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The clash of civilizations and the peace hypothesis
Written by Fady Salah	on October 15, 2012 . Published in War - peace
Peace can be found. Photo taken by JimmyBrown on Flickr (CC BY 2.0)
Nearly seven billion human beings live on this planet called Earth. Although these seven billion belong to the same species, they are very different. Hundreds and maybe thousands of beliefs occupy their minds. Differences in race, ethnicity, culture, and geographical position have turned mankind into a competing, violent, intolerant race of creatures!
All this chimes in well with Samuel P. Huntington's theory of the clash of civilizations which emphasis the impact of religious and cultural differences on the international community. According to Huntington, the clash of civilizations in inevitable, and results from everyone's belief that his/her belief/culture is the right and superior one. But is this hypothesis right?
Personally, and by testing this hypothesis and examining its significance in today's world, I'd say yes, since nearly all the conflicts arising all over the world are due to religious or cultural differences.
Take the example of Jammu and Kashmir, the Kurds struggle against the Iraqi and Turkish governments, and, most significantly, the never-ending Palestinian-Israeli conflict.
Cultural and religious differences are what are driving these conflicts towards infinity. Take this and what I've said in the previous few paragraphs and you might conclude that I believe in the non-ending clash of civilizations. Surprisingly, no, I do not!
The social sciences are much more complicated than the natural ones. There is no 1+1=2 here! Yet some social theories prove to be true, and persist for decades and maybe centuries, while others die in their cradles.
Huntington's theory is definitely of the persisting type since it has lots of evidence that proves it right. However – and even though I agree with the existence of the clash of civilizations – I still believe that there is hope for peace and co-existence between religiously/ culturally different human beings.
What I am sure of is that despite the existence of lots of different faiths, all of them have common visions and targets. All beliefs call for peace, co-existence and good morals. Similarly, all cultures seek development and prosperity which should not depend on destroying or erasing other cultures.
The initial point for reaching peace and cooperation between people of different beliefs and cultures is having consensus that all beliefs and cultures have a similar set of goals. Starting from this point, we can construct our cooperative human building which includes everyone in a homogeneous global community that respects the cultural and religious features of every faith and culture.
In order to test my controversial hypothesis, I should examine it in one multi-cultural/religious society, so let's take my own country, Egypt, as an example.
In Egypt, we currently have two main faiths – the Muslim faith and the Christian faith.
As a matter of fact, Egypt has lately witnessed lots of sectarian incidents. Incidents such as insulting people of Christian faith and burning the Bible in public view, reacting to the "Innocence of Muslims" movie which insulted the Islamic faith, all definitely add credence to Huntington's "clash" theory.
Indeed you might think that choosing Egypt as an example is a catastrophic choice as the current sectarian crisis in Egypt is enough to prove my "controversial" hypothesis wrong. For this reason I would like to rephrase my hypothesis in a clearer short paragraph:
Human beings have different faiths and cultures, yet those faiths and cultures can be employed to achieve peace and cooperation only if human beings believe that every faith calls for peace, and every culture calls for development and prosperity. In this case, tolerance shall prevail, and different human beings shall cooperate and live in peace.
Now it should be clear that believing in the goodness of other faiths / religions is the missing variable in the peace equation. This is the cornerstone on which my hypothesis rests.
In Egypt, if we believe that both Christianity and Islam call for peace and good morals, if we can ignore the radicals calling for attacks on others just because they have different a faith, ideology, race …etc, then we would definitely be doing what our beliefs ask us to do – building peace and good morals! In such a case, tolerance and co-existence will be possible in Egypt, even though we do have different religions – said to be in an "inevitable clash" by people like Huntington.
Indeed, it is nearly impossible to convince everyone that all beliefs and cultures are peaceful and should be respected. However, believing in the correctness of this hypothesis should remove the whole "endless clash of civilizations" stereotype from the minds of a lot of people and eventually lead to a new generation, believing in this new hypothesis, respecting and cooperating with others, and seeking a new international community, a truly peaceful one!
Tags: Christian, Clash of Civilizations, conflict, culture, egypt, faith, Huntington, hypothesis, Muslim, peace, religion
Fady Salah
"Fady Salah is an Egyptian writer, journalist, political analyst, and author. He holds a bachelor of Political Science from Cairo University and he is currently pursuing a master's degree in Euro-Mediterranean studies and Master of Business Administration at Cairo University. Fady wrote for several Arabic and English newspapers, think tanks, websites, and magazines including The Atlantic Council, Al-Majalla, among other outlets. Fady is the author of "Al-Qahera - Madrid", a travel literature book tackling the cultural and social differences between Egypt and Europe, taking the example of Cairo and Madrid. Fady is currently working as a Program Manager for Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung"


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Q: ADAL Token Not Refreshing I have a ASP.NET webforms application in which I'm using Azure Key Vault in association with Azure Active directory.  I've used the guide found here https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/storage-encrypt-decrypt-blobs-key-vault/
 for getting a token from Azure Active Directory for my application and using it to access my key vault, which I'm ultimately using for storage encryption.  Everything works well the first time the application requests a token, but after the token expires (an hour later).  The application will not retrieve a new token as it should.  I'm using the latest stable release Microsoft.IdentityModel.Clients.ActiveDirectory 2.19.208020213, and did try the latest pre-release (3.5.208051316-alpha) as well.
The GetToken method looks like this
 Public Async Function GetToken(authority As String, resource As String, scope As String) As Task(Of String)
    Dim authContext = New AuthenticationContext(authority)
    Dim clientCred As New ClientCredential(CloudConfigurationManager.GetSetting("ClientID"), CloudConfigurationManager.GetSetting("ClientSecret"))
    System.Diagnostics.Trace.TraceInformation("Attempting to acquire auth token")
    Dim result As AuthenticationResult = await authContext.AcquireTokenAsync(resource, clientCred)
   System.Diagnostics.Trace.TraceInformation("Auth returned")
    If result Is Nothing Then
        System.Diagnostics.Trace.TraceInformation("Auth was null")
        Throw New InvalidOperationException("Failed to obtain the JWT token")
    End If
     System.Diagnostics.Trace.TraceInformation("Returning auth access token")
    Return result.AccessToken
End Function

Which is used here to get a connection to the key vault
Dim cloudResolver As New KeyVaultKeyResolver(AddressOf GetToken)

The GetToken method just hangs at AcquireTokenAsync. I've turned on verbose logging in ADAL and this is what the log shows and it stops and GetToken never returns.
-Application: 2015-09-21T17:12:13  PID[8884] Information 9/21/2015 5:12:13 PM: 19ce5dc3-d618-48e9-8bbd-c5b3ad31bfc2 - TokenCache: Looking up cache for a token...
-Application: 2015-09-21T17:12:13  PID[8884] Information 9/21/2015 5:12:13 PM: 19ce5dc3-d618-48e9-8bbd-c5b3ad31bfc2 - TokenCache: An item matching the requested resource was found in the cache
-Application: 2015-09-21T17:12:13  PID[8884] Information 9/21/2015 5:12:13 PM: 19ce5dc3-d618-48e9-8bbd-c5b3ad31bfc2 - TokenCache: An expired or near expiry token was found in the cache
-Application: 2015-09-21T17:12:13  PID[8884] Information 9/21/2015 5:12:13 PM: 19ce5dc3-d618-48e9-8bbd-c5b3ad31bfc2 - TokenCache: An old item was removed from the cache

Further, I tried turning off token caching by setting the token cache to Nothing and then ADAL wouldn't even retrieve the access token the first time.

A: I found the answer in this similar question Azure KeyVault Active Directory AcquireTokenAsync timeout when called asynchronously
The key was to remove any of these and replace the them with await
.GetAwaiter().GetResult()

For example this was the original
Dim theKey = cloudResolver.ResolveKeyAsync($"{CloudConfigurationManager.GetSetting("KeyVaultUrl")}Secret/", CancellationToken.None).GetAwaiter().GetResult()

Which has been replaced with
Dim theKey = await cloudResolver.ResolveKeyAsync($"{CloudConfigurationManager.GetSetting("KeyVaultUrl")}Secret/", CancellationToken.None)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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'60 Minutes' Executive Producer Jeff Fager Out At CBS
Brad Barket
Getty Images for Peabody
CBS News said Wednesday that 60 Minutes Executive Producer Jeff Fager would be leaving the company, following allegations he had sexually harassed employees. Fager is seen here in May.
CBS News says that 60 MinutesExecutive Producer Jeff Fager is out of a job.
His departure is effective immediately, the company said in a tweet. The announcement comes just days after news that CEO Leslie Moonves was leaving amid multiple allegations of sexual misconduct.
In a note to staff, CBS News president David Rhodes wrote that Fager's exit "is not directly related to the allegations surfaced in press reports, which continue to be investigated independently. However, he violated company policy and it is our commitment to uphold those policies at every level."
An article by Ronan Farrow in The New Yorker published in late July included allegations that Fager had encouraged a "frat house" atmosphere and ignored complaints about harassment from a number of women, even after CBS had paid financial settlements to three employees of the newsmagazine. A second Farrow article last week alleged that Fager had groped an employee at a company event. CBS News said the company will begin a search for a new executive producer of the program.
In a statement to CNN, Fager said his axing "had nothing to do with the false allegations printed in The New Yorker."
He said his contract terminated early "because I sent a text message to one of our own CBS reporters demanding that she be fair in covering the story. My language was harsh and, despite the fact that journalists receive harsh demands for fairness all the time, CBS did not like it. One such note should not result in termination after 36 years, but it did."
Fager had been at CBS for more than 35 years, and was previously the chairman of CBS News. He became executive producer at 60 Minutes in 2003.
In less than a year, CBS has seen its top male morning anchor, CEO and top newsmagazine producer all exit the company after allegations of sexual harassment. Last month the network's board of directors hired two outside law firms to investigate the claims against Moonves and other issues at CBS.

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Loss of marketshare often has a bigger impact on a company's operation than the damage cost, caused by fire.


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You are at:Home»Opinion»Electric motors: the new EV battlefield?
Electric motors: the new EV battlefield?
By Dr Peter Harrop, chairman, IDTechEx on	 February 13, 2019 Opinion
Dr Peter Harrop, chairman of IDTechEx, explores how changing motor technology is redefining the EV landscape.
The motors in electric vehicles typically account for well under 10% of the cost, but they are increasingly both a key enabler of selling propositions and a rising part of that cost. Seen through this lens, it is interesting that new EV entrant Dyson enjoys a dominant position in the vacuum cleaner, fan and hairdryer business thanks to its motors. Last year, Dyson announced that it was building its first electric car manufacturing plant in Singapore, as part of a £2.5bn (US$3.22bn) global investment in new technology, completing in 2020.
Why is no one matching Tesla 3 car volumes in its category? A part of the reason is an inability to match the powertrain efficiency. Key to that is the Tesla variant on the switched reluctance motor. Of course, the splendid publicity from the Tesla S Ludicrous mode is a result of the capabilities of its own reinvented induction motors.
Some believe that EV component costs tumble down over the years to the point where commoditization lets them be sourced from somewhere obscure in China. Not with motors.
The new IDTechEx Research report, Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles: Land, Water, Air 2019-2029, tracks how three factors are causing EV motors to make up more of the cost of the vehicle, as batteries become less.
"The motor and its controller must be considered as one," explains Raghu Das, CEO of IDTechEx. "That unit is seeing rapid proliferation, complication and integration that is increasingly key to vehicle price and performance.
"For example, the new Class 8 Nikola monster semi trucks winning the battle for orders in that category have a motor at each wheel. You cannot get those six motors for the price of one. Indeed, vertical take-off and fixed-wing planes are starting to have up to 18 thrusters for efficiency, redundancy and other reasons.
"The second trend, integration, is rapidly arriving in the form of in-wheel, e-hub, e-transmission and e-axle.making these nets more income.
"Complication in motor controls, the third trend, lets the size and reliability of switched reluctance be enjoyed from 48V mild hybrid cars to the world's largest dump truck. Indeed, a 48V car starter-motor-generator is a considerable complication in the hardware itself. So is vectored steering and traction appearing in both on-road and off-road EVs. These all create unique selling propositions!"
Motor suppliers such as Nidec, Danfoss and Federal Mogul have sensibly bought their way into the switched reluctance motor business, while Dana has invested in advanced permanent magnet motors, including for its e-axles.
However, the new report reveals several claimed breakthroughs in design of induction traction motors. Although its 30+ motor forecasts do not show a comeback yet for induction (which is now only dominant in forklifts), the possibility is recognized.
The more immediate phenomena are the increased share for PM motors – now including axial flux and external rotor versions selling well – and, yes, great success ahead for reluctance motors and their variants. Indeed, IDTechEx suspects that PM motors will eventually lose share for several reasons that are elaborated on in the report.
IDTechEx forecasts the EV motor market powering its way past US$100bn by 2029. Part of that is caused by a move from one to four traction motors in certain vehicles, and a doubling of the motors in increasing numbers of buses.
Indeed, motor proliferation, complication and integration is powering a substantial multiplier for the fast-growing EV business forecasted in the report. The EV battlefield is being redefined.
Dr Peter Harrop, chairman, IDTechEx
Independently submitted opinions from our readers. Share your opinions by sending up to 500 words to matt.ross@ukimediaevents.com and you could earn US$100! Note: Payment will be made on publication on electrichybridvehicletechnology.com. Only original contributions will be considered and the editor's decision is final.
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Cool precision


The ZX is a single-stage vacuum generator. The modular design allows the user to choose only the components needed for the application. The ZX is available with a combination of generator unit, supply/release valve unit, pressure switch unit, and suction filter unit. Order without the generator unit for use as a filter and valve assembly for house vacuum systems. Special function plates allow the use of shop air to create the vacuum, and nitrogen for the blow-off. Available in standalone or manifold configurations.


My Top 5, or Top 10...well really it's my Top Twenty-Five Mechanical Pencils, because it's my top five from each of my five different price ranges. It was mighty hard to prune the Low Price Range list down to just five and there are some serious injustices, but that's the way the cookie crumbles. Obviously my choices will change over time, and every time I review a pencil I will now have to ask myself – Does this one make it into the Top Five? Each Top Five are listed in no particular order. Well that's not totally true because they are generally in the order that they sprang to mind when I first wrote the list. Some of the Top Five didn't get fantastic reviews, but they pass the most important criteria for getting into the Top Five – if I was starting from scratch and could only buy five pencils, would it be one of them?
1: August 2009 - Pentel Sharp P205 removed and replaced by Pentel Smash Q1005. The P205 remains highly recommended.
1: November 2010 - Ohto Tasche removed and replaced by Rotring Side Knock. The Ohto Tasche remains highly recommended.
SOME RULES: Only mechanical pencils that have featured on my blog are eligible for the Top Five. Featured means a review or short article. This will hopefully encourage me to review pencils that I like in the hope they will make the Top Five. Vintage and discontinued pencils are eligible, as are multi-pens that include a pencil. Of course price ranges may change over time, particularly if a pencil is discontinued or vintage – the price range listed is my estimate at the time of entry to the Top Five. Also this is a list of the Top Five for a collection, so I am giving some thought to including variety, to having a representative range of mechanical pencil types and styles. Its not the Top Five draughting pencils, or Top Five writing pencils, or...it's the Top Five in general trying to keep some sort of overall balance. But this doesn't mean that I'm deliberately including unworthy pencils just to be representative, just that its something I keep in mind. My Top Five draughting pencil list would absolutely be different to my Top Five writing pencils to my Top Five unusual designs to my Top Five....etc.
Finally, since there can be only ONE, and that's the Pentel SG65 / Excalibur, it is excluded from the list.


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Commitment and follow-through are key. Recovering from alcohol addiction or heavy drinking is not a quick and easy process. In general, the longer and more intense the alcohol use, the longer and more intense the treatment you'll need. But regardless of the treatment program's length in weeks or months, long-term follow-up care is crucial to your recovery.
Marijuana has become one of the most widely used — and abused — drugs in the United States. The Journal of the American Medical Association notes that while the prevalence of marijuana use in the US hasn't changed much since the 1990s, the prevalence of cannabis abuse and addiction has greatly increased. The 2012 Monitoring the Future survey, which tracks drug use among American teens, showed that marijuana use has increased among high school students in recent years, while disapproval of cannabis among teens has declined. At one time, marijuana was not considered to be addictive, but recent studies have shown that this drug can cause symptoms of dependence and addiction, including cravings, insomnia, anxiety, depression, and agitation. 12 Steps of Recovery
As it gradually unfolds, drug addiction causes structural changes in the brain that distort thinking and perception, specifically in areas related to behavioral control, judgment, decision-making, learning, and memory. Drug addicts suffer enormously negative life consequences as a result of their compulsive and uncontrolled drug use, but that doesn't prevent them from returning to drugs again and again.
Get treatment for other medical or mental health issues. People often abuse alcohol to ease the symptoms of an undiagnosed mental health problem, such as depression or anxiety. As you seek help for alcohol addiction, it's also important to get treatment for any other psychological issues you're experiencing. Your best chance of recovery is by getting combined mental health and addiction treatment from the same treatment provider or team.
Drug rehab treatment centers offer frequent individual counseling to patients. These counseling sessions sometimes even take place on a daily basis. Counselors help patients discover any emotional or psychological factors that may have contributed to their addictions. It is important that these psychological factors are addressed if a patient is to make a full recovery.
Stress, anger, frustration, self-esteem issues, depression, anxiety, trauma – all of these and more can be overwhelming to a person, driving them to seek relief of any kind from any source. Without positive coping skills to help handle issues, many turn to drugs and alcohol and, with repeated use, they spiral out of control into psychological and physical dependence.
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One of the major benefits of limiting our enrolment is having the space for flexibility and individuality a larger institution can never accommodate. While our addiction treatment program is primarily focused on evidence-based psychotherapy, we are open and able to integrate into this whichever alternative therapies appeal to each resident. Our goal is to provide each of our residents with precisely the right combination of Psychological, Medical, Pharmaceutical, Nutritional, Alternative and Spiritual practices that will bring each of them their recovery. We pride ourselves in our ability to work with each resident closely, and offer him or her the care, support and treatment they need with compassion and dignity.
Drug abuse statistics can be alarming, but the numbers also show a potential for help and healing. The Substance Abuse and MEntal Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA) National Survey on Substance Abuse and Health states that while 21 million Americans aged 12 and over needed drug or alcohol treatment in 2016, only 3.8 million received the help they needed at a specialized treatment facility. Other research sources on drug addiction show that:
Traditional alcohol treatment programs rely on evidence-based strategies such as psychotherapy, behavioral modification therapy, peer group counseling, nutritional counseling and 12-step programs. Rehabilitation begins with detox, a cleansing process that allows the patient to withdraw safely and comfortably from alcohol. After detox, the patient participates in a structured series of therapies that are designed to help him or her modify destructive behaviors and create a sober life. R3hab & Headhunterz - Won't Stop Rocking (Official Music Video)
The dedicated staff at Searidge Alcohol Rehab Center is committed to support, guide and inspire residents to make the right moves against alcohol addiction. We offer current and research-based alcohol treatment with compassion, dignity and understanding each and every day. At Searidge Alcohol Rehab we provide our residents with all of the necessary tools for recovery by targeting the physical, psychological and social aspects of alcohol addiction.
Residential Treatment Centers are available for all patients—men, women or adolescents. With 24/7 support, patients can fully immerse in the recovery process with few distractions for the best outcomes. Length of stay varies based on individual need. After graduating from one of our therapeutic communities, treatment continues at an Outpatient facility best suited to each patient. Inpatient Drug Rehab Centers | The Best Inpatient Drug Rehab Centers for Men
Searidge Drug Rehab leads by inspiration. We stand among Canada's best alcohol and drug rehab centers, recognized for excellence in evidence-based psychotherapy and a high rate of successful addiction recovery. As a premiere alcohol and drug treatment center, we stand for clinical excellence and groundbreaking treatments. As a proud part of our Nova Scotia community, we stand with our physicians, therapists and staff in providing expert, compassionate care. But above all we stand with our residents, who motivate and inspire us to heal people, every day.
Inpatient residential rehab involves an extended time period for treatment, regardless of the substance. Programs typically last 30–45 days, or longer, depending on each client's needs. Clients are required to stay at the facility for the entirety of the program, including overnight. Although there is no single treatment that's right for everyone, inpatient rehab is one of the most effective forms of care for drug and alcohol addiction.
Over time, the patient often comes to believe that the drug betters them as a person and feels incapable of contemplating life without it. In short order, however, use of the drug will begin to cause problems for the user and to remove the good things in their life. All of the perceived "good" effects of using the drug will wear away, but the person will still continue to use, often becoming obsessed with the drug and doing anything they have to do to obtain the substance of choice.
This guide is written for individuals, and their family and friends, who are looking for options to address alcohol problems. It is intended as a resource to understand what treatment choices are available and what to consider when selecting among them. Please note: NIAAA recently launched the NIAAA Alcohol Treatment Navigator. This online tool helps you find the right treatment for you — and near you. It guides you through a step-by-step process to finding a highly qualified professional treatment provider. Learn more at https://alcoholtreatment.niaaa.nih.gov.
Both issues are exceedingly dangerous; neither should be ignored. Drug abuse turns into drug addiction, and both problems are deadly in their own right. If your loved one is struggling with drug abuse or addiction – no matter what their drug of choice – contact us at Axis today to learn more about how we can provide the healing options that will change their life for the better.
^ Jump up to: a b "Substance use disorder". Pubmed Health. National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014. Drug dependence means that a person needs a drug to function normally. Abruptly stopping the drug leads to withdrawal symptoms. Drug addiction is the compulsive use of a substance, despite its negative or dangerous effects
People who may benefit especially from secondary care include those who have completed treatment at rehab but do not yet feel physically or mentally prepared to reintegrate fully into day-to-day life with all its attendant stresses and pressures. Secondary care facilities are not typically as strictly monitored and secure as rehab itself, but those living on site at such a facility need to abide by certain rules – most importantly, staying clean and sober for the duration of their stay. Drug Rehabilitation Center Locator
"The most robust finding in the study is that those receiving any medication did much better than those who received no pills at all," says Professor Barbara Mason, Scripps Research Institute, and an author of the study. "This should be a wake-up call. With less than one percent of those seeking help for alcohol dependence receiving a prescription, medication is underutilized. Medication for alcoholism can offer patients an advantage for their recovery, especially in a real-world setting." 9 Signs Of A High Functioning Alcoholic
Patient-centered, collaborative therapies like motivational interviewing (MI) have proven to be more effective at retaining patients in alcohol treatment than older, more confrontational styles. In a study published in Drug and Alcohol Dependence, alcoholics who received this encouraging, patient-centered form of therapy during the intake process were more likely to remain in treatment than those who were approached using traditional therapeutic styles.
Advances in medical research have given addiction specialists new insight into the treatment of alcoholism. However, the Morbidity and Morality Weekly Report states that alcohol abuse remains the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States, despite innovations in behavioral health modification, psychotherapy, and addiction medication. The following studies and statistics reflect the power of this disease: The best Free Top rated drug rehab treatment centers
Anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts are all common results of alcohol dependency. This is because prolonged heavy drinking effects the neurotransmitters in the brain which regulate mood. Two of the most important neurotransmitters for mood are dopamine and serotonin, which are responsible for creating the positive feelings vital for a healthy mind. Research shows that the levels of both serotonin and dopamine are often heavily altered in the brains of alcoholics, leading to deteriorating mental health and, often, a negative spiral of alcohol use. Drug Addicted Sisters Get Sent to Separate Rehab Clinics | The Jeremy Kyle Show
An inpatient rehab facility is the most structured treatment environment for those overcoming alcoholism. Generally, these rehabs are geared toward treating the most severe forms of alcoholism and require individuals to remain on-site for the duration of the program – 30, 60 or 90 days. Treatment specialists provide around-the-clock care and will prepare you for life after rehab. This may include information on how to overcome triggers, the importance of sobriety maintenance programs and what to do in the event of a relapse.
Medicaid is utilized all throughout the United States and helps provide basic health coverage to those in need. It is a program that has been changed over the years, and each state modifies and changes its enrollment requirements, but people who fall into the different categories can receive Medicaid coverage. Having basic health coverage does certainly help increase the well-being of an individual, and for many Americans, Medicaid does help and provides the basic services needed.
The concept of group therapy encompasses a number of equally important goals. For example, one of the goals is to facilitate an environment in which recovering alcoholics can learn from one another. In your case, you have thoughts and experiences that could help someone else in the group. Likewise, what other people have to share could prove beneficial in your recovery. Rehab I'm Me
Psychological dependency is addressed in many drug rehabilitation programs by attempting to teach the patient new methods of interacting in a drug-free environment. In particular, patients are generally encouraged, or possibly even required, to not associate with peers who still use the addictive substance. Twelve-step programs encourage addicts not only to stop using alcohol or other drugs, but to examine and change habits related to their addictions. Many programs emphasize that recovery is a permanent process without culmination. For legal drugs such as alcohol, complete abstention—rather than attempts at moderation, which may lead to relapse—is also emphasized ("One is too many, and a thousand is never enough.") Whether moderation is achievable by those with a history of abuse remains a controversial point, but is generally considered unsustainable.[2]
Known as "meth," "crank," "ice," "crystal," "glass," and many other street names, methamphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant that has become increasingly popular in recent years. The effects of meth are similar to the effects of cocaine, but methamphetamine is generally less expensive and easier to obtain. The production of meth in underground labs around the US has become increasingly common, contributing to the rise in addiction. The U.S. Department of Justice reports that in 2011, there were over 13,000 incidents involving the discovery of meth labs, dump sites, or lab equipment in this country.
How pro-active is the Treatment Center's approach toward preventing relapse? Does the Treatment Center place greater priority on profit or on getting people free from addiction? What precedence does the Treatment Center set on educating residents about drug and alcohol abuse? What is the philosophy or view of the Treatment Center on healing drug and alcohol addiction? Is healing drug and alcohol addiction perceived as a process that is forged through developing a stronger spiritual relationship with God? Is God acknowledged as part of the healing process at the Treatment Center? Are residents in the Treatment Center embraced as a community and nurtured by those that have completed the process?
^ Robison AJ, Nestler EJ (October 2011). "Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 12 (11): 623–37. doi:10.1038/nrn3111. PMC 3272277. PMID 21989194. ΔFosB has been linked directly to several addiction-related behaviors ... Importantly, genetic or viral overexpression of ΔJunD, a dominant negative mutant of JunD which antagonizes ΔFosB- and other AP-1-mediated transcriptional activity, in the NAc or OFC blocks these key effects of drug exposure14,22–24. This indicates that ΔFosB is both necessary and sufficient for many of the changes wrought in the brain by chronic drug exposure. ΔFosB is also induced in D1-type NAc MSNs by chronic consumption of several natural rewards, including sucrose, high fat food, sex, wheel running, where it promotes that consumption14,26–30. This implicates ΔFosB in the regulation of natural rewards under normal conditions and perhaps during pathological addictive-like states. Alcohol Poisoning Treatment ► What Is The Best Solution?
Many traditional alcohol rehab programs are based on the 12 steps and traditions that provide spiritual guidance through early recovery and beyond. Alternative or holistic addiction treatment programs may offer similar therapy and medical treatment that traditional programs provide, but expand to include complementary and alternative therapies like acupressure and acupuncture, yoga and meditation, and other practices. Religious-based alcohol programs also offer comprehensive medical and psychological treatment, but focus their group sessions and treatment philosophy on the teachings of a specific religious tradition or belief system.
Scientific research since 1970 shows that effective treatment addresses the multiple needs of the patient rather than treating addiction alone.[citation needed] In addition, medically assisted drug detoxification or alcohol detoxification alone is ineffective as a treatment for addiction.[3] The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recommends detoxification followed by both medication (where applicable) and behavioral therapy, followed by relapse prevention. According to NIDA, effective treatment must address medical and mental health services as well as follow-up options, such as community or family-based recovery support systems.[5] Whatever the methodology, patient motivation is an important factor in treatment success.
All drugs–nicotine, cocaine, marijuana and others–affect the brain's "reward" circuit, which is part of the limbic system. This area of the brain affects instinct and mood. Drugs target this system, which causes large amounts of dopamine—a brain chemical that helps regulate emotions and feelings of pleasure—to flood the brain. This flood of dopamine is what causes a "high." It's one of the main causes of drug addiction.
Neurons communicate with each other by sending messages along axons and dendrites via electrical impulses. The axons turn these impulses into chemical signals, sending neurotransmitters across synapses. The receiving dendrite then converts neurotransmitters back into the right electrical signals, so we understand the message; for example, that bite of pie was delicious, I'll take another one. These exchanges happen countless times in the brain, and they control mood, behavior, movement, and cognition.
These individuals may not know that there are options for them. Free rehab centers and public assistance for rehab do exist. Exploring treatment avenues such as these is a good idea as it may reveal detox programs and other recovery options available to you at little or no cost. There are also opportunities to defray the cost of treatment or to have it covered by another entity. Many of these options are outlined below.
As a person in long term recovery, He has been working to help people find recovery from addiction in some fashion for 12 + years either as a sponsor, mentor, or as a professional in clinical environments. At CRTC he works to formulate practical, action-based plans to transition our clients into healthier states of mental and emotional processing.
Scientific research since the mid-1970s shows that drug abuse treatment can help many drug-using offenders change their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors towards drug abuse; avoid relapse; and successfully remove themselves from a life of substance abuse and crime. Many of the principles of treating drug addiction are similar for people within the criminal justice system as for those in the general population. However, many offenders don't have access to the types of services they need. Treatment that is of poor quality or is not well suited to the needs of offenders may not be effective at reducing drug use and criminal behavior. Robin Williams: Alcohol, Cocaine, & Rehab
Personalized care. The ability for a patient to take part in the development of his or her treatment program with access to a wide range of therapy types gives them a much better chance of creating an experience in rehab that will help them to rapidly progress in recovery and become more solid in their ability to handle the stresses of life that threaten sustained abstinence.
Many rehab patients continue to receive treatment for their addictions after leaving rehab. They may have regular clinic visits with a doctor to manage physical symptoms. Patients may also meet with a counselor on a regular, outpatient basis to refine coping skills. In addition to the love and support of family and friends, patients may also attend support group meetings after leaving a drug rehab treatment facility. All of these aftercare services help patients remain drug free and avoid relapse.
When it's time to take action, finding the right drug rehab facility can become a daunting task. Most people turn to the internet with search engine inquiries like "rehab centers near me" or "local drug rehab." Finding a center close by can be helpful, but your search may also offer results for programs that require travel. Inpatient drug rehab centers away from home can offer more opportunities for healing in a new environment.
For example, you may need a treatment programme that accommodates a dual diagnosis. We will discuss dual diagnosis more in the next section, but the fact remains that UKAT has access to the specialised treatment programmes dual diagnosis patients need. We do not believe it is helpful to put such patients through treatment programmes that don't effectively address both problems they are dealing with.
Because prescription drugs are produced in laboratories and prescribed by doctors, they are mistakenly perceived as "safer" than street drugs. However, the risks of overdose, respiratory depression, cardiac arrest, and accidental death are equal to any other opioid narcotic. Withdrawal can be extremely uncomfortable, with symptoms that resemble a bad flu, such as a runny nose, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle aches, shakiness, and cold sweats.
The National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago reported an analysis on disparities within admissions for substance abuse treatment in the Appalachian region, which comprises 13 states and 410 counties in the Eastern part of the U.S. While their findings for most demographic categories were similar to the national findings by NSDUH, they had different results for racial/ethnic groups which varied by sub-regions. Overall, Whites were the demographic with the largest admission rate (83%), while Alaskan Native, American Indian, Pacific Islander, and Asian populations had the lowest admissions (1.8%).[45]
The one that's right for you depends on your situation and your goals. Many people find that a combination of treatments works best, and you can get them together through a program. Some of these are inpatient or residential programs, where you stay at a treatment center for a while. Others are outpatient programs, where you live at home and go to the center for treatment.
Certain opioid medications such as methadone and more recently buprenorphine (In America, "Subutex" and "Suboxone") are widely used to treat addiction and dependence on other opioids such as heroin, morphine or oxycodone. Methadone and buprenorphine are maintenance therapies intended to reduce cravings for opiates, thereby reducing illegal drug use, and the risks associated with it, such as disease, arrest, incarceration, and death, in line with the philosophy of harm reduction. Both drugs may be used as maintenance medications (taken for an indefinite period of time), or used as detoxification aids.[9] All available studies collected in the 2005 Australian National Evaluation of Pharmacotherapies for Opioid Dependence suggest that maintenance treatment is preferable,[9] with very high rates (79–100%)[9] of relapse within three months of detoxification from LAAM, buprenorphine, and methadone.[9][10]
The most common outpatient treatment is counselling (group or individual talking therapy, typically occurring once a week for an hour at a time, for six to 12 weeks). It may also include case management (help with accessing other services such as housing, medical or mental health services) or pharmacotherapy (prescribed medicine, such as methadone for opiate dependence).
As with other diseases and disorders, the likelihood of developing an addiction differs from person to person, and no single factor determines whether a person will become addicted to drugs. In general, the more risk factors a person has, the greater the chance that taking drugs will lead to drug use and addiction. Protective factors, on the other hand, reduce a person's risk. Risk and protective factors may be either environmental or biological. Trib Talk: Fraud and abuse in rehab centers
Alcohol is often mixed with other illegal drugs, which can have serious implications for your health. In extreme cases, mixing two chemical substances can have fatal consequences. For example, when combining alcohol with a stimulant drug such as cocaine or amphetamine, the two substances will fight against each other as one has a sedative effect while the other is a stimulant. The result is a huge amount of pressure on the brain and central nervous system.
However, other elements – for example the type of therapies available – may lie completely beyond your understanding and experience. With this in mind, it is always advisable to speak with an addiction specialist who will almost certainly be able to think of things which may not occur to you but which could be very important. By leveraging the vast experience of an addiction specialist you can be sure that issues of great importance will not go unaddressed.
What happens in the brain during alcohol withdrawal? GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the main calming neurotransmitter of the brain. GABA and adrenaline are supposed to be in balance during normal brain functioning. Frequent drinking causes the brain to produce less GABA, because the brain begins to rely on alcohol for part of its calming. So, frequent drinking causes your brain chemistry to be out of balance with an excess of adrenaline. When you suddenly stop drinking, your brain doesn't have enough GABA neurotransmitter to balance the excess of adrenaline, which causes withdrawal symptoms.
Developing a drug addiction isn't a character flaw or a sign of weakness, and it takes more than willpower to overcome the problem. Abusing illegal or certain prescription drugs can create changes in the brain, causing powerful cravings and a compulsion to use that makes sobriety seem like an impossible goal. But recovery is never out of reach, no matter how hopeless your situation seems. With the right treatment and support, change is possible. Don't give up—even if you've tried and failed before. The road to recovery often involves bumps, pitfalls, and setbacks. But by examining the problem and thinking about change, you're already well on your way.
You won't be judged. It's probably difficult for you to talk about your drinking, because you're afraid nobody will understand you and they'll criticize you. So you bottle everything up inside, which makes you feel more guilt and shame, and makes you want to drink even more. The people at a self-help group won't judge you because they've heard it all before. They've done it all before. They know you're not crazy. You're addicted. How To Overcome Addiction (Long-Term)
Overcoming an alcohol addiction starts with a qualified treatment center that can help address underlying and co-occurring disorders. Because of alcohol's prevalence throughout our culture, recovering alcoholics are constantly bombarded with triggers. Treatment centers must be equipped to help the recovering user find effective ways to manage triggers and cravings in order to be effective. Drug Rehab London Ky | Before And After | Drug Rehabilitation Centers Near Me
While detox is often looked upon as one of the most difficult aspects of the recovery process, addicts aren't in the clear once they make it through withdrawal.5The real work of recovery takes place post-detox in the therapeutic portion of treatment. In therapy, both individual and group, recovering addicts uncover the root causes behind their substance abuse, helping them to address these issues so they don't cause them to return to substance abuse at a later date.3
^ Jump up to: a b c Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–368. ISBN 9780071481274. The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ...
As a person's drug abuse turns into addiction, they will develop an increased tolerance to the drug, requiring larger doses of it in order to achieve the desired "high." If addiction is left untreated, the end result is always devastation and loss on every level; the further along in the disease of addiction a person gets, the harder it will be for them to recover. Thus, treating drug addiction as soon as possible is always the best option.
It is also estimated that around a third of all older adults with alcohol problems developed them in later life for the first time. It has been suggested that factors such as social isolation, poor health, bereavement, and boredom all contribute to alcohol abuse in older people. Some older adults may begin self-medicating with alcohol when experiencing chronic pain due to age-related health problems. 13 Questions to Ask a Drug or Alcohol Rehab Center
At Hazelden Betty Ford, inpatient treatment for substance abuse begins with our clinicians getting a good understanding of your specific situation. Our treatment team will evaluate your medical health, mental health and chemical use history in order to design an individualized drug and alcohol rehab plan for you. With your permission, our rehab staff may also talk with your family members and other professionals you might already be working with to address your needs and challenges.
Commitment and follow-through are key. Recovering from alcohol addiction or heavy drinking is not a quick and easy process. In general, the longer and more intense the alcohol use, the longer and more intense the treatment you'll need. But regardless of the treatment program's length in weeks or months, long-term follow-up care is crucial to your recovery. Drug Rehab Near Me Philadelphia PA
Michael's House is a residential drug rehabilitation facility located in Southern California. We are a high-end treatment center that helps patients overcome their dependence on drugs and alcohol. Our "whole body" approach to recovery is designed to promote health and wellness on every level. We know how you feel and are ready to help. If you have any questions, please feel free to call right now. If you have insurance, please get your information ready, and we can tell you what forms of treatment are covered. Please take this important step in your recovery today.
Just under 20 percent of American alcoholics fall into this category. They are usually in their 30s to 50s, financially stable, and employed. Most are well-educated. About a third have a family history of alcoholism, and some have a history of depression. Because they are able to maintain an appearance of success, many do not seek help unless the consequences of their drinking force them to confront their condition.
We understand that withdrawal is uncomfortable. We also realise that the unpleasantness of withdrawal is that which persuades a lot of alcohol addicts to forgo treatment. The staff at our treatment facilities do their best to make patients as comfortable as possible and to help them through the difficult moments of withdrawal. The good news is that withdrawal is only temporary. It will eventually pass if you are willing to let it run its course. What Science Tells Us About Addiction Treatment
Hallucinogenic drugs. Hallucinogens are psychoactive drugs that affect the way you experience the world around you. A few of the most popular hallucinogenic drugs include Ecstasy, LSD PCP, and mushrooms. The effects of hallucinogenic drugs can range from pleasant sensory distortions and feelings of empathy to terrifying hallucinations and violent impulses. These psychedelic substances are popular among young people, many of whom are introduced to hallucinogenic drugs at clubs, raves, concerts, or parties. Although hallucinogenic drugs are commonly believed to be non-addictive, clinical research has shown that drugs like Ecstasy can cause signs of physical and psychological dependence, including withdrawal symptoms, obsessive thoughts, and cravings.
Getting alcohol out of the addicted person's system is the first part of recovery. People with a severe alcohol addiction can experience intense withdrawal symptoms. A supervised alcohol detox is usually necessary for people addicted to alcohol to prevent potentially fatal complications. Shaking, sweating, seizures, and hallucinations are possible alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Woman Turns to Rehab After Struggling With Drugs, Alcohol: Part 1


text:
La Tour blanche (en  / , turc : Beyaz Kule) est un monument de Thessalonique, situé sur le front de mer et transformé en musée. La tour actuelle remplace une ancienne fortification byzantine déjà citée au  et reconstruite par les Ottomans pour renforcer le fort de la ville. Elle devient une prison célèbre et le lieu d'exécutions de masses durant la période ottomane. Elle est rénovée lors de la reprise de la ville par la Grèce, en 1912. Elle est adoptée comme le symbole de la ville.

Historique
La tour actuelle date du règne du sultan Soliman le Magnifique. Une tour plus ancienne occupait le même site, probablement datant de la période d'occupation franque. La tour servit tour à tour de fort, de caserne et de prison. En 1826, sur ordre du sultan Mahmoud II, un massacre des prisonniers eut lieu dans la prison, ce qui lui valut l'appellation Tour du sang.

Pendant des siècles, la Tour blanche fit partie intégrante des murailles de la ville, des murailles détruites en 1866. Lors de la prise de la ville par les Grecs en 1912, la tour fut blanchie en signe de purification, ce qui lui vaut son nom actuel. C'est également près de la Tour blanche que le roi Georges  de Grèce fut assassiné en mars 1913.

Situation
Bien que la tour ne soit plus aussi blanche, elle conserve son nom. Elle se situe sur  le « boulevard de la victoire » (Leofóros Níkis). Elle abrite un musée qui retrace toute l'histoire de la ville et c'est aujourd'hui une attraction touristique majeure de la cité.

Architecture

La tour de forme cylindrique est constituée d'une grande salle centrale autour de laquelle rayonnent de petites salles ayant vue sur l'extérieur. Pour accéder aux niveaux supérieurs, il faut emprunter un escalier hélicoïdal. Au sommet un large chemin rond donne une vue sur l'ensemble de la ville et de la baie.

Le monument a un diamètre de  pour une hauteur de  au-dessus du niveau du sol. Une tourelle de  de haut et de  de diamètre surmonte le sommet. La tourelle abrite une plate-forme d'un diamètre de .

La tour a été sensiblement modifiée au cours des décennies. Les premières illustrations montrent qu'elle a été recouverte par un toit conique. Jusqu'à sa démolition, en 1917, une chemise d'une superficie d'au moins trois fois le diamètre de la tour principale existait au pied de la tour, soutenant les canons lourds. Des poivrières octogonales situées sur la chemise et des caponnières au niveau du sol assuraient une protection autour de la tour. Il est difficile de savoir si la chemise faisait partie du plan original de la tour ou s'il s'agit d'un ajout plus tardif.

Musée
Depuis les années 2000 le monument est un lieu d'expositions organisées par le Musée de la culture byzantine. Les espaces muséaux occupent quatre niveaux, la plateforme du sommet étant gardée comme point de vue sur la ville, le , et le golfe Thermaïque.

Galerie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Murs d'enceinte de Salonique
 Heptapyrgion

Liens externes

 - Site officiel du musée

Musée à Thessalonique
Art byzantin
Grèce ottomane
Ancienne prison en Grèce
Prison musée
Fortification du XVIe siècle

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


One of the biggest problems in contemporary life is the unchecked growth of market values as a way to govern resources and ourselves. This is resulting in the privatization and commodification — or "enclosure" — of the commons. Resources that morally or legally belong to everyone are increasingly coming under the control of markets.
Not only does enclosure result in higher prices and the need to ask for permission to use something previously available to all, it shifts ownership and control to private companies. The market efficiencies that businesses seek can be illusory, however, because they often depend upon unacknowledged subsidies from the commons (for example, discount access to public resources) and the displacement of costs onto the commons (pollution, social disruption, harm to future generations). Enclosure does not add value in the aggregate; it merely privatizes value at the expense of the common wealth.
The commons insists that certain things should not be alienated — that is, sold and converted into money. Thus, it is inappropriate to express the value of a worker's life or an endangered species as a dollar sum, in a cost-benefit analysis. It may be morally repugnant to sell off the "naming rights" of public institutions much as it is considered unacceptable to allow people to sell their bodies, babies, ova or genes.
The commons gives us a language for talking about extra-market values and their importance. The commons, for example, allows us to talk about the human necessities of life — food, water, fuel, medicine — that may otherwise be seen as market commodities alone. The commons allows us to talk about the need for open, non-propertized spaces available to all; if too much of that space — for example, scientific knowledge, musical works, cultural symbols — is "locked up" through copyrights, patents or contracts, it can greatly impede future creativity and progress. We are already seeing the effects of such enclosure in medical research as a result of overly broad patents on "upstream" research.
By contrast, when information and creativity are non-propertized and non-monetized — as we see most frequently on the Internet — the resulting collaborations and exchanges generate a huge surplus value that can be enjoyed by everyone, and not be privatized. This is one reason there is such an epic struggle underway on the Internet — non-market modes of creativity and production are frequently more efficient in a strict economic sense, compared to conventional "real world" markets. There is a cornucopia of the commons, not a tragedy, as economists otherwise claim.
Despite the different ways in which commons and market create value, the two do not necessarily operate in separate and distinct spheres, but are interdependent. The point is to strike an appropriate balance between the two so that the value-creating capacities of each can be optimized.
There are a wide variety of effective commons-management models that belie the "tragedy of the commons" metaphor invoked by Garrett Hardin in his famous 1968 essay. While Hardin was talking about an "open access" regime in which no one owns or manages a shared resource, an actual commons has specific rules and social norms for preventing over-use, excluding outsiders, and managing the resource in long-term, sustainable ways.
Increasingly, the Internet is the host for countless self-organized commons such as free and open source software, social networking communities, Wikipedia, Craigslist, and websites for sharing photos, videos and other creative works. One useful tool in creating these commons are Creative Commons licenses, which enable ordinary people to freely share their creative works while retaining copyrights for commercial purposes.
The public library and the land trust are familiar, highly effective types of commons. More people are starting to realize that public spaces like parks, community gardens, farmers' markets and festivals are also important to the economic and social health of a community. There is a dawning awareness that commons-based infrastructure like wireless Internet access is a great way to use a public resource, the airwaves, to help people connect with each other.
There are many other types of legal and institutional solutions for managing the commons, although most are not mentally grouped with other legal or institutional models as commons solutions. It is time for more people to see the kinship of these solutions and their holistic advantages over so-called free market.
Using "the commons" as a new discourse helps us re-frame the terms of discussion for many issues and declare our personal stake in protecting shared public resources. It helps draw new linkages among disparate market enclosures, and in this sense, helps fragmented public-interest constituencies develop a new, shared language. At the same time the discourse of the commons validates a number of specific governance models -- civic institutions, stakeholder trusts, legal mechanisms, social customs and norms -- that can help us protect and manage our common assets effectively.
The emerging commons sector won't replace corporations or markets, but it will complement and temper them. In so doing, it will provide benefits corporations can't supply: healthy ecosystems, economic security, stronger communities and a participatory culture. And it will curb the corporate invasion of realms that we hold dear – nature, our minds, our food and our democracy.


text:
Q: Checking Member Variable of Enum Without Iterating I have an enum like that:
public enum Lang {
    TR("tr"),
    EN("en"),
    SE("se");

 private String langName;

 private Lang(String langName) {
        this.langName = langName;
    }
}

at another class I want to check whether a langName exists or not. If I put a getter method I can iterate over langNames:
for (Lang langEnum : Lang.values()) {
        langEnum.getLangName();
}

However my enum may be too long and I don't want to iterate over an array. I want to use a Map or Set. On the other hand I don't want to another variable within my enum.
How can I check whether my enum has a langName or not?

A: Well, if every enum constant represents a language (as the code seems to suggest), then I would use an EnumSet.
Set<Lang> langs = EnumSet.allOf(Lang.class);

And then I can check if a language is already there. Like
if(langs.contains(Lang.EN) {
  //...
}

Not sure if this is the answer you were looking for. The contains method of EnumSet would not even iterate over the internal collection. The internal collection would be stored in an array and finding an element is calculated based on a hash. So, this in fact, should achieve what you requested in the question.

A: How about using valueOf?
Lang lang = null;

try {
  lang = Lang.valueOf(enumName);
  // enum exists
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
  // enum does not exist
}

Since your enum name is just the language name capitalized, you can just capitalize the language name and pass it into valueOf.