text:
kottke.org posts about James Hansen
Eric Holthaus
James Hansen's 1988 climate predictions have proved to be remarkably accurate
In 1988, Dr. James Hansen testified in front of Congress about the future dangers of climate change caused by human activity. That same year, the results of a study released by Hansen and his team at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies detailed three possible scenarios for possible future warming. Their middle-of-the-road prediction has proved to be remarkably accurate over the past 30 years.
Changes in the human effects that influence Earth's global energy imbalance (a.k.a. 'anthropogenic radiative forcings') have in reality been closest to Hansen's Scenario B, but about 20-30% weaker thanks to the success of the Montreal Protocol in phasing out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Hansen's climate model projected that under Scenario B, global surface air temperatures would warm about 0.84°C between 1988 and 2017. But with a global energy imbalance 20-30% lower, it would have predicted a global surface warming closer to 0.6-0.7°C by this year.
The actual 1988-2017 temperature increase was about 0.6°C. Hansen's 1988 global climate model was almost spot-on.
Scientists have known this was happening for decades and have been telling our government officials about it for more than 30 years. Our present inaction on a national level on this is shameful and "the global poor, the disenfranchised, the young, and the yet-to-be-born" will soon pay the price.
See also a brief history of America's shameful inaction on climate change.
Status report: How's the climate doing?
In the past two weeks, the results of three surveys and studies about the Earth's climate have been released: a paper on a possible dramatic climate shift, a survey of coral bleaching at the Great Barrier Reef, and a study on the West Antarctic ice sheet. All three investigations tell the story of climate change happening quicker than was previously anticipated.
From the paper published last week by former NASA climate scientist James Hansen and a number of colleagues:
Virtually all climate scientists agree with Dr. Hansen and his co-authors that society is not moving fast enough to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, posing grave risks. The basic claim of the paper is that by burning fossil fuels at a prodigious pace and pouring heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere, humanity is about to provoke an abrupt climate shift.
In Australia, more than 40% of the Great Barrier Reef has been damaged by coral bleaching.
Scientists who have dedicated their careers to studying the reef and its ecosystem say the current bleaching is unprecedented, and perhaps unrecoverable. The emotion in their responses so far have been palpable.
"I witnessed a sight underwater that no marine biologist, and no person with a love and appreciation for the natural world for that matter, wants to see," said Australian coral scientist Jodie Rummer in a statement, after spending more than a month at a monitoring station in the Great Barrier Reef.
Though corals comprise only about 0.2 percent of the global oceans, they support perhaps a quarter of all marine species.
And just yesterday, a study on the West Antarctic ice sheet was released that says the ice sheet could melt much faster than previously thought, raising global sea levels by 3 feet in less than 90 years. Even the normally staid NY Times invoked the Sword of Damocles in the lede.
The great ice sheet, larger than Mexico, is thought to be potentially vulnerable to disintegration from a relatively small amount of global warming, and capable of raising the sea level by 12 feet or more should it break up. But researchers long assumed the worst effects would take hundreds — if not thousands — of years to occur.
Now, new research suggests the disaster scenario could play out much sooner.
Continued high emissions of heat-trapping gases could launch a disintegration of the ice sheet within decades, according to a study published Wednesday, heaving enough water into the ocean to raise the sea level as much as three feet by the end of this century.
Miami might not make it to the end of the century.
Oh and BTW, the maximum extent of sea ice in the Arctic was a record low in 2016, February was a total Messi-esque outlier in terms of how unusually hot it was, March, while not as warm, will still be the hottest March ever, and just look at the 2016 trend in the first chart here.
You can think of the Earth as a massive machine, with many interconnected, resilient, and redundant systems. For a long time, humans thought it was too big for our actions to affect this machine in a meaningful way. But the Industrial Revolution's release of hundreds of millions of years of stored greenhouse gases in less than 300 years put a strain on that entire machine. We didn't notice that strain for a long time, but we're starting to now in the form of higher temperatures, weird weather, bleaching coral reefs, rapidly melting ice sheets in Greenland & Antarctica, and dozens of other ways. I hope there's still time to do something meaningful about it before the slower moving parts of the machine fail permanently.
Scientists warn of dramatic climate shift much sooner than expected
A new paper by climate scientists, including ex-NASA scientist James Hansen, warns that our climate could dramatically change within decades, not centuries.
Non-linear systems, man. Gradually, then all at once.
Update: Slate's Eric Holthaus has more on the paper and its potential implications.
In addition to the risk of "several meters" of sea level rise this century, which Hansen calls the most important finding, the final version of Hansen's paper gives new emphasis to the possibility that the ocean's heat circulation system may be in the process of shutting down. The circulation shutdown would precede the rapid increase in global sea levels. If the shutdown happens, simultaneous cooling of the waters near Greenland and Antarctica and warming in the tropics and midlatitudes could spawn frequent strong storms on the order of Hurricane Sandy or worse.
If that sounds a lot like the plot of The Day After Tomorrow to you, you're not alone.
Hansen also released a 15-minute video about the paper:
Climate change: we're past the point of no return
In Rolling Stone, Eric Holthaus writes that as far as climate change is concerned, we are already past the point of no return. The things climate scientists have warned against are already beginning to happen…and faster than predicted.
Hansen's new study also shows how complicated and unpredictable climate change can be. Even as global ocean temperatures rise to their highest levels in recorded history, some parts of the ocean, near where ice is melting exceptionally fast, are actually cooling, slowing ocean circulation currents and sending weather patterns into a frenzy. Sure enough, a persistently cold patch of ocean is starting to show up just south of Greenland, exactly where previous experimental predictions of a sudden surge of freshwater from melting ice expected it to be. Michael Mann, another prominent climate scientist, recently said of the unexpectedly sudden Atlantic slowdown, "This is yet another example of where observations suggest that climate model predictions may be too conservative when it comes to the pace at which certain aspects of climate change are proceeding."
Since storm systems and jet streams in the United States and Europe partially draw their energy from the difference in ocean temperatures, the implication of one patch of ocean cooling while the rest of the ocean warms is profound. Storms will get stronger, and sea-level rise will accelerate. Scientists like Hansen only expect extreme weather to get worse in the years to come, though Mann said it was still "unclear" whether recent severe winters on the East Coast are connected to the phenomenon.
You might also like to read Adam Sobel's reaction to this piece. As I wrote in reaction to James Hansen's recent paper: "That's the thing about nonlinear systems like the Earth's climate: things happen gradually, then suddenly."
Update: A group of climate scientists at Climate Feedback analyzed Holthaus' piece at his request for accuracy.
While the information within the article is mostly accurate, the main issue for scientists is the article's framing of the information. More specifically, the article implicitly attributes many weather events to human-induced climate change, while the influence of human activity on these events is not always supported by science, or is at the frontier of scientific knowledge and still debated.
Sea level may rise much faster than previously predicted
James Hansen, NASA's former top climate scientist, is joined by 16 other leading climate scientists in a paper with some alarming conclusions. The gist is that the glaciers in Antartica and Greenland are melting so much faster than previously predicted that the global sea level will rise more than 10 feet in as little as 50 years, rendering many coastal cities uninhabitable. From Eric Holthaus in Slate:
The study — written by James Hansen, NASA's former lead climate scientist, and 16 co-authors, many of whom are considered among the top in their fields — concludes that glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica will melt 10 times faster than previous consensus estimates, resulting in sea level rise of at least 10 feet in as little as 50 years. The study, which has not yet been peer reviewed, brings new importance to a feedback loop in the ocean near Antarctica that results in cooler freshwater from melting glaciers forcing warmer, saltier water underneath the ice sheets, speeding up the melting rate. Hansen, who is known for being alarmist and also right, acknowledges that his study implies change far beyond previous consensus estimates. In a conference call with reporters, he said he hoped the new findings would be "substantially more persuasive than anything previously published." I certainly find them to be.
That's the thing about nonlinear systems like the Earth's climate: things happen gradually, then suddenly. This is much more terrifying to me than the Pacific Northwest earthquake. BTW, as a reminder, here's what NYC and the surrounding area looks like with 10 more feet of water. Goodbye JFK Airport.
Update: The paper is now available online.
Update: In the New Yorker, Elizabeth Kolbert provides a bit more explanation and context about Hansen's paper.
What the new paper does is look back at a previous relatively warm period, known as the Eemian, or, even less melodically, as Marine Isotope Stage 5e, which took place before the last ice age, about a hundred and twenty thousand years ago. During the Eemian, average global temperatures seem to have been only about one degree Celsius above today's, but sea levels were several metres higher. The explanation for this, the new paper suggests, is that melt from Antarctica is a non-linear process. Its rate accelerates as fresh water spills off the ice sheet, producing a sort of "lid" that keeps heat locked in the ocean and helps to melt more ice from below. From this, the authors conclude that "rapid sea level rise may begin sooner than is generally assumed," and also that a temperature increase of two degrees Celsius would put the world well beyond "danger."
"We conclude that the 2°C global warming 'guardrail,' affirmed in the Copenhagen Accord, does not provide safety, as such warming would likely yield sea level rise of several metres along with numerous other severely disruptive consequences for human society and ecosystems," Hansen and his colleagues wrote.
Photo of a massive Arctic cyclone
Where have I seen this before, a massive long-lasting Arctic storm that looks a lot like a hurricane? Oh right, The Day After Tomorrow.
The storm had an unusually low central pressure area. Paul A. Newman, chief scientist for Atmospheric Sciences at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., estimates that there have only been about eight storms of similar strength during the month of August in the last 34 years of satellite records. "It's an uncommon event, especially because it's occurring in the summer. Polar lows are more usual in the winter," Newman said.
Arctic storms such as this one can have a large impact on the sea ice, causing it to melt rapidly through many mechanisms, such as tearing off large swaths of ice and pushing them to warmer sites, churning the ice and making it slushier, or lifting warmer waters from the depths of the Arctic Ocean.
I love The Day After Tomorrow. I know it's a cheeseball disaster movie (which is pretty much why I love it) but it's also looking more than a little prescient. Well, as prescient as a cheeseball disaster movie can be anyway. In the Washington Post the other day, prominent climatologist James Hansen wrote that human-driven climate change is responsible for an increase in extreme weather.
My projections about increasing global temperature have been proved true. But I failed to fully explore how quickly that average rise would drive an increase in extreme weather.
In a new analysis of the past six decades of global temperatures, which will be published Monday, my colleagues and I have revealed a stunning increase in the frequency of extremely hot summers, with deeply troubling ramifications for not only our future but also for our present.
This is not a climate model or a prediction but actual observations of weather events and temperatures that have happened. Our analysis shows that it is no longer enough to say that global warming will increase the likelihood of extreme weather and to repeat the caveat that no individual weather event can be directly linked to climate change. To the contrary, our analysis shows that, for the extreme hot weather of the recent past, there is virtually no explanation other than climate change.
In many ways, the phrase "global warming" is grossly misleading. "Oh," we think, "it's gonna be a couple degrees warmer in NYC in 20 years than it is now." But the Earth's climate is a chaotic non-linear system, which means that a sudden shift of a degree or two — and when you're talking about something as big as the Earth, a degree over several decades is sudden — pushes things out of balance here and there in unpredictable ways. So it's not just that it's getting hotter, it's that you've got droughts in places where you didn't have them before, severe floods in other places, unusually hot summers, and even places that are cooler than normal, all of which disrupts the animal and plant life that won't be able to acclimate to the new reality fast enough.
But pretty Arctic cyclone though, right?
Climatologist James Hansen: we're almost too late re: climate change
Climatologist James Hansen, who is the director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies and the creator of one of the first climate models that predicted global warming, is convinced that the problem of climate change caused by humans is much more dire than is generally thought (subscribers only link; abstract).
Hansen has now concluded, partly on the basis of his latest modeling efforts and partly on the basis of observations made by other scientists, that the threat of global warming is far greater than even he had suspected. Carbon dioxide isn't just approaching dangerous levels; it is already there. Unless immediate action is taken-including the shutdown of all the world's coal plants within the next two decades-the planet will be committed to climate change on a scale society won't be able to cope with. "This particular problem has become an emergency," Hansen said.
Hansen is so adamant about this belief that he has begun participating in protests around the globe, an unusual level of activism for such a respected and high-ranking government official. The last sentence of the piece reads:
He said he was thinking of attending another demonstration soon, in West Virginia coal country.
Elizabeth Kolbert, the author of the piece above, reports that Hansen not only attended that demonstration but got arrested.


text:
Category: Hidden History
An occasional feature, shining fresh light on forgotten, lesser-known or misunderstood moments of Chinese history
January 6, 2021 January 6, 2021 Paul French
How JG Ballard's Shanghai childhood influenced his darkest fiction – Paul French
Ballardian (adj.):"Resembling or suggestive of the conditions described in JG Ballard's novels and stories, especially dystopian modernity, bleak man-made landscapes and the psychological effects of technological, social or environmental developments"
2020 has been one hell of a dystopian experience. A global pandemic, fake news run riot, floods, fires, typhoons, a plethora of conspiracy theories, and the looming climate change crisis. So perhaps JG Ballard's novels and ideas resonate especially this year. But to understand where Ballard is coming from – where his imagery is rooted – we have to go back to late 30s and early 40s Shanghai. The deeper we dig into Shanghai's history, the more we truly appreciate the adjective "Ballardian".
April 18, 2020 April 18, 2020 Matthew Ehret-Kump
A scientist, sinophile and bridge between east and west – Matthew Ehret
Many people would be surprised to discover that Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716), a German polymath and logician best known for his discovery of Calculus, was one of the most important sinophiles of the 17th century, whose writings were instrumental in bringing the idea of Chinese culture and civilization to Europe.
Leibniz recognized the value of Chinese culture after an extensive study of Confucian texts provided to him by Jesuit scientists in Beijing. Inspired by the moral and practical philosophy that kept this ancient civilization alive (while European societies suffered nearly constant warfare), he created a journal called Novissima Sinica (News from China) in 1697. The journal was followed by an organizing effort across Eurasia to bring about a vast dialogue of civilizations, driven by the pursuit of scientific discovery and economic development.
In the first issue of the Novissima Sinica, Leibniz wrote:
"I consider it a singular plan of the fates that human cultivation and refinement should today be concentrated, as it were, in the two extremes of our continent, in Europe and in China, which adorns the Orient as Europe does the opposite edge of the Earth. Perhaps Supreme Providence has ordained such an arrangement, so that as the most cultivated and distant peoples stretch out their arms to each other, those in between may gradually be brought to a better way of life. I do not think it an accident that the Russians, whose vast realm connects Europe with China and who hold sway over the deep barbarian lands of the North by the shore of the frozen ocean, should be led to the emulation of our ways through the strenuous efforts of their present ruler [Peter I]."
The Prince and the Rebel
June 13, 2019 June 19, 2019 Jeremiah Jenne
A thwarted assassination that almost changed the course of Chinese history – Jeremiah Jenne
Beijing. Early spring, 1910. The early hours of morning. Two young men are furtively digging a hole in the hard dirt beside a small stone bridge in the hutong just north of Houhai. Most other residents are asleep. March nights in Beijing are usually cold, and most people sleep with the windows shut. But there are ears other than human. The clanging of shovels and scratching of earth draws the attention of the neighborhood dogs, whose barking threatens the men with discovery. They run off with the job half-finished.
The next night, they return and complete their excavation. They carefully lower an iron cask into the hole, covering it with dirt to conceal it. That is when they discover that they are missing a crucial item. Their mistake means another delay. After a visit to a local hardware store the next day, the two young men are back the following evening. Only now there is a human witness to their nocturnal activities.
The Peking Aesthetes
April 19, 2019 April 19, 2019 Jeremiah Jenne
An alienated community of foreigners in interwar Peking – Jeremiah Jenne
In 1935, American scholar George N. Kates settled into a courtyard home in a Peking hutong just north of the Forbidden City. "No electric light, no wooden floors, no heating apparatus except several cast iron stoves, and no plumbing did I ever install," he wrote in his memoir The Years That Were Fat: Peking, 1933-1940, which Kates published in 1952 (and which later inspired the title of Chan Koonchung's sci-fi novel The Fat Years). Long before anyone had coined the term "Hutong Hipster," Kates and a group of like-minded cultural enthusiasts – dubbed the Peking Aesthetes – were learning Chinese, raising crickets, studying painting from elderly neighbors, and shunning the distractions of the city's international community. Interwar Peking was a city divided along lines that would not be unfamiliar to foreign residents of Peking almost a century later.
How Japan Tried to Save Thousands of Jews from the Holocaust
March 28, 2019 March 31, 2019 Kevin McGeary
The plan for a Jewish settlement in Japanese-occupied China – Kevin McGeary
A number of events have happened in the last few years to suggest that we might be returning to the 1930s, the last great period of darkness in Western political history. Yet a little-known tale from World War II involves a dispute between Japan and Germany, two of the 20th century's biggest partners in war crime. Japan's campaign to populate Manchuria with Jewish refugees, many of whom were fleeing the Nazis, was marketed as a humanitarian project, but many of the officials behind it would be executed as war criminals after Japan's 1945 surrender. Its backstory is even more bizarre than the premise suggests.
Is Coronavirus China's Chernobyl?
A Fellow Traveller's Tale
China's Great Wall of Debt
Larkin in the Middle Kingdom
This Way, Gentlemen
Lessons in the Law
The Picun Writer's Group: Part One
Bitter Medicine: China's New Pacific Frontier
How Will Chinese Americans Vote In 2020?
Changing the Guard
The Chinese Doctor Who Beat the Plague
Blood and Soil
Let's Go Laaaaaaaa
Seeing Sini
Old China Blogs
12 Best Chinese Contemporary Fiction Books

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package jpl.ch24.ex03;

import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Locale;

public class DateUtils {
	public static void printStyles(String dateStr) throws ParseException {
		Locale japan = new Locale("ja", "JP");
		Date date = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.SHORT, japan).parse(dateStr);
		System.out.println(DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.SHORT).format(date));
		System.out.println(DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.MEDIUM).format(date));
		System.out.println(DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.LONG).format(date));
		System.out.println(DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.FULL).format(date));
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException {
		Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();
        SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("y/M/d");
		printStyles(sdf.format(cal.getTime()));
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
<?php

namespace Core\FilemanagerBundle\Entity;

use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;
use Gedmo\Mapping\Annotation as Gedmo;
use Core\FilemanagerBundle\Traits\TracableTrait;

/**
 * Folders
 *
 * @ORM\Table(name="folders")
 * @ORM\Entity(repositoryClass="Core\FilemanagerBundle\Repository\FoldersRepository")
 * @Gedmo\Tree(type="nested")
 *
 */
class Folders
{
    use TracableTrait;
    /**
     * @var int
     *
     * @ORM\Column(name="id", type="integer")
     * @ORM\Id
     * @ORM\GeneratedValue(strategy="AUTO")
     */
    private $id;

    /**
     * @var string
     *
     * @ORM\Column(name="name", type="string", length=255)
     */
    private $name;

    /**
     * @var string
     *
     * @ORM\Column(name="shortcut", type="string", length=255, nullable=true)
     */
    private $shortcut;

    /**
     * @var string
     *
     * @ORM\Column(name="path", type="string", length=255)
     */
    private $path;

    /**
     * @ORM\Column(name="permissions", type="string", length=4, nullable=true)
     */
    private $permissions;

    /**
     * @var string
     *
     * @ORM\Column(name="fullName", type="string", length=255)
     */
    private $fullName;

    /**
     * @Gedmo\TreeLeft
     * @ORM\Column(name="_left", type="integer")
     */
    private $lft;

    /**
     * @Gedmo\TreeRoot
     * @ORM\Column(name="_root", type="integer", nullable=true)
     */
    private $root;

    /**
     * @Gedmo\TreeLevel
     * @ORM\Column(name="_level", type="integer")
     */
    private $lvl;

    /**
     * @Gedmo\TreeRight
     * @ORM\Column(name="_right", type="integer")
     */
    private $rgt;

    /**
     * @Gedmo\TreeParent
     * @ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity="Folders", inversedBy="childrens")
     * @ORM\JoinColumn(name="parent_id", referencedColumnName="id", onDelete="CASCADE")
     */
    private $parent;

    /**
     * @ORM\OneToMany(targetEntity="Folders", mappedBy="parent")
     * @ORM\OrderBy({"lft" = "ASC"})
     */
    private $childrens;

    /**
     * @var
     * @ORM\OneToMany(targetEntity="Files", mappedBy="folder", cascade={"persist", "remove"})
     */
    private $files;

    /**
     * Get id
     *
     * @return int
     */
    public function getId()
    {
        return $this->id;
    }

    /**
     * Set name
     *
     * @param string $name
     *
     * @return Folders
     */
    public function setName($name)
    {
        $this->name = $name;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get name
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getName()
    {
        return $this->name;
    }

    /**
     * Set shortcut
     *
     * @param string $shortcut
     *
     * @return Folders
     */
    public function setShortcut($shortcut)
    {
        $this->shortcut = $shortcut;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get shortcut
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getShortcut()
    {
        return $this->shortcut;
    }

    /**
     * Set path
     *
     * @param string $path
     *
     * @return Folders
     */
    public function setPath($path)
    {
        $this->path = $path;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get path
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getPath()
    {
        return $this->path;
    }

    /**
     * Set fullName
     *
     * @param string $fullName
     *
     * @return Folders
     */
    public function setFullName($fullName)
    {
        $this->fullName = $fullName;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get fullName
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getFullName()
    {
        return $this->fullName;
    }

    /**
     * Constructor
     */
    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->childrens = new \Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection();
    }

    /**
     * Set lft
     *
     * @param integer $lft
     *
     * @return Folders
     */
    public function setLft($lft)
    {
        $this->lft = $lft;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get lft
     *
     * @return integer
     */
    public function getLft()
    {
        return $this->lft;
    }

    /**
     * Set root
     *
     * @param integer $root
     *
     * @return Folders
     */
    public function setRoot($root)
    {
        $this->root = $root;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get root
     *
     * @return integer
     */
    public function getRoot()
    {
        return $this->root;
    }

    /**
     * Set lvl
     *
     * @param integer $lvl
     *
     * @return Folders
     */
    public function setLvl($lvl)
    {
        $this->lvl = $lvl;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get lvl
     *
     * @return integer
     */
    public function getLvl()
    {
        return $this->lvl;
    }

    /**
     * Set rgt
     *
     * @param integer $rgt
     *
     * @return Folders
     */
    public function setRgt($rgt)
    {
        $this->rgt = $rgt;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get rgt
     *
     * @return integer
     */
    public function getRgt()
    {
        return $this->rgt;
    }

    /**
     * Set parent
     *
     * @param \Core\FilemanagerBundle\Entity\Folders $parent
     *
     * @return Folders
     */
    public function setParent(\Core\FilemanagerBundle\Entity\Folders $parent = null)
    {
        $this->parent = $parent;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get parent
     *
     * @return \Core\FilemanagerBundle\Entity\Folders
     */
    public function getParent()
    {
        return $this->parent;
    }

    /**
     * Add children
     *
     * @param \Core\FilemanagerBundle\Entity\Folders $children
     *
     * @return Folders
     */
    public function addChildren(\Core\FilemanagerBundle\Entity\Folders $children)
    {
        $this->childrens[] = $children;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Remove children
     *
     * @param \Core\FilemanagerBundle\Entity\Folders $children
     */
    public function removeChildren(\Core\FilemanagerBundle\Entity\Folders $children)
    {
        $this->childrens->removeElement($children);
    }

    /**
     * Get childrens
     *
     * @return \Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection
     */
    public function getChildrens()
    {
        return $this->childrens;
    }

    /**
     * Add file
     *
     * @param \Core\FilemanagerBundle\Entity\Files $file
     *
     * @return Folders
     */
    public function addFile(\Core\FilemanagerBundle\Entity\Files $file)
    {
        $this->files[] = $file;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Remove file
     *
     * @param \Core\FilemanagerBundle\Entity\Files $file
     */
    public function removeFile(\Core\FilemanagerBundle\Entity\Files $file)
    {
        $this->files->removeElement($file);
    }

    /**
     * Get files
     *
     * @return \Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection
     */
    public function getFiles()
    {
        return $this->files;
    }

    /**
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getPermissions()
    {
        return $this->permissions;
    }

    /**
     * @param mixed $permissions
     */
    public function setPermissions($permissions)
    {
        $this->permissions = $permissions;
    }
}


text:
'One Piece' episode 957 air date, spoilers: Episode title and preview revealed; Kaido and Big Mom join forces
BTS V celebrates his birthday by dropping spoilers for his upcoming mixtape
Park Bom: Fans accused a manager of bullying former 2NE1 member; #RespectParkBom trended on social media
Kim Hyun Joong's appearance on 'Ask Us Anything: Fortune Teller' criticized by netizens
'How Not To Summon A Demon Lord' season 2: Release date, cast lineup, and official title revealed
Kang Daniel joins Protect Me campaign to support children in need
Park Hae Jin takes home the 2020 MBC Drama Awards' top prize plus the list of winners
WINNER's Song Mino, Kang Seung Yoon to star in an upcoming travel variety show
'Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba' movie broke 'Spirited Away' record and become Japan's biggest film
'Boruto' episode 181 introduces powerful Inner members of Kara
'Jujutsu Kaisen' chapter 134 reveals Geto's real identity
'One Piece' chapter 1,000: 3 biggest moments revealed in early spoilers
Kim Go Eun was chosen to play the lead in the upcoming webtoon-based drama 'Yumi's Cells'
'Black Clover' episode 158 unveils Zenon, Vanica, and Dante of Dark Triad
BTS Suga reveals his arm needs 6 months recovery time; Singer to attend Big Hit's year-end concert
BTS Jimin: Sharon Stone finds the 25-year-old idol singer 'adorable'
Epik High announces release date and details in video teaser for 10th full-length album
'Hawaii Five-0' Season 9 Episode 14 Air Date, Plot, Characters: Why Scott Caan Will Be Absent Yet Again
Photo via Hawaii Five-0 Facebook Page
Wednesday, January 23, 2019 9:20 AM UTC
"Hawaii Five-0" Season 9 Episode 14 will not be featuring Danny (Scott Caan) once more to the disappointment of some fans. So why is it that the actor seemed to have a reduced role in the overall plot of the police procedural?
Apparently, it's Caan's decision to have a lesser screen-time compared to series star Alex O'Loughlin. The reason for the actor's decision is the show's location, which is being filmed in Hawaii, Community Voice reported. With Caan living in Los Angeles and wanting to be with his family more, it's no wonder that he's absent yet again in "Hawaii Five-0" Season 9 Episode 14.
"I do five episodes less than Alex. I just do a couple episodes less so I can come home to see my family and stuff. They were cool about it so we just all came to that," Caan explained. While some of Caan's co-stars have enjoyed Hawaii, the actor doesn't seem to find the island appealing as he likes to live a fast-paced life. As for the synopsis of "Hawaii Five-0" Season 9 Episode 14, it's apparently going to involve a highly proficient team.
"An elite task force is on a mission to eliminate crime on the beaches of the Aloha State," the blurb reads. Meanwhile, Danny's ex-mother-in-law will be making her way into the series' 18th episode where she'll take an immediate liking to McGarret (O'Loughlin). It goes without saying that tension will rise in this release with fans enjoying the presence of Danny once more, TVLine reported.
With regards to the release date of "Hawaii Five-0" Season 9 Episode 14, it's been slated to drop on Feb. 1. Hopefully, the story sets up more gripping scenes with Danny in the future as he's one of the most beloved characters in the show. Concerning the possibility of Caan staying longer on the island and shooting more episodes, the actor isn't interested in such a lifestyle. He has previously said that the life in the island is too slow for him and doesn't agree with the atmosphere that he's accustomed to, Star Advertiser reported.


text:
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has restrained Nigeria from Prosecuting Twitter Users in Nigeria.
Following the decision of the Federal Government to prosecute any Twitter users in Nigeria who are still using the micro-blogging platform after the suspension.
The Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP) and some Twitter users had filed a lawsuit against the Nigerian Government for the unlawful suspension of Twitter and criminalisation of the users of the platform.
The ECOWAS Court of Justice sitting in Abuja, today, issued a verdict restraining FG from arresting, intimidating and harassing Nigerians for using Twitter.
According to the court, the suspension of Twitter in Nigeria is an infringement of the fundamental human rights of Nigerians.
The verdict reads: "The court has listened very well to the objection by Nigeria. The court has this to say. Any interference with Twitter is viewed as inference with human rights, and that will violate human rights. Therefore, this court has jurisdiction to hear the case. The court also hereby orders that the application be heard expeditiously. The Nigerian government must take immediate steps to implement the order."
READ ALSO; JUST IN! ECOWAS Restrains FG From Sanctioning Twitter Users
Tags: ECOWASSERAP
Former Lawmaker Jailed 7 Years for Seeking Bribe from Otedola
CBN to Crash Price of Rice with 27,000MT Supply Boost


text:
Livongo discloses expected IPO price range
The digital health company says it expects to set the shares at $20 to $23.
ComEd's unusual defense in the case of a fiery death
Lightfoot 100
The Loop needs parks for everyone
Instead of essentially taking our neighbors and friends hostage, politicians on both sides of the aisle need to work out a solution that doesn't involve what looks good in a zippy tweet.
A candidate to succeed retired Justice Charles Freeman gives his campaign a big chunk of money and pitches the idea that progressive values and procedures need to be worked into Illinois' justice system.
The management consultancy was transformed under his leadership, but Kearney's sale to EDS led to strife, litigation and a temporary exile to Texas.
As Republican Evelyn Sanguinetti rolls out big new endorsements in her effort to challenge the incumbent Democratic congressman, there's talk Jeanne Ives may jump in the contest.
Food, Drink, Restaurants
Jim Beam pushes the highball on social to boost summer sales
The Beam Suntory bourbon brand is trying to breathe new life into the classic cocktail with a campaign from R/GA.
Mondelez enlists Latin pop singer Sebastian Yatra to expand Hispanic reach
It's part of a wide-ranging partnership with Univision.
AbbVie bets on immuno-oncology
Weeks after announcing plans to buy Allergan, the North Chicago drugmaker is strengthening its oncology pipeline with the purchase of Mavupharma.
It's a challenge, but Chicago has opportunities to add parkland
From redeveloping inaccessible South Side areas to establishing creative financing of green spaces in disinvested areas, here's how the mayor can lead the way in ensuring equitable access to the city's parks.
Fresh off a $70 million funding round, Showpad joins the list of tech companies expanding their downtown footprints.
Morning 10
Tech 50 | Illinois' economy booster | Tone-deaf strike threat
Also, Lori Lightfoot writes in the Washington Post on why Chicago police won't help ICE in raids.
Need-to-know stories from Crain's and around the web. Monday-Friday at 7 a.m.
Today's Crain's
A roundup of the day's important business news. Monday-Friday around 3 p.m.
Up-to-the-minute info on what's happening in Chicago business right now.
Your source for actionable, exclusive and inside news and data on the health care industry. Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 5:30 a.m.
Highlights prominent personalities, job changes and executive appointments. Thursday.
Chicago Real Estate Report
The best source in Chicago for exclusive commercial real estate news. Monday-Thursday.
Chicago Residential Real Estate Report
Scoops on Chicago's residential real estate industry. Tuesday-Thursday.
Please select at least one newsletter to subscribe.
During Lightfoot's first 100 days, Crain's asks experts, advocates and organizers what advice they would give on challenges ranging from curbing violence to boosting tourism.
Best Private Dining Rooms
For your party- and event-planning consideration: Here are the top restaurant rooms that have opened in the past year, plus a few renovated rooms in older spots.
#CrainsFast50
Here's our annual ranking of the fastest-growing companies in the Chicago area, with a deep dive into the 10 fastest.
Wealth Management Guide
Top Chicago-area financial advisors share tips and tactics for achieving and maintaining investment success.


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text:
NTF 2021 SCHEDULE
The structure of the festival
‹ HOME ‹ Nov 14
All information about the Festival's performances and events will be updated on this website.
All events scheduled in the 31st edition of the National Theatre Festival (theatre performances, performative and visual installations, online special events, radio theatre, live events, conferences, book presentations etc.) will be available for free (viewing – online, on-air or live) between 6 – 14 November 2021. The theatre performances will be available for viewing for 48 hours since the starting time indicated in the program (with a few exceptions that you will find in detail on this website).
THREE TALAL WOMEN (directed by Diana Păcurar, a production of Regina Maria Theatre, Oradea), has not been granted online streaming rights by the agency managing Edward Albee's author rights. The performance is scheduled at the theatre in Oradea, on 9 November at 18:00 (Arcadia Hall), under the umbrella of the RNTF.
Due to the illness of an actor, ROMEO AND JULIET (directed by Vidnyánszky Attila jr., a production of the Hungarian State Theatre in Cluj), will not be livestreamed in the Festival.
Due to the illness of an actor, THE TRAGEDY OF MAN (directed by Silviu Purcărete, a production of the Csiky Gergely Hungarian State Theatre Timișoara, will not be livestreamed on 13 November in the Festival.
The Visual Installations section can be viewed live, at the locations mentioned in the program.
Check the Program of the Festival and enjoy!
Click here to download the PDF Program of all events scheduled in the 31. edition of the Romanian National Theatre Festival (6 – 14 November 2021)
The National Theatre Festival – 14 November 2021
Chiritza in quarantine
14 November | 17:00 – www.fnt.ro
Villa Dolorosa
Hamlet (part II)
14 November | 19:30 – Radio România Cultural
Pappa mia!
14 November| 21:00 – www.fnt.ro
Wałęsa in Kolonos
All the Things Alois Took from Me
Shylock – The Final Role
6-14 November | www.fnt.ro
Teatrul Național Radiofonic: Vorba de cultură / Oglinda firii / Colecție 78 de spectacole radiofonice
6 – 14 noiembrie | eteatru.ro
Harag György Anniversary Exhibition (TNB)
7-14 November | I.L. Caragiale Theatre Bucharest, Rotonda Hall
Books, newspapers, publications
© Copyright 2000 - | National Theatre Festival


text:
Q: Dynamic linking fails on CLang for constexpr static member of fully specialized template Can anybody, please, explain 1) why the code below does not work on CLang and 2) how should it be rewritten to be compatible with CLang?
using LinkWeight = float;

template <bool WEIGHTED=true>
struct InpLink {
    using Weight = LinkWeight;  //!< \copydoc LinkWeight
    Weight  weight;  //!< Link weight
    // ...
};

template <>
struct InpLink<false> {
    using Weight = LinkWeight;  //!< \copydoc LinkWeight
    constexpr static Weight  weight = 1;
};

This code works fine on GCC, but has the linking error on CLang 3.8.1 on Linux Ubuntu x64:

undefined reference to `InpLink::weight'

After the definition:
template <>
constexpr typename InpLink<false>::Weight  InpLink<false>::weight;

the compile-time error is: extraneous 'template<>' in declaration of variable 'weight'
After the definition:
template <bool WEIGHTED>
constexpr typename InpLink<false>::Weight  InpLink<false>::weight;

the compile time error is:
..cluster.hpp:31:60: error: redefinition of 'weight' as different kind of symbol
constexpr typename InpLink<false>::Weight  InpLink<false>::weight;
                                                           ^
..cluster.h:58:27: note: previous definition is here
        constexpr static Weight  weight = 1;

Which looks like a CLang bug...
NOTE: The same example works fine on CLang if I have 2 parameters in the template, perform partial specialization and define the static constexpr weight as:
template <bool TMP>
constexpr typename InpLink<false, TMP>::Weight  InpLink<false, UNSIGNED>::weight;

Having
template <bool WEIGHTED=true, bool TMP=true>
struct InpLink {
    using Weight = LinkWeight;  //!< \copydoc LinkWeight
    Weight  weight;  //!< Link weight
    // ...
};

template <bool TMP>
struct InpLink<false, TMP> {
    using Weight = LinkWeight;  //!< \copydoc LinkWeight
    constexpr static Weight  weight = 1;
};

Obviously I don't want to use additional template parameter to overcome the linking error. Is there any other way to solve this?
What is wrong with CLang 3.8.1 or with my full template specialization?

A: So, it seems this is a bug in CLang <= 3.8.1, which limits usage of constexpr for static members in dynamic libs and prevents separate definition of static members of the fully specialized templates.
And the way to overcome it is to:
1. Use static const instead of constexpr for CLang.
2. Define static member ONLY corresponding to the template declaration instead of the full specialization:
template <bool WEIGHTED=false>
struct InpLink {
    using Weight = LinkWeight;  //!< \copydoc LinkWeight

    //! Link is unweighted
    constexpr static bool  IS_WEIGHTED = false;
    //! \copydoc SimpleLink<Weight>::weight
    // ATTENTION: such complicated definition is required to overcome
    // the linking error on CLang
#ifdef __clang__
    const
#else
    constexpr
#endif // __clang__
    static Weight  weight
#ifndef __clang__
        = 1
#endif // !__clang__
    ;
    // ...
};

template <>
struct InpLink<true> {
    using Weight = LinkWeight;  //!< \copydoc LinkWeight
    Weight  weight;  //!< Link weight
    // ...
};

And define the static weight in .cpp not the header as:
#ifdef __clang__
// Note: Required by CLang for the linking
template <>
const InpLink<false>::Weight  InpLink<false>::weight = 1;
#endif  // __clang__

PS GCC is really a far better and much more reliable compiler than CLang for release builds (CLang still has some unique benefits for debugging).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Back Heritage » Vietnam » [Photos] Daily Life in Northern Vietnam in the Early 1900s
[Photos] Daily Life in Northern Vietnam in the Early 1900s
Sunday, 15 December 2019.
Daily life in northern Vietnam was a little different over 100 years ago.
At the end of the 19th century, France replaced China as the major power in Vietnam. Under the new protectorate, Vietnam was divided into three territories: Tonkin (the north), Annam (the center), and Cochinchina (the south).
In 1901, Hanoi became not just the capital of Tonkin, but of all Indochina. Life in early 1900s Tonkin is depicted in yet another extraordinary album from Flickr user manhhai. On the empty streets of Hanoi were mainly barefoot pedestrians, as well as the occasional rickshaw. One can barely recognize Hoan Kiem Lake were it not for Turtle Tower in the background. The trees in the Botanical Garden were much smaller then, and cranes walked alongside people.
Besides the city, other areas of Tonkin also feature in the album. There are the mountain ranges of Lang Son and the old citadel in Bac Ninh. Fisherman pull nets onto the beaches of Do Son, and children swim freely in the rivers of Hai Phong.
Take a look below to see life in Tonkin at the beginning of the 20th century:
Saigoneer in Vietnam
10 Sketches of Indochina From the 19th Century
Though already in existence, cameras were not the main tool used by the French to make visual records of their holdings in Indochina during the 19th century. In their infancy during this time, th...
129-Year-Old Nam Dinh Church Destroyed by Fire
On Saturday night, a 129-year-old church in Nam Dinh province caught fire, damaging one of Vietnam's oldest religious structures.
13 Old Photos of Hue
While most of the old photos we show here are from Saigon and Hanoi, we wanted to give a shout-out to the Hue, Vietnam's capital until 1945.
13 Rare Photos Of Old Huế (1919)
16 Beautiful Photos of Old Hanoi
They may not be quite as old as the set of 19th century photos of Saigon that we posted earlier this week, but these images of old Hanoi from Flickr user, Manhhai, are plenty nostalgic in their o...
17 Photos That Capture the Lives of Indochina's Ethnic Minorities in 1944
While the vast majority of Vietnamese hail from one ethnic group – the Kinh – the country is home to 54 different ethnicities, each with their own culture, traditions, language and style of dress.


text:
«Я, Богдан» — історико-психологічний роман українського письменника Павла Загребельного. Вперше надрукований у видавництві «Радянський письменник» (1983).

У романі «Я, Богдан» зображено драматичні події національно–визвольної війни українського народу проти польської шляхти (1648—1654).
Епічна масштабність, широта, виразно–полемічний стиль роздумів центральної постаті — гетьмана Богдана Хмельницького — роблять роман цікавим, динамічним, сповненим непередбачених злетів, оман, суперечностей, через які доля веде головного героя.

Твір написано від імені самого Богдана Хмельницького, який оглядає свій життєвий шлях до і після смерті — «у славі».

Посилання

Література
 Федоренко О. Б. «Я, Богдан» П. Загребельного: характер і ознаки характерництва героя / О. Б. Федоренко // Наукові записки Харківського національного педагогічного університету ім. Г. С. Сковороди. Сер. : Літературознавство. — 2010. — Вип. 4.2. — С. 116—123. — Посилання.
 Загребельний П. А. Я, Богдан (Сповідь у славі): [роман (початок)] / Павло Архипович Загребельний. — К. : Дніпро, 1984. — 287 с. — (Серія «Романи й повісті». — № 7).
 Загребельний П. А. Я, Богдан (Сповідь у славі): [роман (закінчення)] / Павло Архипович Загребельний. — К. : Дніпро, 1984. — 285 с. — (Серія «Романи й повісті». — № 8).
 Козачук Н. В. Поетика української інтелектуальної прози 1960-90 рр. : автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня канд. філол. наук: спец. 10.01.01 «Українська література» / Ніна Володимирівна Козачук. — Івано-Франківськ, 2008. — 17 с.
 Кондратюк М. В. Український роман зв'язку часів: проблеми поетики: автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня канд. філол. наук: спец. 10.01.01 «Українська література» / Марта Володимирівна Кондратюк. — Кіровоград, 2007. — 20 с.
 Корнєв А. Ю. Жінки та Богдан Хмельницький: еротичний аспект міфологеми вождя / А. Ю. Корнєв // Вісн. Харк. держ. академії дизайну і мистецтв. — 2007. — № 3. — С. 183—188.
 Кохан Ю. І. Фраземіка в системі ідіостилю письменника (на матеріалі художньої прози Олеся Гончара і Павла Загребельного): автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня канд. філол. наук: спец. 10.02.01 «Українська мова» / Юрій Іванович Кохан. — Харків, 2003. — 19 с.
 Нестерук С. М. Естетичні функції символів у творчості Павла Загребельного: автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня канд. філол. наук: спец. 10.01.01 «Українська література» / Сніжана Миколаївна Нестерук. — Кіровоград, 2001. — 16 с.
 Письменники Радянської України. Літ.-критичні нариси / [упор. С. А. Крижанівський]. — Вип. 12. — К. : Рад. письменник, 1986. — 216 с.
 Проценко О. А. Еволюція українського історичного роману 90-х років ХХ століття: автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня канд. філол. наук: спец. 10.01.01 «Українська література» / Оксана Анатоліївна Проценко. — Запоріжжя, 2001. — 19 с.
 Санакоєва Н. Д. Еволюція етнопсихологічної концепції особистості у прозі П. Загребельного: автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня канд. філол. наук: спец. 10.01.01 «Українська література» / Наталя Дмитрівна Санакоєва. — Дніпропетровськ, 2006. — 20 с.
 Сергійчук В. «Я, Богдан» з точки зору історика / В. Сергійчук // Дніпро. — 1987. — № 10. — С. 110—119.
 Сікорська В. Ю. Художній часопростір в історичних романах Павла Загребельного: автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня канд. філол. наук: спец. 10.01.01 «Українська література» / Вікторія Юріївна Сікорська. — Кіровоград, 2007. — 22 с.
 Фащенко В. В. Павло Загребельний: нарис творчості / В. В. Фащенко. — К. : Дніпро, 1984. — 207 с.
 Фоменко В. Г. Українська урбаністична проза ХХ століття: еволюція, проблематика, поетика: автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня доктора філол. наук: спец. 10.01.01 «Українська література» / Віра Григорівна Фоменко. — К., 2008. — 45 с.
 Ходарєва І. М. Лексико-семантичне й асоціативне поле любов у мові творів Павла Загребельного: автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня канд. філол. наук: спец. 10.02.01 «Українська мова» / Ірина Миколаївна Ходарєва. — Харків, 2009. — 20 с.
 Чумак В. Г. Людина в історії, історія — в людині (образ Хмельницького в романі П. Загребельного «Я, Богдан») / В. Г. Чумак // Українське літературознавство: респ. міжвід. наук. зб. — Львів, 1989. — Вип. 53. — С. 93–99.
 Юрченко Т. Г. Оказіоналізми у творчості Павла Загребельного: структурно-семантичний і стилістичний аспекти: автореф. дис. на здобуття наук. ступеня канд. філол. наук: спец. 10.02.01 «Українська мова» / Тетяна Григорівна Юрченко. — К., 2003. — 17 с.
Українські романи
Українські історичні романи
Романи Павла Загребельного
Богдан Хмельницький
Хмельниччина
Психологічні романи

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
kelcy71
Meet the Dell Rapids businessman looking to unseat Rounds in the U.S. Senate
Joe Sneve - Sioux Falls Argus Leader
Dan Ahlers hopes his reputation as a political moderate and a campaign message focused on compromise will convince South Dakotans to elect for their first Democratic senator in years. Ahlers, a 46-year-old businessman and former state lawmaker, wants to unseat South Dakota U.S. Sen. Mike Rounds in the November election. He's looking to join the Senate not to further specific party interests, he said, but instead he wants to vote for what's right for South Dakotans. "I don't know that any one party has all the answers," Ahlers told the Argus Leader. "Just like my small businesses, if you're not adaptable and you can't make changes and find compromise, you're going to fail. I'm always looking for the logical solution or the thing that works for everyone."
Graduating from Augustana University in 1997, Ahlers opened his first business, a video rental store in Dell Rapids. He grew the operation to include three standalone stores and dozens of partnerships with gas stations and grocery stores. In 2006, Ahlers leaned on his degree in government and international relations to take his first step into the world of politics, running his first campaign before being elected to the South Dakota House of Representatives at age 32. He went on to serve three non-continuous terms in the Legislature between 2007 and 2018. Ahlers has since retired from the movie-rental business, closing the last of his businesses in 2019. But he still owns several rental properties in and around the Dell Rapids area, including multiple historic buildings. He's also president of his hometown's chamber of commerce. Prior to his run for U.S. Senate, Ahlers had also been working as a substitute teacher in the Dell Rapids School District. "That's been great because it really gave me an inside look at the issues facing the education system," Ahlers said. Pam Cole, the South Dakota Democratic Party executive director, served in the state Senate with Ahlers. She said he brought a mix of business know-how that earned him a spot on the Appropriations Committee, and a natural desire to work with whoever regardless of party. If elected office wasn't dependent on being a Democrat or Republican, Cole said Ahlers probably wouldn't be in a party. Recently, she watched as Ahlers visited with homeless people in Rapid City, something that's not unusual for Ahlers. "He is a deeply caring person," Cole said. "He loves to hear people's stories. If people need help, he acts on that." Ahlers and those who know him are quick to point out that the he doesn't tout some of the platforms that have gained traction among Democrats in recent months, such as Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's Green New Deal or Sen. Bernie Sanders "health-care-for-all" message. But he does champion a better healthcare system, higher teacher pay and environmental sustainability. "Those aren't partisan issues," Ahlers said. "Those are people issues." Ahlers' attempt to keep Rounds from a second term in the U.S. Senate his first political battle with the former governor. Ahlers was seated for the first time as a legislator at the same time Rounds began his second term as South Dakota's top executive. Bills carried by Ahlers and passed by the Legislature that would have enshrined education and policy safeguards in what's called the Deaf Child's Bill of Rights were vetoed by Rounds. Rounds said at the time that the bills would have complicated responsibility guidelines. Ahlers touts his experience in the Legislature on the appropriation committee, which sets the state's annual budget, as proof he's able to work with Republicans. Serving during the aftermath of the 2009 recession also has him prepared to serve on the national scene while federal Legislators deal with the economical ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic, he said. But Republican Party leaders in the state don't see Ahlers as much of a threat. Dan Lederman, executive director of the South Dakota GOP, said Ahlers is weak on experience and name recognition outside of the Sioux Falls area. And while Ahlers might be trying to distance himself from what South Dakotans don't like about the Democratic Party, there's a reason he's a Democrat, he said. "Basically, no one is looking to elevate one of the last video store owners in the state to U.S. Senate," he said. "When you couple that with the fact that Dan Ahlers is a gun grabber ... it's easy to see why his campaign is a non-starter." As a lawmaker, Ahlers voted against bills that would have allowed concealed firearms to be carried on university campuses and opposes allowing anyone eligible to own a firearm to conceal while carrying without a special permit. He's running to represent the best interests of South Dakotans because too often, he said, his opponent and others in Congress haven't, instead being beholden to President Donald Trump and the national Republican Party, Ahlers said. "They're afraid to speak out against the president even when he's wrong. But our elected officials don't work for the president and they don't work for a party," he said. "They work for the people that elected them."
Rounds, Ahlers spar over SCOTUS vacancy as Senate election nears
Joe Sneve - Sioux Falls Argus Leader Sept. 26, 2020 The Democratic candidate for the South Dakota Senate seat up for grabs in November is accusing incumbent Sen. Mike Rounds this week of applying doub
Dan Ahlers is the man to unseat Mike Rounds
By Staff - Native Sun News Today Sept. 16, 2020 It is time for all Native Americans living in South Dakota to realize that we have the power. We have the vote. All we have to do is find a common goal
FOLLOW DAN ON SOCIAL MEDIA
SHOW YOUR GRIT
from the campaign trail
913 N. Washington Ave.
Dell Rapids, SD 57022
Sioux Falls Office:
4320 S Louise Ave, Suite 105
ahlersforsenate2020@gmail.com


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region (Tempe) 2: 521 (2004)

#### Original name
Sticta nashii D.J. Galloway

### Remarks
null


text:
263 results for
label/Canada auto Sales
Hyundai Kona Sales Figures
Here you will find monthly and yearly Canadian and U.S. sales figures for the Hyundai Kona. Use the dropdown at...
GCBC's Most Popular Auto Sales Figures – April 2017
The Ford F-Series continued its reign as the most commonly search vehicle at GoodCarBadCar in April 2017. Usual favourites –...
GCBC celebrated its tenth anniversary in March 2017, marking our 120th month with the best month of March traffic in...
Large Car Sales
Large Car Sales In Canada – February 2017
Don't be fooled into believing Canada's 16% rise in full-size volume brand cars through the first two months of 2017...
Midsize Car Sales
Midsize Car Sales In Canada – February 2017
Canadian sales of midsize cars plunged 13% to 5456 units in February 2017, enhancing the likelihood that Canadians won't buy...
GCBC's Most Popular Auto Sales Figures – February 2017
The 2016 Ford F-150 EcoBoost 2.7 was once again on top as the most popular review on GoodCarBadCar.net in February...
GCBC's Most Popular Auto Sales Figures – January 2017
Throughout 2016, GCBC's readers examined the sales fiugres belonging to the Ford F-Series more than those of any other vehicle....
Midsize Car Sales In Canada – December 2016 & 2016 Year End
2016 will not go down in Canada as the year of the midsize sedan. It will go down as yet...
GCBC's Most Popular Auto Sales Figures In 2016
GCBC readers flocked to the Ford F-Series' sales tracking page more often than any other in 2016, while GCBC's most...
GCBC's Most Popular Auto Sales Figures – November 2016
The order at the top of the heap largely remained the same. No vehicle on GCBC was more popular in...
GCBC's Most Popular Auto Sales Figures – September 2016
A month-one visit at the top of the leaderboard was all the Chevrolet Camaro could manage at GCBC. The most...
GCBC's Most Popular Auto Sales Figures – August 2016
Four of the ten most popular vehicles on GCBC in August 2016 were Hondas, from the second-ranked Civic to the...
Small And Midsize Luxury SUV Sales In Canada – July 2016 YTD
A 40% year-over-year Canadian July 2016 sales increase propelled the Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class back into top spot among luxury SUVs and...
Large Luxury SUV Sales In Canada – July 2016 YTD
Canadian sales of the Cadillac Escalade and Escalade ESV ballooned 66% to 201 units in July 2016, a significant leap...
Midsize SUV Sales
Midsize SUV Sales In Canada – July 2016 YTD
Midst Canada's continued SUV/crossover sales surge, a large number of larger mainstream three-row crossovers posted sharp declines in July 2016....
Small And Midsize Luxury Car Sales In Canada – July 2016 YTD
Big passenger car sales gains at Mercedes-Benz and Audi in July 2016 flew in the face of Canadian trends which...
Large Luxury Car Sales In Canada – July 2016 YTD
With a 41% year-over-year Canadian sales improvement, the Mercedes-Benz S-Class outsold the Audi A8, BMW 7-Series, Jaguar XJ, Lexus LS,...
Sporty Car Sales
Sporty Car Sales In Canada – July 2016 YTD
After sales of the all-new sixth-generation Chevrolet Camaro tumbled 17% in Canada in the first-half of 2016, praises be, Camaro...
Large Car Sales In Canada – July 2016 YTD
The Ford Taurus was the favourite full-size car of Canadian consumers, rental companies, and police departments in July 2016. Taurus...
Midsize Car Sales In Canada – July 2016 YTD
Canadian sales of midsize cars plunged 27% in July 2016 as virtually every major member of the category posted a...
Compact Car Sales
Small Car Sales In Canada – July 2016 YTD
In a rare Civic-besting performance, the Hyundai Elantra was Canada's best-selling compact car and thus the best-selling car overall in...
Not only did North America's best-selling line of vehicle, the Ford F-Series, feature the most commonly researched sales figures at...
Small Car Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
Canadian compact car sales fell 4% in June 2016, the final month in a first-half which saw Canadian compact car...
Small And Midsize Luxury Car Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
Sharp declines are the order of the day for luxury automakers selling cars in Canada. In June 2016, Audi, BMW,...
Small And Midsize Luxury SUV Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
An explosion in Canadian sales of the smallest luxury SUVs was powered by a trio of German rivals. Audi Q3...
Midsize SUV Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
Reviewed by GCBC late last month, the new, second-generation Mazda CX-9 recorded 389 Canadian sales in June 2016, its first full...
Small SUV Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
Canadian sales of nearly every small SUV/crossover increased in June 2016, driving not only the small SUV categories but the...
Large Car Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
Though Canadian sales of conventional midsize cars bucked their own trend to report an 11% year-over-year sales increase in June...
Midsize Car Sales In Canada – June 2016 YTD
Out of sync with recent results, Canadian sales of midsize cars jumped 11% in June 2016 thanks to a huge...


text:
Q: Linq select where has at least one entry in another table I have the following structure that I wan't to query using Linq, specifically Linq to Entities (Enitity Framework).

*

*Table1: RouteMeta

*Table2: SitePage

Multiple SitePages can link to the same RouteMeta.
I'm querying the Route Meta to select a number of rows. I'm using a generic repository, currently like this:
return r.Find().ToList();

There's nothing special about it - the Find method accepts an optional linq expression, so I could do something like this:
return r.Find(x => x.Status=1).ToList();

However, what I actually want to do is to select rows from RouteMeta where at least one linked row exists in SitePages with a property IsPublished = true.
return r.Find(x => x.SitePages("where y => y.IsPublished = true");

Obviously, the above isn't correct, I'm just trying to explain the scenario better.
Any advice appreciated.

A: try something like
return r.Find(x=>x.Sitepages.Any(y=>y.Published))?
I'd also suggesting using a profiler if possible to check that this translates properly into SQL.  It probably should do but it depends on how your repository works.


We stock a range of quality acoustic guitars from Crafter, Tanglewood and Furch. Prices range from £220 to £1400.
Our starter guitars include acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments in various styles, priced from £83 to £199.
There are usually 4 different resonators to choose from, by Ashbury, Countryman and Ozark.
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We have solid top guitars from Crafter, Valencia and Hokada from £135 to £450.
Our budget range includes ¼ , ½ , ¾ and full size, priced from £50 to £99.


After Asfar ibn Shiruya was killed in 316/928, Mardawij ibn Ziyar gained control of all of Deylam. In addition he conquered Rostamdar, Mazandaran and Gorgan, and in the province of Jebal or Eraq - e - Ajam captured the cities of Rey, Hamedan, Kangavar, Dinavar, Borujerd, Qom, Golpayegan and Isfahan. He also sent an army to occupy Ahwaz. In 323/935 he was killed in Isfahan. His brother, Wushmgir, was crowned in Rey, but because of the opposition of Hasan Rukn al - Dawla Daylami, was not able to remain in Eraq - e - Ajam and went to Mazandaran. He also seized the province of Gorgan from Hasan ibn Firuzan, the paternal cousin of Makan ibn Kaki. During Wushmgir's rule and that of his descendants the Ziyarid domain was limited to Gorgan , Mazandaran, Gilan and Qumes. The Ziyarid dynasty was overthrown by the Ghaznavids in 434/1042.


This post also could have been titled: An Alaskan LoveFest.
I have quite a few readers who aren't social media addicts like myself so, I decided to do a little roundup of what's been recently posted to Instagram (and therefore Twitter).
I was most recently in Dutch Harbor and then went through the Shumagin Islands - the weather was gorgeous -and my iPhone camera got a workout.
Dutch Harbor can be stunning...it can also be miserable. We were lucky and got stunning.
Just another example of stunning.
While in Dutch we had a little downtime. The Captain used that time for training exercises so we got a fair amount of 'stick time'. Doing touch and go's off the barge, simulating breaking tow, twisting and, walking. It was a total blast.
Leaving Dutch we were into the Shumagin Islands in about two days. We got a mixture of weather but even the drizzle was great because we had endless rainbows. The valleys had rainbows that just sat there and at sea we had a couple full arcs. Nothing beats a rainbow.
Iliasik Pass is one of the tighter places through the Shumagins. By the time we got here it was sunny with a fresh breeze. It was whale watching time. Spout after spout. Tail after Tail.
The sun just makes everything better. Even just a photo of a barge.


At many times during your journey, you will have to rely on the items in your inventory to see you through trouble. However, in the midst of battle, you'll be unable to examine them and determine their specific functions. Potions are somewhat self-explanatory, but what about Bomb Cranks, and Unicorn Horns? If you need to know what these things do, and you need to know now, this is the list for you!


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The natural beauty of Central Texas continues to inspire John to paint all that he sees during the changing seasons on his ranch in Burton, Texas. With every season, new wildflowers arrive presenting another opportunity to capture the timeless beauty of the region.


text:
Was there , at that time, any awareness amongst the researchers of the bio-warfare experiments?
Not that I am aware.
Representative Chris Smith's legislation may be a step in that direction, but I'm not counting on much coming from it. It's pretty much the same ole, same ole coming out of the entrenched Lyme establishment. They are still hell-bent on denying anything persistently wrong with people bitten and infected by ticks, using contrived definitions and circular logic and patient smearing to do so - just as they've been doing for decades.
Annamaria, Mariaba and chrisb like this.
It seems that the more one learns, the less one knows. Anachronisms can conceal a great deal and present complex matters in a, post hoc, simplistic manner.
We have the story of the Borrelia expert, who had studied these microbes for his PhD, discovering, in the tick Ixodes dammini, a new spirochaete, of the genus Borrelia, which was to be named after him.
What we have in fact is a tick being described as a new species after the commencement of investigation into the new disease. As far as I can see, and I may be wrong, WB's studies were into Spirochaeta (not Borrelia) duttoni. Although information on this seems to be less readily available than one might expect, it appears that Spirochaeta duttoni was not classified as Borrelia duttoni until the taxonomic changes of 1984 that also saw Borrelia burgdorferi brought into the genus. There seem to be some who consider that Bb does not sit comfortably within this. Borrelia seems to have been expanded to include Bb just as Ixodes Scapularis was reduced to exclude it.
The situation in 1981, with the classifications of the time, must therefore have appeared very different, with the arrival of the new organism similar to both Borrelia and Treponema but seemingly distinct from both, confounding the issues. At least the new organism was not displaying "hybrid vigour".
It would have been interesting to know WB's views on the distinctions between both B duttoni and B burgdorferi and the remainder of Borrelia. One wonders whether he expressed them.
chrisb, Aug 11, 2019
Analyse des Infektionsverlaufes bei Ornithodorus moubata und der natürlichen Übertragung von Spirochaeta duttoni.
Basel : Verlag für Recht und Gesellschaft, 1951.
(Separatabdruck aus Acta Tropica, Basel, Bd. VIII, Heft 3, 1951.
Doctoral thesis. Lead: Prof. R. Geigy.
This is the tile and reference for WB's doctoral thesis. It proves my point about his study being into Spirochaete duttoni.
I continue to have difficulty in believing that a post doc researcher would, within a year, be working on a top secret bio-warfare program unless he was specifically recruited for his interests, which must have coincided with those of his employer.
When I came across this passage, I was reminded of the incident described at p205 of the book when WB apparently contracted Lyme from the rabbit cages and said that "early treatment with antibiotics may have halted the immune system reaction the test measured".
These most recent findings do confirm the development of membrane-derived cysts, blebs, spherules, vesicles and the potential transformation to motile, helical spirochetes, not as part of a complex developmental cycle -- as postulated by Dutton and associates -- but rather as a "survival mechanism" of spirochetes to overcome or escape unfavourable conditions. Such conditions prevail during early phases of infection when spirochetes ingested into the midgut of ticks or lice become exposed to the vectors' digestive enzymes and tissue barriers (peritrophic membrane, gut epithelium). As a result, most detectable spirochetes produce numerous cysts often filled with granular material.
Other in vitro and in vivo factors shown to induce development of cysts include unsatisfactory culturing conditions, presence of antibodies and the effects of antibiotics.
Using silver impregnations and immunochemical staining, cystic material has been demonstrated in every animal and human tissue infected by B burgdorferi. As yet, it is not known whether these forms of Borrelia represent products of degenerated spirochetes or of surviving organisms capable of transforming to typical spirochetes once the favourable environmental conditions are restored. It is tempting to speculate, however, that the survival mechanism of spirochetes is responsible for the diverse pathology of these organisms as well as for their ability to survive as cystic forms thereby producing prolonged, chronic and periodically recurrent disease.
www.lymenet.de/literatur/12tbdconference/day1/day1.htm
The Complexity of Arthropod-borne Spirochetes (Borrelia spp)
Speaker: Willy Burgdorfer, PhD
Was his level of knowledge commensurate with that of someone who had just over a year's knowledge of the pathogen, or does it suggest a deeper understanding?
It also reminded me of @duncan 's "nematode" remark. It seems to have its own form of "dauer".
The "Swiss agent " seems to be both more and less of a mystery than first imagined. Burgdorfer wrote the discovery up in December 1979
Acta Trop. 1979 Dec;36(4):357-67.
Ixodes ricinus: vector of a hitherto undescribed spotted fever group agent in Switzerland.
Burgdorfer W, Aeschlimann A, Peter O, Hayes SF, Philip RN.
A tick/rickettsial survey in various parts of Switzerland revealed the presence of a new, hitherto undescribed spotted fever group rickettsia ("Swiss agent") in up to 11.7% of I. ricinus collected off vegetation. Infection in ticks was found to be generalized with rickettsiae developing intracellularly and occasionally also intranuclearly. As a result of massive growth in ovarial tissues, including the germinative cells, the rate of transovarial and filial infection was 100%. The "Swiss agent" appears to be nonpathogenic for guinea pigs, domestic rabbits, and Swiss mice, but in male meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) it produces a microscopically detectable infection in the tunica vaginalis. The rickettsia grows well in tissue culture systems including chick embryo fibroblast, Vero, and vole tissue cells, when inoculated via yolk sac into 5-day-old hens' eggs, it kills 100% of the embryos after 5 to 7 days. Antigenic relatedness of the "Swiss agent" to rickettsiae of the spotted fever group was indicated by indirect and direct fluorescent antibody staining. Preliminary serologic typing by microimmunofluorescence and by microagglutination indicated that the "Swiss agent" differs from all prototype strains of spotted fever group rickettsiae studied so far.
I have not yet located the full paper. There is therefor no mystery over the use of the term Swiss Agent. Burgdorfer cites this paper in his 1993 history. The only mystery concerns the US samples testing positive and their disappearance from the historical record in April 1980. I got the impression from "Bitten" that information about the Swiss agent was only published later, but will have to recheck-I can never find anything in that book without great difficulty.
One wonders whether the disappearance could be connected to a further round of testing which must have occurred at RML at the time, of which WB must have been aware at the time, and which WB mentions in his 1982 paper.
This induced Weber in Munich to have sera of 13 ECM patients evaluated against 14 rickettsial antigens by two different laboratories, namely the Institute of Virology in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, where the complement fixation (CF) and the microagglutination (MA)tests were used, and the Rocky Mountain Laboratories in Hamilton, Montana, where, in addition to the CF test, the microimmunofluorescence (MIF) test was used. With the exception of a few non diagnostic low titers against R. akari, the agent of rickettsialpox, and Coxiella burnetii, the cause of Q fever, all tests werenegative [12
Weber's paper was published in 1981. However, this would seem to be inadequate reason for the disappearance. There seem to be too many strange lacunae in the story for it to be entirely coincidental.
You've made impressive headway with this, @chrisb.
I am not well enough at the moment to try to dig thru the book, but what I seem to remember that might help is two things.
First, my sense was WB was taken aback to see this particular rickettsial agent in the US. It had never been seen in the US prior to the late 70's.
Second, although he nicknamed it the Swiss Agent, it only reminded him of the actual Switzerland Rickettsia because of its similarities - but I could be wrong about that.
Either way, it's curious that it seems based on the study you've found that indications were likely the original Swiss Agent was nonpathogenic. WB clearly would have been familiar with his own conclusions. Yet we know WB was convinced this US version was the cause of "Lyme". Then, after a brief period and intra-agency consults, that changed.
duncan, Aug 19, 2019
"@duncan sorry to hear you are not on good form and hope it is just one of those temporary setbacks. I shall keep digging and any comments to set me right are appreciated. I realise that attempts at problem solving can be rather tedious for others.
It seems a rather complex story and full of odd coincidences. I hate story plotlines which are too dependent on coincidences.
For the record, and to tidy up matters concerning Swiss Agent, I think that Bitten takes the first official reference to Swiss Agent to be this 1993 paper (open access PDF) establishing the new species, R Helvetica. It includes an occasional word that I recognise.
https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-43-3-521
From the references in that paper it appears that R helvetica was originally proposed in 1985 in this paper.
Peter, O., J. C. Williams, and W. Burgdorfer. 1985. Rickettsia helvetica, a new spotted fever group rickettsia: immunochemical analysis of the antigens of 5 spotted fever group rickettsiae, p. 99-105. In J. Kazar (ed.), Rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases. Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia.
Perhaps it was an indication of impending retirement that it was published in Bratislava. It would seem that by 1979 it was known that swiss agent was not R montana, or even sufficiently like it for there to be confusion.
It appears that the name "Swiss Agent USA" was the creation of Newby (p131). My working hypothesis is that East Side Agent was WB's name which he used to distinguish between the two.
It does seem strange that having gone to these lengths to discover the new agent in Switzerland equal interest is not shown in establishing possible prevalence within the USA.
This is the point at which matters get complicated. I shall have to recheck the suggestion that WB was only "reminded" of Swiss Agent. The first impression is that it was much stronger than that.
To get a better understanding, I have been reading the WB history, with which you will be familiar.
https://history.nih.gov/archives/downloads/wburgdorfer.pdf
The unavoidable question, which one asks repeatedly, is "why is this man lying?"
It does seem unfortunate that, at the time of WB's discovery, Steere had just discovered the leptospira which might have led to more tick dissections, and discovery of other spirochaetes. It does seem odd that Steere is almost completely omitted from WB's story whilst someone else gets his name on a paper apparently for sending WB ticks from Wisconsin. It seems to have been a competitive, "cut throat" business.
Burgdorfer could have had a career as a politician. He conceals more than he discloses.
Sorry about the length of this, but there are so many issues
@duncan has there been discussion on the Lyme pages about WB's clear lies to his questioner about his involvement in Lyme research prior to 1981. It is on page 34 of the history:
DB: And again, it sounds like prior to 1981 you weren't giving any serious thought or you weren't doing any research on Lyme disease.
WB: No. I helped and I informed Dr. Steere and his medical entomologist, Dr. Main, about techniques involved in determining whether or not a pathogen is present in the tick population in Connecticut.
He maintains that his sole interest was spotted fever.
I get the strong impression that DB had been briefed about earlier involvement but that her remit was to allow him to tell his story in his way.
Newby is quite specific and must have seen the evidence, "On April 12 1979, he quietly began testing Lyme patients' blood against the European Swiss agent antigen and known disease causing rickettsiae." There is further, later documentary evidence. He may have thought that Lyme was a type of spotted fever, but he could not deny that he was researching Lyme.
This is not simply a question of Swiss agent going missing from the records, a whole two years' involvement are denied. That is bizarre, especially when there is documentary evidence in the records and other potential witnesses, who may, or may not, have spoken on the record about this.
@chrisb, there was a flurry of activity surrounding Newby's book release in at least one major Lyme forum. I used to belong to several, but I stopped frequenting the others as it just got to be too much. But on that one, they did discuss to a degree the ramifications to WB, and some were not complimentary.
Sorry, DB? I went to my page 34 and cannot see who DB is.
I agree Newby isn't putting forth for public viewing everything she's come across - not the least of which is what she rests the idea of a chimera upon.
Yeah, it's a bit disconcerting, isn't it, these gaps.
This is Deirdre Boggs of Historical Research Associates interviewing Dr. Willy Burgdorfer in Hamilton, Montana on July 10, 2001. The interview is being done at the request of the National Institutes of Health.
I wondered whether she was holding things back for another project. Not sure how one should feel about that. On the one hand it may take time to sift through the details of the evidence, and to present it all at once may be unwieldy. On the other hand the evidence needs to be put out there.
At least I have found a further justification for discussing this on an ME forum. It seems that one of the subjects which interested WB was tularemia, and he says, whether truly or not, that his involvement in matters military was in a defensive capacity. One of the Cluff, Canter, Imboden trio who first sparked my interest in these matters wrote a paper on a tularemia vaccine. I think it was 1972. Canter it was. This small world just became smaller.
Yes. I don't think you can, or should, just walk away from any given government's potential role. The bioweapon thing is so simple to dismiss out of hand as just another conspiracy angle. The problem is, in the world of Lyme at least, you don't need that angle. You can chalk this mess up to greed and legacy concerns. But it does tidy things up relative to some questions. The same potentially holds true for ME/CFS, ie, it would answer a few outstanding Why's - certainly we know that governments have wantonly averted scrutiny re: ME/CFS. A bioweapons tie-in is more tenuous here, and accordingly, potentially more hazardous.
For the Lyme world, at least, it's getting more difficult to conveniently pretend the bioweapon potential doesn't exist, since the release of this book and that article and the new pending Rep. Chris Smith legislation etc.
WB certainly went in for some interesting experiments
Experimental Infection of the African Relapsing Fever Tick, Ornithodoros moubata (Murray), with Borrelia latychevi (Sofiev).
Author(s) : BURGDORFER, W. ; DAVIS, G. E.
Journal article : Journal of Parasitology 1954 Vol.40 No.4 pp.456-460 pp. ref.4
Abstract : A strain of Spirochaeta (Borrelia) latyschewi w as obtained from infected examples of Ornithodoros tartakovskyi Olenev sent to the author by Baltazard [cf. preceding abstract]. These ticks were fed on a white mouse, and other mice were infected by inoculation of its blood as soon as it was found to contain spirochaetes. Large numbers of second and fourth-stage nymphs and adults of O. moubata (Murr.) were fed on mice thus infected and were then kept at room temperature and a relative humidity of 79 per cent. A few were dissected each day and their organs were examined for spirochaetes, and haemolymph and coxal fluid from others were also examined. The haemolymph was obtained by amputating the distal portion of the legs, and the coxal fluid by applying a warm needle or forceps to the ventral surface of the ticks, which causes them to expel it. The examinations showed that the spiroehaetes persisted and multiplied in each of the stages studied. They were found consistently in the central ganglion, coxal organs and salivary glands, in the walls (but not the lumen) of the Mal-pighian tubes, and in the tissues of the genital system of female adults. They were also found in eggs and nymphs produced by infected females. They were often, but not always, found in the haemolymph of ticks of which the organs were infected.
The occurrence of the spirochaetes in the salivary glands and coxal organs suggested that they might be transmitted by O. moubata, and several hundred ticks, almost all of which showed spirochaetes in the coxal fluid, were accordingly fed on white mice or new-born rabbits. There were 73 experiments, each with a batch of 3-10 ticks, but none of the animals became infected. Further experiments indicated that these negative results were due to a loss of virulence of the spirochaetes in O. moubata rather than to its failure to transmit them, since infection was produced in all mice and new-born rabbits that were inoculated with blood from a mouse infected by O. tartakovskyi and in only a small minority of those that were inoculated with suspensions of infected examples of O. moubata.
DOI : 10.2307/3273896
This is one of WB's early papers and is interesting. After 1978 Burgdorfer should have known he might be looking for spirochetes, given the European evidence, of which he was aware. Given this research he did with Davis in 1954 he knew that his haemolymph test was not entirely reliable. Perhaps he placed less reliance on the test than is suggested, but perhaps not. It all looks strange. It appeared to come as a surprise to him that spirochetes could be present, in his 1981 tick, but not showing up in the haemolymph. It should not have done.
One can only speculate on the purpose of this research.
When it comes to presentation of evidence WB seems to favour a style which gives rise to suspicion, which may be unjustified. In his 1984 paper he wrote
Remembering the European literature, I could not dismiss the thought that the microfilariae did lead me to the discovery of the long-sought cause of ECM and Lyme disease.
This led me to trying to find the European literature to which he referred. It rather looks as though he was referring to his own paper
https://www.scopus.com/record/displ...inward&txGid=f3bf7013611bb760c0dccdc90d964f47
Acta TropicaVolume 36, Issue 2, 1979, Pages 181-191
New aspects of the role of the vector played by Ixodes ricinus L. in Switzerland. Preliminary note
… In this article, we describe the existence in the hemolymphe of different I.ricinus populations, of a rickettsia species related to the RMST group (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever), of a trypanosome, which is close to T.theileri, and of an infectious larval form (L3) of Dipetalonema rugosicauda. An outline is suggested with the object of illustrating the functioning of a natural foci of tick encephalitis. The biological significance of the unusual presence of trypanosomes and of larval filariae in ticks is also discussed....
It does seem strange that he indicates the significance of this evidence, and then makes it extremely difficult to find it. Unfortunately I have not found the full paper. Presumably it was not modesty which prevented him from quoting his own papers. I thought scientists were supposed to leave a "paper-trail".
I am becoming uneasy about the evidence which apparently led to WB's questioning by Tim Grey in 2013 and the claims that, first, WB had been involved in the recombination of four different pathogens, two being spirochetal and two viral and, secondly, that Bb has the potential for biological warfare and "was the same pathogen, or a generational mutation, of the one you (WB) published in the paper from 1952".
The background to this is the claim that there are papers from 1956 and 1952, respectively, supporting the claims. Rather surprisingly Newby does not cite references for the papers. Unless there are more papers, which are not on the PubMed list, the two most relevant papers both appear to be from 1954.
One of these is the one above relating to B latychevi. The other relates to the growing of Coxiella burnettii, Bacterium tularense, Leptospira icteohaemorrhaghiae and Western Equine encephalitis virus. https://sci-hub.se/10.1093/infdis/94.1.84
The problems with these papers, apart from the dates, and the pathogens not being all spirochetal or viral, is that the first seems to involve the wrong species of ticks and the second does not claim to combine the four pathogens in a single tick, although that possibility may be implied. Different experiments put the different pathogens in different ticks. This would possibly have civilian or defensive uses.
If there are other papers substantiating the claims the references should have been given.
All this does not diminish the fact that WB seems to have been less than truthful about his involvement with Fort Detrick and his involvement in Lyme research before his "serendipitous" discovery in 1981. There are still mysteries aplenty.
Newby may have gotten the dates wrong, as well as the nature of the papers. Alternatively, the two papers she noted aren't on PubMed.
I would be curious to see where this goes. As you are aware, she seems to embrace the chimera solution. I do not understand why, since I don't think it's necessary, ie, Steere and Company have since Day One demonstrated a more or less persistent inability to consistently eradicate Bb. Moreover, the weird carry-over of unreliable diagnostic metrics and dubious treatments to other TBD's like babesiosis and bartonella seem to speak to the "fiddling" with multiple pathogens. This is further re-enforced with the purported simultaneous appearance of both Lyme and Babesia in NY at the close of the 1960's.
It always seemed to me unlikely that papers about what was "really" going on would be published. Anything published would either not hve worked or been intended to show the solid basic work being conducted.
The difficulty which I see with a "friendly fire" hypothesis is that if they were trying to develop a weapon there would not have been much point putting it in Ixodes dammini/scapularis. They would have put it in something endemic for the area of potential use.
One does wonder what WB could have been up to at Fort Detrick that made him deny his presence there. Theree seems to have been no absolute ban on revealing involvement. The obituaries of both Shope and Cluff acknowledge that they were there at the same time as WB. It could be down to the degree of "classification" or guilt.
Over the years has anyone questioned that bizarre comment by WB in his EDIT1984 paper that the sight of the large roundworm reminded him of the European literature? It makes no sense. Memory does not work like that. It seems unlikely that an aged Marcel Proust would have remarked that the taste of his madeleine reminded him of a book he had once read. It is just too contrived. Its a pity because he seems a decent man caught up by events.
And as for Steere not recalling the reasons for abandoning the Swiss agent.....they had been working on this for 8 or 9 months.....people make notes or memoranda of telephone conversations and affix them to the file.....it does not seem right.
I would be curious to see where this goes
It will be interesting to see where this goes. I think all we can do at this stage is keep following the evidence, hard as that is to do. Deliberately so, it would seem.
I have become intrigued by this in the NIH history of WB in relation to the person who is credited in the Science paper:
WB: Oh yeah. Then there was Dr. Davis. I worked with him on ticks from Wisconsin and we evaluated sera from patients who did have Lyme disorders. I felt he also should be credited for his collaboration.
According to WB in that history he had no interest in Lyme before spotting his spirochete. That was supposedly on Nov 5 1981. The Science paper was first received for publication on Feb 26 1982, although later amended. That is a very narrow window in which to have been working on tickss from Wisconsin, which get no mention in the paper, if as claimed WB had no interest in Lyme before November 1981. It seems feasible that he helped evaluate sera, though it is surprising that they had to go to someone from Wisconsin to do this.
We seem to be dealing with a situation where the chief witness is economical with the truth, people who could correct the record choose to remain silent, and the corroborative documentary evidence is, for reasons unknown, unavailable. We must draw our own conclusions.
He also would have worked on "local" ticks for Rickettsia etc, for many years before that.
Yes, but that is my point. According to the story that had nothing to do with Lyme and must have been about Spotted Fever. How would that justify credit for finding something they were not looking for? It's all a sham, of course.
For some reason the story of Montagnier and Gallo crossed my mind today.
On reflection the behaviour which I had naively put down as inexplicable seems to be clearly the result of some non disclosure agreement arising out of some settlement. It would be interesting to know the date and the parties. Would it have been 1984 (appropriately) or earlier? Who would have been the parties?
Perhaps this was known thirty years ago.


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The extension has the following properties on Android and iOS: version (current version of the operating system), OS name, language (language set in the system preferences), UID (unique ID based on some of the device properties), device name, MAC Address and model. As Android only properties, the developer can read the serial number of system, architecture of the cpu, package name, source directory, AppUid, phone numbe, IMSI and IMEI.
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