The infection control and indoor air quality experts at EC2 help identify the microbial pathogen responsible for histoplasmosis.
Dec. 5, 2012 - PRLog -- Last month, students from an Indiana High School are reported to have likely come down with histoplasmosis. Histoplasmosis is a disease caused by a fungus known as Histoplasma capsulatum. It can grow as yeast at body temperature in mammals. Symptoms of the infection vary greatly, but the disease primarily affects the lungs.
WISH reported the case that involves students from Shelbyville, Indiana. Those infected belong to the Shelbyville Student Council and the National Honor Society. It is believed that they may have become infected during a school fundraiser that involved cleaning out an old barn.
Histoplasma capsulatum lives in the environment, usually in association with large amounts of bird or bat droppings. Although not all people exposed to the fungus become ill, lung infections can occur after a person inhales the airborne fungal spores.
"In the United States, Histoplasma capsulatum is common in the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys," reported Ed Chambers, President of EC2, Inc., one of the leading indoor air quality and infection control consulting firms in the Midwest. "People should avoid places with large amounts of bird or bat droppings, especially if they have a weakened immune system. Many homes and properties, including in the Chicago area where EC2 is based, have issues with these animals living in attics or leaving their droppings on roofs near air intakes. If people suspect they may have a problem, environmental experts such as those at EC2, should be contacted to investigate. If large amounts of droppings are found, a professional company that handles these types of situations should be hired to remove the waste," he continued.
To learn more about Histoplasma capsulatum, indoor air quality (IAQ) or other environmental and health & safety issues, please visit http://www.4ec2inc.com, email info@4ec2inc.com or call (815) 703-9000.
EC2 is a leading provider of environmental consulting and inspection services for clients across the United States. Based in the Chicago area, the company provides their services to clients ranging from local companies and institutions to international Fortune 500 Corporations.


text:
Bill Nichols
A Short Video about INTRODUCTION TO DOCUMENTARY, 2nd Edition
Cinema's Alchemist: The Films of Peter Forgacs (editor, with Michael Renov)
Engaging Cinema
Ideology and the Image
Introduction to Documentary
Maya Deren and the American Avant-Garde (editor)
Movies and Methods, volumes 1 and 2 (editor)
Newsreel: Documentary Filmmaking on the American Left
Representing Reality
CV Summary
DVDs Available
#1 [Prologue to Past Imperfect, a novel in progress]
Newsreel: MA Thesis
Obama's Fatal Error
Posted on October 4, 2013 by billnichols99
Let's go back to the beginning of it all, 2008, when a newly elected President Obama arrrived on a promise of change and the nation had seen enough lying, deception and outright criminality by leaders who rewrote what words like "torture" meant to suit their ends. A fraudulent, completely unnecessary war gave Al Qaeda a new recruiting ground (it didn't exist in Iraq before the U.S. invasion) and a poorly executed, half-baked effort to capture Osama Bin Laden in Afghanistan floundered and morphed into another hopeless attempt to win hearts and minds by having soldiers storm through villages and prop up a corrupt regime.
But it all did yield profits for the defense industry and lots of prisoners who got shuffled off into black sites and Guantanamo where torture was the name of the game.
What if Obama did then what many urged? What if he ordered a formal investigation into whether crimes against humanity had occurred during the Bush administration? No one would expect Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld, Rice, Gonzales and the other decision makers to serve jail time or perhaps even to stand trial but if there had been a finding that Yes, indeed: crimes against humanity occurred and these were the ones responsible, a new, clear, honorable moral tone would have begun to take hold. And even if the charges led to a trial, President Obama could use, properly, his right to pardon as a way to avoid what could become a political football and an international embarrassment. The shame could be left at the feet of the perpetrators.
Such action would have confirmed President Obama's desire for change, his determination to set a new course, his vision of a future that remained true to the great American values of due process and the rule of law.
Instead Obama has slowly and it seems inexorably drifted into complicity with what we thought he'd change: prolonged, grinding wars in Afghanistan and Iraq for far longer than necessary to dismantle the core elements of Al Qaeda housed there; continued coddling of the corrupt regime in Pakistan that clearly and well nigh openly shielded Bin Laden and droves of other terrorists; efforts to compromise with those Senator Reid has finally identified, correctly, as "Banana Republicans"–extremists who seek to overthrow the Constitutional division of powers and nullify existing law by refusing to respect either their opponents, the Constitution or the vast numbers of us who need, want and value government services from the National Parks and air controllers to the FDA and Medicare; continued and expand the use of drone aircraft attacks against presumed terrorists despite vivid evidence of killing civilians as well; continued to rely on Depleted Uranium as a key element of shells even though these shells virtually vaporize, creating micro-particles that indiscriminately ravage the lungs and distort the DNA of those nearby, including U.S. troops, and despite a hypocritical aversion to chemical weapons if used by adversaries; hanging onto the economic advisors who sat on their butts as we slid into a totally avoidable economic crisis (who, in Larry Summers and others, in fact helped engineer it by promoting the legislation that allowed for the reckless practices that led to the overinflated balloons of bad, very bad, debt, that burst; giving in on aspects of the initial Affordable Health Care Act in order to placate the radical right but with painful consequences for the millions of us who were counting on the government to modernize the 1930s legislation that began to weave an indispensable safety net under the bloody arena of the so-called free market.
Taking the moral high road from the very start would have made all this folly stand out for the folly it is because it would have been clearly and cleanly repudiated.
We'd be in a very different place today and those who got us here would know full well that we know who's responsible for attempting to plunge this country into the dark world of terrorism, greed and mindless conduct that has, instead, become all too rampant and all too familiar.
Posted in In My Opinion: The World Around Us	| Tagged Condalezza Rice, crimes against humanity, Depleted Uranium, Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, Iraq war, morality, Preisent Obama, President Bush, terrorism, war crimes	| Leave a reply
The Act of Killing
Posted on August 10, 2013 by billnichols99
How we frame what we encounter matters enormously. Take documentary reenactments. Reenactments say, in effect, the events being represented do not represent what the events for which they stand would represent. They represent a retrospective attitude toward the original events, which may be that of a character or omniscient narrator. They always convey the perspective, or voice, of the filmmaker as well. Some reenactments remain disguised as representing contemporary events directly such as we find in Nanook of the North, Coal Face or Night Mail so that the irony may be lost, or, if discovered, treated as deception. More usually, documentaries embed reenactments as acknowledged reconstructions (fictional representations) of historical but originally unfilmed events within a larger context of authentic representation. But this need not be the case, as The Act of Killing amply demonstrates.
In The Act of Killing, the mise en scène of historic but unfilmed events derives primarily from the film's subjects—gangsters who formed, at the Indonesian government's behest, death squads to capture and execute alleged Communists in 1965-66. The aging but unrepentant gangsters frankly recount their past exploits, demonstrate their grizzly methods, and reenact their actions through the filter of Hollywood film genres (most notably, western and gangster films). The reenactments take the form of stylized typifications. Various scenes make it clear that the government still honors and protects these men and the paramilitary group, Pancasila, to which they belong, allowing them to speak with complete impunity and minimal remorse. They may even still be doing what they did so long ago.
What is yet more unhinging for the viewer is the looming impression that a sharp distinction between reenactments and authentic documentary representation fails to materialize. The gangsters live out their own phantasmatic representations of their current state of mind, which Joshua Oppenheimer, the director, refuses to label either openly or with a wink. To what extent their speech and action in the present is another form of calculated performance becomes acutely undecidable. A lavish musical number amidst lush vegetation with dancing women surrounding and venerating the gangsters as though they were tropical deities is clearly their fantasy, but the TV talk show that praises their past exploits and celebrates the film they're making (the one we see), and the principal gangster's return to a place of execution to stumble and retch, as if unable to control his body's revulsion as what he did, near the film's conclusion, are less clearly so. Is the TV talk show what Anwar and his buddies imagine such a show would be like or did Oppenheimer document an actual broadcast?[iii] Is the reenactment of a village massacre indeed too savage, as a government minister, who helps orchestrate it, states, or a prime example of the reason why the gangsters, and the government they serve, should be feared, as he then goes on to claim? For killers so self-aware of their image and the role of movies in shaping it, is a show of remorse near the film's conclusion, even if somewhat genuine, not also a possible attempt to earn a little sympathy before the final fade to black? Does the fact that Anwar Congo retches but does not vomit suggest he is going through the motions of showing contrition or is it simply the best he can honestly do?
The film withholds the visible winks that would allow us to sort social from psychic reality. The killers reconstruct a past and live out a present that glorifies their crimes. The many government figures who appear in the film make it clear that these men continues to possess considerable use value for the Indonesian state. The current situation takes on the form of a phantasmatic nightmare of corruption and terror. By giving the gangsters such free reign and by depicting such a depraved social structure, the film withholds, as did, in another key, Luis Buñuel in Land without Bread, the independent, non-ironic perspective we anticipate and desire so that we may distinguish the phantasmatic from its surrounding reality.[iv] Instead of gradually dissipating, the sense of confounding doubt that launches Man Bites Dog intensifies. The Act of Killing unhinges our grasp on social reality to a degree most films labeled mockumentary do not even begin to approximate. Like the son who withdraws at the sign of his mother's stiffened body, do we recoil in horror at these men's gruesome descriptions of mass murder, only to be told, by their nonchalant demeanor and boastful candor, that we ought not be afraid of our feelings of admiration and respect?
These encounters with irony involve paradox: things are and are not what they seem. Such paradox is less logical than existential. It depends on the lived relationship between filmmakers, social actors (or film subjects) and viewers; it occurs within a frame that one individual or entity, usually the filmmaker, controls. It invites the extension of belief or trust in what is said, even as it confounds us. Existential paradox involves a corporeal experience: it registers in our very bones. Akin to what have come to be called "body genres" (pornography, horror, melodrama and the like) the ironic text, unlike the contemplative object of classic aesthetics, produces a visceral affect: it boggles the mind and unnerves the body; it confounds our sense of certainty.
This excerpt if from a forthcoming article, hence it is a bit in media res but still a fairly autonomous response to a most disturbing film. It is definitely the most powerful film I've seen this year.
Note: I've deleted some footnotes but left a couple that clarify points in the review.
[iii] Possible winks include the presence of prosthetic heads on a table in front of the show's hostess, presumably representing the killers's victims, an audience composed primarily of Pancasila members, the use of English rather than Indonesian, which prevails in most of the scenes, and the completely uncritical veneration of these killers by the hostess. It seems far too fantastic to be real, but, on the film's website, Oppenheimer describes how the state television network learned of his production, arranged to produce the talk show and broadcast it nationally. It became another iteration of the narrative of terror and power that has supported the existing regime since 1965. "Production Notes," http://theactofkilling.com/background/. Accessed 8/8/2013.
[iv] In Moi, un Noir (1958), Jean Rouch invites a group of Nigerian friends to play out their own fantasies as movie stars—from Edward G. Robinson to Eddie Constantine, as they journey to Cote d'Ivoire in search of work. The blurring of fantasy and reality, though, is greatly attenuated, and interpreted, by Rouch's voice-over commentary, a device Oppenheimer refuses to employ.
Posted in Film Reviews	| Tagged documentary, documentary reenactments, fantasy, genocide, Indonesia, Joshua Oppenheimer, Pancasila, phantasmatic, terrorism	| Leave a reply
In My Opinion: The World Around Us

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


iQ Broderick House was previously known as iQ Birmingham. It is a pretty upscale and modern built student accommodation located on Bath Row in Birmingham. It is a 5-minute walk to the Five Ways Bus Stop. It takes only 11 minutes by bus to reach the University of Birmingham and is well connected to Birmingham City University as well as Aston University. It offers amenities such as an Atrium, all-weather sports pitch, on-site gym, quiet study rooms and social spaces. It also provides a mix of en-suite shared apartments and studio apartments with personal bathrooms. The team also puts together great social events for all its residents.
iQ Broderick House gives you the option to choose from en-suite shared apartments and studio apartments with personal bathrooms. You can bring out your bookworm in the quiet study spaces or be busy chit-chatting with friends in the social spaces. If you are on the outdoor person, you can head to the all-weather sports pitch and train for the upcoming athletic competitions. If you want to enjoy the beauty of nature while being indoors, you can head to the atrium. You can always contact the friendly on-site team to help solve your queries. Don't worry, if you have dropped your wallet while coming down the hallway as the building is secured with CCTV.
Outstation students can visit Anne Hathaway's cottage in Birmingham City to learn about her past and also have a look at some of the original family furniture left behind. Others, who are not into History, can go to Cadbury World to get a glimpse of the journey behind the Chocolate brand. They can also go through on a 4d journey to witness some of the famous Cadbury characters.
iQ Broderick House is also close to some of the popular student hangouts. Head out to Nando's to enjoy a delicious meal and gossip over celebrity break-ups with friends. Go to Cafe Rouge to catch up with your friends over a hot brewing cup of coffee. Party animals can always go to the O'Neill's for a fun night out with friends and meet up with potential party animals like you.
Get booking already with IQ Broderick student accommodation and live your life in student style.
Copper En-Suite rooms are located on floors 0-2 and can enjoy a private shower room, sink and single bed, occupants also share a fitted kitchen and lounge area for cooking socializing with friends.
Book now and receive £200 cashback.
Bronze En-Suite rooms have a shower room, sink and single bed, occupants also share a fitted kitchen and lounge area for cooking socializing with friends.
Copper En Suite Plus is facilitated with a private shower room, sink and single bed, fitted kitchen and lounge area for cooking and socialising with friends.
Silver En-Suite rooms come with wood-effect flooring, private shower, toilet and sink. The rooms are attached with all modern facilities featuring good storage and living space.
Bronze Studios are spacious self-contained studios attached to all modern facilities featuring good storage and living space. The studio offers private lockable bedroom having a single bed, wardrobe, study desk and chair, private bathroom and a private kitchen having microwave, oven, hob, microwave, and fridge.
Gold En-Suite Plus are large rooms located on 7th-10th floors with the view of the canal. The room is attached with all modern facilities featuring good storage and living space. Room offers private lockable bedroom having single bed, wardrobe, study desk and chair, shared kitchen having breakfast bar, microwave, oven, hob and fridge and a private bathroom.
Diamond Ensuite Plus is attached with all modern facilities featuring good storage and living space. The studio offers a private lockable bedroom, wardrobe, study desk and chair, kitchen and all other modern amenities.
Platinum En-Suite Plus are spacious rooms on 3rd-6th floors overlooking the canal. The room is attached with all modern facilities featuring good storage and living space. Room offers private lockable bedroom having single bed, wardrobe, study desk and chair, shared kitchen having microwave, oven, hob and fridge and a private bathroom.
Gold En-Suite rooms have a shower room, sink and single bed, occupants also share a fitted kitchen and lounge area for cooking socializing with friends.
Platinum En-Suite is one of the largest rooms with 2 large windows overlooking the City or the Canal. The rooms are attached with all modern facilities featuring good storage and living space. Room offers private lockable bedroom having single bed, wardrobe, study desk and chair, shared kitchen having breakfast bar, microwave, oven, hob and fridge and a private bathroom.
Silver Studios are spacious self-contained studios. The room is attached with all modern facilities featuring good storage and living space. The studio offers private lockable bedroom having a double bed, wardrobe, study desk and chair, private bathroom and a private kitchen having all modern amenities.
Gold Studios are large studios attached to all modern facilities featuring good storage and living space. The studio offers a private lockable bedroom, wardrobe, study desk and chair, private bathroom and a private kitchen along with all modern amenities.
Platinum Studios are self-contained studios. The room is attached with all modern facilities featuring good storage and living space. The studio offers private lockable bedroom having a double bed, wardrobe, study desk and chair, private bathroom and a private kitchen having all modern amenities.
Platinum Studio Plus is attached with all modern facilities featuring good storage and living space. The studio offers a private lockable bedroom, wardrobe, study desk and chair, private bathroom and a private kitchen having microwave, oven, hob, fridge.
Bronze Studios are large studios attached to all modern facilities featuring good storage and living space. The studio offers a private lockable bedroom, wardrobe, study desk and chair, private bathroom and a private kitchen having microwave, oven, hob, fridge.
Where the reason for cancellation can't be proved in line with the above, you will remain liable for the full contractual rent, unless and until a replacement tenant is found for your accommodation. You're responsible for finding an eligible replacement tenant, although we will assist where possible. If a replacement tenant is found, you'll be released from the contractual obligations laid out in the Tenancy Agreement and any rent money will be refunded to you. Your Booking Fee will be retained, however.
Q. Can I choose who I live within a shared flat?
Yes, you can! If you do not receive the grades to be accepted by your chosen university then your booking fee is refundable in full. However, a letter from the University confirming the withdrawal of their offer to process the refund is required. It may also be possible to transfer your booking to another location at your second choice institution, though this is subject to availability. Please remember that this is the only circumstance when a reservation fee (or holding fee in Scotland) is refundable.
Q. Will my flat be clean?
Offer Book now and receive £200 cashback.


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We purchase our water jacket melter and EZ system from Melting & Filling Equipment for our ointment and balm business. We are more than satisfied with the system and hope to purchase more this year! The whole system is easy to clean and handle. We had no trouble dealing with Customs and Excise and only paid a small import levy. We have been more than satisfied with the communication and friendly service that we received from the other side of the world- and would happily recommend Melting And Filling Equipment, Inc. to any one seeking great reliable products and good service.
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This year, during b-side festival, we will be hosting our own WHY? Festival led, produced and programmed by our current cohort of [intransit] Producers. The [intransit] Producers are 5 under 25s who are particularly interested in social activism, young people's rights and developing their skills in producing.
WHY? What's Happening for the Young? is a festival that celebrates youth rights and youth voice. The festival is inspired by the UN Conventions on The Rights of The Child and the workshops, performances and discussions the [intransit] Producers have programmed are all based on Articles of interest to the local Portland youth community.
The festival activities will take place in and around Easton Square and will include: Theatre Workshops, Performances, Local Music, Discussions around Mental Health and Fake News, Spoken Word Workshops and Performances and even alternative village fête games!
We will be releasing the full programme soon, so keep your eyes peeled!
All of the activities at the festival will be free - but they will be ticketed in advance.
Find us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or follow the event on Facebook.


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Refund will be given within 5 business days after we get the item, shipping fee, handcraft cost and rush order cost will be cut from the original payment(free shipping item will also be charged the postage). For special designed expensive items, we usually need to charge extra restocking fee.
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Crews from CenterPoint Energy have finished construction on the Diamond Lake project in Minneapolis. The project involved the upgrading of 7,281 feet of main gas pipe and about 200 natural gas services connected to the new main pipe. For a full list of the project, see the past updates below.
CenterPoint Energy wants to thank you for your patience. Thank you.
Crews from Michels Corporation, an authorized contractor from CenterPoint Energy, finished connecting residential gas service lines to the main pipe on Thursday, August 11.
CenterPoint Energy's final step is restoring the curbs, sidewalks, roads and yards with crews from Q3, an authorized contractor from CenterPoint Energy.
By Monday, August 8, one crew will be done with 3rd Avenue S., E. 60th Street and north of E. 60th Street. A second crew will be done connecting services on Clinton Avenue S. and 5th Avenue S. within the week of August 8, construction pending.
The final step of construction is restoring the curbs, blacktop roads and yards that were affected by construction. A third crew is restoring the curbs on all of the Diamond Lake streets, including the ones north of E. 60th Street as well as 3rd Avenue S., Clinton Avenue S. and 5th Avenue S. (see Map of Construction).
Crews from CenterPoint Energy are progressing in construction in the Diamond Lake neighborhood in Minneapolis.
The crews are currently installing services on 3rd Avenue S., 5th Avenue S. and Clinton Avenue S. south of E. 60th Street. There were no services that needed installation on 2nd Avenue S. or 4th Avenue S.
Crews from CenterPoint Energy will finish construction in Diamond Lake in Minneapolis in about three or four weeks from the week of July 25.
The first three weeks will involve finishing the natural gas service installations and abandonments. The affected streets will include 3rd Avenue S., Clinton Avenue S. and 5th Avenue S. south of E. 60th Street. The final week will involve hard surface restoration.
Currently, crews are installing services on 5th Avenue S. south of E. 60th Street. They have finished all natural gas service installations north of E. 60th Street. Restoration in those streets is being completed the week of July 25.
Where is CenterPoint Energy's construction now?
Crews from CenterPoint Energy have finished installing pipes in the Diamond Lake neighborhood in the following streets: Roslyn Place, Chester Street, Diamond Lake Road north of E. 60th Street, and Clinton Avenue S. north of E. 60th Street.
Crews from Q3, an authorized contractor from CenterPoint Energy, are restoring the hard surface roads in those areas. There are a few services left to install in those areas.
Crews are also installing pipes along 5th Avenue S.
Crews from CenterPoint Energy are continuing to install the main gas pipeline in the Diamond Lake neighborhood in Minneapolis. In addition, they are beginning to install the services attached to the main.
The crews are currently installing services on 3rd Avenue S. between E. 60th Street and E. 62nd Street.
Crews from CenterPoint Energy are installing a main gas pipeline in the Diamond Lake neighborhood in Minneapolis. (See map below.) Crews installed a portion of the main pipe on Roselyn Place.
Where will the crews be working?
Diamond Lake Road from E. 60th Street to Chester Street, closing the sidewalk. Restoration should be finished by the week of July 4 or the week afterward.
E. 60th Street from west of Clinton Avenue S. to east of Portland Avenue S.
Starting July 5, crews will set up traffic control and maintain two-way traffic in the eastbound lane.


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https://apnews.com/article/4d25c240a5674d99b15519825b6e4cc1
The Latest: Brother of Fresno suspect shocked by killings
April 19, 2017 GMT
Fresno police stand next to a pile of clothes in front of a corner market in the neighborhood where shootings occurred in Fresno, Calif., Tuesday, April 18, 2017. A man shot and killed three people on the streets of downtown Fresno shouting "God is great" in Arabic during at least one of the slayings and later telling police that he hates white people, authorities said. (AP Photo/Scott Smith)
FRESNO, Calif. (AP) — The Latest on a fatal shooting in downtown Fresno, California (all times local):
The brother of a California man who Fresno police say shot and killed a motel security guard and three other men he targeted for being white says he's shocked by the killings.
Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer says 39-year-old Kori Ali Muhammad, who is black, told investigators he decided to kill white people after police on Tuesday publicly identified him as a suspect in last week's slaying of a security guard.
Muhammad's brother, who didn't want to be identified by name, says his family had been concerned about Muhammad's homelessness.
Dyer says Muhammad told investigators that he wanted to be known as someone who killed many white people and not just a security guard.
Muhammad is being charged with four counts of murder.
An official says a man suspected of killing a motel security guard and three people he targeted for being white is being charged with four counts of murder.
Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer says Kori Ali Muhammad will also face at least two additional charges of assault with a deadly weapon.
Muhammad has a long record of criminal charges and a history of mental illness.
Dyer says Muhammad was publicly identified Tuesday as the person who last week shot a 25-year-old Motel 6 security guard.
He says Muhammad told police he wanted to be known as someone who killed many white people and not just a security guard.
Dyer says the victims include a utility worker and all are white men between the ages of 34 and 58.
The man suspected of killing three people in downtown Fresno had a long record of criminal charges in Sacramento.
Online Superior Court records show Kori Ali Muhammad was charged with more than a dozen felonies and misdemeanors between 1997 and 2004 using several aliases. They include forgery, domestic violence, criminal threats and driving under the influence.
On several occasions, Muhammad pleaded no contest to a misdemeanor within days of being charged. More serious crimes were dismissed and felonies were reduced to misdemeanors.
Muhammad spent years on probation in Sacramento County with periodic jail terms for probation violations.
Federal court records show Muhammad was charged in 2005 with possessing cocaine with intent to distribute.
Fresno police chief says a man arrested after killing three people told investigators he wanted to kill as many white people as possible after seeing he was wanted in the death of a security guard.
Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer says Kori Ali Muhammad was publicly identified Tuesday as the person who last week shot a 25-year-old Motel 6 security guard.
Dyer says the victims are all white men between the ages of 34 and 58.
Fresno's police chief says it doesn't appear the suspect who fatally shot three people is connected to terrorism despite the statement that he made.
Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer says Kori Ali Muhammad wanted to kill as many white people as possible before going to jail.
Dyer says "this is solely based on race."
A former classmate of the man suspected of shooting three people to death in Fresno says that when they met he was outgoing, down to earth, peaceful and into health and nutrition.
Desiree Martinez says she met Kori Ali Muhammad three years ago when both were in a media training program at Community Media Access Collaborative in Fresno.
Martinez says everybody loved him and that whenever he saw someone eating junk food, he would talk to them about making healthier food choices.
She says she was shocked to hear that he was connected to Tuesday's shootings.
Records show Muhammad was charged in 2005 with possessing cocaine with intent to distribute. Federal prosecutors said at the time that he was also in possession of a 9mm semi-automatic handgun and two rifles after being convicted of a felony.
He claimed insanity, and his attorney requested a psychiatric examination for his client, saying Muhammad "appeared eccentric with some bizarre beliefs." A psychiatrist who examined Muhammad believed he had psychosis, Muhammad's attorney said in the court filing.
Court documents also show Muhammad "suffered auditory hallucinations and had at least two prior mental health hospitalizations."
They show his attorney said that Muhammad had "paranoia" and thought the justice system and his defense attorney were conspiring against him.
The suspect in the shooting deaths of three people in Fresno consistently posted racially charged videos and phrases on social media.
On what appeared to be Kori Ali Muhammad's Facebook page, he repeatedly posted "#LetBlackPeopleGo" and encouraged "black warriors" to "mount up."
A posting Monday says, "My kill rate increases tremendously on the other side." He also posted about "white devils" and on several occasions, posted status updates that included the phrase "Allahu Akbar," or "God is great" in Arabic.
He linked almost daily to YouTube videos and an iTunes album titled "True Story Kori." He appears on the cover of the album.
Police say he shot and killed three white men at random Tuesday before being arrested.
A resident says a victim of the Fresno shooting that left three men dead was lying on the sidewalk leading to his front door and had appeared to be carrying groceries.
Stephen Hughes says he and his wife rushed home Tuesday after receiving a frantic call from a neighbor. They saw a body draped in a blanket.
Hughes said he's lived for 40 years in the home, which is in a neighborhood lined with tall, mature trees.
The blanket was later removed and replaced by black screens, from which a pair of feet in black shoes and white socks could be seen. Nearby was a bag of groceries, partly spilled.
The man's identity wasn't released. Another victim was a utility worker sitting in a work truck and a man gunned downed in a charity parking lot.
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. says one of its employees was killed during a shooting in downtown Fresno that left two others dead.
Police say the PG&E employee, who has not been identified, was sitting in the passenger seat of his work truck when the suspect walked up and shot him. The driver of the truck sped off to the police department for help.
The utility says in a statement it's cooperating with law enforcement as they investigate what led the suspect to open fire Tuesday at four locations within a block.
Police say 39-year-old Kori Ali Muhammad was arrested shortly after the shooting.
Authorities say the suspect in a shooting that killed three people in central California has a criminal history.
Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer says 39-year-old Kori Ali Muhammad has been arrested on weapons, drugs and false imprisonment charges and making terrorist threats. He had been associated with gangs but was not a validated member.
Dyer says he had been living on the streets and most people had "disassociated" themselves from him.
Authorities say the man accused of shooting and killing three people in central California fired 16 rounds in one minute.
Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer says 39-year-old Kori Ali Muhammad was armed with a revolver and reloaded at one point. He opened fire at four locations within a block.
Muhammad was arrested shortly after the shooting. He also was wanted for a separate killing from last week, in which a motel security guard in Fresno was gunned down.
Dyer has said Muhammad shouted "God is great!" in Arabic while being arrested and had posted on social media that he dislikes white people. All three victims in Tuesday's killings were white men, and Muhammad is black.
Dyer says police have called the FBI to assist in the investigation.
This item has been corrected to show that police say the suspect posted on social media that he dislikes white people, not that he told officers that.
The imam of the Islamic Cultural Center of Fresno says the suspect in a shooting that killed three people was not a member of his center.
Seyed Ali Ghazvini said Tuesday that he and other faith leaders are trying to identify Kori Ali Muhammad.
Authorities say Muhammad yelled "God is great" in Arabic while being taken into custody. Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer says he also had posted on social media that he dislikes white people. All three victims were white.
Ghazvini offered prayers to the victims and their families. He said that members are shocked.
This item has been corrected to show that police say the suspect posted on social media that he dislikes white people, not that he told officers that. Also, Seyed Ali Ghazvini's first name was misspelled Sayed.
Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer says the suspect in a shooting that killed three people in downtown Fresno shouted "God is great" in Arabic and had posted on social media that he dislikes white people.
All three victims in Tuesday's killings were white. The police chief says they were shot minutes apart in close proximity in areas around downtown.
Thirty-nine-year-old Kori Ali Muhammad was arrested shortly afterward. He was already wanted for a separate killing from last week, in which a Motel 6 security guard in Fresno was gunned down.
Dyer says police have called the FBI to assist in the investigation. He says the suspect made other statements to police but did not disclose what they were.
Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer says three people have been killed in a shooting in the downtown central California city.
He says a suspect is in custody. The shooting happened Tuesday morning near a Catholic Charities building.
Ashlee Wolf of Catholic Charities told the Fresno Bee newspaper (http://bit.ly/2oK6Vzc) that the shooting happened at a bus stop near the charity.
Wolf says the charity doesn't believe the shooter was tied to Catholic Charities.
Emergency officials say a shooting has killed one person and injured two others in downtown Fresno.
Dan Lynch of Fresno County Emergency Medical Services says the two wounded by gunfire have been transported to hospitals.
Fresno city spokesman Mark Standriff says county offices are on lockdown, and people have been urged to shelter in place. Few other details were immediately known.
Ashlee Wolf of Catholic Charities told the Fresno Bee newspaper (http://bit.ly/2oK6Vzc ) the shooting happened at a bus stop near the charity.
Wolf says the charity doesn't believe the shooter was tied to Catholic Charities. She says the charity is working with police to provide information.


dc.description Jan Forbrich, et al, 'HIGH-PRECISION RADIO AND INFRARED ASTROMETRY OF LSPM J1314+1320AB. I.PARALLAX, PROPER MOTIONS, AND LIMITS ON PLANETS', The Astrophysical Journal, 827:22 (8pp), August 2016. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/827/1/22. © 2016. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.


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Archive for Poulation Council
Widely Published Webcam Abortions Study by Partner of Planned Parenthood
Posted in Abortion pill, Population Council, RU-486, Webcam Abortion with tags Abortion, Daniael Grossman MD, IPIS, Jenifer Bowen, Planned Parenthood, Poulation Council, RU486, Webcam Abortion on February 28, 2013 by saynsumthn
Jenifer Bowen | February 26, 2013 |
What looked like a study promoting Planned Parenthood's webcam abortions that was widely published in the media, turns out to be co-authored by a radical abortion group, that not only works closely with Planned Parenthood, but collaborates with Planned Parenthood on dangerous abortion experiments on women in the Third World.
The article on the study which ran in The Des Moines Register, 11/16/12, features Daniel Grossman, MD, Vice President for research at Ibis Reproductive Health. Ibis, based in Massachusetts, is an organization that aggressively promotes abortion, especially medication (abortion pill / RU-486) abortions like the ones Planned Parenthood offers by webcam in Iowa. On its website, Ibis' goals include:
•	Documenting the impact of abortion restrictions and making the argument to lift those restrict-ions (particularly bans on public funding for abortion in the U.S.)
•	Conducting clinical and social science research to shed light on ways to improve second-trimester abortion services and access to these services.
•	Testing cutting-edge service delivery models that have promise for increasing access to medication abortion (e-medicine, pharmacy and primary care provision, role of misoprostol alone, simplifying the regimen, etc.)
•	Leading the effort to bring researchers, advocates, and providers together to move oral contraceptives over the counter.
Clearly, a study by Ibis is not an unbiased, independent review of Planned Parenthood. It gets worse.
Ibis's relationship with Planned Parenthood goes deeper. The two organizations collaborate on testing of dangerous abortion procedures on women in the Third World.
In a 2012 study, "Cervical Priming Before Dilation and Evacuation," one of the things Ibis and Planned Parenthood are testing on women in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, is to see if the drug misprostol might expel the babies of women at "13 to 20 weeks gestation," before a D&E abortion.
D&E is Dilation and Evacuation: an abortion method where a baby up to 24 weeks or 6 months in the womb is torn apart by forceps with sharp metal jaws.
Misoprostol is the second set of drugs given in a medication (abortion pill/RU-486) abortion. Planned Parenthood uses it here in Iowa with its webcam abortions— it's the drug the woman takes at home which expels the baby.
So in South Africa, Ibis and Planned Parenthood are testing misoprostol abortion pills on women who are 3-5 months pregnant, who should be having a surgical abortion. What kind of complications do they anticipate?
Ibis and Planned Parenthood's study, listed on the U.S. National Institute of Health's website http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, says, "Major complications to include:
•	Death
•	Admission to the ward after the procedure
•	Readmission after discharge
•	Abdominal surgical procedure
•	Suspected uterine perforation
•	Seizure
•	Hemorrhage requiring transfusion"
These women are abortion industry guinea pigs, whose lives are expendable. In the Third World, U.S. based abortion organizations like Ibis and Planned Parenthood are less likely to face lawsuits or other consequences even when the major complications of their experiments include "Death."
In the U.S., the FDA protocol has only approved RU-486 / medication abortions for women up to 49 days (or 7 weeks) into their pregnancy.
Here in Iowa, Planned Parenthood offers RU-486/medication abortions up to 63 days (2 months and 1 week) into a pregnancy, in violation of FDA protocol.
But the women in the Ibis study are 3-5 months into their pregnancy—well into their second trimester.
In another Ibis sponsored study, also listed on http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, Canadian women as young as 16, were tested in Vancouver, to see if they might abort using misoprostol alone. This means doing away with the first drug in a medication (RU-486 abortion), Mifeprex, which kills the baby.
Why misoprostol? Because it is cheap. Planned Parenthood in Iowa, in addition to going beyond on FDA Protocol limits on when a medication abortion can be used, also violates the FDA Protocol by changing the combination of pills — lowering the number of Mifeprex pills (the first drug in a medication abortion that kills the baby) and then upping the number of misoprostol pills. Mifeprex costs about $90 a pill, while misoprostol costs about $1 a pill. (For more information, see IRTL News, September 2010 online at http://www.iowaRTL.org/ "What's New.")
Ties to population control group, Population Council
Before Ibis, Dr. Grossman worked for the Population Council of Mexico City, an offshoot of the Population Council, first founded in 1952 by John D. Rockefeller III — to force population control across the globe. Several of Ibis' board members are former Population Council employees.
In 1967, Planned Parenthood awarded Rockefeller III, its dubious "Margaret Sanger Award," named for the Planned Parenthood founder, whose goal was to purify the human race through birth control, sterilization and abortion. Rockefeller, like Sanger, was into eugenics.
The Population Council holds the patent and rights to market and distribute RU-486 (medication abortion pills) in the United States. The developer of the drug, French pharmaceutical company Roussel Uclaf donated the patent to the Population Council in 1994 to avoid protests in the United States.
The Population Council sponsored the RU-486 trials in the U.S. in the late 1990s, which then Planned Parenthood of Greater Iowa, took part.
Readers of the IRTL News will recall that in 1995, Jill June, Planned Parenthood's CEO in Iowa, told the press that there had been no complications among the women participating in the trial at Planned Parenthood's Des Moines clinic.
Later reports indicated that at least one woman who had taken the abortion pill at the Des Moines clinic nearly bled to death.
Jenifer Bowen is the executive director of Iowa Right to Life. She is a graduate of Baptist Bible College in Pennsylvania, and in her words: "an ordinary girl LOVED by an Extraordinary God!"


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Interpreting India
Shaping Space Diplomacy with Rajeswari P. Rajagopalan
Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan and Srinath Raghavan discuss areas for competition, cooperation, and governance in the space domain.
Dr Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Dr Rajagopalan was the Technical Advisor to the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts on Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) (July 2018-July 2019). She was also a Non-Resident Indo-Pacific Fellow at the Perth USAsia Centre from April-December 2020. As a senior Asia defence writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.
Srinath Raghavan is a nonresident senior fellow at Carnegie India. He is also a professor of International Relations and History at Ashoka University. His primary research focus is on the contemporary and historical aspects of India's foreign and security policies. He has written a number of books spanning international relations, strategic studies and modern South Asian history.
Space Policy 2.0: Commerce, Policy, Security, and Governance edited by Rajeswari P. Rajagopalan and Narayan Prasad Nagendra
Space Warfare in the 21st Century: Arming the Heavens by Jordan Joseph Freese
The Politics of Space Security: Strategic Restraint and the Pursuit of National Interests by James Clay Moltz
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Episode Transcription
(Intro) Srinath Raghavan: Hello and welcome to interpreting India. I'm Srinath Raghavan and this is the podcast presented by Carnegie India. Every two weeks we bring to you voices from India and around the world as we unpack the role of technology, the economy and foreign policy in shaping India's relationship with the world.
Earlier this year, India tested its anti-satellite weapons capability called Mission Shakti, making it only the fourth country to conduct an ASAT missile test after the United States, Russia, and China. This renewed focus on space activity comes at an interesting juncture in geopolitics. The prospect of a new and reinvigorated space race in some ways is reminiscent of the cold war era competition for the mastery of space between the United States and the former Soviet union. Last year, president Trump announced the creation of the US space force, the sixth independent military service branch of the United States armed forces, which led many to caution against the increased militarization of space in the years to come.
Complicating this scenario is the entry of several private players into the space industry for commercial and development purposes. All this has led to calls for regulatory and governance mechanisms to be put in place and global norms of behaviour for outer space. To discuss these issues with us today we have Dr Rajeswari Pillai Gopalan. Raji is a Distinguished Fellow and Head of the Nuclear and Space Policy at Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. Prior to joining ORF, Raji served as Assistant Director at the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) from 2003 to 2007. A prolific writer, she has several publications to her credit, both as an author and an editor. Most recently she co-edited Space Policy 2.0: Commerce, Policy, Security and Governance Perspectives. Raji's writings have appeared in some of the leading journals of international relations and security studies. Raji Rajagopalan, welcome to Interpreting India!
Raji Rajagopalan: Thank you.
Srinath Raghavan: I wanted to start by asking you about the current conjuncture between geopolitics and space programs. You know, we all know that during the cold war space was an integral part at least of our imagination of what the geopolitical competition between the superpowers was. But in recent years, there seems to have been some kind of a revival of space as being a very integral part of global power, politics and diffusion of power as it is taken place. So what in your opinion, accounts for the revival of space, so to speak, or has just been there all along and we've not been paying attention.
Raji Rajagopalan: Thank you Srinath, I think that's a fascinating question because you are beginning to see a fresh kind of a competition playing out in space and this is a function of the changing balance of power equations. Um, I think that's the primary driver for the renewed competition and the renewed attention that space is getting. So if you look at the earlier era space was mostly used for strategic purposes by both the US and the Soviet union. Uh, but not so much in the conventional military realm, for conventional military operations, that began to change and the color. And I think that's a big differentiation between the earlier politics and today's space race in a sense. So, but yeah, but even then I think you did see a whole range of anti-satellite tests and the kind of space, military space programs by both the super powers of the day. Uh, and that kind of played on until about the mid-eighties. For instance, I wanted the lighting, the last, anti-satellite test done by the U S was in the mid-eighties. And after that there was an unwritten moratorium in place in terms of, uh, you know, this is going to contribute to further deterioration of the space and environment and therefore neither of the countries pursued further programs of that kind. Uh, and come 2007, so 2000, mid 2000 thousand. So after a break of about two decades, you are beginning to see that competition playing out. Uh, the first sign of the revival of the competition was with the Chinese anti-satellite test. They had been some trying to do the test from 2005 on was, but the first successful is at test by China was in January, 2007 and that gave way to a fresh thinking about even within India, within India for instance, after the ASAT test, there was sort of a wakeup call for India as well to what are the kinds of measures India needs to put in place as a way of deterrence as a way to protect our own assets because we have a financial stake as well in the space program. And so what needs to be done.
So even within India that gave sport to a new debate and across the board you have the political leadership and the military leadership, the Indian air force came out talking about it and even the technocrats they talked about as to what we need to do to protect as well as to deter things out of space. And of course that led to the finally the, uh, India's own ASAT test in 2019 March. But before that, I think a then followed by the Chinese is ASAT test. You had the US conducting another ASAT test in 2008, uh, that was somewhat slightly more responsible at least that was conducted in a, on a lower orbit. So it did not result in a long lasting debris cloud. So to say, unlike the Chinese, ASAT test that was done at really high altitude, which has created about 3000 pieces of space debris and those are going to be long lasting for it for a decade. It's going to last there. So overall this has given way to more competition. Uh, and I would say the primary driver is the changing power dynamics both in Asia and beyond.
Srinath Raghavan: And I think we will definitely come back to unpack some of those issues, particularly about the Chinese Anti-satellite test and the Indian reaction to it. But I just want to stay with the very important insight with which you began. You said that during the cold war space mattered primarily because it was a demonstration of technological capability and promise, whereas today space matters because it is very closely intertwined with military power itself. Could you give us a sense of in what ways modern military power is reliant on space-based assets?
Raji Rajagopalan: So, the older decades when the competition between the U S and Soviets were playing out, it was mostly used for, of course there was a lot of national prestige and which would be the country to do the first in land on the moon for us to do this, so there was a lot of that kind of a demonstration that was happening. But I think that all panned out by the sixties and seventies, that began to kind of slow down. And by the 80s, even the ASAT programs begin to kind of wind down, so to say. And primarily space was used for monitoring arms control measures. But that's, that was a, that was still a kind of an acceptable way of dealing because the competition was privately between the two powers. Today you have something like 80 active players in outer space and with about 12 countries that can actually launch satellites.
Um, so you have a fairly large mix of countries from Latin America to Africa who are developing capabilities. But you have more established players in Asia, uh, America. And the more dangerous part, part of this whole competition is that they, we are today talking about using space assets for military conventional military operations.
Srinath Raghavan: And is it true to say that it's not just the United States, which is vulnerable to these, but in effect many militaries, even amongst mid-tier powers, right?
Raji Rajagopalan: Absolutely.
Srinath Raghavan: Simple thing like global positioning systems are crucial to the way that our military operations have been planned and executed today. And which in turn seems to have led some countries to think for alternatives to it. For instance, the Russians are developing GLONASS, which is their own sort of homegrown version of this thing. And they were looking for partners to join up that particular venture. So, uh, so do you think there's going to be, uh, a move towards creating parallel systems, which will have military applications, which in turn will then lead to a proliferation of capabilities to target those?
Raji Rajagopalan: So a couple of different things that are happening. So today when you have a sort of any disruption or a you're trying to target a particular system, it has not just a military impact, but it is also going to impact the civilian because the extensive, uh, use of space in the civil economic sector is so much that you are relying whether you are going to an ATM to pull out money you, whether you're asking for directions through your Google maps and so on and so forth. Everything is so linked to space. Yet, we don't recognize that dependency and how any disruption to the space activities can have multiple effects. So it's global and the effect is going to be global. The effect is going to be set. It's not going to be a sector specific, but it's going to be across the board in a sense.
So that those are the kind of realities which most of the time we are not thinking about it and we are not recognizing and acknowledging that, uh, appropriately. Alternated systems are coming about because one, because you don't want to depend on the GPS alone. For instance, India itself is developing a much smaller version of GPS called the IRNSS, Indian regional navigation satellite system. There are components we kind of rely on the, uh, on the US for upgrading these, some of the system navigation system. Gagan system for instance, uses the GPS to upgrade the system. The navigation program. Uh, but essentially there has been an effort to create your own system Baidu, for instance, the Chinese system, is meant to be operational across the Asia Pacific region by 2025 and they are meant to have a full global presence by about 2030.
So there are efforts to create this global networks, parallel networks so that you are not reliant on one particular party, whether it is the US. But I think there are also efforts by everybody to kind of test out and tease out this new counterspace capabilities to create those vulnerabilities. So a extensive use of cyber means and electronic warfare, these are because you don't necessarily need to now go for anti-satellite capability that will also create a lot more satellite, uh, space debris for instance, because there's already a huge amount of junk that is floating around in space. So you don't want to add to that. But at the same time do certain things and cyber means are very cheap in a sense. Uh, if you, if you want to buy an an a jamming device, you can do it book buy it online for a couple of hundred bucks actually. So it's not that, you know, these are not easy to find or easy to operate.
I think for about a decade now, since 2008 actually you have been seeing increasing number of, uh, incidents, but they are more in terms of testing out the capabilities, testing out the technologies. Teasing out the capabilities. So they have not created long-term disruption, but they have just created a kind of, you know, pinprick to just see, okay, whether this particular technology to disrupt a particular service or deny a particular service, whether it's working or not. So there have been enough number of, uh, incidents over the last a decade or so. Mostly they had, these have been, uh, between US and China. Um, but they have been, Russians had been developing some of these capabilities as well. And both Russia and the U S have their own cold war legacy technology as was always the one to activate new capabilities, counter space capabilities, go orbital anti-satellite capability. It's not difficult. It's not, it's not going to be a time consuming process, uh, for them to develop some of these capabilities.
The US is not the only target country. If China for instance, is developing certain capabilities with the US in mind, they can easily target us. And I think that's the thing. Till the Chinese ASAT test, we never bothered about an ASAT capability because we had thought, we thinking that these are big boys toys we don't need to spend our hard earned sources on developing these kinds of capabilities. But that was a wakeup call to the kind of threat that exists in our neighbourhood and space being a global community. It doesn't make a difference whether it is in our neighbourhood or not. But the fact that China has, gone on to develop this capability did uh, sort of, uh, sent home the message very loud and clear that this is a threat we need to be cognizant of and address in a way that is, that's going to protect our assets.
Srinath Raghavan: So it seems that space is becoming very crowded increasingly. here are so many actors, States which did not have the capabilities in the past now seem to have the capabilities, the diffusion of this technology has meant that there are many more actors. We're piggybacking on other States to create their own assets in space. And then as you're saying, because of the kind of multifarious civil and military applications off space-based assets, there is a move towards creating capabilities which can target those and bring them down. Those could be kinetic, they could be non-kinetic. I'm not sure whether you can envisage a future where non state actors might have some skin in this particular game, uh, as it is playing out. So wait, are we, is it then fair to say that we are in a situation where talking of something like an arms race in space is no longer just pie in the sky academic talk, but it's something which is likely to unfold in the future?
Raji Rajagopalan: Yeah. First I'll touch upon with non-state actor. Um, uh, they are already a reality in a sense, non-state in the form of private sector and uh, typically, uh, private sector participation has been a predominantly Western phenomenon, but I think that's beginning to change in Asia as well. Uh, you have a sizeable, you have something close to the, about somewhere between 80 to 120 private sector firms, uh, in the form of new start-ups or small and medium size enterprises in China already in a country and even in India, there is a sizable number of private sector firms that are coming up in a big way. So in India you have multiple levels of players. You have some of the established players like the Larsen and Toubro, Godrej. Uh, you had the Walchand Nagar, who had been traditionally supplying, uh, you know, uh, components and systems to ISRO. Even though ISRO had Indian space program is a state run program similarly to similar to China's, uh, but both countries, even so broadly when Asia, you are beginning to see a change where private sector is becoming a reality, so to say.
And that's because at least in the case of India for instance, there is capacity gap or deficit within ISRO. ISRO is not able to meet the growing sets of demands, whether it isn't for your to lead it to telecommunication to uh, tele broadcasting or a sort of, um, a telemedicine or, uh, agriculture, weather forecasting, whole range of things. And even for commercial and other such applications,
Srinath Raghavan: ISRO has its own commercial arm: ANTRIX.
Raji Rajagopalan: That's right. And we also have gone onto set up a new entity called the New Space India Limited (NSIL), uh, which I would think maybe would take on some of the job responsibilities that, uh, Antrix was doing before. Um, but, uh, the NSIL is seen as a body that would do a bit of handholding for the new, uh, private entities that ISRO wants to engage with. ISRO has already begun to engage with the, some of the private sector players precisely like I said, because they don't have the in house capacity to do.
Um, so for one example is that the we have a seven satellite constellation for navigation program. Uh, one of the satellites had different, problem and we had to launch a new one for which again ISRO did not have the capacity in house. So they reached out to one of the, uh, companies, uh, called the alpha design, which is a small and medium size enterprise, uh, a Bangalore based company. So they reached out to them and so they manufactured satellite for them. Second was for some of the propulsion technologies. Again, uh, companies within Bangalore are beginning to supply things, capacities to ISRO. So there is all this is happening because of it traditionally, uh, is so never wanted to share the space with others. And even now there is quite a bit of hesitancy and apprehension.
So the ISRO's model is still one of outsourcing and not to create a level playing field for the private sector to be an active player, um, for them to kind of invest in serious R&D and come up with the model and so on and so forth. I would have, I do in my writings to say that, you know, NASA provides a good example. The US space program has, they can rely on a range of private sector players, yet NASA's importance as a space agency has never gone away. And I think it still has to have that confidence to say that we will engage private sector, we will open up the field and R&D can be done by the, uh, by the private sector who has some money and who have the, all the funds and everything expertise in a sense. They can do it and we will, we'll be a facilitator instead of being a gatekeeper, which is what we are all today is. So private sector is already. So the non-state act aspect is already a kind of becoming very clear in Asia as well. Um, but uh, I think this is going to become a reality and I think this is also making the whole process complex. Today, the private sector for instance, they are also, especially in the Western context, they are also launching military payloads. So that makes it even, so somebody wants to target a military asset, which is launched by a private entity. Would the private entity then be responsible and carry out a counter attack among a particular state or how do you do that? One issue. Second is there are also mixed payloads being carried today by private sector that are both military and a pure civil, uh, payloads that being carried. So again, if you want to target a military asset, a particular on a pay. So these are becoming a lot more complex. It's not very clear. And at the same time when it comes to the global governance aspect, it is still, um, we have a few, uh, treaties and mechanisms in place, but they are proving to be, uh, insufficient, I would say ambiguous and insufficient to meet the current and emerging threats and challenges in space.
Srinath Raghavan: I want to come back to that point in just a little bit, but you mentioned about the Indian space program and its diversification in recent times. Historically it seems to me that uh, India took considerable pains to keep its space program separate from other kinds of related military applications. Like the missile program was under the DRDO, while the space program was always under the ISRO. And of course that was partly because we ourselves were under an international sanctions regime post the nuclear tests of 1974. So you wanted to keep that kind of a firewall. But I'm, if I'm not mistaken, there was a rotational personnel. I mean, I think most importantly Abdul Kalam and Dr. Pillai and, uh, other scientists who, so there was a circulation of information, but at least in institutional terms, there was a clear separation. Now post the Indian ASAT tests, do you think that institutional boundary, uh, is getting more blurred in a sense? It's not just the private sector versus the government, but even within the government, that kind of separations, which we had our possibly dissolving and may become irrelevant as we go forward.
Raji Rajagopalan: Absolutely, you are very right. And in fact from, I would say a, I would even go back to about 2013, August when India launched, the ISRO, launched the first dedicated military satellite for the Indian Navy, uh, for maritime communications. And since then there have been three more satellites dedicated military satellites launched, so I think increasingly these lines, like you said, are getting blurred. Uh, but I think there is also a recognition of the fact that we need to separate out because there are growing demands on the military. The military space program is also taking a bit better shape. Uh, Indian, uh, overall official position has not changed. We still say that space must be used for peaceful purposes alone and peace space must not be militarized, weaponized.
But the fact is that India is only the space program is getting a lot more militaristic, uh, military characteristics of the program are evolving in very clear terms. Um, so like I said, uh, you have four military dedicated military satellites. You have also a lot, many more dual-use satellites that can be used for giving the resolution to some of the satellites, the imagery. Um, so it is kind of getting blurred, but in terms of the instructional architectural, so we are beginning to see more institutions precisely to target the, um, uh, the military side of the side of the development. Um, so we set up by in 2008, the uh, integrated space cell within the, uh, integrated different staff by the Ministry of Defense. That was a sort of, that was the first baby step that we took in terms of integrating the different functions and also to bring about greater coherence and coordination among the agencies - Ministry of Defense, the department of space and ISRO as well as the armed forces.
Um, but that was only an initial baby step. It did not really bring about that kind of a coherence that was required on the Indian part in terms of identifying what are the requirements, future requirements and what are the kinds of capacity build-up that we need to do. Um, so in most recent times you have seen couple of other major steps being taken. One was the defence space agency, DSA that was being set up, uh, there has been a growing demand for the full fledge aerospace command, at least from a former close to about two decades. Uh, but I think that's a, we are far from it. We are still not, uh, maybe in a few years we may get around to that. But I think, uh, for the immediate term, uh, the for instance the former defense minister Parrikar said, why do we need to create a command first we need to build up the capacity and then we will go on to establish these commands?
So this was part of the three tri-service commands that were to come. One is the defense, uh, space agency now this, so these are meant to be the interim bodies before we go and visit the full-fledged commands. So one is the different spaces you see under the heading of a Indian Air Force Officer. You will have a similarly a cyber defense, cyber command under the Navy and so on and so forth. Then we are also setting up a, something akin to the DRDO but I think there is also going to be a body that will focus more on the different space. Um, R&D what is required. So DSA will be required, we'll be responsible for developing the strategy and the other body is going to be in terms of developing the capacity on the ground, what needs to be done.
Srinath Raghavan: Right. And the prime minister recently announced that they are going to create the chief of different staff as a single point military advisor to the government. Uh, we, I understand that the design of that particular office is currently underway even as we're speaking and hopefully you'll be able to have an announcement in the coming weeks. Do you think that will give a greater integrated structure within which some of these activities like the defense space agency, broader planning about integrating of space and millitary capabilities? Possibly doing it in an inter-agency context as well?
Raji Rajagopalan: I hope that would be the case, but hope is not a policy and, I say this because I think that you already begun to see the kind of resistance, uh, from the bureaucracy already to have that kind of a setup where, you know, the military would have a serious more, uh, more input, serious input on the planning and capability build up and even now they task goals that they have set up to, uh, implement the decision is headed by the different secretary and somebody else. So which already shows that, you know, you have a bureaucrat in charge of the entire process. You should have been ideally somebody from outside who is an expert, who was talked about the utility of such a body in the true sense. But you already seeing that is not really the case. To me, I'm a little skeptic on the whole CDS decision. I want to be hopeful, but I'm skeptic because, my thinking is that the bureaucratic pressure is going to be so much that I think the bureaucracy will still continue to have a bigger say in how that office runs. Um, because, uh, I don't think they are going to leave it out to the military to have a much more serious input, so that, that's, and that has had a longer kind of input in terms of the civil military relations. If you look at it, I think this has been part of the problem. Uh, but, um, recent reports saying that a NSA may actually come up with a national security strategy, um, which absolutely they have been talking about and the sort of involving the, including the anti-satellite capability in a much more proactive fashion. Uh, but my worry is that this is anti-satellite capabilities, not like the nuclear weapons demonstrated capability demonstration. This is something very different. So far, none of the, you have four countries now including India that have demonstrated an anti-satellite capability, US, Russia, and China and India becomes a forth and none of the countries have so far operationalized the ASAT capability as by putting it in as part of the their warfare doctrine. Um, India wanting to do that seems to be a bit of, um, extra eagerness and I think, I don't think that is a good sign for me. I would hope that they don't go into operationalizing because deterrence in space itself has not become reality for most countries. Um, so us pushing that and pushing along that line could actually make other countries also follow down, go down that path.
Srinath Raghavan: Can you expand a little bit on that? In what way does the difference in space work differently say from the way that we think of conventional deterrence of nuclear deterrence?
Raji Rajagopalan: So there is some bit of deterrence in play. For instance, um, why did India do the ASAT test in March? Uh, this was precisely to send a message to China that if you, you have the capacity. So we were essentially trying to match up a capability that already exist in our neighbourhood. Um, so this was the message was that if you mess around with our satellite, we have the capability to do that to you.
We will do precisely that. So that's a sort of deterrence game that India was trying to short the strike.
Srinath Raghavan: Mutual assured destruction.
Raji Rajagopalan: Exactly. So if you do this, we'll will have the capacity to do it. Uh, but it still not space overall has not, the ASAT that is possibly an exception, but the space has not really been part of the overall deterrence game in a sense within the space domain itself. And, uh, the more we don't, we don't talk to each other in the, in the, in the global governance scheme, uh, the more suspicion is going to be like, okay, what is the, what is the purpose of a particular capability build-up? What are the broad orientation of a particular space program? Um, so I think the need of the hour is to have more and more institutionalized dialogues where they, it is a track one, track 1.5 or even track two dialogues that can actually help contribute to have a better understanding among countries because that's become today the bigger problem.
There are clearly now dual-use capabilities. So the Chinese have developed something called the room in dragon, which has a robotic arm. The Chinese have come out, at least in the official parlors to say that this is going to be a capability to clean up the space junk, but everybody's suspicion is if you're going to be able to have the capacity to move an object because it's a space junk, tomorrow during a conflict, you might mess around with my satellite.
You have the capability now you have demonstrated that capability to shift around space objects. What is the guarantee that you will not do it to me tomorrow during a conflict or who decides which object is to be moved around. These are again, none of the capabilities are proven asset. NASA is developing certain clean, clean up space debris clean-up technology, Australians, there's a private sector that is invested in this regard. There are a couple of, uh, European countries, Japanese are developing certain lasers and nets and so different technologies are being explored. None of these are proven and we haven't even gotten around to the regulatory aspect of who decides what to remove and what not to shift. And so there's a whole lot of things that are still not explored in terms of legal and regulatory side of the governance aspect.
Srinath Raghavan: In a lot of your writings, you made the point that India has this unique opportunity and is well positioned to be able to be a norm entrepreneur in the space to suggest and possibly shape norms and generally some kind of a consensus around this. It also allows us to take leadership in a new domain of international and global politics. Uh, could you share some thoughts on how exactly do you think India can do that? What would be the first couple of steps that we should be taking in that respect?
Raji Rajagopalan: So India has been sort of, we have been proactive in this regard starting from the 1960s but our debates were very different and that, that part of time sixties, seventies, even in the 80s, uh, it was driven a lot by morality principle-based approach. Uh, and that from that position we have come to something more pragmatic today, pragmatic and national security oriented approach to space. Um, so with that I would think is somewhat more sustainable. And that's more for India's own position on space debates in the parliament but also, in the within the parliament but also in, uh, it can also be applied to a multilateral platforms. How India positions itself on a number of issues. So India is positioned for a long time, even now officially it, it continues to be that the, we should move towards developing a legally binding verifiable measure.
These are nice sounding words, but uh, verifiable measures, when it comes to space is extremely challenging, uh, something to verify in outer space. Unless something shoots up there, you will never going to be able to know as long as the country is developing a certain capability, you will not know at the R&D stage, you will never know. And that's also the worry. For instance, civil space cooperation. I have again argued saying that we have to have some broad rules of the road, uh, because, uh, today countries can access technology in the name of civil space corporation developing space capability for weather forecasting, telemedicine, tele-education. But what's the guarantee that the country is not going to be diverting that capability for developing military space program or even worse to develop ballistic missiles. So there are those worries. So verifying something is extremely challenging when it comes to outer space capabilities.
So our position that legally binding verifiable measures are the way to go about, um, it hasn't had much of a traction, especially in recent times. Today, over the last decade or so, when you look at the global governance debates, it's not unique to space. It's a across the board you can look at any important international security issue. The biggest stumbling block has been to develop consensus among the bigger players and developing consensus agreement among the players today whether it's on identifying the challenges to ideating possible solutions for the future, both have become a serious issue. So for some countries, for instance, it is, um, you know, arms race is the biggest issue and I would say that would be a big issue in the, in the future, in the, in the coming future. But for some other countries it might be the space debris, which is already a huge issue.
A few years ago we had an edited book, uh, on space, global governance issues and one of the chapters was written by an Ecuadorian space official, agency official. And he talked about his chapter title was in, happened to us and he was referring to this space debris that hit their one and only satellite, uh, hit by one of these Chinese space, uh, debris from the 2017 ASAT test. So no space debris is already a huge problem and unless we developed certain means and capabilities to, uh, to kind of track that aspect. And that brings me to the point about the need to have space situational awareness capability, SSA so unless you have some understanding, a fair amount of understanding on the kind of environment that we are operating in, it's very difficult to, you can't rely on the USG spoke or other capabilities. And especially after the March, 2019 ASAT test this point came out very many times saying that India should have tool and ISRO has now gone on to set up a SSA division at the store headquarters of which is a first good step.
So, so the kind of, uh, issues we need to have the global governance level. Uh, I've been trying to, again, writing something along this lines to see the, what is the role of the middle space powers because the great powers are caught up in their own great power relations and the politics around that. You're not going to see much of a progress, but given the kind of challenges and threats that are already threatening the outer space activities, uh, and if you're, if you want to be able to have continued safe, secure access to all the space, you need to have some measures put out there. And, uh, India's position in practical terms has become more pragmatic. Where to say that we might start with transparency and confidence building measures, TCBMs uh, which are seen more as political measures. These are voluntary measures. Are there are advantages and disadvantages, but I think India has come to position itself as, okay, we may start with a TCBM as an initial first step and hopefully get the build-up of the political, trust and confidence among nations that would actually gradually get us towards the legally binding measures.
Um, that's not a bad approach I would say. But I think India needs to, India needs to and can take up the leadership role for a number of developing countries who look at India as for a lot of countries around the world, India is a perfect example. They see India as a developing country who was along with them, whether it is countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and today India is a country that is able to able to do a Mangalyan and do a Chandrayan, which a handful of countries I've done. So for them, India is a good model to look at and they do look at India and say, okay, this is a great growth story. This is something that we can also aspire to. And so India taking on a leadership role will have a lot more appeal in that sense among a large number of developing countries
Srinath Raghavan: And we will put out links to some of your important writings on this in the show notes. Before we sign off, I wanted to ask you if you could think of any book or article or which our listeners could read in order to get a good grip on some of the issues that we've been talking about. Not necessarily related to India, but even perhaps more globally.
Raji Rajagopalan: Yeah, I think I unfortunately we don't to see too many diplomacy aspects when it comes to space because it has been, like you said, it's a cliched kind of thing to say space is crowded, congested, and contested. But I think that are a couple of important reports. One would say needs to be looked at. What is the a secure world foundation, they come out with an annual now, second edition of the counter space threats reports have come out. A similar report also is brought out by the CSIS based in Washington. Uh, they do come up with this, but then I would suggest two important books to look at. One is by Jordan Johnson Freese who has again looked at the overall, uh, kind of a competitive phrase but also emphasizing the need for greater cooperation among States to develop certain global governance measures because otherwise you are not going to be able to use space for a very long time.
One another person to track I think is James Clay Moltz, uh, based in the Naval War College, uh, who has been doing a fair amount of work on the Asian space program in broader terms as well. Again, making an emphasis on the, there are problems that is competition that is driving a lot of the space programs and policies today. But we also need to look at cooperation and diplomacy, give diplomacy a chance, kind of argument. And I think that's, uh, important for us to look at.
Srinath Raghavan: Well let's hope things will improve as we go ahead. Raji Rajagopalan been a pleasure to have you on Interpreting India.
Raji Rajagopalan: Thank you. Thank you, Srinath.
(Outro) Srinath Raghavan: Thank you for listening to this episode of interpreting India. A podcast presented every two weeks by Carnegie India. I'm Srinath Raghavan. For more information about the podcast and the production team, you can follow us on social media and visit our webpage.


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Home Football Premier League Sanchez eager for return to free-scoring United – Solskjaer
Sanchez eager for return to free-scoring United – Solskjaer
After scoring 12 goals in three games under caretaker manager Ole Gunnar Solskjaer, Manchester United could add another weapon to their attacking arsenal at Newcastle United on Wednesday, with Alexis Sanchez set to return from injury.
The Chilean has been sidelined by a hamstring injury for the past month, meaning he missed the final days of Jose Mourinho's reign in charge at Old Trafford.
Sanchez was signed to much fanfare last January from Arsenal on reportedly the most lucrative contract in Premier League history, but has so far failed to deliver on expectations, scoring just four goals in 30 appearances.
However, Solskjaer believes the more positive approach he has adopted in wins over Cardiff City, Huddersfield Town and Bournemouth to begin his temporary spell in charge until the end of the season will suit Sanchez's game.
"He's a player that would benefit from the rotation (of positions) and movements, and the more chances you create, the more times you get the ball into the final third, he'll be an asset for us," said Solskjaer.
"I think he's looking forward to it. It certainly looked like it yesterday (Saturday) in the (training) session because he scored quite a few nice goals, so that's encouraging."
Solskjaer has been credited for restoring United's principles of attacking football after two-and-a-half seasons with Mourinho's more cautious approach.
Shunned by Mourinho for his final three league games in charge, Paul Pogba has roared back into form by scoring four goals in his last two games, while Marcus Rashford and Anthony Martial also appear to be flourishing with more freedom to attack.
However, Solskjaer insisted he is only implementing what he learned for 11 seasons as a player under Alex Ferguson at Old Trafford.
United's decline in the past five years has coincided with Ferguson's retirement and Solskjaer said he invited the club's most successful manager to visit his players and coaching staff, which includes one of Ferguson's former assistants Mike Phelan, at United's Carrington training ground.
"I do keep him informed. He visited us yesterday (Saturday) and I think he enjoyed his time at the training ground," said Solskjaer.
"We had a nice few chats and he encouraged us. He knows we are Man Utd through and through and we want to do whatever we can up to the last second we are here."
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