Finding the right flat or the perfect house for rent is a big achievement. However, the process from finding the ideal property to actually moving in can be quite treacherous. It requires paperwork and other formalities. A small lapse or an oversight can put you back at square one. To prevent anything fall through the cracks, it is important to make a checklist and to be prepared well ahead with the process. Many a times, simple things can be made complicated by the jargon.
This article has tried to list down things stepwise and sans jargon so you can be well prepared and become a tenant of a beautiful property with minimum stress.
The holding deposit is the token amount that is paid to express your interest in the property. A holding deposit is paid to the property dealer or the agent. The holding deposit is the first step towards sealing the deal. In a nutshell, it means, that the property has been reserved for you and if all goes well, you will be moving in soon.
After getting the holding deposit, the landlord is likely to run a reference check for you. Usually, past landlords are contacted for reference check. Make sure that you provide authentic references with the right co-ordinates. Many landlords are put off if a potential tenant is sloppy and gives out incorrect reference details by being careless. So, be thorough and double check the email id and phone number of your formal landlords before passing them on. It will be a good idea if you get in touch to say a quick hello and appraise them about a likely call from your future landlord.
If you reach the third step, the tenancy is more of less secured. The deposit is the money deposited by the tenant with the landlord. The deposit is usually equal to two month's rent and it's a security blanket of sorts for the landlord. It protects the owner's interest should the tenant disappears, or damages the property and then refuses to pay for repairs. The money is usually paid back in full to the tenant when he vacates, provided he hasn't caused any damage to the property.
After the deposit, comes a whole array of paperwork. A main item in this is the catalogue of the inventory. It lists down the movable assets that come along with the property; e.g., electrical fittings, faucets, shelves, cupboards and furniture items if any. Before signing on the catalogue, check that if the list tallies with the actual items. This inventory is used to keep a tab on items when you vacate. Many landlords may have yearly of half yearly tally too. If any damages are found, the amount is deducted from the deposit.
This is the final formality before you move in. The Agreement officially makes you the tenant of the property. The Agreement or the Tenancy Agreement lists down the rights and duties of the tenant as well as the landlord. It is also the go to document in case of any dispute between the two parties.
This five step checklist will hopefully make it easier for you to rent a property and be document ready.


In true Faustian tradition The Picture of Dorian Gray tells the tale of a young man who sells his soul to the devil in return for youthful immortality, only to discover that the devil's bargain is no bargain at all. What does it profit a man if he gain the whole world and lose his own soul? When Dorian Gray is asked this question he knows the answer. He has learned his lesson the hard way and has destroyed the lives of others into the bargain. The moral is inescapable, making The Picture of Dorian Gray more than merely a classic of Victorian literature. It is a classic of Christian literature also. This edition of Wilde's novel is edited by Joseph Pearce, author of The Unmasking of Oscar Wilde, and contains critical essays that look at the work from a tradition-oriented perspective.
Irish author Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) was an exponent of aestheticism, and believed that art and literature should aim at beauty and pleasure more than reforming or educating the people. The writer's imagination was more important to him than the social relevance of the work. Wilde was censured and later imprisoned for his illicit relationship with Lord Alfred Douglas. Unable to revive his creative skills, broken and bankrupt, he died of cerebral meningitis at the young age of forty-six.


Manipur and Tripura were granted the status Union Territories in 1949. On 1 December 1963 statehood was granted for Nagaland. Meghalaya was made an autonomous state within Assam via the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act of 1969 as per the sixth schedule of the constitution. In 1972, Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were granted full statehood via the North East Reorganization Act 1972 and the Mizo Hills region of Assam and NEFA were converted into a Union Territory. As a result of the Mizo Accord of 1986, Mizoram emerged as a full-fledged state of India in 1987. Even the NEFA (Arunachal Pradesh) was granted full-fledged statehood in 1987.
Meghalaya has organised a week-long programme on the theme, 'Celebrating Meghalaya-India', on the occasion of the 47th Statehood Day and the 70th Republic Day.


2019 Ram ProMaster 3500 Window Van Digital Showroom | Ganley Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram, Inc.
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Applies to select new 2019 Ram ProMaster 3500 Window.


In the upholding of public laws and statutes, each nation has sovereignty, endorsed by the United Nations, which allows judiciary officials to preside over legal matters in the interest of maintaining peace and order. Such judicial independence (JI) has bearings on numerous aspects that affect the functionality of a country, such as their economic structure (Feld & Voigt, 2003), conflict resolution (Posner & Yoo, 2005), and allocation of correctional measures when laws have been broken.
Although some judicial tribunals are dependently selected to preside over certain matters and others are independently selected to serve for a specified amount of time (Posner & Yoo, 2005), both mechanisms essentially serve the same purpose, which is to arbitrate and pass binding judgments to punish criminal activity and resolve disputes, which in some cases may create precedents that translate into new legislation. To this effect, JI is intended to provide judges the freedom to make decisions without pressure or inducements from affected parties to resolve matters in their favor or be forced to later defend the decisions they make (McGregor, 2011) and requires a solid system of checks and balances to ensure that legislative officials are not being unduly manipulated (La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Pop-Eleches, & Shleifer, 2003). This paper will present a brief examination of the concept of JI, its effect on a country's economy and conflict resolution practices, and how JI is managed by measures of checks and balances.
Judicial independence is a normative idea designed to function internally as well as an institutional concept meant to facilitate impartiality within the legal environment (Ferejohn, 1999). The normative perspective allows arbitrators to be autonomous in their moral assessments, which invokes reliability in their judgments, as they remain independent of any ideological aspects relevant to the circumstances (Ferejohn, 1999). The ability to remain impartial is a requirement of judicial election, although this aspect of judicial accord has historically been an issue for conflict since this can be used by officials as a mechanism for imposing their own perspective and making it a matter of judicial policy (Ferejohn, 1999). The common conception of judiciary officials being independent refers to their ability to take action and make judicial rulings with impunity, but judges are, in fact, institutionally dependent on Congress and the president for jurisdictional rulings and carrying out of judicial orders (Ferejohn, 1999). In essence, the dependence of judicial accord on the outer machinations of the greater body of governance implements a system of checks and balances into the legislative form intended to disallow abuse of power; however, the positive functioning of JI is powered by the public belief in the efficacy of the system and its ability to mete out justice accordingly.
The strength of JI is based on the public opinions of the citizens served by the official legislative body. In this respect, JI refers to the state's ability to protect the rights and property of the people from others, including the government (Feld & Voigt, 2003). In this respect, the relevancies of de iure and de facto JI must be examined to evaluate their impact on the economic structure and overall stability of the country (Feld & Voigt, 2003). Essentially, de iure represents the letter of the law while de facto deals with how the judge has affected the law during his/her tenure and the actual collective experiences of the country (Feld & Voigt, 2003). Where de iure has been determined to have no impact on a country's actual financial functionality, as determined through measure of the GDP growth, de facto JI positively influences the financial aspects of a country's growth (Feld & Voigt, 2003). Summarily, the independence exhibited by a judge in the performance of their duties and the effects that these actions have on the legislative functioning of the country has the capacity to influence the fiduciary growth of the country, which can potentially cause national conflicts.
The growth of international commerce has placed JI in the forefront due to its influence in resolving disputes between various countries as they interact within a global market. Regulated by global entities like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations (UN), JI has affected commercial trade in every country in the world as many disputes are left to the jurisdiction and laws of the relevant countries and arbitrated according to their policies (Posner & Yoo, 2005). For the most part, the WTO and the UN only intervene under dire circumstances and tend to allow countries to resolve their differences diplomatically and tribunals are convened as the disagreements arise, for the specific purpose of solving the problem and thereafter disbanded (Posner & Yoo, 2005). While some critics indicate that this method is not trustworthy because judicial officials may be swayed to rule in favor of one party unjustly, others infer that this process is more reliable than using judicial bodies terminally appointed because judges that are given terms of appointment may have more enticement to sway in one direction or another based on their appointments (Posner & Yoo, 2005). Since the judicial decisions are only as strong as the courts that uphold them, JI in international conflict resolution remains on tenuous ground, as parties involved tend to want to use only their own officials so that they have a greater chance of having matters decided in their favor.
While the precept of JI is based on the ability of the judges and the courts they preside over to make autonomous decisions, these determinations must also uphold the laws of the land or display progression of the laws when needed. The legislative system of checks and balances allows JI to exist and enables judges to facilitate without fear of retribution (La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Pop-Eleches, & Shleifer, 2003). The elements of JI are traditionally indicated in a country's constitutional doctrine and the checks and balances are indicated through the concept of constitutional review, which allows judicial bodies to alter constitutional doctrines in accordance with the progression of the country (La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Pop-Eleches, & Shleifer, 2003). However, this power is not as arbitrary as the judge's ability to pass edicts and is regulated by an elective process, like the process a case goes through before it reaches the United States' Supreme Court. Although judicial review is possible, it must undergo a thorough process in which other judges can analyze the decision made and must vote on its validity.
For all intents and purposes, JI is intended to afford judges the liberty to make decisions without demands or enticement parties affected by the judicial process so that they are able to resolve matters without being forced to later defend the decisions they make (McGregor, 2011). The process of JI is both dependent and independent, de iure and de facto, and has an effect on all aspects of life within the host country. In order to be effective, judges must have impunity in handing down their edicts and these decisions are strengthened by the constitutional and legislative support received.
Ferejohn, J. (1999). Independent judges, dependent judiciary: Explaining judicial independence.
immunity: legal group. Postmedia News.
Posner, E.A. & Yoo, J.C. (2005, January). Judicial independence in international tribunals.


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The Spanish name for "butts"–600-liter (160-gallon) American-oak casks used in Jerez for aging Sherry. Botas are usually painted with a water-based, jet-black matte paint, which is not only aesthetically striking, but makes it easier to spot leaks. Botas used to age Sherry are never new but must be "envinadas" or seasoned with lesser quality wines, and many are over a century old. As a side note: a bota bag is a traditional Spanish wineskin crafted from goat hide.
Who wrote this tasting note: "a sort of mixed flavor of cherry tart, custard, pineapple, roast turkey, toffee, and hot buttered toast"?
A. Hermione Granger in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series
B. Eric Asimov in the New York Times
C. Alice in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
D. Robert M. Parker in The Wine Advocate
This was how Alice described the liquid in the Drink Me bottle not marked as poison which she felt was safe enough to drink and which subsequently caused her to shrink
Bursting the Bubbles
The legendary winemaking monk Dom Perignon is often credited with inventing Champagne. Actually, he battled bubbles most of his life. Sparkling wines weren't always magical in Champagne, and into the 17th century, winemakers there were… Continue reading
12 Days of Christmas Onward January 1, 2021
Karen's 2020 Wine of the Year December 25, 2020
IDEAS FOR GIFTS TO MAKE YOU MERRY December 4, 2020
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text:
Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Latvia and the Government of the State of Israel on gainful occupation for family members of a member of a diplomatic mission or consular post
Latvia*
Places/dates of conclusion
New York 22/09/2009
EIF information
11 February 2010 by notification, in accordance with article 8
Authentic texts
ICJ information
Latvia 15 October 2010
Diplomatic and consular relations
Agreement type
UNTS Volume Number
Certificate Of Registration
COR-Reg-47906-Sr-60043.pdf
Text document(s)
volume-2697-I-47906.pdf
Map(s)
Partial Publication Limited Publication
In some specific instances, the UN Secretariat has the discretion not to publish certain elements of a treaty in the UNTS. In contrast to the Limited Publication Policy when the full text of an agreement may not be reproduced in the UNTS in its entirety, the objective of applying the partial publication method to a particular situation is to speed up the publishing effort by e.g. excluding certain highly technical and voluminous annexes, lengthy lists of products or schedules of service/product specifications which are otherwise available from the registering party. This is done to facilitate and make more cost –effective the translation effort and to expedite the publication of such agreements in the UNTS. The partial publication approach is a historically established practice which has been followed since the inception of the UNTS. For further information and assistance, if required, with a partially reproduced text(s), kindly contact the Treaty Section, OLA by phone at (212) 963-5047, fax (212) 963-3693 or e-mail to treatyregistration@un.org Not published herein in accordance with article 12 (2) of the General Assembly regulations to give effect to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, as amended, and General Assembly resolution A/RES/153 of 15 December 1997. For further information, you may wish to contact the Treaty Section, OLA via online Contact form, by fax (212) 963-3693 or by phone at (212)963-5047


Dunedin-born Bridget is the Principal Flute of the NZSO.
After completing studies at Victoria University, Bridget went to New York and Chicago for further studies. In the USA, Bridget won several competitions including the Artists International Award, resulting in a debut recital at Carnegie Hall.
Bridget is also a member of the harp/flute duo Flight and the contemporary ensemble Stroma. She has released three CD's: Syrinx French music for flute and piano; Taurangi music by New Zealand composers (both with pianist Rachel Thomson) and Flight with Carolyn Mills.


The funding, awarded by the Australian Research Council (ARC), will be provided over three years with $100,000 allocated in 2012 and $110,000 in the two years to follow.
UTS' Professor of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Gamini Dissanayake, told Computerworld Australia the project would involve the development of algorithms that will enable the deployment of robots in environments populated with people and in search and rescue operations where a global positioning system (GPS) is not available.
"This project focuses on developing algorithms for automatically building maps of unknown environments so that robots can carry out tasks such as search and rescue missions on their own," he said.
According to Dissanayake, the work will build upon previous work on the "problem" he refers to as the "simultaneous localisation and mapping problem (SLAM)", where a robot has to work out where it is and what its environment looks like without the help of a GPS, which does not work inside buildings or underwater.
The project will be headed up by UTS' lecturer from the centre for autonomous systems, Dr Shoudong Huang. He will work alongside Dissanayake and use the funding to employ a research fellow and a PhD student to contribute to the project. It will also support overseas travel to publicise the results of the project.
Dissanayake also hopes the technology will be commercialised down the track.
"We expect that the project outcomes will enable us to secure an industry funded project for commercialising this technology within the next three years," he said.
The grant is one of many awarded by the ARC in its 2012 major grants announcement with both the University of Western Australia (UWA) and the Australian National University (ANU) also award recipients.


Let your little environmentalist express themselves with style in this adorable Mini Rodini veggie print jacket. The jacket features colourful embroidery with playful veggie patches holding signs that say "Save Our Planet" and "Don't Eat Too Much Meat". Made from 60% organic cotton and 40% recycled polyester, this kids jacket will dress them in their best, while helping to spread a positive message.


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On the eve of the series three launch of Stranger Things, Levi's hosted a party to celebrate its collaboration with the cult TV show.
Above: April Pengilly
80s sci-fi series Stranger Things is back for season three (now streaming on Netflix!), meaning it's time to revisit the lives of Mike, Dustin, Lucas, Will and Eleven. After seasons one and two were set during the school year in 1983 and 1984, respectively, season three is set in the summer of 1985. "This is that time of year where it's not about school, it's about the swimming pool and campfires and parades and Fourth of July and fireworks, so there's a kind of poppy fun to season three that's really enjoyable before things inevitably turn super dark," said executive producer Shawn Levy. And not only does Eleven (played by Millie Bobby Brown) have a new haircut for the third season, she also has a fresh wardrobe, thanks to the show's new collaboration with Levi's. Same goes for Dustin (played by Gaten Matarazzo), with both characters serving as the inspiration for the collection, which features vintage-inspired T-shirts and sweatshirts, new denim and archival fits.
"When this opportunity slid across my desk, my nose started to bleed. Getting to visit the set and work on some of the costumes with their amazing designers was another level of collaboration," said Jonathan Cheung, SVP of design and innovation at Levi's via press release. Given that the new season was set in 1985—the same period when Levi's was at its peak in cultural relevancy and disruption of everyday style—and that the show's costume designers were already mining the Levi's archives to dress the characters, this collaboration between the two is effortless, if not obvious.
Above: Zima Anderson, Olivia Junkeer and Jemma Donovan.
The launch event was also in keeping the authentic spirit of both the denim brand and the TV show. The newly revamped Geddes Lane Ballroom in Melbourne hosted the city's young revellers for a night of live music, dancing and denim tailoring. The downstairs space was modelled on Stranger Things's The Upside Down, while the Byers' living room, The Star Mall and The Palace Arcade were all recreated. Levi's also set up a Tailor Shop for guests to be custom-fitted in the new collection. Upstairs, the live music venue welcomed performances by Luke Million, I Know Leopard and Genesis Owusu. And to keep the crowd going all night, a New York-style pizza truck and hot dog stand were stationed outside in the laneway. See more from inside the event below.
The exclusive Levi's x Stranger Things collection is now available to shop at Levi's, Surfstitch and General Pants.
The Mai Sisters
Leah Jay and Chelsea Williamson.
Justin Lacko and Annita Scott.
Tani and Daniel Edwards.
Josef Weir and Kate Bethune.
Anna Burgess and Dan Hamil.
Alex Zieball and Kate McDonnell.
Alicia Twohill and Kitiya Palaskas.
Tim Kano, Dan Roberts, Kelly Thompson and Elizabeth Toime.
Ashley Graham and Harrison Luna.
Blair Norfolk and Makenzia Vega.
A recreation of the Byers' living room.
Luke Millions
Inside the Levi's Tailor Shop.
A customised denim jacket.


12 shows an ordinary hydraulic dock-side jib crane.
19 depicts a combination of a traveller and a hanging jib crane.
On arriving at a certain height the lift ceases and the jenny is released, and by the continued pull of the rope, it runs up the jib; on arriving at an adjustable stop, the jenny is again locked, and the load can be lowered out; the hook can then be raised, when the jenny is automatically unlocked, and on paying out the rope the jenny gravitates to its first position, when the load is lowered and the cycle repeated.
In the Gartsherrie machine of Messrs Baird, the earliest of the flexible chain cutter type, the chain of cutters works round a fixed frame or jib projecting at right angles from the engine carriage, an arrangement which makes it necessary to cut from the end of the block of coal to the full depth, instead of holing into it from the face.
Strictly speaking, the name alludes to the arm or jib from which the load to be moved is suspended, but it is now used in a wider sense to include the whole mechanism by which a load is raised vertically and moved horizontally.
For dock-side jib cranes the use of electric power is making rapid strides.
Load is suspended from the crane jib; this jib is attached at the lower end to the side frames, and the upper end is supported by tierods, connected to the framework, the whole revolving together.
This simple form of crane thus embodies the essential elements of foundation, post, framework, jib, tie-rods and gearing.
Here the jib, superstructure and post are all united in one piece, which revolves in a foundation well, being supported at the bottom by a toe-step and near the ground level by horizontal FIG.
This type of crane used to be in great favour, in consequence of the great clearance it gives under the jib, but it is expensive and requires very heavy foundations.
The present name is El-Jib; this is a small village about 5 m.
This class is the ordinary jib crane.


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William Davin (19 February 1890 – 1 March 1956) was an Irish Labour Party politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for over thirty years. He was also a station-master.

His first candidacy for public office was at the 1922 general election, when he stood as a Labour Party candidate in the Leix–Offaly constituency. He was returned to the 3rd Dáil, and was re-elected at each successive general election until his death in office in 1956. Following his death, a by-election was held on 30 April 1956 which was won by the Fianna Fáil candidate Kieran Egan.

He was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Local Government from 1954 to 1956.

For most of this period, he was the only Labour deputy from Laois–Offaly, but after the June 1927 general election he was joined in the short-lived 5th Dáil by John Gill, who lost his seat at the September 1927 general election.

Since Davin's death, Laois–Offaly has returned a Labour TD only twice: at the 1965 general election, when Henry Byrne was elected to the 18th Dáil, and at the 1992 general election, when Pat Gallagher was elected to the 27th Dáil.

References

External links

1890 births
1956 deaths
Labour Party (Ireland) TDs
Members of the 3rd Dáil
Members of the 4th Dáil
Members of the 5th Dáil
Members of the 6th Dáil
Members of the 7th Dáil
Members of the 8th Dáil
Members of the 9th Dáil
Members of the 10th Dáil
Members of the 11th Dáil
Members of the 12th Dáil
Members of the 13th Dáil
Members of the 14th Dáil
Members of the 15th Dáil
Parliamentary Secretaries of the 15th Dáil

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to update rootfs after linux kernel is reconfigured and rebuilt? During the development of an embedded system, I made some changes on the Linux kernel and compiled it to get the uImage, u-boot.bin and .dts file. Now the last thing booting the system needs is to update rootfs. My questions are:
1) Do I really need to update rootfs after I reconfigured the kernel and rebuilt it?
2) If yes, how can I update the rootfs accordingly? I have the old one (compressed file rootfs_ext2.gz.uboot). I guess I need to uncompress it and make changes according to the changes I made for the kernel, and then compress it back in order to be used in boot. Am I right? What files I need to update in the rootfs?
Thanks in advance!

A: The answer to your first question is - do you really need to update the rootfs (you know it better, it's your system). If your current rootfs is running fine, then I don't think it's required. Another way to find this answer might be trying figuring out what's wrong with your rootfs, rootfs is basically consist of software i.e editor, various tools, daemons etc. If you found anything wrong with those, then you should consider updating rootfs.
Answer to your 2nd question: first figure out how you built your rootfs (incase of embedded systems it's common that people uses busybox), if busybox is used rebuild is required unless you've support for package management system. If package management system is present, then you can just remove any component and install any updated version. Or, if you have compiler present on your rootfs - then you'll be able to compile and update any software from source. Hope you'll get some idea.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Wemo® Maker™, F7C043 allows you to control low voltage devices such as blinds, sprinklers, irrigation system, pool pump, powered gates, etc. from anywhere. It is a device that brings Wemo® internet connectivity and gives control to the Do-It-Yourself (DIY)-minded consumers.
IMPORTANT: Basic circuitry knowledge is required to use this product. Make sure you know what to do and the expected results from connecting devices to the Wemo Maker.
Step 1: Make sure your Wemo Maker and the device your're about to install are disconnected from any power sources.
Step 2: Connect the relay leads.
IMPORTANT: Do not connect any device with voltage Higher than 24VAC at 1 amp or 12VDC at 2 amps.
Step 3: Connect the sensor leads.
NOTE: 5VDC at 100mAmps out, max. TTL Logic: Normally High, Triggered Low.
Step 5: Reconnect your Wemo Maker and the installed device to its power source.
Follow the instructions below to learn how to set up your Wemo Maker.
Step 1: Download and install the Wemo App from App Store® or Google Play™.
Step 2: Power ON your Wemo Maker by connecting the Micro-USB cable to an available power outlet.
NOTE: The maker receives its power from an outboard 5 V 1 A PSU via a Micro-USB connection.
Step 3: Tap the Settings icon on your Android™ or iOS device. Enable Wi-Fi and connect to your Wemo network.
NOTE: Each Wemo device has a unique Wemo ID printed at the back of the unit.
Step 4: Launch the App.
NOTE: During set up, remote access will be enabled by default.
Step 5: The Personalize screen will allow you to modify the type of Switch / Sensor you will be using. You can either make the changes at this point or just tap Next and make the changes later.
QUICK TIP: If you need to understand the Switch and Sensor settings, click here.
Step 6: An Email is required before continuing on your next step. This will help us communicate any security updates. A newsletter is optional.
NOTE: If you've already provided an email in a previous Wemo setup, then you might not see this screen.
Step 7: Connect to your home network by selecting your Wi-Fi name and provide your Wi-Fi password.
Step 1: On your Wemo App, tap the pencil icon on the Device List.
Step 2: Tap the icon.
NOTE: You can also opt to change the Switch Type and Sensor after setup.
In Toggle mode, the Wemo Maker™ ON / OFF functions will behave exactly as the Wemo Switch does.
In Momentary switches, contacts change from their default state only when the button is pressed and held down.
NOTE: The Momentary mode closes the relay for 300 ms only.
No - No sensor device connected to Sensor contacts.
Yes - A sensor device is connected to the Sensor contacts.
Sensor triggered - When this message is displayed in the Wemo App, it simply means that the sensor was triggered.
Sensor not triggered - When Sensor is set to Yes, this message remains on the Wemo App screen when nothing has triggered the sensor.


Complete your traditional look for the upcoming family function by wearing this mesmerising suit set by Jaipur Kurti. Designed as per the latest trends, this set comprises a Blue kurti, a pair of Green Patiala salwar and dupatta. The kurti in the set features an interesting print, 3/4th sleeves and attractive round neck with notch. Tailored in regular fit from breathable cotton fabric, this suit set will keep you fresh all day long.


At the end of the first quarter 2019 DBR successfully completed the delivery and commissioning of 3x 820 kVA Marine Generator sets with exhaust aftertreatment system - SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) for the prestigious NP535 project of Neptune Marine in The Netherlands.
The DBR Generator sets powering the Neptune Marine salmon delousing non-self propelled barge equipped with a 100% environmentally friendly Hydrolicer fish delousing system for Cermaq Canada.
Those DBR Generator sets DML820UK2 are based on the MAN D2862LE328 common rail engines and Leroy Somer alternators. The engines are equipped with the compact MAN SCR units to fulfil the IMO Tier 3 requirements.
In close cooperation with Neptune Marine and MAN Rollo, DBR engineered and supplied World's first MAN based IMO Tier 3 compliant Generator sets, fully approved and certified by Bureau Veritas.
DBR has already built up many years of experience in engineering , testing, certifying and supplying IMO Tier 3 compliant Generator sets based on Scania, Volvo Penta, Cummins and Mitsubishi engines and now also with MAN engines.
DBR your reliable partner for Green Energy Power Solutions.


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Description: Please join us in Steeps Restaurant for these very special dining occasions featuring, Chef David Hawksworth of Hawksworth Restaurant.
Description: Live at the GLC. Doors at 930pm. Tickets $10 then $15.


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Lo Fu Tau Country Trail – Mui Wo to Discovery Bay Hike
There are a couple of routes to hike between Mui Wo and Discovery Bay. One is the relatively easy and shorter route via the Trappist Haven Monastery, and the other is the more challenging and scenic hike along Lo Fu Tau Country Trail (Tiger's Head).
The Lo Fu Tau Country Trail technically doesn't connect the two neighbourhoods on Lantau Island but is a 3.4 km section of the trail between them. At one end of the trail is Lo Fu Tau, also known as Tiger's Head, the tallest hill in Discovery Bay. And on the other end is the Hong Kong Olympic Trail.
Aerial panorama from above Lo Fu Tau Viewing Point
For me, the Lo Fu Tau Country Trail is another quintessential example of hiking in Hong Kong – a rugged country trail, with glimpses of a world-class city on either side.
Mui Wo to Discovery Bay via Lo Fu Tau Country Trail
A quick note about my route in the map below. I ended up taking a longer, scenic route up to Mong To Au Shelter Pavilion, which I wouldn't advise. Hence, the distance shown on the map is slightly longer than the recommended route.
Lo Fu Tau Country Trail map and elevation profile
From Mui Wo to Discovery Bay
Height of Lo Fu Tau
You can complete this hike in either direction – from Mui Wo to Discovery Bay, or from Discovery Bay to Mui Wo. Personally, I prefer the route from Mui Wo to Discovery Bay for a couple of reasons.
The most important of which is that the hike up to Lo Fu Tau (Tiger Head) is quite treacherous from Discovery Bay. It's rugged, steep, and full of loose gravel and rocks. If given a choice, I would rather come down this way, than go up.
Looking at Tiger's Head from Discovery Bay
But of course, many love the challenge of climbing up to Tiger Head from Discovery Bay. So, it's your choice where to start this hike from. However, for the sake of this guide, we will hike from Mui Wo to Discovery Bay, which I believe will be more suitable for the vast majority.
To start this hike, make your way to Mui Wo. If you're coming from Central, catch the ferry from Central Pier Number 6. The ferries run quite frequently as you can see from their schedule.
Or if you're coming from Tung Chung, you can catch bus 3M to Mui Wo.
Mui Wo Ferry Pier to Silvermine Waterfall
Once you exit the ferry pier, walk along the Mui Wo Waterfront Promenade till you reach the bridge on the River Silver. Turn right, and cross the bridge towards Silvermine Beach and Silvermine Beach Resort.
The Mui Wo Waterfront Promenade
Turn right on this bridge towards Silvermine Beach
Immediately after Silvermine Beach Resort, turn left and walk alongside the resort's wall till you reach the lane at the back. Once at the lane, turn right and walk beside the village houses.
Turn left and walk beside Silvermine Beach Resort
Walk beside the houses
Soon you'll come across a fork in the path. Here, turn left onto the trail that leads you to Silvermine Cave (follow the sign). The path cuts through the back of the village and merges with the Hong Kong Olympic Trail, next to Silvermine Waterfall.
Turn left towards Silvermine Cave
Once you reach Silvermine Waterfall, feel free to take a break. The waterfall is quite lush and beautiful, especially after the rainy season. You can follow our guide to the Silvermine Waterfalls if you ever want to return to this scenic spot.
People enjoying the waterfalls
Towards Mong To Au Shelter Pavilion
From the Silvermine Waterfall, continue on Hong Kong Olympic Trail towards Silvermine Cave.
The Hong Kong Olympic Trail, or the "Islands Nature Heritage Trail", is a 6.5 km trail between Mui Wo and Tai Ho Wan, a large bay next to the airport.
Walk up the trail on the left to get to Silvermine Cave
The trail begins its uphill climb from next to the waterfall. And just above the waterfall is the Silvermine Cave. You can learn all about the Silvermine Cave and its history in our post about discovering Mui Wo. But if you're curious, take a quick peek at the cave and then return to the trail.
Stay on the Hong Kong Olympic Trail for the next 900 metres till you arrive at the Mong To Au Shelter Pavilion.
Mong To Au Shelter Pavilion
Mong To Au Shelter Pavilion to Lo Fu Tau Country Trail
So, there are two routes to get to Lo Fu Tau Country Trail from Mong To Au Shelter Pavilion. You can continue along Hong Kong Olympic Trail for another 600 metres till the start of Lo Fu Tau Country Trail. Or you could take a shortcut through the woods that will save you 800 metres of walking.
For now, continue past Mong To Au Shelter Pavilion for another 150 metres till the trail curves left. If you continue on the trail for another 600 metres, you will reach the start of Lo Fu Tau Country Trail. But to take the shortcut, turn right and walk through the grass. Once you reach the trees at the end of the grassy patch, turn left.
Turn left to continue on the Hong Kong Olympic Trail. Turn right for the shortcut.
From this point, continue along the unmarked trail, and keep an eye out for colourful ribbons that act as markers. You'll know if you're on the right track if you cross a small stream.
Walkthrough the grass
Cross the stream
Continue on the trail as it cuts through the bushes before merging with Lo Fu Tau Country Trail. Once you reach Lo Fu Tau Country Trail, you should be able to see Tai Ho Wan and the North Lantau Highway straight ahead.
Follow the ribbon markers if ever in doubt
Where the shortcut meets Lo Fu Tau Country Trail
If you would have taken the Hong Kong Olympic Trail route, it would have been a 1.2 km hike to arrive here. But the shortcut cuts it down to 400 metres, thereby saving you approximately 800 metres.
Lo Fu Tau Country Trail
The hike from here on is relatively straightforward. It's a gradual incline all the way, with a few steep sections.
To me, Lo Fu Tau Country Trail feels like an urban oasis in Hong Kong! Here you are on a rugged hiking trail in the wilderness but surrounded by an urban metropolis on either side.
The rocky terrain of Lo Fu Tau Country Trail
To begin the hike on Lo Fu Tau Country Trail, turn right from where the shortcut meets the trail. The trail initially runs alongside the Discovery Bay Golf Club. Needless to say that there is a stark difference between the lush grass below and the path that you're walking on.
The Discovery Bay Golf Club seen from Lo Fu Tau Country Trail
After the golf club, the trail continues at a gentle incline before reaching a steep flight of uphill steps. Fortunately, this is climb is relatively short. And once you reach the top, the trail returns to a relatively flat surface again.
The steps after the golf club
The steep steps
The Standing Rock
For me, the next section of the trail is characterised by interesting looking rock formations and boulders that are quite picturesque.
So many rocks and boulders ahead
A few hundred metres ahead is your first rocky encounter – a massive boulder right in the middle of the trail. It's hard to miss it!
Big boulder in the middle of the trail
After this roadblocking boulder, the trail continues around the hill and then up a flight of steps. At the end of the steps is the Standing Rock, an obvious name for a large rock that stands upright.
And opposite the Standing Rock, about 50 metres ahead, is another group of rocks in the form of a ledge. The ledge rock makes for a very Insta-worthy shot!
The rocks in the form of a ledge
To Lo Fu Tau (Tiger's Head)
The next section of the trail is the most scenic in my opinion. From the Standing Rock, Lo Fu Tau Country Trail continues along the Discovery Bay Reservoir.
The beautiful Lo Fu Tau Country Trail
From the trail, you can see the reservoir, the Discovery Bay Golf Club, and even the Hong Kong skyline on a clear day. And on the other side, you can catch a glimpse of Hong Kong Airport.
Mau Wu Shan Hike, Tiu Keng Leng
The views of Discovery Bay Reservoir and Golf Club to your right
Views of Hong Kong Airport to your left
As the trail continues its uphill climb, the airport becomes more clearly visible. Although this section of the trail is very scenic, it's not shaded at all.
The final steps to the top of the hill
After another few hundred metres, the trail finally arrives at the hill-top plateau. And from here you can finally see Lo Fu Tau just up ahead.
The top of the hill is mostly flat
The final stretch of Lo Fu Tau Country Trail to reach Lo Fu Tau Viewing Point
Made it to Lo Fu Tau
At 465 metres, Lo Fu Tau is the tallest hill in the Discovery Bay area. The top of the hill resembles a tiger's head, hence its name.
From the Lo Fu Tau viewing point, you get sweeping panoramic views of the surrounding areas! At the back, you can see Castle Peak, Tuen Mun, and aeroplanes landing or taking off from Hong Kong Airport. And ahead Discovery Bay, the golf course, and reservoir. Also if it's a clear day, you can see all the way to the Hong Kong skyline!
Lo Fu Tau Viewing Point up ahead
The views from Lo Fu Tau Viewing Point
The north-west viewing from Lo Fu Tau viewing point – Castle Peak and Tuen Mun
Watching an aeroplane land from Lo Fu Tau
The south-east views from Lo Fu Tau Viewing Point – more of Lantau to see
Hong Kong Greenhouse Trail - Lamma Island Route
To the Discovery Bay Lookout Point
Warning: The next section of the trail is extremely treacherous. Even if it's downhill, it's not easy. It's steep and slippery, full of loose gravel and rocks. Descend slowly and with caution.
The trail from Tiger's Head to the Discovery Bay Lookout Point is an unmarked, unmaintained trail. There are numerous routes that all eventually lead to some part of Discovery Bay. But I'll stick to the one that ends closest to the Discovery Bay Plaza.
As you begin your descent, there is an extremely photogenic cliff, approximately 300 metres below Lo Fu Tau Viewing Point. The cliff is slightly off-track from where the trail turns left and heads downhill.
The viewing cliff is just ahead
Enjoying the views of Discovery Bay
I wonder if this cliff is what resembles a tiger's head.
Anyway, after you're done taking pictures and admiring the view, return to the trail. From here on, the trail becomes extremely rugged and rocky. So, it does help if you sit down and descend.
The trail continues downhill
Personally, I found the section just before the trail curves right to be very slippery thanks to all the loose gravel. Fortunately, it becomes less steep after the curve, but it's still not a flat surface.
I found this section to be very slippery thanks to the loose gravel
After the trail curves and runs parallel to Discovery Bay, you'll notice a few paths towards the left. However, I would advise that you continue straight. At the end of the slope, the trail finally descends into a flat, bushy area. And once you cross this area, it exits onto a paved road.
The trails heading down to Discovery Bay
Be careful as you descend this section
The flat, bushy area before the trail ends
Turn left once on the paved road, and walk till the end where you'll see the Discovery Bay Lookout Point.
Turn left at this paved road
Walk through the trees to the Lookout Pavilion
The final descent to Discovery Bay Plaza
Once you're done admiring the views from the lookout point, turn right and walk down the steps. At the end of the steps, continue downhill along the bumpy dirt trail.
View of Discovery Bay from the Lookout Pavilion
Take the steps down from Discovery Bay Lookout Pavilion
Turn left at the end of the steps
This section of the trail is very uneven and bumpy
The dirt trail soon transforms into a paved trail, as the residential towers of Parkvale Village get closer. Walk down the paved trail and the final flight of steps towards the grassy patch behind Parkvale Village.
The uneven trail finally ends at these steps
Now at this point, you could turn right, take the shortcut through the trees to Discovery Valley Road. But I wouldn't advise that you do this unless you're confident that you can go down a 7-foot drop, without any support.
Be safe and turn left into Parkvale Village. Once inside the residential area, turn right and exit onto Parkvale Drive. Follow Parkvale Drive downhill till it merges with Discovery Valley Road.
Walk down Discovery Valley Road
Finally, here's a shortcut you can take. Walk down Discovery Valley Road till it meets Discovery Bay Road. Cross at the intersection, and walk through the car park onto Plaza Lane. And at the end of the lane, you'll finally arrive at Discovery Bay Beach and Discovery Bay Plaza.
Cut through the cark park
Finally at Discovery Bay Plaza
After reading this guide to the Lo Fu Tau Country Trail, I hope you understand why I think most would prefer starting the hike from Mui Wo instead of Discovery Bay.
Me standing on top of the Tiger's Head
Also, if you want to hike between the two townships on Lantau Island during the summer months, I would recommend the shorter and shaded route via the Trappist Haven Monastery. Lo Fu Tau is best saved for the cooler months.
We hope you enjoyed this guide to the Lo Fu Tau Country Trail. Feel free to share it on the social media channel of your choice, or drop us a comment below.
Difficult or Treacherous Hikes in Hong KongList of Hikes In Hong KongThe Best Hikes on Lantau IslandThings To Do On Lantau IslandUnique Rock Formations in Hong Kong
18th March 2021 at 14:03
We are planning to give this one a try soon. But one question – isn't it easier to hike up the steep slope from DB to LFT than to hike down? I am worried about the slippery nature, weak knees and weak back. Any comments? Thanks!
If you're talking weak knees and a bad back, then I would rather you hike up Lo Fu Tau from Discovery Bay. It will definitely be less jarring on your knees.
22nd March 2021 at 17:18
Thanks for your comment. We just hiked up from DBay. It was was steep but manageable. We are glad we didn't come down the slope to DB, which would have been impossible for those with weak knees/back.
Overall, great hike with amazing views.
Bill Wong
Thanks for writing up the detailed hiking guides with photos for Lo Fu Tau Country Trail. You may wish to learn the nicknames of some places as dubbed by local veteran hikers:
1. Big boulder in the middle of the trail – Peach Rock
2. The rocks in the form of a ledge – Duck Rock
3. Collectively together with Standing Rock, it is referred to as Rock City.
Additionally, you may be interested to have a look next time at a fung shui grave decorates the tiger's forehead.
Below is a link to an old SCMP article "You'll need a tiger in your tank for this walk" dated back to 1999 when the trail was in its primitive shape, you will find further information about the above-mentioned points from the last few paragraphs of the article. You may also be interested to see some narratives about the 400m short-cut and the story behind the ancient village trails.
https://www.scmp.com/article/270888/youll-need-tiger-your-tank-walk
Hi Mr Wong,
Thank you so much for sharing the names of the rocks and the article. It's very interesting indeed!
Also, thank you for taking the time to read and go through the photos. It means a lot coming from you!
3rd May 2022 at 22:21
Thanks for sharing! Do you think solo camping along this hike's peak is doable / respectful of the space and other hikers? Just looking for something between DB and Mui Wo.
Appreciate your passion for these hikes, thanks for sharing 🙂
4th May 2022 at 12:20
You're welcome, Phil!
From what I remember, there isn't much space to camp or a dedicated camping space along this trail. But I could be wrong.
I completed this hike last Saturday. I enjoyed it a lot. I finished happy but exhausted 😉 Thanks for sharing this beautiful hikes.
You're welcome, Jesus! Hope you're careful hiking in the heat these days.


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The Javascript code is from this question: Disable Checkbox on selecting another checkbox in mvc4

A: HTML already has a built-in for this, they're called radio buttons:

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Because you only want the user to be able to select one of the two options at a time, you should use radio buttons.
See also this ux.SE post on the subject.

A: maybe your checkboxes are being loaded after the script is loaded.. ajax? partial? try adding the listener to your body or a parent element

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Understanding our Students' Future
January Blog Post by Dr. Roxanne Giampapa, Head of School
As we commence the new year, I've decided to share a blog post from Peter Diamandis' tech blog.
I'm sharing it because I think we all have a responsibility to be familiar with what is being developed, what is new in the world, and where potential is blossoming for the future of the children we are raising and the students we are teaching.
So, if you are not familiar with Kepler, DeepMind, Zoom (okay, I threw this one in to be nice!), Bitcoin, 5G, Khan Academy, Tesla Model S, Large Hadron Collider, Vertical Farming, or CRISPR, to name just a few, then read on.
This is an invitation to research these and many more areas of the future of our children.
Top 50 Moonshots (2000-2020)
We're living during the age of "Moonshots," a time where entrepreneurs and scientists are able to go 10x farther than ever before. The combination of exponential technologies (Computation, AI, Sensors, Networks, Robotics, 3D printing, AR/VR and Blockchain, etc.) are enabling small teams to attempt and achieve crazy ideas. This blog takes a look at the top 50 Moonshots achieved during the past 20 years, since the turn of the millennium. What might be possible in the next 20 years?
We've chosen 50 Moonshots in 8 different categories. Let's dive in!
Ansari XPRIZE Being Won (2004): The first privately built spaceship to carry humans into space (above 100 km).
Kepler Discovers Thousands of Exoplanets (2009): In the past decade, Kepler alone has identified over 2,600 confirmed exoplanets, more than half of the current total.
Curiosity Mars Rover Sky Crane Landing (2012): At the time, one of the most remarkable space landings ever, the Sky Crane safely landed the largest, most intelligent, and complicated Mars rover in history.
First Soft Landing on a Comet (2014): Rosetta's Philae lander successfully made the first soft landing on a comet nucleus when it touched down on Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
First Man-made Object Created in Space (2014): "Made in Space" and NASA partnered to manufacture the first 3D-printed object in space.
FALCON-9 First Stage Fly-Back (Recovery) to Earth (2015): History's first-ever vertical landing (return to Earth) of a first stage being used on an orbital launch.
SpaceX Falcon Dragon Carries Astronauts to the ISS (2020): The successful launch marked the first time that a commercial spacecraft brought astronauts to the International Space Station for a long-duration stay.
COMPUTATION,
AI & THE INTERNET
Google (2000+): Organize the world's information. Google has revolutionized the way people search for information online. There are more than 228 million Google searches every hour.
The First Personal Digital Assistant "SIRI" (2002): The first voice-activated digital assistant, and the predecessor of Apple's Siri, Amazon's Alexa, Google Assistant, and others.
IBM Watson Wins Jeopardy (2010): The pivotal point for Watson was when it beat Ken Jennings, the reigning world champion on Jeopardy! in 2010.
Zoom Founded (2011): Zoom turned the video-conferencing market on its head, and during the COVID-19 pandemic it has cemented itself as the pandemic's most popular place to connect remotely.
Global Launch of IPv6 (2012): The IPv6 networking standard replaced the previous decades-old standard for allocating IP addresses on the internet, making way for a new era of connectivity that spans an endless ecosystem of smart devices.
Neural Nets Beat Out the Competition at ImageNet, Giving Machine Learning Its Big Break (2012): Alex Krizhevsky and colleagues, under the mentorship of Geoff Hinton, devised an approach to image recognition using artificial neural networks, decimating competitors in the ImageNet computer vision annual contest and validating the neural net approach to AI.
Google DeepMind's AlphaGo Beats the Best Human Player (2015): DeepMind's first big impact on Google came when its AlphaGo AI beat Lee Sedol, the top-ranked Go player in the world.
Commercial Launch of Oculus Rift (2016): Oculus Rift focused on gaming at launch, but its success led to more competition and innovation in the fields of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).
Google Announces Quantum Supremacy (2019): Google achieved a milestone by creating the first quantum computer that could perform a calculation that is impossible for a standard computer. Google's 54 qubit processor performed a calculation in 200 seconds that would have taken the world's most powerful supercomputer 10,000 years.
DeepMind's AlphaFold Solves Protein Folding Problem (2020): One of the hardest problems in computational molecular biology was recently solved by Google's AlphaGo AI. This has potential to lead to radical solutions in cancer, aging, therapies, and medicine.
COMMUNICATIONS, CONNECTIVITY & THE INTERNET
Skype (2003+): The internet brought the possibility of cheap international calls, but Skype's technology brought high-quality calls that were completely free.
Facebook (2004+): With 2.6 billion active users per month (a third of the world's population), Facebook sparked a social media revolution and has transformed the way billions of people share news and personal experiences with one another.
iPhone (2007+): The Apple iPhone was the first touchscreen smartphone with mass-market appeal and inspired other companies in the process. As a result, smartphones have become an integral part of day-to-day life for billions of people around the world.
Bitcoin (2009+): The launch of the new "electronic cash system" and its underlying blockchain technology has potential to transform everything from real estate to healthcare.
Launch of 5G (2019): 5G networks launched and began operations, ushering in a new wave of mobile connectivity at multi-gigabit speeds with low latency.
Satellite Broadband Deployment (2020+): Starlink deploys a global satellite broadband system and begins initial multi-hundred-megabit service to underserved areas worldwide.
Wikipedia (2001+): A free, open-source encyclopedia of the world's knowledge that for the first time in history was accessible to anyone.
YouTube (2005+): From Harvard University lectures on quantum mechanics and favorite T.V. episodes, to "how-to" tutorials and funny cat videos, billions of pieces of content can be streamed on YouTube for free.
Amazon Kindle (2007+): Amazon's release of the Kindle sparked an explosion of e-readers that have changed the way millions of people read, and disrupted the book publishing industry.
Khan Academy (2008+): With free online video-based tutorials on a range of subjects, Khan Academy has become "the largest school in the world," with nearly 50 million users across 190 countries.
DARPA Grand Challenge (2004): Offering a US$1 million prize to the winner among fifteen finalists, DARPA launched its first "Grand Challenge" in 2004, the first of several autonomous vehicle trials. While no vehicles were successful in even finishing the first course in 2004, deep learning enjoyed a great technical victory in the mid-2000s that would have remarkable ramifications for the later deployment of machine learning.
Google Maps (2005+): Google Maps changed the way many people travel, and has made getting lost virtually impossible.
eVTOL (2008+): Electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicles don't require runways and have the potential to create a new transportation ecosystem.
Uber (2011+): Uber leveraged 4G networks and the built-in GPS capabilities of smartphones to upend an entire industry, changing the way we hail rides and turning into one of the most infamous tech startup unicorns of the decade.
Tesla Model S Launch (2012): The Model S changed the game for electric cars in the US, setting a standard for a new, mass-production consumer electric car.
First Autonomous Car Without Safety Driver (2017): Waymo was the first company to put self-driving cars on US roads without a safety driver. By 2019, Waymo cars had driven over 10 million miles in the real world and more than 10 billion miles in simulation.
ENERGY & PHYSICS
Large Hadron Collider (2000+): The HLC is the largest machine in the world, and has been at the forefront of verifying our most advanced theories in physics, including the discovery of the Higgs Boson.
GigaFactory (Nevada) Operational (2016+): Tesla launched the decades-long project to fulfill the company's mission to accelerate the world's transition to sustainability through affordable EVs and other energy products. By 2018, the GigaFactory was already the highest-volume battery plant in the world.
Higgs Boson Discovered (2012): Discovered by the Compact Muon Solenoid and ATLAS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider.
Gravitational Waves Discovered (2015): The US-based LIGO observatory detected the aftershock of two distant colliding black holes, unveiling a new capacity to "hear" the cosmos.
First Image of a Black Hole (2019): The Event Horizon Telescope project, a global collaboration of over 200 scientists using observatories located around the world captured the very first image of a supermassive black hole, an object containing the same mass as 6.5 billion suns.
Perovskite Solar Cell Achieves 30% Efficiency, a New World Record (2020): Scientists have paired perovskite with silicon in a hybrid solar cell that creates a "tandem" photovoltaic system and allows a larger portion of solar energy to be converted into electricity.
First Modern Vertical Farm Created (2009): Sky Green Farms launched the world's first modern, successful vertical farming facility in Singapore, ultimately growing to over 100 9-meter-tall towers of vegetable production.
First Lab-Grown Beef Patty Unveiled (2013): With a price tag of over $300,000, the first cultured beef burger patty was created by Dr. Mark Post at Maastricht University, who used over 20,000 thin strands of muscle tissue. The price is expected to fall to $10 by 2021.
Skywater/Skysource Alliance (2019+): Pulling 2,000 liters of water out of the air per day using renewable energy.
Stem Cell-Grown Chicken Approved in Singapore (2020): Singapore approves Josh Tetric's (Eat Just) Moonshot of creating and selling cell-cultured chicken, making the country the first in the world to allow the sale of meat that has been created in a lab.
BIOTECH & HEALTH
Stem Cell Research (2000+): Stem cells are basic cells that can become almost any type of cell in the body, and are being used to grow brain, kidney, heart, and lung tissue. Stem cell research will likely save millions of lives in the coming decades as it continues to advance.
CAR-T Therapy (2002+): Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy is a cellular therapy that uses a patient's own immune system cells to attack cancer in their body. It's a way to "engineer patients' immune cells to treat their cancers."
Sequencing the Human Genome (2003): Successful completion of the international project to identify and map all of the genes of the human genome.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Created (2006): Dr. Yamanaka demonstrates that pluripotent stem cell can be generated from adult somatic cells such (fibrobalsts) by genetic reprograming or the "forced" introduction of reprogramming genes (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc).
CRISPR / Gene Editing (2012+): By cutting out pieces of harmful DNA, gene-editing technology will change the future of medicine and could eventually eradicate some major diseases. In 2019, for the first time doctors in the US used the gene-editing technique to treat a patient with a genetic disorder.
Gene Therapy (2012+): In 2012 Glybera, a treatment for a rare inherited disorder, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, became the first treatment to be approved for clinical use in either Europe or the United States.
Epigenetic Reprogramming, Scientists Restore Age-Related Vision Loss (2020): Harvard Medical School Professor Dr. David Sinclair successfully used epigenetic programming to reset optic nerve cells in mice, reversing eye damage. The work represents the first demonstration of the potential to safely reprogram complex tissues to an earlier age.
Top 50 Moonshots (2000 – 2020)


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Karin Friehe (geboren 15. Dezember 1955) ist eine deutsche Juristin. Sie war von 1999 bis 2021 Richterin am Bundespatentgericht in München.

Beruflicher Werdegang
Karin Friehe war ab dem 1. September 1984 Staatsanwältin und ab Oktober 1990 Richterin am Landgericht München II. Am 15. Juli 1999 wurde sie zur Richterin an das Bundespatentgericht berufen.

Dort war sie zunächst Mitglied in einem Marken-Beschwerdesenat, ab 2001 zusätzlich im Gebrauchsmuster-Beschwerdesenat und ab 2002 außerdem im Beschwerdesenat für Sortenschutzsachen. Nach einer Beurlaubung von September 2003 bis April 2005 für eine Tätigkeit am russischen Patent- und Markenamt war sie 2005 erneut Richterin in einem Marken-Beschwerdesenat, 2006 in einem Technischen Beschwerdesenat und seit 2010 in einem Nichtigkeitssenat. Ab diesem Jahr übernahm sie auch Tätigkeiten in der Gerichtsverwaltung.

Seit 2007 war die Juristin Mitglied der Prüfungskommission für Patentanwälte, 2013 wurde sie dort Vertreterin des Vorsitzenden Dieses Amt hatte sie auch in den folgenden Jahren inne.

Mit Wirkung vom 1. Februar 2015 wurde die Juristin zur Vorsitzenden Richterin am Bundespatentgericht befördert. Ab 2016 war sie bis zu ihrer Pensionierung Vorsitzende Richterin in einem Nichtigkeitssenat und Güterichterin.

Einzelnachweise

Richter (Bundespatentgericht)
Richter (Landgericht)
Deutscher
Geboren 1955
Frau


text:
Legitimate Expectation
The doctrine of legitimate expectation operates as a control over the exercise of discretionary powers conferred upon a public authority. The typical reason why discretionary powers are conferred upon a public authority is to ensure that they are exercised having due regard to the particular circumstances of individual cases coming before the decision-maker – ie in circumstances where Parliament was not confident at the time of passing legislation in predicting all circumstances and how individual cases should be resolved.
It is often difficult to tell in advance of concrete situations arising precisely how an authority should act; and that may be as true for the authority as for Parliament itself.
This reasoning is inherent in the rule forbidding a public authority which has a discretion and adopts a policy as to its exercise from following that policy without having due regard to the specific facts of the particular case: British Oxygen [1971] AC 610.
The doctrine of legitimate expectation is the converse of this situation: it operates to say that, subject to certain conditions, a public authority which adopts a policy should be required to follow and apply that policy in cases subject to it, without being permitted to depart from it.
It applies in cases where the decision-maker has committed itself in advance to a particular course of conduct in a particular class of case (defined in more or less general terms), without reference to the specific facts of individual cases.
The key issue, therefore, in legal terms, is to explain by reference to normative considerations when and why (or why and, therefore, when) the policy maker will be required to follow its own pre-determination of the outcome of the case without being free just to change its mind when the specific facts of an individual case are before it.
In addressing that issue, it is important to understand that the problem which presents itself is one of public law, and that private law analogies are of limited assistance: see R (Reprotech (Pebsham) Ltd v E Sussex CC [2003] 1 WLR 348, HL, at [34] per Lord Hoffmann (indicating an important shift from the cases in the infancy of the development of the doctrine, where the private law analogy was used as the normative foundation for the doctrine: see esp. Re Preston [1985] AC 835, 865-7 per Lord Templeman).
Viewed from the perspective of public law, the protection of legitimate expectations is both greater but also less than the protection of comparable interests under private law (particularly in contract or estoppel cases):
The protection is greater, in that in some cases no absolute promise or consideration or detrimental reliance may be required. It may be sufficient to say that the adoption of a policy by the decision-maker informs and strengthens the application of general requirements of lawful behaviour on the part of public authorities, including in particular (in the case of representations as to the procedure to be adopted) the requirement that a public decision-maker act fairly and (in the case of representations as to the substantive outcome in a class of case) the requirement that a public decision-maker act consistently and rationally (cf Matadeen v Pointu [1999]AC 98.
In each sort of case, it seems that the specific adoption of a policy by the decision-maker will strengthen rights which the individual enjoys under general public law. But then, it is important to identify to what extent the adoption by the public authority of a policy in advance adds to the rights which the individual already enjoys under general public law;
The protection is less, in that the interest of the individual in having the policy or representation complied with in their case may be overridden by countervailing public interest considerations. Short of a binding private law contract or estoppel, the hands of the public authority are not absolutely bound by its advance declaration of how it will deal with particular cases.
It can depart from its policy, if at the time of decision it considers that there is some overriding reason of the public interest which requires an approach different from that declared in general terms by it in advance. But then, it is important to identify to what extent it is open to the public authority which has made representations or adopted a policy in advance should have the freedom to depart from it.
In institutional terms, where a public authority has conferred upon it a wide discretionary power covering a large number and variety of cases, it may be important for the public authority's own coherent and consistent approach to decision-making that it adopts a policy as to how it will act – at least in the usual run of cases.
But, the greater the extent that the doctrine of legitimate expectations may result in the public authority's hands then being held by the courts to be tied in law, the greater the wariness authorities may have about adopting policies as to how they approach their decision-making in a particular area.
Also, a public authority may, in practical terms, face the same sort of difficulty in predicting precisely in advance how its decision-making powers should be exercised in particular cases that Parliament faced when conferring discretionary powers upon it in the first instance: ie it cannot be known with certainty in advance how particular cases ought to be decided (which is at least part of the rationale for conferring a discretion in the first place, rather than Parliament itself prescribing in advance in legally binding legislation what the outcome should be in particular cases).
Parliament having chosen to confer a discretion rather than creating a binding duty, it would be odd if the doctrine of legitimate expectations could operate so that the public authority itself, by adopting a policy, creates a binding duty for itself.
Again, the more the doctrine operates to bind the hands of the public authority, the more it implicitly engages the courts and the decision-maker in creating something approaching the kind of binding duty which Parliament chose not to create.
Given these general points, one would expect the doctrine of legitimate expectations to develop by adaptation in the light of the weight of the conflicting public law reasons in favour of greater or less decision-making flexibility for public authorities at the point of actually deciding what to do in specific cases. In broad terms, it is submitted that this is what one finds in the case law.
A distinction between procedural and substantive legitimate expectations?
In general terms, it is desirable for public authorities to do what they have declared they will do. That assists citizens to plan their affairs and fosters trust and confidence in the administrative authorities. It can generally be said to be a feature of good administration that public bodies "deal straightforwardly and consistently with the public" (see Abdi and Nadarajah v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] EWCA Civ 1363, per Laws LJ at [68], where he describes it as a "requirement").
But these are factors which have to be balanced, at the level of legal principle, against competing factors, pointing in favour of the desirability of public authorities having flexibility to adapt to changing circumstances and changing assessments of the public interest – which is the main underlying reason they will have had a discretion conferred upon them. It can generally be said also to be a feature of good administration that public bodies accurately assess the overall public interest as to how their powers are exercised, in the light of all the relevant facts available to them at the time when they decide what to do.[2]
When taking account of this latter sort of consideration, I would suggest that it is very much stronger in the case of representations as to substantive outcomes rather than representations as to the decision-making procedure to be followed. That in turn suggests that it is important to maintain a distinction between procedural legitimate expectations and substantive legitimate expectations.
It is well known that the Court of Appeal in its seminal exposition in R v N and E Devon Health Authority, ex p Coughlan [2001] QB 213 emphasised the difference between procedural legitimate expectations (based on representations as to the procedure a public authority will follow before it takes a decision on the substantive merits of a particular case) and a narrower class of protected substantive legitimate expectations (based on representations as to the decision which a public authority will take on the substantive merits of a particular case).
Where a public authority represents that a particular procedure will be followed before it decides what to do on the merits of an individual case, the intrusion on its decision-making discretion to decide what to do in that case having regard to the overall public interest is less where it is held to be bound by its representations than where it is held to be bound by its representations as to the substantive decision it will take.
In the latter class of case (representations as to substantive outcome), the public authority is being held to its assessment of the overall public interest taken in advance (sometimes, a long time in advance) and in more or less general and abstract terms, and that advance and general assessment is found to trump the specific and precise assessment of the public interest which it makes when the particular facts of the individual case are directly before it – even though the public authority has not become functus officio simply by adoption of a policy.
Indeed, this difference between procedure and substantive outcome has for a long time lain at the heart of the development of public law more generally, and is reflected in the development by the courts of comparatively full and binding standards of fairness in the decision-making process (where the courts have taken themselves to be the primary decision-makers as to the content of those standards: see eg R v Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex p. Guinness plc [1990] 1 QB 146) as compared with relatively light standards of review as to the substantive merits as expressed, in particular, in the Wednesbury formula.
The conflict of substantive legitimate expectations with the ability of a public authority to assess the balance of the public interest and how best to behave in the light of the actual circumstances of a particular case becomes particularly acute where the enforcement of the substantive legitimate expectation would involve the court in overriding the public authority's judgment how scarce resources should be utilised in the face of competing claims.
That is a judgment which, on the face of it, Parliament has allocated to the public authority rather than the court, and where the public authority rather than the court is best placed to weigh all the competing considerations.
Given the nature of the analytical exercise when deciding whether and to what extent a public authority should be treated as bound by representations it has made in advance, and the balance which the doctrine of legitimate expectation has to strike in concrete terms between treating a public authority as bound by its earlier (rather than present) assessment of the overall public interest and allowing it freedom to decide how to behave in the light of its present assessment arrived at in light of the specific facts of particular cases, one would expect in principle to find a difference in approach as between procedural and substantive cases.
The pressures for preserving freedom of choice for a public authority in the present are far less in the case procedural legitimate expectations than in the case of substantive legitimate expectations (directed to the outcome on the merits).
The more a public authority is to be treated as bound by its advance decision as to the substantive merits, the more one would expect the conditions for that binding outcome to reflect the ability of the public authority to have accurately assessed in advance what the balance of the public interest should be and the clarity with which the public authority had in fact addressed that relevant question. That suggests that, where one is dealing with substantive legitimate expectations, the courts should focus very carefully on factors which affect the quality of the advance "decision" taken by the public authority, and the appropriateness of treating that advance "decision" as in some sense binding upon the public authority when taking an actual decision in a concrete case in the present.
The more the public authority has, at the advance stage, had clearly in mind the particular ramifications of its representations or policy for the type of concrete decision which it eventually has to take and has deliberately chosen a particular outcome, the more readily one would regard it is as legitimate for the courts (having regard to other considerations, including the general desirability of public authorities abiding by pre-declared policies) to treat the public authority as in some sense bound by that advance "decision". Conversely, the further away one is from that situation, the stronger the argument for retention of freedom of action for the public authority in the light of full information about current circumstances.
This, I would suggest, is an important part of the analytical background to the stress in substantive legitimate expectation cases upon the quality of the information available to a public authority before it is treated as prima facie bound by advance representations it makes as to the substantive outcome in a case (see eg R v IRC, ex p. MFK Underwriting Agencies Ltd [1990] 1 WLR 1545), and upon the precision, clarity and limited focus of the representation relied upon (MFK Underwriting; Coughlan at [57]-[59]).
Since the impact upon the general interest in an authority having freedom to determine and act upon the public interest as it determines it to be at the point of actual decision is much less where the authority's representation only goes to the procedure to be followed rather than the substantive outcome of any case, these strict requirements can be relaxed.
It is more acceptable to require the authority to abide by its representations and policy when made in general terms and to the world at large. Similarly, it is more acceptable for a legitimate expectation to be founded upon an established course of conduct in the past, rather than any specific promise as to conduct for the future: see eg O'Reilly v Mackman [1983].
2 AC 237, 275 (there is no authority which has found a substantive legitimate expectation to have emerged from past conduct: the closest example is R v IRC, ex p Unilever plc [1996] STC 681, which the Court treated not as a legitimate expectation case - even in the context of an extremely precise and focused course of conduct known by the IRC to have engendered very specific expectations on the part of the taxpayer claimant - but a case of conspicuous unfairness, tantamount to irrationality, in failing to follow the same established practice in relation to permitting tax rebate claims to be made in a particular way, so that the claims were defeated at huge cost to the taxpayer).
For reasons of both authority and principle, therefore, one might respectfully doubt whether an approach which seeks to assimilate the test for holding that a protected legitimate expectation has been created by representations by a public authority as to procedure ought to be adopted in relation to representations as to substantive merits: contrast Abdi & Nadarajah v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] EWCA Civ 1363 at [67]-[71] per Laws LJ, esp. at [69] ("The dichotomy between procedure and substance has nothing to say about the reach of the duty of good administration").
On the analysis presented above, the dichotomy between procedure and substance does have important things to say about the reach of the duty of good administration; and there is good reason why that dichotomy should inform the test for determining when a protected legitimate expectation will be held to have arisen.
How may a legitimate expectation be overridden?
In Abdi and Nadarajah, Laws LJ said at [68], "The principle that good administration requires public authorities to be held to their promises would be undermined if the law did not insist that any failure or refusal to comply is objectively justified as a proportionate measure in the circumstances." There are three problems with this part of the judgment which I would respectfully wish to focus on.
First, to the extent that (as Laws LJ does earlier in his judgment) one assimilates the test for a protected legitimate expectation to arise in a substantive expectation case with that for a procedural expectation, the adoption of a standard of proportionality represents a greater inroad by the courts into the practical decision-making powers of the public authority charged by Parliament with taking the decision in question. In relation to procedural expectations, the courts' authority to apply their own standards of fairness is well established (see Guinness, supra), and this represents a clearly acceptable practical compromise between fairness as a value of good administration and accurate substantive decision-making by the relevant public authority designated by Parliament as a competing value of good administration.
It seems straightforward for the courts to extend that sort of approach to cover procedural legitimate expectations, and insist upon a high standard of justification (perhaps expressed in a proportionality rubric) before such legitimate expectations are overridden. To say that a departure from a substantive legitimate expectation can only be justified on a basis of proportionality, rather than by reference to an ordinary rationality standard, is much more questionable.
To the extent that relatively restrictive criteria are applied before a substantive legitimate expectation is found to have arisen, such an intensive standard of review may be justified – and this was, in effect, the balance struck by the Court of Appeal in Coughlan.
But if those restrictive criteria are to be relaxed (as Laws LJ suggests), it is not immediately obvious that the proportionality standard of review (if that is said to be different from ordinary rationality review) will be the appropriate one. At some point, argument about the relevant standard shades into the arguments about whether proportionality should be adopted as a general test of lawfulness under domestic administrative law.
Second, one may doubt just how useful a test of proportionality will be in these cases. To say that the test is one of "proportionality" begs the question, proportionate to what? If it is said, "proportionate to a legitimate aim", one has to acknowledge that in some cases the legitimate aim will be extremely diffuse, to the point of not being a helpful analytical tool (eg a public authority, on consideration of the full facts, may simply decide it does not wish to expend limited public funds in a particular way; or there may be a change in the political complexion of a public authority, and it simply makes a different assessment of the public interest in a given case).
Perhaps the test should be expressed more broadly, as one directed to severe and unjustifiable substantive unfairness which would be suffered by an individual if a public authority departs from its representation, with a focus then upon spelling out the factors (eg detrimental reliance, the nature of the public interest being pursued) relevant to such an assessment.
Detrimental reliance was identified by Peter Gibson LJ as an important factor in substantive legitimate expectation claims in R v Secretary of State for Education and Employment, ex p. Begbie [2000] 1 WLR 1115, 1124.
A proportionality approach might be said to be rather narrowly expressed for other reasons as well. Sometimes, the reason that a legitimate expectation may be departed from is that the public authority behaves fairly in doing so, rather than because the departure is itself proportionate to some overriding public interest.
It may by sufficient for a public authority to afford an individual to whom a representation has been made an indication that the public authority is minded not to adhere to its representation and an opportunity to make representations why the public authority should adhere to it. If the basis for a claim to a legitimate expectation is a representation by a public authority how it will act, there may well be situations in which it will be fair for the public authority to retreat from that position, provided that it affords the individual concerned an opportunity to make representations to persuade it otherwise.
If there has been no detrimental reliance by the individual, and the public authority has acted fairly in this way, it is difficult to see why (in the ordinary case) it should be held bound by what it said some time ago. This point is underlined by the approach of the courts in relation to relief, particularly where a substantive legitimate expectation is concerned: see paragraph 21 below.
Third, a proportionality approach is difficult to reconcile with recent House of Lords authority. In R (Mullen) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] 1 AC 1 the Secretary of State recognised that the claimant fell within the scope of his policy on payment of compensation to persons wrongfully convicted, but (since it was established that the claimant had in fact been involved in a terrorist related offence) did not wish to pay him compensation in respect of his wrongful conviction (ie wished to depart from his policy statement in light of the particular features of the claimant's case).
The Secretary of State gave the claimant an indication that he proposed to do that, invited representations on the point, and having considered the representations received decided that he would depart from his policy in that case. He did not withdraw or restate the general policy.
The House of Lords held that the Secretary of State was entitled to decide not to apply his policy in the claimant's case, having afforded the claimant a fair opportunity to make representations on the point: on the substance of the decision, the House applied a rationality test (see esp. [58]-[62] per Lord Steyn).
The form of relief where there is a violation of a legitimate expectation
Ordinarily, in a procedural legitimate expectation case, the public authority will (absent some sufficiently compelling and overriding public interest) simply be required to comply with its representations (or established practice) as to the procedure it would follow. A failure to do so will be treated like a failure to comply with common law standards of fairness.
The position is more complicated in a substantive legitimate expectation case, where a representation as to the substantive outcome on the merits is concerned. It may be that the public authority will be held to be required actually to confer the substantive benefit as it has said it would. But that will bring the court into tension with other principles of public law, which require that the primary operative decision should be that of the public authority in the light of all the circumstances known at the time of the decision.
Therefore, it is submitted that usually a particularly compelling interest of the individual will be required before the court may feel confident that it is appropriate to override the (current) decision of the local authority. The sort of interest which means that the fair balance to be struck between the interests of the individual (and general value in public authorities acting in accordance with their prior representations) and the public interest of flexibility of decision-making in the light of all the circumstances at the time of decision comes down in favour of compelling the public authority to act contrary to its present judgment and in line with its previously declared policy will usually be some form of detrimental reliance on the part of the individual.
One may then become involved in a debate about the sort of detriment which ought to count for these purposes: compare R (Bibi) v Newham LBC [2002] 1 WLR 237 and R (Rashid) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] EWCA Civ 744.
The tension referred to above becomes all the more acute when the enforcement of the substantive legitimate expectation according to its terms involves, in practice, the court allocating to the claimant some scarce resource, which will mean that other possibly deserving individuals will lose the opportunity to have that resource allocated to them. That was the position in Bibi, supra.
The solution of the Court of Appeal was to meet that tension by declining to grant relief in substantive form by requiring the local authority to honour its promise, and instead granting relief in procedural form (obligation on local authority to reconsider claimant's case, with opportunity for representations, and a requirement to give reasons explaining any decision to depart from its promise).
An important area for the future development of the law in relation to substantive legitimate expectations will be the articulation by the courts of the principles according to which the proper remedial reaction to a substantive legitimate expectation will be procedural in form, and those according to which the proper remedy will be direct enforcement of the public authority's promise or policy on the mandatory order of the court. Again, it is submitted that detrimental reliance is likely to be an important consideration in relation to this dividing line.
----------------------- [1] For a more complete expression of some of the underlying ideas in this lecture, see P. Sales and K. Steyn, "Legitimate Expectations in English Public Law: An Analysis" [2004] Public Law 564.
[2] Cf Pascal, Pensées (trans. A.J. Krailsheimer, Penguin 1966), no. 619: "All their principles are true, sceptics, stoics, atheists etc … but their conclusions are false, because the contrary principles are also true."
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