text:
Effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on risk for RA: results from a Swedish prospective cohort study
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8225-3794Louise Hedenstierna1,2,
Rino Bellocco3,4,
Weimin Ye3,
Hans-Olov Adami3,5,
Torbjörn Åkerstedt6,7,
Ylva Trolle Lagerros8,9 and
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-4749Anna Karin Hedström6
1Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
2Center of Rheumatology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden
3Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
4Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
5Clinical Effectiveness Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
6Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
7Stress Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
8Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
9Center for Obesity, Academic Specialst Center, Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden
Correspondence to Dr Louise Hedenstierna; louise.hedenstierna{at}ki.se
Objective Several, but not all studies, have shown a dose-dependent inverse association with alcohol consumption and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), whereas smoking is an established risk factor for RA. We aimed to study the association between alcohol consumption and RA incidence and investigate a potential interaction between alcohol and smoking habits, regarding RA incidence.
Methods We used a prospective cohort study, based on 41 068 participants with detailed assessment of alcohol intake, smoking and potential confounders at baseline in 1997. We ascertained a total of 577 incident cases of RA during a mean of 17.7 years of follow-up through linkage to nationwide and essentially complete databases. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate HR with 95% CI. Interaction on the additive scale between alcohol and smoking was estimated by calculating the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP).
Results Overall, alcohol consumption was associated with a 30% reduced incidence of RA (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.86) with a dose–response relationship (p value for trend <0.001) which remained significant after stratification by age and smoking habits. The positive association between smoking and RA incidence was reduced with increasing alcohol consumption (p value for trend <0.001). A synergistic effect was observed between alcohol and smoking (AP 0.40, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.64), indicating that 40% of the cases among the double exposed are due to the interaction per se.
Conclusions Our findings suggest an inverse association between alcohol consumption and RA incidence, and a synergistic effect between alcohol and smoking.
rheumatoid
Previous studies indicate that moderate intake of alcohol is protective against developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
In a large prospective cohort study, we replicate findings of an inverse association between alcohol consumption and RA risk following extensive adjustment for confounders.
In addition, we show a synergistic effect between alcohol drinking and smoking with a substantial attenuation of the protective effect of alcohol among smokers.
Further studies in order to increase the understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind our findings may contribute to define new ways to achieve protection against RA.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by progressive joint damage and sometimes multisystem involvement, develops through interplay between genetic loci and environmental factors.1 Alcohol consumption dose-dependently affects both innate and adaptive aspects of the immune system.2 3 However, the impact of alcohol consumption on RA risk remains poorly understood. Several studies have indicated an inverse relationship between alcohol consumption and RA risk,4–7 although results have not been consistent.8 9
Smoking, the main environmental risk factor, is estimated to account for approximately 20% of the environmental risk for RA.10 Because smoking is positively correlated with alcohol intake, these two risk factors are mutual confounders in studies of RA. As a corollary, a large case-control study showed a greater alcohol-related relative risk reduction among ever smokers than among never smokers.11 In a prospective cohort study, the increased risk of RA associated with smoking was reduced among alcohol consumers.12
However, there is still a paucity of prospective studies with enough statistical power to analyse effects of various amounts of alcohol intake with concurrent data on cigarette smoking and their possible interaction. Therefore, we have used a large prospective cohort to investigate the joint effects and potential interaction between alcohol-drinking and smoking in relation to RA risk.
The study is based on the Swedish National March Cohort, a prospective cohort study with nearly 42 000 participants.13 The study was established in September 1997 during a nationwide fundraising event for cancer research. During the event, participants were asked to fill in a 36 pages questionnaire for epidemiological research, and in total 43 863 persons volunteered. Due to the nature of the recruitment process, the number of individuals offered the questionnaire could not be assessed. The questionnaire provided information about demographics, lifestyle factors and medical information. Participants also provided their individually unique national registration number, assigned to all Swedish residents. This number enables follow-up through linkage to multiple nationwide, continuously updated registers including medical information.
Individuals with incorrect national registration number were excluded (n=11), as were those who were younger than 18 years (n=1732) or had emigrated or died (n=55) before the start of follow-up. We also excluded subjects with a diagnosis of RA at baseline, defined as ICD-code M05-M06; diagnoses were obtained from the Swedish National Patient Registers. A previous validation of the accuracy of the diagnoses in the National Patient registers indicates that 90% of the registered patients, diagnosed with RA, fulfil either the ACR 1987 or the ACR/EULAR 2010 diagnostic criteria for RA.14 Subsequently, individuals with incomplete information on alcohol use or smoking habits were excluded and the final study cohort included 41 068 individuals. We used record linkages (based on the national registration numbers) to nationwide, essentially complete and continuously updated health databases to calculate person-years and ascertain incident cases of RA. Participants were followed from baseline 1 October 1997, until diagnosis of RA (defined as above), death, emigration or 31 December 2016, whichever occurred first.
Detailed information regarding alcohol consumption was obtained, which allowed quantification of the average alcohol intake in gram per week. Subjects were categorised into the following groups based on the sex-specific distribution of alcohol intake in gram per week: non-drinkers, low consumption (below or equal to the median), moderate consumption (above the median, but below or equal to the 75th percentile) and high consumption (above the 75th percentile). Low alcohol consumption was defined as <30 g/week among women and <51 g/week among men; moderate alcohol consumption as 30–65 g/week among women and 51–104 g/week among men and high alcohol consumption as >65 g/week among women and >104 g/week among men. Smoking was dichotomised into never or ever smokers.
Information on confounding variables including sex, educational level,15 body mass index,16 physical activity,17 coffee consumption18 and cardiovascular disease were obtained from the questionnaire. Education was summarised into a binary variable, based on having reached a university degree. Body mass index was calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in metres squared and categorised into underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5–24.99 kg/m2), overweight (25–30 kg/m2) or obese (>30 kg/m2). Estimates of physical activity were based on reported responses on weekly exercise levels ranging from none or light physical activity to vigorous physical activity and dichotomised into those active (more than 120 min/week) or inactive (120 min or less/week). Coffee consumption was categorised into 0, 1–4, 5–7 or >7 cups of coffee per day. Information regarding diagnoses of cardiovascular disease (ICD-10 codes I00-I99) at baseline was obtained from the Swedish Patient Register and dichotomised into those who had a previous cardiovascular diagnosis and those who had not.
Differences in baseline variables across categories of alcohol consumption were assessed using one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and χ² test for categorical variables. A Cox proportional hazards model with attained age as time-scale was used to estimate HR of developing RA with 95% CI among subjects with different alcohol consumption habits at baseline, compared with non-drinkers. The analysis was stratified by age (<60 years or >60 years at baseline) and smoking habits (ever or never smoking). We assessed the proportionality hazard assumption, based on the Schoenfeld residual plots and statistical tests, and found no indication of violation for any covariate. We analysed the dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption and RA incidence by using a categorical variable for the amount of alcohol consumed per week (non-drinkers, low, moderate or high alcohol consumers as defined above) in a Cox proportional hazards model.
A potential interaction between alcohol and smoking was analysed using departure of additivity of effects as criterion of interaction and quantified by calculating the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) with 95% CI. AP is the proportion of the incidence among individuals exposed to two interacting factors that is attributable to the interaction per se; thus, an AP greater than 0 indicates presence of interaction. When conducting the analyses of interaction, alcohol intake was recoded as a risk factor.19
The full Cox model was adjusted for potential confounding variables including sex, educational level,15 body mass index,16 physical activity,17 coffee consumption18 and cardiovascular disease. When appropriate, adjustment was also made for smoking.
We also performed analyses to study the association between low and moderate/high intake of alcohol and RA incidence (ie, non-drinkers were excluded). Similarly, we studied the potential interaction between low alcohol consumption and smoking with regard to RA risk, with moderate/high consumers of alcohol who did not smoke as the reference group.
The proportion of missing data in the potential confounding variables was 4.4% for body mass index, 1.7% for coffee consumption and less than 1% for educational status, physical activity and alcohol consumption. We conducted supplementary analyses after imputing missing data using the multiple imputation chained equation procedure. We also performed a sensitivity analysis in which we excluded participants who developed RA within 5 years after baseline, when preclinical health could influence lifestyle habits. In another sensitivity analysis, we excluded current smokers.
A larger dataset than ours would be needed in order to perform the analyses stratified by gender. The majority of the cases were women, which was expected since RA is more common among women. However, when the analyses were restricted to women the results remained similar. All analyses were performed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.4.
Our analyses on alcohol consumption and RA incidence included 41 068 participants. Characteristics of participants at baseline, overall and by alcohol consumption habits, are presented in table 1. Generally, alcohol consumers were younger and had a higher educational level than non-drinkers. They more often reported shift work and slightly shorter habitual sleep duration. Alcohol consumption and smoking were highly correlated (p<0.001).
Baseline characteristics, overall and by alcohol consumption habits
During a mean follow-up time of 17.7 years (median 18 years), 577 participants were diagnosed with RA. The average age at the time of RA diagnosis was 66.8 years (SD 12.8).
Overall, alcohol consumption was associated with a 30% reduced incidence of RA (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.86) with an inverse dose–response relationship between weekly amount of alcohol consumption and RA incidence (p value for trend <0.001, table 2). After stratification by age (<60 years and >60 years at baseline), estimates remained similar in both groups (table 3). Among drinkers, 89% reported intake of more than one type of alcoholic beverage. While 9.9% reported exclusively intake of other alcoholic beverages than wine, 6.9% reported exclusively intake of wine. There was no significant difference between those who exclusively drank wine (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.96) or other types of alcoholic beverages than wine (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.86).
HR with 95% CI of developing RA among subjects with different alcohol consumption habits
HR with 95% CI of developing RA among subjects with different alcohol consumption habits, stratified by age and smoking habits
The impact of alcohol on RA incidence was more pronounced among ever smokers than among never smokers, although the inverse correlation between amount of alcohol consumption and RA incidence remained statistically significant also among never smokers (table 3). Smoking increased RA incidence with a HR of 2.80 (95% CI 1.96 to 4.01) among non-drinkers, whereas the corresponding HR was 1.45 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.74) among alcohol consumers.
With regard to RA incidence, we found a significant interaction on the additive scale between alcohol and smoking (table 4). The AP was 0.40 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.64), indicating that the combined effect was 40% higher than the sum of the individual effects or equivalently, that 40% of the cases among the double exposed are due to the interaction per se. The result remained similar when participants who had developed RA during the first 5 years after baseline were excluded (AP 0.40, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.67). The interaction between smoking and alcohol also remained similar when the analysis was restricted to include past smokers (AP 0.44, 95% 0.16 to 0.72).
HR with 95% CI of developing RA among subjects with different combinations of alcohol consumption and smoking
Overall, high alcohol consumption versus low alcohol consumption rendered an HR of 0.71 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.91). The inverse dose–response relationship between the amount of alcohol consumption and RA incidence remained significant when non-drinkers were excluded (p value for trend <0.001). An interaction was observed between low alcohol consumption and smoking with regard to RA risk (AP 0.22, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.52) (table 5). Our results remained almost identical following multiple imputed data (data not shown).
HR with 95% CI of developing RA among drinkers with different combinations of weekly alcohol consumption and smoking
Our results confirm an inverse dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption and RA incidence as well as a positive association with smoking. The risk reduction associated with alcohol consumption was more pronounced among smokers. In addition, alcohol acted synergistically with smoking to increase RA incidence.
When we analysed the association between alcohol and RA incidence, non-drinkers were used as the reference category in the main analyses. Because concerns have been raised regarding the possibility of uncontrolled or residual confounding when drinkers are compared with non-drinkers in observational studies,20 21 we also performed analyses restricted to drinkers. However, our findings of an inverse dose–response relationship between the amount of alcohol consumption and RA incidence, as well as the synergistic effect between alcohol consumption and smoking remained significant also when non-drinkers were excluded.
No universally accepted classification system exists for low, moderate and high alcohol consumption. Our classification was based on the gender-specific distribution of alcohol at baseline. High alcohol consumption in our study (more than 66 g/week among women or 105 g/week among men) is indeed considered moderate by Statistics Sweden.22 Relatively few participants in our study reported alcohol intake over the recommended level. We also examined other ways to classify alcohol exposure. However, using the same classification based on the distribution among all participants together, or applying the classification that is used by Statistics Sweden, only marginally changed our results. Several autoimmune diseases have been inversely associated with alcohol consumption, such as systemic lupus erythematosus,23 autoimmune thyroid diseases,24 25 type 1 diabetes mellitus26 and multiple sclerosis.27 An interaction between drinking and smoking, similar to the one we found for RA, has been observed with regard to risk of multiple sclerosis,27 another complex Th1 driven inflammatory disease.
Alcohol intake dose-dependently affects innate and adaptive aspects of the immune system.2 3 Previous studies have shown an alcohol induced alteration in cytokine production, where low to moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF.2 3 28 29 A recently published in vivo study on mice suggested that one mechanism might involve altered function of T-follicular helper cells (T-FH cells), leading to impaired antibody formation.29 Alcohol-induced epigenetic changes, resulting in altered gene expression, may also affect immune homeostasis.30 ,31 ,32 However, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying ethanol's impact on RA incidence remain poorly understood; knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying the specific interaction presented in this study is also limited.
Strengths of this study include its prospective design, large sample size with long-term virtually complete follow-up through linkage to nationwide Swedish registers. Further, the study was performed in the context of the Swedish welfare system with equal access to medical services for all citizens. A possible limitation is the way the recruitment to the study was done, where the volunteers in the study might be healthier than the average population (a healthy volunteer bias). This might explain why the reported alcohol consumption was somewhat lower than expected. However, since many population-based studies struggle with low response rate and incomplete follow-up, the disadvantage of a non-representative sample must be weighed against the increased feasibility of the study, and the completeness of the answers with a remarkably low level of missing data. Although under-reporting alcohol consumption is possible, there is no reason to believe that participants who later developed RA would under-report alcohol to a greater extent. Therefore, differential misclassification of alcohol, as well as smoking, seems unlikely. Since few participants reported high alcohol consumption, according to the classification that is used by Statistics Sweden, we were not able to further analyse whether the inverse dose–response relationship was interrupted at a certain level of alcohol intake, which has been demonstrated previously.4 11
Information on smoking habits, alcohol consumption as well as confounders was collected only at study baseline and might have changed during the follow-up. Such misclassification would usually be non-differential and entail attenuation of our risk estimates.
Despite a large number of participants in the cohort, the prevalence of current smokers at baseline was too low for informative analyses by a more detailed characterisation of smoking history. However, when current smokers were excluded, the interaction between smoking and alcohol remained similar. This was expected, since the influence of smoking on RA risk persists during decades after smoking cessation.33 In turn, this indicates that there is a prolonged state of autoimmunity that proceeds the symptom onset in RA34 and lifestyle habits probably influence the risk of disease long before the clinical onset.
In conclusion, our findings suggest that alcohol consumption is inversely associated with RA incidence, which is in accordance with previous studies. A synergistic effect was observed between drinking and smoking with regard to RA incidence. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms behind the findings which may contribute to define ways to achieve protection against RA by other means than alcohol consumption.
We want to thank all participants in the Swedish National March Cohort for their valuable contribution. We also thank Saedis Saevarsdottir, Lars Klareskog and Lars Alfredsson for contributing with valuable insights in the specific area and fruitful discussions in the process of forming the manuscript.
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Contributors AKH: study concept and design, statistical analysis. LH and AKH: drafting of the manuscript. RB and WY: data extraction. WY, RB, YTL, TÅ and H-OA: interpretation of data and critical revision of manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.
Funding LH was supported by research funding from Academic Specialist Center and a clinical research fund from Stockholm county (ALF-funding). AKH was supported by funding from the Swedish Research Council for health, working life and welfare.
Ethics approval The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee in Stockholm and all participants provided written informed consent.
Data availability statement Data are available on reasonable request. Please contact corresponding author at louise.hedenstierna@ki.se.


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text:
Q: Writing text next to a table I have this code:
\begin{center}
$\left.% Use `\left.` if don't want arrow on this side.
\begin{tabular}{r r r }
\toprule
 strength & region & comments \\
\midrule
 $H_B \ll H_0$ & Landau levels \\
$ H_B \lessapprox H_0 $& $n$-mixing & $n$ not good\\
  & $\ell$-lmixing & $\ell$ not good \\
 $H_B \ll B_0$ & Paschen-Back regime & $J$ noot good, $L$ and $S$ good \\
 & Intermediate regime & $J$ and $I$ good, $F$ not good \\
 & Zeeman effect & $F$ good \\
 \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\quad
\right\updownarrow%  Use `\right.` if don't want arrow on this side.
\rotatebox[origin=100]{0}{Landau limit}$
\caption{HAILO}
\end{center}

that generates:

What I would like:

*

*how can I make the entries in the first column (strengh, region, comments) centred with the columns contents?

*How can I have the Landau limit text at the top right corner of the table, like I drew with the red arrow?
Thanks.

A: How about this, based on bigdelim and makecell? The margin for the caption was obtained by trial and error – it depends on the text of the last column.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{geometry}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{caption, booktabs, bigdelim, makecell}%
\renewcommand{\theadfont}{\normalsize\bfseries}

\begin{document}

\begin{table}[!htb]
\centering
\captionsetup{margin={0pt,28mm},skip=6pt}
\caption{HAILO}
\begin{tabular}{r r r c@{}l}
\cmidrule[\heavyrulewidth]{1-3}
 \thead{strength} & \thead{region} & \thead{comments} & \rdelim\updownarrow{7}{*} & Landau limit \\
\cmidrule{1-3}
 $H_B \ll H_0$ & Landau levels \\
$ H_B \lessapprox H_0 $& $n$-mixing & $n$ not good\\
  & $\ell$-lmixing & $\ell$ not good \\
 $H_B \ll B_0$ & Paschen-Back regime & $J$ noot good, $L$ and $S$ good \\
 & Intermediate regime & $J$ and $I$ good, $F$ not good \\
 & Zeeman effect & $F$ good \\
\cmidrule[\heavyrulewidth]{1-3}
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\end{document}

A: Without use of booktabs for the table (but clines instead) and with use of tikz with a n arrow that its height is found with tests:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{multirow}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
$% Use `\left.` if don't want arrow on this side.
\begin{tabular}[t]{r r r c l}\cline{1-3}
 \multicolumn{1}{c}{strength} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{region} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{comments} &\multirow{6}{*}{\begin{tikzpicture}\draw[<->](0,0)--(0,2.9cm);\end{tikzpicture}}&Landau limit\\
\cline{1-3}
 $H_B \ll H_0$ & Landau levels &&\\
$ H_B \lessapprox H_0 $& $n$-mixing & $n$ not good&&\\
  & $\ell$-lmixing & $\ell$ not good &&\\
 $H_B \ll B_0$ & Paschen-Back regime & $J$ noot good, $L$ and $S$ good &&\\
 & Intermediate regime & $J$ and $I$ good, $F$ not good &&\\
 & Zeeman effect & $F$ good &&\\
 \cline{1-3}
\end{tabular}
\rotatebox[origin=100]{0}{}$
\captionof{table}{HAILO}
\end{center}
\end{document}

Output:

PS: Just as a start...
(Needed packages for OP's non working example:
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{rotating}

and
\usepackage{caption}

for the fix with \captionof{table} instead of \caption{}
)

A: For the $\left...$ effect one needs a [c] tabular.  But to align the text, one need a [t] tabular.  So I measured the [t] tabular and used \raisebox and  \rule to fake a centered object with the right size.  Finally, the top baseline of the tabular is actually \toprule, so I had to put the text into the second line of another tabular.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{caption, booktabs, graphics}%

\begin{document}

\begin{center}
\sbox0{\begin{tabular}[t]{r r r}
\toprule
\multicolumn{1}{c}{strength} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{region} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{comments} \\
\midrule
 $H_B \ll H_0$ & Landau levels \\
$ H_B \lessapprox H_0 $& $n$-mixing & $n$ not good\\
  & $\ell$-lmixing & $\ell$ not good \\
 $H_B \ll B_0$ & Paschen-Back regime & $J$ noot good, $L$ and $S$ good \\
 & Intermediate regime & $J$ and $I$ good, $F$ not good \\
 & Zeeman effect & $F$ good \\
 \bottomrule
\end{tabular}}%
\usebox0
\raisebox{\dimexpr 0.5\ht0-0.5\dp0 + 0.5\dp\strutbox-0.5\ht\strutbox}{$\left.\rule{0pt}{\dimexpr 0.5\ht0+0.5\dp0}\right\updownarrow$}%
\begin{tabular}[t]{l} \\Landau limit \end{tabular}
\captionof{table}{HAILO}
\end{center}

\end{document}

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Speedflow 599-04-T - FireSleeve Hose cover 5/16-inch (8mm) i.d.
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Alvin office supplies from TheOfficePanda! Alvin's Quadrille Paper is 20 lb. acid-free, versatile layout bond. Printed with a non-reproducible blue grid on one side. The smooth surface is suitable for pencil or ink. Also laser, copier, and inkjet compatible. Perfect for use by draftsmen, architects, and engineers. 50 sheet pad. Size 17X22 inches. 4X4 grid.


text:
Q: How to get focus on sidebar in VSCode with keyboard I would like to get a focus as  on
picture 1

but when I am in folder like on this picture 2

I can get focus like on the picture 1 when I clicked ctrl + shift + e
For example: I write a code in index.js but then I want to get focus like on picture 1 and create folder with keyboard but I need get focus on this field.
Which is a shortcut I need to use for achive this goal?

A: If you in the file for example like on picture 2 and you can get focus like on picture 1 you need press Esc button on your keyboard.


A new recording by Sarah and organist Jeffrey C. Johnson: 'Grace in Time' -- a selection of sacred songs for voice and organ. This CD features songs by Wolf, Vierne, Ellington, Mahler, Sullivan, Mozart and more! Recorded at St. Mary the Virgin Church in Times Square, the busiest intersection in the world.


I vow to start questioning where and why I am influenced by what I'm influenced by. I'm not a feminist. But also maybe I am. How the HECK do I define that for myself???
I think *that* is what I'm learning. Slowly. Very slowly. That I need to be conscious about my truths. I need to question why I feel passionate about what I feel passionate about. It's my responsibility (and only mine) to question the ways I am being influenced.
Oooooo buddy things are brewin. And I can't spill secrets just quite yet, because truth be told they aren't set on solid ground. But what I can share? What I DO know to be true?
Stop living for your LinkedIn life update.


태백의 무성한 풀은 석탄의 흔적을 뒤덮은 지 오래였지만, 50년이 된 할머니의 여인숙에 모여드는 이들은 마치 검댕 묻힌 옛 광부처럼 얼굴이 없었다. 평화롭다기엔 무언가 빠져나간 듯 퍼석한 도시. 아직도 산 어느 귀퉁이를 파면 진득한 검은 것이 묻어나올 것만 같았다.
The overgrown grasses of Taebaek have covered the traces of coal for long but the faces of the guests who gather at my grandmother's 50-year-old inn leave no trace of the old sooty miners. The city seems more brittle than peaceful, as if something was missing. It feels like something black and sticky would still pour out of the corner of hills when excavated.
한국예술종합학교 미술원 조형예술과를 수료했다. 다큐멘터리, 만화, 글 작업을 한다.
Graduated from Department of Fine Arts, School of Visual Arts at Korean National University of Arts (K-Arts). Currently engaged in writing, drawing cartoons and filming documentaries.


Chicken is easy to abuse. It's so simple to prepare, it's good for you, it's filling, it's abundant, it's inexpensive, and it takes a real genius to burn it. So, if you're not careful, you'll find yourself making that aching sigh at the grocery store that translates into "ugh… again?" as you grab your favorite thighs, drumsticks or boneless breasts and toss them unenthusiastically into your basket, the way Mary Richards did in the opening of The Mary Tyler Moore Show.


text:
Le Cantiere navale del Muggiano (chantier naval de Muggiano), situé à Muggiano, frazione « à cheval » entre les communes de Lerici et de La Spezia, est l'un des plus grands chantiers navals d'Italie. Il fonctionne en synergie avec le Cantiere navale di Riva Trigoso (chantier naval Riva Trigoso), situé à proximité, et réalise principalement la finition, l'équipement et les essais en mer des navires lancés à Riva, ainsi que la construction de sous-marins et de grands yachts.

Histoire
Le chantier naval a été fondé à la demande de Camillo Cavour qui, après avoir confié à Domenico Chiodo l'étude pour la construction de l'arsenal naval de La Spezia, avait prévu l'opportunité de construire dans le golfe de La Spezia une installation de construction navale capable de répondre aux besoins de la Regia Marina (Marine royale italienne) et également de répondre aux commandes des marines étrangères, comme celle que la Marine française avait construite dans le golfe de Toulon.

Le développement du chantier naval entre la fin des années 1800 et le début des années 1900
Les négociations pour la naissance de cette usine avaient été entamées avec l'industriel new-yorkais William Seward Webb, mais après la mort de ce dernier, le projet ne s'est pas concrétisé. Elle n'a été reprise qu'en 1883 par la société "George Hanfrey & Co" qui a créé à Muggiano un chantier naval pour la réparation des navires utilisés pour le transport des minéraux de la fonderie "Pertusola", qui a mis en place et lancé deux cargos à vapeur et deux remorqueurs, le premier navire à vapeur "Maratea" ayant été lancé en 1885. En 1887, le chantier naval est repris par la "Continental Lead & Iron Company Ltd" qui passe à la construction de voiliers en acier, puis, en 1897, par la "Hofer, Manaira & C.". Cette société était la propriété du Suisse Rodolfo Hofer, qui était également l'un des membres du conseil d'administration de la société Navigazione Generale Italiana, une compagnie maritime créée en 1881 par la fusion de la société Flotte Riunite Florio de Palerme et de la société Rubattino de Gênes, qui gagnait du terrain à la fin du siècle. En 1898, un groupe de capitalistes piémontais entre au conseil d'administration de "Hofer, Manaira & C.", dont Luigi Capuccio, qui, profitant d'une loi de 1896 favorable aux nouveaux navires construits dans les chantiers navals italiens, avait commandé deux cargos à vapeur au chantier naval de Muggiano. Le sort du chantier naval ayant mal tourné, l'armateur, craignant que les sommes avancées pour la construction des navires ne soient compromises, entre directement dans la société et la direction du chantier naval de Muggiano, confirmant Giuseppe Manaira dans sa fonction de directeur et acquérant cinq autres navires à vapeur en cours de construction pour d'autres armateurs. Il devient ainsi l'armateur d'une flotte de navires forte et moderne avec laquelle il lance une ligne commerciale régulière entre Gênes et le Golfe du Mexique, notamment pour le transport du coton. L'intervention de nouveaux partenaires a permis d'augmenter la base financière de l'entreprise, ainsi que les moyens de production du chantier naval. Dans les eaux situées devant les quais, un bassin a été construit, flanqué d'ateliers équipés pour l'armement des navires mis à l'eau. L'usine a pris le nom de « Società anonima cantiere navale del Muggiano », dans laquelle Rodolfo Hofer a joué un rôle important. En 1899, à la suite d'un accord entre la « Società anonima cantiere navale del Muggiano » et le Cantiere navale di Ancona (chantier naval d'Ancône), la société "Officine e Cantieri Liguri-Anconetani" a été créée.

En 1900, les ouvriers du chantier naval de La Spezia étaient environ 1 500 et venaient principalement de l'arrière-pays de La Spezia. Au cours de cette période, le chantier naval a construit 33 navires, dont des cargos, des navires à passagers et des navires à vapeur mixtes, mais il a surtout servi à la construction de navires à vapeur utilisés pour importer des matériaux textiles d'Amérique du Nord pour les usines de coton du Piémont et a entremêlé son histoire et son développement avec celui d'un chantier naval voisin, avec laquelle elle a été définitivement unie en 1913, et avec celle de l'usine mécanique construite en 1905 dans le quartier de La Spezia à Melara, dans le but de produire du matériel à usage militaire, l'ancêtre de l'actuelle industrie OTO Melara. Le 21 janvier 1906 est créée la société Cantieri Navali Riuniti, premier grand regroupement du secteur de la construction navale en Italie, qui comprend les chantiers navals de Palerme, Muggiano et Ancône. Parmi les constructions notables de cette période, on peut citer la construction en 1903 de lItalia, le plus grand voilier jamais construit dans les chantiers navals italiens, et des paquebots transatlantiques Duca degli Abruzzi et Duca di Genova, lancés en 1907 et 1908.

Le chantier naval FIAT-San Giorgio

En 1905, à côté du chantier naval existant, un autre chantier naval a été créé, appelé "FIAT Muggiano", dont l'activité de production était destinée à la construction de bateaux à moteur en collaboration avec les Officine Meccaniche FIAT de Turin. L'activité n'a pas donné les résultats économiques escomptés et en 1907, le chantier naval a été recapitalisé par la société San Giorgio di Sestri Ponente, appartenant à Attilio Odero, qui a pris le nouveau nom de "FIAT-San Giorgio". La nouvelle société a concentré son activité de production sur la construction de sous-marins, un navire qui émergeait stratégiquement dans toutes les marines de l'époque et pour la construction duquel des techniciens et des ouvriers qualifiés étaient engagés.

Le premier sous-marin construit à Muggiano fut le "Foca", lancé en 1907, suivi en 1908 par deux autres sous-marins, construits pour la Suède et le Danemark, conçus par le directeur de l'usine, l'ingénieur Cesare Laurenti. Ces sous-marins, équipés de moteurs à essence pour la navigation de surface, ont donné de brillants résultats. La société a rapidement acquis une réputation mondiale en construisant des sous-marins pour l'Italie, le Brésil, le Portugal, l'Angleterre, le Japon, la Russie, la Suède et les Pays-Bas.

En 1913, la construction de sous-marins a nécessité une augmentation des équipements et du personnel et la FIAT San Giorgio a acheté le chantier naval appartenant à la société "Cantieri Navali Riuniti" et a intégré sa capacité de production.

La Première Guerre mondiale
À partir de 1915, pendant la première guerre mondiale, le chantier naval construit quinze sous-marins du type "Medusa" pour la Regia Marina, et réussit en même temps à exécuter des commandes de sept sous-marins pour des marines étrangères, s'occupant également de la construction de canons, de wagons de chemin de fer équipés pour être utilisés dans les ateliers et s'organisant également, en 1917, pour effectuer des réparations navales de toute taille, tant sur les coques que sur les systèmes de moteur des navires, usés par un service intense ou endommagés par la guerre.

La période entre les deux guerres mondiales
En 1918, avec l'entrée de la famille Perrone, propriétaire d'Ansaldo, la raison sociale de la société est modifiée en "Ansaldo-S.Giorgio", Fiat vendant ses actions, dont les "Officine Meccaniche di Torino" à Ansaldo.

Dans la période qui suit la Première Guerre mondiale, l'économie de La Spezia subit les conséquences de la grave récession qui a frappé l'Italie. En 1922, Vickers quitte la propriété de l'"Officine Meccaniche Vickers-Terni" de La Spezia, spécialisée dans la production de canons pour l'artillerie, qui reste donc aux mains de l'Acciaierie di Terni, et avec la famille Perrone, propriétaire d'Ansaldo, qui en 1921 laisse la direction de "Ansaldo San Giorgio" qui reste aux mains des Oderos, avec l'Officine Meccaniche di Torino qui en 1923 est rachetée par Fiat et va constituer la division Grandi Motori de la société turinoise. En 1927, la famille Odero a unifié les activités du chantier naval avec celles de l'"Officine Meccaniche di La Spezia" pour former l'"Odero-Terni".

En 1929, après la fusion de la société "Odero-Terni" avec les chantiers navals Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando (chantier naval des frères Orlando) de Livourne, la société Odero-Terni-Orlando (OTO) a été créée, avec siège à Gênes, qui, outre les "Officine Meccaniche" et les chantiers navals d'Orlando et de Muggiano, comprenait également les chantiers navals Odero de Gênes, qui ont toutefois été démantelés au début des années trente à la suite de la restructuration urbaine de la ville de Gênes. La société a continué à fonctionner comme une société privée jusqu'en 1933, date à laquelle elle est entrée dans l'orbite de l'Institut de reconstruction industrielle (Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale ou IRI), passant sous le contrôle de l'État.

Dans la première période de l'après-guerre, plus de 50 sous-marins ont été construits et, en ce qui concerne les navires de surface, dans les années 1930, période pendant laquelle le chantier naval comptait 4 000 ouvriers et 400 employés, il y a eu de nombreuses réalisations, dont les croiseurs Zara, Diaz et Duca degli Abruzzi. Au cours de cette période, des navires civils ont également été construits, dont le navire à moteur Arborea, célèbre pour ses intérieurs conçus par l'architecte Melchiorre Bega de Bologne.

La Seconde Guerre mondiale
Avec le déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le chantier naval a travaillé à un rythme rapide, surtout dans la construction et l'aménagement de sous-marins, mais aussi dans la construction de navires marchands et de véhicules spéciaux pour la Regia Marina tels que 10 navires à moteur et 6 radeaux à moteur. C'est la période pendant laquelle le chantier naval atteint le sommet de son emploi avec 4 122 travailleurs, au cours de laquelle de nombreux bateaux sont mis à l'eau, dont une partie seulement, en raison de la guerre, est achevée et livrée à la Regia Marina. Les bateaux non encore livrés ont été pour la plupart capturés par les Allemands après l'armistice du 8 septembre 1943 et démantelés pour récupérer les matériaux, ou mis à l'eau et coulés pour créer des obstacles dans les ports.

L'évolution après la Seconde Guerre mondiale
En avril 1945, le chantier naval de Muggiano est à moitié détruit et sur les cales de halage se trouvent les coques incomplètes de trois navires commandés par la Marine royale italienne et celle du cargo à moteur "Borsi" qui avait été bombardé par un avion le 26 décembre 1944. C'est dans ces conditions que furent achevés le "Borsi", lancé en 1946, et trois autres navires à moteur, dont les noms étaient "Mauranger", "Garnes" et "Mica", qui furent lancés respectivement en 1947, 1948 et 1949.

Pendant la phase de reconstruction, l'activité principale du chantier naval était orientée vers la réparation, la transformation et le sauvetage des navires coulés, parmi lesquels il convient de mentionner le sauvetage du navire à moteur "Ravello". Avec la reconstruction, le chantier naval a été équipé selon les techniques les plus modernes, avec l'introduction massive de la soudure électrique et l'assemblage de sections préfabriquées.

En novembre 1949, le chantier naval, ainsi que les chantiers OTO de Livourne, ont été séparés du groupe "Odero Terni Orlando" et absorbés par la société "Ansaldo S.p.A." de Gênes.

En octobre 1951 est lancé le navire à moteur "Europa" commandé par Lloyd Triestino et en 1955 commence la construction des unités "Capitani del lavoro", une série de navires pour le transport de cargaisons sèches en vrac qui portent des noms industriels.

Après la cession progressive de l'industrie navale par Ansaldo, le 28 décembre 1971, l'usine a été transférée à la société "Cantiere Navale del Muggiano S.p.A." dont le siège est à Muggiano di La Spezia. Entre 1970 et 1975, des travaux ont été réalisés pour transformer et moderniser le complexe industriel. Parmi les réalisations de l'époque, on peut citer le pétrolier "Satuket", lancé en 1971, et le porte-conteneurs "Lloydiana" de Lloyd Triestino (identification internationale ICNB) qui a quitté le chantier naval au début de 1973.

Le "Lloydiana" a été le premier porte-conteneurs italien équipé d'un ordinateur pour le contrôle de la cargaison réfrigérée, des paramètres de contrôle de l'appareil de propulsion, du suivi des routes assisté par le calcul du point du navire avec l'utilisation des satellites Navisat, du pilote automatique contrôlé par un ordinateur. Le "Lloydiana" était engagé sur les routes AECS (Australia-Eupope-Container-Service) entre l'Europe et l'Australie.

Le retour à l'armée
En 1975, le chantier naval a repris la construction pour la Marina Militare (marine militaire italienne) et diverses marines étrangères. Parmi les réalisations figurent les corvettes Wadi M'Ragh pour la Libye et Esmeraldas pour l'Équateur, le navire de ravitaillement d'équipages Vesuvio et les hydroptères de la classe Sparviero, construits entièrement en alliage léger, qui ont représenté un jalon dans l'histoire du chantier naval du point de vue de l'innovation technologique et qui apporteront dans les années suivantes un savoir-faire considérable tant dans le traitement des navires traditionnels que dans le développement de navires de haute technologie.

En 1981, le chantier naval est passé aux mains de Cantieri Navali Riuniti de Gênes et en 1984, il a été absorbé par Fincantieri, intégrant ses activités au Cantiere navale di Riva Trigoso (chantier naval Riva Trigoso). La phase finale des essais d'armement et de pré-livraison est réalisée au chantier naval de Muggiano, non seulement sur les navires construits au chantier mais aussi sur ceux construits et mis à l'eau à Riva Trigoso.

Principales réalisations
 1908 - Foca - sous-marin - Regia Marina
 1914 - Argonauta - sous-marin - Regia Marina
 1919 - Sebastiano Veniero  - sous-marin - Regia Marina
 1924 - Leonardo Da Vinci - bateau à vapeur
 1928 - San Giusto (navire secours) - Regia Marina
 1930 - Zara - croiseur - Regia Marina
 1932 - Armando Diaz - croiseur - Regia Marina
 1936 - Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi - croiseur - Regia Marina
 2003 - Salvatore Todaro (S 526) - sous-marin - Marina Militare
 2004 - Scirè (S 527) - sous-marin - Marina Militare

Liens externes

Source de la traduction

Muggiano
Entreprise ayant son siège en Ligurie
Entreprise fondée en 1883
La Spezia

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text:
Trichotoma är ett släkte av spindeldjur. Trichotoma ingår i familjen Gylippidae.

Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life:

Källor

Skorpionspindlar
Trichotoma


An Army reservist from Broadstairs is taking part in training exercises in Michegan.
Private (Pte) Ed Tremble is a Rifleman from A Company, 3rd Battalion The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (3 PWRR) based in Manston.
The 31-year-old is taking part in Exercise Northern Strike 2018 at Camp Grayling in Michigan. This is the second time for Pte Tremble in Michigan having previously attended the annual two-week training exercise last year.
Ed has been with the Army Reserve for three and a half years. He is a regular attendee at his local unit and was eager to return to Michigan following the excitement of last year's exercise.
He said, "Since joining I have really enjoyed every opportunity of my time in the Army, it's a perfect escape. Last summer was an amazing experience, the American Army is well equipped with some excellent kit and we had ample opportunity to use it.
Ed will be putting into practice many of the skills he has learnt during his time with the Reserves. He is well trained in a range of infantry skills as well as boasting specialist skills in driving, communications and support weapons.
He is currently studying for a degree and training to become a paramedic with the South East Coast Ambulance Service. His future also may well see extra training in the profession of a Combat Medic, highlighting the chance of bringing his civilian qualifications into his Army career and vice versa.
Over the next two weeks the soldiers from 3 PWRR will be put through their paces in a series of 2-4-day training packages.
When he isn't training, Pte Tremble maintains his fitness and is currently preparing for his first triathlon. He is a keen kayaker and seeks to pursue qualifications through the Army's adventurous training program.


It is recommended to manually uninstall Acronis Agent from the machine with Microsoft Exchange Server before installing the new build.
Right-click on the service and choose Stop in the pop-up menu.
On the machine with Acronis Recovery for MS Exchange Management Console, uninstall it through Control Panel -> Add or Remove Programs.
(!) If you have Acronis Recovery for MS SQL Server installed on the same machine, then the application should be removed prior to deleting the Fomatik folder. Both applications use the same client-server infrastructure. That will not affect the backup tasks that are already scheduled for the database. After removing the folder, you can reinstall Acronis Recovery for MS SQL Server.
Double-click on the extracted files to install the application. Acronis Recovery for MS Exchange Agent should be installed on the machine that runs Microsoft Exchange Server.
None of the steps listed in this article requires a reboot.


In the case of children, additional information as to whether the child is subject to assessment needs (such as CAF/UNOCINI) or a child care/protection plan or is a child in need.
Our volunteers discuss your support with the appropriate organiser/co-ordinators, who in turn discuss your support with their line managers. Discussions take place in a confidential setting, for the purposes of supervision and to ensure the best possible support to your family. Volunteers meeting together for peer support do not share information that may identify or breach the confidentiality of your family.
We will, on an anonymised basis, use your personal information to demonstrate the impact of our services. Any case study information shared will always be on an anonymised basis unless we have further explicit consent from you.
We will inform funders and your health visitor (and other agencies involved with your family) that you have sought support from us (including the nature and level of such support) and provide them with [general information]. In the event that your family has been referred to us, we shall share the same information with your referrer (this will include any changes to the support and informing the referrer when the support comes to an end).
We may share your personal information with our external auditors for quality auditing purposes but only in the presence of your organiser/co-ordinator and only after the auditors have provided us with all necessary written undertakings to preserve the security and confidentiality of your information.
We will keep your personal information after we have finished providing our support in order to respond to any questions, complaints or claims made by you or on your behalf, to show that we treated you fairly and/or to keep records required by law. We will not keep the information for longer than necessary. We keep different types of information for different lengths of time (further details can be found in our Information Governance Policy which is available on request).
We have appropriate security measures in place to prevent your information from being accidentally lost or used or accessed in an unauthorised way. We limit access to your personal information to those who have a genuine need to know it. Those processing your information will do so only in an authorised manner and are subject to a duty of confidentiality. We also have procedures in place to deal with any suspected data security breach. We will notify you and any applicable regulator of a suspected data security breach where we are legally required to do so.
For further information on each of these rights, including the circumstances in which they apply, visit the Information Commissioner's Office ("ICO") website.


text:
Announcements Business Economy Health News Tourism
Beach hours extended and sea excursions may resume, despite increased virus numbers, while residents question Cabinet's motives
October 7, 2021 October 7, 2021 Editor
After growing condemnation of its earlier decision to curtail beach use, the Cabinet has revisited this restriction.
The hours had been cut to 5 a.m. to 5 p.m. during weekdays and to midday on weekends. But effective immediately, beaches will be open from 5 a.m. to 7 p.m. every day of the week.
Initially, the Cabinet said this relaxation would have taken effect on Saturday, October 9.
At that time, Minister of Information Melford Nicholas had announced that the decision was taken to prevent the spread of COVID-19. He said that residents were using the beaches and offshore islands to have parties and, as a result, there had been a significant uptick in infections.
However, at that time, active cases were much lower than at present. Therefore, residents are questioning why this decision has been taken now amidst increasing numbers.
On the weekend, a radio host made it public that the Cabinet, last week, had granted permission for pleasure craft to return to normal operations; but this was not mentioned in the Cabinet Notes.
In this week's release, however, it is announced that excursions to the off-shore islands are permitted for pleasure craft and other vessels for commercial and private purposes.
This is dependent on the operators, crew and patrons abiding by the COVID-19 protocols on board the vessel, and they must also be vaccinated.
Since these excursion operations were permitted to resume, residents are now speculating that other businesses are being allowed to reopen to avoid further backlash.
← Virus cases continue climb and are now nearing 3,600, according to latest dashboard
Inland Revenue Department calls on businesses to pay their taxes as able, and home-owners to come current on property tax →
Retired senior officer says courage and integrity have dropped among membership of Police Force
UPP ramps up campaign with public rally at iconic Thwaites Corner next Thursday, November 17, Lovell announces
Fearful family begs Clarevue authorities and Police to remove escaped mental patient from Greenbay community
June 9, 2022 June 9, 2022 Editor

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In this article, we feature several celebrities that have gained a few pounds over the years. Before, they were admired for their hot, chiseled, and impossibly slender bodies. Today, the society and the media shames them for doubling in size.
After going through a rough patch, we all saw how this skinny bombshell transformed to a slightly chubby singer. Lucky for her, she still has her pretty voice intact. Let us just hope that fitness will hit this baby one more time!


You've probably heard the expression "streets of gold," but have you ever heard "streets of marble?" I have. I've seen them too. In the ancient city of Efes Örenyeri (the Ephesus Archaeological Site), or simply Efes, streets were actually made of marble. Although marble isn't a precious metal like gold, you can't deny it's still a luxury. And in the olden days, this luxury was such a precious commodity that marble from desecrated Greek temples was recycled for newer constructions like, say, the Basilica Cistern in Istanbul.
Just follow the yellow-brick…err…marble-hewn road.
Dorothy, we're definitely not in Kansas anymore.
Let's take the main road to Celsus Kütüphanesi, the famed Library of Celsus. This was the third largest library of the ancient world; the only larger were in Egypt and Pergamon.
Comparable in size by repute and political stature (not by physical girth) was the man the library was built in honor of, Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus – Governor of Phrygia, Roman Senator, and Consul of the Roman Empire. Also comparable in size: the wealth of Celsus; the library was constructed from his personal funds and for his commemorative monument. Yup, the Library of Celsus is also the tomb of Celsus.
Built to hold 12,000 scrolls, the building was devastated by fire and earthquake. Its façade, reconstructed in the 1970s, is the most photographed feature of Efes. Do you have Turkish lira on you? Pull out a ₺20 and you'll find this library on the back of the banknote. On paper or in real life, it's photogenic at any angle.
Celsus Library, as it's also called, is guarded by four virtues: Sophia (Wisdom), Arete (Valor), Ennoia (Intelligence), and Episteme (Knowledge). All four virtues are, perhaps not coincidentally, women.
Beside the library was an agora, where Saint Paul was a carpetmaker – if you're somewhat familiar with the Bible, you might recall passages from "The Letter of St. Paul to the Ephesians. He was martyred in nearby Pamukkale, where his tomb and chapel lie. (Religion is closely associated with Izmir: Saint John and the Virgin Mary, for instance. Mary's House is not far from here; it's a pilgrimage site for Muslims and Catholics alike.) The agora has long been leveled, so sprinkle in a little imagination.
Scandalous point of interest: By this agora, there was a brothel. How do we know this? There's a very curious etching in the sidewalk just outside the marketplace. Take a look.
Just because men went to brothels, doesn't mean they didn't appreciate their women. On the contrary, they created streets just for them. While men walked on the marble streets, there were parallel streets designed for women. This isn't to say that women couldn't walk on marble – they certainly could; rather, alternative paths led directly across storefronts. Because women were more likely to browse the shops (that hasn't changed over the centuries), the streets closest to the market stalls were embellished for them. Here are the mosiac-laden roads of Efes.
Despite its ruinous state, Ephesus retains the world's most well-preserved Greco-Roman amphiteather. The Greeks loved theater and the Romas loved the arena; it's no surprise this once-great city's Great Theater held 24,000 spectators.
Beyond the arena, just outside the city proper, there is a repository I imagine to be a graveyard for stone fragments of buildings that can't be restored (yet).
The remnants of this once-great city stand erect, holding on to their pride, still somehow evincing a feeling of grandeur. It makes you wonder how beautiful a city this was during its heyday.
This is where I leave you to wander the ruins beyond the Gate of Hercules. Don't worry, there is no Nemean lion or three-headed dog past those pillars. May you be as strong and Herc, and as long-lived as the ruins of this historic city, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
In the next post, we'll do a deeper dive into sculptures, various decorative details, and embellishments around the ancient ruins.
I've been there and it's amazing.
It is! I wish I lived closer to sites (and sights) like this.


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The Campaign for Aid amid impact of el nino on farm lands, Mindoro, 2019.
AMIHAN is an organization of peasant women and a federation of peasant women organizations that carries forward the call for genuine agrarian reform, national industrialization, and an end to all forms of exploitation and discrimination especially against women in the countryside.
AMIHAN was established on October 26, 1986 as a response to the need to give a collective voice to the peasant women, the most numerous and discriminated, yet the largest sector of women in the Philippines. Starting from 6 provincial chapters, it has grown into 19 provincial chapters in 9 regions nationwide.
A free and prosperous society where men and women are equally empowered, where foreign control and domination has become a thing of the past, and where unequal structures and all forms of oppression and discrimination have been successfully eliminated.
A society administered by a government that does not dictate upon its people nor is dictated upon by power but rather rules by the people's will and consent.
A society that encourages the development of a dynamic, interdependent but self-sustaining and peaceful communities.
AMIHAN unites with all the oppressed and exploited classes, and fights for the interests and aspirations of the Filipino people.
It consolidates and defends its victories while advancing the struggle against exploitation and oppression.
It struggles for the empowerment of peasant and other rural women as part of the movement for social change.
Campaign and Advocacy
• For genuine agrarian reform and against feudal and semi-feudal exploitation
• Against neoliberal policies especially liberalization of agriculture
• For food security, sustainable agriculture, affordable and accessible social services, and poverty alleviation
• Against militarization and human rights violations
• Against all forms of violence against women and children
. Promotes organic farming initiatives and agro-ecology
. Advances the welfare of peasant women amidst destructive impact of climate change
Organizational Building and Leader Development
• Establish and strengthen peasant women organizations
• Conduct trainings and seminars to develop and enhance the skills of peasant women on capability building, organizational management, public speaking, analysis on various issues, and others.
• Discussions on peasant women rights and other issues affecting them
• Publication of primers, fact sheets, and other information materials on issues affecting peasant women
• Printing of the Pagsibol, the official publication of Amihan
Local and International Solidarity
• Strengthens linkages with local and international organizations for mutual understanding and support
• Sponsors exchanges and exposure programs to rural communities
Be a Volunteer! Join Rural Women Advocates!
Support our campaigns and activities to end to all forms of exploitation and discrimination against peasant women and the urgency for Genuine Land Reform!
80-A Mapang-akit St., Brgy. Pinyahan, Quezon City, 1100 Philippines
Telephone number (+632) 922-3982
Email address: amihanpeasantwomen@gmail.com
Twitter: @peasant_women
Facebook: @amihanwomen
Instagram: @amihan.peasant_women


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New late-night trains get Twilight treatment
KENT ACOTTThe West Australian
Thu, 10 November 2011 4:15PM
A six-month trial of late-night trains will begin this weekend – the result of a Facebook campaign that attracted about 30,000 supporters.
The 4am trains will run on all lines on Saturday and Sunday mornings until April, when its effectiveness will be assessed.
The trail will be supported by a vampire-themed advertising campaign, with a "Get Home Before Sunrise" theme.
Earlier this year, 23-year-olds Seb Brobie and Scott Brosens launched the facebook campaign to extend Perth's late-night trains services after months of being unable to get home from a night of clubbing in Northbridge.
With the last train leaving the city at 2am, their only option was to join long queues for a taxi, even though they could barely afford the fares.
Many of the pair's friends opted to sleep in Northbridge – on benches or in parks – until the 6am train arrived. Others were prepared to risk drink driving.
Transport Minister Troy Buswell said the 4am trains increased transport options for people travelling home in the early hours of the morning.
"The State Government is keen to provide services that people want, and it was convincingly put to me that thousands of West Australians want later train services on the weekend - and it makes good sense to maximise the use our resources," he said.
"The 4am trains will be free - as the 2.15am trains already are and will remain."
The Minister said he hoped the promotional campaign and assistance from a number of stakeholders would improve the trial's chance of success.
"In setting up the trial and its promotion, we have consulted with a number of stakeholders including the WA Nightclubs Association, which has actively pursued such an initiative," he said. "We're counting on all those people who wanted this service to help spread the 'Get Home Before Sunrise' message and help make this trial a success."
Mr Buswell said Transperth's weekend security operations would also be extended and they would liaise with WA Police to ensure there was appropriate coverage at the later times.


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Company No. 1 shrine
Every Fante town such as Anomabu has several, usually seven, asafo or warrior organizations that, although no longer functioning as military units, take part in all the major community celebrations, have their own ritual calendar and ceremonial obligations, and serve a number of important social and political functions (e.g., the head officer of each company sits on the town's traditional council as a representative of his organization's concerns).
Every Fante inherits membership in one of these companies through his or her father, although males tend to be more active in these organizations than do females. In Anomabu, which supports seven asafo companies, at least one of them (Kyirem Company No. 6) has an active female auxiliary or adzewa organization. While many citizens of Anomabu are actively engaged with their associated martial organization, some choose not to explore this inherited relationship. Any member of these
martial organizations can participate in their group's music making if they so wish, and the majority of members do perform as singers. The most talented members of the group take on the musically more demanding roles of drummers and cantors. These groups each have their own songs and styles of drumming.
Two visually distinctive facets of Fante asafo organizations are their shrines and their appliquéd flags. Each asafo company has a meeting place–a post–in town that has as its centerpiece a shrine. While some of these asafo shrines in Anomabu are quite modest–one company (No. 5) has a small tree serving as its shrine–others have erected large and symbolically rich cement structures such
as the one pictured on this page (this is the shrine for the Kyirem Company No. 6 of Anomabu). The shrines for the Anomabu asafo companies nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 are displayed on this page.
A flag belonging to Company No. 6
Asafo flags (sing., frankaa) are important icons of a company's identity. A flag is commissioned by a member of a company when he is promoted to the rank of captain. He relates to a craftsman a proverb or a dream, which is then interpreted by the flag maker into a scene that is appliquéd onto a solid-colored
background. The scene is replicated in mirror image on the backside of the flag. Images of three flags belonging to Asafo Co. No. 6 are seen on this page. Although a new flag becomes the property of the man's company, it serves as an enduring symbol of his personal status within the organization. It, along with other company
flags, is displayed around the company's post on ceremonial occasions. Each company will also have specially trained flag dancers, called frankakitsanyi, who will perform at the head of the company when it is part of a procession or other public event. Part of the presentation of a flag to important guests present at an event includes an explanation of the flag's meaning by the asafo company's linguist.
Collectively, the music, shrine, and flags of an asafo company are art forms in the service of a martial organization. They dramatically project to the public the collective pride a company's members feel in their organization.
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Фран-Лионне́ () — историческая область во Франции. Это была небольшая провинция, непосредственно примыкавшая с севера к Лиону — на территории современного департамента Эн и Лионской метрополии.

Общая характеристика

Фран-Лионне объединяла 14 приходов:
 Жёне
 часть Калюира
 Круа-Русс
 Кюир
 Нёвиль и Вими
 Риотье
 Роштайе
 Сен-Бернар
 Сен-Дидье-де-Форман
 Сен-Жан-де-Тюриньё
 Сивриё
 Флёрьё-сюр-Сон
 Фонтен-сюр-Сон

Жители этих приходов были освобождены от уплаты тальи, податей, соляного сбора, от призыва в ополчение; они выплачивали только добровольные пожертвования в королевскую казну. Жители самостоятельно назначали генерального синдика и синдика-прокурора, которые призваны были защищать их интересы.

История

Происхождение привилегий жителей Фран-Лионе восходит к началу XIII века, когда Лионское епископство приобрело у Гумберта Туарского все его приходы, располагавшиеся на левом берегу Соны. В 1376 году церковь предоставляет жителям самоуправление, так как нуждается в их поддержке в своей борьбе с сеньором Божё и графом Савойи. Однако, в 1398 году приходы переходят к Савойе, и лишь в 1476 году возвращаются под покровительство французского короля Людовика XI, который при этом подтверждает их вольности. Привилегии жителей Фран-Лионне подтверждаются также в 1525 году Франциском I.

Фран-Лионне, как и все другие французские провинции, была упразднена и преобразована в департаменты законом от 4 января 1790 года, во время Великой французской революции.

Примечания

См. также

 Лионне

Исторические области Франции
История Лиона


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Jeremy Siegel Says Stock Market Slips are not Cause for Panic
In a podcast on the Knowledge@Wharton radio show, finance professor Jeremy Siegel shared insights on the markets and the key drivers for change in sentiment. On a macro level, Siegel recommended that long-term investors "not panic at the stock market's recent dips," and predicted that equities would be "either flat or up by as much as 10% for all of 2018."
Siegel sees recent corrections as normal, adding, "I thought the market was getting a little ahead of itself," and noting that higher interest rates will present a challenge. Regarding the trade situation, he said, "If we get a resolution before year-end of the Chinese situation, we could easily have a 10%, 15% pop in the market."
On the Fed's planned rate hike schedule for 2019, Siegel said that waiting to implement rate hikes until inflation bumps to 2.5% or more might be "too late." He said that the Fed and economists alike have been surprised by how low unemployment rates have fallen "without sparking significant wage increases."
Volatility has increased, according to Seigel, because "when you have a big downward break, it follows with further volatility."
When asked if there is a way to predict the stock market's movements in the coming weeks and months, Seigel said, "Predicting the short run of the stock market, it's a crapshoot." If you're right half the time, Siegel contends, "you're a genius." He argued that if investors follow the market every day, they get "wrapped up in the prevailing psychology," becoming optimistic in a rising market. Alternatively, during a selloff many investors will assume that everything is terrible and won't want to enter the market. "But we all know intellectually," he said, "the best time to get out is when everyone is excited and there are no problems. And when you want to get in is when everyone throws in the towel and says, 'Hey, things are just terrible.' "
The dynamics of the U.S. economy right now are "up and down," according to Seigel. "We have not abolished recessions, we could have a recession, the indicators say it is going to be one and a half to two years out, and we could have some decent gains in the stock market coming forward."
Jeremy Siegel
Biology Key to Surviving Adaptive Markets, Says Lo
Ian Cassel: Investing is Hard


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NEW CANULA - JULY BRUKA THEATRE Performances
Bruka Theatre
NEW CANULA
An Original Unromantic Feel Good Dramedy
A NEW CANULA COMMUNITY CELEBRATION
FOR NEW YORK INTERNATIONAL FRINGE FESTIVAL
PERFORMING AT BRÜKA THEATRE 99 N VIRGINIA STREET
775-323-3221 RESERVATIONS $25
2 SHOWS: JULY 10, 2016 2:00 PM & 4:00 PM
DOORS 1/2 BEFORE CURTAIN
A RECEPTION KARAOKE FUNRAISER FOLLOWS FROM
5:30 TO 8:30 AT THE PATIO
RENO, NV. Brüka Theatre presents 2 benefit performances of the original unromantic feel good dramedy written and by Gary Cremeans II and featuring Gary Cremeans II & David Simpson, New Canula. This short play was originally part of The Biggest Little Theatre Festival in November 2014, New Canula received rave reviews that inspired the playwright to continue to develop the production and submit to national Fringe Festivals. The play was accepted to both Hollywood in June and The New York International Fringe Festival in August. The group is now working on raising the funds to take the show on the road through a fundraising site (Go Fund Me) and benefit performances,
Think classic comedy, Reservoir Dogs without a reservoir, a dude play with a twist. Take J. Dubbs, a hapless unromantic with dreams of the afterlife being preferable to his present one; Marion "Bull" DesCarzo, a desperate bank robber with nebulous ties to the underworld; and throw in Grandma Betty, a framed photograph with limitless Jersey-style homespun wisdomisms...and you have an unclear and confusing sense of what New Canula is really all about.
New Canula just returned from The Hollywood Fringe Festival. Next up New Canula tours to the International New York Fringe Festival in August of 2016. This is the second original show to come out of Brüka Theatre and be accepted to the NY Fringe. New Canula was originally part of The Biggest Little Theatre Festival at Brüka Theatre in Reno, Nevada in November 2014.
Gary Cremeans II, Actor/Author of the original play New Canula. Gary is an actor and director who has worked in the local construction industry for the last twenty years, for the most part with Advanced Countertop Design and more recently with Lifestyle Homes as an independent contractor. In that time he has also been active in the local theater community, acting with and supporting many productions in the area. Gary will tour New Canula to The Hollywood Fringe Festival and The International New York City Fringe Festival this summer. www.newcanula.com
David Simpson, Actor/Technical Director at Brüka Theatre - Dave works full-time bringing stage productions to life through his lighting and sound expertise. Actors, directors, and audiences throughout the region have benefited from his tireless work ethic and attention to detail when building a world on stage with sight and sound. Dave is also part of Brukas Theatre For Children Company as an actor and stage manager can be seen this summer with Gary Cremeans in New Canula.
Mary Bennett, Director/Producer - Marys training and performances include The American Conservatory Theatre San Francisco, Bay Area Theatre Sports, Dell Arte International Theatre Company, New York Stage & Film, B Street Theatre, Reno Philharmonic, Reno Jazz Orchestra, Sierra Nevada Ballet and Kennedy Center training as a teaching artist. Currently the Producing Artistic Director of Brüka Theatre in Reno and theatre artist in residence with Nevada Arts Council and Sierra Arts Foundation. Her Dorothy Parker Shivering and Sighing won Best of The San Francisco Fringe Festival and has won Best Actor in RNR eight times. Artistically directs and organizes the Carson City Ghost Walk.
ABOUT BRÜKA THEATRE In its 23rd season in downtown Reno, Brüka has been named Best Theatre Company by The News and Review eighteen years running. Brüka Theatre is a leader in the region, recognized for its productions, artists and theatre for children series since its founding in 1992. Central to Brüka is the commitment to the reinvestigation of contemporary and classic plays and developing new plays within Brükas Artistic Collective, which include winners of the Nevada Arts Council and Sierra Arts Foundation artist grants and 9 local best actor honors. Brüka is a non- equity and not-for-profit theater small professional company that has produced over 100 shows in our downtown Reno location. Brüka Theatre is a member of Theatre Communications Group (TCG), the national organization for the American theatre. Sign up for our email newsletter by going to our website at www.bruka.org.
Bruka Theatre (View)
99 N. Virginia Street
Arts > Theatre


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Judge considers if Moms 4 Housing has right to…
Judge considers if Moms 4 Housing has right to occupy empty home
No court decision yet in controversial case
Moms 4 Housing member Dominque Walker, center, talks with supporter Carroll Fife, left, and fellow member Misty Cross, right, in front of the Hayward Hall of Justice on Monday, Dec. 30, 2019, in Hayward, Calif. Members of the group Moms 4 Housing attended a court hearing after occupying a vacant home in Oakland since November. (Aric Crabb/Bay Area News Group)
HAYWARD, CA - Supporters of the group Moms 4 Housing gather at the Hayward Hall of Justice on Monday, Dec. 30, 2019, in Hayward, Calif. (Aric Crabb/Bay Area News Group)
HAYWARD, CA - DECEMBER 30: Sharena Thomas, left, Carroll Fife, center, Dominique Walker, and Tolani King, right, take part in a press conference in front of the Hayward Hall of Justice on Monday, Dec. 30, 2019, in Hayward, Calif. Members of the group Moms 4 Housing attended a court hearing after occupying a vacant home in Oakland since November. (Aric Crabb/Bay Area News Group)
HAYWARD, CA - A Moms 4 Housing supporter holds a sign on the steps of the Hayward Hall of Justice on Monday, Dec. 30, 2019, in Hayward, Calif. Members of the group Moms 4 Housing attended a court hearing after occupying a vacant home in Oakland since November. (Aric Crabb/Bay Area News Group)
HAYWARD, CA - DECEMBER 30: Oakland council member Nikki Fortunato Bas, right, listens as Moms 4 Housing member Dominique Walker, center, speaks during a press conference at the Hayward Hall of Justice on Monday, Dec. 30, 2019, in Hayward, Calif. (Aric Crabb/Bay Area News Group)
OAKLAND, CA - A home along Magnolia Street is photograhped on Tuesday, Dec. 24, 2019, in Oakland, Calif. Members of the group Moms 4 Housing have illegally occupied the property and are living in the house with their families. (Aric Crabb/Bay Area News Group)
HAYWARD, CA - Moms 4 Housing members Sharena Thomas, left, Dominique Walker, second from left, Misty Cross, and Tolani King, right, take part in a press conference in front of the Hayward Hall of Justice on Monday, Dec. 30, 2019, in Hayward, Calif. Members of the group Moms 4 Housing attended a court hearing after occupying a vacant home in Oakland since November. (Aric Crabb/Bay Area News Group)
OAKLAND, CA - Sharena Thomas, left, and Dominique Walker, second from left, of the group Moms 4 Housing are joined by council member Nikki Fortunato Bas, right, during a press conference inside of a house they illegally occupied on Tuesday, Dec. 24, 2019, in Oakland, Calif. (Aric Crabb/Bay Area News Group)
OAKLAND, CA - Signs are photographed in the window of a home along Magnolia Street on Tuesday, Dec. 24, 2019, in Oakland, Calif. Members of the group Moms 4 Housing have illegally occupied the property and are living in the house with their families. (Aric Crabb/Bay Area News Group)
OAKLAND, CA - Sharena Thomas, left, and Dominique Walker, right, of the group Moms 4 Housing take part in press conference inside of a house they illegally occupied on Tuesday, Dec. 24, 2019, in Oakland, Calif. (Aric Crabb/Bay Area News Group)
By Marisa Kendall | mkendall@bayareanewsgroup.com | Bay Area News Group
PUBLISHED: December 30, 2019 at 11:08 a.m. | UPDATED: January 12, 2020 at 5:11 p.m.
Click here if you're unable to view the photo gallery on your mobile device.
A judge expressed skepticism Monday about the Moms 4 Housing activists' right to occupy an empty West Oakland house, but didn't immediately reject their claims — a move that left supporters feeling optimistic.
Lawyers for the group argued that Dominique Walker, a homeless mother of two small children, is entitled to stay in the house, even though she and other women moved in last month without the owner's permission. They asked the judge to make new case law using a novel argument — housing is a human right. The dire nature of Oakland's homelessness crisis gives the court authority to go beyond conventional precedent and rule in Walker's favor, attorneys Micah Clatterbaugh and Leah Simon-Weisberg argued.
But the judge speculated it might be up to the executive or legislative branches, not the courts, to address this dilemma.
"There's no doubt that these are extremely important issues, but I think it's finding the right venue and the right case for that," Alameda County Superior Court Judge Patrick McKinney II said to a courtroom packed to capacity with Moms 4 Housing supporters and media. "I'm not convinced this is the right case, but I'll certainly consider all of the arguments presented."
Meanwhile, Francisco Gutierrez, attorney for Wedgewood — the property owner — argued "trespassers" don't have a right to the property they trespass upon.
McKinney took the matter under submission and is expected to rule in the coming days.
McKinney's willingness to entertain Moms 4 Housing's arguments gave supporters cause to celebrate.
"For us, that creates a lot of hopefulness in terms of his future decision," said Simon-Weisberg.
Walker agreed.
"We consider that a win for now," she said.
Supporters of the group Moms 4 Housing gather at the Hayward Hall of Justice on Monday, Dec. 30, 2019, in Hayward, Calif. (Aric Crabb/Bay Area News Group)
Wedgewood, a Redondo Beach-based real estate investment company that buys and flips distressed properties, took a different view. The company didn't expect McKinney to rule immediately, said Sam Singer, who is handling public relations for Wedgewood.
"I think he expressed an understanding and concern for the issues that the squatters' attorneys raised," Singer said of the judge. "But I also think he expressed the confines of the law that he must rule under."
A Moms 4 Housing supporter holds a sign on the steps of the Hayward Hall of Justice on Monday, Dec. 30, 2019, in Hayward, Calif. Members of the group Moms 4 Housing attended a court hearing after occupying a vacant home in Oakland since November. (Aric Crabb/Bay Area News Group)
Walker and Moms 4 Housing are attempting to call attention to the city's homelessness crisis, and argue companies should not be allowed to buy investment properties and let them sit empty while Oakland residents are living on the streets. They are working with the Oakland Community Land Trust to buy the West Oakland house so they can continue living there, but Wedgewood has said it will not negotiate with them while they are illegally occupying the property.
Wedgewood served the women with an eviction notice about three weeks after they moved in, and the women filed paperwork to challenge the notice in court. On Christmas Eve, a representative from City Council President Rebecca Kaplan's office made a controversial threat to consider seizing the property if Wedgewood fails to negotiate with Moms 4 Housing.
Kaplan's policy director, Bobbi Lopez, reiterated that threat Monday, saying the city is researching eminent domain.
The argument Walker's lawyers presented in court Monday was a "claim of right to possession." Such a claim doesn't usually apply to squatters. It's typically used by legal tenants who are living in a home subject to eviction, but who were not named on the eviction notice — such as tenants in a home that has been foreclosed on.
"The court does have the authority to grant this claim, in the interest of justice," Clatterbaugh said.
Gutierrez, Wedgewood's attorney, countered that Walker hasn't met the basic requirements to establish a claim to the house, such as proving she had a rental agreement with the home's prior owner.
As far as Wedgewood is concerned, Moms 4 Housing is stealing.
"I think they're a heartfelt group of individuals, but what they've done is legally, morally and ethically indefensible," Singer said. "You can't steal someone else's property and occupy it as your own."
Photo Galleries and Videos
Marisa Kendall | Housing reporter
Marisa Kendall covers homelessness as part of the Bay Area News Group's housing team. She previously covered litigation for The Recorder in San Francisco, and started her career reporting on crime and breaking news for The News-Press in Southwest Florida.
mkendall@bayareanewsgroup.com
Follow Marisa Kendall	@MarisaKendall


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Our buildings are driving us closer to 'climate hell' – how do we get back on course to net zero?
More and more of the world's people are feeling the impacts of climate change. As United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres said when COP27 opened this week: "We are on a highway to climate hell with our foot on the accelerator."
Much of the weight on the accelerator is coming from the construction and building sector. Accounting for 37% of global carbon dioxide emissions, the built environment is a major part of the climate change problem. That also means it can and must be a key part of the solution.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has just released its 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction at COP27. Its findings are alarming.
The sector's energy consumption and emissions have rebounded from the COVID pandemic to an all-time high. Emissions are 2% higher than the previous peak in 2019.
The report says the reasons include revival of construction activity suppressed during lockdowns, and more intensive use of existing buildings.
In 2021, buildings accounted for more than 34% of the world's total energy demand. This figure includes embodied energy that goes into construction materials and processes, and operational energy that goes into running buildings. The sector produced about 37% of CO₂ emissions.
The gap between the sector's performance and what needs to be done to achieve decarbonisation by 2050 is widening – despite a 16% increase in investments in building energy efficiency from 2020 to 2021.
How do we measure progress?
The Paris Agreement seeks to avoid catastrophic climate change by limiting global warming to 1.5℃ and no more than 2℃. The Human Settlements Pathway of the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action identifies two objectives which are building momentum across the sector:
by 2030, halve built environment emissions, with 100% of new buildings to be net-zero carbon in operation
by 2050, all new and existing built assets must be net zero across their whole life cycle, including both embodied and operational emissions.
To track the decarbonisation progress, the Global Buildings Climate Tracker has mapped a direct reference path to a target of zero-carbon building stock in 2050. The tracker has seven components:
3 impact elements:
4 action elements:
investing in energy efficiency
green building certification
nationally determined contributions to include building sector action
building codes and regulations.
So why is the sector going backwards?
At first glance, the report offers some good news when comparing the 2021 trends to the 2015 baseline data. However, the overriding change is gross floor area, which has increased by 11% – 24 billion square metres – since 2015. This growth in construction, which is predicted to continue beyond 2050, is outweighing progress in other areas.
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In addition, energy intensity has stagnated, falling by only 0.7%. Three-quarters of countries still do not have mandatory energy-efficiency standards for all building types. While an increasing number mention buildings in their nationally determined contributions, many still don't have detailed plans for achieving net-zero emissions from the sector by 2050.
Global buildings and construction trends, 2015 and 2021
Source: 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction/UNEP
What does this mean for efforts to limit climate change?
Overall, the report shows we have made less than half the progress we should have made on decarbonising the sector at this stage.
The gap has increased this year, meaning the situation is getting worse, not better. Urgent action is needed to get the sector back on track to zero net emissions by 2050.
Building sector performance compared to pathway to zero carbon by 2050
Source: 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction/UNEP. Adapted by the Buildings Performance Institute Europe.
The report highlights the need to consider whole lifecycle approaches to emissions. That means taking into account emissions from the manufacture of materials and construction activity, through to the operation of buildings and then end-of-life demolition and waste.
For example, research in 2020 found total lifecycle emissions from the new homes required for Australia's growing population greatly exceeded our emissions targets. Federal government projections potentially underestimated emissions by 96%.
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What can be done to get emissions on track?
The report's recommendations focus on strengthening:
policies, targets and regulations
materials, with a focus on the construction supply chain, life cycle and circular economy.
Growth in energy demand and floor area under scenario of net zero by 2050
Source: 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction/UNEP. Adapted from Tracking Clean Energy Progress/IEA 2021
We can't afford to just build greener. We must build less
Priorities in Australia are to urgently update our building regulations; shift business models and investment to prioritise net-zero buildings and construction; and secure the electricity grid's transition to renewable energy generation.
While the 2022 National Construction Code update increased energy-efficiency standards, further changes are needed to meet 2050 goals. Revisions to the code are notoriously slow, but the need for more action is urgent.
Australia is also yet to consider embodied carbon emissions in the construction, refurbishment and retrofitting of buildings, or the ongoing embodied emissions due to tenancy changes or home improvements.
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We have seen improvements as a result of the Commercial Building Disclosure Program requiring commercial buildings to display their environmental rating under the NABERS standards. While no minimum requirements have yet been set, this program has helped to cut operational emissions.
However, unlike Europe, the NABERS rating generally only measures the base building operational emissions (as required under the Commercial Building Disclosure Program). It's missing a big piece of the puzzle, tenancy emissions.
Despite the level of construction activity, most of the building stock has already been built and will not be replaced for decades. This means a retrofit program is needed.
It's a huge challenge. For example, the City of Melbourne's target of zero-carbon buildings by 2040 requires about 77 buildings to be retrofitted every year.
We have the know-how but need political will
We need political will and broadscale investment to bring about the scale of changes required to achieve net-zero buildings. Impetus is building, but it needs to translate into big structural changes in policy, finance, materials supply chains and energy systems.
The good news is we already have the capacity and know-how we need to steer our buildings sector onto a net-zero trajectory and off the highway to climate hell.
November 17, 2022 Anna Hurlimann
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