
9.15–10.30: 1. Manuscripts, Metadata & Genres (Chair: Mats Fridlund, Aalto University)
1.1. Outi Hupaniittu & National Archives (Development manager Outi Hupaniittu): "READ – Recognition and Enrichment of Archival Documents"
1.2. Marko Tikka, Seija-Leena Nevala & Ilari Taskinen (University of Tampere): "Recognition and Retrieval of Handwritten Texts for Digital Humanities Research"
1.3. Timo Korkiakangas, Ville Walta, Maria Kallio ja Matti Lassila (University of Helsinki): "Charters, Scribes, and Formulas: Social Networks and Writing Practices in the Medieval Charters of Finland"
1.4. Ville Walta (SKS): "Codices Fennici – A project to study and digitize Finnish medieval and 16th century manuscripts"
1.5. Mikko Tolonen, Niko Ilomäki, Hege Roivainen ja Leo Lahti (University of Helsinki): "Fennica and Kungliga Catalogues and Finnish Early Modern Publishing"
1.6. Patrik Aaltonen (University of Helsinki): "The Problem with Moretti: Studying Literary Genres in the Digital Age"
10.30–10.45: Break
10.45–11.55: 2. GLAM (Chair: Anu Lahtinen, University of Helsinki)
2.1. Jaakko Tahkokallio (National Library of Finland): "National Library Sources for Digital History"
2.2. Johanna Ilmakunnas (University of Helsinki): "Digitized Museum Collections as Sources for Historical Research"
2.3. Charlotta Wolff (University of Helsinki), "For a Social History of the Enlightenment: Digital Perspectives on Diplomatic Sociability"
2.4. Lauri Viinikkala (University of Turku): "Mixed Reality Technology and Historical Research"
2.5. Susanna Ånas (Wikimedia/University of Aalto): "Bridging the Gap between Libraries, Archives, Museums, Albums and Attics"
2.6. Pekka Uotila (Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences): "The Family Archive as a Narrative Organization"
11.55–12.30 Paper bag lunch at Siltavuorenpenger
Afternoon venue, Siltavuorenpenger 1 tila AUD K170 (sali 2)
12.30–13.40 3. Digital World & Born Digital (Chair: Jaakko Suominen, University of Turku)
3.1. Martti Häikiö (University of Helsinki): "Tiedon digitalisoinnin historiaa"
3.2. Jaakko Suominen (University of Turku): "Doing Research on the History of Born Digital Phenomena"
3.3. Marjoriikka Ylisiurua (University of Helsinki): "Online Data – Historical Material Among Others, Yet Posing New Methodological Challenges to Solve"
3.4. Ylva Grufstedt (University of Helsinki): "Historical Culture and Consciousness in Digital Games"
3.5. Jessica Parland-von Essen (University of Helsinki) and Kenneth Nyberg (University of Gothenburg): "History in a Digital World – Open Production of a Web Based Textbook"
13.40–14.00 Break
14.00–15.10 4. Newspapers, Journals and Magazines (Chair: Ilkka Mäkinen, University of Tampere)
4.1. Tuula Pääkkönen (National Library of Finland): "244 Years of Newspaper History Digitized"
4.2. Risto Turunen (University of Tampere): "Combining Small and Big Data Approaches to the Language of Finnish Socialism, 1895–1918"
4.3. Antti Häkkinen (University of Helsinki): "Inheritance of a Good Life: How the Ideals of a Good Life Have Been Negotiated and Transmitted Between Generations"
4.4. Mats Fridlund (Aalto University) & Petri Paju (University of Turku): "History Mining of Engineering Journals. Exploring Transnationalism of Finnish Industrialization, 1880–1910"
4.5. Jukka Kortti: "The Press History Research and Digital Possibilities: The Case of Finnish Cultural Magazines in the early 20th Century"
15.20–16.30 5. Maps, Audio & 3D (Chair: Jessica Parland von Essen, University of Helsinki)
5.1. Riitta Rainio (& Kai Lassfolk, Antti Lahelma, Tiina Äikäs), University of Helsinki: "Acoustic Measurements, 3D Modeling and Digital Image Processing at Three Sacred Sites in Northern Finland"
5.2. Panu Savolainen (University of Turku): "Digital Mapping of Urban Centrality and Periphery"
5.3. Mila Oiva (University of Turku): "Talking about Advertising. Changes in Polish Economic Discourse, 1950–1980"
5.4. Ilkka Jokipii & Virva Liski (University of Helsinki): "Mapping the Finnish State Criminal Court Convictions of 1918: New Insights with Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis"
5.5. Anssi Jääskeläinen (Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences): "Modernizing Digital History"
16.30–17.30 Concluding panel: 'Where Are We and Where Should We Be Going?'
Abstracts:
Manuscripts, metadata & genres
The National Archives of Finland is participating in the project Read (2016-2018). In cooperation with European archival institutions and researchers, the Horizon 2020 funded project aims to create a research infrastructure for the character recognition of hand written text. In the proposed paper, the project idea will be discussed from researchers' point of view. The project aims to revolutionize access to digitized archival collections, but what does it denote? What sort of input will be needed from the researchers and what is the contribution of the National Archives in the project?
We present an idea of an interdisciplinary project of historians and information scientists, which is being planned at the University of Tampere. In the project, researchers work together to improve archival use and scientific research possibilities of handwritten digitized archive material. The project aims to: 1. develop a system which recognizes handwriting from digitized archive material and turns it to digital. 2. Apply these methods to practical archive environment by developing a search system, which allows word-based as well as thematic searching from a collection of digitized handwritten material. 3. Explore and test new possibilities that these systems open for humanistic research. The test material is the wartime letter collection of 40 000 letters, preserved in the Folklife archives of the University of Tampere.
The objective of our planned project is to combine innovatively two computer-assisted tools for quantitative study of historical, linguistic, and legal historical conventions in medieval vernacular Swedish charters of the Diplomatarium Fennicum. This objective will be achieved by merging the results of diplomatic formula detection with contextual metadata by way of mainly spatio-temporal network analysis. The technical end product will be a network-based model of diachronic and areal variation within the formula inventory of the DF charters. The approach combines traditional historical methodology with computer-assisted digital diplomatics. The study encompasses charters written in and relating to Finland from the fourteenth century to 1530.
1.4. Ville Walta: Codices Fennici – A project to study and digitize Finnish medieval and 16th century manuscripts
The Codices Fennici project aims to catalogue, study and digitize Finnish medieval and 16th century manuscripts. The project has finished a survey of the material, which has already shown that more Finnish manuscripts survive than previously estimated. Providing a digital catalogue along with digitized images of the manuscripts in a virtual library makes the material readily available and will help generate new research. The paper presents the ongoing project, introduces the material it deals with, and discusses how the manuscripts are to be presented online.
1.5. Mikko Tolonen, Niko Ilomäki, Hege Roivainen ja Leo Lahti (University of Helsinki): Fennica and Kungliga catalogues and Finnish early modern publishing. This paper analyses the overall development of Finnish book production between 1640-1828 based on a reproducible analytical ecosystem of library catalogues. It extends our earlier pilot project on the use of the ESTC catalogue (https://github.com/rOpenGov/estc/blob/master/inst/examples/20151023-LIBER.md, also to be published as an article, forthcoming in LIBER Quarterly). In this new paper focusing on Scandinavia, we will further demonstrate the potential of digitized library catalogues as tool for digital humanities and part of reproducible research. We will continue our experimental analysis of paper consumption in early modern book production, and demonstrate in practice the importance of open-science principles for digital humanities.
In books like Atlas of the European Novel, 1800–1900 (1998) and Graphs, maps, trees (2005), Franco Moretti has explored the history of literary genres from a quantitative and statistical perspective, by the way of "distant reading". I will adress one of the problems with Moretti's controversial approach; namely, the underlying assumption that every text has an inherent and fixed genre. Today many genre theorists argue that genre isn't a property of texts, but rather something that readers impute to texts. In my paper, I will explain how this changes the study of literary genres, and propose some modifications to Moretti's approach.
2.1. Jaakko Tahkokallio (National Library of Finland): on National Library of Finland Sources for Digital History
The proposed paper aims to explore what possibilities and restrictions historians may encounter while using digitized museum collections as source material. The paper will discuss the possibilities of exploring before relatively closed museum collections of objects and potentiality for novel approaches digitized collections offer for historians. Furthermore, restrictions such as insufficient information on images, inadequate meta data or strict copyright regulations will be discussed. The paper takes a case study approach, drawing from the idea to explore one particular object, working table, and how it can be studied with the help of digitized collections offering both textual, visual and material sources.
2.3. Charlotta Wolff (University of Helsinki): For a social history of the Enlightenment: digital perspectives on diplomatic sociability
This paper deals with digital tools for the study of early modern networks of sociability. Through computational, quantitative and spatial analyses of data retrieved from French police archives of the latter half of the eighteenth century, it is possible to obtain a sharper picture of the various cliques that made up the aristocratic, diplomatic and literary sociability in Paris and their connections to each other, to estimate their relative weight and to analyze the importance and functions of literary sociability in a political and diplomatic context. In the end, this could contribute to the social history of the Enlightenment.
My presentation will deal with the subject of my doctoral thesis, i.e. the use of mixed reality technology as a tool for historical research. Mixed reality, covering both augmented and virtual reality, consists of techniques for combining digital elements with physical environment. Traditionally it has been used for illustrating the past within a museum context. The technology, however, can be useful for historical research itself since it offers both, a novel way to communicate research results to academic and non-academic audiences and a method for elaborating interpretations about the past by concretizing abstractions and through different kinds of digital reconstructions.
Locating a space for the crossover of DIY amateur history research and academic study is a problem to solve. While memory institutions are gradually opening their collections for public reuse, the consumers are left with commercial services while the preservation of private photos, letters and documents is nobody's responsibility. Existing or new open spaces are needed where one can make available materials, access previous study, welcome non-expert contributions, share expertise, make available tools, circulate and congregate in. Are these spaces the web of existing environments, is it a working method, or are new platforms needed?
This paper examines the family archive as a communicative constructed organization. The aim in this conceptual article is to redescribe the personal archive and suggest new vocabularies to be used when studying and constructing the family archive. In this paper, the theoretical starting point is the narrativity of organizations. Ideas of the narrative construction of organizations in the field of organizational discourse analysis are applied to the construction of a family archive. The family archive is considered as a narrative platform that forms the emergent organization with fuzzy borders and undefined form. The individual, narrative interpretations are based on the records of the digital archive. The narrative interpretation of a family archive is illustrated with a case study of the construction of a digital archive with a married couple born 1924 (the parents of the author). The archive includes photographs, written documents and some other sentimental objects from 1926-1955. The archived records are preserved in the YKSA-personal archive –service developed and maintained by the University of Applied sciences of Mikkeli, Finland. The construction of the family archive as an organization is based on similar principles that are used to form archives in general. Some features of archiving like provenance, metadata, selection, publicity and accessibility are discussed in relation to the features of narrative interpretation of a family archive as an emergent organization. As a result the construction of a digital family archive is claimed to function as an emergent organization with similar features, like constant interplay between conversation and durable artifacts; records as meaning making machines and the emerging organization as a multiverse of contradictory and evolving interpretations and stories. The paper suggests that these features should be used to develop the theory of personal archiving and the digital archiving services.
Digitial world & born digital
Martti Häikiö ja Essi Ylitalo: Bit Bang. Yrjö Neuvo ja digitaalinen kumous (SKS 2013)
Martti Häikiö: Hyöty ja tiede. Tampereen teknillisen yliopiston historia 1965-2015 (SKS, ilmestyi 9.9.2015)
Martti Häikiö: Tiedon metropoli. Tutkimus, opetus ja tiedonvälitys 1045-2010. Osa 6 Helsingin kaupungin historia vuoden 1945 jälkeen (ilmestyy Helsingin Kirjamessuilla 2015)
Näissä teoksissa kuvaan ja pohdin digitalisoitumisen etenemistä ja vaikutuksia eri aloilla. Olen aiemmin kirjoittanut mm. Suomen datasiirron historian, Radiolinjan historian ja Nokia Oyj:n historian.
The paper deals with the question how to do research on history of born digital phenomena such as video games, the internet and computing. What sort of digital methods we need for such research or do we actually need any or some? The paper introduces a forthcoming case study, related to cultural history of online discussion forums in Finland. The project will combine several research materials and methods, such as interviews, survey data and online data analysis.
Sooner than we may think, online data like Jussi Halla-Aho's blog texts or pre-election activity at online discussion forums, will be material for political historians. Traces of online life of ordinary citizens will soon be studied by social historians. And any economic historical research on consumer product scandals will surely utilize Twitter-fueled Martin Shkreli drug price hike controversy as a case. Currently, big data analysis solves simplistic causalities of massive scale human activity. But the complexities require a different approach. I state that the mechanisms of these complexities must be investigated with exploratory research that, while statistical, is qualitative in nature.
The impact of digital games on society cannot be overestimated and historical games make up a large portion of the market. For my PhD project I intend to study historical culture and historical consciousness in digital games, taking the games' digital form and interactive functions into special consideration. The latter have large implications on for example the presence of counterfactual scenarios and the players' ability to "travel in time". The study aims to unlock new insights on methodology in order to build over the gap between the reception of the games and their content, and the game themselves.
Historia i en digital värld is an open project on the web at digihist.se (2013). It is an introduction to several questions related to historical scholarship and teaching in a digital age, like methods, research data, source criticism, long term preservation and methods of digitization, written to support education and raise awareness. The field being large and rapidly developing, experts were invited to write thematic articles. The chapters were published one at a time and comments were gathered mainly through social media. A pdf version of the book-length text was published in 2014. Plans to produce a traditional print publication have not been realized yet. Questions like what kind of a cultural revolution we are trying to cope with and how this may affect the craft and role of historical research give the framework. In our presentation we will present the existing text and an invitation to contribute to the publication of an updated and revised edition.
Digitized newspapers, journals and magazines
National Library of Finland has digitized its newspaper and journal collections in systematic manner. Digitization started on 1998 and has continued consistently ever since. The digitization process and presentation system are being developed consistently to respond to the copyright owners needs and to new ways to use open data. The crowdsourcing via digital clippings has been successful effort and has revealed content where users have been interested about. This presentation tells about the past, current work and gives glimpses of future, where we hope discussion with researchers about their wishes.
Finland had the biggest socialist party of Europe in the beginning of the 20th century. I analyze this phenomenon by focusing on the socialist language. I have two different data sets: the handwritten newspapers produced by ordinary workers and the printed newspapers. I am coding the handwritten newspapers into a micro-corpus of socialism. The National Library of Finland has digitized all the printed newspapers into a massive macro-corpus. I will explore the variation inside the socialist language and the differences between socialist and non-socialist language of the time with quantitative and qualitative methods. The point of this presentation is to give an overview of my doctoral thesis that combines approaches from conceptual history, labour history and digital humanities.
The goal of this paper is to discuss the common ideals of a good life. Especially it will reflect the ways these ideals have been expressed by common people of different generations and how these ideals have been negotiated, transmitted and reproduced in singular families. A special family life course interview database will be utilized. It consists of 66 life course interviews of three generations in the Päijät-Häme district. The study has been done by analyzing expressions of good life by content analysis and comparing the results by generation, sex and family. The idea is to enlarge the study to the Finnish Historical Newspaper database in the future.
4.4. Mats Fridlund (Aalto University) & Petri Paju (University of Turku): History mining of engineering journals. Exploring transnationalism of Finnish industrialization, 1880-1910
This presentation describes an explorative project to use text mining tools to confirm and challenge existing knowledge about the history of technology and industrialization in general and that of Finnish history of industrialization in particular. In the planned first practical project, we will use digitized Finnish engineering journals (in Swedish) from 1880 to 1910 that have been made available online by the National library of Finland. The study will primarily explore various transnational issues of technoscientific knowledge and technology transfer of the period, especially what kind of foreign technologies that were of interests to the engineering community and how that changed over time during the period, as well as what countries and places that were seen as influential and in the focus of the engineering community at different times.
4.5. Jukka Kortti (University of Helsinki): The Press History Research and Digital Possibilities: The Case of Finnish Cultural Magazines in the early 20th Century
The concept of digital humanities or more precisely digital history includes wide variety of different ways to use communication and computational technologies in research in the field of humanities and social sciences. Data mining together with the ideas of open access provides new ways to use history sources in research. One way to do digital history is to make use of the possibilities of digital software as a tool in history research – to piggyback onto developed technology in a history method. In my presentation, I will show how I have made use of data analysis software Atlas.ti in my study on the Finnish cultural magazines of the early 20th century. I will present the preliminary remarks of applying Atlas to the methods of quantitative and qualitative content analyses in the study of the press history.
Maps, audio & 3D
In Northern Finland, by the canyon lakes Julma-Ölkky, Somer and Taatsi, steep rock cliffs give rise to multiple echoes and other acoustic effects. On the same cliffs, prehistoric rock paintings as well as an ancient Sámi offering site can be found. The paper presents our ongoing archaeoacoustic project that seeks to explore the role of sound in the development and use of these archaeological sites. According to historical sources, echoes played an essential role in the shamanistic rituals that took place by the offering site of Taatsi. The research methods include multichannel recording, spectrum analysis, digital image processing and 3D scanning of the environment.
keywords: historyGIS, centrality, periphery, 18th century, 19th century, Turku
The centre-periphery oppositions have a long history in the field of human geography. In my paper, I present novel ideas how historical data may be applied to understand centrality and periphery in historical urban contexts. I present some preliminary cases from 18-19th century Turku, where different aspects of central and peripheral areas and historical aspects of the distinction are analysed with GIS. Furthermore, I evaluate the issue also from the angle of text corpuses, where the historical meanings of the phenomena and their spatial relevance are discussed.
5.3. Mila Oiva (University of Turku), Talking about Advertising. Changes in Polish Economic Discourse, 1950-1980
This paper is a study of the changing understanding of the concepts related to advertising in state socialist Poland, in 1950-1980. This is an ongoing project, which uses computer assisted text analysis tools for studying conceptual history. The common understanding is that advertising in the state socialist countries – if there was any – was a kind of 'socialist' in character. Advertising was discussed in the Conference of Advertising Specialists organized in Prague in 1957, where the principles of socialist advertising were determined. In Poland, the theoretical discussion of the economists on the best ways to reform planned economies began in the mid-1950s. Practical handbooks on advertising were published since 1956. Starting from 1956 advertising and marketing were taught at the educational facilities in Poland. Similar developments took place also elsewhere in East Central Europe. The main sources of this paper are annual reports of the Polish Chamber of Foreign Trade in 1950-1981 (with some missing years), issues of economic magazine Życie Gospodarcze (The Economic Life) in 1950-1980, and entries of Polish encyclopedias in 1959-1967 on propaganda, advertising, sales promotion and marketing. The research question of the paper is how the concepts were understood in different public spheres in Poland, and how did the perception change over time. To what extent themes related to disseminating commercial information were discussed, and what meanings they were given, when discussed? What do the changes tell about the ability of inability of the Polish planned economic thinking to reform, and the internal hierarchies within it? The underlying philosophy of this paper is that in order to grasp an understanding of how certain concepts were understood, negotiated and how their understanding changed in a state socialist society, it is important to look at the perception in different media categories. In the socialist countries, like also elsewhere, things were discussed in different ways in different arena. The main newspaper tackled issues in a different way than a leisure magazine, or a professional magazine with restricted circulation, although they all were state funded and checked by the censorship office. Similarly, the texts were read in different ways and for different purposes, and partly by different people. In this paper I will categorize the analyzed texts into semi-public, professional public, and openly public categories.
Our aim is to approach Finnish State Criminal Court (FSCC) data with computational methods. Presentation will demonstrate the possibilities of these methods through two examples. We will discuss about possible new interpretations and questions raised by exploratory data visualizations. Data has been collected as a part of larger research project started in 2014. Project is supervised by Dr. Torsten Santavirta and has been funded by Finnish Academy and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (MPIDR). Project is still running and the complete data set will consist of approximately 9000 records of FSCC convicts.
History and digital must go hand in hand, especially if the intention is to influence younger generation users. These users require new interaction methods like immersive 3D, augmented reality or Google like interface. A recently established R&D center Digitalia aims to preserve and provide into use historical materials, E-mails and AV for example. In order to view and even more importantly to understand these valuable materials e.g. after 20 years, digital technology is needed. The amount of digital material also grows exponentially. This leads to a situation where e.g. appraisal cannot be done by hand anymore. Automation is required.
Updated: 21.9.2017
(Yliopistonkatu 3)
00014 University of Helsinki
People finder and contactsBuilding opening hours Press and MediaWorking at the UniversityLibrary Flamma Webshop
About the Website Data Protection Give Feedback
© University of Helsinki 2019


Autumn has been amazing, so far this year! I'm lucky to be spending some weeks at home and each year the season gets more and more beautiful in my city.
However, I haven't been that fortunate when it comes to my skin. If you're not aware of my troubles, I've been suffering with a bad reaction after using a sunscreen in the summer, I've contacted several dermatologists but sadly, with no result. The latest thing I was prescribed was Differin Gel and if you're familiar with this medication you probably know that the first couple of weeks are the hardest. Right now, my skin is peeling, it's burning and feels painful even though I'm not applying the gel every night.
So, I've been trying to hydrate and calm the skin. The three products that are helping me the most at the moment are this Vichy Mineralising Thermal Water, the Zoya Organic Bulgarian Rosehip Oil and the Dr. Jart+ Water Drop Hydrating Moisturiser. And I use them in this exact order but on an evening when I apply the Differin, I'd use the medication first, then I'd wait around 30 minutes and continue with these three products. The thermal water spray feels very soothing, it's infused with antioxidants, it calms my skin and the oil applies much easier while the face is still damp. The rosehip oil doesn't give me a stinging sensation (at the moment many products feel irritating) and not only moisturises my skin but it's almost like it's healing it, as well. Since I've started using the rosehip oil, my skin feels much less stripped, dry and painful. At first, the Water Drop Hydrating Moisturiser wasn't helping me much as it was burning a bit but now that my skin is a lot more soothed, I can enjoy the lightweight yet hydrating feeling of it. I need a tiny amount of the product, it looks like a gel but applies almost like water and smells quite nice. If you have dry skin, this wouldn't be enough for you on its own in the winter but I think it's lovely if you want to give your regular moisturiser a boost, for example. I have a mini of 30 ml but it's lasting me a really long time.
I've been loving two mascara in the past couple of months. They're totally different in terms of formulas and brushes but they both give me amazing results, they're long-wearing and smudge-proof. Lancôme Monsieur Big Mascara* was mentioned here when I reviewed the entire Monsieur Big collection from the brand and since then it's been my go-to mascara for days when I want full and separated lashes. For me, it's totally worth the hype and I can already see it as an annual favourite of mine.
This cool dual-chamber packaging of MAC Bold & Bad Lash* actually contains two brushes and two different formulas (full review here) in one tube. With this mascara I can create a really natural everyday-appropriate look or go for a bold effect if I want. The tiny wand for the lower lashes is very precise and even though I don't usually wear mascara on my bottom lashes, this one made me change that.
The Tom Ford Lipstick in Indian Rose* looks brand new but that's just because I use the other side of the bullet to apply this beautiful pinky rose shade. This is the perfect lipstick, the colour looks stunning no matter if I'm wearing it in the summer or winter. The texture is quite creamy and I would have never expected such a creamy lipstick to be that long-wearing but it really is. There's a subtle shimmer running through but surprisingly for me, it makes the lipstick colour even more beautiful. In fact, the shimmer doesn't show up on my lips, it just makes them look more plump and not flat. I simply adore this lipstick!
These are my favourite beauty items for the month of October and I already have a full box of different products to try in November which makes me really excited. Holiday season is just around the corner, as well, so I'm curious to see all the gift sets and other limited edition releases.
July is usually never an exciting month for me when it comes to beauty discoveries. It all seems to be paused, everyone's on holiday and my routines are quite minimal.
But this year, I had the chance to try many products while I was away in Italy and hopefully, I'll be sharing more about them in the next few weeks. In this monthly favourites post I'm featuring a couple of these products because I fell in love with them straight away.
One of them is the Pixi Glow Mud Cleanser. I was surprised by the texture of this cleanser, as I was expecting it to be thick and even a bit drying. However, it feels light, at first it looks a bit like a clay mask or some sort of paste but it almost transforms into an oil when in contact with water. It's purifying but also hydrating and my face feels really smooth and soft afterwards. At the beginning, I was a bit concerned because the formula contains 5% Glycolic Acid and my skin isn't the biggest fan of this acid but it also has Hyaluronic Acid, Chamomile Extract and Avocado Oil, so the combination of these really seems to work for me at the moment. I've been using this mini as a morning cleanse or a second cleanse in the evening. Now I'm thinking about purchasing the full size because it's not drying at all, feels amazing on the skin and leaves it fresh, clean and nourished.
It is not a secret that I adore floral waters and rose water was the first and only skincare product that I used when I was younger, even before my teenage years. The Alteya Organics Organic Bulgarian White Rose Water made me very curious because I'd never tried white rose water before. Rosa Alba is one of the rearest oil-bearing roses. Compared to rose water from the traditional Rosa Damascena, this one has lighter and a bit more delicate aroma but still has amazing soothing and calming properties, it's softening and moisturising and rose water will forever be one of my favourite skin treats. It's very gentle on the skin, it's suitable for all skin types and can be used as a toner after cleansing, to refresh the skin during the day or after sun exposure, I also love using it when I travel and feel a bit dehydrated. They have different sizes and types of bottles, this is a huge 500 ml one but the little 100 ml spray version is really handy to have in a travel bag.
Origins Flower Fusion Sheet Masks are now some of my favourite sheet masks. There are six types and the ones I keep repurchasing most of the time are the Raspberry (it feels refreshing in a hot summer day) and Lavender (very soothing and calming before bed) ones. Here's a link to my review on the five I've tried, so far.
The only base product I've been using in the past weeks has been the Dr. Jart+ Premium Beauty Balm SPF 45. I've mentioned in my Simple Summer Makeup blog post that it would be too dark for me in the rest of the year but the shade is great at the moment because I'm tanned. I like that it's a lightweight BB cream but provides medium coverage, it's quick and easy to apply and stays on all day.
I reach for This MAC x Steve J & Yoni P Touch Me Baby* eyeshadow duo whenever I don't have much time or just want a wash of colour that can make me look more fresh and presentable. I love how small and compact the packaging is while still being stable and having magnetic closure. The eyeshadow on the right is the popular Soba that is a wonderful golden brown everyday shade but the frosted light pink Keep on Twinkling (on the left side) is really beautiful for a touch of sparkle. They may not seem compatible when you first look at them in the pan but you'd be surprised what a great pair they actually are.
Leave-in conditioners are my thing and when they're in a spray form and it's summer, I can use them all the time. Kérastase Aura Botanica Essence d'Éclat* is a beautiful hair mist that I use on damp hair after washing it or on dry hair to make it look more shiny and soft. It smells lovely and the formula is bi-phased, containing Jojoba, Avocado, Coconut and Argan Oils. I've done a blog post on the whole Aura Botanica range and in case you haven't seen it, here's a link to it.
There's a bit of all, skincare, haircare and makeup, in my July beauty favourites, so maybe there will be something for you, as well.