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Environment, Preservation, Water
Almost Wilderness, Maybe Forever
August 28, 2018 LAM Staff Leave a comment
This article is also available to readers in Spanish. For a full list of translated articles, please click here.
The last nearly pristine big spread on Southern California's coast is now a nature preserve—and a link in a two-million-acre chain of protected landscape.
By Jonathan Lerner
From Amtrak's Pacific Surfliner or Coast Starlight trains, unless you're staring out to sea, you'd catch a view of the property; the tracks run right along its oceanfront bluff. Or you could walk onto the place, at water's edge from the public beach next door, though you'd have to scramble up the cliff to escape an inrushing tide. In theory, you might work there as a ranch hand—it remains a cattle operation—or on the nature preserve staff. But you can number those opportunities on your fingers and toes. Eventually there will be access for researchers and educational programs. Still, hardly anyone will ever visit this magnificent 24,000-acre spread at Point Conception, some 50 miles west–northwest of Santa Barbara. And that's a good thing.
"In Southern California, there's a storied legacy of establishing coastal parks and access points. Typically, your first question would be, 'How close can we get the parking lots to the beach? How easy can we make it for people to get there?' The paradigm here is the opposite," says the Nature Conservancy's Michael Bell, director of this newly established preserve. The nonprofit purchased it last December with a $165 million gift, the largest single donation the organization has ever received. It came from the founders of Esri, Jack and Laura Dangermond, for whom the property is now named. Bell says, "What doesn't exist is a big preserved representation of coastal wilderness. What did this natural system look like before the impact of development? This place is our best chance to have that, for the sake of science, research, and education—and just for the value of it, itself."
The Dangermond Preserve includes more than eight miles of connected coastal habitat. Image courtesy Peter Montgomery/The Nature Conservancy.
Pillowy hills tufted with chaparral. Gentle slopes carpeted with grassy open range. Broad savannas dotted with wind-twisted oaks. Folds in the land shadowed with forest. The topography here is more rolling and soft than rugged. The drama of the place is in its openness and scale, endless vistas, and nearly imperceptible human imprint. There are the couple of daily passing trains, a single paved entry road, a sparse network of jeep trails and fences, and two ranch compounds each with a few buildings and corrals—not much, across so many acres. At Point Conception itself, where the coastline makes a 90-degree turn from east–west to north–south, 200 feet above the waves an old keeper's house is going to ruin. Originally a lighthouse stood with it. But in 1881 a replacement lighthouse was built on a natural terrace halfway down so that its beam would show beneath the recurrent layer of fog. It's like an early Spanish basilica in miniature. The building itself has a nave and transept form, while the beacon tower is like a campanile. The light has been automated. These few vacant buildings add an echo of solemnity, marking absence. In the tradition of the Chumash people, who inhabited this coast before Europeans arrived, Point Conception is the portal through which souls ascend to heaven.
Esri has brought the Dangermonds considerable wealth. They have generously supported environmental causes, but kept a low profile. Laura still avoids publicity, herself. But they chose to put their name on this big gesture to set an example for other wealthy people, and to make a point. "In today's conservation world, people think small. Bold thinking, like what inspired the National Park System acquisition, has seemed to disappear," Jack says. A landscape architect, he has been advocating for green infrastructure as a strategy for human, or maybe planetary, survival. He means the protection of large, connected sweeps of ecologically intact—or reparable—territory, to support habitats, natural systems, and ecosystem services. Esri recently created a free online mapping platform to aid such efforts (see "The Toolmaker," LAM, April 2017). "Some places on our planet should be preserved so that they continue evolving and letting nature rule, and this is one," he says. "Talking about it in abstract is one thing, but showing that it can be done—the world changes when those kinds of footprints get laid down."
Image courtesy the Nature Conservancy and Esri.
Putting any equally sizable, undeveloped property into conservation could be important. The Nature Conservancy's scientists consider this one to be in "extraordinary" condition, despite its ranching history. Bell quips, "It's been well managed environmentally for a century, by cattle." But geographic factors give it special value. "It's a transition zone," says Mark Reynolds, a senior ecologist at the Nature Conservancy and scientific lead of the Dangermond Preserve planning process. "Four ecoregions meet, two terrestrial and two marine. There are [land] species here that are found in Northern and central coastal California, that don't extend into Southern coastal California," and vice versa. Because ocean currents from both north and south converge at Point Conception, "likewise, in the marine environment there are biota that are pretty similar from Point Conception north, even to Oregon and Washington and up into the Gulf of Alaska, and different species that are similar from Point Conception south down to northern Baja."
Immediately offshore is the 22-square-mile Point Conception State Marine Reserve, which Bell, whose academic training is in biology and marine science, describes as "a coastal system as pristine as we have in Southern California. You can see that in how the shorebirds and marine mammals utilize the interface between the beach and nearshore environment, in the incredible representations of the kelp forest." The Nature Conservancy has ocean and coastal projects at other locations. Here, Reynolds explains, "We only have a controlling interest in the land part. But that adjacency is exciting for harmonizing our land, coastal marine, and ocean conservation strategies—for how we do smart conservation that extends from land to sea."
The Dangermond Preserve also contributes to connectivity at a much larger scale. To the north, adjoining its 24,000 acres and eight miles of coastline is Vandenberg Air Force Base, 98,000 acres extending 35 miles up the coast. Department of Defense activity there may be intense, but "the impacts are localized," Reynolds says, and "often DoD operations do a great job of landscape connectivity, and even in some instances active management of biodiversity." Immediately east of the Dangermond Preserve is the roughly 14,000-acre Hollister Ranch, with another eight miles of coast. Ranching continues there, and 130 hundred-acre residential lots have been platted, but construction and density are strictly controlled. The stated intention is responsible stewardship, and aside from some visits by school groups, Hollister Ranch is not publicly accessible. Hollister's eastern boundary touches Gaviota State Park, about 3,000 acres. The park then adjoins Los Padres National Forest; that's another 1,950,000.
The property has been ranched for a century. Image courtesy Peter Montgomery/The Nature Conservancy.
None of this contiguous un- or lightly developed two-million-plus-acre stretch of landscape is wilderness, strictly defined. It has the convoluted shape of a gerrymandered election district, perhaps less than ideal for ecosystem connectivity. There are some narrow links, highway crossings, a multiplicity of ecoregions, and varying practices of environmental protection in its constituent pieces. There's logging in the national forest. The state park gets many visitors. More than 3,000 people live at Vandenberg, and surely there are insalubrious effects of the missile tests conducted there. Ranching is to continue on the Dangermond Preserve, which may seem counterintuitive. But the Nature Conservancy has considerable experience with ranched lands in the West, and considers the scientific evidence to support well-managed grazing as a tool to decrease fuel loads, reducing wildfire risks; to increase and regulate nutrient cycling; and to enhance wildlife habitat biodiversity. There may also be a political benefit in demonstrating to dubious ranching constituencies that preservation can coexist with running cattle. Still, significant further development within this vast patchwork of green would seem unlikely. The part with the strongest potential for ensuring the health of habitats, species, and natural systems would be the coastal sweep from Vandenberg to Hollister Ranch—centered on the preserve.
A management plan is being drafted. This will address obvious habitat remediation needs—for example, restoration of degraded riparian areas and removal of the invasive ice plant that now dominates huge swaths along the oceanfront terraces. And it will propose a framework for balancing, and spatially arranging, future uses of the place. Bell says, "There are sensitive natural communities and activities we want to support—a research team or an educational enterprise. How are you going to locate those so one doesn't have an unintended consequence on the other? These are really principles of landscape architecture, and they're what GIS software is really good at." Once the conservation objectives are clarified, "some skill sets that haven't always been commonplace for nature preserves to bring in, that is, landscape architects and designers," will be brought in. "A lot of times you're building these nature preserves with a constrained budget, as fast as you can, and it's all done piecemeal by necessity. This is an opportunity to do it more holistically." He suggests that this planning may eventually involve a forum or competition for landscape architecture professionals.
The 24,000-acre property is the largest single donation ever received by the Nature Conservancy. Image courtesy Peter Montgomery/The Nature Conservancy.
Jack and Laura Dangermond have also donated $1 million to endow a chair in conservation studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, for which the preserve will serve as a research and teaching venue. Synergies with the landscape architecture department at nearby California Polytechnic State University, in San Luis Obispo, are also in consideration. Reynolds says, "The design principle here is one of landscape-scale connectivity. We're thinking about species range changes from climate change, species redistribution, landscape permeability, fluidity, all enhanced by a property that provides this amount of connectivity."
The site is already extensively mapped, and Esri resources are committed to doing more mapping. Damian Spangrud, an Esri geographer whose intriguing title is director of solutions, names some of the existing GIS layers, which number around 80. "Land cover, grasses and herbs, shrubs, trees, historic farming areas, historical landslides, coastal LiDAR, coastal marine substrate…" But, he says, "some of the unique treasures of the landscape are small. Come around a bend, and down in a wash there's a giant oak? It's not going to show up. It's a question of scale. To manage it, to experience it, and to model it accurately, [mapping's] got to be much finer grain. And ultimately, one to one."
"Can we make the preserve come alive with real-time monitoring, sensors everywhere? Can we create a digital twin of landscape? In many ways, GIS is exactly that, a quantitative abstraction of nature, in a database," Jack Dangermond says. "It's valuable not only for science, so we can create better understanding of how our world works, but also a tool that can be applied to landscape planning, so that as we intervene in natural systems, we can better understand the impacts of those interventions." Thus, the preserve becomes a laboratory whose discoveries can apply elsewhere.
Are there lessons from Point Conception, say, for coastal resilience? Reynolds says, "The Dangermond Preserve, even as we're just getting to know it, seems to be something of a stronghold. The coastal terrace is uplifted here, so sea-level rise will not have a lot of direct impact on the property, other than retreat and reduction of the beach areas. It's got rocky coast, at the point, so it's going to be less affected than many other places in the state. So we're thinking about how to use this as an area of study, a place where we can learn some lessons about how nature will help us adapt our coastal areas to all the changes to come."
The topography is more rolling and soft than rugged. Image courtesy Matthew Davis/The Nature Conservancy.
Maybe the Dangermonds' example will inspire other wealthy individuals to purchase similarly scaled and pivotal places and dedicate them to conservation. Individuals and communities with shallower pockets can also assemble, protect, and ensure the vitality of large landscapes. In Montana, for example, the nonprofit American Prairie Reserve is acquiring "private lands that glue together a vast mosaic"—three million acres—of public lands. Since 2004, it has purchased or leased about 90,000 acres connecting another 300,000 acres of federal and state land. A different model is in use along the borders between New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. There, the Berkshire-Taconic Regional Conservation Partnership, an alliance of 15 land trusts, is developing a unified protection strategy for the Taconic Range and the agricultural valleys to either side. That's another area of more than two million acres. "It's an intact landscape, heavily forested, with a lot of ecological and working-land value, that has not received the attention from conservation entities that it might have if it were not in a boundary area," says Lee Alexander, the conservation projects manager at the Columbia Land Conservancy, a member organization. In New England and New York, where, unlike out West, most land is in smaller private holdings, there are now 43 such regional conservation partnerships.
Jack Dangermond believes that landscape architects are uniquely positioned to participate in, and even lead, such efforts. "There's the landscape architect as designer and professional, and there's the landscape architect who is at the same time an advocate," he says. "How do we deal with managing nature? That is a challenging phrase, because one would say we don't want it managed by humans at all. But we've got to figure out how to make sustainable natural systems. This is why I believe geography and ecology are so very important for landscape architects to embrace, as science foundations for their work."
Jonathan Lerner is the author of the 1960s memoir Swords in the Hands of Children: Reflections of an American Revolutionary.
By J. Lerner
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I am often asked what the number one "thing" a client is looking for in a sales consultant. Sure, we all want our sales consultants to be honest, responsive, trustworthy, detail-oriented, friendly, fun and intelligent. But the number one "thing" a client desires? A client wants a partner as a sales consultant that evolves into a long-standing, fruitful relationship.
The client benefits from the consultant's expertise, knowledge, great product offerings and the return on investment from producing spectacular events. The sales consultant benefits from another notch in their experience portfolio "belt" as well as a boost to their paycheck. But how that relationship is nurtured and developed is the key to a continued, returned success.
Our business is not always tangible: How a client feels is often more important than how the event looks or how the food tastes. Clients will overlook price variance if they will be taken care of by someone they trust. Clients want you to listen and they want to be heard. Clients want to win sometimes. Let them. Be accessible, show genuine interest and provide honest feedback to each other to continue to grow in the relationship together.
Sales consultants should never say, "Let me ask my boss and I will get back to you". Or even worse, "Sorry, that's our policy". Be in the client's court and be the decision maker. But stand firm when something is not right and educate the client on the why for next time. Showing self-confidence in your own abilities is a very strong "statement" above and beyond what is in your sales toolbox.
Next year will be the 20th anniversary of my relationship with Jo and Newt, two of my all time favorite "clients", if I even call them "clients" at this point. I met Jo and Newt in 1998. They were planning their 50th wedding anniversary celebration and were shopping around for a caterer to produce the event for their special evening.
I say we are celebrating "our 20th anniversary" next year because we are still remembering our first meeting and how our friendship and business relationship has since developed. There have been several events since that first large one. I bet, at least one a year, all much smaller in size but none less important.
I see Jo and Newt about four times a year. We catch up over lunch. We talk about our lives, families, children, politics, Chicago, friends, travel, movies and television. Catering is the least of our interests and topics to talk about. I often call Jo just to check in and say hello and see how she and Newt are doing. We have become lifelong friends. I absolutely love and adore them both.
Now I no longer work at a catering company. When Jo and Newt need an event, I stay involved. I know what they have come to expect in the past 20 years. I know their likes and their dislikes. Where they keep everything in their kitchen. I am there out of respect for them and the time we have built into our relationship. That's what friends do for each other. I will be their "caterer" forever. And they will be my "client" forever. But it didn't start that way. It started with the one thing Jo and Newt were looking for in a sales consultant 20 years ago.


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Erdogan says Turkey to attack Kurdish militants with tanks, soldiers
Aftermath after Turkish warplanes carried out air strikes, in Derik countryside
By Huseyin Hayatsever and Daren Butler
ANKARA (Reuters) -Turkey will attack militants with tanks and soldiers soon, President Tayyip Erdogan said on Tuesday, signalling a possible ground offensive against a Kurdish militia in Syria after retaliatory strikes escalated along the Syrian border.
His comments came as Turkish artillery kept up bombardment of Kurdish bases and other targets near the Syrian towns of Tal Rifaat and Kobani, two Syrian military sources told Reuters.
"We have been bearing down on terrorists for a few days with our planes, cannons and guns," Erdogan said in a speech in northeastern Turkey. "God willing, we will root out all of them as soon as possible, together with our tanks, our soldiers."
He said previously that operations would not be limited to an air campaign and may involve ground forces. Turkey has mounted several major military operations against the Syrian Kurdish YPG militia and Islamic State militants in northern Syria in recent years.
On Monday, Turkey said the YPG killed two people in mortar attacks from northern Syria, following Turkish air operations against the militia at the weekend and a deadly bomb attack in Istanbul a week earlier.
The YPG-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) said 15 civilians and fighters were killed in Turkish strikes in recent days.
Turkish Defence Minister Hulusi Akar vowed to keep up operations against the militants, renewing calls for NATO ally Washington to stop backing the Syrian Kurdish forces that Ankara calls a wing of the outlawed Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).
"We tell all our partners, notably the United States, at every level, that the YPG equals the PKK and persist with our demand that they halt every kind of support for terrorists," Akar told a parliamentary commission in a speech.
A child and a teacher were killed and six people were hurt on Monday when mortar bombs hit a border area in Turkey's Gaziantep province. Its armed forces responded with jets again hitting targets in Syria, a senior security official said.
'SERIOUS CONCERNS'
A U.S. State Department spokesperson said Washington had communicated its serious concerns to Ankara about the impact of escalation on the goal of fighting Islamic State.
"We have urged Turkey against such operations, just as we have urged our Syrian partners against attacks or escalation," the spokesperson said in emailed responses to questions.
Related News: Venezuela former chief justice indicted in U.S. for money laundering
A spokesperson for U.S. National Security Agency told Reuters on background that the U.S. government opposed any military action that destabilized the situation in Syria.
The United States has allied with the YPG-led SDF in the fight against Islamic State in Syria, causing a deep rift with Turkey.
Moscow, which is allied with Damascus, also called on Turkey to show restraint in its use of "excessive" military force in Syria and keep tension from escalating, Russian news agencies cited a Russian envoy to Syria as saying.
During an official visit to Turkey on Tuesday, Germany's Interior Minister Nancy Faeser told journalists Berlin stood firmly on the side of Ankara when it comes to the fight against terrorism, but warned that the reaction should be reasonable.
"We stand by Turkey in the investigation of this terrorist attack and in the fight against terrorism. (…) but we also think that the reaction must be reasonable and in accordance with the people's rights and not harm civilians."
Turkey said its warplanes destroyed 89 targets in Syria and Iraq on Sunday, with 184 militants killed in operations targeting the YPG and PKK on Sunday and Monday.
Ankara said its weekend operation was retaliation for a bomb attack in an Istanbul last week that killed six people, and which authorities blamed on the militants. Nobody has claimed responsibility and the PKK and SDF have denied involvement.
The bombing evoked memories of violence ahead of tense 2015 elections, and could lead to another security-focused campaign for Erdogan, ahead of tight elections next June.
An SDF spokesman said the weekend Turkish strikes killed 11 civilians, an SDF fighter and two guards.
More than 40,000 people have been killed in fighting between the PKK and the Turkish state which began in 1984. Turkey, the United States and the European Union designate the PKK as a terrorist group.
(Reporting by Suleiman Al-Khalidi in Amman, Humeyra Pamuk in Washington, Lidia Kelly in Melbourne, Ece Toksabay in Ankara, Steve Holland in Washington and Dan Whitcomb in Los Angeles; Writing by Daren Butler; Editing by Jonathan Spicer, Clarence Fernandez, Jonathan Oatis and Lincoln Feast.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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About Eccles Old Road
The Township of Pendleton
You are in: Home / Places / Hope Hospital
Hope Hospital
The Salford Royal Hospital on Eccles Old Road is one of the top performing teaching hospitals in the UK. It will be remembered by many locals and patients as Hope Hospital, a name it was known by since its establishment in the early 1880s. The provision of medical services on this site goes back 140 years and has its origins in the reform of the Poor Law in 1834.
The old poor law system, which had evolved from Elizabethan times, involved parishes raising local taxes to look after the poor. By the early 19th century, there was a widespread belief that 'outdoor relief', with low wages subsidised according to family size, encouraged laziness and larger families. Corruption in the administration of the system was also common. A Commission of Inquiry led to the Poor Law Reform Act of 1834. The main proposal was that:
"…all relief whatever to able-bodied persons or to their families, otherwise than in well-regulated workhouses…shall be declared unlawful, and shall cease…and that all relief afforded in respect of children under the age of 16 shall be considered as afforded to their parents"
Parishes were grouped into Unions, each to provide a workhouse, where the poor would have to go if they wanted help. The aim was to reduce costs, encourage people to work and take beggars off streets. Children would get some schooling and all would be clothed and fed in exchange for work each day.
'A Workhouse Dinner' and 'Outdoor Relief', c.1840, Wellcome Collection, London
Salford had had a workhouse at Collier Street, Greengate since 1793, and Pendleton had a small 28 bed one as early as 1777 on Broughton Road. Between 1851-3 the Eccles New Road Workhouse was built, costing £16,500 and designed by Messrs Pennington and Jarvis. By April 1881 this main workhouse had 1,484 residents, including 24 officers.
Plan of Salford Workhouse, Eccles New Road
From workhouse to hospital
Every Poor Law Union had a medical officer and many workhouse inmates were elderly, infirm and in poor health. It was common in the larger urban areas for Unions to provide workhouse infirmaries. As early as 1876 the Salford Guardians of the poor had proposed the building of a pauper and smallpox hospital on 20 acres of land behind Hope Church. The Manchester Evening News published objections from local residents, and reported on an 'indignation meeting' to be held in the Broomhouse Lane School, chaired by Oliver Heywood. One letter, signed by E.A.W. appeared concerned that,
'The placid residents in the aristocratic Eccles Old Road are not accustomed to the holding of indignation meetings and it would not surprise me very much if they get somewhat confused……On the Eccles Old Road are to be found the Heywoods, the Agnews, the Birleys, the Armitages, Mitchell Henry MP, T.B.Potter MP, the Reisses and a whole host of eminent citizens, and these would assuredly leave the district if anything so loathesome and so horrible as a small-pox hospital were to be imported into it.' Manchester Evening News 12 September 1876
At the next meeting of the Guardians, on 15th September, a deputation from the Broomhouse meeting addressed the Board:
'Mr O. Heywood, one of the deputation, spoke at length on the injury the hospital would inflict on the neighbourhood and contended that it was hardly fair to the gentlemen who resided in the neighbourhood to establish such an institution on the site contemplated.' Manchester Evening News 15 September 1876
The proposal did not go ahead, but in 1879 the Local Government Inspector ruled that Salford workhouse on Eccles New Road was 15% overcrowded. It was decided to move all the sick poor, excluding infectious cases, out of the workhouse into an infirmary. In 1880 Salford Union commissioned an infirmary on the south side of Eccles Old Road. It was to accommodate 880 patients at a cost of £64,000 and was designed by Lawrence Booth, a Manchester Architect and built by W. Southern of Salford. The foundation stone was laid on 25th March 1880.
Salford Union Infirmary c.1888
By the time the Census was taken in 1881, the facility was not fully operational, with under 250 inmates, and may have been operating largely as a workhouse, rather than an infirmary. Over 80 inmates were recorded as born in Ireland, around 40 in Salford and around 35 in Manchester, 30 from elsewhere in Lancashire. Most of the others were other parts of England, with only two born in Scotland, three in Wales, one in each of America and Holland.
The official opening of the new workhouse infirmary in October 1882 was attended by around 100 local dignitaries and interested persons, including Benjamin Armitage MP, William Agnew MP and Oliver Heywood, all Eccles Old Road residents. The Chairman of the Salford Board of Guardians, Mr Dickins, declared the new infirmary would,
'rank as one of the finest of its kind in the kingdom….I believe that when these buildings and grounds are completed they will be an ornament to the locality, especially by reason of the large open spaces we shall always maintain.' Manchester Courier 20 Oct 1882
Mr Dickins referred to the fact that some neighbours had objected to the building of the hospital on that site out of fear that at some future time an infectious hospital might be built there. He assured these objectors that,
' an honourable understanding to the contrary, and the fact that such proximity to this infirmary would in every respect be objectionable and improper, may be relied upon as ample security against any such infliction.' Manchester Courier 20 Oct 1882
Manchester Courier, 20 Oct.1882
On census night 1881 there were only four staff present: Helena McCormick from Manchester, Assistant Matron, Elizabeth Ann Cooper, Night nurse from Hulme , Sarah Ann Hallsworth, Cook from Manchester, and Thomas Peelis, Porter, born at sea. Peelis himself may have been an inmate as his occupation is given as Railway Clerk. The remaining residents are listed an 'Inmates' rather than patients. Ten of the inmates were recorded as having a sensory disability and two were described as 'imbeciles'.
In his address at the opening of the infirmary Mr Dickins had assured those present that,
'The entire administration will be under the superintendance of our Chief Medical Officer, Mr Conry….and thus you see all will be pretty well looked after. Mr Conry has for two years been the resident medical officer of our workhouse…I have not the slightest doubt his administration will justify the high character he has deservedly gained.' Manchester Courier 20 Oct 1882
Sadly, this confidence proved misplaced. In June 1889 Dr. John Templer Crosbie Conry was the subject of an Inquiry by the Board of Guardians into allegations of impropriety by three nurses at the infirmary. Despite detailed evidence from two of the nurses, it appears the cases were not upheld, as Conry was still in post over a year later when further allegations were made against him. Mr Walker, the assistant medical officer, alleged that Conry was again involved inappropriately with nursing staff. Newspapers around the country reported 'THE SALFORD UNION INFIRMARY SCANDAL', with Conry launching counter-claims against Walker of similar impropriety and of neglect of a patient who had died of pneumonia.
The Board decided to demand the resignations of both doctors. Conry refused and Walker failed to respond. Board Member Mr Worsley, thought,
'affairs at Hope Hospital were very unsatisfactory…They must have a clearance at the hospital before they could do anything.' Manchester Courier 4 October 1890
Both doctors were dismissed. Conry moved to London where he continued to practice medicine and is recorded in 1895 giving evidence at a murder trial where he had attended the victim (www.oldbaileyonline.org). He died in 1907. It is not known what became of Dr Walker.
When the 1891 Census was taken, the Salford Union Infirmary is described as 'Workhouse Infirmary' . Over 550 residents are listed as inmates. The first 120 or so are listed in alphabetical order and their occupations and infirmities are given. Most of these are described as having Epilepsy or Dementia, with under 20 listed as 'Imbecile', 'Idiot' or 'Lunatic'. A similar number had sensory impairments, often in addition to other conditions. The other 400+ inmates had no medical conditions recorded.
Medical staff in attendance on census night in 1891 included two Assistant Medical Officers – Ernest Albert Shaw, surgeon from Yorkshire and William Alfred Garry , Physician surgeon from Ireland. The Night Superintendant was nurse Janet Bacon Mayhew from Suffolk. There are then listed five nurses and around 20 probationer nurses, indicating a training function at the infirmary. These nurses appear to have slept in cubicles on the top floor of the hospital. Staff also included two Head Lunatic attendants and five Lunatic attendants. It is unlikely that these were medically trained.
Of the medical staff, six were from Salford and Manchester, six from elsewhere in Lancs, 22 from elsewhere in England, four from Ireland, and one from each of Scotland and Wales.
Manchester Evening News 7 July 1899
It is interesting to see the level of detail that the Board Of Guardians involved themselves with in the running of the Infirmary. Perhaps the memory of the earlier scandal made them feel they needed to keep a tight rein on matters. In 1899 the local paper reported a discussion at the Board meeting as to whether patients as well as staff were to be allowed new potatoes instead of old ones. The medical officer was to be consulted. We may never know if the patients got their new potatoes!
20th Century Improvements The inadequacy (and perhaps the vulnerability) of the accommodation for nurses must have become increasingly apparent. In 1900 the Board of Guardians appointed the eminent Salford architect Henry Lord to design a nurses' home on land adjoining the Infirmary and facing onto Eccles Old Road. Henry Lord must have enjoyed watching his fine new creation taking shape as he passed it on his way to work from the home he had designed for himself on Devonshire Road, just a few hundred yards from the hospital.
Nurses Home, Hope Hospital. Architect Henry Lord
The initial estimate of £3000 to £6000 appears to have been a long way out, with the final cost nearer to £12000, met by loans repayable over 30 years. The builders were James Daniels and Sons of Pendleton.
The local press described the completed building in glowing terms:
'It is an elegant structure, and surrounded as it is by its own grounds, its site is a pleasant one. The building is of a commodious character and will accommodate about 70 nurses, whose apartments have been excellently and comfortably furnished. There is also a matron's sitting room, and a separate one for the sisters and one for the nurses. There are also a visitors' receiving room and a dining room.' Salford Reporter 23 Jan 1904, cited in www.manchestervictorianarchitects.org.uk
By 1901 Salford Union Infirmary had an administration and staffing structure firmly in place. Hospital Steward, Thomas Henry Johnson, with his wife (a nurse), two children and two servants, were living on site, as was the gardener, Frederick Blower and his family. Other non-medical staff included a cook, a laundress, a sewing mistress and seven general domestic servants, all women.
Medical staff on Census night were Indian born Charman Chander Lall BM, age 30, and Eva McCall BM, age 31, from Lismore, Ireland. Nursing staff consisted of a Night Super-intendant of Nurses, four Charge Nurses and, Probation Sick Nurses There were also six Mental Attendants and seven Lunatic Attendants.
Two years before the 1901 census, a report in the Manchester Evening News indicated tensions amongst medics around the admissions policy of the Salford Infirmary. Two doctors from St. Mary's in Manchester had referred a female patient from Salford to the Infirmary as they considered her in a serious condition but not suitable for a general hospital. The Union's Relieving Officer had refused her admission as she was not destitute and the Infirmary was for paupers only. As if to emphasise the point, the Infirmary's census return in 1901 listed around 700 'paupers'.
Manchester Evening News 11 August 1899
The physical conditions in the hospital in the early 1900s were neither pleasant nor safe. A booklet produced for the hospital's centenary in 1980 tells us that:
The walls…were of poor quality, colour-washed brick. The rather terrifying operating room had rough brick walls painted over, poor lighting, bad ventilation, not a very good stock of apparatus and a wooden operating table. Hope Hospital Centenary 1880-1980, Salford Area Health Authority
Further additions and alterations were made to the infirmary buildings in 1907 and 1910, Henry Lord being the architect for all these changes. By the time of the 1911 census, the hospital had 165 rooms with a further 16 rooms in isolation sheds. The nurses' home had 80 rooms. Present on census night were 771 'patients' and 48 'inmates' (probably these latter were the chronically ill long-term residents rather the destitute sick). 96 staff included two House Surgeons – Clifford Hall from Staffordshire and William Wilkinson Uttley from Bolton. A Matron and Assistant Matron were responsible for 66 nurses and five 'imbecile attendants'.
In 1911, Thomas Henry Johnson was still the Hospital Steward and his 18 year old son was then a medical student. The lodge was occupied by a porter and portress and a hospital plumber lived in a cottage with his family. Around a dozen ancillary staff provided cooking, laundry and other domestic services.
During the first world war 640 beds in the Infirmary were set aside for wounded service personnel; increased numbers of nursing staff were having to be accommodated in other buildings, including in Broomhurst, a large detached house on the Eccles Old Road side of the site.
In 1920, the Board of Guardians decided on a major extension to the nurses' home and architects Messrs. W Telford Gunson & Sons of Manchester were appointed. In 1924 the Board also built The Homestead, a 500 bed Old People's Home on the south side of the hospital, to help accommodate the elderly poor being rehoused from the old Salford workhouse.
When the new nurses' home extension was opened in 1927 the Board of Guardians produced a booklet describing and illustrating the works carried out, with costs. Bedspaces had been increased from 72 to 258, nursing staff more than doubled and much improved facilities had been added. The total costs were over £45,000.
The booklet, a copy of which can be seen in Salford Local History Library, includes photographs of Dr. John Dudgeon Giles, Medical Superintendent and Mary Jane Colvin Ross, Matron. Dr Giles, originally from Scotland, and Matron Ross, from Ballymena in Ireland, had both been appointed during the first world war. Described as 'two young, keen and far-seeing officials', they had been involved in the care of wounded servicemen and had been awarded honours for their war work. Dr Giles received an OBE and Mary Ross was made a Member of the Royal Red Cross.
A further extension to the Infirmary had been commissioned in 1928 to increase its capacity to almost 1000. By the time the new extension was completed in 1931, the Board of Guardians had been abolished and Hope Hospital was taken over by Salford Corporation.
Dr. Giles and Matron Ross continued to work at Hope Hospital and had each completed around 25 to 30 years in their roles when they were tragically killed during the Christmas Blitz on December 23 1940. Dr. Giles's wife Annie also died, along with Florence Hankins, wife of the hospital Steward, Harold Perrett, the Assistant Steward and Adolphus William Nicholls, a hospital plumber. These last four were all buried in Agecroft cemetery. Mary Ross was buried in Anfield Cemetery in Liverpool, next to her brother, in accordance with her wishes.
An early memorial to Matron Mary Ross in the form of a stained glass window was installed in the hospital. This was paid for by Mary Ross herself, whose will included this specific bequest:
'I desire if agreeable to the authorities of Hope Hospital that a memorial in the form of a stain-glass window be placed in the Protestant Chapel to my memory of the many years I spent at Hope Hospital as a Matron and that the sum not exceeding two hundred pounds be spent on the memorial & to be paid out of the estate…'
Memorials to Mary Jane Colvin Ross and other hospital staff killed in the 1940 air raid.
The window is now located in the chaplaincy on the third floor of the Hope building. A more recent memorial to all six casualties stands in the WRVS cafe garden in the Ladywell Building at the hospital. Mary Ross had also left a bequest of £50 to Florence Hankins, the wife of the hospital steward, but sadly, she also perished alongside Mary on the night of 23rd December 1940.
Damage to Hope Hospital on 23 December 1940
With the creation of the NHS, management was transferred to the Salford Hospital Management Committee and extensive redevelopment occurred. In 1974 Hope became a University Hospital and it was decided to develop the site for one large hospital. After further rebuilding in the 1980s, the Salford Royal and Hope Hospitals merged in 1994 and Hope became the main site for the Salford Royal Hospital NHS Trust.
Mary Jane Colvin Ross RRC1879-1940
John Dudgeon Giles MD ChB OBE1880-1940


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Lost – Season 2 Rewatch and Review
Posted on April 2, 2021 May 18, 2021 by tombumby
"God doesn't know how long we've been here, John. He can't see this island any better than the rest of the world."
Lost season 2 picks up from pretty much exactly where season 1 ended. The survivors on the mysterious island have finally got that damned hatch open and are about to go inside. I'm not sure what the prevailing theories were at the time of airing, about what exactly was in the hatch. But I'm betting nobody guessed it'd be a Scottish man (with more than a passing resemblance to Jesus) and a doomsday button needing to be pressed every 108 minutes. The season meanders a little bit, here and there, treading water and buying time to pad out the overlong 24-episode long season. But even the unnecessary stuff is loads of fun. And the more out-there elements of the show introduced in season 2, like the various other stations on the island and the beginning of the Dharma initiative, is some of the absolute best stuff the show ever did. The show had to evolve from it's simple survivalist beginnings in season 1 and expand into something else, something deeper. Season 2 achieves all of that whilst still being full to the brim with interesting characters and more than a few shocking moments.
The season begins with the strong opener 'Man of Science, Man of Faith' and introduces the all time greatest Lost character; Desmond Hume (played wonderfully by Henry Ian Cusick). The opening minutes see Desmond's mundane hatch routine scored by a great Mama Cass song, shattered by the survivors blowing open the hatch door. It's an all time great Lost musical moment, and a sign of what's to come (season 3 opens with a similar mysterious scene set to upbeat 60's music). In the present, Jack, Locke, and Kate all prepare to descend into the hatch. The meeting with Desmond plays out 3 times in this one and the next two episodes 'Adrift' and 'Orientation', each from a different characters perspective. I guess weekly this might have worked better, binging it though meant this technique felt slightly repetitive. It does begin to uncover more information around the Dharma initiative however, which is always entertaining. Desmond sadly disappears here too, and doesn't reappear until the end of the season. Matthew Fox's Jack and Terry O'Quinn's Locke, both being the aforementioned Man of Science and Man of Faith, are very much still the driving force of the show. Fox has a little less to do here than he did in season 1 but he's still one of the most solid parts of the show, playing the strong headed but likeable leader. Locke continues to have the absolute saddest life in the world; somehow having his kidney stolen isn't even his lowest point. Terry O'Quinn is outstanding as always and most of the best emotional beats are around him.
The next episode 'Everybody Hates Hugo' is a very strong one, and delves further into Hurley's (Jorge Garcia) life. It's small scale compared to other episodes but Hurley's dilemma of what to do with all the food in the hatch is compelling and the character drama really lands. The next episode '…And Found', is one of the many dealing with 'the Tailies' (the survivors in the tail section of Oceanic flight 815). These episodes drag in places – it seems like they are making their way back to the main camp for ages – but they mostly work. The later Tailie centric episode 'The Other 48 Days' is a controversial one. It's a fan favourite but I found this time much of the action in the episode was unnecessary. It good to see what the characters were up to for these first 48 days but a lot of it feels repetitive and it's only really the stuff with Goodwin (Brett Cullen) that I found particularly compelling. Ana Lucia (Michelle Rodriguez) is pretty annoying at this point and here mistaking Nathan for an Other is frustrating in entirely the wrong way.
It all comes together however, when the Tailies and the main survivors collide and it results in Ana Lucia accidentally shooting and killing Shannon (Maggie Grace). It's as shocking now as it was back when it first aired and it made all the more anger inducing as it comes right at the point when Shannon becomes an interesting character, what with her relationship with Sayid and burgeoning spiritual powers. It doesn't help Ana Lucia either, a character I already hated before she offed one of the OG survivors. The show slows things down for a spell after this, allowing some character development for Charlie (Dominic Monaghan) in 'Fire+Water and Kate (Evangeline Lilly) in 'What Kate Did'. Kate's flashbacks are always a mixed bag but the reveal of the crime that sent her on the lamb in the first place makes this one a solid episode. A highlight of the season is the introduction of the Mr Eko (the underrated Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje) a mysterious Tailie who has a habit of beating people over the head with his scripture stick. However, it's the introduction of the suspicious balloon pilot, Henry Gale in 'One of Them', that really gets the ball rolling. Played by the incomparable Michael Emerson, 'Henry' is the main source of conflict for the survivors this season and his back and forth with Jack and Locke are a highlight.
In a mirror of what happened with Shannon, Ana Lucia goes through similar character growth and by the episode 'Two For The Road', I'd really warmed to her character. So it's all the more shocking that this episode sees Michael (the fantastic Harold Perrineau) murder both Ana Lucia and the kindhearted Libby (Cynthia Watros) to save the mysterious 'Henry Gale'. It's a fantastic twist and an entirely believable one for the character of Michael, who will stop at nothing to save his son. This sets in motion the season's finale as Jack, Kate, and Sawyer are taken prisoner by 'Henry' and his people in return for Michael's freedom. The most intriguing moment of the finale for me however, is the return of Desmond and the destruction of the hatch. The hatch and the computer within raised some great philosophical questions about destiny and free will and in a lot of ways was peak Lost. It's destruction is not only a great set piece, as Desmond crawls towards the fail safe key and certain doom while the outstanding Michael Giacchino score soars in the background, but it sets up the best story-lines going forward. But more on that in my LOST season 3 review…
Season 2 of LOST is more of the same great stuff season 1 had – more excellently written characters and drama, horror and humour in equal measure, and an endless well of philosophical questions. However, season 2 begins to indicate where the show is heading further down the line. The roots of the creepy cult like Dharma Initiative are being to be laid and the previously unique, but admittedly pretty standard, flashback device is developed as we start to see the odd crossover here and there. We're still firmly in flashback territory here but there are little things like Ana Lucia meeting Jack's Dad (and both bumping into Sawyer), Shannon's dad being the one who crashed with Jack's ex-wife, Sayid's torturer mentor being the man in the hatch with Desmond, etc. The show meanders here and there but is never less than entertaining and watchable; the mysteries are gripping and the characters are all engaging. This season raises more questions than answers but that was always the way with LOST. Besides, we're in too deep now. I can't imagine anyone not being invested in the show by this point. All that's left is to strap in and enjoy the ride into season 3! A review of that season is coming soon….
Tags: Dharma, Evangeline Lilly, Henry Ian Cusick, Josh Holloway, Matthew Fox, Michael Emmerson, Terry O'QuinnCategories: Lost, TV
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Belk to close at Knoxville Center Mall in November
The major retailer is the final big box store to leave the struggling mall
Author: Leslie Ackerson
Published: 11:43 AM EDT August 17, 2019
Updated: 9:27 PM EDT August 17, 2019
KNOXVILLE, Tenn. — Knoxville Center Mall, formerly called East Towne Mall, has faced a tumultuous last decade, and now the struggles continue.
Officials with Belk corporate told 10news the Belk located at Knoxville Center would be shutting it's doors in November.
"We can confirm that our Knox Center location will close in mid-November. Belk enjoys a strong connection to the Knoxville community and we look forward to serving our customers with our four area stores and via Belk.com", Senior Manager of PR and Community Impact Tyler Hampton said.
Knoxville Center Mall is located near Interstate 640 and Millertown Pike.
Just this year alone the mall has lost a number of their larger retailers.
In January, Sears closed down with Spencer's, Game Stop and Sprint all announcing they would be leaving. Victoria's Secret left the mall in February.
Gold's Gym closed last spring, and Knox County Schools' Paul L. Kelley Volunteer Academy, which occupied some 6,400 square feet since 2010 followed Summer 2018. It's been more than 10 years since Dillard's made their leave.
RELATED: Victoria's Secret closes at Knoxville Center Mall
RELATED: Sears at West Town Mall closes for good
On the mall's website, Bath & Body Works, The Gilded Gown, Payless Shoesource, Kay Jewelers, Kids Foot Locker, Signature Diamonds, Footaction, Card Monster Games, T-Mobile and Hibbett Sports are still listed as shopping venues.
A dental office, LensCrafters, Nail shop and beauty salon are also listed as still being in the mall.
RELATED: Some businesses see success at Knoxville Center Mall, while others shut their doors
The food court has four restaurants: The Burger Stop, Sarku Japan, Subway and Oriental Express.
A movie theater owned and operated by Regal Cinemas sits on the backside of the mall and has been a longtime tenant.
The issues the mall has face extend far beyond losing stores.
In May of 2018, 10News Investigates discovered Knoxville Center Mall owed more than $600,000 in back taxes.
RELATED: Records: Knoxville Center mall owners owe more than $600K in back taxes
RELATED: Knoxville Center Mall owners 'optimistic' about mall's future
Six months later, we learned the mall's owners have paid their city and county taxes from 2016 and 2017, Ed Shouse, a trustee for Knox County, said. At the time, they had yet to pay the 2018 taxes, but those were not overdue until March 1, 2019. It's unclear if they have been paid.


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final class InvalidCartItemQuantityException extends \DomainException
{
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This can be a difficult time of year to stay on the healthy lifestyle track. With so many events and gatherings during the holiday season, especially revolving around food, you can lose your way pretty quickly. In addition, you don't want to be the odd one out, bringing special food only you would eat. That is why I love this Keto Loaded Mashed Cauliflower Casserole recipe. Over the years, I have tweaked it to be something my family really enjoys.
When you can bring something that sounds (and looks) delicious that everyone can enjoy, you don't feel deprived. This recipe is delicious, and many of my non-keto friends and family members love it. It even tastes like twice baked potatoes, so you don't have to tell anyone that it is low-carb. You can even use frozen cauliflower florets or bacon bits to make this recipe even easier!
Add the chopped cauliflower to a medium-size pot.
Add the chicken broth. Cover, and bring to a boil.
Once boiling, turn heat down to simmer for 12 minutes.
While cauliflower is cooking, fry the bacon.
Add half of the cauliflower to a blender or food processor, along with half of the butter, sour cream, milk, garlic powder, salt, and pepper.
Blend or process until smooth, pushing down the sides if needed.
Add to large bowl and repeat with the other half of the cauliflower and ingredients.
Add the cream cheese, green onions, parmesan cheese, and half of the bacon and stir.
Spread evenly in an 8x8 casserole dish.
Top with cheddar cheese and the rest of the bacon.
This can be made a day before serving. Keep covered in the refrigerator and reheat for a few minutes in the oven.
Use frozen florets and/or bacon bits to make it faster!
Feel free to make your own substitutions or add ingredients you know your family loves. I love to read about alternatives in the comments!
Have you tried a healthy Thanksgiving recipe you love? How do you stay healthy during the holiday season? Please share!


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Catalog | Alan Moore | The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (Vol IV): The Tempest #2 (of 6)
ISBN UPC 827714014280 00211 - Diamond: JUN180748
Opening with a 1919 deathmatch between two American superhumans in the ruins of Utopia, the second issue of Moore and O'Neill's final comic series takes its readers on a breath-taking ride over a waterfall of storytelling styles, from a startling 21st century Lincoln Island and its current incarnation of the legendary Captain Nemo, through a New York coping with an ageing costume-hero population, to a London where a drastic escalation is commenced by the rejuvenated sociopath controlling MI5. All this, and a further reprinted adventure of 1960s super-team The Seven Stars awaits in issue two of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Volume IV: The Tempest. -- Issue #2 in a 6-issue mini-series, each issue 32 pages in (mostly) full color, saddle stitched, 6 5/8" x 10 1/8" (standard comic-book size).


I welcome adolescents and young adults into my practice. Major changes are happening between the ages of 13 to 25 – it's a time in every person's life of great transition, with the potential for struggle and/or growth. It can be an exciting time full of hope, enthusiasm, and fun, but it can also be a scary time full of confusion, apprehension, and fear.
I look at my role with teens and young adults as a mentor in supporting the steps toward adulthood. I am most interested in how teens/young adults can "grow up" without losing the openness and vitality of their youth. How can we meet our adult responsibilities and obligations and still play, have fun, and enjoy life? How can we take the steps that will allow us to live a meaningful life?
I work with teenagers and young adults in individual therapy, as well as part of couples therapy and family therapy. I also offer groups for teenage boys.


Dogbert, who is wearing a turban, says to Bob the Dinosaur, "Nostradogbert predicts that the world will end within a hundred billion years." Bob says, "That's a big range." Dogbert says, "We in the business call it the 'Gross Prophet Margin.'" Bob says, "Oh yeah, I've heard of that."


The wedding day began on a beautiful, clear Arizona day at Hayley's home. It was warm and sunny and they couldn't have asked for a more perfect day. When we got to Hayley's house to photograph her getting ready for the wedding, only her brother Duncan was there. We hung out in the yard and figured out how we'd get the first photo below. Pretty soon her dad showed up and not long after, the entire entourage arrived. Hayley was nervous and you could hear it in her laughter. She and her bridesmaids had such an awesome relationship. You could tell that there was a lot of history between these girls.
As I was standing near Eric and the minister, you could feel the tension as Hayley started her walk down the aisle. There was a wonderful moment as Ron, Hayley's dad and Nick couldn't figure out what to do and they both laughed. A little later in the ceremony, Nick wiped a tear from his eye and Hayley was crying tears of joy that she probably couldn't see to read her notes or put the ring on Nicks finger.
Hayley and Nick thank you for being just the sweetest couple. I am so thrilled that I had the opportunity to share such a special day with you. Seeing and feeling how close your families are and how much they care for you just blows me away. Hugs, C.
zararian - The place looks great as well as the photos. The shots are really artistic and right to capture great moments. Everything seem happy for the couple.
Fifi Leigh - these photos are interesting because they are artistic, dramatic, and a touch of sexiness. the lighting in dark areas, the emphasis on the back of the dress details and the shoes, the playfulness of the people there, such creative photos help create long lasting memories, especially when the couple are old.. they can look back and reminisce.
KayKay - I'm blown away by these pictures! The scenery, the colors, everything is perfect. They look so happy. You inspire me to begin my journey in photography. Great work as always!
angelicagapit - The 7th photo from the top is pure and brilliant!
I love the way you captured the light in between the couple as they kiss. It's one of the most beautiful pictures I've ever seen, hands down. I saved it to my desktop as an inspiration. I'm really excited for my wedding so I can get amazing pictures like these!
I love Desert Ridge Photography! They're amazing!
Ella - Lovely portraits, the bride looks gorgeous!
I particularly like the silhouettes of the couple. You have some nice rim light going on there.
RoseColoredGlasses - I love the silhouettes of the bride and groom…gorgeous! Perfect timing of the bridesmaids jumping and the bride just as happy as can be! I love the natural setting as well.
Linkzelda41 - I love the consistency that you continue to express on how photographs such as this that allows us to imagine a virtual experiential reality of what it must've been like to be part of that. Arizona definitely has one of the clearest days to take Wedding photography shoots such as this. And it's absolutely wonderful of how you captured the bride and her bridesmaids because it really follows on how you stated they have an amazing relationship.
Wonderful collection of photos, and I continue to be admired by your talent in doing so. These are surely photographs friends, families, and associates will continue to remember!
digitell - I really loved these photos. The shot of the barefoot bridesmaids is so cute and original. The final, black and white shot, is absolutely inspiring. It reminds me of something I might see in a candid shot of a major magazine on location. The first shot, of the bride outside, is beautiful. Great photographs for this wedding.
jessicadnguyen - Beautiful, beautiful shots! I love the shots you took at night and the contrast between the light and the darkness/shadows. My favorite shot is the one with the bridesmaids and the brides jumping up into the air, so adorable!