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text:
Q: how do I install tensorflow-GPU on Win 10 k so I have 6 1070 left over from my mining days....
So i understand all these concepts but just cant seem to install tensorflow GPU version to save my life..
I have VS studio 2015
398.82-desktop-win10-64bit-international-whql.exe
python-3.7.0-amd64.exe
VSCodeSetup-x64-1.26.1.exe
cudnn-9.0-windows10-x64-v7.zip
pip install --upgrade https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/mac/cpu/tensorflow-0.12.0-py3-none-any.whl
Please help i get this error

Python 3.7.0 (v3.7.0:1bf9cc5093, Jun 27 2018, 04:59:51) [MSC v.1914 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
  Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
  import tensorflow as tf
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "C:\Users\kfprg\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\pywrap_tensorflow.py", line 18, in swig_import_helper
      fp, pathname, description = imp.find_module('_pywrap_tensorflow', [dirname(file)])
    File "C:\Users\kfprg\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\imp.py", line 297, in find_module
      raise ImportError(_ERR_MSG.format(name), name=name)
  ImportError: No module named '_pywrap_tensorflow'
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "C:\Users\kfprg\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python__init__.py", line 54, in
      from tensorflow.python import pywrap_tensorflow
    File "C:\Users\kfprg\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\pywrap_tensorflow.py", line 28, in
      _pywrap_tensorflow = swig_import_helper()
    File "C:\Users\kfprg\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\pywrap_tensorflow.py", line 20, in swig_import_helper
      import _pywrap_tensorflow
  ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_pywrap_tensorflow'
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "", line 1, in
    File "C:\Users\kfprg\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\tensorflow__init__.py", line 24, in
      from tensorflow.python import *
    File "C:\Users\kfprg\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python__init__.py", line 60, in
      raise ImportError(msg)
  ImportError: Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "C:\Users\kfprg\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\pywrap_tensorflow.py", line 18, in swig_import_helper
      fp, pathname, description = imp.find_module('_pywrap_tensorflow', [dirname(file)])
    File "C:\Users\kfprg\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\imp.py", line 297, in find_module
      raise ImportError(_ERR_MSG.format(name), name=name)
  ImportError: No module named '_pywrap_tensorflow'
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "C:\Users\kfprg\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python__init__.py", line 54, in
      from tensorflow.python import pywrap_tensorflow
    File "C:\Users\kfprg\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\pywrap_tensorflow.py", line 28, in
      _pywrap_tensorflow = swig_import_helper()
    File "C:\Users\kfprg\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\pywrap_tensorflow.py", line 20, in swig_import_helper
      import _pywrap_tensorflow
  ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_pywrap_tensorflow'

Error importing tensorflow.  Unless you are using bazel,
you should not try to import tensorflow from its source directory;
please exit the tensorflow source tree, and relaunch your python interpreter
from there.
I have tried about 50 times each time wiping the whole windows setup please help@?@?@@

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Texas Tribune is pleased to present a daylong symposium, in partnership with the Texas A&M Transportation Institute, on transportation policy in Texas. Topics of discussion will include highway funding, urban mobility, road vs. rail, tech innovations in easing congestion and how population growth is impacting our planning for the future.
10:25am: Is High-Speed Rail on Track?
This symposium will be held on the 6th Floor of the Rudder Tower (Room 601), located on the Texas A&M University campus in College Station (map). A light breakfast and lunch is included. This event is free and open to the public.
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Your 10 year old son has a better PC than the majority of us. I'm gonna talk to you when I get my next build going, wanna water cool it and you must help me!
im with doob. next build i do im gonna need some help with setting up water cooling. not noob to building pcs. just never done it before.
anyway thats dooope! lucky him!
Why dont you throw an SSD while your at it Hunter??
I didn't spend a single dime building this rig, these are just my old PC parts from my closet. Even the case was free from a friend.
I'm trying to overclock my computer using the AMD Overdrive program. I've already tried to do it in the bios. (But I couldn't get the area to highlight so as to make any changes). I'm having the same problem in the AMD overclock program. I have anAMD Phenom 9550 (Code name Agena)Quad core processor with a AM2+ Socket (940) Core speed now is:2200.2 Mhz, FID is 11.0x,and my HT link speed is 1800.1Mhz, the VID is 1.250V. any ideas?
Hunter, that is a cool looking outfit.
If you really want that SSD tell your son mr. piggy bank is going on a diet!! cough it up!
Nice build for Junior Hunter! I have same GTX465. It's good as space heater.


This is not fair! Please help!
I paid £6.99 for game dev tycoon on my laptop, and now that i've got my new desktop computer it's asked me to pay again for it!
I also used the same account on steam!
This is why i don't use steam anymore, i love the game but now i cant play it because of steam.
How is that possible? You DID download it from steam, right? You should be able to download it again since it is registered to your account.
Yeh, I downloaded it from steam.
Did you uninstall the game from your laptop? I had the same thing with Sonic Generations on Steam, but that was another account. My father deleted the game from my laptop and i could download it on my desktop, maybe there is only 1 copy of the game if you buy it 1 time.
I think i'll try and do that actually.
No I didn't, it broke, so i couldn't do any thing with it!
Like @Rex0099 said, try contacting the Steam Support.
It seems like only GabeN can save your copy of GDT now.
Our lord. Basicly he is the boss of Valve, Valve made Steam.
If you don't hail gaben that's what happens.
Anywaywayway, if you have it on your account on Steam and you activated the game, then you should be able to download it again from the same account.
you activated the game, then you should be able to download it again from the same account.
Log in to your Steam account on which Game Dev Tycoon is registered and download it from your library. Simple as that.
How did you get the game, directly from Steam store, or ghg store?
You did have the game on Steam? If so, then you must not be on the right account.
think i'll try and do that actually.
Hey, have you ever played Game Dev Tycoon on Steam before?
have you ever played Game Dev Tycoon on Steam before?
Yes, that's how I payed, but they're trying to rip me off!
they're trying to rip me off!
Really? Oh yeah, 10 dollars minus sharing, that's a huge difference in a company as big as Valve. It's probably a bug, and not something that they did intentionally.


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Joe Duepner spent his childhood in St. Louis, MO before moving to Hamilton County, Indiana in 1993. He currently resides in Westfield, Indiana with this wife and two children. Joe has handled many different types of cases from felony jury trials to complex civil litigation matter, estate work and personal injury suits. Before opening up Duepner Law, Joe interned under three prominent Hamilton County attorneys, practicing criminal law, family law, and general civil litigation. Joe also worked briefly at the Indiana Securities Commission under Commissioner Chris Naylor, assisting in the investigation, research and litigation of securities fraud issues including the recent case of State Of Indiana vs. CFS LLC,CFS Trust Inc, CFS at Crosspoint LLCet al. In his spare time, Joe is an avid sportsman, playing collegiate athletics in past, you can now either find him hanging out with his family or enjoying the outdoors.


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text:
Transfer reserv.
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Cost: 50 $
About country
Facts about country
HIGHLIGHTS of Azerbaijan
Cities & Towns & Places
Weather in Giandzha
Weather in Nakhichevan
Weather in Lankaran
2-weeks forecast
100 EUR176.3 AZN
100 USD158.5 AZN
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for 09.02.2016
Gobustan & Mud Volcanoes
Tour type: General, Historical Price: $150.00 Duration: 1 from January to December
Gobustan reserve is an open-air museum littered with Neolithic rock drawings. Just 65km south of Baku, Gobustan has some 4000 inscriptions that go back 12,000 years (with some 2000 year old Latin graffiti to boot). The well-preserved sketches display ancient populations travelling on reed boats; men hunt antelope and wild bulls, women dance. The famed Norwegian anthropologist Thor Heyerdahl returned many times to Azerbaijan between 1961 and his death in 2002 to study the site, which he argued to be evidence that modern-day Scandinavians migrated north through the Caucasus in prehistoric times. He found similarities in the drawings to those found in Scandinavia, particularly some in Alta, Norway. According to Icelandic Sagas, written in the 13 th century, the Norse God Odin (Wotan) migrated from the Caucasus in the first century AD.
After that you will also have a chance to visit quite a unique site where 300 of the planet's estimated 700 mud volcanoes sit Gobustan, Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea. Many geologists as well as locals and international mud tourists trek to such places as the Firuz Crater Gobustan Salyan mud tourists trek to such places as the Firuz Crater, Gobustan, Salyan and end up happily covered in mud which is thought to have medicinal qualities. In 2001 one mud volcano 15 kilometers from Baku made world headlines when it suddenly started spewing flames 15 meters high.
Unfortunately, the mud volcanoes area has been recently declared a National Park with restricted access, though sporadic visits seems feasible as there is no security. Besides, hardly anyone would have a patience to literally guard tons of mud. But visit there definitely worth a visit as it's one of the rarest things one can find on Earth.
On the way back to Baku a short stop over at Bibi Heybat Mosque. The existing structure, built in the 1990s, is a recreation of the mosque with the same name built in the 13th century by Shirvanshah Farrukhzad II Ibn Ahsitan II, which was completely destroyed by the Bolsheviks in 1936.
The Bibi-Heybat Mosque includes the tomb of Ukeyma Khanum (a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad), and today is the spiritual center for the Muslims of the region and one of the major monuments of Islamic architecture in Azerbaijan.
- Private vehicle accompanied by an experienced English speaking local guide who will look after you exclusively
- Local driver for your vehicle, exclusively for your tour
- Sightseeing program including all entrance fees
- Guide's and driver's expenses
Not included into the package:
- Fees for taking photos in historical sites
- Any personal expenses
N of pax
Tour cost for group (USD, $)
Cost per pax (USD, $) Special notes
2 300 150 4 seater sedan or 4WD vehicle to be provided
4 340 85 7 seater van to be provided
6 450 75 15 seater van to be provided to allow luggage
8 560 70 15/20 seater van to be provided to allow luggage
10 600 60 15/20 seater van to be provided to allow luggage
From Georgia across Azerbaijan
Days: 6 Cost: $590.00
Day 1 Meeting at Azeri-Georgian border point near Lagodekhi (Georgian side) / Balakan (Azeri side) at around 13:00 and transfer to Sheki. Accommodation in Issam Hotel (accommodation at Caravan Saray Hotel can be arranged at special request if needed)...
Visit to the winery in Novkhani village
Days: 1 Cost: $90.00
In recent years so-called gastronomic and wine tourism has become increasingly popular. This tour is an ideal alternative for lovers of traditional culinary art, connoisseurs of wine and cuisine, as well as for everyone who wants to try something new...
Trekking in Ilisu
You will start your trekking tour to Kish village early in the morning. The slopes here are perfect for the trekking due to several advantages – they are close to the populated villages and highway, though the latter is not seen and does not spoil your views of surrounding nature, amazing panoramas, ethnical villages to visit and finish at the top of old Albanian church...
Old City excursion
Old City excursion (duration: 4 hours) The history of the capital of Azerbaijan – Baku - goes back to ancient times, although the exact date of its establishment is still unknown. The territory of the Absheron Peninsula, where the city is located, has a favorable geographical position, a convenient bay, a warm, dry climate, fertile soil, natural resources, so the emergence of the ancient settlements here was quite natural...
Xinalyg - Laza excursions
The day will start early in the morning as it takes around 4 hours to drive from Baku to Quba and then further 2 hours from there to Xinalyg. Be ready to have a lot of driving within a day Not far from Guba you'll also find the village of Khynalygh, with an ethnic group of 2000 khynalyghs who have preserved the original language, customs and traditions...
Azeri craft tour
Day 1 Meeting at the airport. Transfer to the hotel. After a short break start the tour in Baku and pay a visit to city's main landmark - Icheri Sheher (Old City). You will see the highlights of Icheri Sheher including the Palace of the Shirvans (the most striking example of the medieval palace structures in Azerbaijan, dating to the middle of 15th century); Maiden's Tower (the ancient, eight storey fortress originally built as a fire beacon); visit Dzhuma Mosque, antiques and carpet shops...
Carpet Museum and Carpet factory
Excursions to the Carpet Museum and Carpet factory "Azer-Ilme" (duration 3 hours) The design of the new building of the Carpet Museum, which we will visit during our excursion, is distinguished by its originality and constructed as a folded copy of the carpet...
3 days across Nakhichevan
3 DAYS/2 NIGHTS TOUR ACROSS NAKHICHEVAN PS: You can arrive in Nakhchivan directly from Istanbul with Turkish Airlines as well 1 Day, Baku - Nakhchivan Departure from Baku airport to Nakhchivan at 08:20 (Registration starts at 06:20)...
Baku - Beshbarmag - Chirag Gala
Leaving Baku in the morningExploring the land of Caspians on the way northwards along Caspian Sea shoreVisiting the Beshbarmag mountain Arrival to Devechi town. Devechi district is located to the north of Baku and its eastern border extends along the Caspian coast...
Ateshgah & Yanardag
Excursion to the Temple of Fire Worshippers - "Ateshgah" and the fiery mountain "Yanardagh" in the village Mehemmedli (duration 3.5 - 4 hours) Azerbaijan is one of the few places on earth, where even today one can observe elements of preserved fire cult and the ancient Zoroastrianism religion...
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Azerbaijan travel agency "Azerbaijan24" invites you and your friends to visit this wonderful country. We are pleased to offer our customers a wide range of tourism services, including visa support, tours, hotel bookings, professional guide services, transportation, and much more at the very best prices and genuine personal approach. We send our warmest greetings and are looking forward to welcoming you in Azerbaijan!
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Suhoski: Put $4,500 back into budget
PUBLISHED: April 3, 2008 at 12:00 a.m. | UPDATED: July 16, 2019 at 12:00 a.m.
By Gayle Simone
MediaNews Staff
AYER — Town Administrator Shaun Suhoski submitted a memo to the Board of Selectmen and Finance Committee, requesting they reconsider the $4,500 reduction in selectmen's office budget before last night's public hearing regarding the fiscal year 2009 budget.
In the memo, Suhoski said the decrease would have "negative implications to the functionality and service delivery" of his departments.
Selectman Pauline Conley, who made the motion for the reduction to the Finance Committee, said she does not agree with the memo.
"We need, as the so-called executive board of this town, to set the example," Conley said. "To keep the money is a disgrace."
Suhoski said the money would be used to pay a part-time department assistant to help with the compilation of the Annual Town Report and other backlogged projects, such as 18 months of executive-session minutes needed to be transcribed.
Though the board could not vote on the matter because it was a public hearing, Selectman Connie Sullivan agreed with the memo's suggestion of reducing town counsel's budget by $5,000.
"If you've ever been in (Shaun's) office you've seen the piles of paper on his desk that are 12- to 13-inches high," Sullivan said. "And I'm not just talking one pile there are six to eight of them, that's all backlog that needs to be done."
Conley said the backlog was a result of "poor time management and organizational issues."
"We've had overages in our budget for two years running. Which means we'll have it again this year," Conley said. "We need to set an example and give the money back. We shouldn't have money just to spend it."
Suhoski said having the help in his department would not only get the backlog down but also assist in making sure it doesn't happen again.
The board's recommended budget for fiscal year 2009 is $162,444 an increase of $2,238 from 2008.
Another area of concern was the recommendation of the School Department's $9,935,750 budget. The Finance Committee recommended an additional $24,600 be added to the budget to cover an estimated shortage in heating fuel.
The suggested Omnibus budget for the town would see an $1,400,748 increase over last year bring the recommended budget to $22,068,161.


The fuel system has a pretty easy job in relation to many other vehicle systems, or so it seems. All it needs to do is get the gas stored in the gas tank to the combustion chamber. While it sounds simple enough this task actually requires several parts to work together in order to get this job done correctly. The fuel pump pushes gasoline from the tank through the fuel lines toward the engine, the fuel filter ensures there is no contaminants in the gas, and the fuel injectors spray the correct amount of gasoline into the combustion chamber to keep the engine running smooth.
If any of these parts of the fuel system were to fail you would likely experience a rough idle, poor acceleration, decreased power or even a vehicle that won't start. If you begin to notice any of these issues get to a shop right away, as the problem will only get worse. These are the most common troubles the fuel system experiences.
The fuel pump is tasked with getting gasoline out of the fuel tank and pushed down the fuel lines to the engine. Since the gas tank is most often in the rear of a vehicle this journey is actually quite long. Signs of a failing fuel pump generally include an engine that cranks over several times before starting, stalling while driving or no starting. Fuel pumps don't fail often but they will do so after many years and miles of use.
On most vehicles changing the fuel filter is relatively simple. This is a service that needs to be done at regular mileage intervals, according to your owner's manual. It is necessary to have a clean fuel filter to ensure there is no dirt, excessive water or other debris within the fuel that will be burnt up within your engine. Clean gasoline is essential for a smooth running engine, if the filter is clogged you will likely experience a very rough idle as sufficient amounts of fuel can't get to the motor.
If the fuel filter is not replaced as necessary it is likely that the fuel injectors will eventually become clogged due to the contaminants that is passing through the fuel system. If the fuel injectors become gummed up they will not be able to spray the correct amount of gasoline into the combustion chamber to be mixed with air in order to create the explosion the powers your engine. This means your vehicle will lack power and suffer from poor acceleration.
If you're having trouble getting up to speed or experiencing a rough idle there is a good chance you're having issues within the fuel system. If you need fuel pump repair in Gretna, or other fuel system service, be sure to head to West Transmissions Total Auto Care. Our team will quickly identify and repair any issue with your vehicle, including troubles with the fuel system, brakes, engine and of course the transmission. Give us a call today at (504) 613-4987 to request an estimate for superior auto repair in Gretna and don't forget to check out our special offers!


Clancy Brown, who played the Kurgan in the 1986 action fantasy, joins Ethan Peck as new additions to the cast of the feature producing debut of former Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash.
Clancy Brown and Ethan Peck have joined the cast of Nothing to Fear, the horror thriller being directed by creature and storyboard artist Anthony Leonardi III as the feature producing debut of former Guns 'N Roses guitarist Slash and his new horror label Slasher Films.
Anne Heche and James Tupper are already on board for the movie which centers on a family whose journey towards a better life in a small town is savagely derailed by a charismatic but emotionally conflicted man of the cloth.
Brown is set as the evil pastor while Peck will play a townsperson with a past.
Producing with Slash are partners Rob Eric and Michael Williams.
Shaun Redick and Ray Mansfield, who raised the financing, are executive producers via their Movie Pacakge Co. Midlife Crisis Productions is co-financing.
Content Film is handling foreign rights.
Brown last appeared in Cowboys & Aliens and his numerous credits range from The Shawshank Redemption to The Informant!. His latest film, John Dies at the End from director Don Coscarelli, premiered at Sundance. He is repped by ICM and Pop Art Management.
ICM-repped Peck was last seen in In Time with Justin Timberlake and Amanda Seyfried and recently wrapped the indie The Wine of Summer with Marcia Gay Harden. He recurred last season on Gossip Girl as Blake Lively's love interest.
Alison Palmer negotiated the deal on behalf Slasher.


Like i know,if we use VISTA we have to use WINDOWS MOBILE DEVICE CENTER but i try that one and ACTIVE SYNC both not work for me,cant connect with my HTC HD2,pls show me how. And also how can i upgrade lasted ROM for my HD2? Reconnect and put device in activesync mode. 14 Jan - 6 min - Uploaded by htcxda [Disclaimer: I am not resopnsible for any problems that happen to your device]. [ Please make. I have a HTC HD2 with Windows Mobile Professional on it, i have Activesync on the phone it asks me for a Domain & Server address i. software- Handango also offers apps for Blackberry, Android, Palm, and Symbian.
Htc hd2 android activesync download. Click here to get file. Htc activesync download the htc hd2 for android. Flash nand android rom in htc hd2. Pierwsze. The HTC HD2 is a smartphone in the HTC Touch family designed and manufactured by HTC. . In November , XDA Senior Member macs18max successfully ported Android Marshmallow to the HTC HD2. In September . ActiveSync · H/PC Explorer · Media Center · Media Player · Mobile Device Center · Outlook. Anthony, 16 Dec you have to install ActiveSync or Windows Mobile Device . Thnks!Just go to Xda site and look under HTC Leo/HD2 Android ROM and.
Connect your WM Mobile with Sync Mobile to your Laptop/PC, via Activesync over USB cable. HTC HTC Sync Manager is a free application for your computer that makes it easy to sync all of your media to and from your computer with your HTC phone. 19 Mar Re: ActiveSync on HTC HD2 device is only able to sync my main calendar. Is there a way to get all of my Calendars to Categories: Android. 15 Jun The device is a HTC HD2 from O2 with activesync Using Exchange Remote Connectivity Analyzer chateauversailles-epiceriefine.com as. Want to have NAND Android or Windows Phone 7 on your HTC HD2? Center or ActiveSync installed, else HSPL4 cannot detect your HTC HD2 in USB mode.


text:
package v1

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"net/http"

	. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo"
	. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
)

var _ = Describe("metrics endpoint", func() {
	It("returns 200 and exposes metrics", func() {
		resp, err := http.Get(Servers.Notifications.URL() + "/debug/metrics")

		Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
		Expect(resp.StatusCode).To(Equal(http.StatusOK))

		var body map[string]interface{}
		err = json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&body)
		Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
		defer resp.Body.Close()
		Expect(body["notifications.web.GET./info"]).To(BeEquivalentTo(1))
	})
})

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


To provide free legal assistance in civil matters to low-income people who are incarcerated or institutionalized.
Due to a large volume of requests for legal assistance, Pennsylvania Institutional Law Project (PILP) has a staff person who responds to every inquiry. An assessment of legal merit is made and if appropriate, information and referrals are given.
Civil legal matters of incarcerated or institutionalized low-income people.
Direct legal services to low-income people in PA who are in prisons, jails, state hospitals, or state centers.


text:
Some parties wrapped in the ash of the La Palma volcano
Thousands of people will experience this Christmas in a very different way than usual in La Palma. Many of them...
Canarian banana uses ash from the La Palma volcano in its Christmas campaign
Plátano de Canarias is launching a different Christmas campaign. The promotion With you we will be reborn from the ashes...
The Canarian words popularized by the La Palma volcano
The volcanic origin of Canary archipelago has led to the canary lexicon to refer to volcanoes is very rich and,...
A rainbow among the ash, the striking image of the La Palma volcano
Since the eruption of the La Palma volcano On September 19 there have been numerous surprising and striking images that...
The other crops ruined by the ash from the La Palma volcano
The ash is wreaking havoc on the agriculture of the island of La Palma. Not only does it cause damage...
Binter remains in operational shutdown due to ash until noon this Thursday
Binter has reported that due to ash cloud evolution which comes from the volcano that erupted on La Palma on...
This is how ash covers the areas most affected by the La Palma volcano
The neighbors of La Palma They have been in hell for more than 50 days, after last September 19 the...
The collection of ash from the La Palma volcano begins to remove it from the population centers
Saturday was a "pretty tough" day, according to Morcuende, as far as ash emission is concerned. "We have a lot...
The ash from the volcano makes the air quality on La Palma "extremely unfavorable"
The Canary Islands Volcanic Emergency Plan (Pevolca) of the Canary Islands Government, which today celebrates 50 days since its activation...
Video of the eruption of the La Palma volcano in which there is a large emission of gases, ash and lava
. Source link
The ash can slow down the new runoff from the La Palma volcano and not cause new material damage
But as the technical director of the Canary Islands Volcanic Emergency Plan (Pevolca), Miguel Ángel Morcuende, the "high density" of...
The Isla Bonita airport is operational
Several airlines have canceled on the morning of this Saturday, October 16, the 16 flights scheduled in La Palma due...
The ash cloud moves south and allows Canary Islands airports except La Palma to operate normally
How does ash affect airplanes? In this regard, the air traffic controllers have pointed out in their official Twitter profile...
The ash fall from the volcano endangers an aboriginal town of archaeological interest in La Palma
The high emission of sulfur dioxide from the La Palma volcano rules out the end of the eruption in the...


text:
News / Photoacoustic Microscopy System Boosts Imaging Speed
Photoacoustic Microscopy System Boosts Imaging Speed
Meeri Kim
Multifocal optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy through an ergodic relay (MFOR-PAMER) shortens the scanning time while maintaining a simple and economic setup. [Image: Yang Li, Terence T. W. Wong, Junhui Shi, Hsun-Chia Hsu and Lihong V. Wang]
Because light scatters so strongly in biological tissues, purely optical imaging techniques have a short leash when it comes to probing depths beneath the surface. Sound scatters a thousand times less than light in these situations, which has led scientists to develop hybrid optical-acoustic imaging methods.
Researchers at the California Institute of Technology, USA, report on one of these hybrid methods, a new variation of a photoacoustic microscopy system that is faster, smaller, and cheaper than others of its kind (Light: Science & Applications, doi: 10.1038/s41377-020-00372-x). It can reduce the imaging time of a histology sample from several hours to less than a minute, paving the way for rapid, label-free diagnoses of cancer and other diseases.
Low complexity, high resolution
Photoacoustic microscopy uses a pulsed laser to illuminate a sample, which heats up the molecules inside. The rise in temperature leads to thermoelastic expansion of the tissue, generating acoustic waves that can be detected by ultrasonic transducers. The result is a map of optical absorption within the sample, which depends on the concentrations of things like hemoglobin, water or lipids.
For the current study, OSA Fellow Lihong V. Wang and his colleagues wanted to develop a new type of photoacoustic microscopy system that combined a fast imaging speed with low complexity and cost. A method previously created by Wang's group, called multifocal optical-resolution photoacoustic tomography (MFOR-PACT), boosted imaging speed by adding a microlens array with multiple optical foci and an ultrasonic transducer array to a traditional setup. These modifications got rid of the bottleneck of slow mechanical scanning across the sample to form an image.
"Applications of the MFOR-PACT system were limited because of the size and complexity of the array-based photoacoustic tomography system," said Yang Li, the study's first author.
Improving scanning time
The solution was to replace the array-based design with one that used a single-element ultrasonic transducer through an ergodic relay, which scrambles acoustic pulses based on their origin. A light-transparent, right-angle prism served as the ergodic relay that could then collect photoacoustic signals from the entire field-of-view with a single laser shot.
Li and his colleagues validated the new technique, called multifocal optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy through an ergodic relay (MFOR-PAMER), with in vitro and in vivo experiments. For example, they successfully imaged blood vessels in a mouse ear with an optical resolution of 13 microns. In addition, MFOR-PAMER achieves a 400-fold improvement in scanning time compared with a traditional photoacoustic microscopy system at the same resolution.
"One of the useful applications that we envisioned is using UV illumination for high-speed, label-free histological study of biological tissues," said Li. "A conventional UV-based optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy system required several hours to image a histology sample. Our system can potentially reduce the imaging time to less than a minute, which will be a significant improvement in efficiency in clinical settings."
Publish Date: 20 August 2020


text:
Return BioPublisher | Journal List
My RGG
About RGG
Linkage Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci for Traits Promoting Aerobic Adaptation on Chromosome 8 in Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
A. Kharb1 , N. Sandhu2 , S. Jain1 , R.K. Jain1
1. Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India 2. Division of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines
Author Correspondence author
Rice Genomics and Genetics, 2015, Vol. 6, No. 6 doi: 10.5376/rgg.2015.06.0006
Received: 29 May, 2015 Accepted: 03 Aug., 2015 Published: 20 Aug., 2015
© 2015 BioPublisher Publishing Platform
This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article:
Kharb A., Sandhu N., Jain S., and Jain R. K., 2015, Linkage Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci for Traits Promoting Aerobic Adaptation on Chromosome 8 in indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Rice Genomics and Genetics, Vol.6, No.6 1-5 (doi: 10.5376/rgg.2015.06.0006)
Identification of major effect QTLs for traits promoting aerobic adaptation using molecular markers can greatly enhance the efficacy of breeding programs to develop high yielding, direct seeded, water efficient rice varieties. The Filial (F2) population derived from HKR47 high-yielding low-land indica rice variety, and MAS26, aerobic adapted rice variety, was developed and analyzed for the identification of larger and consistent effect QTLs for yield, yield attributing and root traits under aerobic cultivation conditions. The population displayed large variation for all the physio-morphological traits including grain yield per plant and root traits. Phenotypic correlation analysis revealed that grain yield per plant showed positive correlation with root length (r2=0.279), fresh root weight (r2=0.232) and dry root weight (r=0.269). A total of 803 SSR markers, distributed on 12 rice chromosomes, were analyzed for parental polymorphism survey; of these 125 (about 16%) displayed polymorphism. NTSYS-pc UPGMA tree cluster analysis and two-dimensional PCA scaling showed scattering of the F2 population between the two distinct parental genotypes; the population was inclined towards MAS26. Composite interval mapping (CIM) analysis revealed a total of six QTLs (qTN8.1, qTN8.2, qTN8.3, qTGW8.1, qYPP8.1 and qRL8.1) on chromosome 8 (within a region of 24.9 cM) which individually explained 13.7%~27.3% of the phenotypic variation. Chromosome 8 also possesses QTL for aroma and kernel elongation demonstrating that it might be difficult to introgress these QTL promoting aerobic adaptation in Basmati rice.
Aerobic rice; Linkage mapping; Microsatellite marker; QTL; Root; Yield
Water scarcity has critical impact on world's food self-sufficiency and security. Almost one-fifth of the world's population, live in areas of physical scarcity of water and almost one quarter of the world's population, face economic water shortage (where countries lack the necessary infrastructure to take water from rivers and aquifers). Water use has been growing at more than twice the rate of population increase in the last century (FAO, 2007, http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/escarcity.pdf) . According to the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), agriculture, which accounts for about 70% of global water withdrawals, is constantly competing with domestic, industrial and environmental uses for a scarce water supply (Sentilinger, 2013, http://thewaterproject.org/ water-scarcity-and-agriculture) . Indian agriculture totally depends on monsoon and the agriculture sector in India uses 85% of the country's available water. Less than 3% of the world's water is fresh and even of this 3% over 2.5% frozen, locked up as glaciers and only 0.5% fresh water is available to man for various purposes. In such a scenario, if we continue to apply current water management practices, by 2050, the global agricultural sector will need to double the amount of water to feed the world. According to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), with the existing climate change scenario, almost half the world's population will be living in areas of high water scarcity by 2030 (UN, 2014, http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml ).
Rice, world's most important food crop that feeds over half of the global population, is the biggest consumer of fresh water diverted for irrigation. Globally rice is grown over an area of about 164.7 million ha with an annual production of 745.7 million tonnes (FAO, 2013, http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E ). More than 90% of the world's rice is grown and consumed in Asia where 60% of the earth's population lives. China and India, which account for more than one-third of global population, produce over half of the world's rice. In India, area under rice cultivation is 43.5 million ha with an annual production of 159.2 million tonnes (FAO, 2013, http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E). India is the largest user of groundwater in the world - if the trend of indiscriminate exploitation continues, over a quarter of the global total and about 60 per cent of aquifers in India will be in a critical condition in another 15~20 years. We need a shift from "land productivity" without concern for water use to "water productivity," that is, getting the highest yield out of every drop of water used in agriculture. Some important questions arise here are: Should we continue with our present rice cultivation practices? Do we need to have a most productive and effective water saving cultivation method? Is it easy to breed for aerobic adapted rice varieties? In addition to the problem of water scarcity an equally important aspect of sustainable rice cultivation is the availability of labor to grow rice under traditional cultivation conditions as the rural population moves away from farming to work in urban areas in industry.
Improved root system is very important for maintaining crop yields, when plants are grown in insufficient supplies of water or nutrients. Plants having deeper root system colonize a large soil volume and improve the water uptake from the lower layers where water is expected to be available; this helps to maintain a good plant water potential which lead to zero or small yield decline under water limited conditions (Mumbani and Lal, 1983). Aerobic rice refers to a cultivation system in which rice is dry direct seeded in well-tilled leveled fields with uniform slope under unpuddled conditions. Aerobic rice have long and thick root system (Yadav et al., 1997; Ling et al., 2002), erect leaves, medium height, better water use efficiency and maintain high biomass and harvest index under upland conditions. In addition to reducing water use during land preparation and limiting seepage, percolation, and evaporation, aerobic rice had about 51% lower total water use and 32%~88% higher water productivity, expressed as gram of grain per kilogram of water, than flooded rice (Bouman et al., 2005), less labor use (Wang et al., 2002) and reduction of greenhouse gas emission from rice field (Mandal et al., 2010).
Even if several QTL for root traits (Zhang et al., 2001; Liu et al. 2008; Courtois et al. 2009) and grain yield under drought stress (Bernier et al., 2007; Venuprasad et al., 2009) have been identified, however, identification of consistent effect QTL for traits promoting adaptation to aerobic cultivation may be helpful in introducing varieties with high yield potential.
In our earlier study, 35 QTLs associated with 14 traits were mapped on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 11 in MASARB25 × Pusa Basmati 1460 and 14 QTL associated with 9 traits were mapped on chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 in HKR47 × MAS26. Two QTL (qGY8.1 and qGY2.1) and one QTL (qGY2.2) were identified for grain yield under aerobic conditions in the mapping populations MASARB25 × Pusa Basmati 1460 and HKR47 × MAS26, respectively (Sandhu et al., 2013).
In this paper, we report the net house evaluation of a F2 population derived from the cross between "HKR47" (high yielding) and "MAS26" (aerobic) varieties of indica rice for yield, yield attribute traits and root traits. F2 population has been used for linkage mapping of QTLs linked with traits promoting aerobic adaptation using already-mapped SSR markers.
1.1 Phenotypic variation for agronomic traits
Aerobic rice cultivar, MAS26, out yielded the lowland variety, HKR47, under dry direct-seeded aerobic cultivation conditions. Root length, fresh & dry root weight and root thickness were higher in MAS26 compared to HKR47. A large variation for plant height (52.3~100.5 cm), effective number of tillers/plant (1~13), panicle length (17.7~27.9 cm), grain length/breadth ratio (2.41~3.31), grain weight (13.6~25.8 g) and yield per plant (1~26.2 g) were observed in HKR47 × MAS26 F2 population. Root traits also showed wide range of variation; root length, fresh and dry root weight and root thickness ranged from 18.1~72.4 cm, 3.21~57.8 g, 1.17~17.1g and 1.77~5.5 cm, respectively (Table 1; Figure 1). Compared to the aerobic rice parental variety MAS26 (RL-51.7 cm, DRW -7.48 g), 88 plants had greater root length (51.8~72.4 cm) and 70 plants had greater dry root weight (7.53~17.1 g).
Table 1 Mean and range for various agronomic and root traits in HKR47 x MAS26 F2 population under net house conditions
Figure 1 Root traits showed wide range of variation
1.2 Genetic analysis
Out of 803 SSR markers widely distributed on 12 rice chromosomes, a total of 125 (about 16%) polymorphic SSR markers were used for the F2 population genotyping. A DNA fingerprint database of selected 94 HKR47 × MAS26 F2 plants was prepared using 125 SSR markers. On an average, 50.2 % alleles were from MAS26 and 49.8 % alleles were from HKR47 in all 94 F2 plants. To demonstrate the genetic relationship among the F2 plants and parental rice varieties, allelic diversity data was used for cluster tree analysis, NTSYS-pc. The parental rice varieties HKR47 and MAS26 had low similarity coefficient and bifurcate at coefficient value of 0.49. All the 94 F2 plants did not cluster into major groups but showed more similarity to MAS26. Two dimensional PCA scaling exhibited that two parental genotypes were quiet distinct whereas 94 F2 plants interspersed between the two parental lines with distribution of some plants towards MAS26 (Table 2; Figure 2; Figure 3).
Table 2 Phenotypic correlation coefficients among agronomic and root traits in F2 population
Figure 2 Dendrogram (NTSYS-PC) displaying diversity among 94 HKR47 × MAS26 F2 plants and parental genotypes using allelic diversity data at 125 SSR loci
Figure 3 Two dimensional PCA scaling displaying diversity among 94 F2 plants (HKR47 × MAS26) and parental genotypes using allelic diversity data at 125 SSR loci
A total of six QTL associated with four traits (Table 3; Figure 4; Figure 5) were detected. Three QTL for effective number of tillers per plant (qTN8.1, qTN8.2 and qTN8.3 at map positions 36.0, 55.2, 60.9 cM, respectively), one for thousand grain weight (qTGW8.1;59.1 cM), one for grain yield per plant (qYPP8.1;60.1 cM) and one for root length (qRL8.1, 43.7 cM) were identified. All the six QTL were mapped on chromosome 8 within a region of 24.9 cM (36~60.9 cM) (Figure 4; Figure 5). QTL qYPP8.1 with RM72 being the peak marker with an R2 value of 20.2% and qRL8.1 with RM8243 being the peak marker with an R2 value of 13.7% were identified for grain yield and root length under aerobic cultivated conditions, respectively. qYPP8.1 had maximum LOD score of 5.06. RM8020 and RM72 showed significant association with effective number of tillers/plant and RM8243 with root length. The QTL qTN8.1, qTN8.2, qTN8.3, qTGW8.1, qYPP8.1 and qRL8.1 accounted for 16.1, 21.0, 17.3, 27.4, 20.2 and 13.7 % phenotypic variation, respectively. Of the six QTL identified, one QTL (qRL8.1) with an additive effect of 3.9 was from MAS26, the remaining five QTL were from HKR47.
Table 3 QTL associated with agronomic and aerobic root traits in HKR47 x MAS26 F2 population
Figure 4 QTL likelihood curves of LOD score of all the detected QTLs on chromosome 8 in HKR47 × MAS26 F2 population
Figure 5 Chromosomal locations of quantitative trait loci (QTL) identified via microsatellite marker analysis in HKR47 × MAS26 F2 population
2 Discussion
Groundwater is the primary source for irrigation, but overexploitation has resulted in a rapid decline of groundwater levels (Zhang et al., 2003). To tackle this situation, it has become essential to develop alternate ways of rice cultivation that require less water with no reduction in grain yield and quality. Several strategies are being pursued, including the development of water-efficient aerobic rice system, to reduce water requirement for rice cultivation including aerobic rice (Bouman, 2002).
Root system is considered as one of the important physiological parameter to struggle against the water scarce conditions. Under low-moisture stress, root characters are considered to be a vital component to fight against mechanism since they contribute to the regulation of plant growth and extraction of water and nutrients from deeper layers (Fukai and Cooper, 1995). Among the root morphological traits, maximum root length, dry root weight and root thickness were found to be associated with drought resistance in upland conditions. In the present study, root length, root biomass and root thickness were found to be higher in aerobic rice variety (MAS26) than in drought susceptible parent (HKR47). MAS26 had 47% higher root length, 37% higher dry root weight and 16% higher root thickness than HKR47. Eighty-eight and seventy plants had better root length and dry root weight than MAS26, respectively. It has been reported that a cultivar having more root number, high fresh and dry root can explore more soil volume for effective absorption of water (Amudha et al., 2009). Results also revealed that deep roots are associated with water stress tolerance in aerobic rice. Several research groups have reported identification of markers linked to the genes/QTL for root traits such as maximum root length, basal root thickness, dry root weight, total root weight and their potential role in water use efficiency or drought tolerance (Price et al., 1997; Yadav et al. 1997; Li et al. 2005; Toorchi et al., 2007; Liu et al. 2008; Qu et al., 2008).
Kato et al. (2010) studied root response to aerobic conditions in rice and observed that total root length under aerobic and near-saturated conditions was 10%~30% of that under flooding. Matsuo et al., (2009) reported that root number, fresh and dry root were higher in Sensho (upland variety) compared to Koshihikar (lowland variety) in hydroponic culture. Martin et al., (2007) reported that the rice varieties (ADT 39 and PMK 3) that were suitable for cultivation under aerobic conditions had longer and deeper root system compared to the other rice varieties. Increased root length allows roots to penetrate hard pans characteristic of some lowlands, thickness and density improves water uptake by producing more and larger root branches (Ingram et al., 1994). The improvement of upland rice through a deeper root system is thought by many to be a promising way to increase water uptake, and ultimately grain yield, under water stress conditions (Fukai and Cooper, 1995).
Although yield potential of aerobic rice genotypes are lower than the low-land indica rice varieties being cultivated under conventional flooded conditions but the cultivation of aerobic rice is quite promising where water is too scarce to grow lowland rice. In aerobic rice, the combined amount of rainfall and irrigation water from sowing to harvest varied from 470 to 650 mm, compared with 1200-1300 mm in lowland rice (Martin et al., 2007). In the present study, we reported that aerobic rice variety (MAS26) and several segregating HKR47 × MAS26 F2 plants performed well in terms of grain yield per plant as compared to HKR47 under aerobic cultivated conditions. Yield per plant of HKR47 × MAS26 F2 population ranged between 1~26.22 g (HKR47 – 7.42 g, MAS26 – 8.34 g). Several studies supported our results, aerobic rice varieties yielded higher than lowland varieties under aerobic conditions (Bouman 2002; Xiaoguang et al., 2005; Kato et al., 2009; Murthy et al., 2011; Babu et al., 2011).
In order to evaluate the association between root and yield traits phenotypic correlation coefficient was calculated (Table 2). In the present study, yield per plant showed a significant positive correlation with plant height, effective number of tillers per plant, panicle length and thousand grain weight. Earlier studies also reported significant association between yield and plant height, panicle length and number of tillers (Girish et al., 2006; Nagaraju et al., 2013). It is necessary to study root morphological character's influence on the grain yield and yield morphological traits. Under water limited conditions root system tries to develop adaptability that either may be beneficiary for the plants or may be tradeoff for yield. We identified a significant and positive correlation between yield per plant and root traits; root length (0.279, p=0.01), fresh root weight (0.232, p=0.01) and dry root weight (0.269, p=0.01). This shows that a well developed root system will help the plant in maintaining high plant water status which may leads to increase in yield potential under aerobic conditions. Plant height showed positive correlation with dry shoot weight (0.305, p=0.01). Positive association between plant height and shoot dry weight, maximum root length, root thickness and root dry weight has been observed by Ekanayake et al. (1985); and Kanbar and Shashidhar (2004). The interrelationships between root morphological characters and yield-related traits clearly showed the role of root traits in rice plant adaptability under aerobic conditions.
In the present study, we identified three QTL for effective number of tillers per plant, one for thousand grain weight, one for grain yield/plant and one for root length. A notable aspect of this study was that all the six QTL were mapped on chromosome 8 in a region of 24.9 cM segment (36-60.9 cM). QTL qRL8.1 with a peak at RM8243 with an R2 value of 13.7% associated with root length was identified. In this region three QTL for root length were reported by Sandhu et al., (2013) in the mapping populations MASARB25 × Pusa Basmati 1460 and HKR47 × MAS26. QTL qGY8.1 for grain yield was reported to be located near to the qRL8.1 (Sandhu et al., 2013). Sandhu et al. (2014) reported QTL for root hair length (qRHL8.1 at 43.3 cM) in the Aus276/3*IR64 BC2F4 population. Qu et al. (2008) identified two QTL for root number, one for fresh root weight and three for root volume on chromosome 8 using a total of 120 RILs derived from cross between japonica upland rice IRAT109 and paddy rice Yuefu. Li et al. (2005) reported QTL for maximum root length, dry root weight and ratio of dry root weight to dry shoot weight using double haploid population from a cross between two japonica cultivars under three different conditions (upland, lowland and upland in pvc pipes). Courtois et al., (2003) identified a QTL for maximum root length on chromosome 8 using RILs derived from cross between IAC165 and Co39 rice varieties. Priyadarshini et al., (2013) evaluated the effectiveness of the root QTL on grain yield and water use efficiency in a set of 116 near isogenic lines (NILs) derived from cross IR64 and Azucena populations which were screened for grain yield and water use efficiency under severe reproductive-stage drought stress. These Collocating chromosomal loci governing different root and grain yield traits may provide breeders a better prospect to introgress such regions together as a unit in order to develop high yielding aerobic adapted cultivars.
QTL qYPP8.1, for grain yield per plant at 60.1 cM with RM72 being the peak marker with an R2 value of 20.2% was reported in this study. Sandhu et al. (2013) reported QTL for grain yield at 72.2 cM in the mapping population MASARB25 × Pusa Basmati 1460. Sandhu et al., (2014) reported QTL for grain yield adjacent to qYPP8.1 in the Aus276/3* IR64 BC2F4 population. Adjacent to qYPP8.1, Vikram et al. (2012) also reported QTL for grain yield under drought, qDTY8.1, in Basmati334/ Swarna. Hanamaratti et al. (2007) reported QTL on chromosome 8 associated with relative yield and drought susceptibility index in IR64 × Binam-derived NILs under drought stress. Bernier et al., (2008) reported a minor QTL for grain yield at 28 cM position. Zhang et al., (2006) mapped a QTL related to drought tolerance on chromosome 8. Sandhu et al. (2013) reported QTL for effective number of tillers per plant, adjacent to qTN8.2 and qTN8.3, in the mapping population MASARB25 × Pusa Basmati 1460 and two QTL for effective number of tillers per plant with an R2 value of 26.4% and 29.3%, respectively, in the mapping population HKR47 × MAS26. The QTLs identified earlier were not identified in the present study. It can be hypothesized that there was a strong G × E interaction among traits. It may be possible because of the small size of the population. The co-location of QTLs inherited from different parents as shown by DPE (Table 3) suggest that it will be necessary to fine map the particular region, which assist the precise introgression of the QTLs in a marker assisted selection (MAS) program.
QTL analysis is an unbiased investigation of the genes affecting a particular trait which provides information on the location of important loci for the traits under study without any prior knowledge on the genes involved and reveals their possible genetic effects leading to phenotypes of interest. In the present study, six QTL (for four traits; yield per plant, effective number of tillers per plant, grain weight and root length) were identified within a region of 24.9 cM between RM8020 and RM72 markers on chromosome 8. A significant positive correlation has also been observed between yield per plant and effective number of tillers per plant, grain weight and root length. It might be possible that this 24.9 cM region is contributing towards root, yield and yield attributing traits and promoting adaptation to aerobic cultivated conditions. This region may facilitate marker assisted breeding to develop aerobic adapted high yielding rice varieties. It is quite interesting that this study led to the identification of a number of QTL on chromosome 8 which also possesses QTL for aroma and kernel elongation in Basmati rice. These two QTLs (aroma and cooked kernel elongation) are linked and present in the vicinity of QTL identified in the present study within 69~78.6 cM region on chromosome 8 (Jain et al., 2004; Jain et al., 2006). It indicates that it would be difficult to introgress these QTL promoting aerobic adaptation in Basmati rice.
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Plant material
Seed harvested from the F1 plants obtained from the cross between "HKR47" (used as female) and "MAS26" (used as male) varieties of indica rice, were used to raise F2 population in pots during 2012 kharif season in the net house of Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. While "HKR47" is a low-land high yielding indica rice variety unadapted to cultivation in aerobic conditions whereas "MAS26" is an aerobic rice variety developed at University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.
3.2 Net house evaluation and trait measurements
HKR47 × MAS26 F2 population comprising of 184 plants were sown in the pots (one plant per pot) in a net house and raised to maturity under aerobic cultivated conditions. Seeds were sown in pots of 12ʺ height. Vermicompost manure was added in the soil at the time of pot filling. The pots were irrigated with one liter of water for the first fifteen days, then at an interval of three days up to panicle emergence and then at an interval of two days after panicle emergence. Yoshida nutrient solution was given to the plants growing in pots (500 mL per pot) after an interval of 21 and 70 days from the sowing date. The pots were kept weed-free by manual weeding. At physiological maturity, data was recorded on agronomic traits, plant height in cm (PH), effective number of tillers per plant (TN), panicle length in cm (PL), 1,000-grain weight in g (TGW), length/breadth ratio (L/B), and grain yield in g (YPP). Plant height was measured from the stem base to the tip of highest panicle (excluding awn). Fully developed tillers bearing panicles of each plant were counted at the time of maturity. Length of panicle was measured from the base of panicle until the tip of the last grain. The length and breadth of three seeds from each plant was recorded using digital Vernier Caliper. For grain weight determinations, 100-grain (dehusked) samples were taken from the harvested grains to compute 1000-grain weight. Grain yield per plot was recorded after harvesting, threshing, and drying to moisture content adjusted to 14%. The data on root length (RL, cm), fresh and dry root weight (FRW and DRW in g), root thickness (RT in cm), and dry shoot weight (DSW in g) was recorded and analyzed. For the measurement of root traits, plants were removed from the pots and gently washed. Root length was measured using a centimeter scale. The roots and shoots were then separated by cutting from the stem base. For fresh root weight, the roots were blotted gently with a blotting paper to remove any free surface moisture and then weighed immediately. For dry weight, the roots and shoots were dried in an oven set to low heat (50°C) overnight, and then cooled in a dry environment. Once cooled, weighed on a scale. The thickness of the root crown was measured using a vernier caliper.
3.3 Statistical analysis
The data was subsequently analyzed using OPSTAT (http://hau.ernet.in/opstat.html) to determine the variability and phenotypic (r) correlation coefficient analysis. Phenotypic correlation coefficients were tested against standardized tabulated significant value of r with (n–2) degree of freedom as per the procedure (Fisher and Yates, 1963).
3.4 Molecular characterization and QTL mapping
A total of 94 F2 plants selected on the basis of root traits, grain weight and grain yield (15% best and 15% worst) covering the entire range of these phenotypic traits were used for identification and mapping of QTLs associated with traits promoting aerobic adaptation. DNA was isolated from the leaf tissues of F2 plants using CTAB DNA isolation (Saghai-Maroof et al., 1984). Molecular marker analysis was carried out using 125 polymorphic SSR primers by ethidium bromide stained polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). PCR products from SSR analysis were scored visually for presence or absence of bands; data was scored as 1 (present) and 0 (absent) for each of the SSR locus. Genetic similarities between the genotypes were measured by the similarity coefficient based on the proportion of shared electromorphs using 'Simqual' sub-program of NTSYS-PC (Version 2.02 Exeter Software, Setauket, NY, USA) package (Rohlf, 1993). The resultant distance matrix data was used for two-dimensional scaling of rice genotypes using two-dimensional Principal Component Analysis (PCA). QTL analysis was done by using Win QTL cartographer version 2.5 (Shengchu Wang, Christopher J. Basten and Zhao-Bang Zeng, 2012, http://statgen. ncsu.edu/qtlcart/WQTLCart.htm) via composite interval mapping (CIM). The threshold log likelihood ratio (LOD) score was estimated empirically with 300 times permutations at a significant level of P=0.05.
AK was involved in the conception of the experiment, analysis, interpretation of the data, and drafting the article and final approval of the version to be published; NS was involved in revising manuscript content critically and final approval of the version to be published; SJ was involved with the analysis, interpretation of the data, in the critical revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published; RKJ was involved in the design of the experiment, the critical revision of the manuscript and final approval of the version to be published.
The authors thank the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India (DST No. SR/SO/PS/0041/2009), for providing financial support for this study.
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Autodesk's Future Vision and Strategy: A Look at Autodesk University 2014
Sanjeev Pal posted on December 07, 2014 |
Autodesk held its annual user event this year at Las Vegas, Nevada from Dec 1 to Dec 4th. In its 22nd year AU 2014 hosted 10,000 attendees and over 700 classes. Autodesk CEO Carl Bass and CTO Jeff Kowalski opened the event with their keynote addresses about the trends and forces shaping the future of making things.
Throughout the event, Autodesk made several announcements around its current tools and future strategy, these include :-
Learn from nature and adopt Generative Design using the power of cloud – Jeff Kowalski, the CTO of Autodesk gave an outline of the future direction of Autodesk's development and design methodologies that will shape their software product line. Jeff believes as soon products are designed and sent for manufacturing, they are already dead or dying because they can no longer adapt to their own environment.
Autodesk is looking at technology and design through the lens of nature and believes that the design process should be as a living process. Jeff said – "We're developing a system that learns the same way we do… and the outcome is a tool that works in a lifelike manner and supports the way we solve problems naturally". Autodesk wants to use the power of computer to exploit various streams of knowledge and let the system suggest solutions exploring all the positive possibilities, just as evolution take place in nature. Jeff said – "We need to stop telling the computer what to do and instead tell the computer what we want to achieve ".
Sense, Respond and Collaborate (IoT) – Autodesk is not really thinking about the traditional internet of things (IoT) but in terms of asking a question such as what these technologies enable for
us in terms of experience and value. This is interestingly confusing when it comes to its competitor Dassault Systèmes promoting 3D experience. Autodesk is relating to "experience" in terms of generatively designed autonomously constructed functional products such as self-constructing bridges that it is actively working to make a reality. The term Internet of things as per Autodesk implies a false hope of an emergent experience, Autodesk thinks it should be called as community of things or a collection of individual entities to actively and purposefully work together. Jeff said "Experiences don't come from things it comes from you designers" and "The most enlightened things that we'll design will be those that are actually capable of collaborating with each other to create new experiences for us."
Autodesk A360 – Since last year A360 has had 60,000 active users and Autodesk gave free year worth of subscription to each attendee of Autodesk University this year.
Fusion 360 – Autodesk has gone beyond collaboration in cloud with Fusion360, modeling it behind GitHub or referring it to be Google Docs for designers. Carl Bass said "Fusion 360 is the world's first cloud based mechanical CAD product". It was also pointed out that Fusion 360 can now run in a browser making it platform agnostic, so can its Tinkercad application, a cloud based 3D CAD tool for kids.
3D Printing (Software, Hardware and Materials) –With only 200k printer sold and nearly 75% of printed models being a failure, Autodesk believes that the reality of 3D printing has fallen short. Autodesk is heavily invested in 3D printing with it open source 3D printing platform Spark and its Ember printer that it started taking orders for at the event. A detail on Autodesk 3D printing strategy can be found on the blog.
Subscribe to Autodesk and Cloud – Cloud seems to be at the core of Autodesk's future strategy and they believe that other engineering vendors will follow the path that Autodesk has taken with cloud. Autodesk also announced that it will be bringing "Subscribe to Autodesk" a single subscription price to access all Autodesk products later this year. Carl Bass indicated that they have not yet figured out the pricing and the products that would be factored in this offering but one should expect all the mass usage Autodesk products in this offering. It was clear that Autodesk will not include all of its products especially the ones in media and entertainment, but it remains to be seen what Autodesk assumes to be mass usage products that will be offered with one subscription fee. The intent seems to enable the casual as well as regular user to have access to a broader suite of Autodesk software with one subscription fee.
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Künitzer A, Basford D J, Craeymeersch J A, Dewarumez J, Dörjes J, Duineveld G C A, Eleftheriou A, Heip C H R, Herman P M J, Kingston P, Niermann U, Rachor E, Rumohr H, de Wilde P A W J (1992). Abundance of the benthic infauna of the North Sea sampled during Victor Hensen cruise VH1486. PANGAEA - Publishing Network for Geoscientific and Environmental Data. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.756924 accessed via GBIF.org on 2019-04-23.