CORRELATION BETWEEN THERAPEUTICAL COMMUNICATIONS OF NURSE AND PATIENT SATISFACTION IN INPATIENTS OF GENERAL HOSPITAL MASSENREMPULU IN ENREKANG REGENCY.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Gary M.
Dwyer. 2007).physical seating distance. & Dingle. Of note is our argument that the use of different measures . while tionship quality. McClendon. p. amount of eye contact. All assess After reviewing the literature. 2011). Oei. In a similar manner. 1 in Burlingame. and the length of time frequently studied in the group members engaged in a group hug (Hornsey. & Oei. & Alonso. we believe the evidence supports two horizontal cohesion between fundamental dimensions of cohesion: relationship structure and relamembers and their group. literature and classified each The definitional challenges of cohesion are reflected by one team's measure by its use of the observation that "just about anything that has a positive valence [with structural and affective/task outcome] has been interpreted at some point as an index of cohesion" definitions of cohesion (see Table (Hornsey. 272). 2009. Dwyer. affective bond is universally assessed by all measures while the task cohesion is assessed by a third of the mea sures. We identified nine measures of cohesion that were most 34 fewer than half focus on a member's relationship with the leader (vertical).
these authors found support for indicates that members are drawn to the group tothree structural components (member accomplish a given task or goal. The first dimension of coherence. 2000). & Strauss. & Gleave. Using a sample of 485 group factor structural dimension: memberleader and member members. Both em Burlingame. the first study (Johnson et al. ultimately identify accurate group therapy measures. and negativequality and structural factors relationship factors explained how members perceived the (Burlingame. 2009). The second dimension of cohesion is relationship and reported a similar two quality. memberleader. that contained over 80 items. The first study (Johnson. & Ruud. 2002).35 SPECIAL ISSUE: COHESION IN GROUP THERAPY membermember) stimulated would likely produce varied results. 2005). genuineness and warmth. 2007) collected relationship. while vertical cohesion captures the quality of membertoleader relationships. We found the model would be applicable to that interesting that when examining the structure of the group. we& Lorentzen. 2010). structure. while affectivemember. Table 1b depicts how horizontal and vertical cohesion load on the relationship structure dimension. Following additional studies. Modified framework for understandin g cohesion using relationship quality Relatio . The three relationship quality factors ( positive bond. 2008) tested the same toolkit of measures (Dion. Findings from these studies led to an Burlingame. Davies. As can be seen. 2009. positive bond. negative relationship) and two structural These studies support structure and quality as the two fundamental factors (memberleader and dimensions of cohesion. Questionnaire that measured the three Specifically. 2008). 2010). It is interesting that the individual working alliance. positive work. and cohesion indicates members feel connected because of membergroup). be identified from the original measures Burlingame. from membertomember relationships yielding a two 2009). even if measuringsubsequent studies that attempted to replicate these findings across clinical the same group (Burlingame et al. we arrived at a 40 item instrument called the Group Table 1 Questionnaire that measures the three a . & Bormann.. affective cohesion is split by the emotional valence of the item loading either on the positive bond or negative relationship dimensions. task cohesionstudy. Mackenzie. vertical cohesiondata from 67 inpatient psychodynamic refers to a group member's perception of the groupgroups drawn from 15 hospitals in leader's competence. and group climate.other members and the group. Table 1a weds the past definition of affective and task cohesion dimensions with the relationship structure and quality model. they found the same two dimensional relationship quality and member. In order to condense the literature and stage of treatment (Bakali. Early sessions initially proposed a twofactor definition of the thera produced a strong memberleader peutic relationship in group: (1) belonging and acceptance positive bond while later sessions factors (cohesion and memberleader alliance) and (2) included positive bonds with both interpersonal work factors (group working alliance. In describing direction. Positive bond described the affective relationship collected from counseling centers and members felt with their leader (vertical cohesion) and in nonclinical process groups replicating membertomember relationships (horizontal cohesion). After item quality of the relationship in both nonclinical and clinical consensus was achieved. The next study the emotional support the group experience affords(Lorentzen. 2005) estimated the pirical (statistical fit with two empirical overlap of four commonly used relationship dimensional model) and clinical criteria measures by having 662 members from 111 different (does it provide actionable clinical groups complete a copy of each. This study found that a information?) were utilized to produce a twodimensional model (quality & structure) explained a 40item instrument called the Group majority of the common variance across the four measures. We also item reduction process to determine if a undertook a series of studies to evaluate a toolkit subset of "practice friendly" items could containing several relationship measures (Strauss. structure model while using 30 items. Specifically. Krogel & Burlingame.population in psychoeducational groups members were unable to distinguish membertogroup (Krogel. Both Horizontal cohesion describes a group member'sdimensions (relationship quality and relationship with other group members and with the structure) emerged.settings and countries. One study comprises the direction and function of the (Bormann & Strauss. Baldwin.. data was groups. Positive work equally captured the tasks and goals of the while adding a population of seriously group while negative relationship capture empathic failure mentally ill inpatients to determine if with the leader and conflict in the group. Hoglend. 2004). horizontal cohesion captures the quality of memberto member relationships. quality and two structural factors (Burlingame. positive work. and recent research efforts have clarified its dimensional model that varied by components. In describing function. Germany and Switzerland. but unlike the first groupasawhole.
Relationship quality Positive bonding relationship Positive working relationship Negative relationship Membermember Affective cohesion—positive Task cohesion Positive working relationship Negative relationship Relationship quality Positive bonding relationship a cf. . McClendon & Burlingame (in press).
That was tactless. positive last group meeting. 1996) to illustrate the you. and Susan pats Mary on Leader to Steve: Steve. the group and the whole group Meta cheers when she enters]. positive bond. It give [laughs] because I uh. positive bond toward Analytic Review Method Prior to beginning this metaanalysis we reviewed the literature for similar metaanalyses. Leader to Susan: We wanted you to be here so membergroup dimension has been the most elusive theoreticalbad. and I process. kinda tacky. with the groupasa Membermember. [Ascohesiveness within this they are talking Susan comes into group. Member was none of you damned business. Three cohesion meta analyses were located . session therapy group (Burlingame Susan to Steve: Thank & Barlow. you'd check in with me on that. Steve: I also feel badly that Susan the group leader and another group member is not here today. I know we're notof a high level of supposed to interact outside. but right now you feel like you've In this dialogue. The followinghere is because I knew dialogue includes all threeI'd get the reception I relationship structures (memberjust got. what I relationship. uh even though I said itI'm sorry. [Susan starts to member. I'm notmeans a lot to me that handling it well. worried. leader pats structure categories in Table 1 are Susan on the shoulder identified by italics. negative [Group laughs] But uh. Steve to Susan: I Steve: I need to apologize to you apologize for being because I was a little bit abrupt with abrupt with you last you last week and I thought that wasweek. Clinical Steve to Susan: Well. Leadermember. memberleader. we got nothing to give— that you're nosee Steve interacting longer handling it well. I have nothing toaccept your apology. Leader: You've done a lot of Membermember. Memberleader. meant was I'm not handling it well Susan to Steve: It and. Leader with a notable level of interpersonal risk with member. transcript from Session 14 of a 15positive bond. Leader member. I can't sharedidn't bother me. andcry and group laughs membergroup).] M embermember. MCCLENDON. . good work over the past few monthspositive bond.36 BURLINGAME. positive work. . the quality andlightly. AND ALONSO Susan. some of us were construct to empirically detect withthinking that you had a crisis and we were mixed findings from studies. The reason I tore multidimensional complexity ofout of work so fast to get group cohesion. Steve: I've been thinking aboutwhole supporting the her and her crisis a great deal. therefore. positive bond. Example I'm glad you're here The relationship quality andbecause I've been structure model (Tables 1a. negative relationship. I miss her. Group member. 1b)worried about you provides a practicefriendly[Steve goes on to inquire framework to recognize cohesiveabout Susan's situa group behavior. bond. you OK?the knee] Member You seemed upset at the end of our group/ member. negative relationship probe. These types of almost called you [leader] up to get interactions are evidence her phone number. We selected ation. but I anything with you. member.
frequency of cohesion assessment. studies were searched Nachitgall. model based structure. and (e) English text.506found to moderate abstracts were retrieved using theoutcome in previous following search terms: groupgroup therapy meta psychotherapy.analyzed for the cohesion. & Burlingame et al. Hoag & Burlingame.. 2001. 1998). A total of 1. outcome measure). psychotherapy Burlingame et al. and group variables (manual vs. article's cohesion definition.analyses.using this method. group therapy.027 abstracts. group format. leader variables (single leader vs. Dissertations were not included.. experience. six of the most published group therapy meta frequently used cohesion analyses to develop inclusion criteria measures (cf. session length. treatment length. 1991. the article wasrate). Next. After achieving this criterion. we relied upon five Finally. member variables retrieved and again reviewed for fit. Gully. (b) groups meeting for the reference list see purpose of counseling. 2003. treat ment location. McRoberts. Fuhriman. heter ogeneous. across the 30 identified 1997. Thus. time cohesion was assessed. 2011) Mosier. & Strauss. Lipsey & using Google Scholar Wilson.73). group cohesion. Complete agreement was required with discrepancies resolved by the graduate student. MedLine. yielding a must have included: (a) a group that final data set of 40 was comprised of at least three studies (for full members. yielding 1. (d) data that allowed the calculation of effect sizes as weighted correlations. treatment setting. cofollowing continuous hesiveness. Burlingame. 2009). 1995. orientation). Mullen & Copper. spanning four decades (Januarymany of which had been 1969– May. Data was support groups. (client gender. Burlingame. but none focused on cohesion reviewed and 42 in group psychotherapy. primary diagnosis). Table 1 in herein (Burlingame. if publication. To be Ten additional studies included in our metaanalysis. size). (c) at least one quantitative measure of both cohesion and outcome. member variables (gender. and We selected and Google Scholar for publicationscoded 24 variables. and a group variable (group size). two raters independently coded each article contained in the meta analysis. (Evans & Dion. 2011). Search Strategy Co din g an d An aly sis Articles were obtained by searching PsycINFO. Eachvariables: study abstract was reviewed for fit with characteristics (year of the above inclusion criteria and. & Hoag. the reference sections of & Whitney. 2006. homogeneous vs. coled groups. or personal growth. settings. obtained articles were 1994). concurrent treatment. client A total of 24 articles were included age). attrition deemed promising. We also examined the following categorical variables: Study characteristics (cohesion measure definition. and group climate. group counseling. Kosters. Eight raters (1 graduate student & 7 undergraduate students) were trained via a codebook to rate articles unrelated to the studies herein using an 85% criterion level of agreement with interrater reliability being high ( . . all examined unduplicated studies cohesion's relationship to taskwere identified and reviewed resulting in 6 performance in nontherapeutic studies being included. Devine. studies were added.
the overall conclu sion from 40 studies published across a fourdecade span is a positive relation between cohesion and outcome. we examined the degree of heterogeneity (variability among the effect size mean is higher than what would be expected from sampling error.. 1994).533 studies. we averaged these effect sizes (weighted by n) and used this average in subsequent analyses. Past reviewers have concluded that cohesion has shown an overwhelmingly posi tive relation with patient improvement (Tschuschke & Dies. k (40). and feedback) but there has been little progress due to the varied definitions and Moderators and Mediators Table 2 Study characteristics Variable Number of studies Year of publication (median) Overall number of clients Average age of clients Average number of sessions Theoretical orientation of group Cognitive/behavioral Psychodynamic/existential Humanistic/interpersonal/supportive Eclectic Unknown1 Primary diagnosis Informal Anxiety disorder Mood disorder Substance disorder Eating disorder Personality disorder Medical condition (not somatic disorder) Unknown Country USA Canada etc (if any) Role of group Only group/group as primary treatment Part of milieu of treatment (e. self disclosure. 1994). 2009). Our analysis variables for the cohesionoutcome link (Horn of the studies sey et al. Results A summary of study characteristics is provided in Table 2.4 23. capturing several classic papers (e. publication bias is unlikely to be a threat to the validity of the study. The plot illustrated the fairly symmetrical data.g.. although over a fourth were published prior to 1990. 2002). Roether & Peters. a "trim and fill" analysis (Duval & Tweedie.. Braaten. member acceptance. 2007). Following calculation of the aggregate correlation. Mediators have been proposed identified (e. Zimerberg. Thus.17 to . Houts. The weighted aggregate correlation (Hedges & Vevea. & Rand. support.25. Budman et al. studies examining moderator or mediator2007). 1994. Yalom.5 33 25 20 8 20 13 10 8 3 8 35 13 18 3 5 13 5 18 14 5 7 1 2 5 2 7 10 4 23 68 9 27 15 68 18 6 27 7 3 10 40 05 10 33 1 4 16 2 4 13 38 30 15 20 23 13 45 8 15 12 6 8 9 5 18 3 10 20 20 0 48 3 4 8 8 0 19 1 . thus creating multiple cohesionoutcome correlations from a single study.05) with a 95% confidence interval of . A high % N 40 1997. 1989. Eighty percent of the groups had a therapy focus. confounds with group cohesion Until recently.018 studies with null effect sizes (no effect) would be needed for inclusion.54 ( p . Thus. A random effects model was used to determine whether differences in the cohesionoutcome relationship existed across the 24 variables. 2001). 1972. The majority (58%) of studies were published after 2000. 1998. Random effects assume that studies are selected from a population of studies and that variability between studies is the result of sampling error. the effect sizes and their subsequent sample sizes were put into a contour enhanced funnel plot (Begg. 1967). Lipsey & Wilson. N (3.32 which is a medium effect. We thus assessed potential publication bias as a failsafe N (Begg.37 SPECIAL ISSUE: COHESION IN GROUP THERAPY A number of studies used several outcome and cohesion mea sures. This statistic indicated 2. 2000a. medication.. the likelihood of publication bias is improbable.323). This analytic model is recommended as a conservative test (Hedges & Vevea.g.. 1998) was statistically significant r . there have been few empirical (Hornsey et al.7 3. calculated to determine the fictional value of addi tional studies needed to render the current results as invalid. Given the initial literature search yielded only 2. Results indicated no studies were missed..g. Burlingame et al. z 6. as heterogeneity allows moderator results to be interpreted with more confidence. which confirmed there were no studies missing from the meta analysis. only 43% of the studies posted a statistically significant correlation. Second.. individual therapy) Unknown Setting Inpatient Outpatient Unknown Location University counseling center Clinic or private practice Hospital Community mental health center Classroom setting Unknown Type of outcome measure General psychological distress Depression Anxiety Quality of life/general well being Interpersonal problems/relationships Self esteem Other Unknown1 Number of cohesion measure administrations Once Twice Three times Four times Five or more times Unknown 1 Values don't add up to 40 because some studies used multiples. Finally. 2000b) was conducted to estimate the number of studies the metaanalysis likely missed due to publication bias. Berkeljon & Baldwin.323 36. When this occurred. 1989. The results from our metaanalysis (see Figure 1) differ. Our efforts made to gather unpublished studies were unsuccess ful. five statistically significant moderators among the 24 coded variables.
p .8. .00. 2 .level of heterogeneity was found acrossindicating that studies [I2 82%. Q(39) 216.06].moderator variables can be interpreted with confidence.
35 0.34 0.53 0.12 0.21 0.78 0.11 0.24 0.64 0.60 1. members tended to yield effect sizes of Leaders espousing higher magnitude than studies withan interpersonal relatively older group members.56 3.15 0.49 0.28 1. p .26 -0.14 0.21 0.27 1.12 0. reliably related to outcome in both inpatient58) with psychody and outpatient settings (r .75 2.18 -0.17 0.36 0.26 0.68 0.15 0.03 -0.19 0.22 0. cohesion wasoutcome relation (r .21 -0.12 0.19 -0.60 Favors negative relationship Figure 1.28 0.orientation posted df 1.50 0.03 0.35 0.49 0.67 0.11 -0.19 0.43 0.09 -0.01 0.18 0.25 0.namic (r .67 0.00 0.57 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.63.23 0.10 0.18 -0.36 0.36 0.84 0.04 -0. Q 14.05.18 0.20 0.46 0.05. df 9.61 0.30 0.00 -1.74 1.30 0.51 2.00 0.12 -0.96 0.64 1.38 BURLINGAME.89 0.04 0.23 0.35 -0.02 0.90 2.00 1.01 0.52 0.26 0.0001).25 0.12 -0.42 1.16 -0.06 0.56 0.06 2.63 0.01 0.02 0.30 -0.48 0.39 0.46 0.50 0.37 0.10 0.22 0.43 0.41 9.13 0.01 0.48 1.00 0.61 0.69 1. Theoretical orientation of the One member characteristic explained differences in the cohesionoutcome link.18 0.09 -0.45 1.00 0.54 0.00 0.65 0.42 0.46 0.92 0.00 0.outcome relation. This finding was not explainedthe highest cohesion by client symptom severity.24.02 0.86 2.26 -0.28 0.33 0.63 0.44 1.33 0.19 0.50 0. AND ALONSO Study Name Statistics for each Study Correlation and 95% Cl Andel et al (2003) Antonuccio et al (1987) Beutal et al (2006) Braaten (1989) Budman et al (1989) Crowe & Grenyer (2008) Falloon 1981 Flowers et al (1981) Gillaspy et al (2002) Grabhorn et al (2002) Hilbert et al (2007) Hoberman et al (1988) Hurley (1997) Hurley (1989) Joyce et al (2007) Kipnes et al (2002) Kivlinghan & Lilly (1997) Levenson & Macgowan (2004) Lipman et al (2007) Lorentzen et al (2004) Mackenzie & Tschuschke (1993) Marmarosh et al (2005) Marziali et al (1997) May et al (2008) Norton et al (2008) Oei & Brown (2006) Ogrodniczuk & Piper (2003) Ogrodniczuk et al (2005) Ogrodniczuk (2006) Ra o & Hurley (1995) Rice (2001) Roether & Peters (1972) Rugel & Barry (1990) Ryum et al (2009) Ta et al (2003) Taube-Schiff et al (2007) Tschuschke & Dies (1994) Woody & Adesky (2002) Wright & Duncan (1986) Yalom et al (1967) Effect Lower Upper ZpSize Limit Limit Value Value 0.39 -0.01 0.09 0.56.15 0.15 0.28 0.54 0. Weighted effect size for cohesionoutcome relationship.11 0.08 0. respectively).38 2.38 0.22 0.24 -0. Q Studies with relatively younger group23.47 0.61 2. p .83 2.48 1.90 0.43 0.70 0.00 -0.62 0.28 0.72 0.92.03 0.06 0.91 0.00 0.10 0.25) and cognitivebehavior (r .45 0.01 0.10 0.75 16.7 0.30 0.72 2.19 0.62 0.04 0.00 0.06 0.29 & .18) orientations Favors positive relationship .19 0.26 0.05 0.52 0.01 0.12 -0.43 -0.57 0.93 0.00 -0.79 6.05 0.01 0.01 0.74 6.19 -0.39 2. MCCLENDON.30 -0.10 0.00 -0.20 1. p .07 0.06 0.leader produced a The average age of participants was negsignificant difference atively associated with effect sizein the cohesion magnitude within studies (r .22 0.00 1.64 0.53 0.28 -0.32 0.39 2.
This argues for cohesion being considered as an evidencebased relationship factor for groups using a cognitive– behavioral.posting the lowest values. p .87. Group characteristics also proved useful in explaining differences in the cohesion outcome association. In addition. df 2. psychodynamic. and interpersonal orientation. r . Groups comprised of 5–9 members in each session posted the strongest cohesionoutcome relationship (r .05.88. eclectic).21) or no reliable relationship (behavioral.35) whereas groups of any other size (fewer than 5 members present or more than 9 members) were much weaker (r . Q 6. df 2. p . Groups lasting 12 or more sessions posted .05. Q 4. 16). significant differences were found by number of sessions. The remaining orientations posted either statistical trends (humanistic.
Could a member's interpersonal style explain past mixed cohesionoutcome findings? Unfortunately. theme. These two studiesmore when their also contributed to a significantcohesion decreased difference for type of group whereduring therapy.03. andthe life of the group were group time appeared to beassociated with greater principally focused on this commonsymptom improvement.75. However. df 4. df 1. Studies2010).most when their experience of cohesion 23). itstionship presence would likely be diminishedcohesion and outcome and perhaps attenuate its relationshipwith 73 depressed Ger inpatients with outcome.61) producedhostile interpersonal larger cohesionoutcomeproblems improved relationships than therapy groups (r . Kivlighan & Lilly. Ifinterpersonal style group cohesion is undervalued ormoderated the rela between neglected by a group leader.56) andpatients with cold or analog groups (r .05.21.05. the "jury is out" on this question since the primary measure assessing cohesion in both . & Strack.18). Qfriendly" improved 14. Q 12. cohesion as a therapeutic strategy.62 and r . the .38 and r greatest improvement. The value of this metaanalytic review parameters—study is that it offers one theorydriven explanation of both the positive and neutral relationship findings in this meta analysis. Kivlighan A recent replication of & Lilly.21. The two studies thatman described procedures for enhancing(Schauenburg. 1989. (Hurley.patient moderator 2004) have suggested that the bestvariable that was not test of the cohesionoutcome relationincluded in our meta would be to examine studies thatanalysis. a third significantoriented inpatient psycho group variable (group focus)therapy unit in Germany partially supported these two(Dinger & Schauenburg. respectively. Q 4. opposite was evident for those who described Other Potential Moderators themselves as too Two studies that fell outside ourfriendly. p . Sammet. p . findings. two studies (Hurley. 1994. Interactivedescribed themselves as groups posted a higher cohesiontoo cold and who outcome correlation than problemreported increased cohesion posted the specific groups (r . In the first members' emphasized the importance ofstudy. Our initial reaction was to dismissincreased during the these reliable differences since thegroup. Higher levels of coded as problem specific includedcohesion as well as an groups that were comprised ofincrease in cohesion over members with similar diagnoses. Once interactive and group time appearedagain patients who to be less structured. Burlingame et al. whereas personal growth task (r . 1989. p . we (Fuhriman &they suggest a potential Burlingame.05). with 1997) produced a cohesionoutcomepatients interpersonal problems correlation that was approximately three times larger than those that diddescribed as "too not (r . 1997) used studentsthat study involved 327 participating in interpersonalmixed diagnosis adults experiential groups that can betreated on a considerably different from therapypsychodynamically groups. respectively).39 SPECIAL ISSUE: COHESION IN GROUP THERAPY because they were higher cohesionoutcomerecently published or correlations than did groups lastingthe text in German— are raised herein since fewer than 12 sessions (r . df 1. Studies coded as interactivereplicating the findings of had members who were moreour metaanalysis. Specifically.27. In the past.2001). cohesion in their methods sectionRabung..
these studies cohesion's relation with treatmentwere not based on outcome. irrespective of theoretical orientation. the question in definition and measurement. The metaformal mental health analysis clarifies this confusion by diagnosis. but is strongest when a group lasts more than 12 sessions and is comprised of five to nine members.25) with actions among different diagnoses. thus attenuating ourstudies included herein. When } Cohesion is reliably one considers the possible interassociated (r . Limitations of the Research There are too few Four limitations exist in the general studies to adequately cohesion literature. as pointed out been the mixed findings regardingabove. that intentionally used group.correlational studies. "what" (are weinterventions to enhance getting work done?). also limiting the test for potential generalizability of our metaanalysis. post higher cohesionoutcome links than groups less focused on process. and leader). It suggests that leaders the finding from studies pay attention to the "who" (member. psychodynamic.interactions between the The first challenge to understanding characteristics and utilizing cohesion as an evidence examined. theoretical orientations. valence) of group relationships. and "how"cohesion that resulted in (positive and negative emotionala stronger cohesion relation. Aoutcome second challenge in the literature has However. it is important to encourage member interaction. Some studies support itsgroups comprised of relationship with outcome while othersmembers having a show no association. pointing out differences between measures. the moderators found herein may further explain past mixed results. parsimonious. } Younger group members experience the largest outcome changes when cohesion is present within their groups. Fostering . and group focus. orientations. or cognitive– behavioral orientation. Theof causality cannot be twodimensional model (structure &addressed in these quality) offers a promising. } Cohesion explains outcome regardless of the length of the group. Thus. This association was found for groups across different settings (inpatient & outpatient) and diagnostic classifications. and type ofoutcome is defined as reduction in symptom distress or improvement in interpersonal functioning. based principle has been the variability Fourth. the heterogeneity of studysupported by our meta characteristics present in metaanalysis: analyses creates difficulty. considerable caution must be invoked in interpreting results. We see the following therapeutic practices Third. Cohesion requires sufficient member interaction and time to build. and empirically based Perhaps the strongest definition of the latent structureevidence to support a inherent in measures of groupcausal relationship was relationship.studies fall short on psychometricgroups among the 40 support.Therapeutic group length.Practices Moreover. } Group leaders emphasizing member interaction. } Cohesion is most strongly involved with patient improvement in groups using an interpersonal.group outcome when settings. confidence in its conclusions.
Psychotherapy } Cohesion contributes to groupInterventions Rating outcome across different settingsScale. 2006). we would point toverbal interaction. AND ALONSO in Table 3. and therapist behaviors that can enhanceemotional climate group cohesion. Thus. MCCLENDON. A recent North Table 3 study Group Psychotherapy Intervention American (Chapman. & Duivenvoorden. GPIRS) developed (inpatient & outpatient) andfrom interventions diagnostic classifications. group structure.40 BURLINGAME. In this regard. allsuggested in our first group leaders should activelycohesion chapter engage in interventions that(Burlingame et al. De cohesionoutcome relationship inGroot. Rating Scale (GPIRS) Thayer. their groups. Baker.. 2010) translated the Dutch GPIRS into English and replicated these findings. 2002). These cohesion will be particularly usefulbehaviors track nicely for those working in collegeonto a behavioral rating counseling centers and withscale (Group adolescent populations. These specificinterventions were interventions are depicted positively correlated with memberreported co hesion.In two studies (Sternberg Leaders which purposefully try to& Trijsburg. Porter. 2005. Trijsburg. enhance cohesion have a strongerSnijders. & Burlingame. cultivate and maintain cohesion. Smalltomoderate correla .
attacked. T. or disconnected Involved members in describing and resolving conflict (instead of avoiding conflict) Elicited verbal expressions of support among group members Encouraged members to respond to other members' emotional expression (such as acceptance. & Kaul. participation) Identified and discussed fears/concerns regarding self disclosure Structured exercises that focus on emotional expression and exchange Discussed member roles and responsibility Discussed leader roles and responsibility Verbal interaction Modeled giving personal information in the "here and now" Modeled appropriate membermember behavior Modeled appropriate self disclosure Modeled appropriate feeling disclosure Maintained moderate control Facilitated appropriate membermember interaction Encouraged self disclosure without "forcing it" Encouraged self disclosure relevant to the current group agenda Helped members understand that disclosed issues achieve more resolution than undisclosed issues Encouraged hereandnow vs. misunderstood. Leader interventionsrecommend behaviors in Table 3 to facilitating structure. belonging. replicating the Dutch findings on a different measure of cohesion.. we the cohesion. absences. E. confidentiality. Garfield & A. 332–343.Setting treatment expectation Establishing group procedures Role preparation Verbal style and interaction Self disclosure Feedback Leader contribution Member contribution Group structuring Set group agendas (such as discussion topics or group activities) Described rationale underlying treatment Discussed group rules (such as time. 19. Re fer en ce s Bakali. & Lorentzen. S. (1978). Handbook of psychotherapy and . L. storytelling disclosure Interrupted illtimed or excessive member disclosure Elicited membermember feeling disclosure (versus informational disclosures) Leader shared relevant personal experience from outside of therapy (without being judgmental or overlyintellectual) Reframed injurious feedback (interrupting. L. (2009). and the emotional climate. Experiential group research: Current perspectives. Bednar. empathy) 41 SPECIAL ISSUE: COHESION IN GROUP THERAPY Cohesion is tions were found with each GPIRSintegrally related to the subscale. manage verbalresearch has identified interaction and maintain group specific behaviors that structure were moderately correenhance cohesion. suggesting that leadersuccess of group interventions intended to affecttherapy. Bergin (Eds. Psychotherapy Re search..). J. Baldwin. interaction were positively related to cohesion and negatively related to interpersonal distrust and conflict. S. tardiness. if necessary) Restated corrective feedback by member Used consensus to reinforce feedback (toward therapist or group member) Balanced positive and corrective leadertomember feedback Encouraged positive feedback Gave structured feedback exercise Helped balance positive and corrective membertomember feedback Therapist helped members apply ingroup feedback to outofgroup situations Creating and maintaining a therapeutic emotional climate Maintained balance in expressions of emotional support and confrontation Showed understanding of the members and their concerns Refrained from conveying personal feelings of hostility and anger in response to negative member behavior Leader was not defensive when interventions failed Leader was not defensive when confronted by a member Maintained an active engagement with the group and its work Used nonjudgmental language with members Modeled expressions of open and genuine warmth Encouraged active emotional engagement between group members Fostered a climate of both support and challenge Responded at an emotional level Developed and/or facilitated relationships with and among group members Helped members recognize why they feel a certain way (identifying underlying concerns or motives) Prevented or stopped attacking and judgmental expressions between members Assisted members in describing their emotions Recognized and responded to the meaning of groups members' comments Prevented situations in which members felt discounted. R.. J. For lated with memberreported levels ofthese reasons. emotional climate and managing verbalgroup practitioners. Modeling group process constructs at three stages in group psychotherapy. attendance. In S.
Porter. 56.. J. An introduction to metaanalysis for psychotherapy outcome research. Fuhriman... (2010). A. Group cohesion and performance: A metaanalysis. Group cohesion: From "field of forces" to multidi mensional construct. Gruppenklima. (1994).. Small group treatments: Introduction to special section. Fuhriman.. Dinger.. G. M. Baker. Group Dynamics: Theory. Psychotherapy Research. (2010). L. alliance. & Alonso. Psychiatry. 26. & Schauenburg..). Small Group Research. & Whitney. MacKenzie. treatments. S.. Burlingame. Research and Practice. J. G. Burlingame. J. J. G.. T. D. Biometrics. 95. J. & Barlow. koha¨sion. Group Dynamics: Theory. A metaanalysis of cohesion and performance: Effects of level of analysis and task interdependence. 7. allianz und empathie als komponenten der therapeutischen beziehung in gruppen ¨ psychotherapien—Uberpru¨fung eines mehrebenenmodells.. (1989). Fuhriman.. G. 769 –M. A non parametric "trim and fill" method of accounting for publication bias in meta analysis. Thayer. pp. (2000a). Psychotherapy relationships that work (pp.). U. 20. In J. L. Begg. V. 52. R. R. C. 497–520. Burlingame. F. Soldz. 815). New York: Wiley. Burlingame. 19. S. In M. (Eds. E. S.. Bednar. (1991). (2011). G. L. L. New York: Wiley. M. & Dion. Berkeljon. S.). 43. L. G. and empathy as components of the therapeutic relationship within group psychotherapy—Test of a multilevel model]. & Vevea. 22–29. C.Gruppenpsychotherapie und Gruppendynamik. Gully. & Burlingame. K. Devine. [Group climate. Duval. V. A. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. New York: Wiley. (1998).. 631– 663).. In behavior change (5th H. Small Group Research.). (1995)... (2002).. 455– 463..).). Garfield (Eds. Dion. 377–387. L. psychotherapy and behavior change & S. & Tweedie. & Johnson. Hedges.behavior change (2nd ed. 89 –98. J. 3–12.. & Kaul. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. 71– 87). C. New York: Oxford University Press. & Strauss. Trim and fill: A simple funnelplot based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in metaanalysis. (1996).. 511– 518. Effects of individual cohesion and patient interpersonal style on outcome in psychodynamically oriented inpatient group psychotherapy. pp. Braaten. T. 339 –350. M. S. Bormann. T. (1989). and Practice. Burlingame. K. Demby. cohesion. 1–20. & Tweedie. B. Cooper and L. Rating group therapist interventions: The validation of the Group Psychotherapy Rating Scale. J. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Budman. A. 1–7.. & Strauss. S. E. Group Dynamics. Group therapy. M. In J. 399 – 409). Research. 4. S. S. 14. (2004).). Psychological Methods. (2000b). Hedges (Eds... A. Fixed and randomeffects models in metaanalysis.. Psychotherapy Research. R. of (4th ed. Outcome and process differences between professional and nonprofessional therapists in time limited group psychotherapy. (1994). S. D. Journal of the American Statistical Association. B. Norcross (Ed. L. K. Norcross (Ed. Oxford University Press. & Davis. (2009). 46.. (2000). Handbook of Lambert.. 39. (2010). Springer. Cohesion. (2007). & Mosier. E. The differentiated effectiveness of group psychotherapy: A metaanalytic review. Bergin & S. Handbook of group psychotherapy: An empirical and clinical synthesis.. G. G. The handbook of research synthesis (pp. R. Bergin.. Publication bias. Psychotherapy Research.. (1994). Chapman. B. 175–186. Predicting positive goal attainment and symptom reduction from early group climate dimensions. D. Psychotherapy relationships that work (2nd ed. H. Duval. G. R. Evidence Experiential group research: Can the based small group canon fire? In A.. & Baldwin. Burlingame. A. (2003). L. McClendon. ed. Garfield (Eds. H. Feldstein. B. 20. J.. 15–31. A. New York: Handbook psychotherapy and Wiley. alliance and outcome in group psychotherapy.. Evans. 22. 7– 26. Cohesion in group psychotherapy. & Burlingame. A. 455– 478.). . M. C. C.
J. J. Dwyer. Affiliativeness and of inpatient group outcome in interpersonal groups:psychotherapy. (in press). Group Dynamics: Theory. Group climate. Group Member and leader perspectives. D. D. Handbook of adolescent group treatment. Coleman.. The group outcome. Chile. & Anderson. and empathy in groupmeasure of the group psychotherapy: Multilevel structuralrelationship. M. 59. M. New York: Oxford University Press.. (2008. (2007). Small Group Research. G. 486 –504. 267–278. D. 49). 234 –(3rd ed. (2005).. 246. M.questionnaire: A new alliance. G. 26. D.. review of the effectiveness Hurley.. W. D.. Practical metaanalysis (Applied social research methods series. Provo. & Lilly.. Barcelona. Krogel.. let go of cohesiveness? Nachtigall. and Practice. UT: Young equation models. G... Burlingame.. C. D. G. R. (2000). (2009).. M.counseling research.(June 2009). June). Process. J.. M. Group climate: Construct in search of clarity. Lorentzen. Kivlighan. Psychology. Beyond cohesiveness: ReconL. L.). Davies. & Gleave. 310 –321. T. Høglend..... Oei. cohesion. 567–592. D. 520 –523. Lipsey. Santiago. McClendon. Group processes and208 –221. 52. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Hornsey. Journal of Counseling Brigham University. M.Research.. Burlingame. Developmental ceptualizing the link between groupchanges in group climate processes and outcomes in groupas they relate to psychotherapy. & Dingle. Spain. Dwyer. 26. P. 3. & Strauss. . M. Conyne (Ed. (2006). G. (1989). 38. 1. Krogel. M. New York: Wiley.. M. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research. R. & Wilson.. E. (2001). (2009). & Burlingame. Research. M. A. therapeutic gain. In S. International Journal of Group B. R. & Burlingame. T. Olsen. & Oei. In R.. B. J. Hornsey. Hoag. Panel presentation at the annual meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research. and Practice. J. (1997). & Ruud. N. Journal of counseling psychology Clinical Child Psychology. outcomes in group therapy: Is it time to Kosters. The efficacy of shortand longterm psychodynamic group psychotherapy: A Norwegian multicenter study. Oxford Handbook of Group Counseling. The group L. J.). S. A. A metaanalytic Psychotherapy. Brown & R. R. (1997). T. Johnson. W. L. 767–796). Lent Evaluating the effectiveness of child and (Eds.. Vol. 10.Dynamics: Theory. Psychotherapy. Kivlighan. & Burlingame. and methodology in groupquestionnaire: A new measure of the therapeutic group relationship. C. G. 143–163. pp.
(1998). & Duivenvoorden. 44. study. psychotherapy. MCCLENDON. Psychological Bulletin. (1967). Roether.. Burlingame.42 BURLINGAME. B.. B. Psychiatry. AND ALONSO Sternburg. S. H. The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th ed. Yalom. working alliance. S. & Trijburg. Archives of Presented at AGPA Research General Psychiatry. (1994).. M. Received August 19....Zimerberg. Rabung. I. Tschuschke. Unpublished manuscript. S. & Peters. H. Comparative between and efficacy of individual and groupinterventions psychotherapy: A metaanalytic pertherapeutic outcome. (2008). McRoberts. J. therapeutic interventions as factors Prediction of predicting outcome in group psychotherapy improvement in group for personality disorders: First results of a therapy: An exploratory followalong study (2003–2006). & Leszcz. & Bormann. G. and Rand.. 1225–1237. March). Symposium. 2. R. Netherlands. 159 –168. W. K. 128. (2006.).Using the CORER batter Cohesiveness and hostility in groupin group psychotherapy. W. 208. 185– Gruppendynamik. R. 349 –364. 17. (1972). 1014 –1017. A. P. H. H.. Snijders. 210 –227.. C. International psychotherapy of depressive patients]. M. 2 0 1 0 Accept ed Septem ber 14. & Dies.. M. 37. Trijsburg. (1994).. & Strack. J. A. Schauenburg.. Zur differentiellen R. TheDepartment of Clinical relationship between group cohe Psychology. (2005).. Burlingame. M. 2010 . 64. M. M. & Copper. spective. &(2005).. Yalom. J. (2001). Mullen.. Strauss. Group Dynamics. 2010 R e v i s i o n r e c e i v e d S e p t e m b e r 1 4 . Sammet. & Group cohesion.. I. J. C. New York. M. The relationship therapeutic Hoag. V.Journal of Group Gruppenpsychotherapie und Psychotherapy. B. I. New York: Basic Books. Houts. 101–117. Intensive bedeutung des gruppenerlebens in der analysis of therapeutic stationaren psychotherapie depressiver factors and outcome in patienten [On the differential importance longterm inpatient of group experience in inpatient groups. American Journal of Journal of Clinical Psychology. University of siveness and performance: AnAmsterdam.. De Groot. integration. D. S. G. J.. 115.


text:
Het renaissancestadhuis van de Vlaams-Brabantse stad Halle in Vlaamse renaissancestijl werd gebouwd van 1608 tot 1616. Dit voormalige stadhuis aan de Grote Markt staat op de plaats van het eerste stadhuis, in 1432 gebouwd en in 1595 door een brand vernield. De functie als stadhuis werd in 1994 door een gebouw aan het Oudstrijdersplein overgenomen. De architect is onbekend. Door een KB van 30 december 1933 werd het een beschermd monument. In 2019 werd het gebouw gerenoveerd .

Voorloper

Over de gotische voorloper is weinig bekend. Er bestaan geen afbeeldingen van.

Als oudste datum wordt 1432 vermeld. Toen gaf Filips de Goede vierentwintig eiken balken om een stadhuis en hallen te bouwen. In 1432 werd er aan het stadhuis gebouwd of werd het in gebruik genomen.

Op het einde van de zestiende eeuw brandde het met een deel van de Grote Markt af. 1594 en 1595 worden als rampjaren genoemd. Onmiddellijk werd begonnen met de heropbouw van de Grote Markt. Uit de gevelijzers van het huis op de hoek van de Grote Markt en de Melkstraat valt het jaartal 1595 af te leiden. De bouw van een nieuw stadhuis begon begin zeventiende eeuw.

Exterieur

Het stadhuis is in Vlaamse renaissancestijl, eigen aan de vroegere Nederlanden. Die stijl is complex. Hij kan het best omschreven worden als een harmonisch samengaan van gotiek of nagotiek, renaissance en barok. Typische voorbeelden zijn de vroegere griffie van het Brugse Vrije van rond 1525, het Stadhuis van Antwerpen, gebouwd door Cornelis Floris De Vriendt tussen 1561 en 1564, en de Vieille Bourse of Oude Beurs te Lille, gebouwd door Julien Destrée in 1652 en 1653.

Gotiek en nagotiek

Nagotiek is gotiek uit voornamelijk de zestiende eeuw toen de gotiek-op-zich reeds voorbij was.

gelijkvloers met uitzondering van het middenrisaliet;
de drie toegangsportalen;
de zijportalen hebben uitgelengde of gedrukte ellipsbogen;
het middenportaal heeft een accoladeboog die steunt op twee consoles of draagstenen: een aap en een hond;
het gewelf van het pui heeft een ribgewelf;
de verdiepingen hebben kruisvensters in natuursteen;
onder en boven de vensters zijn er doorlopende banden van baksteen, op de uiteinden verstevigd met natuursteen;
tussen de vensters zijn er speklagen: horizontale banden bakstenen en natuursteen die elkaar afwisselen;
het dak bestaat uit vier rijen dakkapellen. De bovenste drie zijn in hout en gotisch;
de zijgevels hebben trapgevels.

Renaissance
de onderzijde van het gelijkvloers is een horizontale sokkel in natuursteen;
de horizontale kroonlijst springt een meter uit;
de verdiepingen vallen op door hun horizontalisme;
de verdiepingen worden beklemtoond door uitspringende en doorlopende horizontale lijsten;
uitspringende kroonlijst;
de dakkapellen van de onderste rij hebben voluten en frontons;
de zijgevels hebben voluten en obelisken;
de uitspringende toren met pui is het renaissancistische element: horizontaliteit en rondbogen.

Barok
de nissen boven het pui eindigen in een schelp;
de voluten en frontons wijzen in hun 'volwassenheid' en voldragen vormen op barok;
de klokvormige en pagodeachtige bekroning van de toren is het barokke element.

Trivia
de driehoekige of eivormige Grote Markt van Halle is een letterlijke afspiegeling van het systeem van het ancien régime waarin kerk en staat samengingen: aan het ene uiteinde bevindt zich het (vroegere) stadhuis, aan het andere de kerk;
de beelden in de nissen van het pui, die "Rechtvaardigheid" en "Waarheid" voorstellen, vervangen oudere beelden. De originele exemplaren waren het werk van een lid van de Brusselse beeldhouwersfamilie Duquesnoy. Vooral de naam van Frans Duquesnoy, bijgenaamd Il Fiammingo, zoon van Hiëronymus Duquesnoy de Oudere, wordt genoemd. De beelden werden in de zeventiger jaren van de negentiende eeuw vervangen door die van de Franse kunstenaar van Poolse afkomst Cyprien Godebski die het standbeeld in carraramarmer van Adrien Servais, zijn schoonvader, tegenover het stadhuis maakte. Ze zouden gemaakt zijn uit 'overschotten' van dat beeld;
in Halle gaat het over het historische stadhuis wanneer over het vroegere stadhuis in Vlaamse renaissancestijl wordt gesproken, hoewel dat gebouw geen stadhuis meer is. Het 'stadhuis' of 'nieuwe stadhuis' verwijst naar het huidige stadhuis aan het Oudstrijdersplein. Het gebruik van het woord 'historisch' is dubbelzinnig: het vroegere stadhuis in Vlaamse renaissancestijl historisch noemen, is door de lange geschiedenis ervan logisch, terwijl het huidige stadhuis sinds de indienstneming ook historisch kan genoemd worden;
een gedenkplaat in de zijgevel aan de kant van de Basiliekstraat herinnert aan het verblijf van Hendrik Conscience, naar wie in Halle een straat genoemd is.

Bronnen
Joseph Possoz. Notice sur l'Hôtel de Ville de Hal. In: Gedenkschriften van de Koninklijke Geschied- en Oudheidkundige Kring Halle, 1925.
Léopold Everaert en Jean Bouchery. Histoire de la Ville de Hal. 1879.
Alphonse Wauters. L'hotel de ville de Hal. Messager des Sciences historiques de Belgique, 1845.

Referenties

Onroerend erfgoed in Halle
Halle
Halle
Beschermd monument in Vlaanderen
Stadhuis van Halle

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Анто́нов Анто́н Анто́нович (1919, Родниківка — 1944, Ташлик)  — кулеметник 290-го гвардійського стрілецького полку 95-ї гвардійської Полтавської ордена Леніна, Червонопрапорної, орденів Суворова і Богдана Хмельницького 2-го ступеня стрілецької дивізії 5-ї гвардійської армії 2-го Українського фронту, Герой Радянського Союзу (1944), рядовий.

Біографія
Антон Антонович Антонов народився в 1919 році в селі Родниківка Олександрівського району Кіровоградської області в селянській родині. Українець. Безпартійний. В дитячому віці переїхав з родиною в Кропивницький. Після закінчення школи, навчався в школі ФЗУ.

Трудову діяльність розпочав токарем в механічному цеху заводу сільськогосподарського машинобудування «Червона Зірка».

В період з 1941 по 1943 роки перебував на тимчасово окупованій фашистами території, мешкаючи разом з сім'єю на станції Балашівка (тепер в межі міста Кропивницький).

15 січня 1944 року призваний Кіровоградським РВК до лав Червоної Армії. Службу проходив на посаді кулеметника стрілецького батальйону 290-го гвардійського стрілецького полку 95-ї гвардійської стрілецької дивізії. Брав участь у визволенні Кіровоградської, Миколаївської, Одеської областей України та Молдавії.

24 березня 1944 року під час форсування річки Південний Буг в районі села Чаусове Первомайського району Одеської (тепер Миколаївської) області гвардії рядовий Антонов з ручним кулеметом першим переправився на правий берег і вогнем прикрив просування інших підрозділів. За цей бій був нагороджений орденом Леніна.

В ніч на 13 квітня 1944 року переправився разом зі своїм відділенням на правий берег річки Дністер в районі села Ташлик Григоріопольського району Молдавії і, захопивши плацдарм, відбив кілька атак ворога. В критичний момент підняв бійців у атаку і був смертельно поранений осколком міни.

Указом Президії Верховної Ради СРСР від 13 вересня 1944 року Антонову Антону Антоновичу посмертно присвоєно звання Героя Радянського Союзу.

Похований на цивільному кладовищі села Ташлик Григоріопольського району Республіки Молдова.

Література
 Чабаненко В. В. Прославлені у віках: Нариси про Героїв Радянського Союзу — уродженців Кіровоградської області. — Дніпропетровськ: Промінь, 1983.

Посилання
 Антонов А. А. на «Az-libr»

Радянські військовики Другої світової війни
Герої Радянського Союзу — українці
Герої Радянського Союзу — уродженці України
Загинули в боях Німецько-радянської війни
Померли в Григоріопольському районі
Поховані в Григоріопольському районі


Cremation of the human body has changed quite a bit over the years. With the practice originating in ancient times, it has continued to this day for a variety of reasons. As a result, the process is uniquely fascinating to many, especially in light of the numerous cultural beliefs surrounding this method of after death care. The following serves to illustrate just how far the act of cremation has come, as well as shedding light on its more practical uses.
Ancient cremation was often used as a means of honoring those having showed extreme bravery on the battlefield, as well as those possessing high positions within ancient governments. For instance, Roman emperors were subject to majestic rituals upon their death, including a release of eagles above funeral pyres as homage to the passage of the soul into the afterlife. Cremation is even referenced in classic works, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey.
While cremation fell out of favor due to prevailing religious beliefs, it experienced resurgence during the nineteenth century. This was the result of over-crowded cities, which often entailed less burial space for the deceased. This led to an advancement of the science surrounding cremation, with many in academia professing a keen interest in the subject. These days, cremation is rapidly becoming a preferred method for many, thanks to a shifting of cultural attitudes and a preference against traditional burial rituals among younger generations.
Cremation can be mandatory in some cases for health and safety reasons. Examples include times of war, when families and authorities may be overwhelmed or taxed beyond their capacity to handle the high number of deceased, as well as in situations where disease and illness are widespread. In 2014, doctors handling Ebola victims in Africa routinely cremated the bodies in order to prevent the spread of the dangerous disease. The handling of dead bodies during burial procedures can be risky to those tasked with the chore, particularly in areas contending with less than ideal sanitary conditions. In the US, only licensed professionals are allowed to prepare the dead for burial or cremation. In many cases, crime scene cleaners such as Aftermath technicians and other Death Care professionals employ similar methods to protect themselves during the cleanup or body preparation process, including the use of PPE and other safety techniques.
The above illustrates the importance of proper disposal of dead bodies. In situations where a death occurs within the home, death cleanup is crucial to maintain the health and well-being of inhabitants. Even in natural deaths, the aftereffects can leave behind problematic elements for the family to contend with, including blood and bio. Fortunately, Aftermath provides an abundance of cleaning services capable of returning your home to its former state. For unattended death cleanup, or in cases involving communicable disease cleanup or other trauma cleaning, call us at 877-872-4339 for immediate assistance.


text:
Dance/Opera | Closing: 17/05/2008
Show Info Age & Content Guide
The internationally acclaimed Russian State Opera of Siberia perform Puccini's tragic masterpiece, Madame Butterfly. It is the tale of a doomed love of an American naval lieutenant and his young Japanese bride. Set to a ravishing score, it features some of the most famous arias in all Italian opera as the story moves from tender moments of unfolding love, to its ultimate powerful and tragic conclusion. Rousing performances from renowned international soloists, a powerful chorus and the company's own full orchestra guarantee an evening of breathtaking opera.
Learn more about London operas within the West End.
Unlike film, theatre doesn't have an official age classification organisation. That means all age recommendations are subjective and should be treated as guidelines unless otherwise stated. With this in mind, we ask you to use your judgement in regards to a show's suitability prior to purchase. However, we are more than happy to help you make a decision. Please email our Customer Care team to find out more about your chosen show.
This show has now closed, please visit our London Shows page for a full list of current productions.
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Opera Undone
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Unlike film, theatre doesn't have an official age classification organisation. That means all age recommendations are subjective and should be treated as guidelines unless otherwise stated. With this in mind, we ask you to use your judgement in regards to a show's suitability prior to purchase. However, we are more than happy to help you make a decision. Please email ticketing@officiallondontheatre.com to find out more about your chosen show.
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At a captioned performance the words are displayed on a screen/s placed near the stage or in the set and can be seen at the same time as they are spoken or sung.
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An interpreter will stand in a visible position and interpret the spoken and heard elements of a performance.
Relaxed performances are adapted in a number of ways to reduce anxiety and create a supportive atmosphere.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If you have any questions or inquiries regarding the Dam, please direct them to Bob Zimmerman at (518) 766-3377.
The Dam is now complete. An EAP (Emergency Action Plan) was sent to NYS DEC.
In accordance with the Nassau Lake Dam (NLD) OM&I Program a second Technical Inspection for the new dam was completed on July 12, 2011 by Kyle F Swierski, PE, LLC. In summary, KFS found the dam to be sound and in good condition, with no observed structural deficiencies.
See the progress reports below.


text:
The Taste of Victory: British artists and Waterloo
Martin Oldham
Cartoon for 'The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher After the Battle of Waterloo' (detail; 1858–59), Daniel Maclise. Photo: Prudence Cuming Associates Limited; © Royal Academy of Arts, London
From the June issue of Apollo: preview and subscribe here
The Battle of Waterloo was swiftly recognised in Britain as an epoch-defining event. But British artists struggled to reconcile the significance of victory with the bloody reality of the battlefield
The British know a thing or two about military tragedy. The death of Nelson, the Charge of the Light Brigade, Dunkirk – we honour our fallen heroes, acts of reckless bravery and valiant retreats. But celebrating victories? Is that the British thing to do?
This month, on 18 June, the country will commemorate the bicentenary of one of the greatest triumphs of all, the Battle of Waterloo. Museums the length and breadth of the United Kingdom are marking this event by staging exhibitions examining the battle, its aftermath and its two great adversaries, Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington. The Royal Academy's contribution has been to unveil a newly conserved masterpiece of Victorian art: Daniel Maclise's drawing The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher after the Battle of Waterloo. Currently being exhibited at 'Waterloo 1815: The Art of Battle' (until 23 August) at the Royal Armouries, Leeds, it returns to the Royal Academy in September where it will be displayed until January 2016.
The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher After the Battle of Waterloo (1861–63), Daniel Maclise. © The Palace of Westminster Collection
The drawing is epic in scale: more than 13 metres long and 3 metres high, and comprised of 10 separate panels, it took Maclise more than a year to complete in 1858–59. A tour de force of draughtsmanship, it combines consistent and meticulous descriptive detail with a crowded composition that is orchestrated around the dramatic encounter between the two generals. The work is a preparatory cartoon for a wall painting Maclise executed for the decorative scheme of the newly rebuilt Palace of Westminster; his two monumental frescoes there, The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher (1861–63) and its companion The Death of Nelson (1863–65) were conceived as part of a series of military paintings in the Royal Gallery, intended to rival the Galerie des Batailles at Versailles. Here the nation's artists would show their skills at large-scale history painting, demonstrating that Britain could excel in art as well as in arms. When Maclise displayed his cartoon in situ in 1859, this ambition appeared to have been realised: The Art Journal acclaimed it as 'the greatest work of its class that has been produced in England: nor is there any painter of the Continent who has surpassed it'.
But for all its heroic proportions, this is not an image of military triumph. There is something understated about the rustic setting and the simple handshake between the two grim-faced generals. Their victory has been won at terrible cost, as we can see from the heaped bodies of the wounded and dead in the foreground. As in The Death of Nelson, victory is weighed against sacrifice.
Maclise made the drawing more than 40 years after the event it depicts, by which time British attitudes to warfare had been fundamentally reshaped by the more recent Crimean War. But even in the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Waterloo, artists and writers struggled to find appropriate ways of describing an event of such magnitude and significance that it seemed to defy representation. British artists at the time lacked a domestic tradition of grand-manner battle painting within which to work, and there was widespread public distrust of militaristic art, which was associated with Napoleonic propaganda.
Contemporaries recognised Waterloo as an epochal event, the conclusive defeat of Napoleon and the end to more than 20 years of warfare with France. The British public hungered for information about the battle, avidly consuming reports, images, exhibitions and other forms of entertainment celebrating the victory. Almost as soon as the last shot had been fired, tourists started to flock to see the spectacle of the battlefield. For the first visitors, it was quickly apparent that this had been a killing field, a place of unimaginable carnage. It has been estimated that between 42,000 and 53,000 men were killed or wounded, and around 15,000 horses, on that single day in June, all within an area of about five square miles.
Within hours many corpses had been stripped of valuables, weapons and clothing, and even their teeth, by looters. The blood-soaked artefacts were later sold to tourists as memorabilia – which is the provenance of many of the Waterloo relics that will be exhibited in museums up and down the UK this year. The British Museum is currently displaying a series of newly discovered watercolour sketches made by an amateur artist within days of the battle, which depict the deserted Belgian countryside with the naked bodies of dead soldiers clearly visible, strewn across the ground (as part of 'Bonaparte and the British: Prints and Propaganda in the Age of Napoleon'; until 16 August).
The Field of Waterloo (exhibited 1818), J.M.W. Turner. © Tate, London 2015
Even after the bodies had been buried in shallow graves and pits, tourists still had a palpable sense of the immense cemetery that lay beneath their feet. Walter Scott, Lord Byron and William Wordsworth all travelled to see the famous field of Waterloo, each penning verses not so much in celebration of the victory as in response to the ground upon which it had been won. Wordsworth, who in 1816 had claimed a 'vision clear…to comprehend this victory sublime', revised his opinion on visiting the battlefield in 1820 and wrote of 'such vast hoards of hidden carnage near, / And horror breathing from the silent ground'.
J.M.W. Turner stopped at Waterloo briefly in 1817 and made a number of sketches of the terrain. But the painting he exhibited at the Royal Academy the following year, The Field of Waterloo, was informed by earlier descriptions of the bloody field. In the catalogue entry, he quoted from Byron: 'The earth is covered thick with other clay / Which her own clay shall cover, heaped and pent / Rider and horse – friend, foe, in one red burial blent!'
Turner finds no glorious victory at Waterloo, only death and despair, which he describes in terms of the sublime through the dramatic handling of light and shade. It is the night after the battle and a group of women and children search in the darkness for their fallen menfolk, the glow of their torch illuminating heaps of bodies and broken equipment. Behind them the farm of Hougoumont, scene of some of the day's heaviest fighting, continues to burn, black smoke billowing into the night sky. And in the far distance, a white flare sent up to discourage looters casts an eerie light on the carpet of corpses stretching to the horizon. With its focus on the aftermath of battle and feminine grief, Turner's painting rejects any notion of martial heroism; it would have conformed to anti-militaristic attitudes that were widely held at the time.
For the British ruling classes the victory over Napoleon was a vindication of traditional social and political values over the egalitarian and meritocratic ideals of the French Revolution and the self-made emperor. Reactionary attitudes were felt in the cultural sphere too, through a reassertion of elite taste and the established hierarchies of art. In 1816, the British Institution, an organisation run by aristocratic connoisseurs and collectors, resolved to reinvigorate British history painting by launching a competition with a 1,000 guinea prize for large-scale pictures 'illustrative of our recent successes' at Waterloo and earlier in the Napoleonic Wars.
Sketch for 'The Triumph of the Duke of Wellington' (1816), James Ward. Courtesy the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, London
The competition cannot be counted a success. Of the 15 entrants, few were established artists, largely because the Royal Academy snubbed the project out of a sense of rivalry with the British Institution. Sections of the press also turned against the competition, having little enthusiasm for what they saw as an aristocratic celebration of militarism. Nevertheless, the British Institution directors awarded first prize to James Ward, the only Royal Academician to enter, for his The Battle of Waterloo in an Allegory. The sketch Ward submitted is now at the Royal Chelsea Hospital, but the finished canvas has not survived. It took another four years to paint, a process that nearly ruined him financially, and at 10.7 by 6.4 metres was so vast there were few venues capable of displaying it. Instead of inspiring excellence in British art, the momentous events of 1815 seemed to encourage certain artists to feats of heroic excess, more likely to end in personal disaster than critical triumph.
Ward's painting borrowed heavily from Rubens's The Triumph of the Eucharist, and it was this Old Masterly pedigree, and the idea that allegory was an intellectual or poetic mode of art, that no doubt appealed to the directors. The critics, however, ridiculed these pretensions, the dubious foreignness of Ward's style, as well as the picture's conceit that Wellington, who was now a member of Lord Liverpool's unpopular government, might stand 'on the Car of War, supported by Britannia, and attended by the Seven Cardinal Virtues, commanding away the demons of Anarchy, Rebellion and Discord…' – as Ward's lengthy supporting notes put it.
The Battle of Waterloo (1820), George Jones. Courtesy the Royal Hospital Chelsea, London
Perhaps cognisant of the controversial nature of its first choice, the British Institution also decided to award a second prize, which they gave to George Jones's more straightforward depiction of the battle, which he completed in 1820. Jones had been a serving soldier under Wellington and his military experience gave a valuable stamp of authenticity to his paintings. His Battle of Waterloo claimed a high degree of documentary accuracy, but with its aerial viewpoint and sweeping vista was modelled more on topographical landscape than grand history painting. A huge canvas with masses of tiny figures, it also had affinities to the panorama, a popular form of visual entertainment at the time – and would have been considered to be at the other end of the hierarchy of artistic genres from the elevated creation that Ward had attempted.
Jones's lively scene may have appealed to certain tastes, but it was a very different treatment of Waterloo that captured the public imagination in 1822. And this was not a battle picture at all, but an image of London street life. When David Wilkie exhibited Chelsea Pensioners Receiving the London Gazette Extraordinary of Thursday, June 22nd 1815, Announcing the Battle of Waterloo!!! at the Royal Academy, crowds queued up to see it and a rail had to be placed in front to hold back the crush of people. Looking at this modestly sized, unassuming painting today, it is not immediately obvious what all the fuss was about.
Chelsea Pensioners depicts a moment, four days after the battle, when Wellington's report of victory is joyously received by a crowd gathered near the Royal Hospital for retired soldiers in Chelsea. As Wilkie explained in his catalogue entry, the assembly includes veterans not just from the Napoleonic campaigns, but also from earlier wars against France stretching back half a century, as well as Irish and Scottish soldiers, and representatives of the wider British empire. They share the news with a mixed group of civilians: male and female, old and young, rich and poor. It is an image of a diverse nation united through time, geographically and socially, by military service. Wilkie's painting aspired to elevate a scene of everyday life to the status of high art, but part of its appeal was in the way it encouraged viewers in the Royal Academy to project themselves into the patriotic community depicted in the painting, as they crowded around to get a better look.
Chelsea Pensioners receiving the London Gazette Extraordinary of Thursday, June 22nd 1815, Announcing the Battle of Waterloo!!! (1822), David Wilkie. Apsley House London © English Heritage
Britain in 1822, however, was by no means the united or contented nation imagined in Chelsea Pensioners. Immediately after Waterloo the country had entered a severe economic slump, described by Byron as a 'malady of Peace': wages fell, unemployment reached chronic levels, there was famine and widespread unrest. Few returning veterans enjoyed the benevolence of the Chelsea Hospital, and many came back to a life of destitution. But with their perceived potential for organised violence, they gave a dangerous edge to the growing movement for political reform. The people crowding around Chelsea Pensioners in 1822 had every reason to doubt this image of social harmony, but most were happy to be taken in by the fiction.
Weariness was setting in. 'London is sick to death of Waterloo,' wrote one newspaper in 1824, 'there have been so many daubs of this national "set-to" that people…would now almost as soon wish to be in such a battle itself, as to visit representations of it'. In the decades of peace that followed, the army was more likely to be deployed to suppress domestic dissent than fight foreign enemies – as it had been in Manchester at the infamous 'Peterloo' massacre of 1819. This was not an environment conducive to the celebration of military heroics.
New opportunities for history painting, in this case state-sponsored, arose in the 1840s and 1850s with the proposals to redecorate the newly rebuilt Palace of Westminster. By now, however, heroism had been redefined in terms of religious or chivalric ideals, and most of the commissioned paintings looked back to a medieval or mythical sense of Britain's past. Maclise's frescoes in the Royal Gallery were exceptions, dealing with modern subjects in a robustly militaristic manner.
The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher after the Battle of Waterloo will be the focus of 'Waterloo, Wellington and Westminster', a special exhibition at the Houses of Parliament this summer (3 August–24 September). The fresco is a severe image: it pays due deference to the authority of art, both to classicism, through its shallow pictorial field and frieze-like arrangement of overlapping warriors and steeds, and to Old Master precedents in the academic poses of the dead and dying. Yet Maclise's scrupulous realism unflinchingly portrays the sufferings and bloody sacrifice of the rank-and-file.
With Waterloo now fading from living memory, Maclise had met the challenges the earlier artists had contended with, reconciling the demands of an epic mode of art with recognition of the consequences of war. His painting neither rejects martial heroism as Turner's had, nor seeks to implicate the audience in the celebration of victory, as Wilkie's did. Maclise also presents a more democratic view of war by bringing Wellington and his officers among, and on a level with, the men they commanded. Within a couple of years of Maclise completing his frescoes in the Houses of Parliament the franchise had been extended to include a much larger proportion of the population, though it would be another 50 years before the descendants of all those who fought were entitled to vote. The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher looks forward rather than back, asserting that the sacrifice of the common soldier is a fitting subject for the highest forms of art and the grandest venues of state.
Martin Oldham is an independent researcher and art historian based in London.
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