text:
Login | Users online: 1641 Ahead of print articles
A study on consciousness of adolescent girls about their body image
Swati Dixit1, GG Agarwal2, JV Singh1, Surya Kant3, Neelam Singh4
1 Upgraded Department of Community Medicine, Lucknow University, Uttar Pradesh, India
2 Department of Statistics, Lucknow University, Uttar Pradesh, India
3 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, CSM Medical University Uttar Pradesh (Erstwhile KGMC), Lucknow, India
4 Department of Nutrition, Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow, India
Date of Submission 06-Aug-2010
Date of Web Publication 22-Oct-2011
J V Singh
Upgraded Department of Community Medicine, CSM Medical University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow
Source of Support: Upgraded Department of Community Medicine, CSM Medical University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, Conflict of Interest: None
DOI: 10.4103/0970-0218.86520
Background: Perceived body image is an important potential predictor of nutritional status. Body image misconception during adolescence is unexplored field in Indian girls. Objectives: To study the consciousness of adolescent girls about their body image. Materials and Methods: This multistage observational study was conducted on 586 adolescent girls of age 10-19 years in Lucknow district (151 from rural, 150 from slum, and 286 from urban area) of Uttar Pradesh, India. Information on desired and actual body size was collected with the help of predesigned questionnaire. Results: 20.5% of studied girls show aspiration to become thin, who already perceived their body image as too thin. 73.4% adolescent girls were satisfied with their body image, while 26.6% were dissatisfied. The dissatisfaction was higher among girls of urban (30.2%) and slum (40.0%) areas in comparison to rural (22.5%) area. Percentage of satisfied girls was less in the 13-15 years (69.9%) age groups in comparison to 10-12 years (76.5%) and 16-19 years (76.4%). Among girls satisfied with their body image, 32.8% girls were found underweight, and 38.4% were stunted. Underweight girls (42.1%) and stunted girls (64.9%) were higher in number within satisfied girls of slum area. Among all of these adolescent girls, 32.8% of girls had overestimated their weight, while only 4.9% of girls had underestimated their weight. Conclusions: This study concludes that desire to become thin is higher in adolescent girls, even in those who already perceived their body image as too thin.
Keywords: Adolescence, body image satisfaction, perceived body image, stunting, underweight
Dixit S, Agarwal G G, Singh J V, Kant S, Singh N. A study on consciousness of adolescent girls about their body image. Indian J Community Med 2011;36:197-202
Dixit S, Agarwal G G, Singh J V, Kant S, Singh N. A study on consciousness of adolescent girls about their body image. Indian J Community Med [serial online] 2011 [cited 2022 Jan 17];36:197-202. Available from: https://www.ijcm.org.in/text.asp?2011/36/3/197/86520
Adolescence, intermediary phase from childhood to adulthood, is a delicate phase of life. It is estimated that there are about 69.7 million adolescent girls representing about 7.0% of the entire world's population. [1] Unique changes may occur during this period and adult patterns are established (WHO). The never-ending sequence of physical and psychological adaptations of adolescents has a remarkable influence on the social and behavioral aspects of their lives. [2],[3] The standardized model of beauty in our society that prefers and emphasizes just particular physical aspects such as slimness and thinness influences adolescents' beliefs of physical growth. [4] The lack of connection between the real and the ideal perception of their own body (body dissatisfaction) and the firm willingness to modify their body and shape so as to standardize them to the social concept of thinness (drive for thinness) are some of the main reasons responsible for the determined and constant adolescents' drive to follow such ideal standards. [5],[6],[7],[8],[9]
Previous studies suggest that physical appearance and body image may influence perceived health. Adolescence is a period of increased awareness of bodily cues and self-reflection, including evaluation of body and appearance. Body dissatisfaction, negative body image, concern with body size, and shape represent attitudinal aspects of body image. [10] The concept of body image has been defined in different terms, according to scientific discipline. Body image is also often discussed without a definition or used interchangeably with other constructs. [11] In a longitudinal study, gender differences in body dissatisfaction emerged between 13 and 15 years of age and were maintained at 18 years. Throughout this period, girls increased and boys decreased body dissatisfaction. [12] According to one previous study 79% boys and 44% girls were satisfied with their weight. [10]
Age old gender distinction is a hard truth of Indian society. Beside it there are many differences in the current descriptions of adolescent's in India. The variations arise from factors such as urban, rural and slum or other marginalized residence, ethnicity, and socioeconomic levels of the family. India has undergone rapid urbanization over the past 60 years, yet more than two-third of the population live in rural areas. As per the 2001 Census, 72% and 28% of the Indian population was living in the rural and urban areas, respectively. [13] A considerable proportion of the population in most Indian cities lives in slum areas at present. The UN defined slums as communities characterized by insecure residential status, poor structural quality of housing, overcrowding, and inadequate access to safe water, sanitation, and other infrastructure. [14]
According to the 2001 Census, 42.6 million people lived in slums in 8.2 million households and 640 towns spread across 26 states and Union Territories in India. The slum estimates did not include towns below 50,000 population, as well as a few towns and cities with a population of 50,000 or more where local bodies did not recognize any slum area (136 towns in all, including such large cities as Lucknow) and a few northeastern states that did not have any urban centre with 50,000 or more population or that did not have any slum act. [15] In reality, people residing in legally undefined and unrecognized slums are facing even most terrible living conditions. They do not have access to even basic civic facilities, otherwise provided by government in legally defined slums.
Beside rapid economic growth of country, growing slum population in Indian cities is seen a signal of deterioration of living situations and escalating poverty in cities in India. The greater than ever concentration of population in slums and urban poverty have brought out a strong concern in urban health conditions in broad and the health of slum dwellers and the urban poor in particular.
The picture of rural adolescents is different; the disparity between boys and girls is even greater among them. Less emphasis on formal education makes boys and girls participate in adult activities at home and outside at an early age. The routine of a preadolescent/adolescent rural girl is demanding-cleaning the house, cooking, washing, fetching water, and bathing younger siblings.
Lifestyle of urban adolescents from upper socioeconomic status (SES) is also quite different from that of the middle-class and lower-class adolescents. Former have access to private, good quality education, and are influenced by western ways of life style through travel and exposure; their preferences are very close to the western counter parts. On the surface there does not appear to be any gender discrimination in the families of these adolescents but covertly they do exist. Pursuing educational endeavors is encouraged both in the upper and middle urban classes.
It is unfortunate that body misconception and body dissatisfaction, two very important potential causative factors of bad nutritional status of adolescent girls, have not been adequately investigated in India. No study has been conducted on body dissatisfaction and its consequences in adolescent girls belonging to Indian community. The present study on adolescent girls of Lucknow district was conducted to assess the degree of dissatisfaction and misconception of their body in three diverse and different strata of this population and to find out its association with stunting and thinness, two important outcomes of poor nutritional status.
The observational study was conducted in Lucknow District of Uttar Pradesh. A total of 586 (151 from rural, 150 from slum, and 286 from urban area) adolescent girls of age 10-19 years were selected for this study. Steps involved in the selection of study subjects are given in the following flowchart [Flowchart 1].
Uttar Pradesh is the most populated state of India having population of more than 166 millions (male 87,466,301 female 78,586,558). [13] Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh, has population of 3.6 million. It has got all the socioeconomic strata of rural, urban, and slum population. The majority of Lucknow's population comprises of people from Central and Eastern Uttar Pradesh and other adjoining districts. However, being administrative and political capital, people of other cities and states have also settled in large numbers. Hindus comprise about 77% and Muslims about 20%. There are also small groups of Sikhs, Jains, Christians, and Buddhists. More than half million (5.2 lakhs), i.e., 14.4% of its population is residing in the slums (Urban Reproductive and Child Health Programme (RCH- 2000). This population also contains a large number of migrated people from neighboring districts, states, and even some of them from other countries, i.e., Nepal and Bangladesh. It makes Lucknow, a fare representative of Indian adolescent girls' population. Three different localities of Lucknow that were rural, slum, and urban area, selected for the study. The demographic data for each of the selected girl included information on age, number of family members, number of boys and girls in family, birth order of girl in the family, family income, family size, birth order, education, and occupation of parents. Information on desired and actual body size was collected with the help of predesigned questionnaire. Data were collected after taking informed consent from the subjects and their parents.
"Perceived Image" was measured by the following question: "what do you think about your body image?" with four responses "too fat," "about right," "perfect," and "too thin." Desired "body image" was asked by question: "what is your desired body image?" and the responses were "too thin," "thin," "neither too thin nor fat," and "fatty." No one had desired body image "fatty," these categories were reduced to two in the analyses by combining "too thin" and "thin." Therefore, two categories were remained: "thin" and "neither too thin nor fat."
Anthropometry measurements
Height and weight were measured using anthropometric rod and weighing machine. Body mass index (BMI) was subsequently computed by formula weight (kg)/height (m 2 ). The anthropometric nutritional status was assessed by "BMI for age" and "height for age" as per WHO standards. The subjects with BMI for age below 5 th percentile were categorized as thin and those with "height for age" less then 3 rd percentiles were considered to be stunted.
The data were analyzed using Statistical Package of SPSS, version 11. Statistical measures such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Chi-square test were implicated to describe and analysis of data.
The results indicate there is discrepancy in perceived and desired body size. About one-fifth (20.5%) of girls desire to become thin who already perceived their body image as too thin at the time of their body assessment [Table 1],[Figure 1]. Body satisfaction was measured by difference between perceived body image and desired body image. If the perceived and desired body image were same, it is categorized as satisfied. 73.4% adolescent girls were satisfied with their body image, while 26.6% of studied girls were dissatisfied. These prevalence rates of dissatisfaction were higher among girls of urban (30.2%) and slum (40.0%) areas in comparison to rural (22.55) area [Table 2],[Figure 2]. Percentage of girls satisfied with their body image was less in the 13-15 years (69.9%) age groups in comparison to 10-12 years (76.5%) and 16-19 years (76.4%) age group. Out of them urban and rural girls of 13-15 years had lower satisfaction with their body image that is 69.0% and 67.3%, respectively, whereas 75.0% of rural girls of age 13-15 years were satisfied with their body image [Table 3],[Figure 3]. Results also shows that among the girls who were satisfied with their body image 32.8% girls were underweight and 38.4% were stunted [Table 4],[Figure 4]. These numbers of underweight girls (42.1%) and stunted girls (64.9%) were higher in satisfied girls of slum area [Table 5],[Figure 5]a and b. The difference between actual body weight and perceived body image was used to identifying the estimation about health. Girls who perceived their body image normal (about right and perfect) with normal BMI were categorized into correct estimation, girls of high and medium BMI with thin and normal perceived body image were categorized into underestimation, and girls of low and median BMI with perceived body image of fatty were categorized into overestimation. In present study, 32.8% of girls had overestimated their weight, while only 4.9% of girls had underestimated their weight. Consciousness and attitude of adolescent girls toward current body weight are given in [Table 6].
Table 1: Perceived body image and desired body image
Table 2: Consciousness of adolescent girls about their body image
Table 3: Girls satisfied with their body image in different localities
Table 4: Relation between consciousness about body size and nutritional status of adolescent girls
Table 5: Association of consciousness about body size and nutritional status of adolescent girls of different localities
Table 6: Consciousness and attitude toward current body weight
Figure 1: Perceived body image and desired body image
Figure 2: Consciousness of adolescent girls about their body image
Figure 3: Girls satisfied with their body image in different localities
Figure 4: Relation between consciousness about body size and nutritional status of adolescent girls
Figure 5: (a)Percentage of underweight girls among the satisfied and dissatisfied group of girls
Figure 5b: Percentage of stunted girls among the satisfied and dissatisfied group of girls
Very few studies have been conducted in India on the body image perception. In best of our knowledge, it is the first and only paper regarding consciousness of Indian adolescent girls about their body, body perception, body image dissatisfaction, and its association with nutritional status. India is the land of diversities and differences. This thing makes this study even more important because adolescent girls' subgroups are chosen from three different localities those are rural, urban, and slum area, representing near true picture of the real scenario. Although we do not have any Indian data regarding this specific topic but we have a very interesting interracial study of multiethnic Caribbean adolescent girls' population. According to this study, thin South Asians were more likely to be satisfied with being thin than the other thin persons. The attitudes of the South Asians adolescents toward thinness were similar to those of white female adolescents in the USA. [16] The results of our study on consciousness of adolescent girls about their body image also indicate that only 26.6% girls are dissatisfied with their body image. It is very similar with the findings of Boschi [4] et al., showing 25% body dissatisfaction among adolescent girls. In our study, this dissatisfaction percentage was higher among the girls of urban and slum area. Body dissatisfaction is a highly significant mediator of the relationship between BMI and eating disorder risk. [17] This may put these girls in an unwanted and undesirable weight correction tendency. They may engage themselves in physical activity to improve the body image (45.2%), while the health improvement motive may left out in the second place (33.6%). [18] As we go to age wise analysis less number of girls satisfied with their body image in the 13-15 years age groups in comparison to 10-12 and 16-19 years age group. This is alike Meland et al. [10] reported finding that in adolescent age group majority of 15-year-old girls wants to change their body, while Abraham and O'Dea [19] reported that females even as young as 12 years of age had tried to lose weight. In our study, setting of three different localities, urban and slum girls of 13-15 years age group have lower satisfaction with their body image in comparison to rural adolescent girls of same age group. Another result also indicates a vital clue about conceptual approach and understanding of girls of this age group about their own body. Among the girls who were satisfied with their body image, approximately one-third (32.8%) of total girls were underweight and more than that (38.4%) were stunted. The number of underweight girls (42.1%) and stunted girls (64.9%) were found higher among satisfied girls of slum area. This indicates about overestimation and misconception of their own body. Lata et al. also reported that 86% of the female adolescent college students desired to be slim. While in that study very few (3.2%) of the female adolescents were actually overweight (BMI). Interestingly, more than 65% perceived themselves to be either slim or thin and 67.7% desired to be slim. [20] In another study regarding misconception of weight among 185 female college students aged 18-24 years, 83% of participants reported ever consciously trying to lose or control their weight, including 80% of normal weight, 91% of overweight, and 86% of obese participants. [21] This kind of approach makes them even more vulnerable for undernourishment, a hidden epidemic of Indian adolescent girls.
The results of study conclude that desire to become thin are higher in adolescent girls even in those who already perceived their body image as too thin. Large numbers of girls are dissatisfied with their body image. Girls of urban areas and even from slums are unconstructively apprehensive about slim figure. It is posing a detrimental threat to their health and nutritional status. These findings suggest an urgent need to encourage adolescent girls for maintaining healthy weight and dietary habits through all possible channels.
The authors thank the Upgraded Department of Community Medicine, CSM Medical University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, for providing the financial support. Thanks are also due to all the project investigators, all the adolescent girls, their parents, and the community members for their participation during various stages of the project activities.
1. Venkaiah K, Damayanti K, Nayak MU, Vijayaraghavan K. Diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India. European J Clin Nutr 2002;56:1119-25.
2. Hetherington MM. Eating disorders: Diagnosis, etiology, and prevention. Nutrition 2000;16:547-51.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT]
3. Fisher M, Golden NH, Katzman DK, Kreipe RE, Rees J, Schebendach J, et al. Eating disorders in adolescents. A background paper. J Adolesc Health 1995;16:420-37.
4. Boschi V, Siervo M, D'Orsi P, Margiotta N, Trapanese E, Basile F, et al. Body composition, eating behavior, food-body concerns and eating disorders in adolescent girls. Ann Nutr Metab 2003;47:284-93.
5. Gralen SJ, Levine MP, Smolak L, Murnen SK. Dieting and disordered eating during early and middle adolescence: Do the influences remain the same? Int J Eat Disord 1990;9:501-12.
6. Giovannini M, Agostoni C, Gianni M, Bernardo L, Riva E. Adolescence: Macronutrients needs. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54 Suppl 1:7-10.
7. Olmedilla B, Granado F. Growth and micronutrient needs of adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54 Suppl 1:S11-5.
8. Ballabriga A. Morphological and physiological changes during growth: An update. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54 Suppl 1:S1-6.
9. Cash TF, Deagle EA 3 rd . The nature and extent of body image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord 1997;22:107-25.
10. Meland E, Haugland S, Breidablik HJ. Body image and perceived health in adolescence. Health Educ Res 2007;22:342-50.
11. Wertheim E, Paxton SJ, Blaney S. Risk factors for the development of body image disturbances. In: Thompson K, editor. Handbook of Eating Disorders and Obesity. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley and Sons; 2004. p. 463-94.
12. Rosenblom GD, Lewis M. The relations among body image, physical attractiveness, and body mass in adolescence. Child Dev 1999;70:50-64.
13. Abraham S, O'Dea JA. Body mass index, menarche, and perception of dieting among peripubertal adolescent females. Int J Eat Disord 2001;29:23-8.
14. Latha KS, Hegde S, Bhat, Sharma P, Rai P. Body image, self-esteem and depression in female adolescent college students. J Indian Assoc Child Adolesc Ment Health 2006;2:78-84.
15. Malinauskas BM, Raedeke TD, Aeby VG, Smith JL, Dallas MB. Dieting practices, weight perceptions, and body composition: A comparison of normal weight, overweight, and obese college females. Nutr J 2006;5:11.
16. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. Final Population Totals. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner; 2001.
17. United Nations Human Settlements Program. The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements, 2003. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT; 2003.
18. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. Slum Population, India, Series-I, Census of India 2001. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner; 2005.
19. Simeon DT, Rattan RD, Panchoo K, Kungeesingh KV, Ali AC, Abdool PS. Body image of adolescents in a multi-ethnic Caribbean population. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57:157-62.
20. Lynch WC, Heil DP, Wagner E, Michael D. Havens Body Dissatisfaction Mediates the Association between Body Mass Index and Risky Weight Control Behaviors among White and Native American Adolescent Girls Appetite. 2008;51:210-213
21. Jankauskiene R, Kardelis K. Body image and weight reduction attempts among adolescent girls involved in physical activity Medicina (Kaunas) 2005;41:796-801.
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]
1 Adaptation and validation of the Internalisation-General subscale of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-3) in English among urban Indian adolescents
Helena Lewis-Smith,Kirsty Garbett,Anshula Chaudhry,Nora Uglik-Marucha,Silia Vitoratou,Megha Dhillon,Hemal Shroff,Phillippa C. Diedrichs
Body Image. 2021; 36: 254
2 A Systematic Review of Body Image and Related Psychological Concepts: Does Ethnicity Matter?
Kardelen ÇAKICI, Zühra MERCAN, Merve DENIZCI NAZLIGÜL
Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. 2021; 13(4): 707
3 FACTORS RELATED TO BODY IMAGE AND IT CORRELATION WITH NUTRITIONAL STATUS AMONG FEMALE ADOLESCENTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Lusiana Pradana Hariyanti, Nila Reswari Haryana
Media Gizi Indonesia. 2021; 16(3): 224
4 Parental practices, body dissatisfaction and weight control practices in female adolescents from public schools in southern Brazil
R. S. Dell'Osbel,T. Donatti,R. L. Henn,C. Cremonese,E. Capp,M. L. O. Gregoletto
British Journal of Nutrition. 2020; : 1
5 Self-Experienced Trunk Appearance in Individuals With and Without Idiopathic Scoliosis
Panayiotis Savvides,Paul Gerdhem,Anna Grauers,Aina Danielsson,Elias Diarbakerli
Spine. 2020; 45(8): 522
6 Perception of body image and its association with Body Mass Index (BMI) among college girls in Puducherry
Kumari Puja,Sathish Rajaa,Ramesh Ronur,Mahalakshmy Thulasingam
International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. 2020; 0(0)
7 Adaptation and validation of the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire in English among urban Indian adolescents
Helena Lewis-Smith,Kirsty M. Garbett,Anshula Chaudhry,Nora Uglik-Marucha,Silia Vitoratou,Megha Dhillon,Hemal Shroff,Phillippa C. Diedrichs
International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2020;
8 Eating Attitudes, Weight Control Behaviors, Body Image Satisfaction and Depression Level Among Indian Medical and Nursing Undergraduate Students
Poreddi Vijayalakshmi,Rohini Thimmaiah,Sailaxmi Gandhi,Suresh BadaMath
Community Mental Health Journal. 2018; 54(8): 1266
9 Effectiveness of basic body awareness therapy in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: A randomized controlled study1
Gozde Yagci,Cigdem Ayhan,Yavuz Yakut
Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2018; 31(4): 693
10 Body image and its relation with body mass index among Indian adolescents
Vaishali R Deshmukh,Aditi A Kulkarni
Indian Pediatrics. 2017; 54(12): 1025
11 PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK STATUS OF RURAL ADOLESCENT GIRLS USING 'HEEADSSS' APPROACH
Swapna Budimelli,Kalyan Chebrolu
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2016; 3(6): 189
12 Cultural trends and eating disorders
Kathleen M. Pike,Hans W. Hoek,Patricia E. Dunne
Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2014; 27(6): 436
13 Patients' and Parents' Perceptions of Appearance in Scoliosis Treated with a Brace: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Ewa Misterska,Maciej Glowacki,Katarzyna Adamczyk,Roman Jankowski
Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2013;
14 Prospective Assessment of Scoliosis-Related Anxiety and Impression of Trunk Deformity in Female Adolescents Under Brace Treatment
Maciej Glowacki,Ewa Misterska,Katarzyna Adamczyk,Joanna Latuszewska
Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities. 2013; 25(2): 203
Glowacki, M. and Misterska, E. and Adamczyk, K. and Latuszewska, J.
Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities. 2013; 25(2): 203-220
16 Body Image, Eating Disorders, and the Relationship to Adolescent Media Use
Benowitz-Fredericks, C.A. and Garcia, K. and Massey, M. and Vasagar, B. and Borzekowski, D.L.G.
Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2012; 59(3): 693-704
Carson A. Benowitz-Fredericks,Kaylor Garcia,Meredith Massey,Brintha Vasagar,Dina L.G. Borzekowski
Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2012; 59(3): 693
Dixit S
Agarwal G G
Singh J V
Kant S
Singh N
body image satisfaction
perceived body image
stunting
Article in PDF (639 KB)
Cited by others 17
Sitemap | What's New | Feedback | Copyright and Disclaimer
© 2007 - Indian Journal of Community Medicine | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow


The Thar Coal Field, should it be developed, will yield over 200 billion ton of coal used to produce electricity, it will yield sufficient power to make Pakistan self-sufficient in Electrical power. Pakistan has reserves of natural gas, but these will start to diminish by 2010.
Sino-Sindh Resources, a local subsidiary of Global Mining Company, is investing in Pakistan's Thar Coal Block-1 for coal mining and power generation of 900 Mega Watt (MW), signing an MoU with the government of Sindh for the project in September 2011.
Download 14,948 Coal Mine Stock Photos for FREE or amazingly low rates! New users enjoy 60% OFF. 87,784,062 stock photos online. ... Old coal mine tower close to the city of Charleroi in Belgium COal mine. Corridor in the old coal mine Coal mine. With stormy sky and bushes in foreground Coal Mine. In the mountains, Alberta Canada Coal Mine Canyon.
Coal Mines In Sindh Pictures FTMC Crusher Company. A profile of Coal Mining in Pakistan with Its prime responsibility is development and commercial exploitation of Coal deposits of Lakhra Area, Sindh. Chat online. In a first, women replacing men in truck-driving jobs in .
Sindh Coal Authority Verified by (Saqib Bashir Dahar) Secretary Sindh Coal Authority Checked by (Mumtaz Ali Qureshi) Director General Sindh Coal Authority Approved by (Muhammad Younus Dagha) Secretary Mines & Mineral Development Department Government of Sindh Karachi June 17.
names of coal mines that works in sindh - testfood. coal mines in sindh pictures - spreewald-pureu. coal mines in sindh, Local Government Act 2013 Final Bidding . Get Price And Support Online Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company Limited: Private .
Thar Coal and Energy Board. In order to fast track the development of coal, especially the largest coal resources of Thar, the Thar Coal and Energy Board (TCEB) has been established under the Chief Executive of the Sindh Province with representation from Federal and Provincial Governments as well.


SOUTHEND United manager Phil Brown has made three changes to his starting line-up for this afternoon's game at Northampton Town.
In a match which survived a late pitch inspection, in-form winger David Worrall is only fit enough to start on the bench after suffering a knee injury against Dagenham & Redbridge last weekend.
His place in midfield has been taken by Michael Timlin while Shaq Coulthirst has also returned to the team in place of Myles Weston who is suffering with tonsillitis.
The Shrimpers' final change comes at the back where Adam Thompson has recovered from a dead leg and replaces the suspended Cian Bolger at centre-back.
Northampton have included former Blues defender Ryan Cresswell and attacking midfielder John-Joe O'Toole in their starting line-up, along with new boy Ricky Holmes who grew up supporting the Shrimpers.


text:
Go to Chicago
A unique venue, a devoted audience, and awesome emerging talent. Were you there?
On Sunday 8th December in Chicago, we witnessed 3 magical performances from:
Verluna
Sign in to rate the artists
Support them here:
Verluna started in 2015 as the brainchild of singer/songwriter Alex Katsaropo...
Verluna started in 2015 as the brainchild of singer/songwriter Alex Katsaropoulos. Verluna's debut album, Oku, draws inspiration from the poet Matsuo Basho and combines Americana folk with more experimental writing and production techniques.
Phillip-Michael Scales
Finding your calling early in life does not always make answering the call a...
Finding your calling early in life does not always make answering the call any easier. At 9 years old, Phillip-Michael Scales performed for sold out crowds nightly in the musical "Joseph…" with Donny Osmond. He couldn't articulate it, but he knew when those curtains first opened, performing was his calling. He also had an Uncle who played guitar, and grew up attending his shows, running around backstage. He knew it was a big deal but didn't understand the significance that his Uncle's name was B.B. King. Watching his nephew's passion for music grow, after a concert, Uncle B autographed a photo with a note that said "Stay with it." The photo hung in his makeshift home studio, then in his dorm room at Berklee College of Music and eventually in his first apartment in Chicago. Ready to take the world by storm, Phillip-Michael worked in restaurants between releasing music and going on self-booked tours. Each time he visited with his uncle, he was always greeted with a smile and a slow, deliberate "Hey, Son!" Those grounding conversations would become more meaningful as time went on. When Phillip-Michael received the news that his Uncle B. passed away it was at a particularly rough point in his career. He was thinking about giving up and wished he could have picked up the phone for a "Hey Son!" and some words of encouragement. Then he noticed a crumpled, faded, barely legible photo on the wall that said "Stay with it." It's been his mantra ever since. His most recent single, "O, Hallelujah" broke 40k plays and he has been featured in Rolling Stone France. His music has taken him all the way to the Middle East, as well as festivals across Europe and North America. He has opened for Fantastic Negrito, Anderson East, Guster, David Cook, Bethany Joy Lenz, Matt Hires, Billy Rafoul, Crystal Bowersox, Tyler Hilton, Jon McLaughlin, and Cory Brannan.
The Foons
A Fooning Good Time!
Share the Magic
Attend a Sofar in Chicago
Logan Square May 15th
West Loop April 19th
West Loop February 21st
The Loop March 19th
Check out events nearby
2 events coming up
Browse all cities
Host a Sofar
This show wouldn't have been possible without our wonderful Hosts.
If you want to become a Sofar Host and get guaranteed entry to any Sofar all around the world, then why not apply?
Apply to Host
Where did you hear about us? An article or blog post Instagram An artist Print or Press Article Youtube Facebook A Sofar host From a Friend Twitter Search Engine Other

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


An present business and a brand new innovation may be explored as an opportunuty and this can be assured by way of efficient and efficient marshalling of resources which might be available to the explorer (entrepreneur). Nonetheless, I also discover that Quick Company would not ship on the same degree of journalism as the other enterprise magazines, and has proved itself to be of little or no use. When setting a price, try to assume like a purchaser who is looking to get the quickest, most cost-effective, and most handy deal.
This may enable you to plan and manage things in a better vogue for your home-based business. A few of these ideas I would have by no means dreamed of creating a small business ouf of them. Numerous concepts I didn't consider. I am going to have to take a look at 'e-book indexer' 🙂 Thanks again!
The licenser-seller of the business opportunity will provide a sales or advertising and marketing program for the licensee-purchaser that many occasions will embody the usage of a commerce title or trademark. The cost of establishing such a enterprise is predicated on what type of work is done and what provides you have already got.
If you are interested in doing work with Los Alamos National Laboratory, it's endorsed that you just review the Business Opportunities web page not less than weekly for alternatives. In the event you need help with the EVIL business plan (and who would not?) please check out my profile.


text:
Katedra św. Piotra w Osnabrücku (niem. Dom St. Peter (Osnabrück)) – siedziba biskupa diecezji osnabrückiej.

Katedra św. Piotra w Osnabrücku mieści się w centrum miasta, stoi na swoim własnym placu (Domhof). Została zbudowana między XII a XVI wiekiem w kilku fazach konstrukcyjnych. Dwie wieże zwracają dużą uwagę - starsza romańska i druga będąca w połowie szerokości gotycką. Wnętrze jest wciąż wyraźnie gotyckie, z dziełami sztuki - chrzcielnicą z 1220 i krzyżem triumfalnym z 1230. Jest również kilka fantastycznych pozłacanych bramek żelaznych przy wejściu do ambitu i więcej dzieł wykonanych przez miejscowych artystów. Katedra posiada muzeum dzieł sztuki i skarbów religijnych.

Bibliografia
 Informacje o katedrze

Katolickie katedry w Niemczech
Świątynie pod wezwaniem św. Piotra Apostoła
Osnabruck Katedra
Osnabruck Katedra
Religia w Osnabrücku

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
"The First" is the debut double A-side single by South Korean-Chinese boy band NCT Dream, the third sub-unit of the South Korean boy band NCT. It was released on February 9, 2017 with "My First and Last" serving as the single's title track.

Background and release
NCT's third unit, NCT Dream, consists of seven members: Mark, Renjun, Jeno, Haechan, Jaemin, Chenle, and Jisung. They debuted with the digital single "Chewing Gum" on August 24, 2016.

On February 1, 2017, NCT Dream announced that they would be releasing their first single, "The First". SM Entertainment announced that Jaemin will not be participating in this comeback due to his health problems.

Described as a lively dance track with a light-hearted melody and a pounding bass, "My First and Last" served as the album's title track and was released on February 9, in both Korean and Mandarin versions. The album also includes a cover of Lee Seung-hwan's 1993 hit song "Dunk Shot".

Promotion
The group had their first comeback stage on Mnet's M Countdown on February 9 where they performed "My First and Last" and "Dunk Shot".

Commercial performance
"The First" debuted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart on the chart issue dated February 5–11, 2017. It placed at number 40 on Gaon's year-end chart. After years from its release, the album re-entered on the Gaon Chart at number 12 for the month of February, 2021.

Track listing

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Xiami.

 G-Highvocal directing , recording , digital editing
 Kenzievocal directing , background vocals
 MQrap directing
 NCT Dreamvocals, background vocals
 Markvocals, background vocals , rap making
 Renjunvocals, background vocals
 Jenovocals, background vocals
 Haechanvocals, background vocals
 Jaeminvocals, background vocals
 Chenlevocals, background vocals
 Jisungvocals, background vocals
 Onestarbackground vocals
 August Rigobackground vocals
 Kye Bum-joobackground vocals
 Choi Hoonbass performer
 Hong Joon-hoguitar performer
 Lee Min-gyurecording , digital editing
 Jeong Eun-gyeongrecording , digital editing
 Lee Chang-seonrecording
 Jung Eui-seokrecording , mixing
 Jang Woo-yeongdigital editing
 Nam Gung-jinmixing
 Jin NamKoongmixing
 Goo Jong-pil (BeatBurger)mixing

Locations
Recording
 SM Big Shot Studio
 SM Blue Cup Studio
 SM Blue Ocean Studio
 SM Yellow Tail Studio
 MonoTree Studio
 In Grid Studio
 prelude Studio

Editing
 SM Big Shot Studio
 SM Yellow Tail Studio
 MonoTree Studio
 doobdoob Studio
 In Grid Studio

Mixing
 SM Concert Hall Studio
 SM Yellow Tail Studio
 SM Blue Cup Studio

Charts

Weekly charts

Monthly charts

Year-end charts

Accolades

References

2017 debut albums
NCT Dream albums
SM Entertainment albums
Single albums


text:
Turkeyfoot Valley Area School District
Excellent and Proud of It!
172 Turkeyfoot Road, Confluence, PA 15424
Special Education Plan 2018-2021
ESSA State Report Card
Polices 000-099
Employment - Please contact Patsy Younkin 395.3621 x 405
Superintendent- Mrs. Nicole L. Dice
Principal - Mr. Christopher Shilk
Good Attendance Practice
TBD (1)
Mrs. Hay
Mrs. Walters Second Grade Teacher
Mrs. Walters' Snack Calendar
Calendar - click on guidance calendar
SAT Prep
Mr. Gary
Mr. Truskey
Mr. Ben Phillian
Miss Kayla Deyarmin K4-12 Music
College Reps.
The Challenge Program
Local Scholarships
Parent/Student
Monthly Cafeteria Menu
Federal Programs Information
High School Students of the Month
Elementary Students of the Month
Give Back Projects
News from The Gobbler
Snow Delays
2020-20201 Student Athletic Handbook
2019-2020 Coaches Handbook
2019-2020 Volunteer Coach Handbook
2nd Grade Giveback Project
December Students of the Month
Somerset Recycling comes to Turkeyfoot
6th graders working on recycling project
6th grade working on recycling project
Please click on link below for the information for Prom 2023
https://www.canva.com/design/DAFXdQGyyYI/wddHcFzsYg3lrZ_V3cylEQ/view?utm_content=DAFXdQGyyYI&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton
........................ .........
2023-2024 Head and Assistant Volleyball Coach
Part Time ParaProfessionsal (Teacher Aides)
Please contact Patsy Younkin at 814.395.3621 x 405
SCHOOL BOARD INFORMATION
Athletic Committee Meeting January 25, 2023 @ 6:00 PM in the LGI has been rescheduled. Date TBD
NEXT SCHOOL BOARD MEETING MONDAY February 20, 2023
Athletic Committee Meeting Agenda January 25, 2023
Board Meeting Agenda for January 16, 2023
2023 403(b) Tax Shelter Information for Faculty and Staff
....................... .........
ORDER YOUR YEARBOOK!
Any questions please contact Mrs. Kathi Smith, yearbook advisor
814.395.3621 *326
click below to order
https://jostensyearbooks.com/?REF=A07141100
AFTER SCHOOL TUTORING IS BEING OFFERED TUESDAYS, WEDNESDAYS AND THURSDAYS FROM 3:20-4:20 PM. IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN THIS FOR YOUR CHILD, PLEASE CONTACT YOUR CHILDS TEACHER.
HIRING FOR THE FOLLOWING POSITIONS FOR THE 2022-2023 SCHOOL YEAR
RIFLE COACH AND ASSISTANT RIFLE COACH
MIDDLE/HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHER
PART TIME TEACHER AIDE/PARA PROFESSIONAL
Please call 814.395.3621 x405 for further information.
........................ ..........
"The wellness committee completes an assessment on the implementation of the wellness policy every three years. To review the most recent assessment, please contact Brandi Klink at [email protected]"
......................... .......
2022-2023 Voluntary School Accident Insurance for your child
Click here for information
......................... ........
The 2022-2025 Comprehensive Plan, Induction Plan, and Professional Development Plan are available for review/comment by clicking the links below. For paper copies please call the school.
Comprehensive Plan _ 2022 - 2025.pdf
Professional Development Plan (Act 48) _ 2022 - 2025.pdf
Induction Plan (Chapter 49) _ 2022 - 2025 (1).pdf
ARP ESSER GRANTS
The links below will take you to the ARP ESSER Grants for review of the grant detail.
ARP ESSER 90% Grant.pdf
ARP ESSER 7% Set Aside Consolidated.PDF
ARP ESSER After School Grant.pdf
ARP ESSER Learning Loss Grant.pdf
ARP ESSER Summer School Grant.pdf
ARP ESSER 2.5% Set Asides Consolidated.pdf
ARP ESSER 2.5% Grant.pdf
........................... ..........
ESSER Health and Safety Plan
Revised August 15, 2022
Updated ARP ESSER Plan
........................ .............
SCHOOL BUS DRIVERS NEEDED
Want to work just in the evenings for Sports Runs?
Want to work a few hours in the AM and in the PM for regular school bus runs
/UserFiles/Servers/Server_637113/File/2021-2022 information/Mlaker School Bus Drivers needed.docx
............................. .........
Parent Involvement Resource Center • Technical Assistance Visit Request and much more at the SPAC website
www.spac.k12.pa.us
Pennsylvania's Department of Education
State Parent Advisory Council
(SPAC)
We are here to help you help your children with Parent and Family Engagement.
.................................... .......
Annual Special Education Information
Please click below
/UserFiles/Servers/Server_637113/File/2021-2022 information/Annual Public Notice of Special Education Services and Programs 2021.docx
.................................. .................
HOW TO USE SCHOOLOGY
PLEASE CLICK ON LINK BELOW:
SCHOOLOGY INSTRUCTIONS
----------------------------........-----
2021-2022 Student Accident Insurance Policy and Enrollment Forms
/UserFiles/Servers/Server_637113/File/2021-2022 information/2021-2022 School Accident Insurance.pdf
LINK TO TITLE ONE PROGRAMS CLICK HERE
Coronavirus Information Link from PA Department of Health
Regular school attendance is the foundation of student success. The following resources provide some suggestions to maintain good attendance. Please click on links below to read more.
https://sacscip.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Attendance-Tips-For-Parents.pdf
https://attendanceworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Attendance_ESP1PG_English_062614.pdf
SCHOOL VOLUNTEER AFFIDAVIT FORM
The mission of the Turkeyfoot Valley Area School District is to afford each student an opportunity to develop both the ability to acquire broad-based knowledge in reading, writing and mathematics enabling the student to make intelligent, appropriate educational and career decisions; and also to provide each student with the skills necessary to become productive contributors in their community and environment.
Turkeyfoot Valley Area School District Vision
We believe that each child is a unique person with an individual growth pattern of development. It is our vision in the realm of curriculum and instruction that we must be responsive to individual differences in ability and interest to help students maximize their potential. To ensure opportunities for success, levels of ability, readiness, and learning styles will be recognized, accepted and integrated as teachers implement district curriculum requirements for all students. It is our vision that specific areas of emphasis should not only include needed basic skills and the ability to acquire knowledge, but challenge students to achieve at higher levels, applying learned problem solving strategies.
What's Happening at "The Foot"
2022-2023 STUDENTS OF THE MONTH
Students of the Month -December 2022 ...
Read More... about 2022-2023 STUDENTS OF THE MONTH
2022 Elementary Students of the Month ...
Read More... about Elementary Students of the Month
Ground Hog Day
( gym )
Homecoming Dance
Elementary Valentines Day Parties
( Elementary Classrooms )
ACT 80 DAY NO SCHOOL Parent Conferences
Coordinator - Mrs. Teresa Cook
814-395-3621 extension 252


The Airbnb Meetup Columbus is hosted by local Airbnb hosts to share knowledge with the growing Airbnb enthusiast community. The bi-monthly meetings are free and open to everyone. With education at the forefront, each event features speakers, offers networking opportunities, and free food and a cash bar. Attendees range from seasoned Airbnb hosts to budding Superhosts, all brought together under one roof to learn and grow.
Join us & enjoy some delicious food provided by our sponsors. There will be a cash bar as well.
Event starts at 6pm and ends around 8pm. Hosts stay a bit after for networking as well.
There is a large parking garage located directly across the street from The Jury Room. Parking is $3. There are also metered spots on the street.


Top Engineering Colleges in Chhattisgarh 2019 and Chhattisgarh is situated in the famous place of India. It is the one of the10th biggest province state of India. Raipur is the capital of Chhattisgarh which is the fundamental focal point of advanced education. There are numerous well-known government and private organizations situated in the state like National Institute of Technology (NIT) and numerous others. The education rate of Chhattisgarh state is around 71.04%, according to the evaluation report of 2011. In this article, we have recorded the best building schools in Chhattisgarh 2018.
Top Engineering Colleges in Chhattisgarh 2019 is one of the important news for those applicants who are preparing the competitive exams and engineering exams. Then they can know all the details for the Top Engineering Colleges in Chhattisgarh and others engineering exams.
List of Top Engineering Colleges in Chhattisgarh 2019 from the below table and see all the details from this table.
Top Engineering Colleges Rating Specializations is the collection of the various colleges & different colleges and organizations of Chhattisgarh state offer in designing courses. A portion of the engineering and specializations are Mining Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electronics, and Communication Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and so on. Confirmations in best opportunity for all the students those who are preparing the JEE Main 2019 NEET and other exams These top engineering college rating help to predict the applicants for passing proposals selection tests and admissions to building courses in Chhattisgarh state.
Suggest a college according to your choice and facilities which is comfortable for you.
Wow, this was awesome. Keep writing this kind of texts, you will get a lot of people to this text if you continue writing this.
Good day very nice web site!! Man .. Beautiful .. Superb .. I'll bookmark your web site and take the feeds additionally…I'm happy to seek out a lot of useful information here within the submit, we'd like work out more techniques in this regard, thanks for sharing. . . . . .


text:
    (defined(__arm__) && (defined(__thumb__) || defined(__ARM_EABI__)))
#define SECCOMP_BPF_SANDBOX
#endif

#if defined(SECCOMP_BPF_SANDBOX)
#include "sandbox/linux/seccomp-bpf/sandbox_bpf.h"
#include "sandbox/linux/services/linux_syscalls.h"

using playground2::arch_seccomp_data;
using playground2::ErrorCode;
using playground2::Sandbox;
using sandbox::BrokerProcess;

namespace {

void StartSandboxWithPolicy(Sandbox::EvaluateSyscall syscall_policy,
                            BrokerProcess* broker_process);

inline bool IsChromeOS() {
#if defined(OS_CHROMEOS)
  return true;
#else
  return false;
#endif
}

inline bool IsArchitectureX86_64() {
#if defined(__x86_64__)
  return true;
#else
  return false;
#endif
}

inline bool IsArchitectureI386() {
#if defined(__i386__)
  return true;
#else
  return false;
#endif
}

inline bool IsArchitectureArm() {
#if defined(__arm__)
  return true;
#else
  return false;
#endif
}

intptr_t CrashSIGSYS_Handler(const struct arch_seccomp_data& args, void* aux) {
  int syscall = args.nr;
  if (syscall >= 1024)
    syscall = 0;
  // Encode 8-bits of the 1st two arguments too, so we can discern which socket
  // type, which fcntl, ... etc., without being likely to hit a mapped
  // address.
  // Do not encode more bits here without thinking about increasing the
  // likelihood of collision with mapped pages.
  syscall |= ((args.args[0] & 0xffUL) << 12);
  syscall |= ((args.args[1] & 0xffUL) << 20);
  // Purposefully dereference the syscall as an address so it'll show up very
  // clearly and easily in crash dumps.
  volatile char* addr = reinterpret_cast<volatile char*>(syscall);
  *addr = '\0';
  // In case we hit a mapped address, hit the null page with just the syscall,
  // for paranoia.
  syscall &= 0xfffUL;
  addr = reinterpret_cast<volatile char*>(syscall);
  *addr = '\0';
  for (;;)
    _exit(1);
}

bool IsAcceleratedVideoDecodeEnabled() {
  // Accelerated video decode is currently enabled on Chrome OS,
  // but not on Linux: crbug.com/137247.
  bool is_enabled = IsChromeOS();

  const CommandLine& command_line = *CommandLine::ForCurrentProcess();
  is_enabled = is_enabled &&
      !command_line.HasSwitch(switches::kDisableAcceleratedVideoDecode);

  return is_enabled;
}

intptr_t GpuOpenSIGSYS_Handler(const struct arch_seccomp_data& args,
                               void* aux_broker_process) {
  RAW_CHECK(aux_broker_process);
  BrokerProcess* broker_process =
      static_cast<BrokerProcess*>(aux_broker_process);
  switch(args.nr) {
    case __NR_open:
      return broker_process->Open(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(args.args[0]),
                                  static_cast<int>(args.args[1]));
    case __NR_openat:
      // Allow using openat() as open().
      if (static_cast<int>(args.args[0]) == AT_FDCWD) {
        return
            broker_process->Open(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(args.args[1]),
                                 static_cast<int>(args.args[2]));
      } else {
        return -EPERM;
      }
    default:
      RAW_CHECK(false);
      return -ENOSYS;
  }
}

// The functions below cover all existing i386, x86_64, and ARM system calls;
// excluding syscalls made obsolete in ARM EABI.
// The implicitly defined sets form a partition of the sets of
// system calls.

// TODO(jln) we need to restrict the first parameter!
bool IsKill(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_kill:
    case __NR_tkill:
    case __NR_tgkill:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsAllowedGettime(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_clock_gettime:
    case __NR_gettimeofday:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_time:
#endif
      return true;
    case __NR_adjtimex:         // Privileged.
    case __NR_clock_adjtime:    // Privileged.
    case __NR_clock_getres:     // Could be allowed.
    case __NR_clock_nanosleep:  // Could be allowed.
    case __NR_clock_settime:    // Privileged.
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_ftime:            // Obsolete.
#endif
    case __NR_settimeofday:     // Privileged.
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_stime:
#endif
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsCurrentDirectory(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno)  {
    case __NR_getcwd:
    case __NR_chdir:
    case __NR_fchdir:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsUmask(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_umask:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

// System calls that directly access the file system. They might acquire
// a new file descriptor or otherwise perform an operation directly
// via a path.
// Both EPERM and ENOENT are valid errno unless otherwise noted in comment.
bool IsFileSystem(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_access:          // EPERM not a valid errno.
    case __NR_chmod:
    case __NR_chown:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_chown32:
#endif
    case __NR_creat:
    case __NR_execve:
    case __NR_faccessat:       // EPERM not a valid errno.
    case __NR_fchmodat:
    case __NR_fchownat:        // Should be called chownat ?
#if defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_newfstatat:      // fstatat(). EPERM not a valid errno.
#elif defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_fstatat64:
#endif
    case __NR_futimesat:       // Should be called utimesat ?
    case __NR_lchown:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_lchown32:
#endif
    case __NR_link:
    case __NR_linkat:
    case __NR_lookup_dcookie:  // ENOENT not a valid errno.
    case __NR_lstat:           // EPERM not a valid errno.
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_oldlstat:
#endif
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_lstat64:
#endif
    case __NR_mkdir:
    case __NR_mkdirat:
    case __NR_mknod:
    case __NR_mknodat:
    case __NR_open:
    case __NR_openat:
    case __NR_readlink:        // EPERM not a valid errno.
    case __NR_readlinkat:
    case __NR_rename:
    case __NR_renameat:
    case __NR_rmdir:
    case __NR_stat:            // EPERM not a valid errno.
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_oldstat:
#endif
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_stat64:
#endif
    case __NR_statfs:          // EPERM not a valid errno.
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_statfs64:
#endif
    case __NR_symlink:
    case __NR_symlinkat:
    case __NR_truncate:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_truncate64:
#endif
    case __NR_unlink:
    case __NR_unlinkat:
    case __NR_uselib:          // Neither EPERM, nor ENOENT are valid errno.
    case __NR_ustat:           // Same as above. Deprecated.
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_utime:
#endif
    case __NR_utimensat:       // New.
    case __NR_utimes:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsAllowedFileSystemAccessViaFd(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_fstat:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_fstat64:
#endif
      return true;
    // TODO(jln): these should be denied gracefully as well (moved below).
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_fadvise64:        // EPERM not a valid errno.
#endif
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_fadvise64_64:
#endif
#if defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_arm_fadvise64_64:
#endif
    case __NR_fdatasync:        // EPERM not a valid errno.
    case __NR_flock:            // EPERM not a valid errno.
    case __NR_fstatfs:          // Give information about the whole filesystem.
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_fstatfs64:
#endif
    case __NR_fsync:            // EPERM not a valid errno.
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_oldfstat:
#endif
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_sync_file_range:      // EPERM not a valid errno.
#elif defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_arm_sync_file_range:  // EPERM not a valid errno.
#endif
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

// EPERM is a good errno for any of these.
bool IsDeniedFileSystemAccessViaFd(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_fallocate:
    case __NR_fchmod:
    case __NR_fchown:
    case __NR_ftruncate:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_fchown32:
    case __NR_ftruncate64:
#endif
    case __NR_getdents:         // EPERM not a valid errno.
    case __NR_getdents64:       // EPERM not a valid errno.
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_readdir:
#endif
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsGetSimpleId(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_capget:
    case __NR_getegid:
    case __NR_geteuid:
    case __NR_getgid:
    case __NR_getgroups:
    case __NR_getpid:
    case __NR_getppid:
    case __NR_getresgid:
    case __NR_getsid:
    case __NR_gettid:
    case __NR_getuid:
    case __NR_getresuid:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_getegid32:
    case __NR_geteuid32:
    case __NR_getgid32:
    case __NR_getgroups32:
    case __NR_getresgid32:
    case __NR_getresuid32:
    case __NR_getuid32:
#endif
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsProcessPrivilegeChange(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_capset:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_ioperm:  // Intel privilege.
    case __NR_iopl:    // Intel privilege.
#endif
    case __NR_setfsgid:
    case __NR_setfsuid:
    case __NR_setgid:
    case __NR_setgroups:
    case __NR_setregid:
    case __NR_setresgid:
    case __NR_setresuid:
    case __NR_setreuid:
    case __NR_setuid:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_setfsgid32:
    case __NR_setfsuid32:
    case __NR_setgid32:
    case __NR_setgroups32:
    case __NR_setregid32:
    case __NR_setresgid32:
    case __NR_setresuid32:
    case __NR_setreuid32:
    case __NR_setuid32:
#endif
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsProcessGroupOrSession(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_setpgid:
    case __NR_getpgrp:
    case __NR_setsid:
    case __NR_getpgid:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsAllowedSignalHandling(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_rt_sigaction:
    case __NR_rt_sigprocmask:
    case __NR_rt_sigreturn:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_sigaction:
    case __NR_sigprocmask:
    case __NR_sigreturn:
#endif
      return true;
    case __NR_rt_sigpending:
    case __NR_rt_sigqueueinfo:
    case __NR_rt_sigsuspend:
    case __NR_rt_sigtimedwait:
    case __NR_rt_tgsigqueueinfo:
    case __NR_sigaltstack:
    case __NR_signalfd:
    case __NR_signalfd4:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_sigpending:
    case __NR_sigsuspend:
#endif
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_signal:
    case __NR_sgetmask:  // Obsolete.
    case __NR_ssetmask:
#endif
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsOperationOnFd(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_close:
    case __NR_dup:
    case __NR_dup2:
    case __NR_dup3:
    case __NR_fcntl:  // TODO(jln): we may want to restrict arguments.
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_fcntl64:
#endif
#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_shutdown:
#endif
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsKernelInternalApi(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_restart_syscall:
#if defined(__arm__)
    case __ARM_NR_cmpxchg:
#endif
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

// This should be thought through in conjunction with IsFutex().
bool IsAllowedProcessStartOrDeath(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_clone:  // TODO(jln): restrict flags.
    case __NR_exit:
    case __NR_exit_group:
    case __NR_wait4:
    case __NR_waitid:
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_waitpid:
#endif
      return true;
    case __NR_setns:  // Privileged.
    case __NR_fork:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_get_thread_area:
    case __NR_set_thread_area:
#endif
    case __NR_set_tid_address:
    case __NR_unshare:
    case __NR_vfork:
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

// It's difficult to restrict those, but there is attack surface here.
bool IsFutex(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_futex:
    case __NR_get_robust_list:
    case __NR_set_robust_list:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsAllowedEpoll(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_epoll_create:
    case __NR_epoll_create1:
    case __NR_epoll_ctl:
    case __NR_epoll_wait:
      return true;
    default:
#if defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_epoll_ctl_old:
#endif
    case __NR_epoll_pwait:
#if defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_epoll_wait_old:
#endif
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsAllowedGetOrModifySocket(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_pipe:
    case __NR_pipe2:
#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_socketpair:  // We will want to inspect its argument.
#endif
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsDeniedGetOrModifySocket(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_accept:
    case __NR_accept4:
    case __NR_bind:
    case __NR_connect:
    case __NR_socket:
    case __NR_listen:
      return true;
#endif
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

#if defined(__i386__)
// Big multiplexing system call for sockets.
bool IsSocketCall(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_socketcall:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}
#endif

#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__arm__)
bool IsNetworkSocketInformation(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_getpeername:
    case __NR_getsockname:
    case __NR_getsockopt:
    case __NR_setsockopt:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}
#endif

bool IsAllowedAddressSpaceAccess(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_brk:
    case __NR_madvise:
    case __NR_mlock:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_mmap:   // TODO(jln): to restrict flags.
#endif
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_mmap2:
#endif
    case __NR_mprotect:
    case __NR_munlock:
    case __NR_munmap:
      return true;
    case __NR_mincore:
    case __NR_mlockall:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_modify_ldt:
#endif
    case __NR_mremap:
    case __NR_msync:
    case __NR_munlockall:
    case __NR_readahead:
    case __NR_remap_file_pages:
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_vm86:
    case __NR_vm86old:
#endif
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsAllowedGeneralIo(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_lseek:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR__llseek:
#endif
    case __NR_poll:
    case __NR_ppoll:
    case __NR_pselect6:
    case __NR_read:
    case __NR_readv:
#if defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_recv:
#endif
#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_recvfrom:  // Could specify source.
    case __NR_recvmsg:   // Could specify source.
#endif
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_select:
#endif
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR__newselect:
#endif
#if defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_send:
#endif
#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_sendmsg:   // Could specify destination.
    case __NR_sendto:    // Could specify destination.
#endif
    case __NR_write:
    case __NR_writev:
      return true;
    case __NR_ioctl:     // Can be very powerful.
    case __NR_pread64:
    case __NR_preadv:
    case __NR_pwrite64:
    case __NR_pwritev:
    case __NR_recvmmsg:  // Could specify source.
    case __NR_sendfile:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_sendfile64:
#endif
    case __NR_sendmmsg:  // Could specify destination.
    case __NR_splice:
    case __NR_tee:
    case __NR_vmsplice:
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsAllowedPrctl(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_prctl:
      return true;
    default:
#if defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_arch_prctl:
#endif
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsAllowedBasicScheduler(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_sched_yield:
    case __NR_pause:
    case __NR_nanosleep:
      return true;
    case __NR_getpriority:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_nice:
#endif
    case __NR_setpriority:
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsAdminOperation(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_bdflush:
#endif
    case __NR_kexec_load:
    case __NR_reboot:
    case __NR_setdomainname:
    case __NR_sethostname:
    case __NR_syslog:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsKernelModule(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_create_module:
    case __NR_get_kernel_syms:  // Should ENOSYS.
    case __NR_query_module:
#endif
    case __NR_delete_module:
    case __NR_init_module:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsGlobalFSViewChange(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_pivot_root:
    case __NR_chroot:
    case __NR_sync:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsFsControl(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_mount:
    case __NR_nfsservctl:
    case __NR_quotactl:
    case __NR_swapoff:
    case __NR_swapon:
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_umount:
#endif
    case __NR_umount2:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsNuma(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_get_mempolicy:
    case __NR_getcpu:
    case __NR_mbind:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_migrate_pages:
#endif
    case __NR_move_pages:
    case __NR_set_mempolicy:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsMessageQueue(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_mq_getsetattr:
    case __NR_mq_notify:
    case __NR_mq_open:
    case __NR_mq_timedreceive:
    case __NR_mq_timedsend:
    case __NR_mq_unlink:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsGlobalProcessEnvironment(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_acct:         // Privileged.
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_getrlimit:
#endif
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__)
    case __NR_ugetrlimit:
#endif
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_ulimit:
#endif
    case __NR_getrusage:
    case __NR_personality:  // Can change its personality as well.
    case __NR_prlimit64:    // Like setrlimit / getrlimit.
    case __NR_setrlimit:
    case __NR_times:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsDebug(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_ptrace:
    case __NR_process_vm_readv:
    case __NR_process_vm_writev:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_kcmp:
#endif
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsGlobalSystemStatus(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR__sysctl:
    case __NR_sysfs:
    case __NR_sysinfo:
    case __NR_uname:
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_olduname:
    case __NR_oldolduname:
#endif
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsEventFd(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_eventfd:
    case __NR_eventfd2:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

// Asynchronous I/O API.
bool IsAsyncIo(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_io_cancel:
    case __NR_io_destroy:
    case __NR_io_getevents:
    case __NR_io_setup:
    case __NR_io_submit:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsKeyManagement(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_add_key:
    case __NR_keyctl:
    case __NR_request_key:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__arm__)
bool IsSystemVSemaphores(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_semctl:
    case __NR_semget:
    case __NR_semop:
    case __NR_semtimedop:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}
#endif

#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__arm__)
// These give a lot of ambient authority and bypass the setuid sandbox.
bool IsSystemVSharedMemory(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_shmat:
    case __NR_shmctl:
    case __NR_shmdt:
    case __NR_shmget:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}
#endif

#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__arm__)
bool IsSystemVMessageQueue(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_msgctl:
    case __NR_msgget:
    case __NR_msgrcv:
    case __NR_msgsnd:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}
#endif

#if defined(__i386__)
// Big system V multiplexing system call.
bool IsSystemVIpc(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_ipc:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}
#endif

bool IsAdvancedScheduler(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_ioprio_get:  // IO scheduler.
    case __NR_ioprio_set:
    case __NR_sched_get_priority_max:
    case __NR_sched_get_priority_min:
    case __NR_sched_getaffinity:
    case __NR_sched_getparam:
    case __NR_sched_getscheduler:
    case __NR_sched_rr_get_interval:
    case __NR_sched_setaffinity:
    case __NR_sched_setparam:
    case __NR_sched_setscheduler:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsInotify(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_inotify_add_watch:
    case __NR_inotify_init:
    case __NR_inotify_init1:
    case __NR_inotify_rm_watch:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsFaNotify(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_fanotify_init:
    case __NR_fanotify_mark:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsTimer(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_getitimer:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_alarm:
#endif
    case __NR_setitimer:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsAdvancedTimer(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_timer_create:
    case __NR_timer_delete:
    case __NR_timer_getoverrun:
    case __NR_timer_gettime:
    case __NR_timer_settime:
    case __NR_timerfd_create:
    case __NR_timerfd_gettime:
    case __NR_timerfd_settime:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsExtendedAttributes(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_fgetxattr:
    case __NR_flistxattr:
    case __NR_fremovexattr:
    case __NR_fsetxattr:
    case __NR_getxattr:
    case __NR_lgetxattr:
    case __NR_listxattr:
    case __NR_llistxattr:
    case __NR_lremovexattr:
    case __NR_lsetxattr:
    case __NR_removexattr:
    case __NR_setxattr:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

// Various system calls that need to be researched.
// TODO(jln): classify this better.
bool IsMisc(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_name_to_handle_at:
    case __NR_open_by_handle_at:
    case __NR_perf_event_open:
    case __NR_syncfs:
    case __NR_vhangup:
    // The system calls below are not implemented.
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_afs_syscall:
#endif
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_break:
#endif
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_getpmsg:
#endif
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_gtty:
    case __NR_idle:
    case __NR_lock:
    case __NR_mpx:
    case __NR_prof:
    case __NR_profil:
#endif
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_putpmsg:
#endif
#if defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_security:
#endif
#if defined(__i386__)
    case __NR_stty:
#endif
#if defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_tuxcall:
#endif
    case __NR_vserver:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

#if defined(__arm__)
bool IsArmPciConfig(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_pciconfig_iobase:
    case __NR_pciconfig_read:
    case __NR_pciconfig_write:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool IsArmPrivate(int sysno) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __ARM_NR_breakpoint:
    case __ARM_NR_cacheflush:
    case __ARM_NR_set_tls:
    case __ARM_NR_usr26:
    case __ARM_NR_usr32:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
  }
}
#endif  // defined(__arm__)

// End of the system call sets section.

bool IsBaselinePolicyAllowed(int sysno) {
  if (IsAllowedAddressSpaceAccess(sysno) ||
      IsAllowedBasicScheduler(sysno) ||
      IsAllowedEpoll(sysno) ||
      IsAllowedFileSystemAccessViaFd(sysno) ||
      IsAllowedGeneralIo(sysno) ||
      IsAllowedGetOrModifySocket(sysno) ||
      IsAllowedGettime(sysno) ||
      IsAllowedPrctl(sysno) ||
      IsAllowedProcessStartOrDeath(sysno) ||
      IsAllowedSignalHandling(sysno) ||
      IsFutex(sysno) ||
      IsGetSimpleId(sysno) ||
      IsKernelInternalApi(sysno) ||
#if defined(__arm__)
      IsArmPrivate(sysno) ||
#endif
      IsKill(sysno) ||
      IsOperationOnFd(sysno)) {
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

// System calls that will trigger the crashing SIGSYS handler.
bool IsBaselinePolicyWatched(int sysno) {
  if (IsAdminOperation(sysno) ||
      IsAdvancedScheduler(sysno) ||
      IsAdvancedTimer(sysno) ||
      IsAsyncIo(sysno) ||
      IsDebug(sysno) ||
      IsEventFd(sysno) ||
      IsExtendedAttributes(sysno) ||
      IsFaNotify(sysno) ||
      IsFsControl(sysno) ||
      IsGlobalFSViewChange(sysno) ||
      IsGlobalProcessEnvironment(sysno) ||
      IsGlobalSystemStatus(sysno) ||
      IsInotify(sysno) ||
      IsKernelModule(sysno) ||
      IsKeyManagement(sysno) ||
      IsMessageQueue(sysno) ||
      IsMisc(sysno) ||
#if defined(__x86_64__)
      IsNetworkSocketInformation(sysno) ||
#endif
      IsNuma(sysno) ||
      IsProcessGroupOrSession(sysno) ||
      IsProcessPrivilegeChange(sysno) ||
#if defined(__i386__)
      IsSocketCall(sysno) ||  // We'll need to handle this properly to build
                              // a x86_32 policy.
#endif
#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__arm__)
      IsSystemVMessageQueue(sysno) ||
      IsSystemVSemaphores(sysno) ||
      IsSystemVSharedMemory(sysno) ||
#elif defined(__i386__)
      IsSystemVIpc(sysno) ||
#endif
#if defined(__arm__)
      IsArmPciConfig(sysno) ||
#endif
      IsTimer(sysno)) {
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

ErrorCode BaselinePolicy(int sysno) {
  if (IsBaselinePolicyAllowed(sysno)) {
    return ErrorCode(ErrorCode::ERR_ALLOWED);
  }

#if defined(__i386__)
  // socketcall(2) should be tightened.
  if (IsSocketCall(sysno)) {
    return ErrorCode(ErrorCode::ERR_ALLOWED);
  }
#endif

  // TODO(jln): some system calls in those sets are not supposed to
  // return ENOENT. Return the appropriate error.
  if (IsFileSystem(sysno) || IsCurrentDirectory(sysno)) {
    return ErrorCode(ENOENT);
  }

  if (IsUmask(sysno) || IsDeniedFileSystemAccessViaFd(sysno) ||
      IsDeniedGetOrModifySocket(sysno)) {
    return ErrorCode(EPERM);
  }

  if (IsBaselinePolicyWatched(sysno)) {
    // Previously unseen syscalls. TODO(jln): some of these should
    // be denied gracefully right away.
    return Sandbox::Trap(CrashSIGSYS_Handler, NULL);
  }
  // In any other case crash the program with our SIGSYS handler
  return Sandbox::Trap(CrashSIGSYS_Handler, NULL);
}

// x86_64/i386 for now. Needs to be adapted and tested for ARM.
ErrorCode GpuProcessPolicy(int sysno, void *broker_process) {
  switch(sysno) {
    case __NR_ioctl:
#if defined(ADDRESS_SANITIZER)
    // Allow to call sched_getaffinity under AddressSanitizer.
    case __NR_sched_getaffinity:
#endif
      return ErrorCode(ErrorCode::ERR_ALLOWED);
    case __NR_open:
    case __NR_openat:
        return Sandbox::Trap(GpuOpenSIGSYS_Handler, broker_process);
    default:
      if (IsEventFd(sysno))
        return ErrorCode(ErrorCode::ERR_ALLOWED);

      // Default on the baseline policy.
      return BaselinePolicy(sysno);
  }
}

// x86_64/i386 for now. Needs to be adapted and tested for ARM.
// A GPU broker policy is the same as a GPU policy with open and
// openat allowed.
ErrorCode GpuBrokerProcessPolicy(int sysno, void*) {
  switch(sysno) {
    case __NR_open:
    case __NR_openat:
      return ErrorCode(ErrorCode::ERR_ALLOWED);
    default:
      return GpuProcessPolicy(sysno, NULL);
  }
}

ErrorCode RendererOrWorkerProcessPolicy(int sysno, void *) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_ioctl:  // TODO(jln) investigate legitimate use in the renderer
                      // and see if alternatives can be used.
    case __NR_fdatasync:
    case __NR_fsync:
#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
    case __NR_getrlimit:
#endif
    case __NR_mremap:   // See crbug.com/149834.
    case __NR_pread64:
    case __NR_pwrite64:
#if defined(ADDRESS_SANITIZER)
    // Allow to call sched_getaffinity() under AddressSanitizer.
    case __NR_sched_getaffinity:
#endif
    case __NR_sched_get_priority_max:
    case __NR_sched_get_priority_min:
    case __NR_sched_getparam:
    case __NR_sched_getscheduler:
    case __NR_sched_setscheduler:
    case __NR_setpriority:
    case __NR_sysinfo:
    case __NR_times:
    case __NR_uname:
      return ErrorCode(ErrorCode::ERR_ALLOWED);
    case __NR_prlimit64:
      return ErrorCode(EPERM);  // See crbug.com/160157.
    default:
      // These need further tightening.
#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__arm__)
      if (IsSystemVSharedMemory(sysno))
        return ErrorCode(ErrorCode::ERR_ALLOWED);
#endif
#if defined(__i386__)
      if (IsSystemVIpc(sysno))
        return ErrorCode(ErrorCode::ERR_ALLOWED);
#endif

      // Default on the baseline policy.
      return BaselinePolicy(sysno);
  }
}

ErrorCode FlashProcessPolicy(int sysno, void *) {
  switch (sysno) {
    case __NR_sched_getaffinity:
    case __NR_sched_setscheduler:
    case __NR_times:
      return ErrorCode(ErrorCode::ERR_ALLOWED);
    case __NR_ioctl:
      return ErrorCode(ENOTTY);  // Flash Access.
    default:
      // These need further tightening.
#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__arm__)
      if (IsSystemVSharedMemory(sysno))
        return ErrorCode(ErrorCode::ERR_ALLOWED);
#endif
#if defined(__i386__)
      if (IsSystemVIpc(sysno))
        return ErrorCode(ErrorCode::ERR_ALLOWED);
#endif

      // Default on the baseline policy.
      return BaselinePolicy(sysno);
  }
}

ErrorCode BlacklistDebugAndNumaPolicy(int sysno, void *) {
  if (!Sandbox::IsValidSyscallNumber(sysno)) {
    // TODO(jln) we should not have to do that in a trivial policy.
    return ErrorCode(ENOSYS);
  }

  if (IsDebug(sysno) || IsNuma(sysno))
    return Sandbox::Trap(CrashSIGSYS_Handler, NULL);

  return ErrorCode(ErrorCode::ERR_ALLOWED);
}

// Allow all syscalls.
// This will still deny x32 or IA32 calls in 64 bits mode or
// 64 bits system calls in compatibility mode.
ErrorCode AllowAllPolicy(int sysno, void *) {
  if (!Sandbox::IsValidSyscallNumber(sysno)) {
    // TODO(jln) we should not have to do that in a trivial policy.
    return ErrorCode(ENOSYS);
  } else {
    return ErrorCode(ErrorCode::ERR_ALLOWED);
  }
}

bool EnableGpuBrokerPolicyCallBack() {
  StartSandboxWithPolicy(GpuBrokerProcessPolicy, NULL);
  return true;
}

// Start a broker process to handle open() inside the sandbox.
void InitGpuBrokerProcess(BrokerProcess** broker_process) {
  static const char kDriRcPath[] = "/etc/drirc";
  static const char kDriCard0Path[] = "/dev/dri/card0";

  CHECK(broker_process);
  CHECK(*broker_process == NULL);

  std::vector<std::string> read_whitelist;
  read_whitelist.push_back(kDriCard0Path);
  read_whitelist.push_back(kDriRcPath);
  std::vector<std::string> write_whitelist;
  write_whitelist.push_back(kDriCard0Path);

  *broker_process = new BrokerProcess(read_whitelist, write_whitelist);
  // Initialize the broker process and give it a sandbox call back.
  CHECK((*broker_process)->Init(EnableGpuBrokerPolicyCallBack));
}

// Warms up/preloads resources needed by the policies.
// Eventually start a broker process and return it in broker_process.
void WarmupPolicy(Sandbox::EvaluateSyscall policy,
                  BrokerProcess** broker_process) {
  if (policy == GpuProcessPolicy) {
    if (IsArchitectureX86_64() || IsArchitectureI386()) {
      // Create a new broker process.
      InitGpuBrokerProcess(broker_process);

      // Accelerated video decode dlopen()'s a shared object
      // inside the sandbox, so preload it now.
      if (IsAcceleratedVideoDecodeEnabled()) {
        const char* I965DrvVideoPath = NULL;

        if (IsArchitectureX86_64()) {
          I965DrvVideoPath = "/usr/lib64/va/drivers/i965_drv_video.so";
        } else if (IsArchitectureI386()) {
          I965DrvVideoPath = "/usr/lib/va/drivers/i965_drv_video.so";
        }

        dlopen(I965DrvVideoPath, RTLD_NOW|RTLD_GLOBAL|RTLD_NODELETE);
      }
    }
  }
}

Sandbox::EvaluateSyscall GetProcessSyscallPolicy(
    const CommandLine& command_line,
    const std::string& process_type) {
  if (process_type == switches::kGpuProcess) {
    // On Chrome OS, --enable-gpu-sandbox enables the more restrictive policy.
    // However, we don't yet enable the more restrictive GPU process policy
    // on ARM.
    if (IsArchitectureArm() ||
        (IsChromeOS() && !command_line.HasSwitch(switches::kEnableGpuSandbox)))
      return BlacklistDebugAndNumaPolicy;
    else
      return GpuProcessPolicy;
  }

  if (process_type == switches::kPpapiPluginProcess) {
    // TODO(jln): figure out what to do with non-Flash PPAPI
    // out-of-process plug-ins.
    return FlashProcessPolicy;
  }

  if (process_type == switches::kRendererProcess ||
      process_type == switches::kWorkerProcess) {
    return RendererOrWorkerProcessPolicy;
  }

  if (process_type == switches::kUtilityProcess) {
    return BlacklistDebugAndNumaPolicy;
  }

  NOTREACHED();
  // This will be our default if we need one.
  return AllowAllPolicy;
}

// broker_process can be NULL if there is no need for one.
void StartSandboxWithPolicy(Sandbox::EvaluateSyscall syscall_policy,
                            BrokerProcess* broker_process) {

  Sandbox::SetSandboxPolicy(syscall_policy, broker_process);
  Sandbox::StartSandbox();
}

// Initialize the seccomp-bpf sandbox.
bool StartBpfSandbox(const CommandLine& command_line,
                     const std::string& process_type) {
  Sandbox::EvaluateSyscall syscall_policy =
      GetProcessSyscallPolicy(command_line, process_type);

  BrokerProcess* broker_process = NULL;
  // Warm up resources needed by the policy we're about to enable and
  // eventually start a broker process.
  WarmupPolicy(syscall_policy, &broker_process);

  StartSandboxWithPolicy(syscall_policy, broker_process);

  return true;
}

}  // namespace

#endif  // SECCOMP_BPF_SANDBOX

namespace content {

// Is seccomp BPF globally enabled?
bool SandboxSeccompBpf::IsSeccompBpfDesired() {
  const CommandLine& command_line = *CommandLine::ForCurrentProcess();
  if (!command_line.HasSwitch(switches::kNoSandbox) &&
      !command_line.HasSwitch(switches::kDisableSeccompFilterSandbox)) {
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

bool SandboxSeccompBpf::ShouldEnableSeccompBpf(
    const std::string& process_type) {
#if defined(SECCOMP_BPF_SANDBOX)
  const CommandLine& command_line = *CommandLine::ForCurrentProcess();
  if (process_type == switches::kGpuProcess)
    return !command_line.HasSwitch(switches::kDisableGpuSandbox);

  return true;
#endif  // SECCOMP_BPF_SANDBOX
  return false;
}

bool SandboxSeccompBpf::SupportsSandbox() {
#if defined(SECCOMP_BPF_SANDBOX)
  // TODO(jln): pass the saved proc_fd_ from the LinuxSandbox singleton
  // here.
  Sandbox::SandboxStatus bpf_sandbox_status =
      Sandbox::SupportsSeccompSandbox(-1);
  // Kernel support is what we are interested in here. Other status
  // such as STATUS_UNAVAILABLE (has threads) still indicate kernel support.
  // We make this a negative check, since if there is a bug, we would rather
  // "fail closed" (expect a sandbox to be available and try to start it).
  if (bpf_sandbox_status != Sandbox::STATUS_UNSUPPORTED) {
    return true;
  }
#endif
  return false;
}

bool SandboxSeccompBpf::StartSandbox(const std::string& process_type) {
#if defined(SECCOMP_BPF_SANDBOX)
  const CommandLine& command_line = *CommandLine::ForCurrentProcess();

  if (IsSeccompBpfDesired() &&  // Global switches policy.
      ShouldEnableSeccompBpf(process_type) &&  // Process-specific policy.
      SupportsSandbox()) {
    // If the kernel supports the sandbox, and if the command line says we
    // should enable it, enable it or die.
    bool started_sandbox = StartBpfSandbox(command_line, process_type);
    CHECK(started_sandbox);
    return true;
  }
#endif
  return false;
}

}  // namespace content

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Oct 19, 2018 102 Min.
Watch Kung Fu League Movie Online For Free, Martial arts comedy following a group of kung fu legends banding together to take on the bad guys. The legends includes VINCENT ZHAO reprising his role as 'Wong Fei Hung' with DENNIS TO once again portraying 'Wing Chun' master 'Ip Man', DANNY CHAN KWOK KWAN as 'Chen Zhen' and ANDY ON as master 'Huo Yuan Jia'.


The Galileo® S35, in addition to its extended frequency range is the optimal device for the advanced home users, with increased performance, as well as increased muscle function and blood flow.
The included Wobbel and Smart Coaching functions guarantee highest functionality as well as efficiency. The silent technology reduces noise of the device to a minimum and makes training on the Galileo S 35 even more fun.
The Galileo App can Control the Galileo S 35 using the integrated Bluetooth® Module. The Galileo Training App visualizes a huge selection of exercises including parameters for different training levels.


text:
NEW CALEDONIA : HISTORY OF A SHARED DESTINY
In film-projects
In the nineteenth century, in an archipelago lost in the middle of the South Pacific, two opposed nations were brutally put face to face. Since then, Kanak and Europeans are living together in New Caledonia as best they can. Their history is marked by violently repressed revolts, forced reconciliations and difficult negotiations to outline the contours of a true common destiny. As before them South Africans or Irish, they must today transform the cohabitation imposed by a distant ruler into a living together chosen on the basis of shared values.
Since the Ouvéa tragedy of 1988, when the taking of hostages of gendarmes by Kanak separatists ended in a bloodbath, the shadows and lights of colonization were recognized, and the Kanak culture was placed at the center of the process.
Various political agreements have organized the sharing of power and the distribution of wealth between the first Kanak nation, the Europeans -descendants of convicts, communists or free settlers – and the Asian and Oceanian communities called in reinforcement over the years to develop the country.
The 1988 Matignon-Oudinot Agreements, signed in the aftermath of the Ouvéa massacre, divided the territory into three provinces – North, South and Loyalty Islands – and provided them with vast powers to reduce geographical imbalances and boost economic growth.
The 1998 Noumea Agreements, signed ten years later, pushed the independence issue back to 2018 and strengthened the ongoing autonomy process. It makes New Caledonia an original institutional and legal laboratory.
Twenty years have passed, now is the time for New Caledonians to say whether they want to complete the process of independence or not. In November 2018, they will go to the polls to say yes or no to lay the foundations of a sovereign nation, totally independent or associated with France.
Patrick Benquet
After having studied law, Patrick Benquet first works as a newspaper journalist (Libération, Le Monde), before running a youth magazine called "Antirouille". In 1991, he starts writing then directing documentaries.
For thirty years now, he has been co-writing and directing 31 documentaries, and shooting some magazine reports and a few 26 minutes dramas. He tackled every kind of topics: French society (school, crime, town planning, news…); economic and geo strategic issues such as outsourcing, coastal piracy, climate change, pedophilia networks, north-south connections.
Amongst all the films :
Witness X1, children are dying , When Mary, the Virgin appears , Oil of shame, The law of silence, One dollar a day, Rainy time on planet earth, Libération je t'aime, moi non plus, The French Doctors, Françafrique, The Wendel empire and Nuclear, the French dead end.
Anne Pitoiset
Graduated from the Institut Supérieur de Gestion in Paris then journalist for Reuters from 1984 to 2000, Anne Pitoiset moved to New Caledonia in 2000 and teaches at the University of New Caledonia in economic anthropology, relations between mining companies and indigenous peoples. She is an author, director and producer of documentary films and conducts socio-economic investigations for the print and television media.
Documentaries made for television with director Laurent Cibien:
"Nickel, the treasure of Kanak" (2013) – For 40 years, Kanaks have been fighting for their independence. the weapon they use today to reach their end is called nickel. to finance their future state, they open mines, build factories and play their fate in the commodities market.
This film won the Grand Prize of the France Télévisions Jury at the FIFO (International Festival of Documentary Oceania) 2014 and the 1st prize of the festival Gaudeloupe Terra (2014).
Tavaka, stories of islands and exile (2013) – In the heart of the Pacific, the island of Wallis depopulates inexorably. In search of a better life, its inhabitants leave this kingdom, deeply rooted in tradition, for the opulent New Caledonia.
"Génération Matignon" (2011) – Young Caledonians speak about their vision of the country's future.
Soon on France Ô and Nouvelle Calédonie 1ère
Nouvelle Calédonie 1ère
Coproduction / presales
Horizon Pacifique
PROCIREP/ANGOA
© ALEGRIA PRODUCTIONS – FRANCE TELEVISIONS. 2018
The 2018 self-determination referendum invites New Caledonian citizens to project themselves and define the future they aspire to. In this perspective of shared destiny, activists and political and community personalities revisit their own history.
Director(s)Patrick Benquet in collaboration with Anne PitoisetProducer(s)Christine CamdessusYear2018Language(s)FRENCHImageChristophe BidotEditingColine Beuvelet
MILOS FORMAN, A WAY FOR FREEDOM
All our movies