London Review of Books, Seymour M. Hersh, 21.5.15.
Bargaining continued over the way the mission would be executed. 'Kayani eventually tells us yes, but he says you can't have a big strike force. You have to come in lean and mean. And you have to kill him, or there is no deal,' the retired official said. The agreement was struck by the end of January 2011, and Joint Special Operations Command prepared a list of questions to be answered by the Pakistanis: 'How can we be assured of no outside intervention? What are the defences inside the compound and its exact dimensions? Where are bin Laden's rooms and exactly how big are they? How many steps in the stairway? Where are the doors to his rooms, and are they reinforced with steel? How thick?' The Pakistanis agreed to permit a four-man American cell – a Navy Seal, a CIA case officer and two communications specialists – to set up a liaison office at Tarbela Ghazi for the coming assault. By then, the military had constructed a mock-up of the compound in Abbottabad at a secret former nuclear test site in Nevada, and an elite Seal team had begun rehearsing for the attack.


At the Italian Institute of Technology of Genoa (IIT), a MADE IN ITALY technology has been developed for a robot. It will find applications in biomedical field and rehabilitation: from robotic limbs as prostheses for amputees, to exoskeleton for lower limbs as support for paraplegic patients.
iCub derives its name from "cub". It has indeed the shape and the size of a 4 years child, unique robot in the world to be covered by an artificial skin, consisting of a set of tactile sensors that allow it to "understand" if and how it is touched, and to respond in an appropriate way. It has 53 movement joints, most in the arms and hands, to allow gripping action and object manipulation. It has cameras that reproduce the sight, microphones for receiving sound, inertial sensors that reproduce the sense of balance, tactile sensors to measure the interaction with the environment.
These features make iCub an humanoid robot able to see the environment that surrounds it, recognize some objects, figure out if a person is in front of him, respond to simple voice commands or physical contact with people. Responding to command, it can grab objects and perform actions such as moving, taking, overturning. During the last year he learned to keep the balance on his legs, even when it is pushed. For this reason it's the only platform in the world to allow the simultaneous study of walking and control, vision and artificial intelligence, cognition skills, object manipulation and learning.
The goal has been reached: the platform is easy to use in order to be enployed in every laboratory with no special equipment. There are already 30 research laboratories in the world, that, thanks to the Italian team, use iCub for their studies on Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (Europe, USA, Japan and South Korea). The development of iCub was financially supported by the European Commission under the 6th Framework Programme with RobotCub project, which began on 1 September 2004 (duration 65 months), with three main goals: the realization of iCub robot, its spread as "open platform" (open Source), and the technological application of the results obtained by the cognitive sciences.
Future uses of iCub will be the care of the elderly or sick people in their houses, carrying out dangerous tasks that require manual dexterity in working environments such as chemical and pharmaceutical companies, and the support of human activities in emergency contexts and natural disasters.
Thanks to the research directors Giorgio Metta, Giulio Sandini!


Since his earliest performing days, critically acclaimed guitarist and composer Dean Magraw has performed in a cornucopia of musical worlds. Among his influences are various blues styles, including the country blues of Robert Johnson, diverse jazz styles, western classical music, Hindustani and Carnatic Indian music, the music of Armenian duduk player Djivan Gasparyan, and folk and traditional genres from many cultures.
In addition to solo tours in the U.S., Canada, and Europe, Magraw's unique, soulful style has made him a favorite collaborator of other internationally touring artists. He has also performed with Nigel Kennedy, Paul Brady, Greg Brown, John Gorka, Anthony Cox, Byron Berline, Randy Sabien, John Williams, Steve Tibbetts, Big Wu, Marcus Wise, and Nirmala Rajasheker to name a small sampling.
Dean's dynamic compositions range from spacious heartfelt melodies to explosive, spirited flights of passion. His highly original performances reflect his love of music in all its dynamic and tonal splendor as he playfully seduces full spectrum sounds from a limitless palate of wood and steel.


Joseph Cohen, Executive Director of the ACLU of West Virginia and Eli Baumwell, Policy Director for the ACLU-WV, join the program to discuss discuss the launch on Oct. 1 of ACLU's People Power, a nationwide grassroots mobilization aimed at protecting our fundamental right to vote.
"Trump and his sham voter fraud commission are working to undermine confidence in our elections, and local and state legislators continue to target voting rights," says the ACLU.
The plan: organize THOUSANDS of grassroots events in communities across the U.S. beginning with the upcoming organizational session, say Cohen and other leaders. Make sure we're ready to fight back against attacks on our voting rights and pressure lawmakers to expand this fundamental pillar of our free society. And then, keep the pressure going. This isn't a one-day fight. You can start by clicking here: YES! I'll attend an event for People Power's Voting Rights campaign on Sunday, October 1st.
The issues of Free Speech and the mission of exposing "fake news" are also discussed.


text:
Culpeper Campus
MVCC LIVE
MVCC MISSIONARIES
We've had the privilege of sharing in the ministries of numerous missionaries over the years. We are thankful that so many have obeyed God's calling and gone into the mission field, whether it be here in the USA or somewhere else in the world. MVCC financially and prayerfully supports many missionaries right now. If you would like to give to one of them individually, please use the "GIVE NOW" option under their info below.
Claire Amico (RCE)
Claire is a Principle of a school with the ministry of Resourcing Christian Education (RCE). RCE serves international Christian schools and education ministries in their mission of providing exceptional educational opportunities with a biblical foundation and Christian worldview. Claire serves as the principle at The Amazima Staff Children's School in Uganda. The Amazima School is a classical Christ-centered secondary school that exists to equip students with the tools of learning to live fully for the glory of God. They emphasize academic excellence, servant leadership, and nurturing relationships.
For more info, visit her blog HERE!
To contact Claire, email her at camico@amazima.org.
If you would like to give in support of Claire Amico, click on the button below. Gifts are tax deductible.
Seth & Michelle Adkins (Converge)
Where in the world is Estonia? Look up next to the top left of Russia and you'll find a tiny little Baltic country nestled in with Latvia and Lithuania to the south and Finland and the Baltic sea to the North/ North west. That little country, with it's 1.2 million people, an affinity for folk music and ice cream, and the BBC label of most unreligious country in the world (2011) is where Seth and Michelle and their 4 children have been called to ministry.
Seth and Michelle were called to cross cultural ministry before they were first married over 11 years ago. They attended New Tribes Bible Institute intending to go to a people who had never had any opportunity to hear the gospel or have a Bible in their own language. The time at the Bible College was invaluable to them, but the Lord was slowly redirecting their steps from their original idea of missions. While going through the process of becoming Converge global workers, praying and seeking prayer and counsel from other believers and leadership, God made it abundantly clear that Seth and Michelle were to move their family into ministry in Estonia, a country considered unreached with less than 2% evangelical Christians.
After a survey trip to meet the team in Estonia, the church they would be partnering with while there, and to get an idea of what it would look like to do ministry as a family; the Adkins family were assured that despite any hardships that may come they could have peace knowing they are in God's will for them among the Estonian people. They will move to Estonia by the end of 2023 to begin language learning, discipling, and ultimately church planting by partnering with the Estonian believers to reach the lost further south in the country.
If you would like to give in support of Seth & Michelle, click on the button below.
Dan & Stephanie Bantly (CIA)
Dan and Stephanie joined Christ in Action (CIA) in September of 2019 when they relocated from the Charleston, South Carolina area. Dan is originally from western Pennsylvania and Stephanie is from central New Jersey where they met in 1984.
The Bantly's had a landscaping business
in South Carolina for the 9 years prior to joining CIA. Before that, Dan worked in various management positions for Costco Wholesale for 17 years. Stephanie's past experience was primarily in administration. Dan's skills with warehouse management, inventory, and receiving allow him to assist CIA with setting up and running daily operations in their new warehouse facility. Stephanie's core responsibilities within the ministry center around administration and finance.
They had been praying for some time for ways to serve where God was already at work. This had been even more prominent in their hearts while contemplating the "empty nest" phase of their life they knew they were entering in 2019. Meeting the staff and serving with Christ in Action during disaster relief efforts in Conway, SC following hurricane Florence in 2018 was just the answer to prayer they were waiting for. There, they witnessed a group of people selflessly serving and loving others and providing hope in the midst of a disaster. Being the hands and feet of Christ is their passion and they are living this out through their mission work with Christ in Action.
Please support the Bantly's as they serve with Christ in Action, bringing HOPE to America's families.
Tim & Lindsey Butch (YL)
Tim and Lindsey have been called to minister to the youth in Wales with Young Life UK and establish a Young Life UK area that will be the launching pad for future Young Life UK missions in Wales.
They are passionate about sharing who Jesus is, what He has done for us, and how He is the foundation of our relationship. Tim and Lindsey want the youth in Wales to hear what Jesus has done for them and how much He values them. To that end, they want to meet them where they are and help them grow. Tim and Lindsey have a great desire to show the youth that Christ is so much more than just a statue in an old chapel or figure in a stained glass window, rather, He is real and wants a real relationship with them.
Wales has deep roots in Christianity and has experienced great revivals in its history. Today, only a small percentage of the youth have any meaningful contact with the church (some have said only 1 in 500 have). For the first time in the history of Wales, the 2021 census revealed that Christianity has fallen below 50% and, in the area of south Wales we are looking to minister to, has over 50% of the population identifying with no religion.
Both Tim and Lindsey are praying for an impact that will last for generations.
For more information, please visit https://cymru.ylinternational.org/
If you would like to give in support of Tim and Lindsey, click on the button below. Gifts are tax deductible.
Jeff & Susie Kesner (IBT)
Jeff & Susie are serving as full time missionaries connected with the Institute of Biblical Translation. The mission of the Institute of Biblical Translation is "to provide resources and support for the development of scripture accessibility and engagement." IBT is connected with and fulfills this mission through two organizations; Barclay College and Our Daily Bread.
At IBT we are engaged in creating educational curriculums for Biblical translation, literacy programs, pastor certification, etc., (Barclay College) and also discipleship curriculums and resources, (Our Daily Bread).
Our mission work is both international and here in the United States. Jeff is currently responsible for the development and distribution of a new discipleship program through Our Daily Bread called 4-D, Deep Dive into Discipleship Development. He travels to countries all over Africa to present the program and then works here in the US where Susie joins him in the work of assembling the discipleship curriculums for each country or city visited.
If you would like to join us in this mission, working here in the United States assembling the discipleship curriculums, please connect with us. We are happy to have you join our team, whether through your prayers, as a financial supporter, or helping "hands on" do the work.
Contact Jeff: 1040unreached@gmail.com
Contact Susie: susiekes@aol.com
Jonatan and Natasha Nieto (ABWE)
Jonatan and Natasha Nieto's call is to be missionaries in the jungles of Colombia, bordering with Brazil and Peru. We want to live in the strategic city of Leticia, Colombia, the capital of the Amazon. For over 12 years, Jonatan has been doing missionary work in this region and we feel the need to continue helping pastors and leaders in discipleship, training and evangelism in these remote areas.
Jonatan would also like to continue mission's aviation that was started in the past by devoted missionaries and use it as a tool for the ministries that are in operation right now. Distances and means of transportation are difficult.
Natasha has a passion for women's pregnancy care. She is getting certified as a doula and helps at a local birthing center as a birth assistant. She would love to one day be a midwife and open a crisis pregnancy center, assisting pregnant moms with bringing their babies into the world as well as counseling in all the areas that motherhood encompasses.
We are missionaries with Association of Baptists for World Evangelism (ABWE) and are on pre-field ministries, working on full-time support raising to move to the field.
For more info, visit their site at http://amazonlifeproject.blogspot.com/.
If you would like to give in support of Jonatan and Natasha, click on the button below. Gifts are tax deductible.
Ivan & Rachel Penafiel (YL Ecudador)
Ivan and Rachel's vision is to make the gospel of Jesus known in Ecuador; to see kids transformed by the simplicity of the good news; by meeting kids where they are at, loving them and pouring into them with God's unconditional love; to raise up and empower national and local leaders; to raise local support and involvement to take ownership of the ministry in their respective cities.
Ivan's role is National Director for Young Life Ecuador. Ivan spends much of his time meeting with people in the community (government leaders, church members, business owners, etc) to share the vision of Young Life and increase community involvement and awareness. Ivan also travels throughout Ecuador to oversee, encourage, and train leaders who have the vision to reach teenagers in their city or town.
Rachel works with the Global Leaders (students who have been accepted into a scholarship program through Young Life), coordinates short-term mission trips, and the day-to-day administrative tasks. Together we serve as mentors to leaders and walk with them through life, teaching and encouraging them. Our hope is that more teenagers lives would be transformed by the gospel, disciples would be made, and more leaders would be trained to spread the good news of the gospel of Jesus Christ through Young Life and begin the ministry in other areas of Ecuador".
For more info, visit their blog at http://rachelsrhythm.blogspot.com/
To contact, email them at rhahn606@gmail.com.
If you would like to give in support of Team Peñafiel, click on the button below. Gifts are tax deductible.
Trudy Stoltzfus (YWAM)
Trudy is a staff member in a non-profit organization called Youth With A Mission (YWAM) based in Maui, Hawaii! YWAM focuses on discipling young students in their walk with God through six month intervals (three months lecture phase and three months mission trip through Southeast Asia). She's been involved with YWAM off and on throughout the past four years and knew God was putting it on her heart to go back for a longer period of time. Being a part of YWAM has been important to Trudy, because it was a huge tool used in growing her relationship with God. She wanted to continue to serve God and invest in others through YWAM, similar to the way others did for her. As a staff member, Trudy has different responsibilities, from helping the base run smoothly to discipling the students.
If you're interested in learning more about Trudy or what she's up to, email her at: trudy.stoltzfus@gmail.com.
Check out her latest newsletter HERE!
For more info, visit their webpage at https://www.ywammaui.org/.
If you would like to give in support of Trudy, click on the button below. Gifts are tax deductible.
Chris & Bethany Zitzmann (CIA)
Chris & Bethany (along with their children) are full-time missionaries with Christ In Action. Chris, (formerly Director of Information Technology) serves with CIA as the Director of Operations, some of his responsibilities have included: website maintenance, photography/videographer, and providing behind-the-scenes technical assistance to others of the CIA staff.
Bethany has been full time with CIA since 2001. Her responsibilities include: administration, bookkeeping, facilitation and oversight of equipment set-up and maintenance, site coordination and onsite mobilization of volunteers on deployment. She is also a commissioned chaplain.
For more info, visit their webpage at www.chriszitzmann.com.
To contact Chris, email him at chris@chriszitzmann.com.
To contact Bethany, email her at info@christinaction.com.
If you would like to give in support of Team Zitzmann, click on the button below. Gifts are tax deductible.
office@mountainviewcc.net
16088 Rogers Rd, Culpeper, VA 22701
© 2023 Mountain View Community Church

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Open every day 11-1am , serving food Sunday to Wednesday 11-9pm and Thursday to Saturday 11 till 10pm.
BBQ, Tex mex and burgers just got serious! When a upmarket neighbourhood bar meets dive bar 'bit on the side'- the results is only going to be interesting..
Food was delicious, as always and the staff were really lovely.
Burger was excellent choice of beers and lagers was great.   Really enjoyed my night and will be back very soon.
Hi, very sad that we could not get our table on Saturday night. We had booked online for 3. Unfortunately one was our 12 year old daughter. We arrived at 19:30 but the lady said"due to your license we would need to leave in 20 minutes " either we did not see the restrictions or it was not on the booking site.
I love the music and vibe of the Crafty Pig.
Wings Wednesday baby! Great wings and pints!
This is a great bar and one I got to regularly to watch Glasgow a Warriors away games on TV. I had booked a table to watch the Sarries v Glasgow game on Saturday 30th March and in my booking had requested a booth opposite the bar. When we arrived we were told that they couldn't allow only two people in a booth and we were seated in the raised area quite far back from the screens. However shortly after we arrived and seated, two older gents arrived and promptly took their seats, in a booth, opposite the bar... They weren't even watching the TV. So that was rather aggravating. All that being said, the table service was exceptional and the Crafty Pig ale is great. I'll still be going back there, but that spoiled things slightly for us.
Staff were excellent and a good laugh all day, looking forward to our next Saturday coupon day out!
Had a good lunch and drinks with friends for the football. Service was great and the food was nice. Great selection of beers on offer too.
Got voucher at Christmas. Food was very nice and girl that served us was very helpful and friendly, unfortunately didnt get her name.
Awful dinung experience from the moment we walked. Food did not look like what was described on the menu. Waiting time could have been reduced if there were enough staff to cater to the tables during busy periods. Food is way overpriced for the quality of food and beverages being served.
Value great because we were using an Itison voucher; service great because it was. Atmosphere lacking because the place was nearly empty, but it's a pleasant environment. Actual food very good -quality ingredients properly cooked and generous portions. Not mad on the plastic basket 'plates' but I'm probably old-fashioned!
Wing wednesday is such a good deal and the wings taste amazing. Definitely recommend the buffalo wing. 10/10!
The staff were so warm and welcoming, the food was great value for money. Would go back for sure!
Love the Crafty Pig. Always a fun Thursday night.
You need an updated website. We came specifically for milkshakes, but were told they were no longer served (despite what the website shows). It should also be noted on the website that the kitchen closes at 9pm so any later reservations are very rushed to order. Very disappointed with our visit.
Good food and wide range of beers - what more could you want?
The food arrived cold. This is unacceptable for fried meats and ribs. The service was slow, rude and overall bad.
Was dissapointed as there was not a lot of selection for example no poboyz no hotdogs etc, I  purchased another voucher before I went on Sunday and I do hope I am not told the same again next time.
Great food and decent service. Thought prices were very fair. Only mild negative was that staff made me stand at the front door until I had signed into itison and found my voucher code before letting me sit down at a table. This could easily have been done and usually is whilst seated, plus staff leave you to get the voucher up then return for the code. This was my first impression of the restaurant and a bit annoying, thankfully everything was great following this.
Value for money excellent because we were using an Itison voucher. Atmosphere minimal because there were very few customers. Staff were friendly and attentive. Actual food extremely good. Definitely worth a return trip on that basis alone.


Watch SOORAJ Official Video | Gippy Grewal Feat. Shinda Grewal, Navpreet Banga | Baljit Singh Deo video. The SOORAJ Official Video | Gippy Grewal Feat. Shinda Grewal, Navpreet Banga | Baljit Singh Deo video uploader T-Series says about, Presenting the official music video of new song "Sooraj" Sung by Gippy Grewal, and lyrics are penned by Jaani. Enjoy and stay connected with us !!


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Converters;
using Stratis.Bitcoin.Features.Wallet.Validations;
using Stratis.Bitcoin.Utilities.ValidationAttributes;

namespace Stratis.Bitcoin.Features.Wallet.Models
{
    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a wallet resynchronization request
    /// which takes the hash of the block to resync after.
    /// </summary>
    public class HashModel
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The hash of the block to resync after.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(AllowEmptyStrings = false)]
        public string Hash { get; set; }
    }

    public class RequestModel
    {
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(this, Formatting.Indented);
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a create wallet request.
    /// </summary>
    public class WalletCreationRequest : RequestModel
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The mnemonic used to create the HD wallet.
        /// </summary>
        public string Mnemonic { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// A password used to encrypt the wallet for secure storage.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A password is required.")]
        public string Password { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// An optional additional seed, which is joined together with the <see cref="Mnemonic"/>
        /// when the wallet is created.
        /// Although you will be prompted to enter a passphrase, an empty string is still valid.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// The passphrase can be an empty string.
        /// </remarks>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A passphrase is required.", AllowEmptyStrings = true)]
        public string Passphrase { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet to create is missing.")]
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a load wallet request.
    /// </summary>
    public class WalletLoadRequest : RequestModel
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The password that was used to create the wallet.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A password is required.")]
        public string Password { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is missing.")]
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a wallet recovery request.
    /// </summary>
    public class WalletRecoveryRequest : RequestModel
    {

        /// <summary>
        /// The mnemonic that was used to create the wallet.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A mnemonic is required.")]
        public string Mnemonic { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The password that was used to create the wallet.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A password is required.")]
        public string Password { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The passphrase that was used to create the wallet.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// If the wallet was created before <see cref="Passphrase"/> was available as a parameter, set the passphrase to be the same as the password.
        /// </remarks>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A passphrase is required.", AllowEmptyStrings = true)]
        public string Passphrase { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is missing.")]
        public string Name { get; set; }

        [JsonConverter(typeof(IsoDateTimeConverter))]
        public DateTime CreationDate { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a wallet recovery request using its extended public key.
    /// Note that the recovered wallet will not have a private key and is
    /// only suitable for returning the wallet history using further API calls. As such,
    /// only the extended public key is used in the recovery process.
    /// </summary>
    public class WalletExtPubRecoveryRequest : RequestModel
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The extended public key used by the wallet.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "An extended public key is required.")]
        public string ExtPubKey { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The index of the account to generate for the wallet. For example, specifying a value of 0
        /// generates "account0".
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "An account number is required. E.g. 0.")]
        public int AccountIndex { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name to give the recovered wallet.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is missing.")]
        public string Name { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The creation date and time to give the recovered wallet.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonConverter(typeof(IsoDateTimeConverter))]
        public DateTime CreationDate { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a wallet history request.
    /// </summary>
    public class WalletHistoryRequest : RequestModel
    {
        public WalletHistoryRequest()
        {
            this.AccountName = WalletManager.DefaultAccount;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet to recover the history for.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is missing.")]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Optional. The name of the account to recover the history for. If no account name is specified,
        /// the entire history of the wallet is recovered.
        /// </summary>
        public string AccountName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Optional. If set, will filter the transaction history for all transactions made to or from the given address.
        /// </summary>
        [IsBitcoinAddress(Required = false)]
        public string Address { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// An optional value allowing (with Take) pagination of the wallet's history. If given,
        /// the member specifies the numbers of records in the wallet's history to skip before
        /// beginning record retrieval; otherwise the wallet history records are retrieved starting from 0.
        /// </summary>
        public int? Skip { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// An optional value allowing (with Skip) pagination of the wallet's history. If given,
        /// the member specifies the number of records in the wallet's history to retrieve in this call; otherwise all
        /// wallet history records are retrieved.
        /// </summary>
        public int? Take { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// An optional string that can be used to match different data in the transaction records.
        /// It is possible to match on the following: the transaction ID, the address at which funds where received,
        /// and the address to which funds where sent.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty(PropertyName = "q")]
        public string SearchQuery { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a wallet balance request.
    /// </summary>
    public class WalletBalanceRequest : RequestModel
    {
        public WalletBalanceRequest()
        {
            this.AccountName = WalletManager.DefaultAccount;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet to retrieve the balance for.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is missing.")]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the account to retrieve the balance for. If no account name is supplied,
        /// then the balance for the entire wallet (all accounts) is retrieved.
        /// </summary>
        public string AccountName { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a request to get the maximum
    /// spendable amount for a specific wallet account.
    /// </summary>
    /// <seealso cref="Stratis.Bitcoin.Features.Wallet.Models.RequestModel" />
    public class WalletMaximumBalanceRequest : RequestModel
    {
        public WalletMaximumBalanceRequest()
        {
            this.AccountName = WalletManager.DefaultAccount;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet to retrieve the maximum spendable amount for.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is missing.")]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the account to retrieve the maximum spendable amount for.
        /// </summary>
        public string AccountName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The type of fee to use when working out the fee required to spend the amount.
        /// Specify "low", "medium", or "high".
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A fee type is required. It can be 'low', 'medium' or 'high'.")]
        public string FeeType { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// A flag that specifies whether to include the unconfirmed amounts held at account addresses
        /// as spendable.
        /// </summary>
        public bool AllowUnconfirmed { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Model object to use as input to the Api request for getting the balance for an address.
    /// </summary>
    /// <seealso cref="Stratis.Bitcoin.Features.Wallet.Models.RequestModel" />
    public class ReceivedByAddressRequest : RequestModel
    {

        [Required(ErrorMessage = "An address is required.")]
        public string Address { get; set; }
    }

    public class WalletName : RequestModel
    {

        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is missing.")]
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a transaction fee estimate request.
    /// </summary>
    /// <seealso cref="Stratis.Bitcoin.Features.Wallet.Models.RequestModel" />
    public class TxFeeEstimateRequest : RequestModel
    {
        public TxFeeEstimateRequest()
        {
            this.AccountName = WalletManager.DefaultAccount;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet containing the UTXOs to use in the transaction.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is missing.")]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the account containing the UTXOs to use in the transaction.
        /// </summary>
        public string AccountName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// A list of outpoints to use as inputs for the transaction.
        /// </summary>
        public List<OutpointRequest> Outpoints { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// A list of transaction recipients. For each recipient, specify the Pubkey script and the amount the
        /// recipient will receive in STRAT (or a sidechain coin). If the transaction was realized,
        /// both the values would be used to create the UTXOs for the transaction recipients.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A list of recipients is required.")]
        [MinLength(1)]
        public List<RecipientModel> Recipients { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// A string containing any OP_RETURN output data to store as part of the transaction.
        /// </summary>
        public string OpReturnData { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The funds in STRAT (or a sidechain coin) to include with the OP_RETURN output. Currently, specifying
        /// some funds helps OP_RETURN outputs be relayed around the network.
        /// </summary>
        [MoneyFormat(isRequired: false, ErrorMessage = "The op return amount is not in the correct format.")]
        public string OpReturnAmount { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The type of fee to use when working out the fee for the transaction. Specify "low", "medium", or "high".
        /// </summary>
        public string FeeType { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// A flag that specifies whether to include the unconfirmed amounts as inputs to the transaction.
        /// If this flag is not set, at least one confirmation is required for each input.
        /// </summary>
        public bool AllowUnconfirmed { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// A flag that specifies whether to shuffle the transaction outputs for increased privacy. Randomizing the
        /// the order in which the outputs appear when the transaction is being built stops it being trivial to
        /// determine whether a transaction output is payment or change. This helps defeat unsophisticated
        /// chain analysis algorithms.
        /// Defaults to true.
        /// </summary>
        public bool? ShuffleOutputs { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The address to which the change from the transaction should be returned. If this is not set,
        /// the default behaviour from the <see cref="WalletTransactionHandler"/> will be used to determine the change address.
        /// </summary>
        [IsBitcoinAddress(Required = false)]
        public string ChangeAddress { get; set; }
    }

    public class OutpointRequest : RequestModel
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The transaction ID.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The transaction id is missing.")]
        public string TransactionId { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The index of the output in the transaction.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The index of the output in the transaction is missing.")]
        public int Index { get; set; }
    }

    public class RecipientModel
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The destination address.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A destination address is required.")]
        [IsBitcoinAddress()]
        public string DestinationAddress { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The amount that will be sent.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "An amount is required.")]
        [MoneyFormat(ErrorMessage = "The amount is not in the correct format.")]
        public string Amount { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a build transaction request.
    /// </summary>
    public class BuildTransactionRequest : TxFeeEstimateRequest, IValidatableObject
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The fee for the transaction in STRAT (or a sidechain coin).
        /// </summary>
        [MoneyFormat(isRequired: false, ErrorMessage = "The fee is not in the correct format.")]
        public string FeeAmount { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The password for the wallet containing the funds for the transaction.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A password is required.")]
        public string Password { get; set; }

        /// <inheritdoc />
        public IEnumerable<ValidationResult> Validate(ValidationContext validationContext)
        {
            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(this.FeeAmount) && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(this.FeeType))
            {
                yield return new ValidationResult(
                    $"The query parameters '{nameof(this.FeeAmount)}' and '{nameof(this.FeeType)}' cannot be set at the same time. " +
                    $"Please use '{nameof(this.FeeAmount)}' if you'd like to set the fee manually, or '{nameof(this.FeeType)}' if you want the wallet to calculate it for you.",
                    new[] { $"{nameof(this.FeeType)}" });
            }

            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(this.FeeAmount) && string.IsNullOrEmpty(this.FeeType))
            {
                yield return new ValidationResult(
                    $"One of parameters '{nameof(this.FeeAmount)}' and '{nameof(this.FeeType)}' is required. " +
                    $"Please use '{nameof(this.FeeAmount)}' if you'd like to set the fee manually, or '{nameof(this.FeeType)}' if you want the wallet to calculate it for you.",
                    new[] { $"{nameof(this.FeeType)}" });
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a send transaction request.
    /// </summary>
    public class SendTransactionRequest : RequestModel
    {

        public SendTransactionRequest()
        {
        }

        public SendTransactionRequest(string transactionHex)
        {
            this.Hex = transactionHex;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// A string containing the transaction in hexadecimal format.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A transaction in hexadecimal format is required.")]

        /// <summary>
        /// The transaction as a hexadecimal string.
        /// </summary>
        public string Hex { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a remove transactions request.
    /// </summary>
    /// <seealso cref="RequestModel" />
    public class RemoveTransactionsModel : RequestModel, IValidatableObject
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet to remove the transactions from.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is required.")]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The IDs of the transactions to remove.
        /// </summary>
        [FromQuery(Name = "ids")]
        public IEnumerable<string> TransactionsIds { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// A date and time after which all transactions should be removed.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonConverter(typeof(IsoDateTimeConverter))]
        [FromQuery(Name = "fromDate")]
        public DateTime FromDate { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// A flag that specifies whether to delete all transactions from a wallet.
        /// </summary>
        [FromQuery(Name = "all")]
        public bool DeleteAll { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// A flag that specifies whether to resync the wallet after removing the transactions.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty(PropertyName = "reSync")]
        public bool ReSync { get; set; }

        /// <inheritdoc />
        public IEnumerable<ValidationResult> Validate(ValidationContext validationContext)
        {
            // Check that one of the filters is set.
            if (!this.DeleteAll && (this.TransactionsIds == null || !this.TransactionsIds.Any()) && this.FromDate == default(DateTime))
            {
                yield return new ValidationResult(
                    $"One of the query parameters '{nameof(this.DeleteAll)}', '{nameof(this.TransactionsIds)}' or '{nameof(this.FromDate)}' must be set.",
                    new[] { $"{nameof(this.DeleteAll)}" });
            }

            // Check that only one of the filters is set.
            if ((this.DeleteAll && this.TransactionsIds != null)
                || (this.DeleteAll && this.FromDate != default(DateTime))
                || (this.TransactionsIds != null && this.FromDate != default(DateTime)))
            {
                yield return new ValidationResult(
                    $"Only one out of the query parameters '{nameof(this.DeleteAll)}', '{nameof(this.TransactionsIds)}' or '{nameof(this.FromDate)}' can be set.",
                    new[] { $"{nameof(this.DeleteAll)}" });
            }

            // Check that transaction ids doesn't contain empty elements.
            if (this.TransactionsIds != null && this.TransactionsIds.Any(trx => trx == null))
            {
                yield return new ValidationResult(
                    $"'{nameof(this.TransactionsIds)}' must not contain any null ids.",
                    new[] { $"{nameof(this.TransactionsIds)}" });
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a list accounts request.
    /// </summary>
    public class ListAccountsModel : RequestModel
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet for which to list the accounts.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is required.")]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for an unused address request.
    /// </summary>
    public class GetUnusedAddressModel : RequestModel
    {
        public GetUnusedAddressModel()
        {
            this.AccountName = WalletManager.DefaultAccount;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet from which to get the address.
        /// </summary>
        [Required]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the account for which to get the address.
        /// </summary>
        public string AccountName { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for an unused addresses request.
    /// </summary>
    public class GetUnusedAddressesModel : RequestModel
    {
        public GetUnusedAddressesModel()
        {
            this.AccountName = WalletManager.DefaultAccount;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet from which to get the addresses.
        /// </summary>
        [Required]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the account for which to get the addresses.
        /// </summary>
        public string AccountName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The number of addresses to retrieve.
        /// </summary>
        [Required]
        public string Count { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a retrieve all addresses request.
    /// </summary>
    public class GetAllAddressesModel : RequestModel
    {
        public GetAllAddressesModel()
        {
            this.AccountName = WalletManager.DefaultAccount;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet from which to get the addresses.
        /// </summary>
        [Required]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the account for which to get the addresses.
        /// </summary>
        public string AccountName { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for an extended public key request.
    /// </summary>
    public class GetExtPubKeyModel : RequestModel
    {
        public GetExtPubKeyModel()
        {
            this.AccountName = WalletManager.DefaultAccount;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet from which to get the extended public key.
        /// </summary>
        [Required]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the account for which to get the extended public key.
        /// <summary>
        public string AccountName { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a new account request.
    /// </summary>
    public class GetUnusedAccountModel : RequestModel
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet in which to create the account.
        /// </summary>
        [Required]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The password for the wallet.
        /// </summary>
        [Required]
        public string Password { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a wallet resynchronization request.
    /// </summary>
    public class WalletSyncFromDateRequest : RequestModel
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// The date and time from which to resync the wallet.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonConverter(typeof(IsoDateTimeConverter))]
        public DateTime Date { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters for a wallet stats request.
    /// </summary>
    public class WalletStatsRequest : RequestModel
    {
        public WalletStatsRequest()
        {
            this.AccountName = WalletManager.DefaultAccount;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet for which to get the stats.
        /// </summary>
        [Required]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the account for which to get the stats.
        /// <summary>
        public string AccountName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The minimum number of confirmations a transaction needs to have to be included.
        /// To include unconfirmed transactions, set this value to 0.
        /// </summary>
        public int MinConfirmations { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Should the request return a more detailed output
        /// </summary>
        public bool Verbose { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters to perform an add address book entry request.
    /// </summary>
    /// <seealso cref="Stratis.Bitcoin.Features.Wallet.Models.RequestModel" />
    public class AddressBookEntryRequest : RequestModel
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// A label to attach to the address book entry.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A label is required.")]
        [MaxLength(200)]
        public string Label { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The address to enter in the address book.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "An address is required.")]
        [IsBitcoinAddress()]
        public string Address { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// A class containing the necessary parameters to perform a spendable transactions request.
    /// </summary>
    /// <seealso cref="Stratis.Bitcoin.Features.Wallet.Models.RequestModel" />
    public class SpendableTransactionsRequest : RequestModel
    {
        public SpendableTransactionsRequest()
        {
            this.AccountName = WalletManager.DefaultAccount;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the wallet to retrieve the spendable transactions for.
        /// </summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is missing.")]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The name of the account to retrieve the spendable transaction for. If no account name is specified,
        /// the entire history of the wallet is recovered.
        public string AccountName { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The minimum number of confirmations a transaction needs to have to be included.
        /// To include unconfirmed transactions, set this value to 0.
        /// </summary>
        public int MinConfirmations { get; set; }
    }

    public class SplitCoinsRequest : RequestModel
    {
        public SplitCoinsRequest()
        {
            this.AccountName = WalletManager.DefaultAccount;
        }

        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is missing.")]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        public string AccountName { get; set; }

        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A password is required.")]
        public string WalletPassword { get; set; }

        /// <summary>The amount that will be sent.</summary>
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "An amount is required.")]
        [MoneyFormat(ErrorMessage = "The amount is not in the correct format.")]
        public string TotalAmountToSplit { get; set; }

        [Required]
        public int UtxosCount { get; set; }
    }

    public sealed class DistributeUtxosRequest : RequestModel, IValidatableObject
    {
        public DistributeUtxosRequest()
        {
            this.AccountName = WalletManager.DefaultAccount;
        }

        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is missing.")]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        public string AccountName { get; set; }

        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A password is required.")]
        public string WalletPassword { get; set; }

        [DefaultValue(false)]
        public bool UseUniqueAddressPerUtxo { get; set; }

        [DefaultValue(true)]
        public bool ReuseAddresses { get; set; }

        [DefaultValue(false)]
        public bool UseChangeAddresses { get; set; }

        [Required]
        public int UtxosCount { get; set; }

        [Required]
        public int UtxoPerTransaction { get; set; }

        [DefaultValue(0)]
        public int TimestampDifferenceBetweenTransactions { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The minimum number of confirmations a transaction needs to have to be included.
        /// To include unconfirmed transactions, set this value to 0.
        /// </summary>
        [DefaultValue(1)]
        public int MinConfirmations { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// A list of outpoints to use as inputs for the transaction.
        /// </summary>
        public List<OutpointRequest> Outpoints { get; set; }

        [Required]
        public bool DryRun { get; set; }

        public IEnumerable<ValidationResult> Validate(ValidationContext validationContext)
        {
            if (this.UtxoPerTransaction > this.UtxosCount)
            {
                yield return new ValidationResult(
                    $"The number of UTXOs per transaction ('{nameof(this.UtxoPerTransaction)}') has to be equal or smaller than total number of UTXOs ('{nameof(this.UtxosCount)}')",
                    new[] { $"{nameof(this.UtxoPerTransaction)}", $"{nameof(this.UtxosCount)}" });
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Object to sign a message.
    /// </summary>
    public class SignMessageRequest : RequestModel
    {
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "The name of the wallet is missing.")]
        public string WalletName { get; set; }

        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A password is required.")]
        public string Password { get; set; }

        [Required(ErrorMessage = "An address is required.")]
        public string ExternalAddress { get; set; }

        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A message is required.")]
        public string Message { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Object to verify a signed message.
    /// </summary>
    public class VerifyRequest : RequestModel
    {
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A signature is required.")]
        public string Signature { get; set; }

        [Required(ErrorMessage = "An address is required.")]
        public string ExternalAddress { get; set; }

        [Required(ErrorMessage = "A message is required.")]
        public string Message { get; set; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Verifying the identity of signers arguably is one of a Notary's most important duties. The scenario we posed last week, in which a female signer wears a head covering in accordance with her religious beliefs that prevents you from seeing her face. That presents a challenge: As much as you want to respect her religious beliefs, how do you verify her identity if you cannot compare her ID photo to her face?
More than 130 members of our Notary community weighed in on this issue, with many offering practical and thoughtful responses. Several commenters noted that the signer was able to show her face to have her ID photo taken, and saw that as an opening to verify her identity.
"I would ask for alternate ID and require a thumbprint for verification," Notary Ima wrote.
Given our multi-cultural society, situations like this are becoming more common. This scenario is a reminder that Notaries should think through how to handle such circumstances before they happen.
Many of the solutions commenters suggested are good options. However, there are limits to what you can do. Most state Notary laws describe the methods you may use to identify signers, and you cannot deviate from what the law allows.
In the actual event, the Notary had the signer swear an oath that she was the person described on the ID. Unfortunately, this is not an acceptable method of verifying the signer's identity. The same is true of requesting a thumbprint. No state authorizes you to use a thumbprint to verify identity.
In the scenario, because the signer has a state-issued ID, you can ask what accommodations were made by the agency that took her ID photo. If you can reasonably make similar accommodations, ask if that would allow her to show you her face.
If you are a male Notary, and that is an issue for her, recommend a female Notary, as several commenters suggested.
If these options won't work, using one or more credible identifying witnesses might — depending on the state. But make sure to follow the requirements of your state. In California and Florida, for example, identifying witnesses must swear that the signer does not have an acceptable ID. Since the Notary in this case viewed the woman's ID, credible witnesses likely would have difficulty swearing or affirming that the woman didn't have an acceptable ID.
If none of these options works for your signer, you'd have to refuse to perform the notarization.
I would get ahold of NNA before i proceed for advise.
If she refused to show her face I would refuse to notarize. I would explain why etc. On the side note it is outrageous how this particular group of people require song and dance to accommodate their customs while refusing to adjust to American values.
As the NNA has shown, photographs are not a real reliable way to identify anyone. Since this is such an unreliable method, I would rely more on comparing signatures than I would a visual identification. I'm also glad that the NNA recognized that credible witnesses may not be used in certain states due to limitations in the law. Many Florida notaries believe that they can use credible witnesses anytime. This is not the case as the NNA has pointed out.
In my geographical location, we have a large population of Amish. They do not believe in having photos taken of themselves therefore they have no form of photo ID. Lending institutions have only required a Social Security Card, but how does this really effect my notarizations?
Hello, Catherine. It depends on your state's ID requirements for notarizations. What state are you commissioned in?
I'm not sure this actually makes sense. If the customer has an ID, did she not have to remove her head/face wrap for the photo to be taken at the DMV in the first place? If so, I don't see why she wouldn't understand that she also needs to remove it to show the photo is her - she would have to for the police as well. In any circumstance where ID must be confirmed,isn't it true the customer would know this?
All the answers that I read are wrong. When people of other cultures want to live in this country, they should be the ones to conform to OUR culture. In the example case, if the woman's ID showed her with her head uncovered, that is the way would require her to present herself to me. Even if the notary wants to bow to another culture, that notary must know what is culture and what is religion. The covered face is not religious. I would offer the woman two choices. The fist is that she abide by our rules for notarization; the second is that she find another notary.
As far as the face covering, she must uncover her face for washing correct? If she has need for a Dentist, she has to uncover her face, therefore as sensitive and serious as a notarization is, she should accommodate the Notary personnel and uncover her face for such. This is our culture and GOD/Allah will understand.
This is a huge issue, especially here in Oregon where a female having her photo ID taken at DMV with the hijab covering in place - just complicates the ID.
I would CYA heavily in such an instance to prevent successful lawsuit for religious discrimination, etc. For example, meet in a public place and record myself giving her various options and alternatives for getting the job done. But I would NEVER notarize her document if she refuses to show me her face. I am not attracted to such traits anyhow so I don't see the big idea.
Positive identification is required, if the customer is unwilling to show accepted positive identification, I'm unwilling to show my Notary stamp. She/he can look elsewhere for notarization.
I agree with the majority who object to bowing to customs contrary to ours. I would look out for obvious names that might indicate a potential problem and on my call to the customer I would remind them of the need for ID and try to establish if this would be a problem before I drove out to meet with them.
I would refuse to perform the notarization if the signer would not remove the veil. How is this different from someone refusing to remove a scarf or a hat? It isn't. We CAN refuse to perform this service. I have done so, even if my attorney tells me that it is ok. If I don't feel comfortable, I simply tell them to find somebody else. I was engaged to perform a Loan Modification where the parents of the owner of a house were not all available to sign the paperwork. They offered a POA, but it was not notarized. They told me that they didn't think it didn't to be notarized. The vendor tried twice to get this done. One party could not find a set of two weeks to be available to sign this paperwork. The owner told me that he had not paid his mortgage for 2 years. TMI, and None of my business. Gee whiz! I didn't want to be involved in what I saw was outright mortgage theft from the borrower. THIS is why the case of the Baker who refused too design and bake the cake--the one recently heard at the Supreme Court is very important. If we are compelled to offer the services that we swear to practice, our country is no better than a Banana Republic.
As a female notary, I would offer to look at her unveiled face in private. However, if she were unwilling, I would not notarize her documents. This is for no other reason than I must follow the rules and regulations of my state.
@Maria can you keep your racist views to yourself and stay on topic? Unreal. VERY offended by your input and I'm as American as Apple pie. Please, check yourself.


We are making for you a game, which does not limit you in choosing the path. Your goal is to survive at any cost in the world that wants to kill you and is very inventive in realizing this desire. So who is stronger? Will you be able to bend the world.
The Island game (and Privateers.life as well) is our vision of an ideal survival-universe in a pirate setting.
It's important to know: The Island is only the first chapter of our pirate saga. This is a single player for the MMORPG game universe developed by us in the world of pirates of the 17th century, in which every player can live the life of an ordinary colonist, pirate, or - feel like a woman or a child of that time. The goal of the game is to survive at any cost in the world, which seeks to kill you by all available means.
After conducting a preliminary study of the survival-games market, we found several facts that spurred us, eventually, to the development of the game The Island (Privateers.life).
Fact 1: survival-games currently in a trend (this type can include games such as: ARK Survival Evolved, Arma 3 Exile, RUST, Conan Exile, Playerunknown`s Battleground, Last Man Standing etc.).
Fact 2: The overall popularity of survival-games is growing (according to the data of the Steam Spy analytics service, the Playerunknown`s Battlegrounds audience continues to grow from the beginning of sales to the present time: http://steamspy.com/app/578080 at a constant game cost, the number of sales today exceeds 6 million copies; the same service tells us that copies of the game named RUST (survival-game in open world) today sold more than 5.5 million.
Fact 5: Games created by the fan-community (namely, people who are passionate players and understanding the expectations of other players), as additions to the main game, gained popularity, comparable (or even greater) with the base game from the professional studio (typical examples: Counter-Strike (HalfLife fan-mod) with more than 75 million players (CS, CS: CZ, CS: Source, CS: GO and other modes, http://steamspy.com/search.php?s=Counter-Strike) and Dota / Dota 2 (fan-mod to WarCraft 3) with more than 100 million players.
Fact 6: The Island development team is a longtime fan of the genre of survival and creates a game "from players to players" Any gamer knows how much the developer's interest in developing the game and the game universe as a whole is expensive, when developers react to the expectations and signals of players vividly, improving the gameplay, correcting the found bugs, allowing players to get new emotions from the development of the game world.
We, the developers of The Island, create a game that will be interesting for us to play. So it will not leave any other players indifferent either.
Release of the alpha version of the game (single-player) for closed testing.
Release of the beta version (single-player) for open testing, the beginning of development of multiplayer version, development of the design document, the involvement of the first partners in the field of external integration of LDM tokens.
The creation of the first infrastructural near-game project - the exchange service, the output of the single-player version of the game on Steam, the involvement of the letsplayers in the advertising of the single-version of the game.
Closed alpha testing of the multiplayer version of the game in a small location (arena mode), the end of the second quarter - open testing of the arena mode.
Launch of the second infrastructure project: donation-service for donating to the letsplayers without commission with the use of LDM tokens, attracting flyers to advertising the donation-service with the creation of unique conditions for them.
Release multiplayer version of the game (with the open world) in an open beta test.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Since the 1980's mesoscopic conductors have been serving as an ideal
stage to investigate the quantum scattering problem both theoretically
and experimentally, because the quantum transport through a single site
can be precisely probed in electronic measurement~\cite{DattaETMS}. The
Landauer-B{\"u}ttiker formalism embodies this advantage of mesoscopic
physics, as was successfully applied to the Aharonov-Bohm ring, the
quantum point contact, and the quantum dot, through which the mesoscopic
physics has been established [see Fig.~1(a)]. Not only the current
averaged over for a certain time ($\langle I \rangle$), but also the
current fluctuation $\langle(\delta I)^2 \rangle$ due to the partition
process is treated in the same
framework~\cite{ButtikerPRB1992,MartinPRB1992,BlanterPR2000}.  Actually,
the quantum shot noise measurement was successfully demonstrated, for
example, to provide the direct proof of the fractional
charge~\cite{de-PicciottoNature1997,SaminadayarPRL1997} and the Cooper
pair~\cite{JehlNature2000} by looking at how carriers are scattered at a
mesoscopic conductor.

These days the mesoscopic transport is invoking much interest from
another point of view. As the electron transport can be viewed as the
electron exchange process between the reservoirs via the conductor as
shown in Fig.~1(b), it serves as a well-defined test stage for
nonequilibrium quantum statistical physics~\cite{EspositoRMP2009}.  The
unique advantage of this approach lies in that the degree of
nonequilibrium can be finely tuned by the bias voltage applied to the
conductor. In addition, many events, namely numerous electron exchange
processes, can be monitored, which enables us to perform precise
measurement.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\center
\includegraphics[width=.99\linewidth]{FluctuationMicroreversibility_Fig1.eps}
\caption{(a) Schematic picture of the mesoscopic conductor coupled to the two
reservoirs in the nonequilibrium regime. $\mu_L$ and $\mu_R$ are the
chemical potentials of the left and the right reservoirs, respectively.
Mesoscopic transport based on the Landauer-B{\"u}ttiker picture is
schematically shown. When a conductor is biased, electrons injected from
one of the reservoirs are either transmitted or reflected at the
conductor, which yields finite current fluctuation [$\langle(\delta
I)^2\rangle\neq 0$].  (b) The transport can be also viewed as the
electron exchange process between the two reservoirs.}
\end{figure}

To quantitatively address the above topic, the fluctuation theorem
(FT)~\cite{EvansPRL1993} is believed to play a central
role~\cite{EspositoRMP2009,TobiskaPRB2005,AndrieuxJCP2004,AndrieuxNJP2009,SaitoPRB2008,ForsterPRL2008,Forster_arXiv,UtsumiPRB2010,CampisiPRL2010,AltlandPRB2010}. Based
on microscopic reversibility (``microreversibility'' or detailed
balance), this relation exactly links the probabilities of the
production and consumption of the entropy in a given system that is
coupled to the reservoir. FT corresponds to a microscopic expansion of
the macroscopic second law of thermodynamics and is proven to yield the
linear-response theory~\cite{GallavottiPRL1996}, and the Onsager-Casimir
relations~\cite{SaitoPRB2008}.  FT was experimentally proved to be valid
in classical systems such as a colloidal particle in
fluid~\cite{WangPRL2002} and a resistor~\cite{GarnierPRE2005}. Although
it was extended to the quantum regime~\cite{KurchanArxiv}, an
experimental check in this regime was still lacking.  More recently, FT
was theoretically addressed in the mesoscopic
transport~\cite{TobiskaPRB2005,AndrieuxJCP2004,AndrieuxNJP2009,UtsumiPRB2010,CampisiPRL2010,AltlandPRB2010}
even in the presence of the magnetic
field~\cite{SaitoPRB2008,ForsterPRL2008,Forster_arXiv} and was indeed
shown to be relevant in the analysis~\cite{UtsumiPRB2010} of the
electron counting
experiments~\cite{GustavssonPRL2006,FujisawaScience2006}. While the
incoherent tunneling events across the quantum dot(s) were investigated
in the above experiments, the validity of FT in the quantum coherent
regime was left to be addressed.

Recently, we experimentally showed the presence of nontrivial relations
between the nonlinear response and the nonequilibrium fluctuation in the
coherent transport of an Aharonov-Bohm (AB)
ring~\cite{NakamuraPRL2010}. When the current $I$ and the current
fluctuation (current noise power spectral density) $S$ are expanded in
the Taylor series as a polynomial of the bias voltage $V$,
\begin{equation}
I(V, B) = G_1(B) V + \frac{1}{2!} G_2(B) V^2 + \frac{1}{3!} G_3(B) V^3 + \cdots,
\label{EqPolyI}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
S(V, B) = S_0(B) + S_1(B) V + \frac{1}{2!} S_2(B) V^2 + \cdots,
\label{EqPolyS}
\end{equation}
we showed that there are proportional relations of $S_1^S \propto G_2^S$
and $S_1^A \propto G_2^A$. Here, the coefficients that are symmetrized
($S$) or antisymmetrized ($A$) with respect to the magnetic field
reversal are defined as
\begin{equation}
G_2^{S, A} (B)\equiv G_2 (B) \pm G_2 (-B),
\end{equation}
 and
\begin{equation}
S_1^{S, A} (B)\equiv S_1 (B) \pm S_1 (-B)
\end{equation}
(take $+$ and $-$ for $S$ and $A$, respectively). This result is beyond
the consequence of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem $S_0(B) = 4 k_B T
G_1 (B)$.  Our observation semiquantitatively agrees with the
theoretical prediction on the basis of FT~\cite{SaitoPRB2008} and
provides an evidence of FT in the nonequilibrium quantum regime.

In this paper we expand the above work to further support our previous
report.  In Sec.~II, based on a simple tunneling model, we derive FT in
an applicable form to simple mesoscopic conductors. In Sec.~III, we
discuss the breakdown of the Onsager-Casimir reciprocity in the
nonequilibrium regime in the presence of the magnetic field. Then, as a
fundamental aspect of FT in mesoscopic transport, we show that the
validity of the microreversibility can be directly addressed in a
quantum regime.

\section{Fluctuation Theorem in a Mesoscopic System}
\subsection{Zero magnetic field case}
We explain FT by using the simplest setup and deduce the aforementioned
nonequilibrium fluctuation relations.  We consider a mesoscopic
conductor, say a quantum point contact, where the two quantum wires are
coupled by tunneling.  While more systematic and general derivation for
these relations is performed by using a cumulant generating
function~\cite{AndrieuxNJP2009,UtsumiPRB2010,CampisiPRL2010,AltlandPRB2010,SaitoPRB2008,ForsterPRL2008,Forster_arXiv},
the present simplest model is sufficiently instructive to treat here.
We assume that no energy relaxation takes place inside the conductor,
which is fulfilled in many mesoscopic devices smaller than the energy
relaxation length such as a quantum dot, chaotic cavity, ring, and so
on. First we treat the zero-magnetic field case to show $S_1 = 2 k_B T
G_2$ in Eqs. (\ref{EqPolyI}) and (\ref{EqPolyS}). The relations between
the coefficients in the current and the current noise are schematically
shown in Fig.~2.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\center
\includegraphics[width=.99\linewidth]{FluctuationMicroreversibility_Fig2.eps}
\caption{ (color online) (a) Current-voltage characteristic as a
function of the bias voltage $V$. While Ohm's law holds around $V = 0$,
the current $I$ is not linear at large $V$ and the $I$-$V$ characteristics
can be decomposed into a polynomial of $V$ with coefficients $G_1$,
$G_2$, $G_3 \dots$ as in Eq.~(\ref{EqPolyI}).  In this study we address
$G_2$.  This schematic graph shows the total current $I$, the $G_1V$
contribution, and the $1/2! G_2 V^2$ contribution, in the solid, dashed,
and dotted curves, respectively.  The case with a negative $G_2$ is
shown.  (b) Similarly, the current noise spectral density $S$ (shown in
the solid curve) can be expressed in a polynomial form of $V$ as in
Eq.~(\ref{EqPolyS}). The Johnson-Nyquist relation tells that $S(V = 0) =
S_0 = 4k_BTG_1$.  This schematic graph shows the case with a negative
$S_1$ in the dashed curve. Here we address the coefficient of the term
linear in $V$ ($S_1$) and the relation between $S_1$ and $G_2$. }
\end{figure}

The present system is described by the following Hamiltonian:
\begin{eqnarray}
H &=& H_L + H_R + H_{LR},
\end{eqnarray}
where $H_L$ and $H_R$ are the Hamiltonian of the left and right quantum
wires and $H_{LR}$ is the tunneling part between them.  The initial
density matrix is decoupled into the equilibrium states of each wire,
where the left and right wires are assumed to have equal temperature
$1/\beta = k_BT$ and have chemical potentials $\mu_L$ and $\mu_R$,
respectively. Then the whole density matrix is described by
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{\rho}_{\rm initial} &=& \sum_{n_L , n_R }  \rho_{n_L, n_R }
|n_L , n_R\rangle \langle n_L , n_R |  , \\
\rho_{n_L, n_R } &=&
{e^{-\beta [E_{n_L} - \mu_{L} \, n_{L } ] } \over Z_{L}}
{e^{-\beta [E_{n_R} - \mu_{R} \, n_{R } ] } \over Z_{R}},
\end{eqnarray}
where $Z_L$ and $Z_R$ are the normalization factors, and $|n_L , n_R
\rangle$ defines the state that $n_L$ and $n_R$ electrons are present
inside the left and right wires with the eigenenergies $E_{n_L}$ and
$E_{n_R}$ of $H_L$ and $H_R$, respectively.

The probability of finding the state $|n_L ' , n_R '\rangle $ after a
certain time $\tau$ starting from the initial state $|n_L , n_R \rangle$
is expressed as
\begin{eqnarray*}
P_{(n_L , n_R )\to (n_L' , n_R')}
\!=\! |\langle n_L' , n_R' | e^{{-i\tau \over \hbar}H } | n_L , n_R \rangle |^2
\rho_{n_L , n_R} . ~
\end{eqnarray*}
The microreversibility or the time reversal symmetry is given by
\begin{eqnarray*}
|\langle n_L' , n_R' | e^{{-i\tau \over \hbar } H } | n_L , n_R \rangle |^2  \!=\!
|\langle n_L , n_R | e^{{-i\tau \over \hbar }  H } | n_L', n_R'\rangle |^2  .~
\end{eqnarray*}
Here for simplicity we assume that $| n_L , n_R \rangle$ and $| n_L' ,
n_R' \rangle$ has the time reversal symmetry as the electron numbers are
the good quantum number, while in the general
treatment~\cite{SaitoPRB2008} this assumption is not necessary.

As the electron number conservation $n_{L}- n_L' = -(n_R - n_R') $ and
the energy conservation are satisfied at very large $\tau$, $E_{n_L'}
-E_{n_L} \approx -(E_{n_{R}' } - E_{n_R } ) $. Using the
microreversibility and the conservation laws, we find the relation
\begin{eqnarray*}
P_{(n_L ,n_R)\to (n_L' , n_R') }
&=& P_{(n_L' ,n_R')\to (n_L , n_R) }  e^{A (n_L - n_{L}')}, \label{dft}
\end{eqnarray*}
where $A$ is an affinity $A=\beta (\mu_L - \mu_R)$.  The probability
that the number of the transmitted electron is $Q$, is defined as $P(Q)
= \sum_{n_L , n_R , n_L' , n_R'}P_{(n_L ,n_R)\to (n_L' , n_R') } \delta
(Q - (n_L - n_{L}'))$.  Therefore, FT is obtained as the direct
consequence of the microreversibility
\begin{eqnarray}
P(Q) &=& P(-Q) e^{AQ} \label{ft}.
\end{eqnarray}
This microreversibility ensures the following sum rule, which is called
``global detailed balance'' in Ref.~[\onlinecite{ForsterPRL2008}],
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle e^{AQ} \rangle = 1,
\label{EqGlobal}
\end{eqnarray}
since $1 = \sum_Q P(Q) = \sum_Q P(-Q) e^{AQ} = \langle e^{AQ} \rangle$.
Here, $\langle\cdots\rangle$ denotes the expectation
$\langle\cdots\rangle \equiv \sum_Q \cdots P(Q)$.

Now let us discuss the higher order correlations between the current and
its noise power, which are the central topic in the present paper.  With
FT (\ref{ft}), we find the following identity
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle Q \rangle &=& \sum_Q Q P(Q) =
- \sum_Q Q P(Q) e^{-A Q} \nonumber \\
&=&
-\langle Q \rangle + A \langle Q^2 \rangle -{A^2\over 2! }\langle Q^3 \rangle +
\cdots .
\end{eqnarray}
Furthermore, we note that $\langle Q^n \rangle$ can be expanded in the
Taylor series of $A$ with the coefficients $\langle Q^n \rangle_m$ ($n,
m$ integer)
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle Q^n \rangle &=& \langle Q^n \rangle_0 + A \langle Q^n \rangle_1
+ {A^2\over 2!} \langle Q^n \rangle_2 + \cdots .
\end{eqnarray}
Comparing order by order with respect to $A$, we find infinite number of
relationships among these coefficients, some of which are given as
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle Q^2 \rangle_0 &=& 2 \langle Q \rangle_1 , \label{1st}\\
 \langle Q^2 \rangle_1  &=& \langle Q \rangle_2  . \label{2nd}
\end{eqnarray}

Averaged current $I$ and current noise power $S$ are defined as
$I=\langle Q \rangle /\tau$ and $S = 2(\langle Q^2 \rangle - \langle Q
\rangle^2 )/\tau~$~\cite{NoteFactor2}.  The first relation (\ref{1st})
is equivalent to the fluctuation dissipation
relations~\cite{GallavottiPRL1996}
\begin{eqnarray}
S_0 = 4 k_{\rm B} T G_1,
\end{eqnarray}
and the second relation (\ref{2nd}) is to
\begin{eqnarray}
S_1 = 2 k_{\rm B} T G_2.
\label{S1G2}
\end{eqnarray}
This relation is beyond the fluctuation-dissipation relation and
directly links the nonlinearity and the nonequilibrium of the system.

\subsection{Finite magnetic field case}
At $B\neq 0$, the microreversibility requires that the probability
$P(Q,B)$ should satisfy~\cite{SaitoPRB2008}
\begin{eqnarray}
P(Q,B) = P(-Q, -B)\exp(AQ).
\label{PQB}
\end{eqnarray}
$P(Q,B)$ is now decomposed to the symmetric and antisymmetric parts
regarding the magnetic field reversal; $P_{\pm} (Q) \equiv P(Q,B) \pm
P(Q,-B)$, which fulfill
\begin{eqnarray}
P_{\pm}(Q) = \pm P_{\pm}(-Q)e^{AQ}.
\end{eqnarray}
Although the symmetric part $P_{+}(Q)$ produces the same fluctuation
relations as $P(Q)$ does, the antisymmetric probability gives rise to a
nontrivial result. By considering the antisymmetrized number of
charges exchanged between the reservoirs,
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle Q_{-} \rangle \equiv \sum_Q Q P_{-}(Q) = \sum_Q Q P_{-}(Q) e^{-AQ}
\end{eqnarray}
and defining $\langle Q_{-}^n \rangle_m$ with nonnegative integers $n$
and $m$ as the coefficients in the Taylor expansion of the above $\langle
Q_{-} \rangle$ with regard to $A$, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle Q_{-}^3 \rangle_0 = 2\langle Q_{-}^2 \rangle_1.
\label{Asym1}
\end{eqnarray}
By noting the following relation, which is the consequence of the
normalization condition $\sum_Q P(Q)=1$,
\begin{eqnarray}
0 =  \sum_Q  P_{-}(Q) = - \sum_Q  P_{-}(Q) e^{-AQ},
\label{EqGlobalQ-}
\end{eqnarray}
we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
3\langle Q_{-} \rangle_2 - 3\langle Q_{-}^2 \rangle_1 + \langle
 Q_{-}^3 \rangle_0 = 0.
\label{Asym2}
\end{eqnarray}

The current that is antisymmetrized with regard to the $B$ reversal is
defined as $I(V, B)-I(V, -B) = \langle Q_{-} \rangle/\tau$ and the current
noise power is also defined in the same way, Eqs.~(\ref{Asym1}) and
(\ref{Asym2}) yields
\begin{eqnarray}
S_1^A =C_0^A/2k_BT
\label{WMicroRev}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
S_1^A-2k_BTG_2^A = C_0^A/3k_BT,
\label{WOMicroRev}
\end{eqnarray}
respectively.  Here, $C_0^A$, which originates from the term $\langle
Q_{-}^3 \rangle_0$, is the antisymmetric part of the third cumulant at
equilibrium.  These two yield the antisymmetric relation expressed by
\begin{eqnarray}
S_1^A = 6k_BTG_2^A.
\end{eqnarray}

The above deduction totally relies on the microreversibility as is the
case in a systematic derivation~\cite{SaitoPRB2008}. Recently, however,
an interesting possibility of the broken microreversibility in
mesoscopic conductors is pointed
out~\cite{ForsterPRL2008,Forster_arXiv}.  It was discussed that, because
of the global detailed balance expressed by Eq.~(\ref{EqGlobal}), the
sum rule Eq.~(\ref{EqGlobalQ-}) and hence Eq.~(\ref{Asym2}) hold true
without microreversibility, even if we do not resort to the relation
$P_{-} (Q) = -P_{-} (-Q) \exp(AQ)$ (Eq.~(\ref{PQB})).  In this case,
Eq.~(\ref{Asym1}) and the resultant Eq.~(\ref{WMicroRev}) are no more
valid and only Eq.~(\ref{WOMicroRev}) is expected.  To address this
issue experimentally is the main motivation of the present paper.

The conventional current and shot noise formulas in the
Landauer-B{\"u}ttiker framework can be also expressed in the polynomial
form of $V$ \{see Eqs.~(39) and (61) in
Ref.~[\onlinecite{BlanterPR2000}]\}. By taking the energy-dependent
transmission into account, a relation similar to Eq.~(\ref{S1G2}) holds
true. However, this approach, which is based on the transmission defined
in the equilibrium, fails to explain the nonlinear conductance that is
not symmetric with respect to the magnetic field reversal. Indeed, it is
established theoretically and
experimentally~\cite{SanchezPRL2004,SpivakPRL2004,WeiPRL2005,AngersPRB2007,LeturcqPRL2006}
that due to electron-electron interactions induced in biased mesoscopic
conductors, the Onsager-Casimir reciprocal relations are broken, leading
to finite $G_2^A$. We will show the experimental data regarding this
below.

\section{Magnetic field asymmetry and microreversibility}

\subsection{Experiment}
We used an Aharonov-Bohm (AB) ring as a typical coherent conductor.
Figure~3(a) shows an atomic force microscope (AFM) image of the AB ring
fabricated by local oxidation using an AFM~\cite{HeldAPL1998} on a
GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) (the
electron density $3.7 \times 10^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$, the mobility $2.7
\times 10^5$ cm$^2$/Vs and the electron mean free path $2.7$~$\mu$m).
The two-terminal current and noise measurement setup in a dilution
refrigerator is also shown in Fig.~3(a). The in-plane gates defined by
the oxide lines are grounded in the present measurement. The 2DEG has a
back gate to tune the electron density and the conductance of the AB
ring can be modulated by the back gate voltage $V_g$ and the magnetic
field $B$ by the AB effect. Figure~3(b) shows the image plot of the
conductance as a function of $V_g$ and $B$. The upper panel of Fig.~3(b)
presents the conductance at $V_g =-0.09$~V displaying clear AB
oscillations with an oscillation period being 25~mT in agreement with
the ring radius of 230~nm~\cite{LeturcqPRL2006,YamauchiPRB2009}. The
conductance of the ring ranges between 1.3 and 1.7 in units of $2e^2/h
\sim (12.9$~k$\Omega)^{-1}$ with typical visibility of $\sim 0.13$.  The
presence of electron interferences guarantees the coherent electron
transport in the device.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\center
\includegraphics[width=.99\linewidth]{FluctuationMicroreversibility_Fig3.eps}
\caption{ (color online) (a) Atomic force microscope (AFM) image of the
AB ring fabricated by local oxidation using an AFM~\cite{HeldAPL1998} on
a GaAs/AlGaAs 2DEG with the experimental setup for the two-terminal
current and noise measurements.  (b) Image plot of the conductance of
the ring as a function of $V_g$ and $B$ (in the lower panel). The upper
panel shows the magnetoconductance at $V_g=-0.09$~V as indicated by a
white line in the lower panel. (c) Conductance as a function of $V_g$ at
$B = \pm 25$~mT [indicated by dashed lines in the lower panel of
(b)]. (d) Equilibrium noise ($S_0$) as a function of $V_g$ at $B = \pm
25$~mT. }
\end{figure}

In addition to the dc measurement, we performed the noise measurement as
follows [also see Fig.~3(a)]. The voltage fluctuation across the sample
on the resonant circuit, whose resonant frequency is about 3.0~MHz with
the bandwidth of $\sim 140$~kHz, is extracted as an output signal of the
cryogenic
amplifier~\cite{de-PicciottoNature1997,DiCarloRSI2006,HashisakaPRB2008,NakamuraPRB2009,NakamuraPRL2010}. The
time-domain signal is then captured by the two-channel digitizer, and is
converted to spectral density data via FFT.  To increase the resolution
of the noise spectrum, we performed the cross-correlation technique by
using two sets of resonant circuit and amplifier. The sample was placed
in a dilution refrigerator whose base temperature is 45 mK and the
electron temperature in the equilibrium was 125 mK as deduced from the
thermal noise.  By numerically fitting the obtained resonant peak, the
current noise power spectral density $S$ is obtained as performed in
Ref.~\onlinecite{DiCarloRSI2006}.

In the analysis of the current $I$ and the current noise $S$ as
polynomials of $V$, the bias window was set to $|eV| \leq 50$~$\mu$eV,
which corresponds to $4.6 k_B T$ at $T=125$~mK.  In this bias range, the
Joule heating is expected to be negligible as seen in previous shot
noise measurements for mesoscopic
devices~\cite{HashisakaPRB2008,NakamuraPRB2009}. The coefficients in
Eqs.~(\ref{EqPolyI}) and ~(\ref{EqPolyS}) are deduced from the numerical
fitting to the obtained current and current noise.  The polynomial
fitting for $I$ and $S$ was performed by taking up to the fifth order of
$V$ for $I$ and up to the fourth order of $V$ for $S$ into account,
respectively. The analysis up to third or seventh order of $V$ for $I$
and second order of $V$ for $S$ yields results consistent with those
presented below. We note that the measurement was carefully performed at
several different $V_g$'s and $B$'s, and all the results are in a
quantitative agreement with each other within the experimental accuracy
of the present work.

\subsection{Results and Discussions}
Figure 3(c) shows the zero-bias conductance $G_1$ obtained at $B=25$~mT
and $B=-25$~mT at 125~mK as a function of the back gate voltage
$V_g$. Since $V_g$ modulates the electron density in the ring hence the
interference pattern, the conductance fluctuates as $V_g$ varies. As the
Onsager-Casmir reciprocity tells, $G_1$ behaves similarly at $B=25$ and
$-25$~mT as $V_g$ changes. The correlation factor ($CF$) between the
two, which is the covariance of the two divided by the product of their
standard deviations, is 0.91. Similarly, as shown in Fig.~3(d) the
gate-dependent thermal noises ($S_0$) at $B=25$~mT and $-25$~mT lap over
each other with $CF= 0.68$. Also we note that the proportionality
between $G_1$ and $S_0$ indicates that $S_0 = 4 k_BTG_1$ holds with an
electron temperature of $T= 125$~mK.  The coefficients of the first term
in Eqs.~(\ref{EqPolyI}) and ~(\ref{EqPolyS}) satisfy the Onsager-Casimir
reciprocity as a fundamental property in the equilibrium.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\center
\includegraphics[width=.99\linewidth]{FluctuationMicroreversibility_G2S1.eps}
\caption{ (color online) (a) $G_2$ obtained at $B=25$~mT and $-25$~mT is
shown as a function of $V_g$. (b) $S_1$ obtained at $B=25$~mT and
$-25$~mT is shown as a function of $V_g$. (c) The symmetrized components
$G_2^S$ and $S_1^S$ are shown in the left and right axes. (d) The
symmetrized components $G_2^S$ and $S_1^S$ are shown in the left and
right axes. (e) $S_1^S$ is plotted against $2 k_BT G_2^S$. The dotted
line is the prediction.  (f) $S_1^A$ is plotted against $6 k_BT
G_2^A$. The dotted line is the prediction. }
\end{figure}

Next we discuss the coefficients in the second term of
Eqs.~(\ref{EqPolyI}) and ~(\ref{EqPolyS}). Figures 4(a) and (b) show
$G_2$ and $S_1$ at $B=25$~mT and $-25$~mT, respectively. It is
remarkable that unlike the equilibrium property ($G_1$ and $S_0$), $G_2$
and $S_1$ are not symmetric with respect to the magnetic field
reversal. Indeed $CF$'s between the traces for the negative and positive
fields are as low as $0.20$ and $0.38$ for $G_2$ and $S_1$,
respectively. Regarding $G_2$, the presence of this asymmetry was
reported recently as the signature of the electron-electron correlation
effect induced in a biased mesoscopic
conductor~\cite{WeiPRL2005,AngersPRB2007,LeturcqPRL2006} The noise
measurement clearly tells that $S_1$ is also not symmetric with respect
to the magnetic field reversal.

Figures 4(c) and (d) show $G_2^S$ and $G_2^A$ in the left axis as a
function of $V_g$, respectively, where $S_1^S$ and $S_1^A$ are
superposed in the right axis.  Clearly, there appears strong correlation
between $G_2^S$ and $S_1^S$ and between $G_2^A$ and $S_1^A$ with $CF =
0.84$ and $0.85$, respectively.  As the theory predicts that $S_1^S =
2k_BTG_2^S$ and $S_1^A = 6k_BTG_2^A$, Fig.~4(e) and (f) shows the plots
to compare between the theory and the experiment. The dotted lines are
the prediction. As is consistent with the previous
report~\cite{NakamuraPRL2010}, the symmetric part deviates from the
theory while the antisymmetric part in Fig.~4(f) is in better agreement
with the theory than the symmetric one in Fig.~4(e). For the presented
data set, $S_1^S / 2k_BTG_2^S =6.00^{+0.94}_{-0.98}$ and $S_1^A
/6k_BTG_2^A = 1.61^{+0.22}_{-0.20}$, being statistically consistent with
the previous report~\cite{NakamuraPRL2010,PassingJCCCB1983}. The reason
for the observed considerable deviation from the theory in the symmetric
part is not yet clear. We note that in a double-quantum dot experiment
performed in the incoherent regime~\cite{FujisawaScience2006} similar
large discrepancy between the prediction based on FT was reported, where
the back action of the nonequilibrium quantum point contact attached to
the dots to detect their charge states explains the
observation~\cite{UtsumiPRB2010}. In the present case, as no such
detector is present, further effort is necessary to solve this problem.

Regarding the amplitude of $G_2^S$ and $G_2^A$, the experiment on the
nonlinear transport in the AB ring fabricated on the conventional 2DEG
was reported before~\cite{AngersPRB2007}. The radius of their ring is
about three times larger than ours. They measured the temperature
dependence of the amplitudes $G_2^S$ and $G_2^A$ and found that the
amplitudes rapidly decrease as temperature increases from 30~mK to 1~K.
Similar temperature dependence was observed in the present ring. At the
lowest temperature, the amplitude of $G_2^S$ and $G_2^A$ in the present
case is slightly larger but falls in the same range of their result.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\center
\includegraphics[width=.99\linewidth]{FluctuationMicroreversibility_C0A.eps}
\caption{ (color online) (a) Based on the data shown in Fig.~4(d) $3k_BT
(S_1^A-2k_BTG_2^A)$ and $2k_BT S_1^A$ are plotted as a function of
$V_g$. (b) Similar plot is shown for the data set in Fig. 3 in
Ref.~\onlinecite{NakamuraPRL2010}. (c) $3k_BT (S_1^A-2k_BTG_2^A)$ vs
$2k_BT S_1^A$ obtained at 125~mK and 450~mK.}
\end{figure}

Now let us discuss the microreversibility in the present system. In the
presence of the magnetic field, the possibility of the absence of the
microreversibility in the nonequilibrium was recently pointed
out~\cite{ForsterPRL2008}. While the antisymmetric relation is only
given by Eq.~(\ref{WOMicroRev}), the restriction of the
microreversibility simultaneously requires the relation of
Eq.~(\ref{WMicroRev}).  Thus we can basically obtain $C_0^A$ from the
experimental data in two ways; by calculating $C_0^A = 3k_BT
(S_1^A-2k_BTG_2^A)$ which holds true regardless of the
microreversibility condition and by calculating $C_0^A = 2k_BTS_1^A$
validated only with the microreversibility. Figure~5(a) shows the
obtained $C_0^A$ from the data set shown in Fig.~4. Clearly as a
function of $V_g$, $C_0^A$ calculated in two ways coincide each other.
Figure~5(b) shows the result for the data reported in Fig. 3 in
Ref.~\onlinecite{NakamuraPRL2010} where the field is swept with a fixed
$V_g$. In this case, too, $C_0^A$ obtained in two ways almost perfectly
equal each other.

In Fig.~5 (c), we plot $3k_BT (S_1^A-2k_BTG_2^A)$ vs. $2k_BTS_1^A$ at
125~mK and 450~mK. As we have seen that $S_1^A /6k_BTG_2^A$ deviates
from unity, the slope is slightly different from unity. However, within
the accuracy of the present experiment, we may claim that two values are
the same.  This tells us that in the present experiment the assumption
of the microreversibility is valid.

Finally, we note that the present demonstration gives a single example
of the validity of the microreversibility in the nonequilibrium quantum
regime in the presence of the magnetic field.  This fundamental topic
should be experimentally addressed in many systems such as electron
interferometers~\cite{ForsterPRL2008,Forster_arXiv,LimPRB2010}, the
quantum dot~\cite{SanchezPRB2009}, and the macroscopic inhomogeneous
system~\cite{NagaevPRL2010}.

\section{Conclusions}
We show that the fluctuation theorem is semiquantitatively valid in the
description of the quantum transport in mesoscopic systems. Unlike the
conventional scattering theory, this description gives a nontrivial
relation between the nonlinearity and the nonequilibrium in the
presence of the magnetic field. The direct test of the validity of the
microreversibility was also addressed.  Since the fluctuation theorem
does not directly give the physical interpretation of the current
through the device as the Landauer-B{\"u}ttiker formalism does, both
descriptions are complementary to each other. We believe that by
combining these two pictures, nonequilibrium properties in mesoscopic
systems in the presence of the interaction effect will be further
addressed.

We appreciate fruitful discussions from Markus B{\"u}ttiker, Masahito
Ueda, Takeo Kato, and Hisao Hayakawa. This work is partially supported
by KAKENHI, Yamada Science Foundation, SCAT, Matsuo Science Foundation,
Strategic International Cooperative Program the Japan Science and
Technology Agency (JST), and the German Science Foundation (DFG).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Alternatives to Detention in Spain
Ensuring asylum seekers can meet their basic needs
In Spain, asylum seekers who enter the refugee determination process can be housed in an open reception centre if they cannot afford private accommodation.
These centres are operated by the government or by non-government organisations. The total reception capacity in Spain is about 850 places, with priority given to vulnerable individuals. Asylum seekers cannot choose which area within Spain they will be located.
The centres are responsible for the reception, promotion and integration of asylum seekers and refugees. Residents are free to come and go from the centres as they like. As an example, one centre provides bedrooms shared by 3-4 single adults, while families have their own room with a small bathroom attached.
There are catered meals in a dining hall, public lounge areas, library, shared computer and Internet access and a shared laundry. Residents receive €50 per month cash allowance for their own use including public transport. Twice a year residents are given money for clothes.
Residents are assigned a social worker who provides information and advice on their situation, works to develop an individual pathway and assists them in accessing education, health care and other social systems of Spain.
All residents are expected to attend Spanish language classes, cultural orientation, and employment preparation programs.
Recreational activities such as sports, visits to the local library, exhibitions and movies are supported by an activities officer.
Psychological services and specialised services including legal aid are available for eligible residents. The centres also undertake advocacy activities in the local Spanish community.
Residents are issued a card that identifies them as asylum seekers and facilitates their access to medical care. Asylum seekers can be housed in reception centres for six months.
If they are still awaiting a decision on their refugee application at that time, they are supported to find independent housing and employment. At this point, they are given the right to work. Vulnerable individuals and families may apply to extend their stay in the centre for an extra six months if needed. The program has been praised by UNHCR for its high standards.
Law prohibiting the detention of specific vulnerable groups
Article 62.2 of Organic Law 4/2000 establishes that minors may not be held in immigration detention and must be referred to the Protection of Minors services. However, a judicial authority, the Attorney General's office and the parent(s) of a child may agree that that a minor be detained in appropriate facilities to maintain a family unit (Global Detention Project, 2010).
This avenue has been used and as a result, Spain does detain some minors who are with their families (Steps Consulting Social, 2007). There are also reports that some Unaccompanied Minors (UAMs) whose age is suspected to be over 18 are also detained due to the perceived unreliability of the bone age test used by authorities.
UNHCR, Submission by the UNHCR for the OHCHRs Compilation Report Universal Periodic Review Spain, (Geneva: UNHCR, 2009).
Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, C.A.R.: Refugee Reception Centre, (Madrid: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, 2006).
Over the past five years, the IDC has undertaken a program of research to identify and describe a number of positive alternatives to immigration detention ('alternatives') that respect fundamental rights, are less expensive and are equally or more effective than traditional border controls.
This research, entitled There are alternatives, provides readers with the guidance needed to successfully avoid unnecessary detention and to ensure community options are as effective as possible.
This text was published in September 2015.