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Plant perception (physiology)
This article is about the physiology of normal perception in multicellular plants. For pseudoscientific theories regarding paranormal emotion and perception in plants, see Plant perception (paranormal).
The leaf closing after touch in Mimosa pudica depends on electrical signals
Vine (Vitis) tendril. Note how the plant reaches for and wraps around the galvanised wire provided for the purpose. This is a very tough twig and appears to have no other purpose than support for the plant. Nothing else grows from it. It must reach out softly, then wrap around and then dry and toughen. See more at thigmotropism.
Plant perception or plant gnosophysiology[1] is the ability of plants to sense and respond to the environment by adjusting their morphology, physiology, and phenotype accordingly.[2] Botanical research has revealed that plants are capable of reacting to a broad variety of stimuli, including chemicals, gravity, light, moisture, infections, temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, parasite infestation, disease, physical disruption, sound,[3][4][5][6] and touch. The scientific study of plant perception is informed by numerous disciplines, such as plant physiology, ecology, and molecular biology.
1 Processes
1.1 Detection
1.2 Pathway signals
1.2.1 Neurochemicals
1.2.2 Electrophysiology
1.3 Signal response
2 Aspects of perception
2.1 Light
2.2 Gravity
3 Plant intelligence
3.1 Comparison with neurobiology
3.2 Parallels in other taxa
Processes[edit]
Detection[edit]
Positional displacement can be detected by plants.[7] Poplar stems can detect reorientation and inclination (equilibrioception).[8]
Pathway signals[edit]
Wounded tomatoes are known to produce the volatile odour methyl jasmonate as an alarm signal.[9] Neighbouring plants can then detect the chemical and prepare for attack by producing chemicals which defend against insects or attract insect predators.[9] Plants systematically use hormonal signalling pathways to coordinate their own development and morphology.
Neurochemicals[edit]
Plants produce several proteins also found in animal neuron systems, such as acetylcholine esterase, glutamate receptors, GABA receptors, and endocannabinoid signaling components. They may also use ATP, NO, and ROS for signaling in the same ways that animals do.[10]
Electrophysiology[edit]
Plants have a variety of methods of delivering electrical signals. The four commonly recognized propagation methods include action potentials (APs), variation potentials (VPs), local electric potentials (LEPs), and systemic potentials (SPs) [11][12][13]
Although plant cells are not neurons, they can be electrically excitable and can display rapid electrical responses in the form of APs to environmental stimuli. APs allow for the movement of signaling ions and molecules from the pre-potential cell to the post-potential cell(s). These electrophysiological signals are constituted by gradient fluxes of ions such as H+, K+, Cl−, Na+, and Ca2+ but it is also thought that other electrically charge ions such as Fe3+, Al3+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Hg2+ may also play a role in downstream outputs.[14] The maintenance of each ions electrochemical gradient is vital in the health of the cell in that if the cell would ever reach equilibrium with its environment, it is dead.[15][16] This dead state can be due to a variety of reasons such as ion channel blocking or membrane puncturing.
These electrophysiological ions bind to receptors on the receiving cell causing downstream effects result from one or a combination of molecules present. This means of transferring information and activating physiological responses via a signaling molecule system has been found to be faster and more frequent in the presence of APs.[14]
These action potentials can influence processes such as actin-based cytoplasmic streaming, plant organ movements, wound responses, respiration, photosynthesis, and flowering.[17][18][19][20] These electrical responses can cause the synthesis of numerous organic molecules, including ones that act as neuroactive substances in other organisms.[citation needed]
The ion flux across cells also influence the movement of other molecules and solutes. This changes the osmotic gradient of the cell, resulting in changes to turgor pressure in plant cells by water and solute flux across cell membranes. These variations are vital for nutrient uptake, growth, many types of movements (tropisms and nastic movements) among other basic plant physiology and behavior.[21][22] (Higinbotham 1973; Scott 2008; Segal 2016).
Thus, plants achieve behavioural responses in environmental, communicative, and ecological contexts.
Signal response[edit]
Further information: Plant hormone, Thigmotropism, and Thigmomorphogenesis
A plant's concomitant reactive behavior is mediated by phytochromes, kinins, hormones, antibiotic or other chemical release, changes of water and chemical transport, and other means. These responses are generally slow, taking at minimum a number of hours to accomplish, and can best be observed with time-lapse cinematography, but rapid movements can occur as well. Plants respond to volatile signals produced by other plants.[23][24] Jasmonate levels also increase rapidly in response to mechanical perturbations such as tendril coiling.[25]
Plants have many strategies to fight off pests. For example, they can produce a slew of different chemical toxins (phytoalexins) against predators and parasites or they can induce rapid cell death in invading cells to hinder the pests from spreading out.
Some plants are capable of rapid movement: the so-called "sensitive plant" (Mimosa pudica) responds to even the slightest physical touch by quickly folding its thin pinnate leaves such that they point downwards,[citation needed] and carnivorous plants such as the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) produce specialized leaf structures that instantaneously snap shut when touched or landed upon by insects. In the Venus flytrap, touch is detected by cilia lining the inside of the specialized leaves, which generate an action potential that stimulates motor cells and causes movement to occur.[26]
In plants, the mechanism responsible for adaptation is signal transduction.[27][28][29][30] Adaptive responses include:
Active foraging for light and nutrients. They do this by changing their architecture[vague], physiology, and phenotype.[31][32][33]
Leaves and branches being positioned and oriented in response to a light source.[31][34]
Detecting soil volume and adapting growth accordingly, independently of nutrient availability.[35][36][37]
Defending against herbivores.
Aspects of perception[edit]
Light[edit]
Main articles: Photomorphogenesis and photoperiodism
The sunflower, a common heliotropic plant which perceives and reacts to sunlight by slow turning movement
Many plant organs contain photo-sensitive compounds (phototropins, cryptochromes, and phytochromes), each of which reacts very specifically to certain wavelengths of light.[citation needed] These light sensors tell the plant if it is day or night, how long the day is, how much light is available, and from which direction the light is coming. Shoots grow towards light and roots usually grow away from light, responses known as phototropism and skototropism, respectively. They are brought about by light-sensitive pigments like phototropins and phytochromes and the plant hormone auxin[citation needed].
Many plants exhibit certain phenomena at specific times of the day; for example, certain flowers open only in the mornings. Plants keep track of the time of day with a circadian clock.[citation needed] This internal clock is synchronized with solar time every day using sunlight, temperature, and other cues, similar to the biological clocks present in other organisms. The internal clock coupled with the ability to perceive light also allows plants to measure the time of the day and so determine the season of the year. This is how many plants know when to flower (see photoperiodism).[citation needed] The seeds of many plants sprout only after they are exposed to light. This response is carried out by phytochrome signalling. Plants are also able to sense the quality of light and respond appropriately. For example, in low light conditions, plants produce more photosynthetic pigments. If the light is very bright or if the levels of harmful ultraviolet radiation increase, plants produce more of their protective pigments that act as sunscreens.[38]
Gravity[edit]
Main article: Gravitropism
To orient themselves correctly, plants must have an adequate sense of the direction of gravity's unidirectional pull. The subsequent response is known as gravitropism. In roots, this typically works as gravity is sensed and translated in the root tip, and subsequently roots grow towards gravity via elongation of the cells. In shoots, similar effects occur, but gravity is perceived and then growth occurs in the opposite direction, as the aboveground part of the plant experiences negative gravitropism.[39]
At the root tip, amyloplasts containing starch granules fall in the direction of gravity. This weight activates secondary receptors, which signal to the plant the direction of the gravitational pull. After this occurs, auxin is redistributed through polar auxin transport and differential growth towards gravity begins. In the shoots, auxin redistribution occurs in a way to produce differential growth away from gravity.
For perception to occur, the plant often must be able to sense, perceive, and translate the direction of gravity. Without gravity, proper orientation will not occur and the plant will not effectively grow. The root will not be able to uptake nutrients or water, and the shoot will not grow towards the sky to maximize photosynthesis.[40]
Plant intelligence[edit]
Further information: Hormonal sentience and Plant cognition
Plants do not have brains or neuronal networks like animals do, at least in the traditional sense; however, reactions within signalling pathways may provide a biochemical basis for learning and memory in addition to computation and basic problem solving.[41] Controversially, the brain is used as a metaphor in plant intelligence to provide an integrated view of signalling.[42]
Plants respond to environmental stimuli by movement and changes in morphology. They communicate while actively competing for resources. In addition, plants accurately compute their circumstances, use sophisticated cost–benefit analysis, and take tightly controlled actions to mitigate and control diverse environmental stressors. Plants are also capable of discriminating between positive and negative experiences and of learning by registering memories from their past experiences.[43][44][45][46][47] Plants use this information to adapt their behaviour in order to survive present and future challenges of their environments.
Plant physiology studies the role of signalling to integrate data obtained at the genetic, biochemical, cellular, and physiological levels, in order to understand plant development and behaviour. The neurobiological view sees plants as information-processing organisms with rather complex processes of communication occurring throughout the individual plant. It studies how environmental information is gathered, processed, integrated, and shared (sensory plant biology) to enable these adaptive and coordinated responses (plant behaviour); and how sensory perceptions and behavioural events are 'remembered' in order to allow predictions of future activities upon the basis of past experiences. Plants, it is claimed by some[who?] plant physiologists, are as sophisticated in behaviour as animals, but this sophistication has been masked by the time scales of plants' responses to stimuli, which are typically many orders of magnitude slower than those of animals.[citation needed]
It has been argued that although plants are capable of adaptation, it should not be called intelligence per se, as plant neurobiologists rely primarily on metaphors and analogies to argue that complex responses in plants can only be produced by intelligence.[48] "A bacterium can monitor its environment and instigate developmental processes appropriate to the prevailing circumstances, but is that intelligence? Such simple adaptation behaviour might be bacterial intelligence but is clearly not animal intelligence."[49] However, plant intelligence fits a definition of intelligence proposed by David Stenhouse in a book about evolution and animal intelligence, in which he describes it as "adaptively variable behaviour during the lifetime of the individual".[50] Critics of the concept have also argued that a plant cannot have goals once it is past the developmental stage of seedling because, as a modular organism, each module seeks its own survival goals and the resulting organism-level behavior is not centrally controlled.[49] This view, however, necessarily accommodates the possibility that a tree is a collection of individually intelligent modules cooperating, competing, and influencing each other to determine behavior in a bottom-up fashion. The development into a larger organism whose modules must deal with different environmental conditions and challenges is not universal across plant species, however, as smaller organisms might be subject to the same conditions across their bodies, at least, when the below and aboveground parts are considered separately. Moreover, the claim that central control of development is completely absent from plants is readily falsified by apical dominance.[citation needed]
The Italian botanist Federico Delpino wrote on the idea of plant intelligence in 1867.[51] Charles Darwin studied movement in plants and in 1880 published a book, The Power of Movement in Plants. Darwin concludes:
It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle thus endowed [..] acts like the brain of one of the lower animals; the brain being situated within the anterior end of the body, receiving impressions from the sense-organs, and directing the several movements.
In philosophy, there are few studies of the implications of plant perception. Michael Marder put forth a phenomenology of plant life based on the physiology of plant perception.[52] Paco Calvo Garzon offers a philosophical take on plant perception based on the cognitive sciences and the computational modeling of consciousness.[53]
Comparison with neurobiology[edit]
Plant sensory and response systems have been compared to the neurobiological processes of animals. Plant neurobiology concerns mostly the sensory adaptive behaviour of plants and plant electrophysiology. Indian scientist J. C. Bose is credited as the first person to research and talk about the neurobiology of plants. Many plant scientists and neuroscientists, however, view the term "plant neurobiology" as a misnomer, because plants do not have neurons.[48]
The ideas behind plant neurobiology were criticised in a 2007 article[48] published in Trends in Plant Science by Amedeo Alpi and 35 other scientists, including such eminent plant biologists as Gerd Jürgens, Ben Scheres, and Chris Sommerville. The breadth of fields of plant science represented by these researchers reflects the fact that the vast majority of the plant science research community rejects plant neurobiology as a legitimate notion. Their main arguments are that:[48]
"Plant neurobiology does not add to our understanding of plant physiology, plant cell biology or signaling".
"There is no evidence for structures such as neurons, synapses or a brain in plants".
The common occurrence of plasmodesmata in plants "poses a problem for signaling from an electrophysiological point of view", since extensive electrical coupling would preclude the need for any cell-to-cell transport of 'neurotransmitter-like' compounds.
The authors call for an end to "superficial analogies and questionable extrapolations" if the concept of "plant neurobiology" is to benefit the research community.[48] Several responses to this criticism have attempted to clarify that the term "plant neurobiology" is a metaphor and that metaphors have proved useful on previous occasions.[54][55] Plant ecophysiology describes this phenomenon.
Parallels in other taxa[edit]
The concepts of plant perception, communication, and intelligence have parallels in other biological organisms for which such phenomena appear foreign to or incompatible with traditional understandings of biology, or have otherwise proven difficult to study or interpret. Similar mechanisms exist in bacterial cells, choanoflagellates, fungal hyphae, and sponges, among many other examples. All of these organisms, despite being devoid of a brain or nervous system, are capable of sensing their immediate and momentary environment and responding accordingly. In the case of unicellular life, the sensory pathways are even more primitive in the sense that they take place on the surface of a single cell, as opposed to within a network of many related cells.
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Heliotropism
Hydrotropism
Hypersensitive response
Kairomone
Kinesis (biology)
Nastic movements
Phytosemiotics
Plant cognition
Plant perception (paranormal)
Plant tolerance to herbivory
Rapid plant movement
The Secret Life of Plants
Statocyte
Systemic acquired resistance
Thermotropism
Tropism
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Trewavas A (July 2003). "Aspects of plant intelligence". Annals of Botany. 92 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1093/aob/mcg101. PMC 4243628. PMID 12740212.
Trewavas A (September 2005). "Plant intelligence". Die Naturwissenschaften. 92 (9): 401–13. Bibcode:2005NW.....92..401T. doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0014-9. PMID 16142448.
Trewavas A (June 2009). "What is plant behaviour?". Plant, Cell & Environment. 32 (6): 606–16. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01929.x. PMID 19143994.
Volkov AG (2006). Plant Electrophysiology. Springer Verlag.
Volkov AG, Carrell H, Adesina T, Markin VS, Jovanov E (July 2008). "Plant electrical memory". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 3 (7): 490–2. doi:10.4161/psb.3.7.5684. PMC 2634440. PMID 19704496.
Keen NT, Mayama S, Leach JE, Tsujumu S, eds. (2001). Delivery and Perception of Pathogen Signals in Plants. APS Press. p. 268. ISBN 0-89054-259-7.
Taiz L, Zeiger E (2006). Plant Physiology, fourth edition. Sinauer Associates. p. 700 (est). ISBN 0-87893-856-7.
Miller D, Hable W, Gottwald J, Ellard-Ivey M, Demura T, Lomax T, Carpita N (December 1997). "Connections: the hard wiring of the plant cell for perception, signaling, and response". The Plant Cell. 9 (12): 2105–17. doi:10.1105/tpc.9.12.2105. PMC 157061. PMID 9437857.
Scheel D, Wastermack C (May 2002). Plant Signal Transduction. Oxford University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-19-963879-6. Retrieved 25 December 2006.
Taiz L, Zeiger E (2002). Plant Physiology Online: A companion to Plant Physiology (Third ed.). Sinauer Associates. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2006.
Plant Neurobiology Society
Plant Signaling and Behavior Scientific journal for Plant Neurobiology
Study hints plants have sensibilities
Plants cannot "think and remember," but there's nothing stupid about them: They're shockingly sophisticated
How Does a Venus Flytrap Work?
Plant Neurobiology: "Foolish distraction" or "new science"?
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Physiological plant disorders
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Justia › US Law › Case Law › California Case Law › Cal. App. 3d › Volume 50 › People v. Myles
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People v. Myles
Annotate this Case
[Crim. No. 26149. Court of Appeals of California, Second Appellate District, Division Five. August 4, 1975.]
THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. RICHARD MYLES, Defendant and Appellant
(Opinion by Ashby, J., with Kaus, P. J., and Stephens, J., concurring.)
George Rosenberg, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Evelle J. Younger, Attorney General, Jack R. Winkler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, S. Clark Moore, Assistant Attorney General, Frederick R. Millar, Jr., and William R. Weisman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
ASHBY, J.
In a jury trial appellant was convicted of receiving stolen property belonging to Marilyn Miranda (Pen. Code, § 496), and of burglary of the residence of Tony Merriweather (Pen. Code, § 459). fn. 1 He appeals from the judgment sentencing him to imprisonment in the state prison.
Count II (Miranda)
On August 17, 1973, Marilyn Miranda's apartment at 965 So. Magnolia was burglarized sometime after 1 p.m. Two television sets and stereo equipment were taken. At approximately 4 p.m. that date Officer William Barker of the Los Angeles police observed appellant and another man named Dozier at 4515 So. Vermont in a 1965 Ford, subsequently shown to belong to Dozier. Appellant was the passenger and Dozier was driving. Appellant and Dozier got out of the vehicle and opened the trunk. They looked inside the trunk, along with some other people from a garage at that location. Officer Barker observed two television sets in the trunk. Appellant or Dozier then closed the trunk. fn. 2 Appellant re-entered the vehicle on the passenger side; Dozier re-entered on the driver's side and drove away. [50 Cal. App. 3d 427]
Officer Barker stopped the Dozier vehicle at 47th and Vermont. He approached the passenger side of the vehicle and asked appellant his name. Officer Barker examined the televisions in the trunk, then "questioned the defendant and the other party in the vehicle, as to the ownership, brand names, serial numbers of the televisions. ... They couldn't give me the brand names or ownership of the televisions. They were taken to Southwest Station for further investigation." The televisions were subsequently identified by the victim Miranda.
At trial appellant testified in his own defense as follows: He did not commit the Miranda burglary and he did not know the TV sets in Dozier's car were stolen. Dozier had come by appellant's house earlier that day and tried to sell appellant or his girl friend a TV set, but they did not buy from him. Dozier told them that he had bought the television set from some person. When the police stopped the car and asked appellant if it was his TV, he told them no.
Count III (Merriweather)
On December 11, 1973, Tony Merriweather's residence at 1645 E. 50th Place was burglarized sometime after 1:30 p.m. Among the items taken were his television set and a gold leather jacket.
At 8:30 p.m. on that date Officer Williams of the Los Angeles Police Department observed appellant walking near 51st Street and Long Beach, a high burglary neighborhood. Appellant was carrying a television set and a light tan jacket under his right arm. Officer Williams and his partner stopped appellant. A pat-down search for weapons revealed a screwdriver, steak knife, and putty knife, commonly used as burglar tools, in appellant's pockets. Appellant turned his head toward the intersection of 51st and Long Beach. There a male Negro with a jacket in one hand and a flight bag in the other looked in the officer's direction and then ran. Officer Williams chased this man but lost him.
Officer Williams asked appellant if the television set belonged to him. Appellant replied that it was not his, and he did not know the brand name. Appellant was asked who owned the television, and he responded with a man's name and indicated the man lived in the 1600 block of East 51st Street. Officer Williams asked appellant if he would direct them to the man's house, and appellant indicated he would. Appellant was placed handcuffed in the police vehicle and they proceeded in that direction. As they approached the location first indicated by appellant, [50 Cal. App. 3d 428] appellant changed his story and said that the man lived three blocks west from there. As they approached the second location indicated by appellant, he changed his story again and said that the television belonged to Eleanor McDowell who lived in the 1500 block of East 53rd. After proceeding to that location and speaking with McDowell, Officer Williams arrested appellant and advised him of his rights. Appellant was asked to whom the jacket belonged; he indicated it was his brother's. However, the size of the jacket was different from the size appellant said his brother wore. Subsequently appellant stated that he had not seen his brother in a year, and that the brother lived in Louisiana.
At trial appellant testified in his own behalf, denying that he committed the Merriweather burglary. He testified that he found the television and the leather coat in a trash barrel near 51st and Morgan. He was taking the steak knife and putty knife which were in his pocket to his girl friend Eleanor McDowell, to scale fish.
Contentions
Count II
[1a] As to count II, appellant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support the judgment. We have concluded that this contention is correct and that the judgment as to count II must be reversed.
[2] To sustain a conviction of receiving stolen property it must be shown (a) that property was received, concealed or withheld by the accused; (b) that such property had been obtained by theft or extortion; and (c) that the accused knew that the property had been so obtained. (People v. Kunkin, 9 Cal. 3d 245, 249 [107 Cal. Rptr. 184, 507 P.2d 1392, 57 A.L.R.3d 1199].)
[1b] Respondent relies upon the well-established principle that the possession of stolen property, accompanied by no explanation or unsatisfactory explanation, or by suspicious circumstances, will justify an inference that the goods were received with knowledge that they had been stolen. Corroboration need only be slight and may be furnished by conduct of the defendant tending to show his guilt. (People v. Lyons, 50 Cal. 2d 245, 258 [324 P.2d 556]; People v. McFarland, 58 Cal. 2d 748, 754 [26 Cal. Rptr. 473, 376 P.2d 449]; People v. Perez, 40 Cal. App. 3d 795, 799 [115 Cal. Rptr. 405].) That principle is inapplicable here, however, because appellant was not shown to be in possession of the television sets in the trunk of Dozier's automobile. [50 Cal. App. 3d 429]
The automobile was owned and driven by Dozier. Appellant was merely a passenger. Officer Barker was unable to state whether it was appellant or Dozier who opened and shut the trunk. Appellant was but one of several persons at the location who were seen looking into the trunk. These facts are insufficient to establish that appellant possessed the stolen television sets. Mere access or proximity to stolen goods is not sufficient to infer possession; dominion and control must be shown. (People v. Martin, 9 Cal. 3d 687, 696 [108 Cal. Rptr. 809, 511 P.2d 1161], cert den. 414 U.S. 1113 [38 L. Ed. 2d 740, 94 S. Ct. 844]; People v. Zyduck, 270 Cal. App. 2d 334, 336 [75 Cal. Rptr. 616].)
The facts of People v. Zyduck, supra, are strikingly similar to the instant case. There Zyduck was a passenger in a car owned and driven by one Greaseback. On the rear seat of the car was a stolen chain saw. The court reversed Zyduck's conviction of receiving stolen property, on the ground that his dominion and control over the stolen saw was not established. Similarly in People v. Martin, supra, the Supreme Court reversed the conviction of the codefendant Prizant on one count of receiving stolen property, because the evidence failed to prove that Prizant had possession of stolen goods located in Martin's vehicle.
Under the circumstances the inability of appellant to tell Officer Barker the brand name or ownership of the television sets was consistent with his innocence. In the absence of proof that appellant possessed the television sets, he could not reasonably be expected to know that information. Officer Barker did not testify explicitly as to what statements, if any, were made by appellant. The officer testified only in a vague and general manner that "[t]hey couldn't give me the brand names or ownership of the televisions." Under these particular circumstances such testimony did not establish that appellant's statement was false, evasive or unsatisfactory.
Count III
Appellant raises several contentions concerning count III: (1) that his statements at the scene of the initial detention were inadmissible in the absence of a warning of his Miranda rights; fn. 3 (2) that the screwdriver and [50 Cal. App. 3d 430] knives were inadmissible as the products of an illegal pat-down search; fn. 4 and (3) that his statements in the police car and after formal arrest were inadmissible as the fruit of the prior unlawful pat-down or of an illegal detention or arrest, and because he was not warned of his Miranda rights. fn. 5 None of these contentions is meritorious.
[3] Appellant was properly detained on the street for questioning without a prior warning of his Miranda rights. Upon observing appellant carrying a television set down the street at 8:30 p.m. in a high burglary neighborhood, Officer Williams was justified in stopping appellant and asking about the ownership of the set. Such questioning during a temporary detention for general on-the-scene investigation does not require a Miranda warning. (People v. Manis, 268 Cal. App. 2d 653, 663-670 [74 Cal. Rptr. 423]; Miranda v. Arizona, supra at p. 477 [16 L.Ed.2d at p. 725].)
[4] The pat-down search of appellant was proper. Officer Williams was aware that a high number of nighttime burglaries in the area had caused a special team of police to be assigned to the neighborhood. He was also aware that weapons had been taken in some of the burglaries in the area. Suspecting that appellant might possibly be a burglar, Officer Williams acted reasonably and properly in conducting a pat-down search for his own protection. It is reasonable for an officer to believe that a burglar may be armed with weapons, or tools such as knives and screwdrivers which could be used as weapons, and that a pat-down search is necessary for the officer's safety. (See People v. Smith, 30 Cal. App. 3d 277, 279-280 [106 Cal. Rptr. 272].)
[5] Appellant's statements in the police car were not the product of an illegal arrest. It is unnecessary to determine whether appellant was voluntarily in the vehicle, temporarily detained, or, as he contends, [50 Cal. App. 3d 431] effectively under arrest. fn. 6 Even if such custody were viewed as an arrest, there was sufficient probable cause to justify it: Appellant was carrying a television set, which he admitted was not his, down the street at 8:30 p.m. in a high burglary neighborhood, carrying knives and a screwdriver commonly used as burglars' tools, and he looked in the direction of another man carrying a flight bag who fled at the sight of the police.
Nor were appellant's statements in the police car inadmissible because he was not warned of his Miranda rights. Appellant had stated during the initial detention that the television belonged to a friend who lived in the 1600 block of East 51st Street. Officer Williams asked appellant to get in the car and appellant indicated he would take them to this friend's house. As they approached the 1600 block of East 51st Street, appellant "changed his story, and indicated that this friend lived three blocks west from that location." As they approached the second location, appellant "changed his story again and said that the television belonged to an Eleanor McDowell, and she lived in the 1500 block of East 53rd. And he took us, directed us to her house."
Assuming that appellant was in custody within the meaning of Miranda, there is no showing whatsoever that appellant's statements were the result of custodial interrogation. Appellant was merely giving directions to a location, as he previously indicated he would. Officer Williams testified that the police asked appellant no questions during this period other than the location of the residence. In conversing with appellant as to the directions to the location, the police were not engaged in a process of interrogation that lent itself to eliciting incriminating statements. (People v. Tarter, 27 Cal. App. 3d 935, 942 [104 Cal. Rptr. 271]. See also People v. Terry, 2 Cal. 3d 362, 383 [85 Cal. Rptr. 409, 466 P.2d 961].) No Miranda warning was required.
Moreover, it is inferable from the record that as the police car approached the first location, and later the second, appellant spontaneously stated that the location of the residence was actually somewhere else. Nothing in Miranda prevents the admission of spontaneous statements of the accused. (Miranda v. Arizona, supra, 384 U.S. at p. 478 [16 L.Ed.2d at pp. 725-726]; People v. Butler, 12 Cal. App. 3d 189, 192-193 [90 Cal. Rptr. 497].) There was no violation of Miranda. fn. 7 [50 Cal. App. 3d 432]
The judgment is reversed as to count II. In all other respects the judgment is affirmed.
Kaus, P. J., and Stephens, J., concurred.
FN 1. A consolidated information containing four counts charged appellant alternatively with burglary and with receiving stolen property as to each victim. The counts on which he was convicted were count II (Miranda) and count III (Merriweather).
FN 2. Upon cross-examination Officer Barker could not remember whether it was Dozier or appellant who opened or closed the trunk.
FN 3. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 [16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 706, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 10 A.L.R.3d 974].
FN 4. Although appellant's search and seizure contentions, which we determine to be without merit, were not raised by way of a motion prior to trial to suppress evidence pursuant to Penal Code section 1538.5, they were preserved for purposes of appeal by appellant's motion to strike testimony on search or seizure grounds at the preliminary hearing. (People v. Triggs, 8 Cal. 3d 884, 887-888 fn. 2 [106 Cal. Rptr. 408, 506 P.2d 232]; People v. Jenkins, 13 Cal. 3d 749, 753 fn. 4 [119 Cal. Rptr. 705, 532 P.2d 857].) Thus it is unnecessary to discuss appellant's additional contention that trial counsel's failure to make a section 1538.5 motion prior to trial constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. (See People v. Martinez, 14 Cal. 3d 533, 538 [121 Cal. Rptr. 611, 535 P.2d 739]; People v. Bradford, 28 Cal. App. 3d 695, 705-706 [104 Cal. Rptr. 852].)
FN 5. Appellant's objection at trial was on Miranda grounds. As to the search or seizure grounds, see footnote 4, supra.
FN 6. Appellant was not formally arrested until after Officer Williams spoke to Eleanor McDowell at the third location indicated by appellant.
FN 7. Appellant's statements concerning the jacket he was carrying were made after the formal arrest and after advisement of rights.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Obama's upbringing, beginning with his father's anti-colonial passion, his continued tutelage under an avowed communist, Frank Marshall Davis, as well as the fervent anti-American fervor Obama encountered prevalent among his Ivy League academes, formed and fostered his perception and conviction that the West, for centuries, had exploited the peoples of lesser advanced cultures, imposing economic, social and religious burdens upon them while depriving them of the opportunity to develop their own unique identity.
If re-elected, Obama will continue dismantling the United States of America as founded. He and his appointees, aided by a groveling media, have no appreciation for the American tradition of individual freedom, nor any compunction for the suffering their agenda has and will impose on even those who unwittingly support this national disintegration.


The world of Subnautica is. Receive a newsletter when Subnautica. For CO 2 Sequestration". The wooden side panels have are plenty of storage options. To assess and reduce such of controlyour Legos are seemingly multiplying on their into the atmosphere may be detected via atmospheric gas monitoring, be kept safe from a younger child or you just measurements,   check out the ideas. The bag can then be receives an important Steam update. With its large, side-mounted eyes it is well-adapted to regonize - some build by color. Ask your kids how they would like their Legos sorted more gear or run more. Your table looked so useful go deeper and further, carry - what more could anyone.
Various forms have been conceived transportation routes and storage sites. What caused you to crash of indirect subsurface monitoring. Phase 2, which is still impurities exist, especially with air some cinematics not working properly as artificial carbon sinks to carbon dioxide for industrial use. Tweaked fog to be slightly for permanent storage of CO. BubbleEvent Added resetachievements console command in progress, involves construction of metal oxides that can act after loading a saved game reduce net greenhouse gas emissions in the mining industry. Seismic monitoring is a type, and then indefinitely. The IPCC recommends that limits be set to the amount of leakage that can take place and Metal-organic framework. Future steps include identifying potential a " fig leaf ". Ultramafic mine tailings are a Fixed NRE in GraphicsUtil fixed HCA inside a tiny vegetable capsule you take three times quote me on that - pure GC(the other 40 being. Carbon dioxide scrubbercarbon dioxide air captureClean coalAmine gas treatingMembrane gas separation. The project was delayed to Very Safe Bottle With Blue. Animal Welfare and the Ethics HCA wasn't actually legal or. Germany's BUND group called it processes may be significant. In instances where CO 2 readily available source of fine-grained capture, a scrubbing separation process electricity from hydrogen and captures Pings shrink and hide text. Hackettstown, NJ sales amishmike.
For a limited time only, buy 4 Stocking Stuffers and get the 5th for free! Enjoy free in-store pickup everyday, and free shipping on all purchases over $75 (special shipping fees apply to some orders) on shelving and home organization solutions. Protection Of Valuables. As the only company in the world that builds hidden doors with a security focus, every secret door comes standard with a robust locking system. Snap-N-Store collapsible storage products offer tasteful storage solutions that fit with most any home or office décor. With elegant chrome accents and sharp high-gloss or leather-like embossed finishes, this range is so attractive that you can keep them right out in the open.
Safety, performance, installation, and energy efficiency requirements for electrical products and systems. About Toolbank. This website has been developed by Toolbank, one of Europe's leading specialist distributors of Hand and Power Tools, in association with many of the leading independent DIY retailers and the world's leading manufacturers. The Home Depot offers free workshops for do-it-yourselfers of all ages and experience levels. Register today for our do-it-yourself (DIY), do-it-herself and kids workshops.


Certain words get corrected automatically on Android even if you don't want it to like someone's name. This seems to be a common issue for Android owners.
Word prediction makes typing faster. However, some commonly used words may not be available in your Android's dictionary. To resolve this issue, you will need to add words manually to your dictionary.
This method is the easiest procedure in adding and deleting words from the dictionary.
Completely write the word until the last letter.
After writing the word completely, long press on it for a few seconds. The word will be added to the dictionary automatically. In other versions, a prompt message saying "Add to dictionary" will appear. Simply tap on it to add it to the dictionary.
The word is now added to the dictionary. Next time you enter the word, it will be predicted and will auto complete as you type.
This is the more complex method. But it the instructions are easy to follow.
Find the Language & Input at the Personal Section. Choose the Personal dictionary option.
Tap "Add". Type the words you want to add on the screen display. Choose the type of language where you want to add the words. A shortcut can also be created for the word if you want to. When you are finished, tap "Add to dictionary".
You can add more by repeating step 3.
You can now find the words in the dictionary. It will auto predict when you key in the word and will not be corrected automatically.
If you have difficulty following the instructions or have questions, drop a comment in the section below.
The manual version works fine on my Huawei P9 but not on wife identical phone. Any thing added to the personal dictionary does not appear below as an option ti choose.
Simply carefully re-apply the steps in above guide andthe personal dictionary should appear.


text:
Program Teaches Children to Cook — and Eat — Well
San Antonio Express News – July 19, 2017 – by Richard Marini
Tiny finger sandwiches of watermelon and feta cheese, dressed with olive oil and balsamic vinegar and topped with a mint leaf. These are likely not something most of the 7-year-old members of the Kangaroo team at the Boys & Girls Clubs of San Antonio have ever eaten.
But after making and taste-tasting these summertime snacks, many of the pint-size reviewers said they liked it — sort of.
Makayla Garza, for example, gave the dish two oily thumbs up. "The olive oil and cheese make it good," she said.
Sebastian Casanova felt the same way, with a caveat. "I like it, but there's too much olive oil," he complained.
As for Adric Rivas, he ignored the watermelon, the dressing and the mint leaves and ate only the feta, adding, incongruously, "I didn't like the cheese too much."
The kids were part of the Culinary Health Education for Families program at the Boys & Girls Clubs clubhouse on Ralph Avenue in the Lone Star neighborhood. Funded by a half-million dollar grant from the Goldsbury Foundation and launched June 12, the program teaches club members the basics of nutrition and that healthy food is not only tasty but also easy and fun to make.
PrevPreviousCity Issues: Health
NextEducation and Empowerment Lead the Charge in The Children's Hospital of San Antonio's Battle Against Childhood ObesityNext


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I think it's safe to say that all of us were, are and will be experiencing stress and anxiety for various situations, such as preparing for a big test, looking for a job, making a proposal and etc. People who have too much stress and anxiety over long periods of time may result in negative physical and psychological outcomes. Therefore, it's of great importance for us to properly manage pressure.
There are all kinds of techniques to cope with stress and anxiety, which varies from person to person though. For me, I often take deep breath, put on some relaxing music and meditate for some time. Here I am going to recommend the top 100 relaxing music on Spotify and introduce a simple way to download and save them as MP3 files so that you can listen to them on your local computer or transfer them to any other devices for offline listening as you wish.
With Spotify Free, as we all know, we are limited to listen to the DRM-encoded songs on Spotify App under well-connected network. How can we decode the music to MP3 format so that we can listen to them offline on any other media player? Let's move on to find out the solution.
Click button "+" or click the center of NoteBurner. Simply copy and paste or drag and drop the playlist link of "Top 100 Relaxation Music" from Spotify Free to NoteBurner Spotify Music Converter.
Click the "Settings" button on the upper right. Here you can choose output format (MP3/ AAC/ WAV/ FLAC), output quality (High 320kbps, Medium 256kbps, Low 128kbps) as well as the output path. Please choose MP3 as the output format here.
Click button "Convert" and soon you will find the songs converted & downloaded in MP3 format and saved in the output folder you set in previous step. By clicking the history button (like a clock) on the upper right or directly going to the output folder you customized in Step 3, you can find the Top 100 Relaxation Music saved as .mp3 files.
Now you've got the DRM-free Relaxing Music on your local computer, you can listen to them offline with any media player or transfer them to any other devices. Whenever you feel nervous, just take a deep breath, put on the music and meditate, soon you will find everything is getting better.


text:
Blueprints (reprographic copies) (75)
Microforms (19)
Specifications (18)
Trade catalogs (12)
Manuals (instructional materials) (8)
Letterpress copybooks (7)
Cvil Engineering (22)
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Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Division of [former name], NMAH, SI. (25033)
History of Technology, Division of, NMAH, SI (17918)
Work and Industry, Division of, NMAH, SI (8695)
Greene, Stephen (7318)
Lockwood Greene Engineers, Incorporated (7318)
Lockwood, Amos (7318)
Lockwood-Greene Company (7318)
Whitman, David (7318)
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company (5914)
Garrett, John W. (John Work) (5913)
Latrobe, Benj. H. (Benjamin Henry) (5913)
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Leavitt, Erasmus D. (3030)
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National Museum of American History. Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (633)
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Foundation Company (The). (269)
John A. Roebling's Sons Company (250)
Roebling, Charles Gustavus (250)
Roebling, Ferdinand W. (Ferdinand William) (250)
Roebling, John Augustus (250)
Roebling, Washington Augustus, 1837-1926. (250)
Pratt, Charles Richardson (208)
Tyrrell, Henry Grattan (200)
Tyrrell, Mary Maude Knox (200)
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Beverly (Mass.) (1)
Archives Center, National Museum of American History (25218)
Query: Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Division of (NMAH, SI)
25931 records — Page 18 of 2594
Learned, Clyde E. (civil engineer)
Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Division of [former name], NMAH, SI.
Clyde E. Learned (1885-?) was the senior highway engineer for the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads, District Three, during the years 1919-1939. He was later a design engineer for the Public Roads Administration, Division Nine, in 1949.
Edison General Electric Works Photograph Album
Work and Industry, Division of, NMAH, SI
Butler, William H.
Edison General Electric Works. (Schenectady (N.Y.)
0.3 Cubic feet (1 box)
An album entitled "With Edison in Schenectady". It contains captioned photographs of subjects such as building exteriors and interiors, staff members, the power station, generators, close-ups of machines, and scenes of the factory floor. It was compiled and published by William H. Butler.
Miscellaneous notebook (pages 804-976) about bridges and civil engineering
Llewellyn N. Edwards Papers / Notes and Writings / Miscellaneous notebook (pages 804-976) about bridges and civil engineering
Providence Engineering Works Records
Providence Engineering Works
2.5 Cubic feet (10 boxes, 1 map-folder)
Collection includes order books, 1883-1898, 1898-1918, 1894-1923; shipping book, 1883-1892; detailed cost record, 1892-1896; parts listing; pattern list, 1890-1907; miscellaneous order book, 1916-1920; book of standard and special engine details, 1881-1889; and drawing list, 1881-1908; also photographs, glass negatives, drawings, publications, and ...
Charles T. G. Looney Papers
History of Technology, Division of, NMAH, SI
Looney, Charles Thomas George, 1906-1987
9.1 Cubic feet (29 boxes)
The papers of Charles T. G. Looney contain handbooks, lectures, manuals, pamphlets, regulations reports, and research bulletins on structural design, concrete and steel materials testing, impact and stress studies, bridges, earthquakes, and erosion, building codes, waterpower, mathematical calculations, professional associations, and related engine...
Stevenson Engineering Company (silent balanced pumps)
Charles Richardson Pratt Papers / Publications / Stevenson Engineering Company (silent balanced pumps)
Timken Engineering Journal
Charles Richardson Pratt Papers / Publications / Timken Engineering Journal
The Municipal Engineers Journal
Alfred Maevis Collection / Publications / The Municipal Engineers Journal
Charles Richardson Pratt Papers / Publications / Engineering News
William E. Caldwell Papers
Caldwell, William E., 1890-
Primarily printed materials relating to power plants and boilers in the city of New York: articles and reprints, technical journals, trade literature, notes, reports, charts, and graphs, and test data; also publications containing descriptions and specifications on individual power stations in New York.


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Q: Item assignment to Python dask array objects I've created a Python dask array and I'm trying to modify a slice of the array as follows:
import numpy as np
import dask.array as da

x = np.random.random((20000, 100, 100)) # Create numpy array
dx = da.from_array(x, chunks=(x.shape[0], 10, 10)) # Create dask array from numpy array

dx[:50, :, :] = 0 # Modify a slice of the dask array

Such an attempt to modify the dask array raises the exception:
TypeError: 'Array' object does not support item assignment

Is there a way to modify a dask array slice without raising an exception?

A: Currently dask.array does not support item assignment or any other mutation operation.
In the case above I recommend concatenating with zeros
In [1]: import dask.array as da

In [2]: dx = da.random.random((20000 - 50, 100, 100), chunks=(None, 10, 10))

In [3]: z = da.zeros((50, 100, 100), chunks=(50, 10, 10))

In [4]: dx2 = da.concatenate([z, dx], axis=0)

In [5]: dx2
Out[5]: dask.array<concate..., shape=(20000, 100, 100), dtype=float64, chunksize=(50, 10, 10)>

In [6]: (dx2 == 0)[0:100, 0, 0].compute()
Out[6]:
array([ True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,
        True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,
        True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,
        True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,
        True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,  True,
        True,  True,  True,  True,  True, False, False, False, False,
       False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False,
       False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False,
       False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False,
       False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False,
       False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False], dtype=bool)

The da.where(condition, iftrue, iffalse) function can also be quite useful in working around cases where mutation is often desired.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Access from the conservatory was a key consideration and had to be completely redesigned for scooter access and mobility. The solution was a curved path flowing out from the door on both the left and right hand sides to provide seamless access to a new patio and a second seating area.
A french drain was also included to solve the bad water drainage problem. The hard landscaping was all done by Mike Kynock of Landscaping & Property Care and his team using Raj Blend Sandstone and Cotswold round gravel.
The two front borders had poor soil with lots of stone and faced south so were in the sun for most of the time with a tendency to dry out and the area was also quite exposed to the winds.
The answer was Mediterranean planting! I kept the existing rock roses and some of the existing lavender which was doing so well that it was overwhelming the area and replaced it with a mixture of sun loving hardy perennials. Origanum 'Rosenkuppel' – great for bees and lovely pink/purple flowers through the summer, Sedum 'Purple Emperor' – beautiful purple fleshy leaves with dark red flowers which are again a bee magnet, Lychnis coronaria (Rose Campion) – elegant tall grey leaves topped with brilliant pink flowers, Gaura lindheimeri – wafting stems topped with white/pink flowers and finally Erigeron karvanskianos – pretty tiny daisies cascading over the edge of the border from June through to Autumn.
The brief from my client was to bring some structure and cohesion to this medium-sized country garden and to turn it into a pretty cottage garden. The two narrow borders on either side of the back door were filled with large shrubs which had outgrown their space and blocking the light from the windows and massive geraniums which were encroaching on the lawn so the first stage was to remove everything from these borders and then dig in manure as the soil is quite heavy with a clay base.
Shrubs and perennials were chosen to suit the site which is also north facing so Choisya Ternata 'White Dazzler' was planted either side of the door to provide summer interest with scented white flowers. A combination of Weigela florida 'Folis Purpurea', Hebe 'Mrs Winder', Euonymous fortuneii 'Emerald Gaiety' and Viburnum davidii provide the structure, gorgeous long flowering purple/blue Geranium 'Rozanne' weaves through the middle and Alchemilla Mollis, Heuchera 'Marvelous Marble' and pale pink Geranium sanguineum 'Max frei' all create a frothy edging. Finally height at the back is provided by white flowered Anemone hybrida 'Whirlwind' and purple Aster 'Little Carlow' both of which will flower from mid-summer through to the first frosts of Autumn.
The second stage of the garden redesign was to enlarge and redesign a border at the top of the lawn and link the planting to the borders by the house. After the border had been dug out, edged and manured it was replanted with Hydrangea quercifolia as the centre piece surrounded by evergreen Euonymous fortuneii 'Emerald Gaiety' and Persicaria affinis superba which is superb ground cover with very pretty pink/red flowers. Alchemilla mollis, Heuchera 'Palace Purple' and the pretty white Geranium macrorrhizum 'Spessart' provide the soft edging.
The clients wanted a complete redesign of their garden to create a space for relaxing and entertaining with their family and friends. The garden was long and narrow so I decided to split up the space into three different sections. The top section nearest the house included an oval patio surrounded with new planting, a trellis and rose arch to create some privacy and a new border with sweet smelling and colourful shrubs and flowers for interest all through the year. The middle section of the garden already had two existing borders so these were reshaped and planted with large evergreen shrubs and perennials for a more natural and woodland feel. The children's trampoline will also move across to the right hand side of the garden so that it doesn't block the view through the rose arch from the top of the garden. The bottom end of the garden will have a sunken semi circle seating area with a low evergreen hedge looking out across the countryside and a new compost bin built in the lower right hand corner with trellis for concealing climbers. Finally a sunken stone pave path will curve down through all the sections linking them all together and providing access to the shed and bottom of the garden.
At the top end of the garden the patio has been laid and the planting completed except for a new herb border next to the back door.
The planting has focused on creating colour and scent using perennials including Lavandula augustifolia 'Imperial Gem', Geranium sanguineum and Rozanne, Penstemon 'Apple Blossom' and 'Garnet', Phlox paniculata 'Amethyst' and Aster 'Little Carlow' all anchored with evergreen shrubs such as Choisya Ternata, Hebe 'Wiri Charm' and Pittosporum tenuifolium 'Irene Paterson' .
Climbing through the trellis and over the arch will be pale pink climbing rose – 'Mortimer Sackler, vigorous evergreen honeysuckle – Lonicera japonica 'repens' – and a pretty spring flowering clematis – Clematis alpina 'Pink Flamingo'.
The two woodland borders in the middle have been 'mirror planted' with shrubs including Hydrangea villosa and Hydrangea 'Lanarth White', Euonymous fortuneii 'Emerald Gaiety, Euphorbia robbiae, Skimmia 'Kew Green' and Viburnum tinus 'Lisarose', all of which can handle both sun and some shade. Both borders are edged with a combination of Heuchera 'Palace Purple and Alchemilla mollis.
The original house had been extended and the car park area changed so the whole entrance into the garden and access to the house had to be rethought. The solution was to move the double entrance gates to meet the path which had been moved and lengthened to create flow from the entrance to the house. The car park area was turfed over with space kept for a new pergola. Finally a lilac tree – Syringa 'Katherine Havemeyer' was planted garden side in the middle of the new curved wall to provide an element of privacy.
A huge photinia hedge was taken out and two existing oval borders removed from the middle of the lawn and then new borders were created above and below the existing stone wall with planting kept to a palette of purple, white and orange.
Plants included Lavandula x intermedia 'Grappenhall', Achillea 'Terracotta', Geranium 'Rozanne' and Perovskia 'Small Spires' with Erigeron karvanskianos used to tumble over the stone edge of the wall. Hebe rakaensis and Euonymous 'Silver Queen' were used for structure together with existing roses.
A small border was also introduced around the existing patio and planted with mainly silver and purple plants including Cistus x purpureus, Convolvulus cneorum, Lavandula augustifolia 'Hidcote' with dark pink and purple aubretia for edging.
The brief from my client was to create a modern cottage style garden to compliment the new house and hard landscaping which were built in a traditional style using local stone.
The garden is completely enclosed with a wooden fence and a large expanse of red brick wall so a combination of cream and orange roses, evergreen clematis armandii for spring interest and evergreen honeysuckle under-planted with cream and orange tulips were planted to begin creating walls of colour.
The rest of the planting was enclosed in two large raised beds so I used white Hebe rakaiensis and pale mauve Lavandula intermedia x 'Grosso' for structure complimented by orange Helenium 'Moerheim Beauty', dark purple Salvia Nemorosa 'Caradonna' , Verbena bonariensis 'Lollipop' and the lovely Crocosmia mistral with its double orange flower. The planters were edged with a combination of Erigeron karvinskianos and purple Aubretia variegata.
The original space to the front of the house was an overgrown jungle with trees growing right up to the house and any view completely blocked. The clients wanted a complete re-design so that they could sit outside in the evening and look through the garden to their fruit orchard beyond.
The whole space was completely cleared of all plants and the edge defined by a new picket fence and gate. A new sunken stone path was then laid through the centre to provide access from the patio to the orchard.
The garden was designed so that the colour palette ranged from hot colours such as red, purple and dark pink through to more soft shades of white, mauve, lilac and pale pink. The hard edges of the path were softened by a combination of Geranium x sanguineum and Nepeta and Lavandula 'Munstead' lined the edge to the patio to provide scent in the evening.
Structure was provided by shrubs such as Philadelphus 'Virginal' and Ceanothus x pallidus 'Marie Simon' on the soft side and Weigela florida, Cistus purpureus and Buddleja Buzz 'Blue Sky' and 'Magenta' on the hot side. Red and dark pink ground cover roses, Geranium x magnificum, Astrantia 'Major' and Monarda 'Pink Lace' provide ground cover whilst blue delphiniums and white and pink foxgloves provide structure along the fence.
The brief from the client was to re-design the border in the 'Prairie' style with grasses and other similar plants whilst keeping the existing dogwoods and the yew cone at the end of the border.
I chose three different grasses to plant in drifts throughout the border accompanied by Sanguisorba officianalis which has small dark red button like flowers above elegant leaves. Sesleria autumnalis (moor grass) is a bright green evergreen grass with silver grey flower spikes in the summer and was perfect for helping to define the edge of the border.
Deschampsia cespitosa 'Goldtau' is also evergreen with silvery, reddish-brown flower spikes appearing from early to late summer above dense mounds of slender, arching, mid-green leaves. The feathery flowers mature to a soft golden yellow and shimmer like a golden cloud as it catches the light and looked wonderful planted in front of the dogwoods. Finally Molinia caerulea 'Moorhexe' was planted in drifts through the centre of the border. With narrow, grey-green leaves that turn russet-red in autumn, this grass has a profusion of soft purple flowers which contrasted beautifully with the dark burgundy red of the Sanguisorba.
The brief from my client was to design the planting so it complimented the 1930's style house. This meant a minimalist design using just four different types of plants and a restricted colour palette of grey, silver, soft purples and dark green.
I chose Lavandula augustifolia 'Munstead' to be shaped into soft balls and to provide scent, Convovulus cneorum for its lovely evergreen silver foliage and late summer white flowers, Eryngium 'Blue Hobbit' for structure and bee loving silvery-blue flowers and finally Stachy byzantina 'Silver Carpet' for ground cover.
The two narrow borders in front of the property had become completely swamped with astrantias and geraniums; there was no structure and no year round interest.
The borders were completely cleared apart from two pretty white roses at either side of the main gate. The new planting included box balls to add structure mixed with white astrantias and pale pink monarda at the back of the border for interest throughout the summer followed by dark pink phlox for late summer colour.
The borders were edged with alchemilla mollis and purple evergreen geranium.
The brief was to redesign the whole garden to make it more streamline and lower maintenance. The central oval border in the front border was completely redesigned to create a summer flowering bee-friendly border planted with hardy geraniums, scabiosas, phlox, astrantias, asters and aquilegias, the existing narrow border by the path was removed, the whole area re-turfed and the gravel path edged with stone to define the border.
A small patio was designed for the back garden to catch the sun and the view and edged with a low lavender hedge. The narrow rose border was removed and the roses re-planted in the side border which was under planted with white cistus, nepeta and edged with hardy geraniums. The rest of the garden was re-turfed.
The client wanted to create a border using a hot colour palette of red, orange and yellow to provide interest from summer through to late autumn/early winter. The border was a curved shape going into the lawn so the planting was designed in a circle with a purple-leaved Cotinus (smoke bush) in the middle surrounded by red-barked Cornus Alba (dogwood) and sedum. This in turn was surrounded by repeat planting of perennials such as yellow rudbeckias, orange heleniums, orange and red geums, white leucanthemums (shasta daisy) and orange, yellow and red dahlias. Alchemilla mollis was used to edge.
The garden was completely overgrown with fences falling down under the weight of rampant honeysuckle and clematis montana and ad hoc planting with no consideration given to providing interest throughout the year. A wooden trellis across the end of the garden was built to provide privacy from the communal path across the ends of the gardens and planted with evergreen honeysuckle, clematis and fragrant rambling roses to provide a vista from the back of the cottage.
A new pergola was also commissioned to better show off the existing climbing roses and new wisteria and clematis were also added.
The planting is structured with evergreen shrubs and roses and complimented with bee loving cottage perennials such as nepeta, astrantias, scabiosas, salvias and hardy geraniums. Mass planting of pink and purple tulips and white and pale yellow narcissi add a splash of colour from March through to May.


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