text:
Speeches, etc.
1986 Sep 16 Tu
Joint Press Conference with West German Chancellor (Helmut Kohl) (visiting Bonn)
Speeches, interviews, etc.
Federal Chancellor's Office, Bonn
Thatcher Archive: COI transcript
Commonwealth (South Africa), Energy, Trade, Foreign policy (Africa), Foreign policy (development, aid, etc), Foreign policy (Middle East), Foreign policy (Western Europe - non-EU), Race, immigration, nationality, Terrorism
Chancellor Kohl
Welcome for our Press Talk. I apologise to you for being a little bit late, but as you know, the Foreign Ministers have only just come back from Brussels and this has caused a slight delay.
This afternoon, we had a very full agenda and it is a great pleasure to me to have you, Mrs. Thatcher, and your colleagues, here in Bonn once again. We have interrupted our talks in order to meet you now. Of course, we will go on after this meeting and will have the Plenary Session and then continue our talks in the evening.
We have discussed East-West relations and we have agreed that US Europeans, we will make use of the dialogue which is going on safety and armament to make the European position felt.
We know perfectly well that European security interests can only be safeguarded in close cooperation with our Alliance partners. We have also, in this context, discussed the Stockholm Conference, which will come to an end this Friday. We agreed that it is absolutely necessary that at this closing phase the western side must operate in close harmony. We know that success in Stockholm will prepare the ground for further progress in conventional disarmament at the conference in Vienna. [end p1]
Of course, in today's talks, the question of the South African policy of the Twelve has played a great role. I propose that we set this point aside from my little report now and let the Foreign Ministers speak to you about that later, and of course, after that, the Prime Minister and I will have our comments to make.
Then, the Prime Minister and I talked in great detail about the special conference of the AEEU on reactor safety, which will begin next week. I thanked the Prime Minister very warmly for having so effectively supported my proposal for calling such a conference. We are wholly agreed that it is necessary to make substantial progress and obtain substantial agreement and cooperation on the exchange of experience and safety standards and such-like, and I would like to point out in this context that the statement that the safety and health of the citizens must have priority over all considerations is also the view of the British Prime Minister.
We will go on continuing about this but, briefly, we also discussed the European Community of which, as you know, the United Kingdom is in the Presidency at this time.
I once again supported our British friends in the context of further development and in the extension of the internal market, and so far as the Federal Government and I personally are concerned, we will do everything that we can in order to ensure the success of the British Presidency.
Particularly, I would like to thank the Presidency for having taken up a suggestion made by Prime Minister Chirac and myself for calling a special conference on internal security. This conference will now take place on 25th September and will deal, in the first place, with cooperation in anti-terrorist activities. [end p2]
Naturally, we also spoke about the economic and social development in our two countries and let me also say that the Prime Minister and I will tomorrow jointly visit for a whole day the British Army of the Rhine. I am looking forward to this joint visit to the British Army and I want this to be seen as a demonstration for the British soldiers here in Germany and I want to emphasise by this visit how much we in Germany appreciate the fact that Great Britain, by stationing her soldiers here, makes a contribution to our security. This is an example, if you like, for showing that German-British relations are excellent and based on confidence and friendship, and this makes me very happy, and I think, Margaret, I can say that this also is to some extent due to the fact that we cooperate so very well together.
Shall we now first ask the Prime Minister and then perhaps the Foreign Ministers. [end p3]
Thank you, Chancellor Kohl.
Just a brief word. As you know, this is the tenth time that Chancellor Kohl and I have had bilateral talks, though it is only the seventh formal summit that we have had since 1982.
As Chancellor Kohl has indicated, relations between the Federal Republic and the United Kingdom are excellent and our relationships and that of our two countries will be heavily underlined tomorrow in our tour together of British Forces, Germany. This will help to demonstrate the British commitment enshrined by treaty to the defence of the Federal Republic which is of course the forward defence of the United Kingdom.
Meanwhile, Chancellor Kohl and I have had very full discussions—a long tete-a-tete of about two hours—before Foreign Ministers joined us on their return from Brussels.
I confirm what Chancellor Kohl told you about our talks and would like to underline that I congratulated the Chancellor on his initiative in proposing a conference on international cooperation in nuclear safety.
We had quite a long discussion on South Africa, about which you will hear more from Foreign Ministers about what happened at Brussels.
We talked about economic developments in our respective countries and the prospects for the future.
We confirmed that both our governments would continue to rely on nuclear energy for a substantial part of our energy needs and stressed that it would be absolutely vital for the Third World if it is to have enough energy supplies also to have some nuclear energy.
We discussed East-West relations and the prospects for a Summit and for arms control agreements and we reviewed the [end p4] situation reached at the CDE Conference in Stockholm, which we both want to see brought to a successful conclusion and our talks will be carried forward in more detail at the Plenary which follows this press conference after you have let us escape from your questions. [end p5]
Geoffrey HoweForeign Secretary
I do not want to repeat the whole contents of the communique on South Africa agreed in Brussels. If I may, I shall just give you the highlights quite quickly.
Community Foreign Ministers reviewed our policy towards South Africa. We did that in light of the decisions agreed at The Hague European Council in June and on the basis of a report by me on my mission to South Africa in the following month.
On the situation in South Africa we expressed our grave concern in terms that you can find set out in the communique.
On positive measures, we underlined the importance we attached to the strengthening and effective coordination of the measures being taken to assist the victims of apartheid.
We reaffirmed the urgent need for genuine national dialogue, deplored the fact that the South African Government was not yet prepared to take the steps necessary for that, and we described those steps, and we undertook to work towards a programme of political action designed to promote the achievement of those objectives.
In view of the South African Government's failure to respond, we decided that the Twelve should now proceed to adopt a package of restrictive measures consisting of bans on investments and on the import of iron, steel and gold coins from South Africa.
We concluded with the following paragraph:
Most partners were also willing to implement
a ban on the import of coal from South Africa
if a consensus on this could be achieved.
On this question, the Presidency will continue to seek consensus on the basis of the statement made by The Hague European Council. [end p6]
And I add a sentence of explanation about the United Kingdom position and the position of the Federal Republic:
The position of the United Kingdom was agreed at our meeting with members of the Commonwealth in London in August—that we would be ready to take part in whatever was agreed in the Community discussions. It was therefore my job at those discussions to establish the extent of that agreement and it was to that extent that we were prepared to take part, and it was on that basis—on the basis of the statement made by The Hague European Council—that we reached the conclusions that I have described to you.
The Federal Republic, at the proceedings in Brussels, made plain that it would not agree to a ban on coal imports and that was, of course, an important component of the conclusions which we reached. [end p7]
Herr Genscher
It was important for the Federal Republic that today's declaration is composed of three elements:
First, the aid—both Community-wise and national—for the black population, largely with regard to training.
Secondly, that a political initiative should be organised with the aim to attain the goal of The Hague Declaration, which was to establish dialogue on the basis of the release of political prisoners, including Mr. Mandela, and the unbanning of the ANC and other black political parties.
Despite our continued doubts and objections to the purpose and efficacy of economic sanctions, we have, in the interests of the unity of the Community, agreed to four types of sanctions:
A prohibition on the import of iron and steel and the import of gold coin and also a ban on new investment; that is not to say substitute investment.
As to a ban on the import of coal from South Africa, we feel that if such a ban were effective it would have disastrous consequences on tens of thousands of black miners who work in the mines there and not only those who live in South Africa, but also those who go to South Africa to work in the mines from the neighbouring countries. On this point, the Portuguese delegation were of the same opinion.
In the context of yesterday's meeting, it was necessary to explain that, contrary to other statements that were made, in The Hague, no automatism about sanctions was agreed. On the contrary, it was very clearly stated at the end of The Hague that there was no commitment on the part of anybody and that all the states simply undertook not to exclude sanctions if they were agreed by all. [end p8]
Because of such misunderstandings, I had to say today that the Federal Republic would not be able give a commitment to agree to such an import ban on coal, and had to explain that our reasons for this were not tactical, but were based on the reasons that I explained to you earlier on. [end p9]
I would like to ask both the Prime Minister and Chancellor Kohl if they feel that the measures adopted in Brussels today would lead to a relaxation of apartheid.
I have never hidden my sceptical attitude towards sanctions. We had long discussions in The Hague on this subject. We looked back over history, right back to the continental blockade. I pointed out in The Hague that such sanctions are always the golden opportunity to do good business by avoiding and evading them and Mr. Genscher has quite correctly reflected the reasons why we have now agreed to what we have agreed.
We are part and parcel of the Community and this compels us to cooperate and work together, particularly so long as you can really do so from within your own views.
So far as coal is concerned, Mr. Genscher has described our position. I am really worried about the fate of many many thousands of not only coal-miners, who do not get any unemployment benefit as they do in our countries, but also of all the family members.
The most important point for me is that we should not let up in our efforts to talk to the South African Government and try to aid them to bring about a peaceful settlement of this dreadful situation, because the danger of enormous tragedy is already written on the wall. And that is why—and I say this for myself personally as well—the decisions of today do not in any way relieve us from the duty to do something positive and, of course, this also covers the help and aid that we can give for the training of young blacks in South Africa. In other words, we clearly extend [end p10] a helping hand.
I agree with what Chancellor Kohl has said. I do not believe that sanctions will help to bring apartheid to an end. They may, however, cause poverty, unemployment and starvation among many black South Africans, which is why Chancellor Kohl and I recoil from many of the suggestions which have come before us with regard to sanctions.
I agree with Chancellor Kohl that positive measures which have been indicated in the Brussels communique, which were previously indicated in The Hague communique, coupled with political action, are a more effective way of reaching our objective of bringing apartheid to an end.
I would like to add just that it was the manner in which our British colleague conducted the negotiations which made it possible to get this decision. Unfortunately, there were some countries who, on the method of all or nothing, wished to delay such a decision, which would have been very bad for the credibility of the Community and which would also have meant a delay in the decision on the initiative for positive aid measures.
On the question of terrorism, I wonder whether the Prime Minister or the Chancellor, in their discussions, have raised the possibility of going down the same road that the French have gone down and imposed visas on non-EEC country nationals. Has that thought been addressed or is there any question of addressing it? [end p11]
We have not discussed this in such detail. The Ministers are meeting. Nor have we in the Federal Government discussed taking such measures as have been adopted in France.
In the light of today's situation, I think it is unlikely that we will take a comparable step.
May I just explain our position on visas:
We put on a requirement for visas for operational reasons. That is to say, when so many people are coming into our airports from a given country that we cannot deal with them properly. For that reason, we have recently required visas from five countries, but that is nothing to do with terrorism.
As far as Libya is concerned, because of our previous experience with Libya and the murder of Policewoman Yvonne Fletcher, we already very strictly limit people coming to the United Kingdom from Libya. That was as a direct result of acts of terrorism in Britain.
(Inaudible)
It was not only the Federal Republic that expressed firm opposition to the ban on coal imports. As Herr Genscher has explained, Portugal was in the same position in that respect.
The position of the United Kingdom was as agreed at our meeting with the Commonwealth Heads of Government in London at [end p12] the beginning of August, that in the context of further consideration of the statement made by The Hague European Council, we should not argue against any of those measures. If they were agreed by unanimity amongst our Community partners, we would be prepared ourselves to adopt them. That is why, as I said earlier on, my job in Brussels was, as President of the Council, to establish the extent of that agreement. I am grateful to Herr Genscher for his kind words about my role in that respect and grateful to him for the part that he played.
Question (second part of inaudible question above)
I would like to ask you whether you fear that the Federal Government will now be internationally made the scapegoat for the fact that no effective sanctions against South Africa have been agreed.
I will answer quite frankly. When I look back at the discussions at The Hague and what has happened until today since then; when I consider all the people that have talked to me and that I have talked to, both Europeans and black Africans, then I have come to the conclusion that we are not at all alone in our view. We simply expressed and did what many people think and let me raise the social issue again and when I think of the social position of mineworkers and their families then I am sure that we have taken the right decision.
On terrorism, and aside from the visas issue, were there any discussions on specific measures to combat international terrorism [end p13] that might form the basis for proposals next week at the meeting of Interior Ministers in London?
It is the purpose of that conference, in view of the increasing terrorist activities—and all we have to do is to look at what has happened in Paris—to get together to consider what can be done to combat terrorism and, of course, there are quite a number of things that are being considered, but they are not a suitable subject for a press conference.


Along with St. Patrick's Day on Saturday there are also several other events and festivals going on in Lansing and Mid-Michigan this weekend. Also this weekend you can expect to see better weather, one week until Spring, with Sunny skies and Highs in the 40s. So let me give you some options on what to check out and do this weekend.
St. Patrick's Day Celebration - March 17; Downtown Grand Ledge The Parade begins at 2 p.m. Also live music and more start at 6 p.m. Friday and Saturday at the Grand Ledge Opera House. More Here.
Michigan Irish Music Festival St. Patrick's Party, March 16 & 17; Bella Maria's Event Center in Muskegon. This is rated as one if not the best festival in Michigan all year. More here.
Something Rotten! - The hilarious Broadway show is making its final performances in The Wharton Center this weekend, only running through March 18. Tickets & Details here.
St. Paddy's Day 5K Run/Walk - Saturday at 8:30AM @ 15101 Chandler Rd., Hawk Hollow, MI. Tickets are $25, Wear your green and run Saturday morning before you celebrate. More Info.
Lansing Home & Garden Show - @MSU Pavillion. Tickets $9, Fri.: 12 p.m. - 9 p.m., Sat.: 10 a.m. - 9 p.m., Sun.: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. Incredible gardens, and hundreds of exhibits featuring construction, remodeling, kitchens & baths, retail garden centers, pools and spas and home services.
Of course remember to be careful especially if you are going to any of the dozens of St Paddy Day celebrations going on at the bars and restaurant around the Lansing-Area. There will be an extra police presence in East Lansing as they want to keep the roads clear of cars so pedestrians can make their way around the streets, so watch out if you are traveling there.


text:
(Karl) Heinrich/Harry (Ferdinand) Rosenbusch (24 June 1836 – 20 January 1914) was a German petrographer.

Harry Rosenbusch was born in Einbeck.  He taught at Heidelberg University (1877–1908), where he founded the Mineralogisches-geologisches Institut.  He died, aged 77, in Heidelberg.

Literary works
 Mikroskopische Physiographie der petrographisch wichtigen Mineralien, 1873
 Mikroskopische Physiographie der Mineralien und Gesteine, 4 Vols., 1873-1877
 Elemente der Gesteinslehre, 1898
 Mikroskopische Physiographie (4th ed., Stuttgart, 1909, 2 vols.)

References

External links

  — He is mention a number of times in the article specifically: "the more basic minerals precede the less basic; ... is known as Rosenbusch's law" (p. 330).
 Microscope after Fuess-Rosenbusch introduced as first German petrographic microscope, Berlin approx. 1880

1836 births
1914 deaths
19th-century German geologists
People from Einbeck
Wollaston Medal winners
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Candidates for the Next Director-General of the WTO — four and counting, an update
Terence P. Stewart	· June 22, 2020 · Selection of WTO Director-General	· Abdel-Hamid Mamdouh, Amina Mohamed, Arancha Gonzalez Laya, Australia, Benin, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Egypt, H.E. Mr. Eloi Laourou, Ireland, Japan, Jesus Seade Kuri, Kenya, Mexico, Moldova, New Zealand, Nigeria, Republic of Korea, Spain, Tim Groser, Trade Commissioner Phil Hogan, United States	· No Comments
Two weeks after the WTO opened the nomination process for candidates to fill the Director-General post which becomes vacant on September 1, 2020, four countries have put forward candidates — Mexico, Nigeria, Egypt and Moldova. The period for nominations will come to a close on July 8 (COB Geneva time), so there are still sixteen days for additional candidates to be put forward.
There are many rumors and a few facts on possible candidates not yet announced. Press have indicated that Benin, which had had a candidate identified for consideration by the African Union, has withdrawn H.E. Mr. Eloi Laourou (Benin's current Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the WTO) from consideration and will be supporting Nigeria's candidate, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala. See The Africa Report, Benin drops its WTO candidate in support of Nigeria's Okonjo-Iweala (15 June 2020), https://www.theafricareport.com/29941/benin-drops-its-wto-candidate-in-support-of-nigerias-okonjo-iweala/.
The other African name floated as a possible candidate has been Kenya's Amina Mohamed, current sport and culture minister and former Kenyan Ambassador to the WTO who was the first woman to chair the WTO's General Counsel. She was also a candidate for the Director-General position in 2012-2103 when Roberto Azevedo of Brazil was selected. While mentioned early, there has been little in the press indicating Kenya will be nominating her, but there is obviously still time if Kenya so chooses. See Financial Times, Contenders Set Out Stalls to Succeed Azevedo at Helm of WTO, May 17, 2020, https://www.ft.com/content/fc5fda8e-56cb-4866-b477-f4c3af603b5c.
Possible Developed Country Candidate(s)?
It has been rumored that there would be one or more developed country candidates and some WTO Members or their trade ministers, like the EU, have articulated a belief that the next Director-General should be from a developed country, consistent with the recent rotation between developed and developing country having the post of Director-General. Since DG Azevedo is from Brazil, a developing country, developed countries should take the next turn, according to this logic.
An article in the New York Times indicates that the European Trade Commissioner, Phil Hogan (Ireland) has confirmed he is considering a bid. See New York Times, Who's Bidding to Be Next World Trade Organization Chief?, June 22, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/06/22/business/22reuters-trade-wto-factbox.html.
Spain's Foreign Minister Arancha Gonzalez Laya has also been repeatedly identified as a potential candidate. She was chef de cabinet for Director-General Pascal Lamy who served from 2005-2013.
Other developed countries could decide to nominate one or more candidates, though press accounts indicate that Australia is not planning on submitting a candidate (at least not at present) and the U.S. has historically not put forward a candidate from the U.S. See Financial Review, No Australian candidate for WTO boss, Birmingham says, June 22, 2020, https://www.afr.com/world/europe/no-australian-candidate-for-wto-boss-birmingham-says-20200619-p554gf
Rumors have suggested that the Republic of Korea may submit a candidate. Japan has been very active in recent years through their ambassadors to the WTO but is not believed to be likely to put forward a candidate.
New Zealand had a Director-General two decades ago, Michael Moore, and its Trade Minister and former Ambassador to the WTO, Tim Groser, ran in 2012-2013. It is unclear whether New Zealand will put forward a candidate, whether former Minister Groser or someone else.
There is a rumor in Geneva that more nominations are likely and that at least one more may materialize later this week. If such an event materializes, I would suspect someone from an EU country or from Korea will become the fifth candidate.
Outreach by existing candidates and legal wrangling between African countries
The advantage of being an early announced candidate in the current process is that candidates can get their views out through the media ahead of the General Council meeting, and there is more time for their governments to court support from other WTO Members. Particularly when there is interest in expediting the selection process because of the near-term departure of existing Director-General Azevedo, such opportunities for pre-General Council wooing of other Members and media outreach will be more limited for candidates joining closer to the end of the nominating time period. The General Council meeting to meet and hear from the candidates is understood to likely be sometime in the week of July 12. If there is actually an effort to expedite the selection process after July 8, time will be very limited for candidates after the General Council meeting.
It is clear that at least the first three candidates are taking advantage of media to articulate their vision for the WTO and their role if selected as the next DG. Nominating governments are also doing outreach to trading partners seeking to build up support for their candidate.
For example, Jesus Seade Kuri, the Mexican candidate, provided an interview to the South China Morning Post which was published on June 18, 2020, Mexico's nominee for top WTO job, Jesus Seade, vows to 'bring US and China back to the table', https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3089452/mexicos-nominee-top-wto-job-jesus-seade-vows-bring-us-and.
Similarly, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala had her views on the WTO DG job published in various publications including the Pulse, 'I'm a strong negotiator, reformer,' Okonjo-Iweala makes her case for 'challenging' WTO job, June 17, 2020, https://www.pulse.ng/business/okonjo-iweala-former-minister-makes-case-for-wto-job/y123dsb.
Outreach has also been made by Egypt's Abdel Hamid Mamdouh as he laid out what he considered to be important aspects of his candidacy in an article that appeared in The Africa Report on June 11. See Egypt's Abdel Hamid Mamdouh bid for the WTO – Five things to know, June 11, 2020, https://www.theafricareport.com/29730/egypts-abdel-hamid-mamdouh-bid-for-the-wto-five-things-to-know/.
All candidates have recognized the challenges with the tensions between the United States and China, the need to be an honest broker, how their background gives them strengths needed to address the role of Director-General amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and need for reform at the WTO.
While Mexico is working on shoring up support for Mr. Seade amongst WTO Members in the Americas (and elsewhere), the two African candidates are working to gain support from their African colleagues (and others). Little has been in the press as yet as to what actions Moldova or its candidate are taking in the early days after Tudor Ulianovschi's nomination.
Egypt has attempted to have Nigeria's candidate disqualified on the grounds that Nigeria had another proposed candidate submitted to the African Union but withdrew that candidate and put forward Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala past the deadline for such nominations. The African Union's counsel concurred but that position has been challenged by Nigeria. In any event, WTO procedures limit who may nominate candidates to WTO Members. Nigeria is a member while the African Union is not. Therefore, whatever is relevant for African Union member consideration, it is not relevant to whether Nigeria or any other AU member can propose a candidate to the WTO by July 8. See The Cable, Okonjo-Iweala still eligible to run for office of DG, says, WTO, June 20, 2020, https://www.thecable.ng/exclusive-okonjo-iweala-still-eligible-to-run-for-office-of-dg-says-wto. This type of public discord will not be helpful to obtaining solidarity around a single African candidate which has been the presumed purpose of the African Union's process.
With roughly half of the nomination time period having run, it is clear that there will be a significant number of candidates. It is unclear how many developed country candidates will end up running and to what extent members will focus more on geographical area, development status, or gender of the candidates in their considerations.
With the U.S., the EU and China having very different views of what needs to be done to return the WTO to relevance and with the recent USTR statement that any candidate to receive U.S. backing must "understand the need for reform and the problems of free economies in dealing with China" (New York Times, U.S. Wants WTO Head Who Understands Problems Dealing with China: Lighthizer, June 17, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/06/17/world/asia/17reuters-usa-trade-wto.html), the road ahead will be challenging for all candidates with no guarantee that the process will succeed in either an expedited or normal time period.
Hopefully, the Chairman of the General Council (Amb. David Walker) and the WTO Secretariat have the four Deputy Directors-General warming up in case one of them is needed to serve as the Acting Director-General beginning September 1st.
COVID-19 — the global rate of increase of confirmed cases is surging
Republic of Korea to nominate Minister for Trade Yo Myung-hee as candidate for WTO Director-General post

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Peridermis predstavlja tkivo koje štiti biljku od spoljašnjih uticaja, kada dođe do pucanja epidermisa. Javlja se na višegodišnjim drvenastim stablima i korenovima, na izvesnim plodovima i podzemnim izdancima. Peridermis je sekundarno tkivo, jer postaje radom sekundarnog meristema. To je kompleksno tkivo sastavljeno od više delova.

Građa
 Pluta je glavni deo peridermisa. Tkivo plute nastaje radom lateralnog meristema sekundarnog porekla, označenog kao felogen.

 Felogen postaje dediferenciranjem subepidermalnog tkiva, ređe samog epidermisa. U koren se formira od tkiva koja su znatno dublja, najčešće od pericikla. Ćelije felogena se tangencijalno dele, dajući ćelije plute ka površini organa.

 Feloderm: felogen se deli tako da daje elemente i ka unutrašnjosti organa. Ove ćelije odvojene od felogena prema unutrašnjosti grade feloderm. Ovo tkivo sastavljeno je od živih ćelija, koje su slične ćelijama primarne kore. ćelije feloderma u velikom broju biljaka sadrže hlorofilna zrna.

Iz svega ovoga izlazi da je peridermis složeno, kompleksno tkivo, koje je u tipičnom slučaju izgrađeno od tvornog tkiva felogena, mrtvih ćelija plute i živih ćelija feloderma. Kod malog broja biljaka jednom stvoreni felogen ima sposobnost deobe tokom dužeg perioda vremena. Njegov prsten se povećava, zbog povećanja debljine stabla na taj način što se u njega umeću nove felogene ćelije nastale radijalnim deobama, dok se proizvodi dobijaju samo tangencijalnim deobama. Površinske ćelije otpadaju i otuda su biljni delovi pokriveni peridermom glatki.

Kao i ćelije epidermisa, plutine ćelije su spojene među sobom, bez intercelulara. Ali, za razliku od epidermalnih ćelija, ćelije plute su u definitivnom stanju mrtve i ispunjene vazduhom. Zidovi plutinih ćelija sadrže materiju suberin (suber = pluta) koja je nepropustljiva za vodu i gasove. Prema tome, pluta štiti organe biljaka od sušenja, a osim toga i od raznih mehaničkih povreda.

Na površini biljnih organa pokrivenih plutom nalaze se naročiti otvori kroz koje se vrši izmena gasova između unutrašnjih tkiva i spoljašnje sredine. To su lanticele. Postaju radom posebnog dela felogena, koji se naziva felogen lanticele. On se obrazuje samo na pojedinim mestima i kasnije se vezuje bočno sa felogenom koji stvara plutu. Za razliku od plute uvek ima intercelulare. Postepeno pod pritiskom ovog rastresitog tkiva podiže se epidermis i na kraju se raspukne, a ovo rastresito tkivo izbija na površinu. Sada se kroz lanticelu vrši nesmetano izmena gasova između unutrašnjosti biljke i spoljne sredine.

Vidi još
 Pluta
 Stablo
 Koren

Reference

Биљна ткива


COVER ART: Jordin Sparks Signs On To New Label; Releases "It Ain't You" Single!
December 15, 2014 – GRAMMY® Nominated and multi-platinum album selling artist Jordin Sparks has signed to Louder Than Life record label via Sony Music, founded by music executive and GRAMMY® Nominated producer Salaam Remi. Sparks, recently released her mixtape #BYEFELICIA, of which her new single It Ain't You will be available today, December 15, 2014 on major online retailers including iTunes, Amazon, Spotify and Google Play.
Rising to fame as Season Six winner of American Idol, Jordin Sparks has graced the covers of People Magazine, Ebony and Shape, has won two BET Awards, one American Music and a People's Choice Award, and has been nominated for a GRAMMY® Award, and two MTV Video Music Awards. In 2012, Jordin made her feature film debut as the lead in the Sony Pictures film "Sparkle," starring alongside the late Whitney Houston.
#BYEFELICIA marks her newest project, since her 2007 self-titled debut album Jordin Sparks, which sold over 2 million copies worldwide, and Battlefield in 2009. In 2015, Jordin and Louder Than Life, will release her third studio album, Right Here, Right Now, which will feature tracks off of #ByeFelicia, including the new single It Ain't You.
"I'm very excited to be a part of this next chapter in Jordin's career as she grows from being America's sweetheart into an undeniable superstar," says Salaam Remi, Executive Vice President of A&R and Production for Sony Music and CEO of Louder Than Life.
Check out her track listing and the front/back covers of the mixtape below!
Bella Thorne Shares Full Track List For EP 'Jersey' – See It Here!
We are super excited and November needs to get here sooner!
Ariana Grande Releases Tracklist For 'My Everything' Album – See The Tracklist Here!
As if finding out the title and release date for Ariana Grande's sophomore album wasn't enough, the singer has released the track list from her album! That's right, we get to know the complete track list off of My Everything. On top of all that, Ariana's next single "Break Free" is just a short day or two away! Be sure to check out the complete track list for My Everything below.
My Everything is set to drop on August 25th!
Austin Mahone's new album "The Secret" will be released on May 27th. But tonight the album became available for pre-order here http://smarturl.it/TheSecretiT.
Lucy's album will be released on June 3, 2014!


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text:
MPs studying wrong data about not criminally responsible bill: researchers
By Laura Stone Global News
Posted June 11, 2013 12:56 pm
Minister of Justice Rob Nicholson responds to a question during question period in the House of Commons on Parliament Hill in Ottawa on Thursday June 6, 2013. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Sean Kilpatrick
OTTAWA – Members of Parliament studying a bill that would make major changes to the not criminally responsible law are reviewing the wrong data about recidivism even though the Conservative government has had the corrected numbers since March, according to researchers.
Patrick Baillie, a Calgary-based psychologist involved in the research, said he was surprised MPs are still using a November 2012 version of the report which he says contains dramatically incorrect figures.
"If they don't have the right information, then they need to pause and get that information and review it before proceeding," he said.
As recently as last week, Conservative MPs were still citing old figures in the committee studying the legislation, Bill C-54.
Justice Minister Rob Nicholson's office said it notified Parliament that a "significantly amended version" of the report was provided to the justice department on March 18.
"The fact is, this legislation will contribute to keeping communities safer by making public safety the paramount consideration in the review board decision-making process, creating a high-risk designation, and enhancing victims involvement," said Nicholson's spokeswoman Julie Di Mambro.
But Di Mambro said the government never tabled the new report after researchers said they discovered a coding error that significantly alters key statistics.
Opposition members are crying foul.
"This kind of dissembling has the effect of misleading Parliament and misleading Canadians," said Liberal MP Irwin Cotler, who sits on the justice and human rights committee studying the bill.
"The evidence that they are sharing with the committee and Parliament is simply not the correct evidence."
Bill C-54 would create a new high-risk category that would hold mentally ill offenders longer without assessment reviews and make it far more difficult for them to leave psychiatric facilities, even under escort. Changes also include mandatory notification of victims when NCR individuals are released.
Nicholson and other MPs have cited statistics used in the initial report to make a case for the bill.
But in March, it was discovered the initial report contained errors, said the main researcher from McGill University, Anne Crocker. The mistake inflated the number of previous findings of a not criminally responsible designation, said Baillie. As soon as she discovered the error, Crocker said she notified the department.
The original report said 38.1 per cent of sex offenders found not criminally responsible and accused of a sex offence had at least one prior NCR finding; that number was changed in the March report to 9.5 per cent.
It said 27.7 per cent accused of attempted murder had one NCR finding; that was changed to 4.6 per cent, and 19 per cent accused of murder or homicide with one prior NCR was changed to 5.2 per cent.
Mental health groups plead with government on not criminally responsible legislation
The overall figure of 27.3 per cent of NCR accused having a past finding of NCR was changed, in the new report, to 6.1 per cent.
Baillie blames the mistake on the government's hastiness to pass the bill.
"I think it speaks to the fact we're trying to rush through an important piece of legislation," he said.
Di Mambro said the minister has stopped citing the statistics from the report altogether.
She questioned why researchers changed their numbers 38 days after the legislation was introduced and after members of the mental health community came out against this bill.
"It certainly raises more questions, especially about the quality of the work," said Di Mambro.
Robert Goguen, parliamentary secretary to the minister of justice, said the numbers now "contradict themselves."
"Therefore we consider them both unreliable," he said.
"We don't know if the mistake was made in the first or the second (report), that's why we say they're unreliable."
Nicholson spoke to the bill on March 1, before the researchers said they notified the department about the mistakes.
But since March, Conservatives have continued to cite the statistics in both the House and committee. As recently as May 27, Natural Resources minister Joe Oliver spoke to the bill at second reading and used the old statistics.
"It is very important that when we talk about what the risk to the public is, we try to get as close as we can to the facts," said Oliver.
And last week in committee, Conservative Scott Armstrong questioned a witness using statistics from the old report.
Armstrong said in an interview he was only aware of the November 2012 report.
"If it was tabled in the House of Commons, I assumed it was accurate," he said.
But he added the committee process, including interviewing witnesses, helps to clarify the information.
NDP justice critic Francoise Boivin said she was not aware of two reports.
"It's hard to say what are the real statistics," she said. "I would expect (the minister) to come clear with the situation."
Mental health professionals, including the Canadian Psychiatric Association, say the changes are unnecessary and counter-productive, although there is widespread support for mandatory victim notification.
But those affected by crimes say the bill might give shattered families some relief.
Testifying at committee Monday, Stacy Galt, whose cousin's children were murdered by their mentally ill father Allan Schoenborn, said holding the hearings only every three years would give victim's families some respite.
But Baillie noted that all the recent high-profile tragedies that are driving the government legislation – the Schoenborn case, a bus beheading in Manitoba, a doctor who killed his kids in Quebec – were committed by people "none of whom previously had been found NCR and each of whom had been involved in their provincial health care system."
– with files from the Canadian Press
Quebec cardiologist found not criminally responsible for stabbing kids to death
Man accused of killing Sgt. Ryan Russell with snow plow not criminally responsible: defence
Mental HealthConservativesNot Criminally Responsible
© 2013 Shaw Media
When will winter end? Groundhogs make spring predictions in Canada


Eighteen years ago, Pierre Thauvette was filing paperwork at Claret Asset Management. Today, he is in charge of a successful hedge fund prized by his peers. Beyond this pleasant success, the portfolio manager now concentrates his efforts on achieving commercial success.


text:
import Provider from 'torii/providers/base';
import {configurable} from 'torii/configuration';
import QueryString from 'torii/lib/query-string';

var GlobeOauth2 = Provider.extend({
  name: 'globe',
  baseUrl: 'https://developer.globelabs.com.ph/dialog/oauth',
  requiredUrlParams: ['app_id'],
  responseParams: ['code'],
  approvalPrompt: configurable('approvalPrompt', 'auto'),
  responseType: 'code',
  appId: configurable('appId'),

  buildQueryString: function() {
    var requiredParams = this.get('requiredUrlParams');

    var qs = QueryString.create({
      provider: this,
      requiredParams: requiredParams,
    });
    return qs.toString();
  },

  buildUrl: function() {
    var base = this.get('baseUrl');
    var qs   = this.buildQueryString();

    return [base, qs].join('?');
  },

  /**
   * @method open
   * @return {Promise<object>} If the authorization attempt is a success,
   * the promise will resolve an object containing the following keys:
   *   - authorizationCode: The `code` from the 3rd-party provider
   *   - provider: The name of the provider (i.e., google-oauth2)
   *   - redirectUri: The redirect uri (some server-side exchange flows require this)
   * If there was an error or the user either canceled the authorization or
   * closed the popup window, the promise rejects.
   */
  open: function(options) {
    var name        = this.get('name');
    var url         = this.buildUrl();
    var redirectUri = this.get('redirectUri');
    var responseParams = this.get('responseParams');
    var responseType = this.get('responseType');

    return this.get('popup').open(url, responseParams, options).then(function(authData) {
      var missingResponseParams = [];

      responseParams.forEach(function(param) {
        if (authData[param] === undefined) {
          missingResponseParams.push(param);
        }
      });

      if (missingResponseParams.length) {
        throw new Error("The response from the provider is missing " +
              "these required response params: " + missingResponseParams.join(', '));
      };

      return {
        authorizationCode: authData[responseType],
        provider: name,
      };
    });
  },
});

export default GlobeOauth2;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Though it was long, arduous, and at times I wanted to die and have it over with, Maya was worth every moment of misery I experienced. I never thought I could love a human being so much. I guess the Magic Mommy Fairy Dust worked!
On Friday the 16th I woke in the morning to find a little liquid running down my leg, which I thought was the bag of waters (though it turned out to only be a "leak". I began having contractions during the day, though they were not any closer than 15 minutes apart. I called our midwife, Mireia, to let her know what was happening and she told us we'd probably be having the baby sometime within the next day.
By evening things had not picked up very much, so we decided to go to bed and get some rest. At 2:30 am I was awakened by stronger contractions and began to time them again. Now they were closer and had become much more difficult to get through. Though I was managing still, we called Mireia around 9 am Saturday morning to tell her what was happening. She arrived at about 2 pm and checked my progress. Despite having had a week's worth of pre-labor contractions, then more for most of the night, it turns out I was only 1 cm dilated! She stretched me to 2 cm, which nearly made me fly through the ceiling, then she offered to try some foot reflexology on me to encourage things to move along.
This was no relaxing foot rub! She really worked on certain points in my feet which, when she dug in with her fingers, made me scream. After a few minutes on one foot I started sobbing. It certainly got things moving on both a physical and emotional level.
As things were moving along quite slowly, Mireia decided to leave for a little while so things could progress more, and suggested we take a short walk around the neighborhood before the sun went down. So out we went, with me moving at a snail's pace. We made it about a block before I felt I really needed to head back. I had to stop a couple of times for contractions along the way.
At this point everything starts to get very fuzzy. I believe I retreated to the bedroom where I sat on my birthing ball, leaning on the bed with my head on my arms for what could have been a few hours. As things got more intense I decided to try out the shower. What an amazing pain reliever! As soon as I stepped in there the contractions got a little more bearable.
Sometime during all this, around 7 pm, Mireia came back and got the birth pool set up downstairs. Roland came in and said there had been a small incident downstairs. Someone had forgotten to open the fireplace flue, so when they started the fire the house filled with smoke. Roland managed to straighten it all out so that by the time I came downstairs to step into the pool I wouldn't have known there had been a problem. I can just imagine having to run out of the house in the middle of labor while the fire department put out the flames!
It was a lovely sight seeing the birthing pool in front of a cosy fire. When I stepped into it I felt I never wanted to go anywhere else. It was like a natural epidural. This is where I really don't remember much except that, even with the aid of the pool, the contractions were excruciating and not much progress was being made. Though I had heard that there wasn't supposed to be pain in between contractions, I didn't experience this.
We decided to try to get some sleep, if possible, so lay down in bed, where I managed to drift off occasionally. But at this point, even between contractions I was in constant pain. After perhaps a couple of hours of this things got to the point where I couldn't stand another minute. I pleaded with poor Roland to do something to end this horrible suffering. I said I'd rather die than endure this any longer. He left me to use the bathroom for a few minutes, and while there the contractions began to feel slightly different. They were still awful, but I had something of an urge to push, which made things somehow more bearable.
Roland joined me in the bathroom and sat beside me, himself in tears about not being able to relieve me of this misery and not sure as to what to do. At about 5 am Sunday morning we came downstairs to where Mireia was napping on the couch, and when she heard the sounds I was making she realised I had finally made it through transition and had entered the pushing stage. This little bit of hope was enough to give me some renewed energy and it was decided that I'd try continuing to labor in there.
The warm water once again felt wonderful and I got down to the work of beginning to push Maya out. It was yet another slow process. I probably got in the pool at around 5 or 6 am. I was still pushing when lunchtime arrived, and at this point was starting to tire again, not having slept or eaten much since Friday.
Finally, I seemed to feel something progressing down and reached down to find Maya's head only about two inches in, which was heartening. Then some time later I could feel the unbroken bag of waters begin to bulge out. I kept pushing, though things were starting to get really painful again. Juliette crouched beside the pool and held my hands while I was pushing, which kept me going, as I really needed someone to hold onto. I once more began to lose faith that I could push this baby out, as the head was emerging seemingly millimeter by millimeter, despite my strenuous pushes. At the point where I thought my body was going to be completely torn apart, the head was only showing a diameter about the size of a lime.
When it seemed I could push no more without dying, her head finally emerged, and the pain was so great that I just wanted to get her out as fast as possible, so I kept pushing, but I was told to stop pushing! Stop?! You've got to be kidding. But then Mireia urgently shouted that I had to quickly get out of the pool and onto all fours. I had no idea what was going on, but I leapt out and got down, pulling the chair in front of the fireplace down on top of me in the process, which I really didn't even notice. I felt Mireia reaching in to do something to the baby, all the while urging me to keep pushing as hard as I could, which I was already doing. I felt something move a bit and was surprised the baby still had not come out all the way. She told me to push more, which I did until I thought I would burst, and the rest of the baby finally emerged.
I reached down between my legs and picked her up. She was already squirming and began to cry, pinking up quickly, which was reassuring. Her cries were very gurgly, but they were good to hear. I was helped over to the couch, baby still attached by the cord, and was able to lie down with her in my arms. There is nothing to compare with that moment of finally being pain-free and having this wonderful new little person beside me. She had her eyes open and was taking everything in, especially me. At one point just a few minutes after she was born she gazed at me with this look of intense concentration like she had been sent to deliver an important message. I was totally in love.
It turns out Maya had double shoulder dystocia, one shoulder being caught behind my pubic bone and the other behind my tail bone, so Mireia had to reach in with both hands and turn her so she could get out. Mireia did an outstanding job of dealing with what could have been a very serious situation. She had such a calm, warm and reassuring manner that I trusted her completely. The world needs more great midwives like her! No obstetrician could have done a better job.
While it was not quite the peaceful, gentle home birth I had been hoping for, nevertheless it was still a lot better than any I could have had in a hospital here, the midwife care was magnificent, and I got to relax with my baby in my own home and bed immediately after the birth.
Maybe one of the most miraculous things was that after such a long, hard labor, and birthing a 4.45 kilo (9 pound 13 oz.) baby, I had not torn at all!


Just have a look at these astonishing transparent business cards. They were designed for AnotherArt.com, a designer's site. The cards look amazing and so does the logo.
The project logo is continued in business cards, giving it additional meaning. Here, the logo appears as a sculpture. A set of cards gives a new sound to the logo. Nowdays business cards are not just a means of communication, it becomes an independent element of art.
Modern technologies are helping to raise the design of business cards to a new level, giving them more value. Packing for a business card in this case takes on another property, it is now an integral element of the whole structure, it still must be used as a stand, but the number of elements should be minimal.
In the end, it took the form that consists of two parts, the outer shell and inner part-holder.


We have a problem in neuroscience. The complexity of data analysis techniques increases every year. With each increase in complexity comes an increase in the possibility of error. We have already been plagued by such problems, which have been reported on the internet and in the news. With increasing quantities of code being written, these problems seem unlikely to subside. How can we address the root of the problem?
In a questionnaire I regularly give to my students, one recurrent and ominous statistic always emerges: neuroscientists are, by and large, taught by each other to code. A PhD student is taught by his postdoc, who is in turn guided by her PI, who herself learned to program on the job with help from colleagues. Nobody in the loop has been formally taught coding practices, or implements the kinds of guidelines or conventions that are commonly imposed when programming in industry. This, I believe, is a central part of the problem.
Of course, making the transition from scripting to reusable code is hard. I always receive violent objections when I berate the use of "clear all" and "del" to remove variables from the workspace. On 10th April, I ran the good coding practice seminar at the British Neuroscience Association Festival of Neuroscience, and that time was no exception! The gasps and gapes when I dropped the bombshell betrayed the disbelief in the room. Having perked people's interest by challenging their most elementary coding practice, I attempt to give them the conceptual tools to understand the solution: the use of namespaces.
What are namespaces? This is a concept that few neuroscientists have come across, yet is intimately familiar to anybody who has written modular software. By walking through the stages of a function call and the creation of scope, I attempt to convince the audience that every use of "clear" should be neatly avoided. Once they better understand what I am trying to say, I introduce the doctrine of referential transparency.
Once neuroscientists begin to wrap up their code into neat bundles, defining their inputs and outputs clearly and documenting the requirements and error conditions, then we'll see improvements in code reliability and reusability. Reusability means less code is rewritten from scratch—a massive and expensive problem today. The only way to promote code reuse is extensive documentation and testing of the library, and the very first stage of this is to package code correctly. Once this is established, we can talk about the contract and create an API.
So the dream is to break the vicious cycle of scientists teaching scientists, propagating those habits and error-prone practices that lead to code explosion, bugs and code decay. Was I successful this time? I don't know. Only the next code clinic will evince that.


If you have leaks or leak detection problems, you could have a serious problem on your hands. Leaving slow leaks to develop over time can erode the drywall on your home or the foundation on your house, and can cost you tens of thousands of dollars in damages. If you need help detecting a leak, call Wooten Plumbing today.
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Call today to schedule your appointment with the best plumber in Tulsa!
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text:
namespace Deg {
namespace Compiler {
namespace Stages {
namespace GenerateCode {

class ProgramSetVisitor : public SG::Visitor {
private:
	Runtime::Code::RecordTypeTable& recordTypeTable;
	const std::vector<SG::EnumerationMemberSymbol*>& programArguments;

public:
	Runtime::Math::Set result;
	size_t result_record_type;

	ProgramSetVisitor(Runtime::Code::RecordTypeTable& recordTypeTable, const std::vector<SG::EnumerationMemberSymbol*>& programArguments, Diagnostics::Report& report);

	void VisitConstrainedSetExpression(SG::ConstrainedSetExpression& e);
	void VisitTypedSetExpression(SG::TypedSetExpression& e);
};

}
}
}
}


People's Daily Online, March 29 (San Francisco) - Jointly launched by People's Daily Online and People's Daily Online West USA, the Global Bay Area Cooperation and Development Forum (GBAF), an international gathering aiming to deepen cooperation between bay areas, kicked off on March 29, 2019.
Attracting prominent leaders and experts from renowned metropolitan and bay areas worldwide, the grand event came after the successful establishment of China's Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Greater Bay Area, which has been hailed by many scholars and experts as the forth leading bay area in the world, following New York, San Francisco and Tokyo.
"China has set a goal of building the Greater Bay Area into one of the world's leading bay areas. The current world-class bay areas can serve as a reference for the construction of China's bay area," said Luo Hua, Deputy Editor-in-chief of People's Daily Online.
Echoing Luo, Wang Donghua, Consul General of China in San Francisco, noted the forum is a timely and necessary platform for bay areas to find a new path for their future development, as the global economy has been dampened by rising protectionism worldwide.
"Globalization and increased open collaboration have led to the booming economic success of bay areas worldwide. International participation from talents and experts from all walks of life, as well as shared success, are the factors that have made this possible. Restricting the flow of technologies and talents will only lead to self-imposed isolation," added the Consul General.
Steven Rockefeller Jr, chairman of PFC & SRJ culture, reiterated his belief in China's Greater Bay Area, adding that Guangzhou has been the central city in South China since ancient times, and is a port that has connected China with the world for over two thousand years.
"I have high expectation for [China's first bay area], as it is a region with the largest economic aggregate in China and is in the vanguard of China's bay area economy," he said.
The forum will also introduce a cooperation mechanism by establishing the Global Bay Areas Cooperation Council. The Council builds a platform for the exchange of resources among the global bay areas, thus creating a robust and dynamic global competition which will lead to synergistic development.


On this week's show: A vaccine-derived polio outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo leads to tough choices for public health experts, and new evidence points to Siberian origins for America's first dogs.
On this week's show: Will telling the public more about animal research win back their good opinion? And what does it mean that our risk of dying plateaus after 105?
On this week's show: sonic attack or mass paranoia? New evidence suggests the mysterious illness affecting U.S. diplomats in Cuba is more than just a figment of the imagination. And newly uncovered bones in the tomb of China's first emperor's grandmother reveal a now-extinct species of gibbon.
On this week's show: Why do Nigeria, Russia, and Florida have growing HIV problems? And which parts of the brain are bigger in people who have bigger brains?


'I remember Harry's application well. He kept telling us how humiliated he felt appearing at the tribunal as he was only able to access a shower once a week and only had the clothes he was wearing.' Elizabeth Boxall, Referrals Solicitor, JusticeNet SA.
In 1996 Harry (not his real name), entered into a verbal agreement with a landlord to occupy and reside at a property in the Adelaide foothills. The landlord agreed that 2-3 months' notice to vacate would be given to Harry if the landlord wished to end the arrangement. For 17 years (from 1996 - 2013) Harry made the property his home. While he did not pay rent, he paid bills associated with the property and maintained and improved the land.
In September 2013 Harry's life was turned upside down. Police officers arrived at the premises and informed Harry that he was occupying the premises without permission of the owner. He was made to leave immediately. Harry, who was unemployed, was unable to take his belongings due to lack of resources.
A few days later the landlord arranged for the demolition of dwellings that Harry had built on the land. The landlord allowed Harry only 10 minutes to remove his belongings from the buildings. He was able to take a suitcase with some of his art work and personal papers but the remainder of his belongings, valued by Harry at about $40,000, were destroyed during the demolition. The police were present but did not stop the demolition as the landlord told them Harry was not a tenant.
As a result of his eviction Harry became homeless. Despite his dire circumstances, Harry successfully represented himself at the Residential Tenancies Tribunal. The Tribunal found he was a tenant under section 3 of the Residential Tenancies Act 1995 and awarded him $10,000 compensation, the maximum amount allowed in the jurisdiction.
The landlord then made an application to the Tribunal to have the order set aside on the basis that the Applicant was not a tenant. The application was dismissed and the landlord appealed to the District Court at which time Harry approached JusticeNet for help.
Ralph Bonig from Finlaysons accepted the referral to act for Harry. In June 2016, nearly two years after the landlord appealed the decisions, judgment was delivered in Harry's favour.


Carrying out planning and preparation of programs, activities and study materials.
To prepare the educational activity well in accordance with the instructions and methodological guidance.
Provide activities and materials for children to achieve the desired educational objective.
Follow up and guide children in a manner consistent with the correct educational methods.
Evaluate the level of children and report them and develop remedial plans.
Assisting children and following them in simulation and self-help activities.
Prepare daily reports (follow-up brochure) and note if any.
Studying the publications and technical and educational directions and working on their implementation.
Collaborate with the team to achieve educational goals.
Have a great love and patience for children.
Qualifications needed to teach them effectively include knowledge of best practices and preschool educational methods.
engage them and earn their trust and attention.
Ability to act as a mediator between children.
The balance between a creative mind and a practical acumen.
BSc/BA in education or relevant field.


Kkeut-Soon (Park Won-Suk), who left for the United States fifty years ago, returns to South Korea and appears in front of her family. Her family tries to inherit her money.
"The Family Is Coming" takes over the SBS Saturday & Sunday 20:40 time slot previously occupied by "Modern Farmer" and followed by "Yeah, That's How It Is" February 13, 2016.
Based on novel "Halmaega Dolawatda" by Kim Bum (published June 25, 2012 by woongjin jisikhouse).
lrt Apr 02 2019 3:22 am This story is such a relief from the browbeating dramas of late. If you like success stories...then you will appreciate watching it.
filae Nov 17 2015 6:48 am Boring, unimaginative and a contrived story line that is unconvincing and totally predictable. Not worth the time watching. A theme that could have been such an interesting starting totally flattened by the dead story line. Only the old lady is lovable.
EL Aug 24 2015 8:30 pm Very entertaining drama. Light-hearted and heart-warming. Nothing too villanious. Teaches good values and relationships. Sad that it has so few episodes.
MamaWayang Jul 21 2015 6:40 pm I just cud not feel anything but despair for this drama. The script & the acting are too exaggerated. Even if this is meant to be, it was over the top BORING!! No chemistry between the leads and I do not sense a cohesion amongst the nember too. The lead guy is way too gentle. Seems like he tries hard to be. Even there is no fire when he is angry! Each episode is so irritating!! Sorry to dampen the mood of those who love it but there are so many great dramas in comparison and unfortunately, watching this, to me, is like pulling teeth!
zxcvbnm Apr 26 2015 11:06 pm This drama had POTENTIAL, mainly because of the premise and having Jin Yi Han as the lead. However, it is disappointing to see another weekend drama being so weak in terms of direction and script (another would be Birth of a Beauty). It could have ended grandiosely with just 12 episodes... Still I must say it was a fun ensemble to watch!! Oh Sang Jin is definitely a talented man.
[SPOILER ALERT] The female lead character and the real mother were truly a pain to watch - it's ironic that they were supposed to be the one who "suffered" the most but I couldn't resonate nor sympathized at all. Both characters are mis-casts, in my opinion. Lack of chemistry between the leads as well, although Jin Yi Han made a great effort being a hopeless romantic.
Starlight Mar 21 2015 8:35 am Hehe! Cha Hak-Yeon is Cha Hak-Yeon!
NMS Mar 20 2015 6:49 pm @me Just go to whatever drama's page and ask there when it will be aired. anyways there ae some speculations that the Next Drama will be cancelled.
Nana Mar 14 2015 2:26 am Woooow Jin yi Han is amazing, he is a very good actor so natural. Oh and I love this thing he does with his mouth, he did it in my secret hotel too. I'm really only watching this drama because of him. But I really don't like lee Jung hyun, although this is the first drama I've seen her in, but I really think she's unnatural and annoying. I can't see any emotions on her face, and she tries soo hard to act cute, it really doesn't look good on her cuz it looks so fake. I watched ep 12 today, I really hope it will get better.
city Mar 08 2015 9:12 am disappointed.
only 4 more ep and still can't feel any chemistry between the leads, where's the rom?
yehet Mar 01 2015 5:32 pm I really like this show, it's funny and touching at the same time. And yeah, people can be that greedy. It's embarrassing as heck how low people can go.
NMS Feb 27 2015 11:31 am @ThisIsMe21 ep 15 and 16 weren't aired due to new lunar year's celebration. ep 15 will be aired tomorrow as well as the rest eps as scheduled.
ThisIsMe21 Feb 27 2015 2:29 am Can anyone tell me why I cant find anything past ep 14 which came out weeks ago?
Northern Girl Feb 09 2015 1:44 pm This drama is disturbing...why are people so greedy and dishonest? How is the writer going to reconcile the leads? Joon Hee lied and lied and lied to DS for weeks, in a most heinous and greedy way. aarrgghhh. so ridiculous!
you are not the only one. I can't feel anything between the 2 leads, more like acquaintance, not even friends.
ar Jan 18 2015 9:53 pm I just finished watching ep 1 and ep 2 yesterday and I have to say that it has a strong start. The grandma is really antic and jin yi han is awesome as always. This is my first drama I've watched from the lead actress. Is it just me or anybody has the same feel that the lead actress doesn't have a great chemistry with jin yi han? Jin yi han always have a great chemistry with the lead actresses he played with such as kim so eun, ha ji won, and yoo in na. But for me it doesn't work with the lead actress in this drama. Well that's just my opinion. Maybe because I've only watched the first 2 episode. It could be changed when the story progress. Looking forward for this drama. Fighting!!
shin Jan 06 2015 7:43 pm the 2 episode was great i loved ep 2 more it has a good story that will attractive any one good job everyone.
ethelisao Dec 31 2014 2:36 am It should be awesome. If not, get lost!
Cedric Dec 20 2014 2:47 pm Just seeing Lee Hwi Hyang's name means that she will be the evil villain in this KDrama.
Pandimonium Dec 18 2014 10:02 pm other than the literal title, "Family outing' is used too, and may be more. having to titles irritates me, why tv networks don't come up with just one OFFICIAL translated title,for good ?


Trevor Bayne will make his fifth Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series (MENCS) start at Chicago this weekend.
In four previous starts at the Illinois track, Bayne has earned a best finish of 20th in 2012.
In eight starts at Chicago in the XFINITY Series, Bayne has recorded three top-five and four top-10 finishes. Bayne earned his best finish of second in July 2014 after starting in the 11th position and leading 14 laps.
Puccia will be atop the box for his seventh MENCS event at Chicago on Sunday afternoon. In six previous races at the 1.5-Mile oval, Puccia recorded a best finish of 13th with former driver Greg Biffle in 2012.
Bayne fought for grip throughout much of Saturday evening's 400-Lap event at Richmond Raceway, ultimately taking the checkered flag in the 25th position.


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HomeDesign NewsPTC to Acquire SaaS Field Service Management Provider ServiceMax
Design NewsPLM
PTC to Acquire SaaS Field Service Management Provider ServiceMax
BOSTON, MA, USA, Nov 21, 2022 – PTC (NASDAQ: PTC) announced that it has signed a definitive agreement to acquire ServiceMax for approximately $1.46 billion in cash on a debt-free, cash-free basis from an entity majority owned by Silver Lake. ServiceMax is a recognized leader in cloud-native, product-centric field service management (FSM) software. The acquisition is expected to strengthen PTC's closed-loop product lifecycle management (PLM) offerings by extending the digital thread of product information into downstream enterprise asset management (EAM) and FSM capabilities. Subject to the satisfaction of regulatory approval and other applicable closing conditions, the transaction is expected to close in early January 2023.
"The addition of ServiceMax will realize a key part of PTC's closed-loop PLM strategy," said Jim Heppelmann, President and CEO, PTC. "The PLM capabilities PTC has long offered to engineering and manufacturing departments provide the system of record for the digital definition of any product configuration. ServiceMax will complement this by providing the system of record for monitoring and servicing product instances after they leave the factory and move into customer use. Upon completion of this acquisition, PTC will have the unique ability to complement the full digital product definition from our computer-aided design (CAD) and PLM solutions with detailed usage information from our internet of things (IoT) solutions and the complete service history from ServiceMax. PTC is poised to be the only company that will be able to offer manufacturers this comprehensive view of their products at each stage of the lifecycle."
"ServiceMax and PTC have a longstanding relationship rooted in the common profile of our customers, the natural synergies of our products, and a shared understanding of the importance of product data at different stages of the lifecycle," said Neil Barua CEO, ServiceMax. "PTC has a strong and consistent track record of success, and now following the growth and innovation we've achieved during our partnership with Silver Lake, we're excited for the ServiceMax team to strengthen the service offerings of PTC's digital thread and closed-loop PLM portfolio."
Partners since 2015, PTC and ServiceMax both support manufacturers of complex, highly configured products for the medical device, industrial products, aerospace, and related verticals. These manufacturers view field service as a strategic part of their businesses to maintain product performance, extend their products' lifecycles, increase customer satisfaction, drive revenue growth, and expand profitability.
ServiceMax provides a comprehensive suite of cloud-native FSM capabilities built on the Salesforce platform. These capabilities include managing all relevant information about serviced products – product description, serial number, service history, and more – creating and managing work orders, and scheduling and dispatching technicians. ServiceMax's FSM capabilities are also closely integrated with Salesforce's customer relationship management (CRM) system, which bridges a deep understanding of the product with an equally deep understanding of the customer.
ServiceMax's FSM capabilities will complement PTC's entire digital thread portfolio: leveraging product definition data from PTC's Creo® and Windchill® solutions, technical publishing capabilities from PTC's Arbortext® software, service parts management capabilities from PTC's Servigistics® software, IoT and digital twin capabilities from PTC's ThingWorx® solutions, and augmented reality (AR) capabilities from PTC's Vuforia® software. For example, by remotely monitoring connected products with ThingWorx, customers could proactively detect service needs and automatically generate service orders in ServiceMax. Service technicians could leverage 2D work instructions from Arbortext or 3D AR work instructions created in Vuforia that are derived from the product's digital product definition information created in Creo and managed in Windchill. Technicians could also leverage a more detailed understanding of service activities to better optimize spare parts inventory with Servigistics.
The purchase price will be funded in two stages, with $808 million paid at closing and $650 million paid in October 2023. The transaction will be funded with cash on hand, borrowings under PTC's existing credit facility, and a new $500 million committed term loan.
ServiceMax is expected to generate approximately $160 million in ARR for PTC's Q2'23.
The transaction is expected to be accretive to PTC's FY'23 cash flow from operations, free cash flow, and adjusted free cash flow targets.
PTC's management plans to provide additional details on the proposed acquisition during its Investor Day event to be held later today from 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. EST. More information about the event is available here: FY'23 Investor Day event.
Centerview Partners LLC acted as exclusive financial advisor to PTC on the transaction and Goodwin Procter LLP served as legal counsel. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., BofA Securities, Inc., The Huntington National Bank, and TD Securities (USA) LLC will provide transaction financing to PTC.
Barclays acted as financial advisor to ServiceMax and Ropes & Gray LLP served as legal counsel.
About PTC (NASDAQ: PTC)
PTC enables global manufacturers to realize double-digit impact with software solutions that enable them to accelerate product and service innovation, improve operational efficiency, and increase workforce productivity. In combination with an extensive partner network, PTC provides customers flexibility in how its technology can be deployed to drive digital transformation – on premises, in the cloud, or via its pure SaaS platform. At PTC, we don't just imagine a better world, we enable it. For more information, visit https://www.ptc.com.
CIMdata Announces its 2023 PLM Market & Industry Forum Series


text:
A hanglemez hanganyag tárolására szolgáló analóg adattároló. A mechanikus hangrögzítés és tárolás egyik formája. Egy lapos korongból áll, amin a lemez mindkét oldalán a széléről a közepe felé spirális barázda indul, amiről a hangszedő olvassa le a hangot. A 20. század nagy részében ezt a technológiát használták a zene kereskedelmi célú sokszorosítására. Az audiofilek körében és az elektronikus zenében a 20. század vége, 21. század eleje felé újra divatba jött. A magyar nyelvben elterjedt közkeletű megnevezése "bakelitlemez", noha bakelitből valójában sosem készült, az ugyanis alkalmatlan a préselésre. A 78-as fordulatszámú gramofonlemezek sellakból, míg a mikrobarázdás hanglemezek leggyakrabban acetilcellulóz-polivinilkloridból – a polivinil-klorid és polivinil-acetát kopolimerjéből – készülnek. Ez utóbbinak az angolszász országokban elterjedt köznyelvi megnevezése "vinyl", de az utóbbi időkben a magyar nyelvben is kezd használatossá válni (gyakran az angolos "vinyl" írásmóddal) a bakelit megnevezés mellett. És bár a "vinil" megnevezés jobban utal az alapanyag egyik összetevőjére, valójában ez is lehet félrevezető, ugyanis 45-ös kislemezek készültek polisztirolból is, amit a köznyelv ettől még ugyanúgy vinilnek (vagy bakelitnek) hív.

A mai szóhasználat hanglemez alatt a mikrobarázdás lemezt érti, a 78-as fordulatszámú régi lemezek közismert elnevezése gramofonlemez.

Elődei

A fonográfhenger
1877-ben Thomas Alva Edison fejlesztette ki a lemezjátszó ősét, a fonográfot. A fonográfhenger uralta a hanghordozók piacát az 1890-es évek közepéig. Mivel a sokszorosítása sokáig nem volt megoldott, minden egyes hengert egyenként vettek fel, egyidejűleg akár több tucat felvevőt használva. A hengerek hangminősége gyenge, élettartama néhány tucat lejátszás, a műsoridő kettő perc volt. Később javult a minőség, megoldódott a sokszorosítás, valamint az 1912-ben bevezetett úgynevezett Blue Amberol-henger 160 fordulat/perc fordulatszám mellett 4 percnyi játékidőt biztosított. A műsoros hengerek fénykora az 1910-es években volt, a gyártást végleg 1929-ben fejezték be. Házi hangrögzítés céljára a fonográfot a magnetofon megjelenéséig használták.

Gramofonlemez

A barázdás hanglemezt és az azt használó gramofont Emile Berliner találta fel 1888-ban. 1894-ig kizárólagosan csak játékokhoz gyártották (5 hüvelykes méretben, 12,7 cm), majd ettől fogva főként zeneszámokat adtak ki. 1918-ra a szabadalom lejárt, így számos cég kezdte el gyártani ezeket a lemezeket. Az 1890-es években a 7″ (17,8 cm) átmérőjű lemezek voltak a legelterjedtebbek, 1910-re pedig a 10″-es (25,4 cm) lemez lett a legnépszerűbb formátum. 1903-tól 12″-es (30,5 cm-es) lemezeket is adtak ki, ezeken főleg komolyzenei anyag volt hallható. 1925-ben állandósították a fordulatszámot 78-ra. Előbb keménygumiból, majd sellakból – ami egy trópusi vidéken élő levéltetű, a Laccifer lacca vöröses színű, sűrűn folyó elgyantásodott váladéka – készítették.

Mikrobarázdás hanglemez

Az elektronika gyors ütemű fejlődése, és a galvanoplasztikai eljárások felbontóképességének növelése hosszabb műsoridőt, kisebb barázdaméreteket eredményezett. Míg a gramofonlemez nagy és széles barázdája olyan mértékben mozgatta meg a gramofon tűjét, hogy a tölcséren keresztül elektromos erősítés nélkül is elfogadható hangerő keletkezzen, erre továbbra nem volt szükség. Ezután elegendő volt, hogy a hangszedő csak jelet szolgáltasson többnyire a rádiókészülékek erősítője számára, ezért a barázdát le lehetett keskenyíteni, a fordulatszámot pedig le lehetett csökkenteni. A műanyagipar fejlődésével a rideg és törékeny sellak helyett új, lényegesen hajlékonyabb és kevésbé könnyen törő, alacsonyabb zajszintet és lényegesen hosszabb élettartamot nyújtó alapanyag került kifejlesztésre, ez a hőre lágyuló poli-vinil-klorid és a poli-vinil-acetát kopolimerjéből, acetilcellulóz-polivinilkloridból készült "vinil".

Kialakításakor két, egymással ellentétes szempont volt, egyrészt a kis méret, másrészt a hosszú játékidő létrehozása. Mivel ez egyszerre nem volt lehetséges, megjelent a gramofonlemezzel azonos játékidejű, de kis méretű, 45-ös fordulatú single play (SP) lemez, és a gramofonlemeznél nagyobb méretű, de jóval hosszabb, átlagosan 2x20 perc játékidejű, 33.1/3 fordulatú long play (LP) lemez.

A mikrobarázdás hanglemezt, Goldmark Péter Károly fejlesztőcsoportjának munkáját a Columbia Records mutatta be 1948-ban. Az első sztereó lemezek 1958-ban jelentek meg, majd 1971-ben mutatták be a quadrofon lemezeket.

1982-ben, a kompaktlemez (CD) megjelenése után fokozatosan szorult vissza a hanglemezgyártás, 1990 után egyre kevesebb lemez jelent meg, egyes országokban végleg be is fejezték a gyártást.

"Bakelitlemez"

A hőre keményedő bakelitből soha nem készítettek hanglemezt, mert a rideg, törékeny bakelitbe nem lehet a hangbarázdák szerkezetének megfelelő finomságú struktúrákat préselni. Magyarországon már az 1960-as években nevezték "bakelit"-nek a hanglemezek anyagát, noha a mikrobarázdás hanglemezek nem készültek hőre keményedő műanyagból. És bár a régi hanglemezek anyaga is fekete és viszonylag kemény, hasonlóan a régebbi telefonkészülékek, fogantyúk anyagaként jól ismert bakelithez, azt sem hívták soha bakelitnek – annak a megkülönböztető megnevezése elsősorban "gramofonlemez" vagy a lejátszás fordulatszámára utaló 78-as lemez, esetleg sellak lemez.

Különleges hanglemezek

Maxilemez
Az 1970-es évek végén jelent meg az eleinte MP, később LP méretű, többnyire 45-ös, ritkábban 33-as fordulatszámú úgynevezett maxilemez. Játékideje többnyire oldalanként 6-12 perc között volt, de több is lehetett. Általában egy adott dal hosszú és remix változatait tartalmazta, hangminősége az elérhető legjobb volt. Főként disc-jockeyk és zenegyűjtők használták. A CD korszakban visszaszorult, de disc-jockeyk számára 2010 után is készülnek.

"Acetátlemez"
A hanglemezek egyik különleges és ritka változata az "acetátlemez". Valójában acetátot egyáltalán nem tartalmaz, ami hasonlóan megtévesztő tud lenni angol nyelvterületen, mint a "bakelitlemez" Magyarországon. Egyedi előállításban, direktvágással készültek, főként azonnal visszahallgatható demó és próbafelvétel, esetleg hangajándék céljából, tömeggyártásba sosem kerültek. Sok kezdő előadó az első lemezét saját költségén acetátra készíttette el, majd ezzel házalt a kiadóknál. Néhány ismert előadó acetát hanglemeze mára vagyonokért cserél gazdát aukciókon.

Alapanyaga egy alumínimum korong, melynek mindkét oldalán nitrocellulóz réteg van. Hangminősége azonos a többi hanglemezével, de sokkal gyorsabban használódik el. Megfelel napjaink egyszer írható CD-R lemezének. Használata az 1960-as években fokozatosan megszűnt.

Hangos képeslap
Főként az 1960-as években volt népszerű az egy zeneszámot tartalmazó zenés képeslap. Hátsó oldala a hagyományos képeslaphoz hasonlóan megírható és megcímezhető volt, a felső oldalon viszont a képbe még egy barázda is bele volt préselve. Hangminősége és élettartama csekély volt.

Fólialemez
Főként újságmellékletek formájában került forgalomba. Egészen vékony, hajlékony, szinte fóliaszerű műanyag lapba préselték a barázdát. Hangminősége és élettartama csekély volt.

A hanglemez előállítása

A hanglemezre felvenni kívánt műsort a stúdiókban többnyire soksávos (8-16-24) magnetofonra rögzítik és a szükséges műszaki és művészi szempontok alapján elvégzett keverést követően kétcsatornás sztereó magnetofonnal veszik fel. A rögzített műsort ezen sztereó mesterszalagról vágják a lakklemezre (tükörsima alumínium lemezre centrifugálisan terített 300 mikron vastag triacetát lakkréteg). A magnetofonról lejátszott hanginformációt a hanglemezvágó berendezés fűtött zafír vagy gyémánt tűvel vágja a lakklemezbe (korábban ritkán még viaszlemezbe is). Az ezen technikával elkészített viszonylag képlékeny felületű lemez a gyártási és sokszorosítási folyamatban az első mechanikai jeleket tartalmazó információhordozó. A DMM (Direct Metal Mastering) technológia a gyártás legkényesebb részét, a lakkvágást és galvánkidolgozás első lépéseit mellőzve közvetlenül vékony amorf rézrétegre vágja a hanganyagot. Ez azt jelenti, hogy azonnal az "anya" áll a rendelkezésre. A vágásnál a vágótűt 40 kHz környéki frekvencián berezgetik és így, mint az ütvefúró a lágy rézrétegbe könnyedén bevágható a barázda.

A vágott lemez felületét zsírtalanítják, ezüstözik, majd az ezüstözött felületre galvanikus úton felvisznek egy kb. 1 mm vastag nikkelréteget. Ezt a lakklemezről leválasztják (ezüstős apa), majd erről az alaplemezről további galvanikus másolatot, ún. anyalemezt készítenek. Az anyalemezről szintén galvanoplasztikával a sokszorosítandó mennyiség figyelembevételével több tucatnyi "fiúlemezt" készítenek. Egy-egy fiúlemezről 300-400 műanyag másolatú lemez préselhető.

Ezen fiúlemezeket prés-matricáknak hívják, amelyeket egymással szembefordítva (A és B oldal) szerelik be a présgépbe. A sokszorosított hanglemezt PVC alapanyagú, hőre lágyuló vinilitből préselik.

Műszaki jellemzői
A korszerű hanglemezek kétféle méretben készülnek. A hosszanjátszó, ún. "long play" lemezek 300 mm névleges átmérővel, a kislemezek 170 mm névleges átmérővel. A 300 mm-es lemezek lejátszási fordulatszáma általában 33 1/3, a 170 mm-es lemezek lejátszási fordulatszáma leggyakrabban 45 fordulat percenként. A hanglemez vastagsága kb. 1,5–2 mm. A 300 mm-es lemez középpontjában 7,24 +0,09/-0 mm átmérőjű furat van, a 170 mm-es lemez nagyméretű középponti furata 38 mm átmérőjű.

A sztereó hanglemez barázdáit egymással 90°-os, a lemez síkjával pedig ±45°-os szögben vágják. Ezáltal a két barázdaoldalba rögzített sztereó információ "monokompatibilis", vagyis mono hangszedővel is lejátszható. A középpont felé eső belső barázdafal hordozza a bal csatorna információt, a hanglemez külső kerülete felé eső külső barázdafal pedig a jobb csatorna jeleit hordozza.

Egy 300 mm-es nagylemez-oldal rögzíthető műsoridőt az szabja meg, hogy milyen barázdaszélességgel és milyen barázdatávolsággal vették fel a rögzített műsort. A sztereó barázdaszélesség a lemez felületén 40 µm, a barázdamozgás maximális sebessége pedig 80 mm/s.

A korszerű sztereó hanglemezeken 1 kHz-es, 80 mm/s vágási sebességű barázdamodulációnál –60 dB zajszintet lehet mérni szelektív mérés útján. A DIN szabvány normája szerint 500 Hz alatt 40 dB/dekád meredekséggel vágó felüláteresztő szűrővel a lemez anyagának és a préselés jóságának függvényében -40 és -50 dB közötti zajszint mérhető.

A kétcsatornás sztereó információt a hordozó hanglemezek átlagos frekvenciatartománya a –3 dB-es pontokhoz képest 40-15 000 Hz. A sztereó hanglemezen az IEC által ajánlott 3180/318/75 µs töréspontú vágási jelleggörbét használják. A tényleges vágási jelleggörbe eltérése a névlegestől az 50-10 000 Hz-es frekvenciasávban ±2 dB.

A tű kifutókörének átmérője 95mm. Ez azért fontos, mert csak ennek betartásával biztosítható, hogy az automata lemezjátszók is gond nélkül le tudják játszani a lemezt. Ennél jóval nagyobb átmérőjü kifutókör esetén előfordul, hogy az automata lemezjátszó nem érzékeli a lemez végét, és lejátszás után nem kapcsol le. Ez különösen többlemezes lejátszók esetén okoz problémát.

Hangminősége

Az új hanglemez hangminősége igen erősen függ a gyártási precizitástól és a használt alapanyagok minőségétől. A stúdió mesterszalagja egy soklépcsős és igen nagy precizitást igénylő folyamat során válik hanglemezzé. A vágott alaplemez anyagának és a préselésnél használt alapanyagnak maximálisan homogénnek kell lenni. Amennyiben szennyeződéseket tartalmaz, a zajszint megnövekszik. A galvanizálásos eljárások, valamint a préselés során a lemezekre szálló por sercegést, pattogást okozhat. További hiba, ha a fiúlemezről (préslemezről) a kelleténél több lemezt préselnek, illetve ha az anyalemezről a kelleténél több fiúlemezt készítenek.

Amennyiben a gyártás során kifogástalan alapanyagokat használnak, gondoskodnak a maximális porvédettségről, betartják a gyártási fegyelmet, a hanglemez hangminősége kifogástalan. Ezeknek hiányában a vadonatúj lemez is zajos lehet, enyhén serceghet, túlhasznált préslemez esetén a hangminőség általánosan romlik.

Használata

Egy nem használt hanglemez sok évtizedig változatlan minőségben őrzi meg a rajta található információt, azonban a technika jellegéből adódóan (mechanikus letapogatás, porvédelem hiánya, karcolódás) a gyakran használt hanglemez hangminősége gondos kezelés mellett is lassan romlani kezd, előbb-utóbb megjelenik a sercegés.

A hanglemez három legfőbb ellensége a szennyeződés, azon belül is a porosodás, a gondatlan kezelésből adódó karcolódás, valamint a gyenge minőségű lemezjátszók miatti fokozott kopás.

A hanglemezt csak a lejátszás idejére szabad a tokjából kivenni, a lemezjátszó tányérján sem maradhat huzamosabban, mert beporosodik. A belső borító használata is fontos. A nagyobb porszemcsék ugyan letörölhetők, de a legapróbbakat a törlő inkább csak a barázda mélyére dörzsöli. Kerülni kell a barázdák ujjal való érintését is a kialakuló zsíros szennyeződés miatt. A szennyeződések hangminőség romlást, sercegést okoznak. A hanglemezek ugyan elvileg moshatók, de csak a megfelelő szabályok betartásával. Szakszerűtlen mosás többet árt, mint használ.

Karcolódás vagy a lemezen megcsúszó tű, vagy a gondatlan kezelés, tok nélküli tárolás következménye, az adott helyen kattanást okoz. A gyenge minőségű, magas tűnyomással dolgozó, kristály, vagy kerámia hangszedős lemezjátszók igen gyorsan tönkreteszik a hanglemezeket, használatuk kerülendő.

Csoportosításai

A barázda mérete szerint
 normálbarázdás (gramofonlemez)
 mikrobarázdás

A percenkénti fordulatszám szerint

 16 2/3
 33 1/3 (1948-tól)
 45
 78 1/4

Átmérője szerint
 7 hüvelyk / 17,5 cm
 10 hüvelyk / 25,4 cm
 12 hüvelyk / 30,5 cm
 16 hüvelyk / 40,6 cm

Az átmérő nincs fordulatszámhoz kötve. Léteznek 33-as fordulatszámú 7 hüvelykes lemezek és 45-ös fordulatszámú 12 hüvelykes lemezek is, utóbbiakat "maxi"nak hívják. A 16 hüvelykes lemezek általában rádióműsorok stúdióbeli rögzítésére és annak visszajátszása céljából készültek, ezek 33-as fordulatszámúak, kereskedelmi forgalomba nem kerültek.

A játékidő szerint
 SP (Standard Play (magyarul szabványosan játszó), kislemez, mely 2 zeneszámot tartalmaz, mindkét oldalán egyet - 3…5 perc/oldal)
 EP (Extended Play, középlemez (szó szerint kiterjesztett játékidejű kislemez) mely legalább 3, de inkább 4 zeneszámot tartalmaz - 6…10 perc/oldal)
 MP (Medium Play (közepesen játszó), középlemez, 25 cm átmérőjű - 15…20 perc/oldal)
 LP (Long Play (hosszanjátszó), nagylemez, korábban 25 cm, később 30 cm átmérőjű - 20…30 perc/oldal)
A hanglemeznél a technika jellege miatt nincs pontosan meghatározva egy adott lemeztípus lejátszási ideje. A barázda szélességének és kitéréseinek csökkentésével ugyanarra a lemeztípusra lényegesen több zeneanyagot is rá lehet rögzíteni a hangminőség, hangerő, dinamika csökkenése és a zajszint megemelkedése árán. Egy átlag nagylemezen oldalanként 15-18 perc zenét lehet megfelelően jó minőségben tárolni, de a hangerő és dinamika csökkentése árán ezt maximálisan fél órára is meg lehet növelni. Kislemeznél kb. 8 perc a maximális műsoridő, de szintén az elérhetőnél gyengébb hangminőségben.

Hangcsatornák száma szerint
 1: monoaurális (mono)
 2: sztereofonikus (sztereó)
 4: quadrofonikus (kvadro)

Felhasználása

Érdekességek
 1973-ban a Monty Python társulatnak The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief címmel megjelent lemezének érdekessége, hogy a kettes számú oldalán két egymással párhuzamos barázda fut a lemez középpontja felé, így gyakorlatilag az oldal kétszer játszható le más-más hanganyagot szólaltatva meg attól függően, hogy éppen melyik barázdaspirálba sikerül letenni a lemezjátszótűt. A további megtévesztés érdekében mindkét oldala Side Two-ra van címkézve, így csak a mátrix-szám alapján lehet megállapítani, hogy melyik a valódi kettes oldal (CAS1080B).
 Az 1970-es és 1980-as években egyes együttesek különféle megfordított, felgyorsított vagy lelassított üzeneteket ágyaztak zeneszámaikba, melyeket a szemfüles rajongók rendszerint hamar megtaláltak. A lemezjátszó technikai sajátosságait kihasználva ezeket az üzeneteket a hanglemezt rendre visszafelé hallgatva, felgyorsítva vagy lelassítva lehetett csak meghallgatni. Néhány ilyen jellegű zeneszám: Electric Light Orchestra: Danger Ahead, Fire on High; J. Geils Band: No Anchovies Please, Queen: One Vision.
 Napoleon XIV They're coming to take me away című humoros dalának kislemezén a "B" oldalon is az "A" oldali szám szerepel, de megfordítva, a végétől az elejéig hallhatóan.

Jegyzetek

Források
 Csabai Dániel: Hangtechnika amatőröknek (Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980. 295-298. old.)

Kapcsolódó szócikkek
 Lemezjátszó
 Fonográf
 Gramofon
 Hanglemezek karbantartása
 Hanglemezek állapotának osztályozására használt jelölések listája
 Hanglemezek gyártása

Hanghordozók
Hangtechnika


1. The objective of the self-assessment is to produce a comprehensive, credible and action-oriented overview of the national banking supervisory system based on the Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision and the Core Principles Methodology. In conducting a self-assessment, supervisory authorities seek to benchmark their own supervisory system against the Core Principles, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the effectiveness of supervision. The process is not necessarily a one-time event and supervisory authorities may choose to conduct self-assessments on a periodic basis.
2. This paper presents a framework that banking supervisory authorities can use to conduct self-assessments of their supervisory systems. The framework is derived in large part from the insights gained from self-assessments that have been conducted by a number of countries since the publication by the Basel Committee of its Core Principles and Core Principles Methodology.
3. The Core Principles and Core Principles Methodology set a high standard of practice. Therefore, it is to be expected that any country conducting a rigorous and objective self-assessment will find some gaps and shortcomings in its banking supervisory system. In the final analysis, the assessors must form a judgement as to whether the supervisory authority has the capacity to supervise adequately the banking sector, and whether the supervisory methods used by the supervisory authority contribute effectively to that goal. If they do not, it is incumbent on the supervisory authority to take action. A programme of reform should also include any necessary measures that would have to be taken by other authorities (e.g., legislators, regulators).
4. The self-assessment framework is designed to be suitable for all types of jurisdictions, irrespective of the degree of development of the banking system or the nature of the supervisory system. The framework places particular emphasis on the practical aspects of self-assessment, highlighting specific questions that need to be asked and obstacles that may be encountered along the way. It employs a multi-phase approach, with a view to conducting the most comprehensive analysis possible. Finally, it suggests the use of a template in which the different steps of the assessment are summarised as set out in the annex of the Core Principles Methodology document.
5. The self-assessment is a time consuming and resource intensive process; however, the benefits are numerous. Among the most important of these is the added value that such an exercise will provide to an external assessment. It lays the groundwork for supervisory authorities to begin taking steps towards more effective supervision, rather than waiting for an external assessment to take place. It will lead to more productive discussions with the external assessors, as the detailed criteria will have already been reviewed internally. It can also assist the external assessors by providing background material for their work.


Find details information about B-ed and Library Science Course at Rabindrabharati Viswabidyalaya Kolkata. How to apply for B-ed at Rabindravarati University? What is the last date of application submission for B-Ed & Library science course at Rabindrabharati University?
Bachelor of Education & Library science course admission started at Rabindravarati University for 2011. B-ED course of Rabindravarati University is NCTE approved.
Any Graduate with minimum 50% marks (45% for SC) in aggregate or Post Graduates can apply for this course.
Any Hons Graduate or Post can apply for this course. The candidate should have 2nd class marks in HS. Deputed candidate can also apply. If any graduate candidates have Certificate in Library Science then they can apply as a 'Certificate Holder'.
Application form and prospectors will be available at the below address. You can collect forms & prospector directly from there. Fee for application forms & prospector is Rs 100/-.
You can also download application forms & prospector from the website www.rbu.ac.in. You have to attach Rs 125/- Bank DD in favor of Rabindra Bharati University and should be payable at Kolkata in case of downloaded application.
Provisional list of selected candidate will be announced on 7th June.


text:
Гранд-Пре́ри (, ) — город в канадской провинции Альберта, расположенный в 460 км северо-западнее города Эдмонтон и в 2480 км юго-восточнее города Фэрбанкс.

Гранд-Прери является седьмым по численности населения городом Альберты: по данным на 2021 год в городе проживало 64 141 человек.

Город центр добычи нефти и природного газа.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Город Гранд-Прери
 Город Гранд-Прери — Туристическая информация

Города Альберты


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