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Being Not-Rich with Lauren Schandevel
by Lauren Schandevel
This interview with Lauren Schandevel, creator of Being Not-Rich at UM, was conducted and condensed by frank news.
Tatti: Tell me a little bit about yourself.
Lauren: I am a 4th year public policy student at the University of Michigan. Most of my work has centered around college affordability in particular. About a year ago, I crowdsourced the Being Not-Rich at UM document, which was a great resource for low income students. It was also a place to come together and realize other people were experiencing the same things, and help each other out. That's the thing that launched my career doing housing and food insecurity work on campus. I've met a lot of students on other campuses that are doing similar work. It's been really exciting.
Why did you start the doc?
The document itself is just a Google document with the sharing settings tweaked so that anyone can make suggestions or leave comments. It was crowd sourced in response to an affordability guide that our Central Student Government put out about a year ago that has some pretty tone deaf advice about budgeting – low income students were put off or offended by it. This was a response to that with substantial advice that low income students could use without the stigma or added judgment of having that advice come from an institutional figure.
Initially it was just an outline. I put the introduction in first, setting the tone for what the document would be. And then I had headings – housing, employment, on campus resources, food – people just filled in the information as they came in. Now it's grown to about a hundred pages. Before it was just a couple pages, like a skeleton outline.
What was so tone deaf on an institutional level that prompted you to start this yourself?
I think it's important to start by talking about how students perceive Central Student Government at the University of Michigan. They release reports on their demographic information each year and they're usually wealthier and less racially diverse than the rest of the student body. People already have that perception of them. When they put out the guide, the first 10 pages or so were devoted to budgeting, a lot of the advice was like, "fire your maid", or, "stop laundry service".
Students who have maids are not going to be cracking open an affordability guide for advice.
That was the main issue we took with it. It wasn't like we were spending our money frivolously and that's why we were struggling. It's that we don't have a lot of money to begin with, and it's hard to live on the University of Michigan's campus.
Did you send the doc to student government or to anybody on an institutional level?
The university administration knows that it exists and certain departments like the Office of New Student Programs have collaborated with me to turn it into a more institutional thing. I chaired the Central Student Government affordability task force this year and they're going to have an affordability commission permanently from now on. So that's great.
One thing I've noticed is a lot of the time it's students taking the initiative, particularly on our campus. Students are doing most of the housing and food security work. That should not be the case. The university should take responsibility, especially in the instance of housing. They're admitting more students than they have housing for, and it's on them to build housing and make sure students have a place to live when they get to campus.
Food insecurity is the same. We just got a permanent food pantry. But a lot of that was because of student activism over the years. We shouldn't be the ones pushing the university on basic needs, particularly because low income students have a million other things to worry about.
We can't be doing activism all the time. We have to work, and watch our grades, and be students.
Do you think the work is moving towards that goal?
I think it's moving in that direction, not just here but nationally. The Hope Center in Philadelphia has been at the forefront of these discussions about housing and food insecurity on college campuses. They've published a lot of reports, they hold an annual conference. People are becoming more attuned to these issues and the fact that they exist on college campuses.
How does the wealth gap you're recognizing affect students socially?
I feel like that is part of the conversation that's often ignored. Obviously there are financial barriers to being a low-income student on a college campus. But there's also, like you said, a social aspect. Students arrive on campus and feel alienated from their peers, and don't understand why. A lot of it is because of that socioeconomic disparity – but they don't realize it.
Students think they're inherently deficient, or that they weren't prepared enough in K-12, or that they don't have the same hobbies as their peers, so they must not belong on a university campus.
It happens frequently and it's a huge reason why those students end up dropping out – because of a lack of the sense of belonging. I myself have felt that way, and I know a lot of my peers have too. The important thing is letting those students know that it's completely out of their control. It's a structural problem, and any sort of alienation they feel from their peers as a result of those socioeconomic barriers are not because they're not good enough for a university.
How can you can mitigate the social part of the problem?
I think low income and first generation college students need more community building spaces. I know first-gen activism has taken off over the last 10 years. You have offices for first-gen programming and first-gen learning communities, which is really great. The same thing should be done for low-income students on college campus' so they can talk to each other and share experiences and realize that they're not alone in this college experience. University administrations need to recognize they have low-income students on their campus because it's a very touchy subject for them right now.
I remember meeting with administrators after the guide came out and they said, "We don't use the term low income to describe students. We don't want to target them." That's a problem. If you're not using the terminology those students don't know that the issue exists, and that it's economic.
Acknowledging that it is a socioeconomic thing is probably the first step. Particularly in America, we don't talk about class. And so when we gravitate towards certain people, we don't know that it's because they share our socioeconomic background. They don't know that diversity also includes socioeconomic diversity. I feel like naming that issue and making it clear that a lot of the decisions we make are the results of our socio economic backgrounds will make it easier for people to see the class disparities in higher education, and it will hopefully empower low income students to advocate for themselves and to feel confident enough to participate in the college experience so that they're meeting different people, people who might be wealthier than themselves.
Do you feel like this perpetuates itself into the post-collegiate professional world?
Yes. It's a combination of financial and cultural factors. Wealthy students coming in have parents who have probably gone to college, that have careers where they can get the students internships or fellowships, and pay for them to do unpaid internships. There's that aspect of it. But then there's also that cultural capital. Those students know what clubs to join, they know where to apply, and they have connections somewhere. That trajectory is already set for them. Whereas low-income students can't afford to do unpaid internships, don't know anyone in the industry, don't know how to navigate the process of applying to those internships, or even that they have to do internships in college.
When do we need to start preparing students for these realities of college campuses?
This is one of the issues I have with college affordability activism – it starts way before students enter college. The K-12 education system is so vastly unequal, that needs to be addressed in addition to how we're setting up low-income students to succeed in college. There's so many low-income students we're not capturing because our education system is so unequal. It's a rare phenomenon to even get low-income students in the door at these elite institutions.
That needs to be addressed. But that's a combination of segregation and the way public schools are funded. There are a number of legal ways in which rich parents give their kids a leg up in the admissions process.
Does your academic focus cover these issues?
Yes, I try to make that really clear. I am also responsible for creating a minor and social class in equality studies at the university. It basically teaches about how social class influences outcomes and access to opportunity.
I want people to think about how from birth people are set up to succeed or fail depending on what class they were born into.
That's something I tried to bring into my activism around affordability because affordability is inherently political, and to talk about it you also have to talk about class and race and all that stuff.
Class is a very un-American conversation.
Exactly. People are starting to have that conversation.
Do you find it easy to explain?
Oh, it's so hard. Particularly if you're communicating it to wealthy people, which a lot of the times I'm doing because of the campus. But telling people that their success is the result of the combination of hard work and privilege is really hard, and people get defensive. You have to coddle them a little and say, "You worked really hard in high school, but have you considered that these factors may have helped you get to a place like the University of Michigan?" And then they get it, but sometimes they're still mad because the American dream tells us that if you work hard you can succeed – and it doesn't say anything about class privilege.
What do you think happens to the value of college when the reality of attendance is so tied to privilege? As an employer, what does it really mean to hire someone from Yale, if I have no context for how they got there?
First of all, I don't think people quite realize that a Yale degree isn't as meritocratic as we think it is.
People are still under the impression that if you went to one of these very elite schools, you must be very smart and that's how we maintain the system. But if people start to think that, hey, maybe this is the result of socioeconomic privilege and not necessarily merit, then the only solution to keeping people from losing faith in the education system is to admit students in a truly meritocratic way, which means admitting very smart, high performing low-income students. Hopefully the problem solves itself that way. But if not, then we're going to have this distrust of higher education.
© Lizania Cruz
This conversation with Albert Saint Jean and Lizania Cruz was conducted and condensed by frank news.
Albert: My name is Albert Saint Jean. I am the New York City organizer for the Black Alliance for Just Immigration [BAJI].
When I heard about BAJI, this was before Trump, I had gotten interested in volunteering, in organizing with BAJI, because a lot of the stuff they were focused on were things I'd seen throughout my life. I was born here, but I was the first of my grandmother's children born here. Everyone older than me had migrated over and I saw what they had to go through with their status, their relationship with law enforcement, their relationship with the criminal justice system, their fear of deportation. I felt like BAJI was at the nexus of a lot of those things when I found out about it three years ago – and long before Trump, because they were things affecting black people. Basically I got into it because it spoke to the things that I saw in my own personal experiences.
Lizania: I'm Lizania Cruz. I'm an artist and a designer originally from the Dominican Republic. I moved here in 2004 when I was 21 to finish college. I started We The News – doing work around shifting the current narrative on migration and trying to figure out how we [people] change.
As we move into different geographic spaces what is our greater sense of belonging and home throughout that?
I was frustrated with the way the current immigration narrative was – only talking about the majority within the minority group, and how the media was taking over the narrative. I didn't feel represented. I didn't feel like our stories were pluralistic in any way. So I started wondering what if we told our own news and our own stories – what would that look like? That's how We The News as a project started. I was talking to different organizations and someone recommended BAJI. I thought it was super interesting how they were talking about migration, blackness, and at the same time talking about the correlation of that and the criminal justice system, which for me, no other organization was doing. Getting involved with BAJI has made the project what it is today. It has also politicized me in ways I wasn't thinking about.
Image via Lizania Cruz, center, with Albert Saint Jean, 3rd from the left.
What are those ways?
Lizania: Looking more at the similarities between disenfranchised communities already in the US and the immigrant movement. Again, I don't think we do that as often, and now I'm constantly thinking of ways that story could be told, and what are the lengths, and how do we organize collectively rather than organize in silos. We're organizing for LatinX folks and maybe labor workers, and we're organizing for people that have been affected by mass incarceration, why are those two things not organized in tandem while looking at the policies in the same way?
You mentioned you feel like the narrative is not pluralistic.
Lizania: Yeah.
And very mono.
Lizania: Exactly.
Does the division of groups fighting for their specific causes as separate give their stories more autonomy? If all these issues are nuanced, where do they blend and how do you deliver a message that covers, or even touches on, all of the personal?
Albert: Particularly with BAJI, they look at the nexus between the similarities between African Americans and black immigrants.
The most common thread we find, is that number one, we all look at each other through a white supremacist lens.
When we talk about the immigration issue, we shy away from the racial aspect of it. This is a racial issue. The diversity of immigrants we have now is only possible because of the rights that African Americans fought for in the early 60s. The 1965 Immigration Act was a part of that, the whole civil rights act. That allowed for the diversity of other immigrants to come here. When we shy away from that, we miss a large swath of what's going on in the immigrant community. We miss talking about what are the drivers that send people here in the first place?
US policy is responsible for a large bulk of us being here. My family wouldn't have come here if it wasn't for the United States supporting a dictator for so long. Her [Lizania's] country wouldn't be the way it is if it wasn't for US agribusinesses and foreign policy.
Where did your family come from?
Albert: Haiti.
Another place that they [US] supported dictatorships. It's kind of like the stories we're able to show the common thread is US policy, and a lot of it is the racialized aspect of immigration in the United States.
Lizania: I'll add to that. I see specifically in the work that we've been doing with We the News, a creation of a platform where all these stories could live together. There's not as many platforms like that. Finding a place and a platform where people could come together and share their stories and have a voice. None of us are the same and we all have different experiences, but how the commonality becomes the difference, is always what I'm interested in questioning.
Even when we facilitate the story circles, we open with a prompt that is the same for everyone. But nobody responds the same way. How do these stories sit together and how do we make a space for that to happen?
The personal narrative is a driver for policy in this case. Are you guys interested in changing policy?
Albert: Exposing policy, changing policy. Those are important. But I think with my work, what's even more important is changing structural issues.
Is policy complicit in structural issues?
Albert: Well, there's policies that are a symptom of structural racism. Most people look at the Trump era as, for what it is, a terrible era, especially for immigration. But these problems have been going on long before that. The 1996 laws were implemented after Timothy McVeigh bombed Oklahoma City. A provision they made was that anybody that commits a crime that's a foreign national would be deported. Whether it's retroactive or not, you don't even have to be convicted. A lot of people I come across aren't convicted. Yes, it's policy driven, but a lot of it is also sustainable. I'd say a majority of this is systemic. So yeah, there's policies that are pushing against it – but also these narratives show the systemic issues I see as well.
Lizania: It's a way of popular education. I think policy is important, but I think you have to start from the bottom up and create the popular education. People vaguely understand where all these issues are coming from. And you could potentially organize to create policy – but even at BAJI, those who are organizing and those who are going to Congress to affect policy, are different.
Albert: Yeah, that's true. Sometimes I'll go to DC and help lobby for certain things or meet with city officials along local issues. But the bulk of that work is in the hands of people who specialize in policy. Not that these folks have any faith in this system, it's just that they know that this is another strategy.
They know that the system is not broken. It is inherently working the way it's supposed to work.
They feel as though we still have to use policy as a tool. So my job is to create the pressure that Lizania is talking about. Creating a space for people in the community to not only learn about themselves and their rights, but also learn to advocate for themselves. The more they start to realize that their experience is not an anecdotal experience, that this is more of a trend than a norm, they're able to do all the things she just mentioned. That's an organizer's job. To make sure that education is there. When we look at past movements, it wasn't Malcolm X or Martin Luther King who started those movements. They came out of those respective movements, to articulate the needs of the people. We have to start somewhere. I think the more we share this with people, the more likely people are going to be able to fight for liberation so to speak.
What's your dream in this?
Albert: In an ideal world?
Yeah. What do you want immigration in America to look like? To feel like?
Albert: I would say the way it was when my grandmother came in, in the 70s. You just come here – I honestly don't believe in borders, to tell you the truth. But, in my lifetime, I would like for people that are undocumented to obtain amnesty, I would like for there not to be any caps or quotas, regardless of where people come from.
Lizania: I ask this question to myself all the time. We're doing this work but what does it look like when the work is done? I think that if this system runs how it's supposed to, there wouldn't be quotas for the people that could come here.
Albert: Diversity visas.
Lizania: There won't be diversity visas. I was just having a meeting with my lawyer, and the type of visa I'm applying for has a two year backlog, and he's like, "that's actually nothing." Plus the amount of money that goes into the process. It's just not realistic.
It's interesting to look at the immigration argument coming from the GOP in the 80s, Bush H.W. and Reagan in 1980 are wildly different than Ted Cruz today.
Albert: What a lot of people don't realize, and this is where I hate the two party system, for the reason you pointed out, is at one point in time the Republican party was way further to the left than Democrats now, than Obama. What Reagan did, the amnesty – and don't get me wrong, all the fuckery that's happened started with Reagan in this country, it started before, but Reagan really took it off – but he gave general amnesty in the 80s. This is someone who right wing people worship, you know what I mean? When I look at Democrats and I look at how they're like, "Oh no, be realistic. This is what we can fight for."
Pit Dreamers against everyone else. Good immigrant versus bad immigrant. All of that stuff is bogus to me. It shows me how far right the pendulum has swung.
When people claim to be moderate now and think, "Oh, I'm moderate, I'm in between. I understand both sides." No, you're a conservative. When you look at the historical analysis of it and how far right this country has gotten, how this country doesn't recognize that is even scarier. The fact that it is normalized, even on the democratic side, is scary. The fact that Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren can be considered extreme, it's very scary because these were all basic ideas people had.
It's interesting you brought up this thing with Reagan and Bush. I mean, Republican, Democrat, they were always messed up. But Republicans were more strategic. Coming out of the New Deal Era, they knew they had to make concessions in certain places. Especially since they had a labor shortage for certain sectors of the economy. They needed the Bracero Program and domestic workers to come over. They were like, yeah, why would I be against this? They were very practical.
Wet foot dry foot for Cubans. If they made it to the mainland of the U.S., they automatically got a green card because they were fleeing communism. The Haitians, however, were fleeing a dictator who's indiscriminately massacring whole families, women, and children on the streets. 60,000 people were massacred underneath this dictatorship, and people were fleeing. I had family members who were fleeing, but they didn't have the same privileges Cubans had. Once their foot hit land they could be apprehended and found out. I just thought that aspect of it was very interesting to me. The US link. People magically forgot that the US created the situation in El Salvador and Honduras and all these places as late as the 80s, and no one's talking about that. Why are all these people showing up here?
Like our cognitive dissonance is...that's why I like us telling our own narratives. Because we don't forget.
Do you think there's a lack of education in America about U.S. presence in Central and South America?
Albert: I think that's true globally. Even when we talk about the Middle East we're not really clear about the roots of all those problems.
Lizania: I did a poster that was also part of We the News looking at all of the different interventions in Latin America specifically by the US.
While you're critical of American actions abroad, are you also hopeful for the "promise" of America?
Albert: No, well, I'll say this. I'm hopeful if we can tear down the structures that we have now.
If the will of the people is truly reflected, if this can become an actual democracy in which politics takes a backseat to justice.
The majority of Americans want the same things. Majority of Americans do not care about if Lizania has access to citizenship or not. But politics makes us pit each other against each other. Politics is what uplifts white privilege and makes white folks say, "hey look, you know what? These immigrants and these black folks and these other folks are threatening my security." Politics does that. In reality, most Americans want the same thing and I think that the system we have now does not allow the will of the people to really be represented.
Lizania: If we aren't hopeful, why would we do it? With my work, I'm just trying to find ways that our reality could actually be a more inclusive, a better reality for all of us. I think the reason I do the work I do is because I believe that there could be a better way and that we have to construct that way for ourselves. Hopeful is not the right word. Let's see how America could work for our communities in a better way. Or maybe it's not only America – how can we as people of the world, live better?
© EAT OFFBEAT
EAT OFFBEAT
by Manal Kahi
This interview with Manal Kahi, co-founder and CEO of EAT OFFBEAT, was conducted and condensed by frank news.
EAT OFFBEAT is a New York City based catering company that works exclusively with refugees.
How did you get started on this work? I know the crux of the business is in hiring refugees, are there particular guidelines about who qualifies as a refugee?
Manal: We're a catering company. We deliver authentic meals that are entirely conceived, prepared, and delivered by refugees here in New York City. Basically the model is we hire talented refugees who are looking to be in the food industry.
They happen to be with the UNHCR, they happen to be refugees by status – but they are chefs by nature.
We train them, for those who haven't had a professional culinary training or haven't had experience working in profession kitchens – we train them so they become profession chefs, we help them scale their recipes and then we deliver their dishes. It's the way they make it at home but they prepare it at our commercial kitchen and we deliver that to mostly offices and private parties or events all over New York City.
image via EAT OFFBEAT
Does hiring a refugee have any complications or benefits?
Manal: Complications? Not necessarily. They are usually referred to us by the IRC, the International Rescue Committee, and maybe that's a good place to answer your question of how we decide they're refugees.
We have a partnership with the IRC, which is one of nine resettlement agencies in the U.S. They help refugees. They help them even before coming here, they provide assistance to refugees filing for refugee status back home.
And once someone is approved they go through the very lengthy security process. They get to the U.S. and the IRC is mandated by the government to assist them in the settlement process. That includes picking them up at the airport, finding accommodations. Part of the assistance they provide is also finding jobs or employment and this is where we come in. Whenever we're hiring they send us candidates who are looking for a job who are recently resettled or who simply just want to be in the food industry. And that's how we hire.
So to answer your question on definition of who is a refugee for us, it's really whoever gets referred to us by the IRC.
Are you hiring full-time or part-time?
Manal: There's a good mix of both. It's a blend. Anyone who's a chef, who has items on the menu, who is contributing to the menu, that's a full-time position, because we need that chef to be at the kitchen whenever we get an order. We have a few positions that are more part-time.
How many people are you working with at the moment?
Manal: We're close to thirty people day to day.
Manal: And that includes every function. That's chefs, sous chefs, delivery operators, customer service, everything all together. And it's a mix of refugees but also a couple of Americans. Especially on administrative functions.
Are you looking to expand beyond New York City?
Manal: Not necessarily and definitely not right now. We would never say "Never", that might happen an some point but for now our focus is really on New York City alone.
Are you set up as a for-profit business or a 501c3?
Manal: We are a for-profit business.
Do you feel like you're mission driven?
Manal: We are definitely mission driven. Definitely heavily mission driven. It's what guides us, it's what defines us, and it's part of who we are. At the same time we see ourselves as a food company first, we are definitely food centric, we're people centric, and the mission is very heavy. But it's very important that we are making money because that's the only way we can actually achieve our mission and keep hiring people and keep paying them decent wages.
Business is super important but for us it doesn't makes sense unless there is the social mission part attached.
Can you tell me a little bit about your own background?
Manal: I'm originally from Lebanon. I came here as a graduate student in 2013. My background was in environmental management. My goal was to go a bit more into international climate affairs. I was working on climate affairs in the Middle East and I wanted to go international. That's part of why I chose to come to New York, to be close to the U.N., multi-national institutions or organizations. And then when I came here, I was a bit disappointed with hummus in grocery stores –
I heard.
Manal: So that's really what sparked the idea initially. I started making my own. I got my grandmothers recipe and when that became successful here we thought why not commercialize it.
The first step was the hummus, the next step was...
Manal: Exactly the first step was the hummus and clearly the idea was not just make hummus and sell it, it was initially to have it made by refugees here who were being resettled here in New York City who wanted to share their hummus recipes with the rest of New York and commercialize that. That was really the idea early on. Then after that we went to studying the market, looking at the idea and we thought it was much better to go global. We though why not open it to any refugees coming from all over the world and discover these recipes that, just like hummus, are so much better when their homemade or made by someone who knows how it should taste.
We hire based on talent and passion for food regardless of where people come from, but so far it's been very diverse.
Do you think that it's hard for refugees to find work placement?
Manal: From what I see, my own personal opinion, it's different when you're an immigrant versus when you're a refugee. The only difference is, mainly when you're an immigrant you made the choice yourself, so very often you would have taken English classes, you made the choice as to where to go and when to go and why to go. But when you're here as a refugee very often you actually had to.
And why that makes it a bit harder is because when you come as an immigrant, when it's you're own choice, you may have come as a student, you have a bit more leeway and a bit more time to give it more consideration and decide whether you're going to go and what you're going to do exactly. Whereas if you come as refugee very often you just have to flee and you have to make it work with whatever.
I wouldn't say it's extremely hard to find a job. Jobs are available. It's similar to anyone who's looking for a job. It is definitely much harder to find a job that is a decent wage and a good job that makes you proud and that brings your dignity back – because very often you don't have transferable skills, you probably don't speak the language, so if you had training as an accountant before coming here it's much much harder to find a job as an accountant than to find a job at something else you're not necessarily passionate about.
Is there anything you've learned in the process of working with refugees about the refugee process?
Manal: One thing we've learned is that simply by providing a work environment and an atmosphere where people form a community, and they help each other even indirectly by being part of that kitchen and part of that community, people start to integrate and adjust and get adapted to their new lives much easier than when they're isolated and do not have a supportive community around them.
I see it happening in our kitchen.
I see a very high level of resilience that I think is notable and particular. All of our chefs, you can just see it, they're ready to do whatever it takes to succeed and they're very committed to the work they are doing. They are also very adaptable. Whenever we have a problem, something going wrong, everyone is very involved in the work and passionate about it and finds a solution. I think there's that added characteristic that is very common among everyone who's on our team.
Manal: We have three goals. The first is to provide quality jobs to talented refugees who want to be in the food industry. The second is more about New Yorkers – it's about introducing New Yorkers to this menu and off the beaten path cuisines and somehow connect them, build bridges, between them eating our food at their homes or offices and us cooking in the kitchen. And the third ultimately is about changing the narrative around refugees, showcasing a different and more positive story.
What do you think the current narrative is around refugees?
Manal: That's a good question. Very often the narrative is around a more negative rhetoric, "they are stealing our jobs, not contributing to the economy, taking resources away." Or if it's positive it's all about how vulnerable the community is and how they always need charity, they always need help. Those are two concepts we are trying to change or at least provide one example where it's not necessarily the case, and we really push our customers to shift perspectives a bit, change perspectives a bit. Because in our case we refugees, we immigrants, are actually helping New Yorkers discover something new. It's all about shifting the table on that.
We're a 'for profit' we're not a 'non-profit'. Part of that is to show our chefs are contributing to the economy. They are contributing to making a richer food scene here in New York. They're active contributors to the economy. They're adding value. They're bringing value. And that's the other thing we want to highlight. They're not relying on charity, they're not taking they are contributing, they're paying their taxes.
The narrative becomes less about pity and charity and more about contribution and resilience.
Manal: Exactly!
Seeing people for who they are and what they have to bring rather than the status they came with.


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Q: boundedness for the maximum modulus principle Is boundedness (of the domain of a function $f(z)$) is required to ensure that the modulus of $f(z)$ is bounded, for the application of the Maximum Modulus Principle (MMP)? If so why not require that $|f(z)|$ be bounded instead?
For example, if $z = x + iy$, and the function's definition domain is: $0 < x < 1$ with $y$ constant but can be infinite, while $f(z)$ is bounded in this "domain", can the MMP be applied?
Also, since there are different statements given in the literature, an exact, definite statement of the Maximum modulus Principle and the Minimum Modulus Principle would be very helpful.
Thank you.

A: Ok, the maximum modulus "principle" is that, for a (non-empty) bounded open subset $U$ of $\mathbb C$, for $f$ holomorphic on $U$ and extending to a continuous function on the boundary of $U$, the maximum of $|f|$ (which does occur on the closure of $U$, because that closure is compact and $|f|$ is continuous on it) occurs on the boundary. If it also occurs in the interior, then $f$ is constant.
Analogues for not-bounded domains need further hypotheses on the growth of $f$, for example, on a vertical half-strip, it suffices to require that $|f(x+iy)|\ll e^{|y|^m}$ for some $m$. Then if $|f(z)|$ is bounded by $M$ on the edges of the half-strip, it is bounded by $M$ in the interior.
That growth condition is certainly met if we know $|f|$ is bounded in the interior. Then the conclusion is that the bound is actually $M$.
(Note, the bound $M$ must apply to all points of the boundary, not just endpoints of intervals and such...)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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3 Men Accuse Seattle Mayor of Sexually Molesting Them in the 1980s
A lawsuit filed Thursday accuses Seattle Mayor Ed Murray of sexually molesting a teenage high-school dropout in the 1980s, and in interviews with The Seattle Times, two other men claim he abused them.
The mayor denied the allegations through his personal spokesman Jeff Reading.
"These false accusations are intended to damage a prominent elected official who has been a defender of vulnerable populations for decades," said a statement issued by Reading. "It is not a coincidence that this shakedown effort comes within weeks of the campaign filing deadline. These unsubstantiated assertions, dating back three decades, are categorically false."
Murray was elected mayor in 2013 after a long career in the Legislature, where he led efforts to legalize gay marriage in the state. As mayor he pushed to increase the city's minimum wage to $15 an hour and address the homelessness crisis in Seattle.
In the lawsuit filed in King County Superior Court, a 46-year-old man, identified only by the initials, D.H., said Murray "raped and molested him" over several years, beginning in 1986 — when he was 15 and addicted to crack cocaine, and when Murray was in his early 30s.
The man said he met Murray on a city bus, and Murray invited him back to his apartment, propositioning him for sex and haggling over the price.
Murray paid him $10 to $20 for each of at least 50 encounters over the next four to five years, the lawsuit said.
"I have been dealing with this for over 30 years," the man, now sober for a year, told the Times.
He said he was coming forward as part of a "healing process" after years of "the shame, the embarrassment, the guilt, the humiliation that I put myself through and that he put me through."
The man also said his father's recent death freed him of a desire to keep the abuse secret.
The newspaper also reported that two other men said they knew Murray when they lived in a Portland, Oregon, center for troubled children. Jeff Simpson and Lloyd Anderson accused Murray of abusing them in the 1980s and paying them for sex and said they'd be willing to testify about it, the Times said.
The Times said one of them talked with a social worker and detective at the time. No charges were filed and an entry in an old Multnomah County district attorney's database indicates the office considered but rejected a felony third-degree sodomy case in May 1984. Any other police and child welfare records would have been destroyed by now, officials said.
Simpson and Anderson raised the allegations a decade ago in calls to reporters and Washington state lawmakers, and they repeated them in recent interviews with the Times.
Reading's statement acknowledged those accusations.
"The two older accusations were promoted by extreme right-wing anti-gay activists in the midst of the marriage equality campaign, and were thoroughly investigated and dismissed by both law enforcement authorities and the media," the statement said.
Simpson, 49, said Murray — whom he thought of as a father — raped him over several years, starting at age 13, and in later years, paid him.
"I would really like for him to admit it and to take responsibility," Simpson told two Times reporters who visited him unannounced in Portland. "I don't necessarily think that he destroyed my life but I believe a lot of the problems I have stemmed from this."
Simpson tried to bring a lawsuit against Murray in 2007, with Anderson's support, but his lawyer withdrew from the case. In 2008, Simpson started calling media organizations and lawmakers in Olympia, saying Murray, then a state senator, was a pedophile who had sexually abused him.
Before his political career, Murray — one of seven children in an Irish Catholic family — considered the priesthood. He spent a year at a seminary in 1976 before studying sociology at the University of Portland, a private Catholic institution, according to news profiles.
Having sex with a child under 16 — the age of legal consent in Washington in 1986 and today — constitutes rape of a child under state law. The statute of limitations on any crime would have expired long ago.
The lawsuit seeks unspecified damages and says D.H. has not previously made any financial demands of Murray.
SOURCE: The Associated Press, Gene Johnson
Previous Unemployment Rate Falls to Near 10-year Low of 4.5 Percent
Next In New Memoir, Prince's Ex-wife Says he 'Never Got Over' Death of Son

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Ashley and Tony White (Malahide).
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We have used Clanforce for a Clearview stove installation and external chimney build and also for a total renovation of kitchen/living room area. Throughout our dealings with Clanforce we found Mark and his team extremely professional, dependable and trustworthy with an excellent standard of finished work. Throughout the renovation they worked around us and facilitated our family by leaving the site extremely habitable and clean each evening. We found Clanforce pleasent, approachable and very easy to deal with at all stages and they delivered to an extremely high standard. We would have no hesitation in having Clanforce back for any future work and would recommend them to anyone without a single hesitation.
Peter Mc Bride & Michelle Keane, Stamullen.


text:
Salamat può riferirsi a diverse cose:

 Il Salamat, un fiume del Ciad
 La Regione del Salamat, in Ciad
 Salamat, un album di Yeng Constantino

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Florida GOP Condemned for Undermining Hard-Won Voting Rights for Felons With 'Modern Day Poll Tax'
"Disturbingly, this legislation will cause de facto lifetime disenfranchisement for large swaths of formerly incarcerated individuals who have completed their sentences."
Jessica Corbett, staff writer
Last year, the Florida Rights Restoration Coalition led the fight for Amendment 4, a ballot measure to restore voting rights for people who had served their sentences for felony convictions. (Photo: @FLRightsRestore/Twitter)
Florida state lawmakers are under fire for passing legislation critics call a "modern day poll tax" on the state's newly re-enfranchised felon voters.
The legislation, H.B. 7089, would undermine last year's successful ballot initiative to restore voting rights for more than a million Floridians who have completed felony sentences by requiring them to pay all court fines and fees before they can participate in elections.
The bill passed Florida's Republican-controlled state House 71-45 Wednesday, largely along party lines. Though it still needs final approval from state senators and Republican Gov. Ron DeSantis, progressive politicians, voting rights advocates, and civil liberties groups are speaking out against it.
Kara Gross, the ACLU of Florida's legislative director, warned that "disturbingly, this legislation will cause de facto lifetime disenfranchisement for large swaths of formerly incarcerated individuals who have completed their sentences—precisely the opposite of the entire purpose of Amendment 4."
As Common Dreams reported last November, some 64 percent of voters supported the amendment to the state constitution to allow people who have served their sentences—excluding those convicted of murder or felony sexual crimes—to vote. The "huge and hard fought victory," was celebrated as a repeal of "one of the country's worst Jim Crow laws" and "the largest expansion in voting rights since the Voting Rights Act."
Florida House passes modern day poll tax that could disenfranchise over 1 million people who were set to have voting rights restored, brazenly undermining will of 64% of voters who backed Amendment 4 https://t.co/tlNyIgayHf
— Ari Berman (@AriBerman) April 24, 2019
Opponents charge that the legislation defies the will of Florida voters and, as Gross put it, "merely replaces one unjust system for another."
"Florida's citizens spoke clearly on election day—1.4 million disenfranchised individuals deserve a second chance," said Gross. "This historic citizens initiative will only be thwarted by this legislation."
"The Florida House just subverted their wishes by passing a poll tax that will continue to disenfranchise low-income citizens," tweeted Georgetown University public policy professor Don Moynihan.
Neil Volz, political director of the Florida Rights Restoration Coalition, which led the fight for the constitutional amendment, told HuffPost in a statement that the "partisan vote in the House represented a failure to live up to the bipartisan commitment Florida voters showed with the passage of Amendment 4."
Looking ahead, HuffPost reported that the final legislation could look different after the state Senate votes on its companion bill.
The Florida Senate is still considering its own version of the legislation. The Senate version requires people with felonies to repay all restitution before they can vote again. But unlike the House version, the Senate bill would allow people to vote if fines and fees are converted to a civil lien. Lawmakers are expected to eventually negotiate a final version of the bill, according to Florida Politics.
While Volz still has concerns with the Senate bill, he said it was closer to something advocates could support.
"We believe the Senate bill better reflects the spirit of Amendment 4 and hope that Republicans and Democrats can come together to produce a bipartisan bill that aligns with the will of Florida's voters," he said.
The legislative battle in Florida comes amid a lively national debate about restoring voting rights not only for people who were formerly incarcerated for felonies, but also those who are currently behind bars.
Yep: FL GOP have taken a law with a clear policy message and muddied it. In a context of high learning costs and strong desire to incarcerate anyone voting who is not legally qualified to do so, how many former felons will decide its not worth the bother?https://t.co/SHFZ23PIDn
— Don Moynihan (@donmoyn) April 24, 2019
After the Florida House approved the bill Wednesday, multiple candidates for the Democratic nomination for president took to Twitter to denounce it.
"This is a poll tax," said Sen. Cory Booker (D-N.J.), who called for a "new Voting Rights Act" last week.
Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.)—the first 2020 hopeful to publicly support allowing all people who are currently in prison to retain their right to vote—tweeted: "Enough with the racist and unconstitutional efforts to deny people the right to vote. If you are an American citizen you must be able to vote. End of discussion."
Amid Trump Killing Spree, Family of Martin Luther King Jr Joins Chorus Demanding: 'Abolish the Death Penalty'
Republican State Officials Are Already Using Trump's Big Lie as Cover To Pursue New Laws To Make It Harder To Vote
US Fast Food Workers Strike, Demanding Congress #RaiseTheWage to $15 an Hour and Union Rights
Florida, Voting, Voting Rights, ACLU, Cory Booker, Bernie Sanders


Pappu (Krishna Abhishek) is a mechanic in the garage of Tara Singh. He dreams of making it big some day. Due to Pappu?s day-dreaming, Tara Singh incurs heavy lossess and he sacks Pappu. Now without a job, Pappu pretends to be the prince of Tikramgarh and tries to impress people. Kiran (Kashmera Shah), sister of underworld don Sudhakar Sawant (Jackie Shroff), falls in love with him. Although Sudhakar knows that Pappu is a fake, he helps him indirectly, after realizing his sister?s fondness for Pappu. However, Kiran is enraged when she learns the truth about Pappu. Sudhakar then steps in, pacifies his sister, and gets them married.


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As we all know, cyclists and Twitter is often a fantastic combination, allowing the fans a behind the scenes look at what goes on in and around the professional peloton. Here are some of the tweets that caught our eye this week, including ones from Geraint Thomas, Alex Dowsett, Iljo Keisse and more.
I told @LATennant15 getting a kitten was a bad idea!
Is the @CanyonEisberg rider in the break today in @TourofBritain going to a footy match after the stage?
6. A technique called 'shooting oneself in the foot'.
Dumb idea of the day.
8. This is abject. Not even sure where he's aiming.
10. With his no pressure race appearance at the Tour of Britain, G takes some time to up his gif game.
We'll be back next week with more of the best from social media.


Though ascribed to Caesar, this work was likely written by Aulus Hirtius or by some other officer who shared in this campaign.
Latin/English Hardcover edition, includes the Alexandrian War, Spanish War, and African War, translation by A.G. Way (Harvard Univ Pr, 1955, 440 pg).
Paperback edition of The Civil War : With the Anonymous Alexandrian, African, and Spanish Wars, translated by John Carter (Oxford Univ Pr, 1998).
Though ascribed to Caesar, this work was likely written by Aulus Hirtius.
Latin/English Hardcover edition, translation by Cynthia Damon (Harvard Univ Pr, 2016, 450 pg).
Paperback edition, translated by Jane F. Gardner (Viking Press, 1976, 360 pg).
Many scholars believe the last book of The Gallic War was written by Aulus Hirtius.
Latin/English Hardcover edition, translation by H.J. Edwards (Harvard Univ Pr, 1917, 642 pg).
Paperback edition, translated by Carolyn Hammond (Oxford Univ Pr, 2008, 320 pg).


After another awful week, I have decided that not only can I not have someone who treats me so poorly in my bridal party, but now I don't even want her at my wedding.
DEAR DESPERATE: You present a number of reasons why confronting this bully could be hard on you, but what choice do you have? You need to break up with her.
Say (in person, privately), "Our relationship seems to have disintegrated. I'm going to let you off the hook in terms of being in my wedding. Moving forward, I'd like to focus on maintaining a peaceful professional relationship."
After that, stay calm. Don't discuss your wedding at work, don't send her an invite, minimize your interactions with her, document her unprofessional behavior and push back when she attempts to bully you.
DEAR AMY: I'm writing about a curious thing my husband does that tends to hurt my feelings. I'm not sure how inconsiderate he may be, or how over-sensitive I may be.
He tends to look for negative information about people and things that I like. He also does this for things that he likes. For the most recent example, I regularly read the webcomic xkcd. For no obvious reason, at dinner on Sunday, he handed me his phone with a lengthy blog post from a philosophy major about how dismissive the author of xkcd is toward people outside the STEM fields.
I'm not completely unsympathetic to philosophy majors, but I don't really care. It's just a funny comic.
He thinks it's relevant or conversational to bring up things like this, but I feel like it's a lot of little jabs at things I like.
DEAR DON'T KNOCK: I think you're being over-sensitive. Your husband seems to be consistent in his desire for information, along with his choice to follow that information trail to a conclusion, even an unpleasant one. He applies this metric to many and varied cultural issues, including those that engage him.
You simply want the freedom -- and have the right -- to like what you like, unencumbered by the ramblings of blogging philosophers. You don't say that your husband shames you, but it seems that access to any potentially negative information will make you defensive.
You can also say, "Hey, why don't you send me a link to that piece and I'll see if I want to read it later."
DEAR EAGLE-EYED: Colorado borders seven states. Many people live in one state and work in another. "Concerned" noted that they work in the same office.


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How fire was brought to the indians.
From The Book of Nature Myths by Florence Holbrook.
Start of Story
PART I. SEIZING THE FIREBRAND.
Oh, it was so cold! The wind blew the leaves about on the ground. The frost spirit hid on the north side of every tree, and stung every animal of the forest that came near. Then the snow fell till the ground was white. Through the snowflakes one could see the sun, but the sun looked cold, for it was not a clear, bright yellow. It was almost as white as the moon. The Indians drew their cloaks more and more closely around them, for they had no fire. "How shall we get fire?" they asked, but no one answered. All the fire on earth was in the wigwam of two old women who did not like the Indians. "They shall not have it," said the old women, and they watched night and day so that no one could get a firebrand. At last a young Indian said to the others, "No man can get fire. Let us ask the animals to help us." "What beast or what bird can get fire when the two old women are watching it?" the others cried. "The bear might get it." "No, he cannot run swiftly." "The deer can run." "His antlers would not go through the door of the wigwam." "The raven can go through the door." "It was smoke that made the raven's feathers black, and now he always keeps away from the fire." "The serpent has not been in the smoke."
"No, but he is not our friend, and he will not do anything for us." "Then I will ask the wolf," said the young man. "He can run, he has no antlers, and he has not been in the smoke." So the young man went to the wolf and called, "Friend wolf, if you will get us a firebrand, I will give you some food every day." "I will get it," said the wolf. "Go to the home of the old women and hide behind a tree; and when you hear me cough three times, give a loud war-cry." Close by the village of the Indians was a pond. In the pond was a frog, and near the pond lived a squirrel, a bat, a bear, and a deer. The wolf cried, "Frog, hide in the rushes across the pond. Squirrel, go to the bushes beside the path that runs from the pond to the wigwam of the two old women. Bat, go into the shadow and sleep if you like, but do not close both eyes. Bear, do not stir from behind this great rock till you are told. Deer, keep still as a mountain till something happens." The wolf then went to the wigwam of the two old women. He coughed at the door, and at last they said, "Wolf, you may come in to the fire." The wolf went into the wigwam. He coughed three times, and the Indian gave a war-cry. The two old women ran out quickly into the forest to see what had happened, and the wolf ran away with a firebrand from the fire.
PART II. THE FIREBRAND IN THE FOREST.
When the two women saw that the wolf had the firebrand, they were very angry, and straightway they ran after him. "Catch it and run!" cried the wolf, and he threw it to the deer. The deer caught it and ran. "Catch it and run!" cried the deer, and he threw it to the bear. The bear caught it and ran. "Catch it and fly!" cried the bear, and he threw it to the bat. The bat caught it and flew. "Catch it and run!" cried the bat, and he threw it to the squirrel. The squirrel caught it and ran. "Oh, serpent," called the two old women, "you are no friend to the Indians. Help us. Get the firebrand away from the squirrel." As the squirrel ran swiftly over the ground, the serpent sprang up and tried to seize the firebrand. He did not get it, but the smoke went into the squirrel's nostrils and made him cough. He would not let go of the firebrand, but ran and ran till he could throw it to the frog. When the frog was running away with it, then the squirrel for the first time thought of himself, and he found that his beautiful bushy tail was no longer straight, for the fire had curled it up over his back. "Do not be sorry," called the young Indian across the pond. "Whenever an Indian boy sees a squirrel with his tail curled up over his back, he will throw him a nut."
PART III. THE FIREBRAND IN THE POND.
All this time the firebrand was burning, and the frog was going to the pond as fast as he could. The old women were running after him, and when he came to the water, one of them caught him by the tail. "I have caught him!" she called. "Do not let him go!" cried the other. "No, I will not," said the first; but she did let him go, for the little frog tore himself away and dived into the water. His tail was still in the woman's hand, but the firebrand was safe, and he made his way swiftly across the pond. "Here it is," said the frog. "Where?" asked the young Indian. Then the frog coughed, and out of his mouth came the firebrand. It was small, for it had been burning all this time, but it set fire to the leaves and twigs, and soon the Indians were warm again. They sang and they danced about the flames. At first the frog was sad, because he was sorry to lose his tail; but before long he was as merry as the people who were dancing, for the young Indian said, "Little frog, you have been a good friend to us, and as long as we live on the earth, we will never throw a stone at a frog that has no tail."
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Cognizurecreating knowledge for future
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Chemical Sensors 2011, 1: 2
Portable Chemical Sensors for the Rapid Detection of Chemical and Biological Agents and Other Weapons of Terrorism
Georgia-Paraskevi Nikolelia, Dimitrios P. Nikolelisb, Nikolaos Tzamtzisa
a Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dept 1, Chemical Sciences National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., Athens 157 80, Greece
b Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Kouponia, 15771 Athens, Greece
The present article deals with weapons of bioterrorism, history, types of agents used and examples of chemical sensors for the rapid detection of chemical and biological agents and other weapons of terrorism. The release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs used to cause illness or death in people mainly, animals, or plants can be found in nature, but mainly are prepared with increased ability to cause diseases or death. These biological weapons are used by terrorists as a method of creating mass panic and disruption to a society. Therefore it is of primary concern to develop chemical sensors to detect these bioterrorism weapons prior to their use. The need for biosensors that can quickly and accurately identify infectious agents has lead the need for newer faster detection biosensors against bio-warfare agents for military and civil defense applications. The new biosensor technology has significant technological advantages when compared to that of the traditional detection methods. We are looking into portable and handheld biosensors, for example, such as dynamic DNA and Protein Arrays for rapid and accurate detection of pathogens and other agents. Recent achievements include single RNA or DNA molecule detection, real time hybridization or monitoring of protein binding to aptamers at single molecule level, hybridization of synthetic target DNA with anti-anthrax, selectivity of protein detection, i.e., Selectivity of human thrombin detection by anti-thrombin aptamers, simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens. However, biosensor technology still needs to offer a platform for portable and handheld biosensors for the rapid detection of bioterrorism weapons that can be used in airports and other cases.
Bioterrorism; Biological weapons; Biosensors; In situ detection
© 2020 Cognizure


VU20917 Apply the principles of psychology to modify canine behaviour. During this unit of study, students will discover the principles of learning and .
You will learn about canine psychology, senses, dog training, dog obedience, solving behavioral disorders, and much more in this online course. This course is .
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Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less bacteria that infect plants when they are transferred via sap-feeding insects such as leafhoppers. Plants infected with phytoplasmas can show a range of defects. One of them is the well-known Witches' Broom, a massive overproliferation of shoots, often seen in nature on trees and shrubs. Another common defect of phytoplasma infection is termed phyllody, which is a conversion of floral organs into leaf-like structures (Figure 1). This phenomenon is interesting from an evolutionary point of view as floral organs are thought to be modified leaves (Pelaz et al., 2001; von Goethe, 1790). Thus, phytoplasmas convert floral organs into something that resembles their developmental ground state.
Figure 1. From MacLean AM, et al. (2014). PLoS Biol 12(4): e1001835.
The molecular basis of phyllody is largely unknown but a recent paper by MacLean et al. (2014) has begun to shed light on the underlying mechanism. The authors elucidated how one effector of phytoplasma, a protein called SAP54 (MacLean et al., 2011), induces phyllody in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a yeast two-hybrid approach, they found that SAP54 physically interacts with several transcription factors of the MADS-domain family, which contains many key floral regulators. Among them are the APETALA1 (AP1) and SEPALLATA1 to 4 (SEP1-4) proteins that have important functions during the onset of flower development and/or the specification of floral organ identity, respectively (O'Maoileidigh et al., 2014; Sablowski, 2010).
How does the interaction of SAP54 with floral regulators of the MADS-domain family lead to phyllody? Given that plants with mutations in genes coding for certain MADS-domain proteins exhibit transformations of floral organs into leaves it appeared likely the SAP54 might render these transcription factors inactive. In fact, it was found that the MADS-domain proteins AP1 and SEP3 are less abundant in plants infected with phytoplasmas than in the wild type. This reduced protein accumulation appears to be a consequence of a higher rate of protein turnover because addition of a proteasome inhibitor resulted in a restoration of MADS-domain protein levels.
This finding brought the authors back to the results of their yeast two-hybrid screen, in which they had also identified two RAD23 proteins as interacting with SAP54. RAD23 proteins are thought to play a role in directing ubiquitinated proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Thus, SAP54 may bridge between components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and floral regulators.
That RAD23 proteins are indeed important for phyllody was shown through experiments in which SAP54 was ectopically expressed in plants. While SAP54 over-expression leads to a strong degree of phyllody in the wild type, the expression of phyllody is suppressed in mutants in which several RAD23 genes are disrupted. Similarly, infection of higher-order rad23 mutants with phytoplasma does not lead to phyllody nor to a degradation of MADS-domain proteins, albeit other aspects of phytoplasma infection, such as the formation of Witches' Broom, are unaffected. Taken together, these data provide convincing evidence that SAP54 induces phyllody by targeting MADS-domain transcription factors for degradation through interactions with RAD23 proteins.
What benefit does inducing phyllody in their host plants have for phytoplasmas? When male and female leafhoppers were given the choice between plants with normal flowers and plants that exhibited phyllody, they produced significantly more progeny on the latter. While the exact reason for this preference is currently unclear, it appears from these results that phytoplasmas modify flower architecture primarily to attract their insect vector to infected plants and thus ensure the spread of the pathogen.
Figure 1: An Arabidopsis wild-type flower (left) and a flower from a plant after phytoplasma infection showing phyllody (right). Figure taken from (MacLean et al., 2014).
MacLean AM, Sugio A, Makarova OV, Findlay KC, Grieve VM, Toth R, Nicolaisen M, Hogenhout SA. 2011. Phytoplasma effector SAP54 induces indeterminate leaf-like flower development in Arabidopsis plants. Plant Physiol 157, 831-841.
MacLean AM, Orlovskis Z, Kowitwanich K, Zdziarska AM, Angenent GC, Immink RG, Hogenhout SA. 2014. Phytoplasma effector SAP54 hijacks plant reproduction by degrading MADS-box proteins and promotes insect colonization in a RAD23-dependent manner. PLoS Biol 12, e1001835.
O'Maoileidigh DS, Graciet E, Wellmer F. 2014. Gene networks controlling Arabidopsis thaliana flower development. New Phytol 201, 16-30.
Pelaz S, Tapia-Lopez R, Alvarez-Buylla ER, Yanofsky MF. 2001. Conversion of leaves into petals in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 11, 182-184.
Sablowski R. 2010. Genes and functions controlled by floral organ identity genes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 21, 94-99.
von Goethe JW. 1790. Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu erklären. Ettinger, Gotha, Germany.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged APETALA (AP1), Arabidopsis, floral regulators, MADS-domain, phyllody, phytoplasmas, RAD23 proteins, SAP54, Witches'broom. Bookmark the permalink.


As we become more dependent on storing and accessing personal data, cloud computing and data centres are more critical to daily life. Along with managing an abundance of big data, many data centre companies are faced with the additional challenge of protecting the earth.
According to the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), in 2014 there were about 3 million data centres in the U.S., which is approximately one data centre for every 100 people, across the nation, requiring a lot of power and electricity to operate.
Though increasingly more data dependent, Americans continue evolving into a more energy-conscious culture. This dichotomy places the business of data centres at the intersection of the environment we seek to protect and the digital world we live in today.
In 2014, already 57 percent of Americans preferred conservation as an approach to solving the nation's energy problems, up from 51 percent in 2013. Our cultural desire to balance those two citizenships has given birth to the concept of the green data centre.
In celebration of the 46th Earth Day on April 22, we're proud to highlight a recently completed project: the sustainable building certification achieved at our Oakland, California data centre.
With 49 certifications since 2009, Digital Realty has demonstrated its commitment to leading the industry with sustainable buildings. Our 720 Second St. data centre is one of two projects receiving certification in Q1 of 2016 joined by the 3 Loyang Way redevelopment in Singapore, which received Green Mark Platinum certification.
Historically, data centres have not been recognized for sustainability. But, due to our environmentally conscious mindset, that too is changing, and is driving more sustainable data centre design.
When it was time to update those areas of the Oakland data centre where customers and Digital Realty employees spend the most time, the company chose to make it a sustainable remodel. The upgrade focused on bringing in more daylight, improving air quality, using water and lighting more efficiently.
With its continued focus on sustainability, Digital Realty embraced the standards and best practicescomprising the LEED certification programme for the design, operation and construction of high performance green buildings.
According to Digital Realty's Asa Donohugh, who managed the project, "The remodel addressed indoor air quality in the building's human-occupied spaces by installing carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors, selecting low-emitting flooring, composite wood products and furniture as well as non-toxic paints, sealants and adhesives to protect breathable air from toxic fumes. Once the remodel was complete, the site initiated a green cleaning programme to prevent the use of toxic chemicals by custodial crews.
Joining Donohugh on the remodel team were Chief Engineer Dave Lyman, tasked with making sure the project did not impact critical data centre operations, and Raul Saavedra who worked to get it funded.
There are a number of benefits to making data centre design more sustainable and LEED certified. The implementation of energy efficiency measures can result in operational savings, lower operating costs and increased asset value.


Camel safari in the Desert is the most fascinating and amazing experience that you should have once in a lifetime. We Thar Utsav have 400 acres of private Sand dunes to give you the best Adventure Camel Safari Osian in Jodhpur. We also help you in planning tour to nearby village or Jodhpur or see the first-morning sun in the golden sands of Thar. The monuments, forts, palaces and many other historical places are the attraction of Rajasthan which can be visited traditionally with the Camel Safari. We care about you and thus the camel safari tours also include every kind of safety measures and needs such as meals included in the safari camp Osian and Osian desert camp, Jodhpur.
With the companion of our experienced associates, you can get each and every information needed such as tales of the palaces and forts etc. We take you to everything that is popular in Rajasthan and everything special in Rajasthan can be tasted in the best restaurants. Visiting famous temples as well as meeting localities to understand their lifestyle is an incredible experience in Camel Safari in Villages.
Thar Utsav not only welcomes you in traditional Rajasthani manner but also reflects the native Rajasthani culture and tradition in designs, food, and clothing to make you feel like in Real Rajasthani village in one of the most luxurious resorts.


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Q: Firebase Cloud Functions "admin.messaging(...).send is not a function" I have a function in Firebase Functions service that send any FCM.
I would to use admin.messaging().send() function, like this reference guide, but I got this error while function is triggered, not during deploy:
TypeError: admin.messaging(...).send is not a function
   at exports.sendChatNotification.functions.database.ref.onCreate.event (/user_code/lib/index.js:113:30)
   at Object.<anonymous> (/user_code/node_modules/firebase-functions/lib/cloud-functions.js:59:27)
   at next (native)
   at /user_code/node_modules/firebase-functions/lib/cloud-functions.js:28:71
   at __awaiter (/user_code/node_modules/firebase-functions/lib/cloud-functions.js:24:12)
   at cloudFunction (/user_code/node_modules/firebase-functions/lib/cloud-functions.js:53:36)
   at /var/tmp/worker/worker.js:700:26
   at process._tickDomainCallback (internal/process/next_tick.js:135:7)

I can see this error in Functions->Log inside Firebase console.
That's my function code:
 exports.sendChatNotification = functions.database.ref('/messages').onCreate(event => {

 var message = {
    data: {
        title: 'title',
        body: 'body',
    },
    apns: {
        header: {
            'apns-priority': '10',
            'apns-expiration':'0'
          },
        payload: {
            aps: {
                sound: 'default',
                'content-available':'1'
              }
        }
    },
    android: {
        ttl: 60*1000,
        priority: 'high'
      },
    topic: 'mytopic'
};

return admin.messaging().send(message);

});

If I use admin.messaging().sendToTopic() and (changing the message structure) it works fine. It seems Firebase doesn't support its own API.
I deploy this using Firebase tools, with command line "firebase deploy".
I have updated firebase-tools and firebase-functions and firebase-admin in my functions project.

A: The send() function was added in firebase-admin 5.9.0.  If you want to use it, you should run npm install firebase-admin@latest in your functions folder to install the latest version.  At the time of this writing, the latest version is 5.9.1.


Aladdin In Bound Luxury Vinyl Plank Flooring is a durable wood flooring alternative for high traffic homes and offices. Aladdin In Bound comes in 10 beautiful visuals. This flooring collection features the Uniclic locking system which makes installation super simple.


Almost in every competitive exam, we have to face English section. But many people struggle to get qualify in this section. English is another easy section where marks can be scored easily if we focus on main topics by improving some reading habits on the regular basis.
Apart from all this, the candidate should have to read English newspaper regularly. First, read Times of India & the Hindu paper and observe the difference and then make a habit of reading any one of those two papers as per your convenience. It improves the error correction ability.
Learn at least 10 new words a day with antonyms & synonyms.
Watch English channels and English news.
Reading Wren & Martin English grammar improves the candidate's ability to tackle this section.
Previous How to Crack SBI Clerk Exam by Self-preparation?


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var win = Ti.UI.createWindow({
	backgroundColor: '#fff',
	fullscreen: false,
	exitOnClose: true
});
var label = Ti.UI.createLabel({
	text: L("hello.world") + "!",
	color: 'red',
	font: {
		fontSize: 32,
		fontWeight: 'bold'
	}
});
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win.open();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Create your own case HERE!
Mobile phone photography is experiencing something of a revolution. Over 3,000 photography apps can be downloaded online and it's also possible for the keen mobile photographer – or 'iPhoneographer' - to pimp up their phone with external lenses and mini tripods.
What's more, mobile photographers are gaining serious recognition for their work. Damon Winter was this year's winner of the Newspaper Photographer of the Year Award. His images of the war in Afghanistan, shot on a phone using the hipstamatic app, were printed on the front page of the New York Times.
Daniel Cutmore is festival manager at the Look 11 International Photography Festival in Liverpool. Among the work exhibited in this year's first edition is an interactive project by Liverpool artist Pete Carr, a mobile photography project by Christian Caselli and a live social media project by city residents themselves.
Professional photographers Rachel and Phil Hibberd have offered a selection of courses throughout the country with their company Photography Made Simple, including the first mobile photography course in the UK.
"Our mobile photography course was aimed at young people in specific, who are on their phone all day," Rachel says. "We would like to change the attitude in which they think 'let's just snap this, I can delete it later' to 'let's bother'.
"You don't need all the expensive gear, because in the end you can't buy the knowledge of when to press the shutter. The quality of mobile images are so good these days and we often hear of people who say they've never taken such a good photograph and how they're surprised to have taken it on their mobile phone.


13/09/2018 · i have 100+ pictures of a wedding all out of order. how can i reorder them for a chronological slide show using windows live photo gallery how can i change the chronological order of my pictures to make a slide show using live photo gallery i have 100+ pictures of a wedding all out of order. how can i reorder them for a chronological slide show using windows live photo gallery This thread... Uploading photos to Facebook using your phone or tablet is easy. Reorganizing them, however, can be a real pain. Check out my tips for creating Facebook albums and moving photos between albums. Reorganizing them, however, can be a real pain.
Facebook orders your education profile based on the order of entry. You can modify this by removing and re-entering your education profile one by one.... 16/08/2018 · Let's take a look at a quick and easier way that you can spruce up your Facebook Page + I'll show you how to reorder your photos in the photo albums on your Facebook Page.
Uploading photos to Facebook using your phone or tablet is easy. Reorganizing them, however, can be a real pain. Check out my tips for creating Facebook albums and moving photos between albums. Reorganizing them, however, can be a real pain.... Uploading photos to Facebook using your phone or tablet is easy. Reorganizing them, however, can be a real pain. Check out my tips for creating Facebook albums and moving photos between albums. Reorganizing them, however, can be a real pain.
Uploading photos to Facebook using your phone or tablet is easy. Reorganizing them, however, can be a real pain. Check out my tips for creating Facebook albums and moving photos between albums. Reorganizing them, however, can be a real pain.... Facebook orders your education profile based on the order of entry. You can modify this by removing and re-entering your education profile one by one.
Uploading photos to Facebook using your phone or tablet is easy. Reorganizing them, however, can be a real pain. Check out my tips for creating Facebook albums and moving photos between albums. Reorganizing them, however, can be a real pain.
Facebook orders your education profile based on the order of entry. You can modify this by removing and re-entering your education profile one by one.
16/08/2018 · Let's take a look at a quick and easier way that you can spruce up your Facebook Page + I'll show you how to reorder your photos in the photo albums on your Facebook Page.


Associated Press Writer= TEHRAN, Iran (AP) — Iran plans to launch a communications satellite by late 2011 with no outside help, a top Iranian official said Friday, after Italy and Russia declined to put it into orbit.
Israeli media have claimed that the new Iranian satellite, named Misbah, or "Lantern" in Farsi, is a spy satellite. Iran says the satellite, which is to be launched into a low-earth orbit, is to assist in data communication.
Telecommunications Minister Reza Taqipour touted the decision to launch the satellite as a show of Iran's progress in space technology.
"Our capability to launch a satellite has increased ... we hope to launch Mesbah satellite-2 ourselves" by the end of 2011, Taqipour said, according to the semi-official Fars news agency.
Earlier this month, the head of Iran's Aero Space Industries, Gen. Mahdi Farahi, announced Tehran would use Italy to launch Mesbah after waiting for years in vain for Russia to do the job.
But Italy's Carlo Gavazzi Space company promptly denied the report, saying it does not have the capabilities to put Misbah in orbit.
Iran launched a domestically made satellite — called Omid, or "Hope" in Farsi — using an Iranian rocket for the first time in February. In 2005, its first satellite was launched by Russia, which has been a partner in transferring space technology to Iran along with North Korea and China.
The Mesbah satellite was first displayed in 2005. At the time, Iran said it would be launched that year by a Russian Cosmos-3 satellite-carrier. Since then, however, there were repeated delays by Russia.
Iran has been frustrated by what it sees as foot-dragging by Russia on a number of projects, at a time when Russia, the United States and other powers are pressing Tehran to compromise in the standoff over its nuclear program.
A top Iranian lawmaker earlier this week complained about Russia's delay in delivering the sophisticated S-300 anti-aircraft system. Russia and Iran signed an agreement for the system 2007, but Israel vociferously opposes the deal and has been lobbying Russia not to deliver it.
Russia is also helping Iran build its first nuclear power plant, but its inauguration has also been repeatedly delayed.
Iran has said it wants to put satellites into orbit to monitor natural disasters in the earthquake-prone nation and improve its telecommunications. Iranian officials also point to America's use of satellites to monitor Iran's neighbors Afghanistan and Iraq and say they need similar abilities for their security.
ROME, November 11 (RIA Novosti) - Italy's foreign ministry has dismissed media reports about the country's participation in the Iranian project to launch a low orbiting research satellite, the ANSA news agency has said.
Gen. Mahdi Farahi, the head of Iran's Aero Space Industries told the Mehr News Agency on Tuesday that Italy would cooperate with Aerospace Industries Organization to send the 63.5-kg Mesbah (Lantern) satellite into space in 2011.
A spokesman for the Italian foreign ministry dismissed "any assistance from Italy to Iran in orbiting the satellite."
The satellite, with a lifespan of three years can gather information from various parts of the planet and transmit it back to Earth. Israeli media have said the satellite will be used for spying purposes.
Iran had earlier planned to use Russia for the satellite's launch. The project was started in 1977, but abandoned and restarted in 1996.
The Islamic Republic of Iran is to convey a new generation of the country's national satellite called Tolou early February.
"The new generation of Iran's national satellite called Toloo will be conveyed in the Ten-day Dawn this year," IRIB quoted Iran's Defense Minister Ahmad Vahidi as saying on Wednesday.
The minister further added that the satellite has been designed and built by Iranian scientists and experts at Iran's Electronics Industries Co. (Sa-Iran).
"Sa-Iran in Shiraz has managed to meet the country's needs in radar and defense capabilities," he went on to say.
"The great achievements made by Iran's defense ministry in the electronics field has both increased Iran's deterrent power and ended the monopoly of some countries in this complicated field," he further explained.
According to the minister, Iran's armed forces are able to identify the enemies' software and hardware movements with the use of their modern equipment.
"This satellite, which was built by Iranian scientists, is a big step for the continued presence of Iran in space and for taking advantage of the opportunities offered in this field," Vahidi said.
Vahidi did not give any details as to the capability of the Tolou satellites - which means "sunrise" in Farsi.
Last February Iran launched its first satellite, Omid. President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad hailed the launching as a "source of pride" for the Islamic republic.
On Wednesday state television reported that Iran had successfully test-fired a long-range, improved Sejil 2 missile, an announcement likely to add to tension with the West.
Al-Alam, Iran's Arabic-language satellite television, said the Sejil missile had a longer range than the Shahab missile, which Iranian officials in the past have said can reach targets 2,000 kilometers (1,250 miles) away.
That would put Israel and US bases in the Gulf within reach.
The missile test coincided with increased tension over Iran's nuclear program, which the West fears is aimed at making bombs. Iran denies the charge.
Amir Kabir University and Iran's Aerospace Industries Organization signed a production agreement on AUT SAT satellites, said Shahruh Mahdavi, a contract expert at the university.
He said design works have ended and production has begun, the Mehr news agency reported.
According to Mahdavi, the satellite's total weight is 70-80 kilograms.
The satellite will reduce damage from earthquakes, droughts and other natural disasters.
Iran is due to unveil several home-made hi-tech satellites during the Ten-Day Dawn ceremonies from February 1 to 11, celebrating the victory of the Islamic Revolution back in 1979.
According to Fars News Agency on Sunday, January 17, Head of the Central Headquarters for holding the ceremonies Mohammad Hossein Zare' said "A new generation of national satellites will be launched during this year's Ten-Day Dawn."
Zare' also noted that the Iranian defense ministry will release further details on the production and specifications of the new generation of Iran-made satellites.
Iranian Defense Minister Brigadier General Ahmad Vahidi in December announced that Tehran had built a new hi-tech satellite named "Tolou" (Rise), adding that the satellite developed and produced by Iran's Electronics Industries Co. (SA Iran) was a bold step towards the country's active and permanent presence in the field of space.
He said the satellite would be unveiled in February.
GMT+8, 2019-4-23 04:31 , Processed in 0.296401 second(s), 18 queries , Gzip On.


Hi everyone, and welcome to the blog in 2013. Before we start, I've a couple of announcements to make and then we can get on with the raffle and the free bar.
Firstly, thanks for reading and contributing to this blog, particularly over the last 4 or 5 months – it's been a real blast and I'm incredibly humbled by the response to it.
Secondly, I'm making no promises about writing anything differently from the last few months. You're going to get the same mix of random ramblings and vaguely interesting ideas.
I had a great earworm the other day; I was continuously reciting the 'Day day day, Um, Da da da da da da, OK' part from Under Pressure by David Bowie and Queen. Aside from annoying my family to beyond distraction on a 3 hour car journey, I couldn't work out where it had come from. I wasn't under pressure in any form and hadn't heard the song in ages. I realised it was from another song a week before.
The previous week had been the 2012 Lambeth HR OD team Christmas karaoke party. It was the best work event I've ever been to; everyone got into the mood, everyone sang, everyone had a good time. There are many abiding memories – a group of men with their hands in the air singing 'I'm Every Woman' is one I'm trying to forget – but one that stuck was the Vanilla Ice classic.
He's never said much of value excepting the 3 words I'm going to use whenever someone comes up to me in 2013.
I'm not going to answer immediately, I'm going to stop myself jumping to a quick solution. I want to provide less.
Any chance I get I'll be looking to see how I can connect you with other people to help you. I want to connect you.
I 'm going to spend more time taking in what you're saying before I answer you. My silence is me reflecting on what you say.
They're my 3 words for 2013 – what are yours? Let me know in the comments or via my Twitter what your #3wordsin2013 are going to be.
"Get more done by slowing down". I am trying to turn it into some sort of mantra, and find myself saying it out loud when I know I am rushing. It seems to be working. At least I can still remember the words, 2 weeks in! Perhaps I should put it to music.


text:
Calif. Lawmaker Seeks to Ban Some Risky Mortgages
A California legislator on Wednesday introduced a lending-regulation bill that seeks to mandate the obvious — that people who want to buy a home can actually afford the mortgage, property taxes and insurance.
The prevalence of exotic mortgages that put home buyers into loans they couldn't afford to repay when interest rates jumped and home values plummeted has contributed to a wave of foreclosures across the country.
State Assemblyman Ted Lieu wants to make sure future home buyers do not find themselves in similar circumstances.
His bill would require mortgage lenders to ensure that borrowers can afford their basic monthly housing bills before qualifying them for a home loan.
He released the details of his bill Tuesday to The Associated Press, as the latest housing data showed foreclosures had reached a two-decade high in California in December. California has the greatest number of foreclosure filings nationwide and the fifth highest rate of home foreclosures.
The bill by Lieu, chairman of the Assembly Banking and Finance Committee, would ban certain designer mortgage loans and allow some homeowners to refinance their loans before higher interest rates kick in without paying fees or penalties. Some of his proposals are opposed by the industry representing mortgage brokers.
Lieu's is the latest move by state lawmakers and Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger to deal with a decline in the housing market that has touched off a wider economic slump and in turn is threatening state finances.
Their goal is to rein in a lending industry that over the past decade marketed non-traditional loans that often were front-loaded with low initial interest rates that later soared. In some cases, borrowers were paying only the interest on their loans, and in other cases even less than that.
When housing prices began sliding, they could not afford to refinance into more affordable mortgages.
Schwarzenegger last year signed a law requiring the more than 4,800 state-licensed financial institutions, mortgage brokers and real estate agents to follow more conservative federal lending guidelines.
In September, the Federal Reserve issued voluntary guidelines urging loan service companies to work with borrowers in danger of defaulting on their home mortgages. And the Bush administration in December announced a deal with the mortgage industry freezing the low introductory rates on subprime loans — those made to borrowers with shaky credit or low incomes — for five years.
Not every borrower who signed up for the risky mortgages was subprime, however. In California and Nevada, for example, thousands were investors looking to buy houses with little or no money down and flip them for a quick profit.
In California, mortgage defaults have been on the rise since fall 2005, coinciding with the start of a slowdown in sales and lagging home appreciation.
"The mortgage crisis no doubt shows what happens when you have inadequate regulations," said Lieu, who was corporate vice president at financial services firm UBS before being elected to the Assembly in 2005.
Although more than half the country's outstanding subprime mortgages were made by federally insured banks or their affiliates, the others were made by lenders subject to state regulation, according to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Lawmakers have little power to change the mortgage contracts now in place but want to impose new rules protecting future borrowers against nontraditional loans that they say led to the mortgage meltdown.
"We are in this predicament because of the industry's over-aggressive lending practices," said Kevin Stein, associate director of the California Reinvestment Coalition, which represents more than 250 nonprofit organizations and state agencies. "We need to have reform in place to ensure that we don't have these problems in the future."
In California, state regulation could apply to an estimated 60 percent of home loans, Lieu said.
Among the loans that Lieu wants to ban are "stated-income loans" that require little or no documentation about how much money a borrower makes. Although many lenders are tightening qualifications themselves, Lieu said such self-policing falls short of government safeguards.
His bill also would allow homeowners to refinance subprime and high-cost loans without paying any prepayment fees and penalties. Borrowers could refinance nontraditional loans without paying penalties six months before the loan rate changes.
Brokers would be prohibited from earning incentives or kickbacks for steering borrowers into costlier, higher interest rate loans. The bill also would ban negative amortization loans — those in which homeowners don't pay all of the interest on their loan and end up owing more on their house than is worth.
Pete Ogilvie, president of the California Association of Mortgage Brokers, said lawmakers are targeting legitimate loans that have helped thousands of Californians get into homes or refinance their mortgages at lower rates.
The fault lies with the scores of unlicensed lenders or those who gave loans to people who could never afford them, Ogilvie said.
"The approach to barring some of the terrible things that happened to people over the past several years is not to get rid of products that have existed and served the public well for 15 or 20 years," Ogilvie said.
Assemblyman Ted Lieu:
http://democrats.assembly.ca.gov/members/a53/
California Reinvestment Coalition: http://www.calreinvest.org/
California Association of Mortgage Brokers:
http://www.cambweb.org/
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