text:
Cetrimonium chloride
Currently viewing: S-01 | Summary001 Key | Experimental result002 Key | Read-across (Category)003 Supporting | Experimental result004 Supporting | Read-across (Category)
read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
From 02 October, 2012 to 23 November, 2012
KL2 due to RA
Refer to the Quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) category or section 13 of IUCLID for details on the category justification.
read-across source
: The NaHCO3 concentration of the test medium was 150 mg/L instead of 50 mg/L, as recommended by the OECD/EEC Guidelines, in order to maintain a more constant pH during the test and biomass (dw/mL) was not determined at the end of the test in the controls
ISO 8692 (Water Quality - Fresh Water Algal Growth Inhibition Test with Scenedesmus subspicatus and Selenastrum capricornutum)
other: EEC, 1992. Algal growth inhibition test. Off. J. Of the European communities, L383 A/179, 19921229
At the start of the test, samples were taken from all test concentrations and the control and stock solution. The same procedure was followed at the end of the test.
At least 10 mL was sampled in each case and was diluted 1:1 with leaching solution. The samples were then gently shaken and transferred into the analytical vials for analysis. With each transfer step the pipettes used were rinsed with the solution to be analysed and the solution discarded before sampling for the actual analysis.
At the end of the test extractions of the test vessels at 0.019 and 0.120 mg/L were performed to establish the amount of test substance adsorbed to the test vessels that have contained algae. First test vessels were emptied and rinsed with deionized water. Then 10 mL leaching solution was added and the vessels were gently shaken.
Total extraction of the test solution (+ algae) and glassware was performed at the end of the study on test vessels containing the nominal test concentrations of 0.019 and 0.120 mg/L. For this purpose the whole sample volume of the two test concentrations was extracted by adding 40 mL leaching solution to the test medium in the Erlenmeyer. These vessels were then gently shaken.
Samples from the actual test replicates at the end of the test were filtered using a 0.45 µm filter to remove algae. Filters were primed with the relevant solution before use. All samples were diluted with leaching solution.
Chemical analyses were performed according to the analytical procedure described in annex 3. The samples were analyzed immediately after sampling.
Preparation of the stock solution
A first stock solution of 0.111 g/L of test material was prepared in a 100 mL volumetric flask. An accurately measured amount of 0.0111 g of test material, weighed out on an analytical balance, was loaded in 100 mL test medium. The stock solution was then ultrasonicated for 1 minute and a clear homogenous suspension was obtained. From this first stock a second stock solution of 1 mg/L was made. 0.90 mL was pipetted in 99.1 mL test medium.
The pH of the first stock solution was checked and found to be 8.3, and was not adjusted. This was not according to the study plan, but the deviation from the pH of the blank test medium was only 0.2 units and this deviation is therefore considered as minor.
The second stock solution, which was also a clear homogenous suspension, was used to prepare the test solutions.
The stock solution was stirred while adequate amounts were taken for test solutions.
Preparation of the test solutions
The test solutions were prepared by addition of the adequate amounts of the second stock solution to the test vessels, then dilution water was added up to the required final volume.
Based on the results of a range finding study which gave no inhibition at 0.01 mg/L and 100% inhibition at 0.1 mg/L the following final nominal test concentrations were prepared: 0.005, 0.011, 0.022, 0.046 and 0.097 mg/L. Because 50% effect on growth rate was not reached it was decided to repeat the test with a different concentration range: 0.008, 0.019, 0.048, 0.120 and 0.300 mg/L.
Control vessels containing only test medium were included in the test.
All test vessels were closed with glass stoppers.
Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Common name: Pseudokirchnerella subcapitata (freshwater unicellular algae (CCAP 278/4)
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): Culture collection of algae and protozoa SAMS Research Services Ltd. Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Dunbeg, Argyll, Scotland
- Method of cultivation: Cultures on sloped agar tubes were stored at 4°C in the dark until required. Exponentially growing cultures are maintained at 23 ± 2°C in a temperature-controlled illuminated orbital incubator and are re-cultured under sterile conditions weekly to keep the algae in this phase.
The de-ionised water used in the study contained less than 10 µg/L of copper (not measured under GLP)
23 ± 2°C
8.3 to 11.1
Less than 2.0 mg/L NPOC-content
Standard OECD medium
Conductivity:
Less than 5 μS/cm
Nominal: 0.008, 0.019, 0.048, 0.120 and 0.300 mg/L
Measured initial: 0.005, 0.011, 0.031, 0.080, and 0.205 mg/L
Geometric mean: 0.005*, 0.008, 0.019, 0.039 and 0.065 mg/L
* Based on C16 measurements only.
-Test flasks
The test was performed in 100 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 40 mL of medium. The test flasks were closed with glass stoppers.
-General test principles and procedures
Culture medium was prepared by diluting the stock mineral salts in an appropriate vessel. This medium was sterilized by filter sterilization (0.2 µm). Adequate amounts of test substance were added and allowed to disperse (See section 4.3 for more details about the preparation of the test solutions). The Erlenmeyer flasks were then filled with test solution up to a total volume of 40 mL using a 50 mL syringe. Then the inoculum was added to the vessel from an exponentially growing culture. All test concentrations were tested in triplicate. In addition, six replicates of the control were included.
The extinction of light in each Erlenmeyer flask was measured after 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Algal medium was used as a blank in the spectrophotometer
- Apparatus
The pH was determined with a microcomputer pH meter. The temperature was measured with a continually measuring thermocouple. The light intensity was measured with a light intensity meter. The purity of the algae was determined with a microscope.
- Culturing cabinet and test conditions
The test was carried out in a temperature-controlled illuminated orbital incubator, in which the temperature was maintained at 23 ± 2°C, and a continuous uniform illumination was provided in the spectral range of 400 to 700 nm by using fluorescent lamps at a distance of about 0.36 +/-0.02 m from the algal cultures. The light intensity was in the range of 60 to 120 μE·m-2·s-1 (= μmol.m-2·s-1). The test vessels were swirled continuously at a speed sufficient to prevent sedimentation of the algae.
- Determination of cell concentrations
Cell concentrations were determined photometrically with a UV/VIS Spectrophotometer. Measurements were carried out at 436 nm in a cuvette with a light path of 4 cm. To establish the relation between extinction of light and cell density, a calibration curve was made which is checked yearly. From the relation between extinction (E) and counted cell number per mL (N) the following calibration curve was determined using linear regression:
N = 2.000×106´E – 1.81×105 (R2= 0.993)
The calibration curve was used to determine the cell density of the inoculum before and during the test when needed.
- Determination of pH, temperature, light, and purity of algae
The pH of all samples and controls were measured at the beginning (t=0 h) and at the end (t=72 h) of the test. The temperature in the culturing apparatus was continuously measured and read out at the end of the test. The light intensity was measured at the beginning and at the end of the test. At the end of the test five random samples were microscopically checked for purity of the algal culture.
- Quality control of the algae
The sensitivity of the algae was checked by performing a growth inhibition test with a reference compound (potassium dichromate) twice a year, when the cultures are grafted from the sloped agar tubes. The sensitivity was tested for compliance with the Guidelines, and found to be between the set EC50 values of 0.25 to 2.0 mg/L.
- Evaluation of data
The mean values of the extinction of light for each test substance concentration were used to calculate the growth and specific growth rate. Details of the calculations are given in Annex 6 (refer to the PDF under the 'attached background material').
Where possible, the EC10,20,50,80 values were computed from the best fitted line (leastsquares method) through the points given by the probit of the percentage of inhibition and the logarithm of the concentration of the test substance. The EC50 value calculated for the area under the growth curve is termed EbC50, whereas the EC50 value calculated for the specific growth rate is termed ErC50. The Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) was determined by comparison of the growth at each concentration and the control using threshold values from the William's test (Ref 4) The No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) was derived from the results as the first concentration below the LOEC value, where growth shows no significant inhibition relative to the control values. Confidence limits were computed on the basis of Fieller's theorem if possible (Ref 5). All computations were
performed using TOXCALCTM version 5.023 program.
- Quality criteria:
The following quality criteria have been met in the present study:
􀁸 The cell density of the controls increased at least a factor 16 within 72 h
􀁸 The mean coefficient of variation for section-by-section specific growth rates in the control cultures must not exceed 35%.
􀁸 The coefficient of variation of average specific growth rates during the whole test period in the replicate control cultures should not exceed 7%.
􀁸 The EC50 values of the reference compound, potassium dichromate, should be in the range of 0.25-2.0 mg/L.
Potassium dichromate 99.5% purity lot H0234 JT baker
0.094 mg/L
meas. (initial)
other: 95% confidence limits of 0.020 to 0.129 mg/L
(i.e., equivalent to 0.068 mg a.i./L)
other: 95% confidence limits of 0.098 and 0.152 mg/L.
0.08 mg/L
other: (i.e.,equivalent to 0.058 mg a.i./L)
act. ingr.
- Toxicity:
The results of the test are presented in Annex 3. The graphical presentations of the test results are given in Figures 1 and 2 of that Annex.
The results reported are based on measured initial test substance concentrations. All reported concentrations refer to the test substance as received and are thus not corrected for active ingredient content. The test guideline (Ref 1) used for this test states that for adsorbing substances the
endpoints could be based on measured initial concentration when can be shown that decrease in test concentration of the test substance in the course of the test is not accompanied by a decrease in growth inhibition. The test substance tested here is a surface active substance which adsorbs strongly onto negatively charged surfaces as glassware and algae.
In the Figure below is shown that a decrease in growth inhibition does not occur due to a decrease in test concentration during the test The average growth rate per test concentration did not increase in time, meaning that the inhibition did not decrease, as the growth rate for 48 to 72h is lower than for 24 to 48h. As for almost all test concentration no recovery of growth was observed in time, it is justified to base the dose-response relation on measured initial concentrations as these are causing the effects observed.
No significant effect was observed on growth rate up to 0.08 mg/L. The NOEC is therefore 0.08 mg/L and LOEC is 0.205 mg/L. The ErC10 is 0.094 mg/L, with 95% confidence limits of 0.020 to 0.129 mg/L. The ErC50 is 0.155 mg/L, with 95% confidence limits of 0.091 to 0.185 mg/L. The EbC50 was found to be 0.115 mg/L, with 95% confidence limits of 0.098 and 0.152 mg/L. The statistics and growth-response curves are presented in Annex 4. The critical endpoints and parameters are summarized in Table IV of Annex 3.
- pH, temperature, light and purity of algae:
The pH measurements showed a maximum increase of 3.4 pH units. This is more than recommended in the guideline, but was caused by the closed test vessels. As all validity criteria for the control were met, growth was within the required criteria. The pH increase is therefore considered to have no influence on the integrity of the test results.
The temperature varied from 21.8 to 22.3 °C during the test.
Light intensity was 102.8 µmol.m-2.s-1 both at the beginning and end of the test. Both are in accordance with the required conditions described in the study plan.
The five random samples were all pure and not contaminated with bacteria
- Chemical analysis
The concentration of the test substance present in the test vessels were quantified using the method as described in Annex 5 (presented in the attached PDF). The concentration of test substance is recalculated, correcting for the difference of C16 and C18 present in the test substance. See the first Table in the attached PDFfor a summary of the measured test concentrations.
The stock solutions used to prepare the test solutions showed a good recovery of >=94%. The recovery of the test concentrations were as expected all below 80% of the nominal concentrations. The result of the sample from the lowest test concentration taken at the end of the test was below LOQ for C18. The measured concentration given is therefore only based on the measured concentration of C16. Measured initial concentrations are used for endpoint calculations (due to the reasons explained under Toxicity). The analytical method met all quality criteria set (see second Table in the attached PDF).
- Validity criteria:
The validity of the test was shown by:
• the increase of the extinction of the control over 72 h by a factor of 61
• the mean coefficient of variation for section-by-section specific growth rates in the control cultures did not exceed 35%.
• the coefficient of variation of average specific growth rates during the whole test period in the replicate control cultures did not exceed 7%.
Refer to the attached PDF for details on results.
No significant effect was observed on growth rate up to 0.08 mg/L. The NOEC is therefore 0.08 mg/L and LOEC is 0.205 mg a.i./L. The ErC10 is 0.094 mg/L, with 95% confidence limits of 0.020 to 0.129 mg a.i./L. The ErC50 is 0.155 mg a.i./L, with 95% confidence limits of 0.091 to 0.185 mg/L. The EbC50 was found to be 0.115 mg a.i./L, with 95% confidence limits of 0.098 and 0.152 mg/L.
Refer annexure 2 for details (in the attached backgroud material).
The sensitivity of the algae was checked by performing a growth inhibition test with a reference compound (potassium dichromate) twice a year, when the cultures are grafted from the sloped agar tubes. The sensitivity was tested for compliance with the Guidelines, and found to be between the set EC50 values of 0.25 to 2.0 mg/L
Where possible, the EC10,20,50,80 values were computed from the best fitted line (least-squares method) through the points given by the probit of the percentage of inhibition and the logarithm of the concentration of the test substance. The EC50 value calculated for the area under the growth curve is termed EbC50, whereas the EC50 value calculated for the specific growth rate is termed ErC50. The Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) was determined by comparison of the growth at each concentration and the control using threshold values from the William's test.The No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) was derived from the results as the first concentration below the LOEC value, where growth shows no significant inhibition relative to the control values. Confidence limits were computed on the basis of Fieller's theorem if possible (Ref 5). All computations were performed using TOXCALCTM version 5.023 program.
Deviations from the study plan
There are two deviations from the study plan:
1. In the second test the test vessels were closed with glass stoppers to facilitate the extraction at the end of the test.
2.The pH of the first stock solution was checked and found to be 8.3, and was not adjusted. This was not according to the study plan, but the deviation from the pH of the blank test medium was only 0.2 units and this deviation is therefore considered as minor.
ased on the results of the read across study the 72 h ErC10 and ErC50 values of the test substance based on effects on growth rate of aquatic algae is considered to be 0.094 (i.e., 0.068 mg a.i./L) and 0.155 mg/L (i.e., 0.113 mg a.i./L) (measured initial), respectively
A study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the read-across substance, C16-18 TMAC (72.78% active), to Pseudokirchnerella subcapitata according to OECD Guideline 201, in compliance with GLP. The toxicity of the read across substance to an exponentially growing culture of P. subcapitata was determined over an exposure period of 72 hours under static conditions. Algae were exposed to the read across substance at nominal concentrations of 0.008, 0.019, 0.048, 0.120 and 0.300 mg/L. Algal cell concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically. Analytical verification of the test concentrations was performed using LC-MS/MS at the beginning and end of the test. The results of the chemical analyses showed that the concentrations in the test solutions at the start and at the end of the test in the test vessels were all below 80% of the nominal, which is expected because surfactant-based substances are known to bind to algae cells. However, as growth rates per test concentration did not decrease in time compared to the control, the measured initial concentrations were used to calculate the effects, in line with the guideline recommendations. The measured initial concentrations were determined to be 0.005, 0.011, 0.031, 0.080, and 0.205 mg/L (i.e., equivalent to 0.0037, 0.008, 0.023, 0.058 and 0.149 mg a.i./L respectively). No significant effect was found on growth rate up to 0.08 mg/L, therefore the NOEC was at 0.08 mg/L and LOEC was at 0.205 mg/L. The ErC10 and ErC50 for growth rate was determined to be at 0.094 mg/L (with 95% confidence limits of 0.020 to 0.129 mg/L) and 0.155 mg/L (with 95% confidence limits of 0.091 to 0.185 mg/L). The EbC10 and EbC50 for biomass was determined to be at 0.036 mg/L (with 95% confidence limits of 0.031 to 0.040 mg/L) and 0.047 mg/L (with 95% confidence limits of 0.043 to 0.055 mg/L). All validity criteria were fulfilled. Under the study conditions, the 72 h ErC10 and ErC50 values of the read across substance based on effects on growth rate of aquatic algae were determined to be 0.094 (i.e., 0.068 mg a.i./L) and 0.155 mg/L (i.e., 0.113 mg a.i./L) (measured initial), respectively (Gyimesi M et al., 2012). Based on the results of the read across study, similar effect levels are considered for the test substance.
23.7 to 24.6°C
Nominal concentrations: 0.035, 0.071, 0.142, 0.283 and 0.566 mg/L
Measured (concentrations were only measured for the low, middle and high concentrations):
0.03, 0.14 and 0.51 mg/L at 0 h, respectively and
0.01, 0.03 and 38 mg/L at 96 h, respectively.
Based on the results of a range-finding test, Selenastrum capricornutum was exposed to the test substance at nominal concentrations of 0.035, 0.071, 0.142, 0.283 and 0.566 mg/L. The toxicity of the test substance to exponentially growing Selenastrum capricornutum was determined over an exposure period of 96 h. The test was conducted in a mineral salts medium at temperatures ranging from 23.7 to 24.6ºC in an illuminate orbital incubator. The pH in the test media varied from 8.2 to 9.1. The test was performed using six replicates for the control and three replicates for each concentration.
potassium dichromate
other: equivalent to 0.099 mg a.i./L
96-h EbC50 = 0.11 mg/L (0.11 - 0.12 mg/L)
96-h ErC50 = 0.18 mg/L (0.17 - 0.19 mg/L)
EbC50 and ErC50 values of the reference compound, potassium dichromate were 0.8 and 1.5 mg/L, respectively
The test was valid as shown by the EbC50 and ErC50 values of the reference compound, potassium dichromate (0.8 and 1.5 mg/L, respectively), the increase of the extinction of the control over 72 h by a factor of 16 and by a maximum deviation of the pH of 0.9 units. Chemical analysis, using HPLC, of duplicate samples taken at the beginning of the test indicated that the exposure concentrations were substantially achieved (85 - 99% of the nominal values). The concentrations at the end of the test were strongly decreased (21 -67% of the nominal values), probably due to adsorption of the test substance to the test flask walls. Thus, EC values were calculated based on the nominal, rather than measured, concentrations.
Under the test conditions, the 96 h EbC50 and ErC50 values for effects on growth and growth rate were determined to be 0.113 and 0.177 mg/L (i.e., equivalent to 0.099 and 0.156 mg a.i./L) respectively. The NOEC and LOEC values for both parameters were identified to be at 0.035 and 0.071 mg/L (i.e., equivalent to 0.03 and 0.062 mg a.i./L) respectively.
A study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the read across substance, tricetylmethyl ammonium chloride (87.9% active), to Selenastrum capricornutumaccording under static conditions, according to OECD Guideline 201, EU Method C.3 and ISO 8692, in compliance with GLP. Based on the results of a range-finding test,Selenastrum capricornutumwas exposed to the read across substance at nominal concentrations of 0.035, 0.071, 0.142, 0.283 and 0.566 mg/L (i.e., 0.03, 0.62, 0.125, 0.245 and 0.498 mg a.i./L). Chemical analysis, using HPLC, of duplicate samples was taken at the beginning of the test indicated that the exposure concentrations were substantially achieved (85-99% of the nominal values). The concentrations at the end of the test were strongly decreased (21 -67% of the nominal values), probably due to adsorption of the read across substance to the test flask walls. Thus, EC values were calculated based on the nominal, rather than measured, concentrations. The toxicity of the read across substance to exponentially growing Selenastrum capricornutum was determined over an exposure period of 96 h. The test was performed using six replicates for the control and three replicates for each concentration. All the validity criteria were fulfilled. Under the conditions of the study, the 96 h EbC50 and ErC50 values for effects on growth and growth rate were determined to be 0.113 and 0.177 mg/L (i.e., equivalent to 0.099 and 0.156 mg a.i./L) respectively. The NOEC and LOEC values for both parameters were identified to be at 0.035 and 0.071 mg/L (i.e., equivalent to 0.03 and 0.062 mg a.i./L) respectively. (TRS (HPV), 2001). Based on the results of the read across study, similar effect levels can be expected for the test substance.
Based on the results of the read across studies, the lower and more recent 72-h ErC50 and ErC10 values, which was determined at 0.113 and 0.068 mg a.i./L, for effects on growth rate of algae have been considered further for hazard/risk assessment of the test substance.
EC50 for freshwater algae:
113 µg/L
EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
68 µg/L
Study 1: A study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the read-across substance, C16-18 TMAC (72.78% active), to Pseudokirchnerella subcapitata according to OECD Guideline 201, in compliance with GLP. The toxicity of the read across substance to an exponentially growing culture of P. subcapitata was determined over an exposure period of 72 hours under static conditions. Algae were exposed to the read across substance at nominal concentrations of 0.008, 0.019, 0.048, 0.120 and 0.300 mg/L. Algal cell concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically. Analytical verification of the test concentrations was performed using LC-MS/MS at the beginning and end of the test. The results of the chemical analyses showed that the concentrations in the test solutions at the start and at the end of the test in the test vessels were all below 80% of the nominal, which is expected because surfactant-based substances are known to bind to algae cells. However, as growth rates per test concentration did not decrease in time compared to the control, the measured initial concentrations were used to calculate the effects, in line with the guideline recommendations. The measured initial concentrations were determined to be 0.005, 0.011, 0.031, 0.080, and 0.205 mg/L (i.e., equivalent to 0.0037, 0.008, 0.023, 0.058 and 0.149 mg a.i./L respectively). No significant effect was found on growth rate up to 0.08 mg/L, therefore the NOEC was at 0.08 mg/L and LOEC was at 0.205 mg/L. The ErC10 and ErC50 for growth rate was determined to be at 0.094 mg/L (with 95% confidence limits of 0.020 to 0.129 mg/L) and 0.155 mg/L (with 95% confidence limits of 0.091 to 0.185 mg/L). The EbC10 and EbC50 for biomass was determined to be at 0.036 mg/L (with 95% confidence limits of 0.031 to 0.040 mg/L) and 0.047 mg/L (with 95% confidence limits of 0.043 to 0.055 mg/L). All validity criteria were fulfilled. Under the study conditions, the 72 h ErC10 and ErC50 values of the read across substance based on effects on growth rate of aquatic algae were determined to be 0.094 (i.e., 0.068 mg a.i./L) and 0.155 mg/L (i.e., 0.113 mg a.i./L) (measured initial), respectively (Gyimesi M et al., 2012).
Study 2: A study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the read across substance, tricetylmethyl ammonium chloride (87.9% active), to Selenastrum capricornutum according under static conditions, according to OECD Guideline 201, EU Method C.3 and ISO 8692, in compliance with GLP. Based on the results of a range-finding test,Selenastrum capricornutumwas exposed to the read across substance at nominal concentrations of 0.035, 0.071, 0.142, 0.283 and 0.566 mg/L (i.e., 0.03, 0.62, 0.125, 0.245 and 0.498 mg a.i./L). Chemical analysis, using HPLC, of duplicate samples was taken at the beginning of the test indicated that the exposure concentrations were substantially achieved (85-99% of the nominal values). The concentrations at the end of the test were strongly decreased (21 -67% of the nominal values), probably due to adsorption of the read across substance to the test flask walls. Thus, EC values were calculated based on the nominal, rather than measured, concentrations. The toxicity of the read across substance to exponentially growingSelenastrum capricornutumwas determined over an exposure period of 96 h. The test was performed using six replicates for the control and three replicates for each concentration. All the validity criteria were fulfilled. Under the conditions of the study, the 96 h EbC50 and ErC50 values for effects on growth and growth rate were determined to be 0.113 and 0.177 mg/L (i.e., equivalent to 0.099 and 0.156 mg a.i./L) respectively. The NOEC and LOEC values for both parameters were identified to be at 0.035 and 0.071 mg/L (i.e., equivalent to 0.03 and 0.062 mg a.i./L) respectively (Kroon and Geurts (1994) study cited in TRS (HPV), 2001).


text:
Travelers can take a PCR test upon arrival in Colombia
Featured news from the health
the health 5 hours ago by: Healthy writing
In a new decision, the Ministry of Health stated that whoever arrives in the country can take this test upon arrival in Colombia. If not, then they should be quarantined for a period of 14 days.
The Ministry of Health issued a new Resolution (002) providing a new clarification to travelers arriving in Colombia: In the event that they are unable to take the People's Republic of China test before boarding the flight, they can do so upon their arrival in the country. . (Read this what you should know about the world of vaccines)
"The person who boarded the plane stated that he had no access to the test, he arrived in the country and took the test while maintaining isolation while the result arrived. The Minister of Health, Fernando Ruiz, said it facilitates the process and allows there to be no problem when arriving in the country.
According to Minsalud, once in Colombia, the passenger must inform the immigration official if the result is negative for a PCR test, which must be done within 96 hours before boarding the plane.
In case you do not have it, you can choose to have it done in Colombia, although you must remain in preventive isolation until you receive the result. The traveler will bear the costs.
If the traveler does not have the guide and decides not to take it on arrival, he must remain in protective isolation for 14 days and will have to report the address of residence where he will do so.
The decision of the Ministry of Health was made from a painstaking process that began with a judgment of the 11th Oral Administrative Court of Bogotá Circuit. After Totila's procedure, Judge Giovanni Umberto Legros ordered the government to request this evidence. For its part, the scientific community has repeatedly rejected this decision for lack of scientific support for it.
"We maintain our position that this ruling is impossible to comply with, and we ask the judge for clarification and accordingly, we issue the decision according to which travelers entering Colombia are given the possibility to take the test in Colombia," said Minister Ruiz.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ridge Racer Unbounded delayed by four weeks
Extra time to be used to optimise the game.
News by	Wesley Yin-Poole, Deputy Editor
Updated on 13 February 2012
Ridge Racer Unbounded has been delayed by four weeks.
It is now due out on Friday, 30th March. It was due out on 2nd March.
"The development team felt they needed a little bit of extra time to optimise the game," publisher Namco Bandai told Eurogamer this morning.
News of Ridge Racer's delay follows Capcom's announcement that Asura's Wrath had been pushed back to 9th March having been due for release on 24th February.
Capcom said the delay was "due to the uncertainty of the UK retail market" - surely in reference to GAME and its current, well-documented troubles.
Ridge Racer: Unbounded is the next big instalment in this long-running racing series. Developer Bugbear is making it for PC, PS3 and Xbox 360.
But this new game brings a different twist - one more focused on street racing and destruction, rather than serene drifting.
Buy Ridge Racer Unbounded from Amazon [?]
More about Ridge Racer Unbounded
Wesley Yin-Poole
Wesley is Eurogamer's deputy editor. He likes news, interviews, and more news. He also likes Street Fighter more than anyone can get him to shut up about it.


text:
By Syed Zafar Mehdi
Iran, India ink many deals, vow to strengthen ties
NEW DELHI - Reiterating their commitment to strengthen bilateral ties and take their 'civilizational relationship' to the next level, President Hassan Rouhani and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi held wide-ranging talks on cooperation in the areas of trade and investment, energy, connectivity, defense and security and regional issues in New Delhi on Saturday.
Rouhani, who was on his first visit to India since assuming office in 2013, flew to New Delhi from the southern Indian city of Hyderabad on Saturday morning. He was accompanied by a high-level 21-member delegation, including Foreign Minister Javad Zarif.
Before the bilateral talks, Rouhani was given a state reception at the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's house) where he also met President Ram Nath Kovind. He said the people of Iran and India have had "friendly relations with each other" since many centuries and this century belongs to Asia in which the two neighboring countries have a key role to play.
Following the bilateral talks, the two leaders issued a joint statement, outlining their vision for the future of India-Iran ties. Modi said the two countries want to enhance cooperation in various areas and deepen bilateral ties. He lauded Rouhani's vision of giving access for trade with landlocked Afghanistan through Chabahar Port and hoped the bond between the people of India and Iran will grow stronger with easier visa norms and educational ties.
Modi said the enhanced cooperation between India and Iran will hugely benefit their immediate neighbor – Afghanistan, and said the two countries share same vision for peace and prosperity in the region.
Rouhani, in his brief talk, said the two countries have reached good understanding on the Chabahar Port and cooperation in the areas of energy, petroleum and gas will also improve significantly.
The two sides signed nine agreements, with strong focus on the strategically important Chabahar Port in southeastern Iran. The agreements signed include double taxation avoidance agreement, MOU on exemption of visa requirements for diplomatic passport holders, exchange of instrument of ratification of extradition treaty, lease contract for Shahid Beheshti Port – Phase 1 of Chabahar Port between PMO and IPGL, MOU on cooperation in the field of traditional systems of medicine, MOU on the establishment of an expert group on trade remedy measures to promote cooperation in areas of mutual interest, MOU on cooperation in the field of agriculture and allied sectors, MOU on cooperation in the field of health and medicine, MOU on postal cooperation.
Prime Minister Modi says the enhanced cooperation between India and Iran will hugely benefit their immediate neighbor – Afghanistan. Modi also notes Iran and India share the same vision for peace and prosperity in the region.
On the sidelines of the visit, some other MOUs between trade bodies were also signed, most notably MOU between EEPC India and Trade Promotion Organization of Iran, MOU between FICCI India and ICCIMA Iran, MOU between ASSOCHAM India and ICCIMA Iran, MOU between PHDCCI India and ICCIMA Iran.
Rouhani had earlier expressed his country's willingness to share its vast oil and natural gas resources with India and offered to simplify visa norms for hassle-free people-to-people ties. The two sides also agreed on 'rupee-rial mechanism' to evade banking problems caused by the draconian Western sanctions.
In a warm gesture, following the talks and signing of agreements, Rouhani gifted an animated version of Kalila Wa Demna (Persian translation of Panchtantra) and a copy of the Mahabharat in Persian to Modi.
Rouhani kicked off his three-day visit to India on Thursday from Hyderabad, a city designed on the pattern of Iran's Isfahan by legendary Iranian architect Mir Momin Ashtarabadi. He visited the historic Qutub Shahi tombs, built in Persian architecture by Qutub Shahi dynasty rulers who had Iranian ancestry. He also visited Salar Jung Museum, Golconda Fort and held a series of interactions with students and religious scholars.
Addressing a gathering of Muslim leaders and scholars in Hyderabad, Rouhani hailed India as a "living example of peaceful co-existence", and called for Shia-Sunni unity while warning of plots and conspiracies being hatched in the West to divide Muslims. He said Iran wants cordial relations with all countries in the region, and reiterated his country's commitment to strengthen ties with India.
On Friday, he joined worshippers at Hyderabad's historic Makkah Masjid to offer joint Shia-Sunni congregational prayers. He also became the first head of a state to deliver address at the 17th century mosque. In his brief but beautiful speech, President Rouhani, who is also a distinguished scholar of Islam, emphasized the importance of upholding the banner of unity and bridging the growing chasm between Shias and Sunnis.
The enthusiastic audience, which included Andhra Pradesh Deputy Chief Minister Mohammed Mahmood Ali and highly influential Hyderabad MP Asaduddin Owaisi, latched on to every word he had to say about Muslim unity, peaceful co-existence, Western imperialism and Indo-Iran historic ties.
This is perhaps for the first time a foreign leader from a Muslim country has started his India visit from a historic mosque and made Muslim unity and brotherhood his main talking point. It is significant and timely considering the problems Muslims are facing in India and across the world with growing specter of Islamophobia and hate crimes. In such an environment, unity becomes indispensable.
Muslim unity is also crucial to counter the despicable project of sectarianism and takfirism that is being promoted by certain powers to sow seeds of discord among Muslims. Unlike leaders in the Arab world, Iranian leaders, especially Supreme Leader Sayed Ali Khamenei and President Rouhani, have been very vocal and powerful advocates of Muslim unity.
Rouhani's visit to India comes a month after Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's first official trip to India and days after Modi's whirlwind four-nation tour of West Asia and the Persian Gulf region. The growing proximity between New Delhi and Tel Aviv in recent years has raised many eyebrows in India and abroad. Regional observers believe the Modi government is playing with fire by mollycoddling a 'Frankenstein monster', which can prove counterproductive to India's global ambitions. Pertinently, Netanyahu was greeted with street protests across India, while President Rouhani was accorded warm reception in both Hyderabad and New Delhi.
Iran and India have shared age-old historical, commercial and cultural ties. Iran has been the main supplier of crude oil to India even at the peak of Western sanctions between 2012 and 2016. Although the volume of business was affected by the crippling sanctions, the partnership only became stronger. Since Modi's visit to Iran in May 2016, when New Delhi and Tehran renewed many key business deals and signed a trilateral agreement on transit and transport between India, Iran and Afghanistan, the two countries have significantly enhanced their bilateral ties. The trade volume was estimated to be $12.89 billion dollar in 2017-2018, according to figures provided by India's Foreign Ministry.
India and Iran agree on 'rupee-rial mechanism' to evade banking problems caused by the draconian Western sanctions.
The export of crude oil has substantially increased in last one year, making Iran the third largest oil exporter for India. According to energy experts, India is slated to become world's second-largest consumer of hydrocarbons in three decades so future appears bright for Indo-Iran energy partnership.
While the ambitious deal on India's investment in Farzad B offshore gas field, with gas reserve of 21.7 tcf, has failed to make headway, all eyes are now on Chabahar Port in Sistan-Baluchistan province, which was inaugurated in December last year, shortly after the first consignment of wheat was sent from India to Afghanistan. India has committed to invest $500 million in the project, besides an additional $16 billion investment in Chabahar free trade zone. The port connects India with Afghanistan and opens a new strategic transit route to many Central Asian countries, bypassing Pakistan.
According to sources, the development of Farzad B gas field by Indian companies figured prominently in talks between the two sides on Saturday. Iran had some reservations and sought new terms of the deal.
Rouhani's first visit to India marks an important turnaround in Indo-Iran relations at a time when the Zionist regime is sucking up to New Delhi and some Western powers are trying hard to throw a spanner in their ties. Although the U.S. has said it would not come in the way of India-Iran trade matters, regional watchers believe the devil can never be trusted.
Agreements signed to boost economic, agricultural, development co-op
Zarif: Rouhani's India visit cements 'centuries-old friendship'
Issues with India over Farzad B gas field resolved: Zanganeh
Iran's Zarif starts tour of India
Indian PM, Iranian president hold substantive talks
Iran to award Farzad B to domestic companies if India withdraws
India allows investment in rupees in Iran
Iran bears message of friendship to Indians: Rouhani
President Rouhani to visit India in February
President Rouhani
Iran and India
Indian Prime Minister Modi
ink deals
Girl students to write heartfelt letters to vice president
Trump acts like a criminal who pretends innocence
Medical tourist arrivals in Iran doubles in spring
Cooperative company for women vendors to be formed
Behdad Salimi wins Iran's 16th gold medal at Asiad


Previously placed in Hylophilus, but recent genetic study#R indicates that it belongs in present genus. Monotypic.
S Venezuela (Bolívar, Amazonas), W & S Guyana, N Brazil (Roraima) and C Suriname (Tafelberg).
Humid and wet montane forest and forest borders; 600–2000 m.
Brewer, D. (2019). Tepui Vireo (Vireo sclateri). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/61276 on 25 April 2019).


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Home The Blog Transparency Key to Building Consumer Trust
Transparency Key to Building Consumer Trust
Jamie Johansen January 18, 2016 AFBF, Ag Group, Farm Bureau
Research has proven that transparency is no longer an option for farmers and ranchers, the Center for Food Integrity's Charlie Arnot told farmers and ranchers from across the country during the recent American Farm Bureau Federation's 97th Annual Convention and IDEAg Trade Show.
"As we've changed in size and scale and in the kind of production techniques and technology we use, we now reflect a different type of agriculture than many people anticipated," Arnot said. "We consistently hear from people that they trust farmers but they don't trust farming."
As a result, agriculture has lost its social license— the privilege of operating with minimal formalized restrictions, such as laws and regulations, based on maintaining public trust by doing what's right. Key to trust is value similarity, and many consumers feel the current generation of farmers and ranchers don't share their values.
In consumers' eyes, farmers' practices are an illustration of values in action. By being transparent and sharing their practices, farmers can demonstrate their values, which in turn builds trust. But consumers don't only want to hear from farmers, they want farmers to listen to them. They want a chance to ask their questions, get answers and to be heard and acknowledged on issues they consider important.
Arnot advises farmers remember these three things when engaging with consumers.
First, understand that who you are is as important as what you know. Second, look at skepticism as the fuel for discovery. It's not personal. Third, transparency is no longer optional for farmers and ranchers. It's up to farmers and ranchers to find ways to illustrate their commitment to doing the right thing in producing food. In closing, Arnot stressed that building consumer trust would not be a quick fix.
"One of the great things about farmers is your commitment to solving problems," he said. "This is not a problem that is going to be solved in the next cycle of production. This is a generational problem. We need a long-term vision to build trust."


Kept up the facade for 18 years so she could live in public housing - by that's life!
A Sydney woman pretended to be a struggling single mum so she could live in public housing despite being married to a millionaire businessman.
Rebecca Khodragha married Khaled in 1991, but never registered their marriage, according to 7 News.
Despite Freedom of Information documents showing that Khaled's business earned an estimated income of $1 million per year, the couple have been living in public housing in Punchbowl, NSW for an astonishing 18 years.
The couple also own a unit in Lakemba and a house in Greenacre, which they purchased in 2000 and 2002 respectively.
Meanwhile, Khodragha claimed to be a 'battling single mum on welfare'.
'They're not just cheating the taxpayer, they're cheating people in need who should be getting accommodation that they're not,' Housing NSW spokesperson Paul Vevers said.
Khodragha was found guilty of two counts of fraud last year and sentenced to three months in jail, to be served at home. However she is now appealing this home detention decision.


A planar finite element model is created for modeling the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) processing of copper, by which the technological parameters can be determined for different initial parameters of the ECAP process. The structure of the model is described, as well as the extraction of the force and work data, furthermore results for the effect of the initial parameters, e.g. the friction and the frictional model on the extrusion force and work characteristics are shown.


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Nabeya – an old-school winter-time classic
Is there any food more comforting and satisfying than a nabe? Sitting around a bubbling casserole watching your dinner cook satisfies all the senses, nourishing the soul as you fill and heat your body. So why aren't there more places like Nabeya?
My latest column in the Japan Times is a paean to the classic hotpot specialist, Nabeya. Here are a few more images to set the scene…
This old-time gem lies hidden away in the dingy, seen-better-days back streets of Otsuka, on the northernmost section of Tokyo's Yamanote loop line.
Chef Hiroshi Fukuda helped his father set up the restaurant in the hard-scrabble years following World War Two. Serving nabe hot pots was one of the simplest, most nutritious styles of cooking. The restaurant premises have been through a couple of incarnations since then – until the late 1980s, it was a wonderful old two-story wooden house; now Nabeya occupies the bottom two floors of a condominium building – but the style of cuisine remains unchanged.
Fukuda is 79 now and still hale and spry. Over the years he has become an authority on the traditional food culture of Tokyo, with books to his name about the way people used to eat in the days when the city was still called Edo and was ruled by shoguns.
He runs Nabeya with his wife, who greets you at the entrance, waits as you climb out of your shoes, and then shows you to your private room.
There are just four chambers, all traditional in style with tatami mats, shoji screens over the windows, timber beams and some beautiful scrolls and wall hangings. The largest of the upstairs rooms is the most impressive.
If you (or your knees) are not that thrilled about sitting at a low table, there are two alternatives. The room on the ground floor is equipped with horigotatsu-style seating (a table with a leg-well) for parties of four to six.
If there are just two of you (or four smallish people), the room you are likely to be assigned is the smallest one (upstairs), which has a proper table and chairs (on the tatami).
As the name proclaims, Nabeya serves only one kind of food – just the way it has done ever since it opened: nabe hot pots, cooked at the table in front of you.
Basically, the classic wintertime dish is a superlative chicken/seafood/ vegetable hot pot. Other places would just call this yose (mixed). But here it's been given a more poetic name: Horai-nabe, after a mountain of Buddhist legend.
It's a fixed (and fixed-price) menu, shared by everyone at the table. If you want to make adjustments to the ingredients, the time to do that is when you phone to reserve.
The meal always opens with a tray of simple zensai (appetisers). This is what we were served early this winter:
The sashimi (back right) will change with the season: it's saba (mackerel) here. And so will the aemono (dressed vegetables; back left). There will also be a small serving of tsukudani relish (in the center): in this case it's iwa-nori seaweed.
But the dishes at the front stay the same year-round: tamago-yaki omelet; and a couple of dried urume-iwashi (sardines), which are very simple but full of umami, and nice to chew on while sipping on beer or sake.
Here's another zensai tray, this one served earlier last autumn…
While you're nibbling into this, preferably with a flask of sake at hand, your nabe is being readied. The casserole itself contains a special dashi stock made from katsuobushi (bonito flakes) but, unusually, using no kombu (kelp).
Fukuda says this is the way it was done in the old days, when traders in Osaka monopolised the kombu trade from Hokkaido, leaving little for the folks in Edo. There's another reason: kombu tends to make the dashi cloudy; without it the colour is a clear, golden brown.
These will include salmon, cod, hamaguri clams, a good variety of vegetables, chicken, tofu, soft-boiled quail's eggs, noodles and mushrooms, along with a couple of saimaki-ebi – young kuruma-ebi (king prawns) – so fresh they are still quivering.
When it's been brought up to heat, that's the time for the ingredients to be carefully placed into it, a little at a time.
Not that you need to do the actual cooking. This is handled by your waitress. She places the ingredients expertly into the bubbling broth and then, with equal deftness, ladles them onto your plate when they are cooked.
The saimaki-ebi are one of the highlights. But everything tastes good when you're watching and smelling your dinner cooking.
Mrs. Fukuda will also look in from time to time, to check on things and attend to the final stages of the nabe.
You will have already eaten the udon noodles that came with all the other ingredients. Now it's time for ojiya – rice cooked down in the last of the broth with a beaten egg until it forms a rich porridge.
This is rib-sticking, stomach-filling, bulking-up fare, expressly designed to fill the last remaining stomach space. You will not leave Nabeya feeling hungry. In the slightest.
A light dessert is served to close the meal. Usually it will be just a sliver or two of fruit, such as this beautifully ripe persimmon that had been lightly seared to blister its skin – as much for appearance as flavour.
Sometimes, though, Fukuda gets creative and comes up with his own ideas. The last time we were there, he also produced a dessert that looked spectacular – in fact, almost molecular in appearance. Tofu encased in an angular layer of clear kanten jelly, served with a thick sweet kuro-mitsu (raw sugar) syrup.
In terms of flavour, the tofu was too pronounced, and the kanten too bland. But it was so good to look at. And it slipped down beautifully…
Finally it is time to settle up – at ¥15,000 per head, plus incidentals, it's always more than you expect, especially as you are asked to pay in banknotes (rather than plastic) – and then make your way out into the night. Returning slowly to the 21st century from this little time warp that feels as though it is stuck forever in the postwar Showa years.
The Fukudas will be there to see you off…
Here's the link to my Japan Times article…
And here's a map link to Nabeya…
Feb 6, 2015 8:54:58 PM | clams, cod, dashi, donabe, food and drink, food photos, hamaguri, iwa-nori, kaki, kanten, katsuobushi, kombu, konbu, kuro-mitsu, kuruma-ebi, mackerel, madai, mushrooms, nabe, ojiya, old Tokyo, old-school, Otsuka, persimmons, quail's egg, saba, saimaki-ebi, sashimi, sea bream, Showa, tai, tamagoyaki, tofu, urume-iwashi, yose-nabe, zensai
owan: a lacquerware bowl of late-winter
It's not always just about the food. Flavour is everything. Ingredient quality goes without saying. But it's also all to do with presentation – and the vessels that are used to serve each dish.
Such as this exquisite owan bowl from Kyoto. The design reflects the season, with motifs of uguisu (warblers) amid late-winter ume buds. Because it is made of urushi (lacquerware), it holds in the heat superbly.
Inside it held a dashi broth, delicate and profound, bathing a substantial kani-shinjo – basically a ball of crab meat. it was fragrant with yuzu peel, contrasting vividly with the brilliant green of a tiny baby kabu turnip.
It was an outstanding dish: beautiful; delectable of course; and also warming and energising.
But what made it even more special was this bowl.
Feb 7, 2014 1:09:17 AM | crab, dashi, food and drink, food photos, lacquerware
uni, takenoko, sora-mame, jewel tomatoes
On the menu it's called "tappuri nama uni jure-kake", which translates something like: a generous serving of fresh urchin, topped with dashi gelée.
Except that it doesn't mention the mousse of uni and new-season sora-mame (broad beans) underneath, the wedges of young bamboo shoot on top, and the garnish of jade-green broad beans and jewel-like cherry tomatoes.
Not bad for ¥1,480. Not bad for a yakitori shop!
Just one reason why there are so many people lining up outside just about any day of the week...
The "Ore no" group of restaurants — and the way they're shaking up the business model for gourmet dining through their standing-only restaurants — is the subject of my latest Food Matters column in The Japan Times.
Here's the link…
May 30, 2013 1:20:41 PM | bamboo shoot, dashi, Kamata, takenoko, tomatoes
Narutomi: the sake and snacks to go with your soba and tempura
Certainly you can drop into Te-uchi Soba Narutomi for a quick meal of the excellent ju-wari (100 percent buckwheat) noodles. And pair it with the delicate tempura too.
But there's a great selection of sake and side dishes too, which may tempt you to linger a bit longer. Starting with the yakimiso...
Narutomi-san blends two kinds of miso ― a light-colored koji miso and a richer rice miso ― with grains of buckwheat, giving it extra crunch, texture and nutty flavour. He spreads this mix over a dark ceramic saucer that is slightly concave, then grills it until it's lightly browned and starting to crisp around the rim. Impossible to stop nibbling on.
And so is the uni tsukudani. It's really good with beer. It goes even better with sake.
It's made by lightly salting and drying the urchin until the texture is nice and firm, perfect as a sake snack. Or beer.
The anago nikogori (eel in its own aspic gel) is definitely worth trying: light and delicate but with plenty of umami savour.
On a cold evening, the yu-dofu ankake is just the ticket. The scoops of tofu are first heated up in dashi, then thickened with kuzu starch and served with a generous blob of grated ginger.
The kamo-nuki is another cold-weather favourite. Think of it as kamo-nanban soba, without the soba ― and with the addition of those oblong slices of golden-yellow awa-fu gluten dumpling. There's some nice yuzu perfume coming up out of that steaming bowl.
Dashi-maki tamago is another traditional sobaya standard. Here it comes in a substantial portion big enought to share between two (or more). Narutomi-san says it doesn't fluff up enough if he makes it with any less than four eggs.
It's also curiously under-seasoned. But it does come with shoyu on the side, which you drizzle onto that mound of grated daikon.
One small thing that gives Narutomi an edge is the tableware, which is mostly pottery, though also some glass or lacquer.
The beer is served in ceramic tumblers. And you get to choose what choko you want to drink your sake out of. A nice touch.
I will put up another post shortly with more about Narutomi-san and his soba. For the moment, here is some more (in Japanese) about that excellent and highly unusual uni tsukudani...
And because the address, phone number and website are currently missing from the Japan Times online version of my column, here are the details:
Narutomi
8-18-6 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo
www.narutomi-soba.net/
Open: Mon-Fri 11:30 a.m.-2:30 p.m. (LO) & 6-8:45 p.m. (LO); Sat 11:30 a.m.-3 p.m.; closed Sun, holidays & 3rd Sat.
Feb 15, 2013 8:46:39 PM | anago, awa-fu, burdock, dashi, dashimaki tamago, duck, eggs, food and drink, food photos, ginger, Ginza, gobo, kuzu, lotus root, miso, nama-fu, negi, nikogori, scallop, seiro soba, soba, soba-gaki, te-uchi soba, tempura, tofu, Tsukiji, tsukudani, uni, yaki-miso
Dashi alchemy: taking it to the next level
I've been preparing dashi at home for quite a while now, gradually refining the variables of the way I make it and the ingredients I use — basically kombu and katsuobushi, but adjusting the quantities and timing — all with the aim of obtaining the optimum depth of flavour.
And after 30 years or so, I think I'm starting to get the hang of it. So it's time to take it one step further. Enter the new kezuri-ki...
Up to now, I've been using pre-shaved katsuobushi flakes, often buying them from vendors in the Tsukiji outer market (and freezing what I don't need immediately to preserve their goodness). But preparing your own is a whole different ballgame. Not perhaps as radically different as, say, grating your parmesan instead of pouring powdered cheese out of a packet. But still, to use whole katsuobushi is to take the freshness and flavour to the next level.
The equipment itself is a work of modest but perfect craftsmanship: the box is made of kiri (paulownia), which is good at keeping the moisture out, so I can store the katsuobushi inside the drawer at the bottom.
And the blade was forged by a local knife-maker, who is actually descended from a line of samurai sword makers. Apparently they are happy to tune it up and keep it razor sharp for as long as they/I are/am still around.
With a blade this sharp, just the basic action of "planing" the hard, wood-like fillets is a pleasure. Besides the incomparable aroma of the fresh shavings (which are properly called kezuribushi), the interior of the katsuobushi is an amazing dark-ruby red colour.
This one comes from Yaizu in Shizuoka, which along with Kochi, is a major centre for landing skipjack and processing them into katsuobushi.
I actually had a kezuri-ki that I used for a while — this was a couple of decades back — but I got out of the habit of using it for a number of reasons. Mainly because a) it was an entry-level model and hard to adjust, whereas this one is hand-crafted; and b) I was not that committed to using it and, after the blade dulled, I let it rust and then reverted to using pre-shaved. Not this time!
In Japanese, the whole katsuobushi are known colloquially as kame (literally "turtles") or kame-bushi. As for me, I just like to call them "umami logs."
A couple of incidental thoughts:
1) This was the very best present I got last Christmas. A big big thank-you to @hanabidreaming xxx !!
2) I came across a nice concise explanation of the way a kezuri-ki works on this site...
3) And about shaving katsuobushi on this site...
4) While I'm preparing katsuobushi, I always (well, quite a lot) think of this album. It's thanks to John — and Yoko of course — that I first discovered Japanese food. Listen here...
Jan 21, 2013 3:58:10 PM | bonito flakes, dashi, food and drink, food is medecine, food photos, katsuo, katsuobushi, kezuri-ki, konbu


text:
Q: Pandoc & Rstudio Knitr memory leak I am trying to knit an .Rmd file on a private ubuntu amazon ec2 instance with 15GB of memory. I  installed rstudio (RStudio 0.99.903 - Ubuntu 12.04+/Debian 8+ (64-bit)) from source without a problem and then linked the accompanied version of pandoc following here.
$ sudo ln -s /usr/lib/rstudio/bin/pandoc/pandoc /usr/local/bin
$ sudo ln -s /usr/lib/rstudio/bin/pandoc/pandoc-citeproc /usr/local/bin

And confirmed its in PATH
ubuntu@ip-172-31-46-87:~$ pandoc -v
pandoc 1.15.2

Invoking knitr from command line
Rscript -e "rmarkdown::render('Observed.Rmd')" &> run.txt

I can successfully knit small test runs.
However when i try a larger run i get the error
/usr/local/bin/pandoc +RTS -K512m -RTS SingleSpecies.utf8.md --to html --from markdown+autolink_bare_uris+ascii_identifiers+tex_math_single_backslash --output SingleSpecies.html --smart --email-obfuscation none --self-contained -M2GB +RTS -K64m -RTS --standalone --section-divs --table-of-contents --toc-depth 3 --template /home/ubuntu/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.3/rmarkdown/rmd/h/default.html --number-sections --variable 'theme:spacelab' --include-in-header /tmp/RtmpWXb9A4/rmarkdown-str58570a61934.html --mathjax --variable 'mathjax-url:https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML' --no-highlight --variable highlightjs=/home/ubuntu/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.3/rmarkdown/rmd/h/highlight --variable navigationjs=/home/ubuntu/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.3/rmarkdown/rmd/h/navigation-1.0
Error: pandoc document conversion failed with error 127
Execution halted
Warning message:
system call failed: Cannot allocate memory

I have tried increase heap size, following another SO question, by adding to the YAML
output:
  html_document:
    keep_md: yes
    number_sections: yes
    theme: spacelab
    toc: yes
    pandoc_args: [
    "-M2GB", "+RTS", "-K64m", "-RTS"
    ]

I have also tried
self_contained: no

From which i can see that the figures being knit are only a total of 40MB
ubuntu@ip-172-31-21-194:~/Whales$ du SingleSpecies_files/ -sh
40M     SingleSpecies_files/

On e2c, I am tracking the memory in five minute increments.

And i can see that knitr (or pandoc) starts to eat memory, more than 10GB in five minutes. What is causing this leak? Yes there are several dozen figures, some stemming from ggmap, but they nowhere near account for all of the memory allocation. I recognize this is not reproducible, but i've tried to be thorough. All suggestions welcome.
I suspect that since i am running knitr outside of rstudio, there is an rstudio environmental variable which stabilizes large knitr runs?

A: Using the current version of RStudio into ubuntu 14.04 any of this two commands makes the ubuntu load more and more memory until crash:
Sys.setenv(LANG = "en")
Sys.setlocale("LC_TIME", "en_US")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Radio Havana Cuba
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The Cuban Five
NewsNational NewsMore than 60 countries to attend Havana's International Trade Fair
More than 60 countries to attend Havana's International Trade Fair
Havana, October 16 (RHC)-- Representatives from more than 60 countries have confirmed their attendance at the 36th International Trade Fair of Havana, scheduled from October 29th to November 2nd.
At a news conference in the Cuban capital, the Minister of Foreign Trade and Investment, Rodrigo Malmierca, pointed out that Cuba's most important commercial fair will take place at a time when economic relations with the United States are in a difficult situation, particularly the blockade and measures taken by the administration of U.S. President Donald Trump.
Malmierca emphasized that Cuba is open to trade with all countries of the world and noted that, despite Washington's commercial, economic and financial blockade of the island, the global business community continues to respond to Havana's international trade fair.
The Cuban minister of foreign trade and investment said that a significant group of U.S. businesses would attend the fair, including representatives of the newly-created U.S.-Cuba biotechnological company -- Innovative Immunotherapy Alliance S.A. -- which is based in Mariel Special Development Zone.
This new joint venture was recently established between the commercial branches of two renowned research centers, the Cuban Center for Molecular Immunology and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center in the United States.
Edited by Pavel Jacomino
Havana's International Trade Fair FIHAV 2018 concludes on positive note
Havana's International Trade Fair gets underway
Havana international trade fair expected to confirm Cuba as prime investment destination
Large Presence of Chinese Companies at Havana International Trade Fair
International Trade Fair FIHAV 2016 Gets Underway in Havana
Havana Trade Fair Aims to Boost Investments
Some 60 Countries Will Attend Havana's International Trade Fair FIHAV 2017
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text:
Maximilian Prüfer
Inwelt
LOCATION Galerie Kandlhofer
AUTHOR Abby Mckenzie
PHOTOGRAPHY Maximilian Prüfer
Galerie Kandlhofer is pleased to present Inwelt an exhibition of new works by Maximilian Prüfer. Prüfer's practice pre- dominantly involves the exploration of natural processes and their transference to the visual image. Within this, Prüfer examines a range of existential, philosophical and political subjects in relation to evolution, humanity's manipulation of and ultimate interdependence with the natural ecosystem, contravening the human cultural paradigm of separation from natural phenomena. Inwelt focuses directly on the behavioural patterns of ants, their forms of collective intelligence and the relationship with society and human instinct.
Maximilian Prüfer, Installation view XIII, 2021
Maximilian Prüfer, Von Innen-Außen, 2021, Naturantypie and paper, 178 x 120 cm
Maximilian Prüfer, Installation view I, 2021
Maximilian Prüfer, Ants on Body Scale, 2021, Detail 02
Maximilian Prüfer, Installation view IV, 2021
Maximilian Prüfer, Installation view V, 2021
Maximilian Prüfer, Installation view X, 2021
Maximilian Prüfer, Installation view XI, 2021
Maximilian Prüfer, Installation view XII, 2021
Maximilian Prüfer, Installation view XV, 2021
Maximilian Prüfer, Forming Thoughts, 2020, Naturantypie and paper, 82 x 111 cm, 01
Maximilian Prüfer, Selbstportrait, 2021, Diptychon, Foto auf Barytpapier, each 38 x 64 cm
Maximilian Prüfer, Forming Thoughts, 2020, Detail 01
Maximilian Prüfer (b.1986 in Weilheim Obb, Germany) studied Design and Communication Strategy at The Augsburg University of Applied Sciences and Fine Arts at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna, Italy.
Galerie Kandlhofer is pleased to present Inwelt an exhibition of new works by Maximilian Prüfer. Prüfer's practice predominantly involves the exploration of natural processes and their transference to the visual image. Within this, Prüfer examines a range of existential, philosophical and political subjects in relation to evolution, humanity's manipulation of and ultimate interdependence with the natural ecosystem, contravening the human cultural paradigm of separation from natural phenomena. Inwelt focuses directly on the behavioural patterns of ants, their forms of collective intelligence and the relationship with society and human instinct.
The overall concept in the exhibition lies in Prüfer's interest in collective intelligence and his explorations of the crossover between the behaviour of the ants and that of humans. For Prüfer humans already operate with similar hive intelligence with regards to our social and political patterns for instance. In many biological respects, we are similar in that much of the ants' behaviour is dictated through hormonal smell as is the case with humans. However, human behaviour extends this to psychology where we as a species maintain a both inherited knowledge and belief systems which ultimately forms what we consider to be truths. Especially within current contemporary polarising political climates it is also clear to see that our attachment to collective thinking and the connection to truths can often be misleading. Through his work Prüfer aims to draw attention to this reality and to encourage both self-awareness of our collective intelligence and as a result foster dialogue concerning societal developments can fracture and intensify this phenomenon.
One of the key areas where Prüfer explores these themes lies in his unique representation technique recording the movements and conduct of insects that he has denominated Naturantypie. Through this methodological process, the very fine coating of the paper is displaced by the movement creating an aesthetic that widens the concept of drawing independent of traditional tools. Within Inwelt, Prüfer has continued this process with a focus on the movement of ants creating harmonized trails as they move across the surface to feed from the honey pots that Prüfer has placed. These honey pots are specifically arranged around the surface to the proportions of the artist, matching the areas of his eyes, shoulder's, nose etc. so that the markings left by the ants resemble a human nerve system. The paper is then placed outside and the ants are left upon the surface for up to a month to leave the markings and reveal the amalgamation of their activity, which at first starts erratically and increasingly forms cohesive and communal patterns based on the insects' survival instincts organising their supply of food.
However, the specific patterns that are left behind are also heavily dependent on the weather, with temperature and sunlight having significant effects upon their behaviour. In conjunction with this, the instinctual process is simultaneously manipulated by the artist by way of the very fact that the insects are extracted from their natural environment and the incorporation of the honey stimulus. Thus, the process itself negates the concept of natural unconscious decision making through external circumstances, in this case weather and human intervention. At the same time, the works encapsulate an evolutionary process which continues and adapts. For Prüfer, this visual representation of evolutionary adaptation encapsulates the ontological vulnerabilities and tenacity of life, visualising the unconscious behaviour of people through their animal counterparts.
Furthermore, much historical scientific belief on the behaviour of ants has suggested that the ants will find the shortest and most economical route to the food. However, in actuality based off the average paths they become entrenched in a habitual route that may or may not be the most economical but that has been formed by the group. This factor is also existent in human behaviour. In this regard, alongside the Naturantypie works Prüfer is also exhibiting images of woodland paths created by humans including his diptych Self Portrait as we follow the trail laid out by those before us with the path becoming ever more entrenched. Across and hanging from the ceiling of the exhibition is Prüfer's installation work entitled 'Ants on Body Scale', consisting of three glass spheres through which live ants will create their nest and sustainable ecosystem allowing the viewer to witness in real time their communal actions and behaviour.
Alongside these works, within Inwelt, Prüfer will exhibit a participatory work entitled 'How much sand?'. The work is devised to explore collective intelligence through the human perspective by exploring the mathematical and sociological theory of the wisdom of the crowd. Aristotle is credited as the first academic to explore this notion in "Politics" writing:
"It is possible that the many, though not individually good men, yet when they come together may be better, not individually but collectively, than those who are so…".
Later scientific research by statisticians would go on to analyse the phenomena that the calculation of the average among weight or volume guessing contests would be the most accurate to the actual amount compared to the estimates of individuals including experts in the corresponding fields. In order to explore this concept Prüfer devised a participatory experiment in which viewers are invited to propose an estimate for the number of grains of sand in a jar exhibited within the exhibition. Participants will be directed to an online website which will amalgamate the data from which Prüfer will then calculate the average and manually count the grains of sand.
Prüfer´s recent solo exhibitions include 'WIR', Kugelmühle, Mühlbach, 2020; 'Tier', Galerie Kandlhofer, Vienna, 2019; 'Vieh', Museum Villa Rot, Burgrieden, 2018; 'Nest', Sotheby's Artist Quarterly, Sotheby's Munich, 2018. His work has been included in recent group shows: '…alle Jahre wieder… Jahresgaben 2019', Kunstverein Arnsberg, 2020; 'Flügelschlag', Museum Sinclair Haus, Bad Homburg, 2020; 'Flügelschlag', Museum Sinclair Haus, Bad Homburg, 2019; 'Egon Schiele, Reloaded', Leopold Museum, Vienna, 2018/19, 'I Followed You To The Sun', Galerie Kandlhofer, 2018; H2 Zentrum für Gegenwartskunst, Augsburg, DE, 2017; Neue Galerie im Höhmannshaus, Augsburg, DE, 2016. Maximilian Prüfer is a recipient of the Konrad-Adenauer Foundation EHF Artist Grant 2018.
To participate in the 'How much sand?' experiment please visit www.howmuchsand.com


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text:
Most Popular Female Celebrities
1 Jackie Evancho Jacqueline Marie "Jackie" Evancho (born April 9, 2000) is an American classical crossover singer who gained wide recognition at an early age and, since 2009, has issued an EP and seven albums, including a platinum and gold album and three Billboard 200 top 10 debuts. Evancho's 2017 album, Two Hearts, ...read more.
A better singer than anyone else on this list, and also has 3 Top 10 CD's, and just getting started with acting career.
Incredibly talented singer, at the age of 14 has had her own PBS "Great performances" T.V. Special TWICE, with the third one in production.
Also made acting debut opposite Robert Redford in "The Company You Keep".
Jackie flies under the radar because she is still a minor (age 15) and her privacy is guarded. But she has built a groundswell of goodwill around the world because of her exquisite voice, her charming personality, and her love for her fans. She is a role model for people of any age. - BobG
BobG, making Jackie Evancho higher in popularity because I say that she's not very known in Europe? She just declared to be singing at the inauguration of Donald Trump in 2017. I can tell you for sure that nobody in Europe likes Donald Trump. You really think that this overrated girl gonna win some popularity here in Europe for that? Get real BobG because you make me laugh with your comments ( that are also overrated by the way ). We are watching you!
2 Taylor Swift Taylor Alison Swift is an American singer-songwriter. She was born on December 13, 1989 in Reading, Pennsylvania. She is best known for writing break up songs and for having more than 5 Grammys. She became interested in country music when she was around 9 years old and after watching a documentary about ...read more.
She makes so much money
She's amazing and especially funny for breaking up with Harry styles! Good choice :) she's a really good singer and is a great celebrity in my opinion!
Taylor swift should be number 1. She is most popular women in the world. She is popular than miley cyrus, jackie evancho and other.
This singer became the person everyone talked about in 2014, due to her Grammy-winning album 1989. I would say as of right now, she's the most popular singer. - SwagFlicks
3 Angelina Jolie Angelina Jolie is an American actress, filmmaker, and humanitarian. She has received an Academy Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards. She has also been cited as Hollywood's highest-paid actress. ...read more.
So overrated for her acting and her beauty. She is just popular because of all the things ( for those who cares about futile things ) in her private life. Sick and tired to look her picture everywhere.
she is a beatiful actress, hot and spicy
Jolie Mouth whata bout
No question she is the worldsbeautiful woen she is the who is at the top of this list
4 Lady Gaga Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta, known professionally as Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. ...read more.
5 January Jones January Kristen Jones is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Betty Draper in the television series Mad Men, as well as for notable roles in American Wedding, We Are Marshall, and in the 2011 films Unknown, Seeking Justice, and X-Men: First Class.
6 Stana Katic Stana Katic (born 26 April 1978) is a Canadian-American film and television actress, best known for her portrayal of Kate Beckett on the ABC series Castle. Katic was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. In 2011 BuddyTV named Stana Katic as No. 1 on its list of "TV's 100 Sexiest Women of 2011".
Fantastic actress and absolutely gorgeous... No wonder her fans go crazy over her!
7 Madonna Madonna Louise Ciccone is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman. She influenced a lot of singers such as: Lady Gaga, Jennifer Lopez, Rihanna, Beyonce Knowles and Britney Spears . She is known as Queen of Pop and at modern pop culture specifically in 2012 "Madge" or MDNA . She has ...read more.
Amazing pop artist, evolutive and gorgeous. She inspires thousands of people like me and brings hope in this so so so sad world.
8 Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson (born November 22, 1984) is an American actress, model, and singer. She made her film debut in North. ...read more.
She is the best female actor because she plays the best female superhero.
She is pretty plus her acting skills are amazing.
Sincere and such an amazing person
9 Paris Hilton Paris Whitney Hilton is an American businesswoman, socialite, television personality, model, actress, singer, DJ, and author .
10 Christina Hendricks Christina Rene Hendricks is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Joan Holloway in the AMC drama television series Mad Men, for which she has been nominated for six Emmy Awards.
11 Mariah Carey Mariah Carey, born March 27, 1970, is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She is one of the biggest best-selling women in the music industry, with 18 number 1 records to her name. She is regarded as a sex symbol through her songs and music videos, and she is "well known" for her over-the-top ...read more.
12 Miley Cyrus Miley Ray Hemsworth (born Destiny Hope Cyrus), known as Miley Cyrus, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She was born on November 23, 1992, in Franklin, Tennessee, to Tish Cyrus and Billy Ray Cyrus. Her voice type is Mezzo-Soprano and has 4 octaves. She became a teen idol starring as the ...read more.
Yeah man she's all of those things commented on the other singers - SmoothCriminal
Everyone at my school hates Miley Cyrus. But I secretly love her and her music. I think she rocks. Yah.
She is so popular. And it's damn true. Her songs are known by everyone in all over the world. Her latest song wrecking ball sold much copies in a week than anyother singer. She is so hot, her songs are great so I think she should be in the Top.
She's probably only popular for her stripping, she's not sexy and doesn't have a good voice, what happened to Hanna Montana, why is she acting like a stripper?
13 Beyonce Knowles Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter, is an American singer and actress, who started out in the popular pop/r&b girl group Destiny's Child. They had multiple top 5 hits such as "No, No, No", "Say My Name", "Bills, Bills, Bills", "Survivor", "Independent Women", "Bootylicious", and "Jumpin', Jumpin" from ...read more.
After Tina Turner she is the most powerful music star all over the World!
Why she is this low on the list! At least be in the top 10!
She is the most popular female selebrity. All ages people know her.
14 Adele Adele Laurie Blue Adkins is an English singer and songwriter. Graduating from the BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology in 2006, Adele was given a recording contract by XL Recordings after a friend posted her demo on Myspace the same year. She is best known with her international hit singles ...read more.
15 Hayley Westenra Hayley Dee Westenra is a New Zealand singer, classical crossover artist, songwriter, and UNICEF Ambassador.
Hayley Westenra started her career at the age of 11. It's fair to call her The Queen of Classical Charts. She easily earns the positive rates, criticisms of criticizers and first peaks of charts.
No one denies the perfection of her voice and it's dead hard to find a dislike or a despised comment about her.
Her voice is trained classically and it's a light soprano voice, it hits the highest notes effortlessly, it reaches the highest vocal rangs and recently it's been so matured to a quite different voice, but it still holds the greatness of a an angelic soprano voice. Her hits of 2005 to 2009 are best to listen. Her career is generally based on Classical Crossover and Pop.
Her debut album at 2003 is the best-selling classic of 21 sanctuary. She recorded with best of classical music artists such as Celtic Woman, Andrea Bocelli, Ennio Moricone and etc.
Everyone will accept her as a proper fan-maker songstress. The first time is enough for getting obsessed of ...more
16 Kristen Bell Kristen Anne Bell is an American actress and singer. She began her acting career starring in stage productions and attended the Tisch School of Arts in New York. She played the lead role in Frozen.
I was amazed how she's popular in South America. Seems that latino people ( mostly girls ) love this woman. I know that her T.V. show " Veronica Mars " is still very popular in all this countries.
17 Katy Perry Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson, professionally known by her stage name Katy Perry, was born on October 25, 1984 in Santa Barbara, California. She is a singer, songwriter, actress and an ambassador on one of the most popular companies of now, UNICEF. ...read more.
Loll Katy's
We love her
Twitter most followed
Most solo number 1 in 2010s decade
Tied Michael Jackson
Top 5 most liked fb female pages
Looks hot n cool at same time
18 Avril Lavigne Avril Ramona Lavigne is a Canadian–French singer-songwriter and actress. By the age of 15, she had appeared on stage with Shania Twain; by 16, she had signed a two-album recording contract with Arista Records worth more than $2 million.
I think she's very popular because she is a really nice person in real life. She's also one of the few rock-pop singers that has a normal attitude towards life in general.
She's an amazingly good singer and an amazing person, I would do anything just to meet her.
I love masturbating to her
Avail or Selena both awesome
19 Selena Gomez Selena Marie Gomez is an American actress and singer. She is best known for songs like "Come & Get It", "Good For You", "Same Old Love", and "Naturally". Selena Gomez's voice is mezzo-soprano but she usually sings in alto. She is best known for her role as Alex Russo in Wizards of Waverly Place.
This girl has been through a lot. Shes very strong
I think Selena Gomez is the most popular most pretty and most nice
Count she is most followed on instagram
Slow Down the song
20 Jennifer Aniston Jennifer Joanna Aniston is an American actress, producer, and businesswoman. The daughter of Greek actor John Aniston and American actress Nancy Dow, Aniston gained worldwide recognition for portraying Rachel Green on the popular television sitcom Friends, a role which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award, ...read more.
America's Sweetheart
Jennifer Aniston is beautiful inside and out.
a very pretty women who is totally talented
21 Jennifer Lopez Jennifer Lynn Lopez, also known as J. Lo, is an American singer, actress, dancer, fashion designer, author and producer.
22 Sandra Bullock Sandra Annette Bullock is an American actress and producer. She is one of Hollywood's highest-paid actresses, and is an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award winner.
"Great very great person and actrest
23 Aishwarya Rai Aishwarya Rai, also known by her married name Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, is an Indian actress, model and the winner of the Miss World pageant of 1994. Through her Bollywood acting career, she has established herself as one of the most popular and high-profile celebrities in India.
a beautiful women and good actor
24 Emma Watson Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson is a British actress, model, and activist. Born in Paris and brought up in Oxfordshire, Watson attended the Dragon School as a child and trained as an actress at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts.
Should be number one!
She is so beautiful and smart. She is so grateful and filled with love, she promotes womens rights and equality for all. She was part of the worlds most popular movie series and has been in many other high ranking movies, she can also sing! Emma Watson made me the person I am today and I'm so grateful for her teachings and roles that I'm sure have impacted many people around the world. Emma actually does amazing stuff unlike many fake celebrities who just whine and cry about the most ridiculous things, Emma has real class and Is definitely one of the best role models for young females
She is an amazing actor and she is really pretty
Emma deserves to be 1. She is a incredible actor and is gorgeous! She is super proper and not trashy and supports female and all human rights
25 Ariana Grande Ariana Grande-Butera, known professionally as Ariana Grande, is an American singer and actress. She was born on June 26th 1993 in Boca Raton, Florida to Joan Grande and Edward Butera. She is best known for her role as Cat Valentine on the Nickelodeon sitcom Victorious and its spin-off show Sam & Cat. ...read more.
She actually cares about her fans, which most celebrities don't, and she is very talented. She is loving, caring, and an overall amazing person.
I love her she is my fab celeb
She's an amazing singer. She supports her fan so, she's such a sweetheart❤
26 Shakira Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll is a Colombian-Spanish singer, songwriter, dancer, record producer, choreographer, and model.
good singer and even better dancer
Come on make her higher!
27 Erin Burnett
28 Rihanna Robyn Rihanna Fenty is a Barbadian-American pop singer. Born in Saint Michael and raised in Bridgetown, she first entered the music industry by recording demo tapes under the direction of record producer Evan Rogers in 2003. She ultimately signed a recording contract with Def Jam Recordings after auditioning ...read more.
29 Britney Spears Britney Jean Spears is an American singer and actress. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana. She performed acting roles in stage productions and television shows like "The Mickey Mouse Club" as a child before signing with Jive Records in 1997 and going on to become a pop superstar ...read more.
tremendous and hot singer
30 Demi Lovato Demetria Devonne "Demi" Lovato is an American singer, songwriter and actress. After appearing on the children's television series Barney & Friends as a child, she received her breakthrough role as Mitchie Torres in the Disney Channel television film Camp Rock and its sequel Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam. ...read more.
31 Kendall Jenner Kendall Nicole Jenner is an American model and television personality. She originally appeared in the E! reality television show Keeping Up with the Kardashians.
A very important brand ambassador a very important commercial person
32 Jessica Simpson Jessica Ann Simpson is an American singer, songwriter, actress, reality television personality and fashion designer who made her debut in 1999. Since that time, Simpson has made many recordings, starred in several television shows, movies and commercials, launched a line of hair and beauty products, ...read more.
33 Meghan Trainor Meghan Elizabeth Trainor is an American singer and songwriter. Trainor's work has been recognized with several awards and nominations, including a Grammy Award, Music Business Association's Breakthrough Artist of the Year accolade and two Billboard Music Awards.
Me Too was Great
34 Nina Dobrev Nina Dobrev (born January 9, 1989) is a Bulgarian-Canadian actress and model, best known for her role as Elena Gilbert on The CW's supernatural drama series The Vampire Diaries (2009-2015, 2017). She also portrayed Mia Jones on the drama series Degrassi: The Next Generation (2006-2009).
The perfection, my queen
35 Miranda Cosgrove Miranda Taylor Cosgrove is an American actress, singer and songwriter. Her career began at the age of three, when she appeared in television commercials. Cosgrove's film debut came in 2003, when she appeared as Summer Hathaway in School of Rock. She appeared in a number of minor television roles over ...read more.
Miranda cosgrove is so pretty an nice
Miranda in Icarly as Carly
36 Zendaya
37 Katherine Heigl Katherine Marie Heigl is an American actress, film producer, and former fashion model. She started her career as a child model with Wilhelmina Models before turning her attention to acting, making her film debut in That Night and later appearing in My Father the Hero as well as Under Siege 2: Dark Territory. ...read more.
38 Iggy Azalea Amethyst Amelia Kelly, born June 7, 1990 known professionally as Iggy Azalea, is an Australian rapper, singer, songwriter, and model.
Yes all the way she is the best! - Izalien
39 Kelly Clarkson Kelly Brianne Clarkson is an American singer, songwriter and children's book author. She rose to fame in 2002 after winning the inaugural season of the television series American Idol, which earned her a record deal with RCA Records. Clarkson's debut single, "A Moment Like This", topped the US Billboard ...read more.
40 P!nk Alecia Beth Moore known professionally as P!NK, is an American singer, songwriter, dancer and actress.
Queen! Very underrated vocalist
41 Chloe Moretz Chloë Grace Moretz is an American actress and model. She began her acting career in 2004 at the age of seven, and her first award nomination came the following year for The Amityville Horror.
42 Anne Hathaway Anne Jacqueline Hathaway is an American actress and singer. Born in Brooklyn, New York and brought up in Millburn, New Jersey, Hathaway was inspired to act by her mother and as a high school student, was nominated for the Paper Mill Playhouse Rising Star Award for Best Performance by a High School Actress ...read more.
43 Emma Stone Emily Jean "Emma" Stone is an American actress. One of the world's highest-paid actresses, she has won the Academy Award Best Actress Award, been nominated for two British Academy Film Awards and two Golden Globe Awards, and has won two Screen Actors Guild Awards.
Nobody makes me smile more than she does.
44 Cheryl Cole Cheryl Ann Tweedy (formerly Cheryl Cole, Cheryl Fernandez-Versini) known as Cheryl is an English singer, dancer, and television personality. She rose to fame in late 2002 as a member of girl group Girls Aloud on ITV's Popstars: The Rivals, and stayed with the group until they split up in 2013.
Not many people seem to like her, but I bet loads of people secretly love her, even though their friends might not.
45 Anastasia A
46 Cher Lloyd Cher Lloyd is an English singer, songwriter, rapper, and model. She rose to fame in 2010 when she finished fourth in the seventh series of The X Factor.
47 Jessie J Jessica Ellen Cornish, better known by her stage name Jessie J, is an English singer and songwriter. Born and raised in London, she began her career on stage, aged 11, with a role in the West End musical Whistle Down the Wind.
48 Natalia Kills
49 Catherine Zeta-Jones Catherine Zeta-Jones is a Welsh actress. Born and raised in Swansea, Zeta-Jones aspired to be an actress from a young age.
50 Bella Thorne Annabella Avery "Bella" Thorne is an American actress, writer, model and singer, released EP "Jersey" in 2014. Best known for "Shake It Up!" 2010-2013. Has starred in "Blended", "The Frog Kingdom", "The Duff", "Big Sky", "Ratchet & Clank", "Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day" ...read more.
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1. Angelina Jolie
2. Paris Hilton
3. Madonna
Metal_Treasure
1. January Jones
3. Christina Hendricks
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