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NZNO Library - New books available for loan
The loan period is 4 weeks. All books are couriered out to you, so please provide your street address when requesting items. We also ask that you bear the cost of couriering the books back to us.
1. A Breath of Hope: 50 Years of Breathing Better: the Asthma Foundation 1964 to 2014.
Ormsby, M. L. (2014) The Asthma Foundation. 128pp.
Celebrating fifty years since the first meeting of The Asthma Foundation this book records the history since the foundation was commissioned. From a local beginning in 1964 the asthma movement grew to include the Asthma Foundation, a national body, and New Zealand wide network of asthma societies. Asthma remains a chronic disease, a major cause of hospital admissions and an extremely serious health problem for Maori and Pacific People.
2. Child-Centred Nursing: Promoting Critical Thinking.
Carter, B. Et al. (2014) Sage Publications. 179pp.
The authors present a unique approach by bringing children to the fore of the discussion about their health and health care. It encourages you to think critically about children, their families and contemporary practice issues. It promotes reflection on how you can develop innovative practice so as to improve children's health outcomes and their experiences of health care. Clinical case studies and critical thinking exercises are included in each chapter, creating and sustaining a clear link between professional practice, research and theory.
3. Mentoring Today's Nurses: A Global Perspective for Success.
Baxley, S.M. et al. (2014) Sigma Theta Tau International. 163pp.
Mentoring and coaching are critical components of professional success for nursing students. This book focuses on mentoring within educational and health care settings, where nursing students and professional nurses must learn how to assess and navigate multiple systems.
4. Nursing Delegation and Management of Patient Care.
Motacki, K. & Burke, K. (2011) Mosby Elesevier. 293pp.
This resource is your guide to information on the roles and responsibilities of the manager of patient care, core competencies required of nurses caring for patients, and a wide range of management concepts that nurses need to know before entering practice. With an emphasis on patient safety and evidence-based practice, it provides complete coverage of patient care management, leadership, information management, organizational planning, and human resources.
5. Person and Family Centered Care.
Barnsteiner, J. et al. (2014) Sigma Theta Tau International. 470pp.
Person and Family Centered Care offers a new approach that begins with the person, embraces the family, and encompasses all care delivery locations. At the forefront of this movement are authors Jane Barnsteiner, Joanne Disch, and Mary K. Walton, who present a surprisingly practical clinical reference covering a vast array of patient-care scenarios, together with effective strategies for achieving optimal outcomes.
6. Transforming Interprofessional Partnerships: A New Framework for Nursing and Partnership-Based Health Care.
Eisler, R. & Potter, T.M. (2014)
This text presents a structure to shift health care relationships from hierarchies of domination and isolated professions to high-functioning, collaborative teams ready to be full partners with patients, families, communities, and one another. This comprehensive text will benefit nurses by defining and illustrating full partnership in practice, education and research to improve communication and interprofessional collaboration. 354pp.
7. With You: The Mary Potter Hospice Story.
Dawson,B. (2014) Wairau Press. 304pp.
Commissioned by, and gifted to, the Mary Potter Hospice by the Little Company of Mary, this book tells the stories of the inspirational people who have been associated with Mary Potter Hospice over the years. It tells of the decision makers, the clinical teams, the patients and their carers, staff and volunteers: their determination, their struggles and the fundraising that made the dream a reality
Articles - Nursing Times, February 2015
8. Trusts lose their overseas recruits
Nursing Times, 11-17 February 2015, 2-3
Hospital trusts are failing to keep hold of nurses recruited from abroad, with some losing the majority within just a year of hiring them, an investigation by Nursing Times has revealed.
9. Leadership philosophy of care home managers
Nursing Times, 11-17 February 2015, 12-15
Transformational leadership in care homes can improve staff job satisfaction and retention, and enhance the delivery of effective care for residents.
10. Managing and treating chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease is irreversible, but management and treatment options are available to help patients self-manage the condition and maintain their quality of life
11. Strategy for maintaining student wellbeing
Wellbeing interventions often focus on resolving problems, but a preventative strategy has been developed to help students and others cope more effectively.
12. Adherence to CPAP in obstructive sleep apnoea
Nursing Times, 11-17 February 2015, 23
A Cochrane review explored the effectiveness of strategies to improve adherence to continuous positive airway pressure treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea
Selected articles – Psychology Aotearoa 2014
13. DSM-5 and the practice of psychology – Part 2: the major changes and their implications
Psychology Aotearoa, Vol 6, No. 2, November 2014, 61-65
This articles explores the DSM system of classification, its impact on the work of psychologists and on the society we live in.
14. Where to psychology in Aoteraoa? Choosing between histories
Psychology has a complex history; there is much written about its sycophancy to those in power, whether in industry, the state, the military or medicine.
15. Bringing psychological research into public dialogue about preventing sexual reoffending
In this article Gwenda Willis shares two different experiences of public engagement and concludes with some thoughts on effective strategies for engaging the public on a highly emotive topic.
16. "There's no cloud of shame on me": Maori men's experiences of prison-based psychological rehabilitation – Part 11
By Damian Terrill & Neville Robertson
Bi-cultural practice is of paramount importance for New Zealand-based practitioners. This article presents a study of three maori men who underwent the Special Treatment Unit – Rehabilitation Programme (STU-RP) in a New Zealand prison. The men reflected on how a specific bi-cultural therapy intervention played a prominent art in each of their treatment experiences
17. The perils of practicing psychology: Aggression, violence and other threats to wellbeing
By Michael Daffern.
This paper encourages psychologists to consider issues pertaining to aggression, violence and other threatening behaviour. It highlights the need to consider, and it briefly explores causal factors, preventive strategies, as well as some considerations for what to do in, and after, a critical situation.
18. Mind the gap: the growing gap between evidence and claim
By Andrew Munro
From its beginnings as a science in the late 19th century psychology has engaged in a battle for scientific respectability as well as with the forces of pseudo-science. Why is the gap
between claim and evidence widening? What are the dynamics of this gap to explain why claims are being exaggerated, and what are the difficulties in building a coherent evidence base to support claims for efficacy?
19. The Essentials of Oral History Research
An introduction to oral history methodology. How to plan an oral history project, choose the best equipment, achieve clear audio recordings, select informants, follow ethical procedures, develop questioning techniques, process digital oral history, and make the material available for use. Bring a recorder if you have one you intend to use for recording. Exercises to be completed before Day Two will be discussed.
Day One: Introduction to Oral History
Date: Saturday 28 February 2015; 8.45am-4.30pm
20.Day Two: Recording Seriously
Date: Saturday 28 March 2015; 8.45am-4.30pm
Recording Seriously builds on Day One: Introduction to Oral History, reviewing work completed and covering in more detail interview techniques, project planning and technical, ethical, and legal issues.
More information: http://www.oralhistory.org.nz/notices.html
21. Nursing Management Congress
Date: October 13-17, 2015
Venue: Disney's Contemporary Resort in Lake Buena Vista, FL
http://www.cvent.com/events/nursing-management-congress2015/event-summary-72eb6789e6314ef9b8bf733090a8f310.aspx
22. Nursing Informatics Forum 2015
Venue: Brisbane
Abstract submissions: Close 16 March 2015
More information: http://hisa.site-ym.com/events/event_details.asp?id=578031
23. Midwife delighted to be back
Taranaki Daily News - 19/02/2015
Hawera's newest midwife is hoping to breathe new life into the town's maternity services. Teressa Lindsey moved to Hawera from Tokoroa and has taken up residence at the Hawera Hospital maternity unit.
http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/south-taranaki-star/66379780/Midwife-delighted-to-be-back
24. LA hospital puts out warning after 'superbug' outbreak
NZ Herald - Friday Feb 20, 2015
A Los Angeles hospital said it may have unwittingly infected more than 100 people with a treatment-resistant "superbug" linked to the deaths of two of its patients. The Ronald Reagan UCLA Health System released a statement late Wednesday saying at least seven of its patients have been infected with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria (CRE), apparently transmitted to them in the hospital via tainted surgical tools
http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11405067
25. Treatment hope for stroke victims
ODT - Fri, 20 Feb 2015
A radical stroke treatment that removes blood clots from the brain dramatically improves the recovery of stroke victims -- and now a study involving Kiwi patients has proved it. One young Aucklander made a full recovery from a stroke which might otherwise have left him with severe mobility issues.
http://www.odt.co.nz/news/national/333811/treatment-hope-stroke-victims
26. iPads keep remote patients in touch
Marlborough Express - 19/02/2015
Getting health information online, through text and by email is the "way of the future", says a Blenheim GP. The Medical Council of New Zealand last week cautioned medical professionals about the use of telemedicine - diagnosing and treating patients through the use of telecommunications. Council chairman Andrew Connolly said telemedicine offered the opportunity to provide faster and more effective health care, particularly in remote areas of the country
http://www.stuff.co.nz/marlborough-express/news/66377830/iPads-keep-remote-patients-in-touch
27. Cervical checks the highest in the country
Hawkes Bay Today - Friday Feb 6, 2015
Hawke's Bay is winning the battle to get Maori women to have three-yearly cervical screening checks, recent figures show. The region had the best figures among the 20 district health boards in the most recent quarterly report of three-year cervical screening coverage.
http://www.nzherald.co.nz/hawkes-bay-today/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503462&objectid=11397536
28. Sun damage continues hours after exposure
ABC Science – 20/2/2015
Scientists have found that the skin damage caused by UV rays does not stop once you get out of the sun. Much of the potentially cancer-causing damage wrought by ultraviolet radiation from sunlight or tanning beds occurs up to three to four hours after exposure, according to a new study published in the journal Science today. This delayed damage is thanks to chemical changes involving the pigment melanin - which is responsible for our skin, eye and hair colour
http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2015/02/20/4183969.htm
29. This week in health: Vaccination and measles, discussed and discussed again
Canada.com Health takes a look at a few vaccination stories
http://o.canada.com/health/this-week-in-health-vaccination-and-measles-discussed-and-discussed-again
30. Canberra on alert after ACT Health records first measles case of year
The Age - February 17, 2015
ACT Health has warned Canberrans to be aware of measles symptoms after recording the territory's first case of the contagious illness for this year
http://www.theage.com.au/act-news/canberra-on-alert-after-act-health-records-first-measles-case-of-year-20150217-13hh12.html


Over the last two and a half years, The Football History Boys have written extensively about footballers and their roles in both the First and Second World Wars. It is something that today seems unimaginable - sporting heroes fighting for their countries overseas but in 1914 & 1939 it became reality. Earlier this week, we received a book from The History Press - all about footballers in WWI and more particularly the role Chelsea FC played. Now, as many of our readers will be keen to point out, I am not usually Chelsea's biggest fan but from 1914-1918 any footballing rivalries were put firmly to one side as the nation came together to achieve a greater goal - victory.
Over Land and Sea is an excellent account of one club's role in the 'Great War', how players, fans and managers were all affected at home and abroad. In this review we are going to dissect the book as well as offer a wider footballing history and context. Alexandra Churchill has left no stone unturned as she explores "one club's participation in the most savage conflict the world had yet seen." Our previous pieces about World War One have involved the role women played and the formation of the 'Football Battalion' - something Churchill frequently references throughout the piece.
The start of the book is centred on the establishment of Chelsea Football Club in 1905 - something the author is quick to note as an 'entry by storm' in reference to an early club historian. Why was this? Simply put it only took The Blues just a few months to be playing the Second Division of English football. We are quickly reminded of the growth in popularity of the sport in London at the turn of the century as a number of clubs were formed to compete with their northern counterparts. However, such an entry was perhaps not as unique as it is described- Liverpool took just a couple of years to be established as a top-flight club 12 years before. The north/south divide in terms of football is something we at TFHB have written about a lot - as seen no clearer than with the 'disease of professionalism'.
After a quick dissection of the establishment of Chelsea, we are thrown straight into the outbreak of war. Churchill's research, alongside Andrew Holmes, is extensive as match day programmes and personal accounts are used to tremendous effect as the reader manages to get a sense of the apprehension and excitement caused by war. The use of figures and statistics show us the scale and enormity of the conflict - Churchill citing over 33,000 men enlisting in just one day in September, 1914. Despite such rapid calls-to-arms the Football League continued during the first year of the war, with the season's finale the FA Cup featuring two teams - Sheffield United and...you guessed it - Chelsea.
"At half-time the band played 'Tipperary' and a collection was made for the Red Cross, sheets held out for fans to toss pennies onto...Lord Derby presented the trophy and in front of a dripping wet crowd at Old Trafford gave a speech. The time, he said, for games was now at an end. There was a more significant game to be resolved now. He was right..."
Before the author describes the fixture above, the first year of the First World War is also expertly documented as Churchill combines both a narrative of the club and the war in general. The First Battle of Ypres is mentioned as well as the initial calls for the formation of a 'football battalion'. Once more, numerous newspaper articles are used in order to gain an authentic feel to the book - little opposition was found on the idea - 2000 able men were playing the sport they loved, but the greater match was overseas in the grim brutality of the western front trenches.
The Footballers' Battalion is well researched and explained throughout the book - the 17th Middlesex Regiment now becoming the stuff of legend for modern day football fans and scholars alike. At TFHB we have written pieces about the group of men who fought in WWI and Churchill impressively brings the ambivalence of the population, with concern to such a battalion, to life. Chelsea played a key role in making up the mass of players who enlisted - one notable player being English top scorer, Vivian Woodward.
The above quote from the Western Daily Express brings home the reality of war. Throughout the book it is mentioned of Woodward's role in the Battalion as a company commander. Unfortunately it also written by Churchill of a German bomb which came flying into the Footballers' Battalion's line tearing into his right thigh. Woodward's story is of course similar to a large number of soldiers throughout the war, with his eventual injuries ending his football career in 1919. What the author has also done well is to include short biographies of each Chelsea player who fought in France and Belgium in which is explained their war activity and later life.
"It was by now early evening, but a threatening grey sky prematurely darkened the coastline as 18-year-old Harry Trusler dropped into a boat to make his journey to shore...The sounds of the battle raging inland grew louder as the Portsmouth Battalion made for land; shrapnel screeched towards the beach and showered its occupants with metal and then the crackle of rifle fire became audible. For the raw young recruits like Harry about to enter the mayhem, war was immediately real."
Back on the Western Front saw the Footballers' Battalion enter what was to become the War's most devastating battle and loss of life - the Somme. Today, the Battle of the Somme has been well documented by historians, keen to highlight the loss of life and incompetence of many wartime military leaders like Douglas Haig. What is not recorded however is the role footballers played. Chapters 12, 13 & 14 are devoted entirely to the skirmish which went on to cause of a million casualties including numerous footballers like those from Chelsea.
"The Footballers' Battalion's contribution to the shattering offensives of 1916 was over. On the morning of 15 November a battalion of the Royal Fusiliers arrived and relived the 17th Middlesex...By mid-afternoon they we back in Mailly, where the following day they climbed into lorries and turned their backs on a horrific four-month induction into fighting the Great War."
Finally, Churchill covers the Battle of Arras and the endings of the War. It is in these last chapters that we discover the loss of life associated with Chelsea FC and how the club would help the community to come to terms with what went before. The club would of course remain in operation despite numerous losses of players and fans alike. This book has been a real eye-opener for me personally as I, like many before, have been quick to make quips like "Chelsea have no history" - but after this fine study of one club's role in one of history greatest conflicts I may well be eating my words!
"It was the same at Chelsea, as those left behind counted the cost of the war. Familiar faces at Stamford Bridge, of fans, players and staff associated with the club would not return, but the Blues had survived being shaken to the core by events on a worldwide scale. One hundred years later Chelsea Football Club lives on."
In conclusion 'Over Land and Sea' is an awesome read - it brilliantly brings to life the First World War and the horrors it produced. Churchill manages to document the development and growth of the Footballers' Battalion alongside a finely detailed narrative of the War itself. Alongside the writings are a number of key illustrations of battlefields as well as images of the players themselves to bring a sense of reality to something that is still difficult to fully grasp. It is clear that a wealth of research has gone into the publication, something that should not go unnoticed. Alexandra Churchill is described as having Di Matteo, Terry and Ivanovic as hero footballing heroes...no doubt after this enthralling and inspiring journey into WWI she will have a lot more!


Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (MISS) uses the latest advanced technology to treat back pain and neck pain caused by a variety of spinal conditions. Special surgical instruments, devices and advanced imaging techniques are used to visualize and perform the surgery through small incisions. The aim of MISS is to minimize damage to the muscles and surrounding structures enabling faster recovery and less pain.
Minimally invasive spine surgery is performed through very small incisions. Through these small incisions, segmental tubular retractors and dilators are inserted to retract muscles away from the operative area and provide access to the affected area of the spine. This minimizes the damage to the muscles and soft tissues and lessens blood loss during the surgery. An endoscope, a thin telescope-like instrument with a video camera on the end is inserted through one of the tiny incisions to provide images of the operation field on the monitor in the operating room. Special tiny surgical instruments are passed through the working channel of the endoscope to perform the surgery. Sometimes surgical microscopes may also be used to magnify the visual field. Once the surgery is complete, the tissues fall back in place, as the various instruments are removed. The incision is then closed and covered with surgical tape.
As with any surgical procedure, there are risks involved with minimally invasive spine surgery. The risks and complications of MISS may include infection, bleeding, nerve injury, or spinal cord injury as well as complications due to general anesthesia.
© Eric M. Deal MD, Orthopedic Spine Surgeon, Burnsville, Minneapolis.


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Chey: The Brides of Whitevale River
August 24, 2020 By Charity Phillips
When Chey Watkins loses her job for defending an Indian from the Shoshone tribe, she starts a chain reaction that changes her life forever.
Bored and unfulfilled, Chey is the wildest of the Watkins' sisters. Her temper and passion are as untamed as her red hair. She's always thought of herself as an outsider. Chey dreams of traveling East to live with her sister in New York; all she needs is enough money to get there.
When Waya, a local brave, enters Mrs. Baker's teahouse uninvited and unannounced, he's quickly and violently expelled from the premises. Waya was only looking for help, and Chey immediately jumps to his defense, costing her dearly.
Out of work and shunned by her own people, Chey has never felt more alone. But fate isn't finished with Chey as she faces the biggest test of her life; one in which she could lose everything.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text: 18 When Peleg had lived 30 years, he fathered Reu. 19 And Peleg lived after he fathered Reu 209 years and had other sons and daughters. 20 When Reu had lived 32 years, he fathered Serug. 21 And Reu lived after he fathered Serug 207 years and had other sons and daughters. 22 When Serug had lived 30 years, he fathered Nahor. 23 And Serug lived after he fathered Nahor 200 years and had other sons and daughters. 24 When Nahor had lived 29 years, he fathered Terah. 25 And Nahor lived after he fathered Terah 119 years and had other sons and daughters. 26 When Terah had lived 70 years, he fathered Abram, Nahor, and Haran. 27 Now these are the generations of Terah. Terah fathered Abram, Nahor, and Haran; and Haran fathered Lot. 28 Haran died in the presence of his father Terah in the land of his kindred, in Ur of the Chaldeans. 29 And Abram and Nahor took wives. The name of Abram's wife was Sarai, and the name of Nahor's wife, Milcah, the daughter of Haran the father of Milcah and Iscah. 30 Now Sarai was barren; she had no child. 31 Terah took Abram his son and Lot the son of Haran, his grandson, and Sarai his daughter-in-law, his son Abram's wife, and they went forth together from Ur of the Chaldeans to go into the land of Canaan, but when they came to Haran, they settled there.


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Food Import
Feeding Africa's fast-growing cities
Demographic projections have forecast that in the coming decades, Africa's rate of urbanisation will be the highest in the world. According to some models, the majority of the continent's population will be urbanised by the mid-2030s at the latest.
As a result, Africa's cities and food markets offer the largest and fastest-growing market opportunity available to the continent's 60 million farms.
Parallel increases in per capita income, fuelled by an emerging middle class, are triggering dietary changes. By 2010, the African Development Bank (AfDB) estimated that the continent's middle class accounted for over one-third of its total population.
Growing per capita income leads to pronounced dietary changes, including diversification from starchy staples to higher-value perishable products such as dairy, meat and horticulture, as well as growing demand for prepared and processed foods.
In their efforts to supply growing urban food markets, Africa's farmers, agro-industries and policymakers face many challenges. Farmers must find ways to intensify food production amidst increasing land pressure and rising wage rates.
They must simultaneously diversify production to accommodate a growing demand for high-value perishables such as poultry, dairy, livestock and horticultural products.
In addition, in the face of mounting food imports from overseas, African farmers, traders and wholesalers have to find ways to drive down the domestic costs of production, storage and distribution in order to remain competitive with external suppliers in Brazil, North America, Europe and Asia.
Africa's productivity gap
Over the past five years, Africa has imported food worth an average of US$72 billion (R1,18 trillion) annually, down about US$10 billion (R163 billion) per year from the years immediately following the 2011 world food crisis.
While some countries can afford to substitute domestic production with imports, thanks to higher incomes from exports of natural resources (including oil, gold and diamonds) and cash crops (including cocoa and coffee), the same does not apply to the continent at large, as more than 40% of its population is still living below the international poverty line.
Slow progress towards food security has been attributed to low productivity of agricultural resources, high population growth, political instability and civil strife, as well as low yield levels.
Production of the main cereals, which represent 50% of the average caloric intake in Africa, increased 30% overall in volume terms from 2009 to 2018. Wheat production experienced an average annual growth of 2,4% over that period with a 13% increase in yield.
The volume of rice produced also increased, from 23,3 million tons to 33,2 million tons, although average yield declined 11%. Maize production reached 79 million tons in 2017, compared with 60 million tons in 2009.
There are still significant gaps between Africa's yield levels of maize and rice and the world average. Overall, Asian and South American countries achieved yields 2,6 times greater, and North America six times greater, than the average in Africa.
Average rice yield per hectare in Asia is double, and in North America 3,7 times more, than that of Africa. Improvements in yield levels for maize and rice in Africa have been relatively stagnant over the past 10 years. Wheat yield increased to world levels in 2011 but has remained slightly below average world levels during the past few years.
According to the AfDB, one-third of all calories consumed in Africa are imported, resulting in a negative net agricultural trade balance of US$18,37 billion (R302 billion) in 2019. Overall, the growth of food imports over the past 10 years has averaged 3%.
The volume of intra-regional trade for food items within Africa also remains low; the share of food imports from Africa compared with that of the total imports from the rest of the world decreased from 17,4% in 2001 to 12,6% in 2008, and increased to 15% by 2019, implying a growing dependence on international imported food products as a proportion of the continent's import basket.
While numerous differences exist in the conditions of production across Africa, some key salient features cutting across most regions and sectors explain Africa's aggregate performance in agriculture.
Gross production value increased 11% from 2010 to 2016, but growth was achieved mainly through the continued expansion of production areas, not increases in productivity. In fact, productivity per agricultural worker has improved by a factor of only 1,6 in Africa over the past 30 years, compared with 2,5 in Asia.
Low productivity can be attributable to small-scale production, as well as lack of access to improved seeds and productivity-enhancing inputs such as equipment, fertilisers and pesticides. Low productivity and yield gaps are among the main constraints facing small- and medium-scale farmers, who account for more than 60% of Africa's population.
Conversely, where carried out on a large scale under highly integrated value chains with established outgrower systems and sufficient investment, such as South Africa's poultry or Kenya's horticulture sector, production has been boosted and export capacity has been created. In most African countries, however, low levels of productivity have contributed to low and even decreasing levels of competitiveness.
Lack of competitiveness
Africa also lacks competitiveness at the processing stages of production. According to International Trade Centre data on African agricultural exports, less than 2% of cashew nuts, sesame seeds and tea, and around 6% of coffee was exported as processed goods in 2019.
More concerning, the rate of the total value of processed over unprocessed and semi-processed exports for all products showed a declining trend from 2010 to 2019.
Non-tariff measures represent another huge obstacle to Africa's agricultural trade. Given poor infrastructure, high fuel costs and internal trade barriers, per-kilometre costs of trade within Africa remain very high. A recent study of 42 countries in sub-Saharan Africa found that median trade costs were over five times higher than elsewhere in the world.
In addition, the estimated costs of exporting agricultural products between African countries are generally higher than the costs of exporting outside the continent.
For example, the lowest trade cost (excluding tariffs) of exporting agricultural products from Nigeria to Lithuania is at about 155% of sales, while the lowest cost of exporting to another African country (in this case, South Africa) is at 188% of sales.
Enabling greater intra-regional trade, alongside increasing productivity and addressing other barriers to competitiveness, could play a central role in reversing Africa's rising food import bill while boosting Africa's position in the global market, stabilising prices, and securing the regional market supply of food.
With the African Continental Free Trade Area agreement (AfCFTA) in place, intra-African trade in agricultural products will potentially increase between 20% and 30% by 2040. By aggregating a huge market of more than 1,2 billion consumers, AfCFTA would provide attractive opportunities for both regional and international market players.
AfCFTA is an ambitious initiative, however, and its success will depend largely on ratification (only 30 countries out of 54 signatories had ratified it as of May 2020), and implementation. Africa's experience with other regional trade agreements has been lacklustre, and there are thus mixed views on the outlook for Africa under a more complex AfCFTA.
For such a large regional arrangement to take effect, rigorous national measures and policies to address competitiveness at all links of agricultural value chains will be crucial.
These include measures to improve production capacities and promote investment for higher value-added agro-production. Ultimately, a robust intra-continental market information system will help connect surplus and deficit areas, opening up market access to help farmers reap the benefits of the single market created by AfCFTA.
According to the AfDB, an estimated US$315 billion (R5,18 trillion) will be needed between 2015 and 2025 to fulfil the potential transformation of African agribusiness. This will help unlock markets worth more than US$100 billion (R1,64 trillion) per year by 2025.
The views expressed in our weekly opinion piece do not necessarily reflect those of Farmer's Weekly.
This article is an edited excerpt from the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa's 'Africa Agriculture Status Report 2020: Feeding Africa's Cities: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policies for Linking African Farmers with Growing Urban Food Markets'.
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Take in the relaxed ambience and enjoy a three-tiered arrangement of finger sandwiches, scones, and seasonal desserts. Choose from a selection of exceptional teas and perhaps enjoy a glass of champagne or mimosa.
Afternoon Tea is a celebratory affair to enjoy with friends, associates and especially loved ones. "Little Prince & Princess tea" also available for our junior guests (4 years to 12 years).
Visit our website's MENU page at: www.inspire-cafe.com for more information on this lovely ritual typically offered from 2-4 pm on the last Sunday of each month. Reservations required in advance. Call Inspire Café to reserve your table - 563.583.8338.


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Preistoria
Il territorio oritano è stato frequentato sin dai periodi più remoti; le prime tracce della presenza antropica si trovano un po' in tutto il territorio oritano ma in particolar modo nelle contrade Laurito e S. Giovanni lo Pariete, dove è stato rinvenuto materiale litico con punte, raschiatoi e bulini; inoltre vi sono stati anche rinvenimenti di ceramica preistorica.

Fondazione della città
Secondo lo storico Erodoto, la fondazione della città avvenne quando un gruppo di cretesi naufragò lungo le coste salentine, non lontano da Oria. I cretesi scelsero il colle più alto per iniziare la costruzione di una nuova città, in quanto da lì potevano ben controllare tutto il territorio circostante; diedero infine a tale città il nome Hyria, toponimo peraltro diffuso anche in area egea.

Partendo da Hyria, tali gruppi di cretesi colonizzarono in seguito tutto il territorio salentino; furono poi denominati, prima dai greci e poi dai romani, Messapi o Sallentini. A dimostrazione di tale apporto minoico-cretese, vi sono stati rinvenimenti di ceramica micenea.

 Secondo lo storico oritano Gaspare Papatodero, la fondazione leggendaria di Oria risale all'anno 1007 a.C.

Il periodo messapico
Durante l'VIII secolo a.C. Oria comincia la sua evoluzione da abitato "sparso" a città vera e propria: si ha infatti una concentrazione, probabilmente di capanne, sul colle più alto della città, come attestato dalla libera università di Amsterdam, ma non è escluso che anche gli altri colli fossero sporadicamente abitati, anche se di ciò non è pervenuta alcuna traccia. Tale processo di aggregazione di un abitato sotto forma di capanne su un alto colle era allora d'uso nell'Italia centro-meridionale ed uno dei migliori esempi è senz'altro quello della costituzione della città di Roma sul colle Palatino.

In seguito, intorno al VI secolo a.C., si può già parlare di città vera e propria, con tutte le caratteristiche e gli edifici, pubblici e templari, che caratterizzano una città; nelle prime abitazioni, peraltro, si riscontra l'uso di tegole. Sempre da riferire all'età arcaica è uno tra i più importanti santuari messapici, il Santuario di Monte Papalucio (attuale denominazione del colle ove sorgeva il luogo di culto), dove sono stati rinvenuti un gran numero di materiali ceramici votivi, monete (delle città più importanti del tempo, tra cui ad esempio Metaponto e Sibari) e materiale combusto, ossa di maialini e vari vegetali, riferibili al culto di Demetra e Persefone, cui il santuario era dedicato.

Altri importanti ritrovamenti archeologici del periodo messapico (ma anche di quello medievale) sono stati trovati durante uno scavo d'emergenza condotto dall'Università di Lecce, durante i lavori per il rifacimento della pavimentazione della piazza antistante la cattedrale; in questa occasione è emerso il muro di cinta messapico riferibile al V-IV secolo a.C. e diversi depositi funerari.

Oria fu uno dei maggiori centri messapici, tanto da avere contatti con quasi tutte le più importanti città dell'epoca, sia messapiche che magno-greche; di particolare interesse risulta il rapporto, non certo dei più pacifici, con la vicina e potente città di Taranto, anche se non mancarono periodi di floridi scambi culturali e commerciali.

La rivalità dei Messapi con Taranto giunse all'apice nel 473 a.C. quando i Tarantini, uniti ai Reggini si scontrarono con i Messapi. La disfatta di Taranto e Reggio fu terribile, tanto che Erodoto riferisce: "fu questa la più grande strage di Greci e Reggini che noi conosciamo, che dei Reggini morirono 3000 soldati e dei Tarantini non si poté nemmeno contare il numero"; l'avvenimento ebbe una forte eco in tutto il mondo greco tanto che Aristotele precisa che l'avvenimento: "accadde un po' dopo che i persiani invasero la Grecia" e aggiunge che fu anche a causa di tale sconfitta che Taranto mutò il suo regime da aristocratico a democratico.

Il periodo romano

Tale forte conflitto fini con l'indebolire sia i Messapi che i Tarantini. Con il 272 a.C. Taranto e di lì a poco i Messapi persero la loro indipendenza, almeno in parte, a causa della crescente potenza di Roma; Oria non perse però la sua importanza. Nell'88 a.C. divenne quindi municipio romano ed ebbe l'importante privilegio di continuare a battere moneta.
Diverse tipologie di monete sono state rinvenute negli scavi archeologici: si trovano raffigurazioni di Eros, del fulmine di Zeus, della colomba, dell'aquila che afferra un fulmine, di Ercole con il copricapo leonino, della testa di un guerriero (con elmo di tipo epirotico) spesso appare la scritta Orra, nome latino della città. La zecca oritana ha in ogni caso delle prerogative proprie: una tale ricchezza di contenuti iconografici nelle monete, infatti, non è riscontrabile in nessun altro centro messapico, come ha messo in evidenza lo studioso E. Travaglini. Ciò dimostra che la città mantenne comunque una certa autonomia decisionale. Per quanto riguarda le monete con la raffigurazione della colomba, esse rimandano al culto presente in Oria delle divinità Demetra e Persefone. Inoltre, una dimostrazione dell'importanza di Oria è il passaggio, molto vicino alla città, della Via Appia (considerata una delle vie consolari più importanti).

Una leggenda vuole che San Pietro, passando da Oria nel 44, predicò il Vangelo agli oritani e consacrò il primo vescovo: di tale avvenimento, però, si hanno poche prove certe, tra cui spicca una lamina bronzea trovata nel XVI secolo durante i lavori sotto l'antico calogerato basiliano; certo è che Oria già dagli albori del Cristianesimo ebbe una delle comunità cristiane più antiche, che porterà poi alla nascita della sede episcopale di Oria, ritenuta tra le più importanti e antiche d'Italia.

Il periodo medievale

La fortuna di Oria nel Medioevo, tra VII e XII secolo è dovuta soprattutto alla sua potente e sapiente comunità ebraica, tra le più illustri e prestigiose d'Europa. La città ha fornito innumerevoli dotti, filosofi, poeti e medici. I maestri ebrei oritani si distinguono nello studio della Torah ed attraverso la loro elaborazione dottrinale risultano precursori degli studi cabalistici.

Il figlio più illustre di Oria è Shabbetai Donnolo sapiente commentatore biblico del Libro della Creazione, dotto medico aperto al confronto con la cultura cristiana sia di rito romano che greco. Donnolo, grazie al suo sapere e alla sua perizia non comune, anticipa l'archiatra, figura tipica del basso medioevo. La fama di Donnolo tuttavia non offusca quella degli altri dotti Oritani tra cui Rabbì Hananeel ben Amittai, Rabbì Shefatiah ben Amittai, Rabbì Haima'az, il poeta Amittai ben Shefatiah i cui componimenti sono ancora oggi in uso nella liturgia presso la comunità ebraica romana e il cronista Ahimaaz ben Paltiel. Della potente comunità ebraica orietana, che disponeva senz'altro di almeno una sinagoga, resta testimonianza solo il Rione Giudea e nella cosiddetta Porta degli Ebrei.

Risale al 606 la prima notizia di una presenza vescovile, il primo vescovo Reparato. Tale nome rimanda ad ambiti Longobardi, infatti la diocesi di Oria crebbe di importanza proprio in tale periodo. Nel 785 un altro documento ci riferisce della cattedra vescovile di Oria come indipendente dal Patriarcato di Costantinopoli.
Con l'alto medioevo, come spesso accade, le notizie si fanno più scarse e meno certe, in particolar modo durante la guerra greco-gotica; Oria fu spesso devastata (come del resto gran parte dell'Italia meridionale). Tuttavia l'importanza di Oria crebbe, in contrasto con la decadenza di Brindisi. I motivi possono essere molteplici: molto probabilmente Oria risultava meglio difendibile, le campagne nei dintorni inoltre si spopolavano, a differenza delle città. Oria, dunque, anche nel VI-VII secolo mantenne il rango di civitas. L'intero territorio oritano venne denominato sin dall'alto medioevo Foresta Oritana, toponimo rimasto in uso fino agli inizi del Novecento. In seguito Oria fu un territorio di transizione tra Bizantini e Longobardi: nell'area della città, infatti, doveva trovarsi il cosiddetto limitone dei greci, una sorta di confine tra territori longobardi e bizantini, ma anche una strada alto medievale per la transizione delle merci e delle persone.

Da riferire all'VIII-IX secolo alcuni importanti monumenti religiosi della città: la cripta ipogea sita all'interno del castello, dedicata ai santi Crisante e Daria (antichi protettori della città), probabile primigenia cattedrale della città, e la cripta di San Barsanofio.
Nel corso del IX-X secolo Oria fu spesso bersaglio dei Saraceni, che saccheggiarono e distrussero più volte la città, così come l'intera penisola salentina. Nell'ultimo quarto del secolo IX resse la Cattedra di Oria un grande Vescovo, Teodosio. Secondo la tradizione locale egli fu educato in Oria da monaci orientali, precisamente da anacoreti, e trascorse la sua giovinezza presso la corte di Costantinopoli. Lo stesso vescovo Teodosio accolse in Oria, trasportate dalla Palestina, le reliquie di San Barsanofio, santo eremita del V secolo, e le depose in una grotta-chiesa presso la porta della Città, dove su un architrave monolitico è incisa l'epigrafe + Theodosius episcopus corpus sci Barsanophii condidit et dicabit. Tali piccole grotte erano un insediamento tipico dei monaci basiliani, presenti anche sulle colline ad est dell'abitato (Colle "Mpisi").

L'imperatore Ludovico II nell'867 si recò in Oria per liberarla dai saraceni, ma gli attacchi non cessarono, anzi, approfittò della situazione anche per riprendere la città ai Longobardi: Oria infatti, allo stato degli studi attuali, era la roccaforte dei Longobardi più avanzata e meglio difendibile nel Salento. Nell'880, quando l'area cadde definitivamente in mano Bizantina sotto Basilio I, Oria fu retta dal Protospatario Gaideris di Benevento, principe beneventano in esilio, probabilmente perché la popolazione era fortemente "longobardizzata". A dimostrazione di ciò, uno dei pochi rinvenimenti materiali riferibili al Medioevo consiste in una fibula longobarda. Nel 924 i saraceni misero a ferro e fuoco la città: ci furono numerose vittime e molti ebrei e oritani furono deportati come schiavi in Africa. La città non perse comunque la sua importanza, fino a che nel 977 non subì un duro colpo venendo completamente distrutta. In tale periodo iniziarono ad arrivare nel territorio oritano alcuni monaci basiliani, che occuparono le grotte presenti nei colli oritani e nelle vicine campagne per sfuggire agli imperatori iconoclasti.
In questo periodo il territorio oritano era sotto il dominio bizantino; tuttavia nel corso dell'XI secolo si assistette all'ascesa dei normanni: nel 1062 Oria fu conquistata da Unfredo di Altavilla.

Oltre a nuovi ordinamenti amministrativi e ad una nuova organizzazione del territorio (Oria divenne Contea), durante il periodo normanno si assistette all'ascesa anche in questo territorio dell'ordine monastico dei benedettini, a discapito dei basiliani (anche se spesso fu concesso ai vari edifici di conservare il rito greco). Di particolare interesse religioso in Oria nel 1170 fu il ritrovamento del corpo di San Barsanofio, protettore della città, il cui corpo era scomparso nel 977 a seguito della distruzione della città.

Federico II, dal 1220 pone sotto il controllo dello Stato la maggior parte dei castelli del Regno di Sicilia. Stessa sorte tocca al castello di Oria per il quale stabilisce una serie di obblighi relativi alla ristrutturazione che coinvolgono Ceglie Messapica, il casale di S. Maria dei Grani a sud di Villa Castelli, gli abitanti di Oria, alcuni vescovi tra cui quelli delle diocesi di Ostuni e di Ugento, alcuni abati e numerosi nobili, comprese due donne. Oria si ribellò a Manfredi, subì l'ennesimo assedio. In seguito la città divenne dominio angioino.

L'Umanesimo e il Rinascimento

Nel 1433 Oria subì un nuovo assedio e venne saccheggiata da Giacomo Caldora, famoso condottiero dell'epoca.
Divenne poi feudo degli Orsini Del Balzo, che abbellirono la città: il principe Giovanni Antonio Orsini Del Balzo ricostruì Porta degli Ebrei, fece erigere o restaurò, non è chiaro, la chiesa dei Francescani (dove sorge l'attuale chiesa di San Francesco d'Assisi) e abbellì il castello in occasione della nozze di sua nipote Isabella di Chiaromonte con il figlio naturale del Re Alfonso I d'Aragona, Ferdinando I.

Alle soglie del 1500 Oria dovette subire nuovi assedi: celebre l'aspra resistenza contro gli spagnoli che assediavano la città, salvata secondo la leggenda dal patrono San Barsanofio e dal valore di tutti i cittadini. Fu vescovo della diocesi unificata di Oria Brindisi ed Ostuni Giovanni Pietro Caraffa, appartenente alla potente famiglia dei Caraffa salito al soglio pontificio con il nome di Papa Paolo IV, fu lui a far stilare dalla Santa Inquisizione l'Indice dei libri proibiti.

La città fu "affidata" a diverse famiglie nel 1572 San Carlo Borromeo alienò il feudo al vescovo di Cassano; per poi passare agli Imperiali, famiglia nobile di origine genovese.

Dal Seicento ad oggi

Dopo il 1500 Oria non fu più al centro della grande storia, e contemporaneamente cominciò anche un lento declino dell'antica città; forse il primo pilastro di tale "decadimento" si ebbe quando Oria si alleò con Francesco I contro Carlo V: la sconfitta del re di Francia alienò Oria dai favori di Carlo V (ad esempio privò il maniero della città di gran parte della forza di artiglieria, tra cui il celebre cannone il "cane", trasferito da Oria a Brindisi). Nel corso del Settecento a cura di Michele Imperiali furono restaurati alcuni monumenti della città tra cui Porta Manfredi. Risale al 1743 la costruzione della nuova Cattedrale, demolendo l'antica chiesa di epoca medievale, danneggiata a causa di un terremoto (rimangono solo alcune trabeazioni e colonne classiche riscolpite nel Medioevo).

Nonostante la posteriore propaganda post unitaria non mancarono a Oria voci contrastanti l'unità: per citare solo un esempio, negli atti di polizia contro associazioni e atti contro lo Stato, figurano parole oltraggianti la persona del re in casa di Luigi Lombardi. Vi sono anche altri atti di presunte riunioni sovversive in cui parteciparono cittadini oritani e dei paesi limitrofi.

Nel 1880 si verificano scontri tra oritani e francavillesi; dopo numerosi arresti da parte dei Carabinieri, oltre cinquemila contadini francavillesi si diressero verso le carceri, liberando gli arrestati. Gli scontri, così, continuarono e si inasprirono, tanto che, per tenere sotto controllo la situazione, arrivarono soldati da Brindisi, Taranto, Bari e Lecce.

Il 21 settembre del 1897, la città venne investita da un potente ciclone che danneggiò la parte occidentale e settentrionale della città e gran parte dei suoi antichi monumenti; le porte furono gravemente danneggiate, alcune statue che facevano parte di tali porte sono andate perdute o furono seriamente danneggiate e anche l'imponente castello subì notevoli danni. Fu restaurato solo nel 1933 dopo che i Conti Martini-Carissimo acquistarono il castello dal comune.

Durante le guerre mondiali Oria ha versato il suo contributo alla Patria: furono molti infatti gli oritani morti combattendo. Nel 1950, con Decreto della Presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri, ad Oria fu conferito il titolo di Città.

Note

Bibliografia
 B. Ligorio, Sapere e Denaro da Shabbatai Donnolo a Federico II, Artebaria, Taranto 2010
 P. Mancuso (a cura di) Sefer Hakhmoni, Shabbatai Donnolo Giuntina, Firenze 2009
 Ahimaaz ben Paltiel, Sefer Yuhasin: libro delle discendenze. Vicende di una famiglia ebraica di Oria nei secoli IX-XI, a cura di Cesare Colafemmina, Cassano Murge 2001.
 Cesare Colafemmina, Nozze nella Oria ebraica del IX secolo, Oria 1988.
 A. Sharf, The universe of Shabbetai Donnolo, New York 1976.
 Pasquale Barsanofrio Marsella, Ricordi Storici di Oria Messapica, Roma 1934.

Voci correlate
 Ahimaaz ben Paltiel
 Amittai ben Shefatiah
 Castello di Oria
 Comunità ebraica di Oria
 Diocesi di Oria
 Shabbetai Donnolo
 Santuario di Monte Papalucio
 Vicende urbanistiche di Brindisi

Oria
Oria
Oria

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This report, generally referred to as the Billion-Ton Study or 2005 BTS, is an estimate of "potential" biomass available within the contiguous United States based on assumptions about inventory production capacity, availability, and technology.
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the United States Department of Energy (DOE) both place high importance on developing resources and conversion technologies for producing fuels, chemicals and power from biomass. The two departments are working together on several aspects of bioenergy. This report is the third to be produced from joint collaboration. This and other reports can be found at: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/library/default.aspx?page=1.
The website for biomass feedstock research sponsored by the DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) can be found at: http://web.ornl.gov/sci/transportation/research/bioenergy/. More general information about BETO's feedstock research program can be found at: http://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/biomass-feedstocks.
The website for research and development sponsored by the USDA Forest Service can be found at: http://www.fs.fed.us/research/.
The website for bioenergy research sponsored by the USDA Agricultural Research Service can be found at: http:// www.ars.usda.gov/research/programs/programs.htm?NP_CODE=307.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


After such a great paddle season last year I am getting ready to start this years race season soon. Within the next week I will start getting back in the water putting miles on my boards. The first race of the season will be the end of April like last year but I have set some goals to race by. I am going to have a stronger season and focus on all my weaknesses from last year. After some physical therapy over the winter to straighten some things out I had the opportunity to view some video footage of my paddling technique with my therapist. We were able to critique what we saw so that I will be able to get a more effective paddle stoke.


text:
Arlie Latham
By Precious Sanders @pdsanders99
Nicknamed "The Freshest Man On Earth," Walter Arlington Latham was born March 15, 1860 in West Lebanon, New Hampshire. Latham's father served as a bugler for the Union Army in the American Civil War, and at the conclusion of the war, young Arlie became interested in baseball when soldiers returning from the battlefield brought the game home with them.
By the time he was fourteen, Latham had become good enough to play with the General Worth nine, a local team in Stoneham, Massachusetts, where the family had moved. Latham started out as a catcher, but later took up playing third base to avoid getting beat up behind the plate. In 1877, Latham played with the Pittsfield, Massachusetts club as their third baseman, and then in 1879, he made his professional debut in minor league baseball with Springfield in the National Association.
Twenty-year-old Latham made his Major League debut on July 5, 1880 with the Buffalo Bisons of the National League, becoming the first man from New Hampshire to play in the majors. He then played for the Philadelphia Athletics of the National Association in 1881, then the Philadelphia Phillies of the League Alliance in 1882.
Latham then joined the St. Louis Browns of the American Association in 1883. He stayed in St. Louis through the 1889 season, during which time the Browns won four consecutive pennants (1885-1888) in the American Association. Latham led the AA in runs scored with 152 during the 1886 season. He also batted .316 and stole 142 bases, then tacked on another 12 stolen bases in the playoffs. Adding to a reputation as an excellent base stealer, in 1887, Latham stole 129 bases, and he also led the league in stolen bases with 109 during the 1888 season.
In 1890, Latham jumped to the Chicago Pirates of the Players' League. Later that year, in July, he returned to the NL with the Cincinnati Reds, where he served as a utility player and coach. Latham played for Cincinnati through 1895, then was traded to the Browns after the 1895 season. The Browns then released Latham after the 1896 season. Latham bounced around the minors for a few years before winding up with the Washington Senators in 1899. He later made four appearances for the New York Giants in 1909 at age 49.
Personality-wise, Arlie Latham was considered one of the funniest players in baseball. I'm not sure exactly how he earned the nickname "The Freshest Man on Earth," but Latham was well-known for playing practical jokes. According to one account, the existence of the third base coach's box is thanks to Latham. He would taunt opposing players third base coach, taking advantage of the lack of a coach's box by running up and down the third base line yelling insults at the pitcher while he was in the middle of his windup.
His tendency to shout and gesticulate, not only as a coach, but also as a player, earned Latham the unofficial title of "the father of 'chatter'." The implication, of course, being that the practice of infield chatter that exists to this day had begun with Arlie Latham.
Latham finished his playing career with 742 stolen bases in seventeen professional seasons with a .269 batting average, .334 OBP, and .341 slugging. Latham died on November 29, 1952 at the age of 92 in Garden City, New York. He is buried in Greenfield Cemetery in Uniondale, New York.
Precious Sanders 2253 shares View profile
MLB Logos Through the Years
Infographic: Baseball Salaries, 1988-2017
This Day in Baseball: Anson Reaches 3,000


Most of us have room for the 28 teeth, the amount you should have prior to your wisdom teeth eruption. When your jaw is not wide enough, the wisdom teeth can become impacted, and therefore hinder the tooth's ability to fully erupt or becoming misaligned. When this occurs, your wisdom teeth will be required to be extracted to ensure your teeth have adequate room to sit comfortably.
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This occurs when the sac next to the tooth becomes filled with fluid destroying the surrounding "healthy" bone and root structures.
Removing wisdom teeth is a routine procedure that will ensure the long-term health of your mouth and teeth. It is often the best and safest option to avoid painful complications and further problems that may establish if not treated. If you have any concerns or suspect you have an underlying wisdom tooth problem, do not hesitate to consult our dentists.
An incision is made in your gums to expose the infected teeth and the jawbone.
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