text:
\section{\bf Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

In the past few years, the study of various physical properties have
provided many insights into the nature of both the normal and the
superconducting states of high ${\rm T_c}$ copper
oxides.\cite{Ginsberg,Bedell} We discuss here the spin dynamics in the
metallic cuprates,\cite{Birge,Slichter} with a focus on the normal
state. The systematic study of the spin dynamics is motivated in part
by the widespread belief that they may be relevant to the
superconductivity. It is also of importance in elucidating the nature
of doped Mott insulators in general, a  fundamental and long standing
problem in condensed matter physics.

The spin dynamics in the cuprates were studied first in the undoped
compounds, such as ${\rm La_2CuO_4}$ and ${\rm YBa_2Cu_3O_6}$. The
electronic structure in these systems is characterized by the
half-filling of the outermost (copper) band. According to the one
electron picture, these half-filled cuprates should be metals.
However, they all show three-dimensional magnetic ordering at low
temperatures,\cite{Birge} and  continue to be insulators above the
N\'eel temperature.\cite{Cheong} In this paramagnetic insulating
phase, spin dynamics have been studied at low energies through
inelastic neutron scattering, and at higher energies from both
(two-magnon) Raman scattering\cite{Raman} and (zone-boundary
one-magnon) neutron-scattering\cite{Hayden}. These results have led to
a fairly convincing picture that,\cite{Chakra} the paramagnetic phase
is described by the two-dimensional spin ${ 1\over 2}$ Heisenberg
model defined on the copper square lattice within a ${\rm CuO_2}$
layer. Combined with the existence of a large charge gap,\cite{Cheong}
this indicates that the half-filled cuprates are Mott
(Charge-transfer) insulators: the electrons are localized due to the
strong on-site Coulomb repulsions, and exhibit at low energies spin
degrees of freedom only.

As the system is doped away from half filling, the magnetic ordering
quickly vanishes, and an insulator to metal (superconductor)
transition sets in. Our understanding of the half-filled case does
not, however, uniquely specify the nature of the doped metallic phase.
Many questions can be asked about the role of doping. For example, 1)
doped holes disturb the spin background. Do they lead to a frustrated
spin system, or manage to change the nature of the spins altogether?
The observation of a Luttinger Fermi surface in the metallic cuprates
implies that, the localized copper spins of the half-filled limit are
converted to itinerant electrons at low energies in the doped regime.
How is this manifested in the spin dynamics? 2) the Mott insulating
nature of the half-filled case suggests that, the cuprates have strong
Coulomb correlations. Is this relevant to the understanding of the low
energy spin dynamics in the doped metallic phase? 3) in the
half-filled case, the magnetic interactions are mainly between the
nearest neighbor copper spins. What is the nature and the magnitude of
the effective exchange coupling between low energy spin excitations in
the doped metallic phase? Determining this coupling is of course
important for the purposes of addressing the relevance of spin
fluctuations to superconductivity; and 4) in the Mott insulating
state, charge excitations are pushed to high energies while spin
excitations remain at low energies. How do the doped holes modify the
coupling between charge and spin degrees of freedom?

In the metallic cuprates, a host of anomalies in the low energy spin
dynamics have been revealed in nuclear magnetic/quadrupolar resonance
(NMR/NQR) and inelastic neutron scattering experiments. One striking
feature is the strong contrast between the spin fluctuation spectra,
$S({\bf q}, \omega )$, in LaSrCuO and YBaCuO families. Other anomalies
are observed in the wave vector, temperature and frequency dependence
of $S({\bf q}, \omega )$. In the following, we will demonstrate that
the low energy particle-hole spin excitations near the Luttinger Fermi
surface can naturally explain the differences in $S({\bf q}, \omega )$
between LaSrCuO and YBaCuO systems. At the same time, strong Coulomb
correlations play an important role for understanding these magnetic
data. Our analysis also establishes the existence of a non-zero
antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between the quasiparticles.
Finally, we will briefly comment on the relation between low energy
spin and charge dynamics.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section
\ref{sec:data} we give a brief overview of the spin dynamical data in
the metallic cuprates. Section \ref{sec:forma} presents a formalism
for magnetic interactions and dynamical spin susceptibility within the
extended Hubbard model in the limit of strong Coulomb correlations.
This formalism is used to analyze the spin fluctuation spectra in
Section \ref{sec:theory}. Section \ref{sec:discu} contains some brief
discussion on the spin dynamics in the superconducting state and the
relation between spin and charge dynamics. Several concluding remarks
are made in Section \ref{sec:conclu}.

This brief review summarizes mainly our own
work,\cite{Magint,Lu,Zha1,Si} and is not intended to be comprehensive.
Readers are directed to other reviews for more discussions on the
subject.\cite{Reviews} A more complete analysis of the normal state
properties in the metallic cuprates along similar lines can be found
in Ref. \cite{Review}, which also contains more extensive references.
The importance of fermiology in understanding the spin fluctuation
spectra in LaSrCuO has been emphasized independently by Littlewood
{\it et al.}\cite{Littlewood} in which correlation effects are treated
through inelastic quasiparticle lifetimes within the Marginal Fermi
liquid scheme. The role of fermiology in understanding the contrasting
spin dynamics in LaSrCuO and YBaCuO has also been emphasized
subsequently by Tanamoto {\it et al.}\cite{Fukuyama} within the gauge
theory approach to the t$-$J model. These studies have all led to the
conclusion that the bulk of the low energy spin fluctuation spectra
are described in terms of itinerant renormalized quasiparticles, with
no additional exotic dynamics in the spin channel.

\bigskip
\section{\bf Magnetic Data in the Metallic Cuprates}
\label{sec:data}

Both NMR/NQR spin-lattice relaxation rate and the inelastic neutron
scattering cross section measure the dynamical spin structure factor
$S({\bf q}, \omega)$. From the fluctuation-dissipation theorem,

\begin{eqnarray}
S({\bf q}, \omega) ~=~ ( 1 + n_b (\omega ) ) {\rm Im} \chi ({\bf q},
\omega)
\label{flu-dis}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\chi ({\bf q}, \omega)$ is the transverse dynamical  spin
susceptibility, and $n_b(\omega)=1/(e^{\omega/T}-1)$ is a Bose factor.

The spin-lattice relaxation rate, ${1\over T_1}$, is the rate at which
the nuclear magnetization relaxes towards equilibrium starting from a
non-equilibrium distribution. Such a spin flipping relaxation is
induced by the electronic spin excitations, through a hyperfine
coupling between the nucleus and the electrons. Specifically,

\begin{eqnarray}
({1\over T_1})_r ~\sim ~ \sum_{\bf q} A_r^2({\bf q}) S({\bf q},
\omega_o\rightarrow 0)
\label{t1}
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent
Since the nuclear resonance frequency $\omega_o$ is essentially zero
in the scale of electronic energies, ${1\over T_1}$ measures spin
dynamics at the vanishing frequencies. Due to the local nature of the
nucleus dynamics, ${1 \over T_1}$ measures the wave vector ${\bf
q}$-integrated $S({\bf q},\omega_o)$, weighted by the ${\bf
q}$-dependent hyperfine coupling constant $A({\bf q})$. Qualitative
information about the ${\bf q}$-dependence in $S({\bf q},\omega_o)$
can be derived if there exist several kinds of nuclei at different
sites (labeled by $r$ in Eq. (\ref{t1})) which relax via the same
dynamical structure factor, providing the associated hyperfine
coupling $A_r({\bf q})$ has dominant contributions from different
regions in the ${\bf q}$-space for different sites $r$.

Inelastic neutron scattering experiments measure the dynamical spin
structure factor more directly. Here the cross section

\begin{eqnarray}
{d^2\sigma \over {d\Omega dE}} ~\sim~ S({\bf q}, \omega)
\label{neutron}
\end{eqnarray}
The fact that both the wave vector and the frequency are resolved is
of course an important advantage of these measurements as compared
with NMR/NQR experiments.

That the spin dynamics in the metallic cuprates are anomalous compared
to conventional metals has been discussed extensively from the
temperature dependence of ${1 \over T_1}$. To appreciate this
anomalous behavior, we note that ${1 \over T_1}$ within a conventional
metal can be loosely estimated as follows. The number of electrons
available to flip a nuclear spin is proportional to $T N(E_F)$, where
$N(E_F)$ is the density of states at the Fermi level. Each electron
has a contribution to the relaxation rate proportional to $N(E_F)$,
which measures the number of available final states. Therefore, ${1
\over T_1}$ has a linear temperature dependence. Furthermore, since
the static uniform spin susceptibility, $\chi$, is proportional to the
density of states $N(E_F)$, there exists the Korringa relation,

\begin{eqnarray}
{1 \over T_1 T \chi^2} = 1
\label{korringa}
\end{eqnarray}
(where dimensionless units are used.)

Shown in Fig. \ref{1t1expt} are the relaxation rates at both the
planar copper and oxygen sites in (nearly optimal doped) ${\rm
YBa_2CuO_{7-\delta}}$ and that for the planar copper site in ${\rm
La_2Sr_{0.15}CuO_4}$.\cite{Imai,Hammel,Slichter} Two
peculiar features are associated with $({1 \over T_1})_{Cu}$: a) it is
strongly enhanced compared to that in conventional metals; The nominal
Korringa ratio is at least one order of magnitude larger;\cite{Hammel}
and b) its temperature dependence deviates considerably from linear
behavior. Finally, comparing $({1 \over T_1})_{O}$ and $({1 \over
T_1})_{Cu}$ gives yet another important feature: c) $({1 \over
T_1})_{O}$ is almost linear in temperature, and has a nominal
Korringa ratio of order 1.

Within the ``standard'' one-spin-component interpretation, these
anomalies are understood as follows.\cite{Hammel,Shastry,Bulut,MMP,Lu}
In a ${\rm CuO_2}$ plane of the metallic cuprates, the spin degrees of
freedom are mainly associated with the planar copper sites. Strong
antiferromagnetic spin correlations are responsible for the excess
relaxation of the copper nuclear magnetization, leading to an enhanced
$({1 \over T_1})_{Cu}$. The amount of enhancement depends on
temperature. Therefore, $({1 \over T_1})_{Cu}$ deviates from the
Korringa linear in $T$ behavior. On the other hand, since the oxygen
sites are located at the mid-point between two copper sites, the
contributions to $({1 \over T_1})_O$ from neighboring copper spins
cancel with each other. The anomalies are therefore absent for $({1
\over T_1})_O$.

In momentum space, one can infer that this interpretation is based on
the assumption that the dynamical spin susceptibility is strongly
peaked at the antiferromagnetic wave vector, ${\bf Q}_{\rm AF}= ({\pi
\over a}, {\pi \over a})$. The existence or not of such sharp ${\bf
q}$-structure in the dynamical spin susceptibility can, of course, be
more directly established from inelastic neutron scattering
experiments at low energies. In the past, neutron scattering studies
have elucidated the nature of spin fluctuations in other strongly
correlated fermion systems such as liquid ${\rm {}^3 He}$ and heavy
fermion materials.\cite{HeHF}

The momentum dependence in the inelastic neutron scattering cross
sections in metallic ${\rm YBaCuO}$ and in ${\rm LaSrCuO}$ are shown
in Fig.
\ref{neutronexpt}.\cite{Mason,Thurston,Tranquada,Rossat-Mignod} The
main features can be summarized as follows: a) in YBaCuO,
antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations are essentially commensurate.
However, the peaks are rather broad, and the peak widths are nearly
temperature independent; b) in ${\rm LaSrCuO}$, spin fluctuations are
sharply peaked at incommensurate wave vectors ${\bf Q^*}$. The
incommensurability, defined as the deviation of ${\bf Q^*}$ from ${\bf
Q}_{\rm AF}$, quickly increases as the doping concentration is
increased as shown in Fig. \ref{neutronexpt}(c). This
incommensurability is much larger (by more than a factor of two) than
that expected within an itinerant description in terms of the one band
Hubbard model with nearest neighbor hopping only.

In addition to the ${\bf q}$-structure, the spin dynamics have also
been extensively probed as a function of temperature and frequency.
Within the lightly-doped non-superconducting ${\rm LaSrCuO}$
system\cite{Keimer} $\chi''({\bf q},\omega )$ is found to scale with
${\omega \over T}$, which is consistent with the Marginal Fermi liquid
ansatz.\cite{MFL} Systematic studies of the temperature and
frequency dependence of $\chi''({\bf q},\omega )$ at higher doping
concentrations, while still under way for the normal state of
superconducting LaSrCuO\cite{comm}, have however revealed low energy
scales in YBaCuO as is illustrated in Fig. \ref{neutrontw} and
discussed extensively in Refs. \cite{Tranquada,Rossat-Mignod}.

It is indeed intriguing that, the two families of cuprates show
contrasting ${\bf q}$-dependence in the dynamical spin susceptibility.
In the following, we show how this difference helps understand the
nature of the low lying spin excitations. We will also demonstrate
that the dynamical spin susceptibility revealed in inelastic neutron
scattering in both YBaCuO and LaSrCuO can not be easily reconciled
with the form-factor cancellation argument for $({1 \over T_1})_O$.

\bigskip
\section{\bf Strongly Correlated Quasiparticle Description\\
of the Magnetic Dynamics}
\label{sec:forma}

To understand the spin dynamical spectra, we need a microscopic
formalism for the dynamical spin susceptibility $\chi ({\bf q},
\omega)$. In the following, we present such a scheme within the
extended Hubbard model in the presence of strong Coulomb
correlations.\cite{Magint}

\subsection{The Extended Hubbard Model in the Large $U$ Limit}

We consider the extended Hubbard model defined in a
${\rm CuO_2}$ layer,

\begin{eqnarray}
{\rm H} = &&\sum_{i~ \sigma} \epsilon_d^o~
d_{i\sigma}^{\dagger} d_{i\sigma}
 ~+~\sum_{l~\sigma} ~\epsilon_p~ p_{l \sigma}^{\dagger} p_{l \sigma}^{}
 ~ + ~\sum_{ l_1 l_2 \sigma }~ t_{l_1 l_2}
(p_{l_1 \sigma}^{\dagger} p_{l_2 \sigma} + h.c. )\nonumber\\
&&+~ \sum_{ i~l~ \sigma } V_{pd} ( d_{i \sigma}^{\dagger}
p_{l \sigma}^{} ~+~ h.c. ) ~+~ \sum_{i} ~U~ d_{i \uparrow}^{\dagger}
d_{i \uparrow} d_{i \downarrow}^{\dagger} d_{i \downarrow}
\label{model}
\end{eqnarray}
Here $p$ and $d$ denote the oxygen ${\rm p_x}$, ${\rm p_y}$ and the
copper $d_{x^2 - y^2 }$ orbitals respectively. We include a
hybridization $ V_{pd}$ between nearest neighbor copper and oxygen
orbitals, a finite oxygen dispersion derived from oxygen-oxygen
hopping matrix element $t_{pp}$ (nearest neighbor) and $t_{pp}'$ (next
nearest neighbor).
The oxygen and ``bare'' copper levels are called $\epsilon_p$ and
$\epsilon_d^o$ respectively. The on-site Coulomb repulsion for
the copper is $U$. The parameters involved in the Hamiltonian
(\ref{model}) appropriate to the copper oxides have been extensively
studied.\cite{parameter} Because of the large number of
parameters involved, we presume that the derived parameters
only specify an appropriate range. Specific parameters within this
range will be chosen from phenomenological constraints to be discussed
shortly. Before doing this, we first give a qualitative discussion for
the case that the Coulomb repulsion $U$ and the level separation
$\epsilon_p-\epsilon_d^o$ are large.

For the half-filled case, the system is a Mott (Charge-transfer)
insulator. Because of the exclusion of the double occupancy, the magnetic
interaction has no static on-site (${\bf q}$-independent)
component. The dominant contribution comes from the nearest neighbor
term. The low energy effective Hamiltonian is the spin
${1\over 2}$ Heisenberg model. Formally,

\begin{eqnarray}
J( {\bf q}) = J_o (cos(q_x) + cos(q_y))
\label{jq}
\end{eqnarray}
where the nearest neighbor superexchange interaction $J_o$ can be
derived from the full model (\ref{model}) through integrating out high
energy dynamics. The relevant high energy states is mainly oxygen in
character. This nearest-neighbor form is established to a good
accuracy through high energy spin wave measurement.\cite{Hayden}

In principle, there are many possible phases to which a Mott insulator
may evolve when doped. The study of these different fixed points and
the associated quantum phase transitions is a fundamental and unsolved
problem, which is beyond the scope of the present paper. We consider
here the scenario that the electron localization and the
antiferromagnetic ordering in the half-filled Mott insulator evolve
into two corresponding incipient instabilities when
doped.\cite{Review} The incipient electron localization is
characterized by an enhanced quasiparticle mass, while the incipient
magnetic instability is manifested as an effective exchange coupling
between the quasiparticles. Phenomenologically, such a picture is
consistent with the existence of a Luttinger Fermi surface, the small
and doping dependent plasma frequencies, and the presence of doping
dependent magnetic  fluctuations which we will analyze in detail.
Further support for this picture comes from a comparison with
anomalous physical properties in heavy fermions.\cite{Review,loc} This
picture is also consistent with indications from the small cluster
diagonalization studies that, doping leads to the formation of
quasiparticles with enhanced mass and a Luttinger Fermi
surface.\cite{Cluster} We emphasize that, our results are more general
than the particular approach we use to describe the model Hamiltonian
Eq. (\ref{model}). For our purposes here, this scheme can be viewed as
providing a handle to differentiate itinerant, and strongly Coulomb
renormalized, quasiparticle description of the  spin dynamics in the
metallic cuprates, versus other approaches.

Formally, both the incipient localization\cite{Kim,KLR,Newns} and the
magnetic interaction effects\cite{Magint} can be systematically
studied within the large N approach to the model Hamiltonian
(\ref{model}) (where N is the spin degeneracy). This approach has been
extensively used in the description of the Kondo lattice.\cite{Kondo}
For our purposes, the large N approach provides a convenient tool to
systematically study the doping dependence of magnetic properties. In
the end, it would be useful to compare our conclusions with numerical
analysis in a small cluster on generalized Hubbard models with
extended dispersion and strong Coulomb interactions.\cite{Moreo}

We choose the microscopic parameters of the model Hamiltonian
(\ref{model}) such that a small number of experimentally measurable
properties are fitted. These are the plasma frequencies and the Fermi
surface shapes. We then proceed to calculate the spin fluctuation
spectra and compare with experimental results.

\subsection{Renormalized Band Structure}

The band structure of the Coulomb renormalized quasiparticles is
described by the large N mean field theory. The mass enhancement is
determined microscopically by the renormalization of the hybridization
matrix element, $V_{pd} ~\rightarrow~V_{pd}^*$.
The renormalization of the hybridization in mean field theory is
mainly determined by the parameters associated with the copper states:
the bare hybridization $V_{pd}$ and the bare level difference
$\epsilon_p-\epsilon_d^0$ (U is taken as infinite). We choose these
bare parameters such that the renormalized plasma frequency, shown in
Fig. \ref{plasma}(a), fit the experimental values given in Fig.
\ref{plasma}(b) (derived from Drude fitting the optical conductivity
spectra\cite{optical}).

The second important feature of the renormalized band structure is
the shape of the Fermi surface. From the angular resolved
photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurement\cite{ARPES} and the LDA
band structure calculations\cite{LDA}, the Fermi surface in
YBaCuO is found to be rotated by $45^o$ relative to that of a diamond
shape expected in a nearest neighbor tight binding form. The Fermi
surface in LaSrCuO retains a diamond-like shape, though it is somewhat
``twisted'' so that the nearly flat regions of the Fermi surface are
closer to the ${\rm \Gamma}$ point.\cite{LDA} The precise mechanism
for the difference in the Fermi surfaces in these systems is at
present not known. Since the spin degrees of freedom in the large $U$
limit are mainly associated with the copper states, within our model
study we choose appropriate oxygen dispersion to derive the
corresponding shape of the Fermi surface for each family.
Specifically, the Fermi surface ``twisting'' in LaSrCuO is derived by
choosing a nonzero $t_{pp}$, and the Fermi surface rotation in YBaCuO
by choosing a non-zero $t_{pp}'$ in addition to $t_{pp}$. These Fermi
surfaces are shown in Fig. \ref{fermisurface}.

The third feature associated with the renormalized band structure,
specifically related to the two dimensionality, is the
logarithmically divergent van Hove singularity in the density of
states.  The separation between the energy at which the van Hove
singularity occurs and the Fermi level, $\omega_{VH}=|E_{VH}-E_F|$,
will be shown to be manifested in the spin fluctuation spectra. In
this regard, we emphasize two important features. First, strong
Coulomb interactions pin the van Hove singularity near the Fermi level
over a wide range of doping concentrations.\cite{Resis,Newns2}
Secondly, due to the different shapes of the Fermi surfaces in YBaCuO
and LaSrCuO, the energy scale $\omega_{VH}$ for YBaCuO is larger
than that of LaSrCuO. Typically, we found  $\omega_{VH}$ of the
order $25 meV$ in YBaCuO, and less than $5meV$ in LaSrCuO.

\subsection{Magnetic Interactions and Dynamical Spin Susceptibility}

In the strong Coulomb correlation limit,
the quasiparticles are dominantly associated with the
copper states. Therefore, the exchange interaction between the
quasiparticles can be thought of as primarily between the copper
states, mediated by high energy states mainly of
oxygen character. Such a picture represents a smooth evolution to
doped case from the superexchange interaction in the half-filled
limit, and can be formally established through analyzing the
fluctuations beyond the mean field theory.\cite{Magint} Our analysis
shows that the overall amplitude of the magnetic interaction can be
determined unambiguously only in the limit of large or vanishing
$t_{pp}$. Because $t_{pp}$ in the cuprates is in the intermediate
region, we have appealed to phenomenology to pin down the amplitude of
the magnetic interactions. Our general conclusion will be that, in the
metallic region the magnetic interaction is of moderate strength. It
is non-zero, but far from causing a magnetic instability.

The ${\bf q}$-dependence of the magnetic interaction can be
specified on general grounds. We find that, for the antiferromagnetic
interactions the ${\bf q}$-dependence is to a good approximation given
by Eq. ({\ref{jq}). Such a ${\bf q}$-dependence reflects the smooth
evolution from the superexchange interaction in the half-filled case.
It is derived, as in the half-filled case, from the absence of the
on-site term due to the exclusion of double occupancy as a result of
the strong on-site Coulomb correlations. We emphasize that, these
arguments refer to the character of high energy states, and do not
depend on the details of the low energy quasiparticle dispersion.
Indeed Eq. (\ref{jq}) qualitatively describe the ${\bf
q}$-structure of the magnetic interaction in both YBaCuO and LaSrCuO
systems, despite their very different Fermi surface shapes.

The renormalized band structure determines the bare dynamical spin
susceptibility associated with the quasiparticles$-$the Lindhard
function.

\begin{eqnarray}
\chi_o ( {\bf q}, \omega ) ~\sim ~ \sum_{\bf k}
{ f({\bf k}) - f ({\bf k+q}) \over
\omega - ( E ( {\bf k} ) - E ( {\bf k+q} )) + i \eta}
\label{lindhard}
\end{eqnarray}
where $E ({\bf k})$ is the quasiparticle energy dispersion. In our
approach, the Lindhard function has already incorporated substantial
amount of interaction effects, through the Coulomb renormalization of
the quasiparticle dispersion. It incorporates low energy scales
induced by interaction effects, in addition to those associated with
specific bandstructure such as van Hove singularity and nesting.
The energy scale associated with the mass enhancement is called the
coherence energy ${\rm T_{coh}}$.

For a magnetic interaction which is not too close to induce a magnetic
instability, the dynamical spin susceptibility has the generalized RPA
form,\cite{note4}

\begin{eqnarray}
\chi ( {\bf q}, \omega ) ~\sim ~
{\chi_o ( {\bf q}, \omega ) \over 1 - J ( {\bf q}) \chi_o ( {\bf q},
\omega )}
\label{chirpa}
\end{eqnarray}
In this way, the magnetic interaction induces further softening of the
antiferromagnetic fluctuations. When the magnetic interaction
approaches to leading to a magnetic instability, processes beyond RPA
will become important. This will be further discussed in Section
\ref{sec:discu}.

\bigskip
\section{\bf Theory of Spin Dynamics in the Metallic Cuprates:\\
Neutron Scattering and NMR/NQR Relaxation}
\label{sec:theory}

We now apply this formalism to the analysis of the spin fluctuation
spectra. We aim at understanding the qualitative aspects of the
experimental data.

\subsection{Wave Vector Dependence of the Dynamical Susceptibility in
{\rm LaSrCuO}}

In order to understand the neutron cross section, we start with a
discussion of the Lindhard function in two dimensions. As is
emphasized in Ref. \cite{Lu}, the (dynamical) Kohn anomaly in two
dimensions leads to peaks in $\chi '' ({\bf q}, \omega )$ at the wave
vectors ${\bf q}=2{\bf k}_F$, in contrast to three dimensional case.
This feature was emphasized independently in Ref. \cite{Littlewood}.
It has been further studied in Ref. \cite{Tremblay} within the one
band Hubbard model for weak to intermediate Coulomb correlations.
In an isotropic system, the Kohn anomaly gives rise to a ring of
peaks. For a general Fermi surface, the shape of the peaked region in
$\chi '' ({\bf q}, \omega )$ reflects the geometry of the Fermi
surface. When applied to LaSrCuO with a Fermi surface given in Fig.
\ref{fermisurface}(a), nesting-like effects
further enhance some portion of this peaked region. In fact, it
induces four absolute maxima, at ${\bf Q^*}={\pi \over a} ( 1 \pm
\delta, 1)$, ${\pi \over a} ( 1, 1 \pm \delta)$.\cite{Schulz} This is
clearly seen in the three-dimensional ${\bf q}$-structure shown in
Fig. \ref{sq214}(a). The value of the incommensurability, $\delta$,
reflects the nesting wave vector which depends on the relative
distances between the nearly flat regions of the Fermi surface:
$\delta$ increases when the nearly flat portions of the Fermi surface
are closer to the ${\rm \Gamma}$ point.

The magnetic interaction has a ${\bf q}$-dependence of the form Eq.
(\ref{jq}) and is peaked at ${\bf Q}_{\rm AF}=({\pi \over a},{\pi
\over a})$. The effect of the magnetic interaction is to enhance
$S({\bf q},\omega)$ around the whole region near ${\bf Q}_{\rm AF}$.
For moderate values of ${J_o / J_c}$, (where $J_c$ is
the strength of the interaction which gives rise to a magnetic
instability), the four peak structure is enhanced without changing
shape. This is clearly seen in the three-dimensional ${\bf
q}$-structure at $J_o / J_c = 0.6$ shown in Fig. \ref{sq214}(b). When
projected along two of the four peaks, as is shown in Fig.
\ref{sq214}(c), this can be directly compared to the experimental
result shown in Fig. \ref{neutronexpt}(b) (when resolution broadening
is taken into consideration).

We now turn to the implications of the experimentally found large and
strongly doping (x) dependent incommensurability ($\delta$) shown in
Fig. \ref{neutronexpt}(c). We plot in Fig. \ref{incomm} $\delta$ vs. x
calculated within the present three-band large $U$ model. For
comparison, we also show the corresponding results for the small $U$
Hubbard model with nearest neighbor hopping $t$ only, and with next
nearest neighbor hopping $t'$ in addition to $t$. For the small $U$
one band Hubbard model with only a nearest neighbor hopping, the
incommensurability vanishes at half-filling and is strongly doping
dependent: the nesting wave vector is equal to ${\bf Q}_{\rm AF}$ at
half-filling, and deviates from ${\bf Q}_{\rm AF}$ as doping is increased.
However, the incommensurability is smaller than the experimental value
by more than a factor of two. When an additional next nearest neighbor
hopping is included, the Fermi surface is ``twisted''. With
appropriately chosen $t'$, the flat regions on the Fermi surface are
further apart, and the incommensurability is enhanced. However, the
next nearest neighbor hopping in this case destroys the special
perfect nesting feature of the half-filled limit, and doping induces
only very weak modifications to the incommensurability.\cite{note}
This is again inconsistent with experimental results.

In the three band large U case, the incommensurability is enhanced for
the same reason that the flat regions of the Fermi surface are further
apart compared to the one band nearest neighbor tight binding case.
However, this change of the Fermi surface shape occurs due to the
oxygen dispersion (the oxygen-oxygen hopping $t_{pp}$), which couples
to the copper states through the renormalized hybridization
$V_{pd}^*$. In the strong U limit, the rigid band picture breaks down:
the renormalized hybridization $V_{pd}^*$ decreases as the doping
concentration is decreased. As a result, the amount of the Fermi
surface ``twisting'' gets smaller, and the incommensurability is
decreased. In the asymptotic half-filling limit, the renormalized
hybridization $V_{pd}^*$ is reduced to zero, and the antiferromagnetic
wave vector approaches the commensurate limit ${\bf Q}_{\rm AF}$.
Therefore, our results for the incommensurability is consistent with
{\it both features of the experimental data for incommensurability,
i.e. the relative large values and the strong doping dependence}.

We emphasize that, in our calculation of $S({\bf q}, \omega )$ at
different dopings, the bare parameters of the Hamiltonian  are fixed.
The change in the renormalized band structure as the doping
concentration changes is determined self-consistency from the large
$U$ constraint. Therefore, we argue that the experimentally observed
{\it large and strongly doping dependent incommensurate structure} is
a manifestation of the strong Coulomb correlation effect in the spin
fluctuation spectra in ${\rm LaSrCuO}$.

\subsection{Wave Vector Dependence of the Dynamical Susceptibility in
{\rm YBaCuO}}

We now proceed to study the spin dynamics in the YBaCuO family. The
${\bf q}$-structure of the Lindhard susceptibility corresponding to
the appropriate band structure with a Fermi surface of Fig.
\ref{fermisurface}(b) is shown in Fig. \ref{sq123}(a). Because of the
Fermi surface rotation, the Kohn anomaly induced$-$and nesting
enhanced$-$peaks are far away from the antiferromagnetic wave vector
${\bf Q}_{\rm AF}= ({\pi\over a},{\pi\over a})$.
Therefore, the dynamical susceptibility is essentially featureless
near ${\bf Q}_{\rm AF}$.

Since the magnetic interaction is peaked around ${\bf Q}_{\rm AF}$,
it enhances the amplitude of $S({\bf q},\omega )$ or $Im \chi ({\bf
q},\omega )$ in the region surrounding ${\bf Q}_{\rm AF}$.
This results in an essentially commensurate peak shown in Fig.
\ref{sq123}(b). When projected along the diagonal direction, shown in
Fig. \ref{sq123}(c), our results can again be directly compared to
experimental results such as shown in Fig. \ref{neutronexpt}(a). Our
assumption that $J$ is not particularly close to leading to a magnetic
instability yields a peak relatively broad with a width essentially
independent of temperature, as is illustrated in Fig. \ref{sq123}(c).

An exchange interaction peaked at antiferromagnetic wave vectors is
therefore crucial to our analysis. Such a ${\bf q}$-dependence for the
magnetic interaction occurs naturally in the strong coupling limit,
as emphasized in last section. This is very different from the weak
coupling limit: the dominant exchange interaction is simply the
on-site (${\bf q}$-independent) term $U$ for small $U$.

We conclude that, while the broad commensurate peaks of $S({\bf
q},\omega)$ in YBaCuO are in striking contrast with the sharp
incommensurate structure in LaSrCuO, they are in fact {\it a
consistency check} within our theory: a) the absence of the
incommensurate peaks in YBaCuO reflects the fermiology of this system,
as does the presence of the incommensurate peaks in LaSrCuO; b) The
presence of the commensurate peak in YBaCuO reflects an exchange
interaction peaking at ${\bf Q}_{\rm AF}$. This reflects the strong
Coulomb correlations, as does the large and strongly doping dependent
incommensurability in LaSrCuO.

A number of other cuprate families have rotated Fermi surfaces. Our
analysis leads to the prediction that spin fluctuations in these
systems will also be commensurate.

\subsection{Temperature and Frequency Dependence of the Dynamical Spin
Susceptibility}

The role of low energy scales has been the theme of many studies in
the metallic cuprates.\cite{Review} Low energy scales can arise from
features in the bandstructure such as the van Hove singularity
($\omega_{VH}$ defined above) and/or the proximity to nesting. They
can also occur due to the proximity to various instabilities; we call
the soft energy scale due to the proximity to the Mott localization
the coherent energy ($T_{coh}$) and that due to the proximity to the
magnetic instability the spin fluctuation energy ($\omega_{sf}$).

The  frequency and temperature dependence of the dynamical
susceptibility in the present theory for both YBaCuO and LaSrCuO are
discussed extensively in Ref. \cite{Si}. The lowest energy scale is
manifested as  a weak peak in the frequency dependence, and is found
to correspond to the van Hove singularity energy $\omega_{VH}$ defined
above. This energy scale is larger for YBaCuO than that for LaSrCuO.
At a moderate strength, the magnetic interactions slightly lower the
peak energy, and considerably enhance the low energy spin fluctuation
spectra.

Alternatively, the low energy scales can be illustrated in a scaling
plot of the susceptibility in terms of $\omega/T$. When a low energy
scale, say $E^*$, is present, the frequency dependence of the spin
fluctuation spectra depend on $\omega$ in terms of $\omega / E^*$ for
frequencies and temperatures smaller than $E^*$. On the other
hand, at higher frequencies and temperatures, the spin fluctuation
spectra can scale with $\omega / T$. A signature for a low energy
scale is a deviation from $\omega / T$ scaling at low temperature and
frequencies. In Fig. \ref{scaling}, such scaling plots are shown for
susceptibilities calculated for both LaSrCuO and YBaCuO systems. A
deviation from scaling is clearly seen in YBaCuO, when the frequency
is smaller than $\omega_{VH}$ {\it and} the temperature smaller
than $T_{VH} \sim {1 \over 4} \omega_{VH}$, where $\omega_{VH} \sim 25
meV$. This prediction is consistent with subsequent experimental
results of Ref. \cite{Tranquada}(a) for YBaCuO shown in Fig.
\ref{neutrontw}. The scaling behavior persists to lower energies in
LaSrCuO, since $\omega_{VH}$ is smaller.\cite{Ruvalds} Systematic
experimental studies in LaSrCuO is at this stage under way.\cite{comm}

\subsection{NMR/NQR Relaxation Rate}

Thus far, we have given a systematic presentation of the wave vector,
frequency, and temperature dependence of $\chi''({\bf q},\omega)$, as
is reflected in neutron scattering data for both YBaCuO and LaSrCuO.
We now turn to the analysis of the NMR/NQR data.

Shown in Fig. \ref{nmr}(a) is the calculated temperature dependence of
the NMR relaxation rate at the copper site in YBaCuO case, which can
be directly compared with the experimental data above ${\rm T_c}$
given in Fig. \ref{1t1expt}}. The results for LaSrCuO are similar.
The high temperature saturation in our
calculation occurs due to a proximity to Mott localization {\it and}
the moderate magnetic interaction effects. The proximity to Mott
localization is reflected in the moderate mass enhancement, leading to
a coherent energy scale ${T_{coh}}$ above which the spin fluctuation
spectral weight starts to saturate. The antiferromagnetic interaction
leads to a further softening of the spin fluctuation spectra.
The van Hove energy scale discussed in the context of
neutron data plays a relatively minor role in ${1/T_1}$ due to the
integrability of the logarithmic divergence.

Since considerable interaction effects are already incorporated in
$\chi_o$, our assumption of a {\it moderate strength} of the magnetic
interaction $J$ is consistent with both the experimentally observed
enhancement and the deviation from linear in temperature
dependence in $({1\over T_1})_{Cu}$. This is in contrast with weak
coupling approaches in which
the interaction has to be fine-tuned to be extremely close to leading
to a magnetic instability in order to yield soft-enough temperature
scale in the temperature dependence of ${1 \over T_1}$ and strong
enough enhancement in its magnitude.

The situation for $({1\over T_1})_O$ is more complex. Because peaks in
the the dynamical spin susceptibility is strongly {\it incommensurate}
in LaSrCuO, and nearly-commensurate but {\it broad} in YBaCuO, a
perfect form-factor cancellation is not expected in either system.
Indeed, as can be seen in Fig. \ref{nmr}(b) for the YBaCuO case,
$({1\over T_1})_O$ shows considerable deviation from the linear in
temperature dependence. We note that, experimental study of ${\rm
({1 \over T_1})_O}$ is at present less thorough than that for ${\rm
({1 \over T_1})_{Cu}}$. Recent data\cite{newt1} indicate that, over
certain temperature range, ${\rm ({1 \over T_1})_O}$ in nearly optimal
doped ${\rm LaSrCuO}$ may not be inconsistent with what is expected
 from an incommensurate spin fluctuation spectra as revealed in the
neutron scattering. The reconciliation of neutron and ${\rm ({1 \over
T_1})_O}$ deduced spin fluctuation spectra is among the most important
issues to be further studied, both experimentally and theoretically.

\bigskip
\section{\bf Further Discussion}
\label{sec:discu}

The spin dynamics in the cuprates is an extensive subject. We have
given a detailed description of certain aspects. In this section, we
sketch on some related issues.

\subsection{Additional Aspects of the Spin Dynamics in the Normal State}

In this subsection, we briefly comment on the double layer magnetic
coupling in YBaCuO, the temperature dependence of the uniform spin
susceptibility, and the related ``pseudo-gap'' effects in the
dynamical spin spectra.

One important question in the physics of the high ${T_c}$ copper
oxides is the role of interlayer couplings in the low energy
electronic dynamics. In this regard, one feature which has been
established experimentally is the double-layer magnetic coupling in
YBaCuO.\cite{bilayer} It is possible to address this problem
microscopically in terms of Coulomb renormalizations.
As a first step towards understanding the phenomenological
implications, we have carried out an RPA analysis of this double-layer
magnetic correlation in Ref. \cite{Zha1}(b). Incorporating an
interplayer electronic coupling ($t_{\perp}$) extracted from the
splitting in the ARPES-induced Fermi surfaces\cite{ARPES} in ${\rm
YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-\delta}}$, we find that both the frequency dependence
and the c-direction wave vector $q_z$ dependence of $S({\bf
q},\omega)$ can be understood provided an interlayer magnetic coupling
($J_{\perp}$) is present. The extracted $J_{\perp}$ and $t_{\perp}$
are comparable in magnitude, suggesting that non-perturbative effects
can be important.

Some classes of cuprates exhibit a gap-like  features in the magnetic
dynamics above ${T_c}$. This is most extensively studied in the
deoxygenated YBaCuO in which the spin susceptibility $\chi$ as well as
$({1 \over {T_1T}})_O$ and $({1 \over {T_1T}})_Y$ (and over a much
narrower temperature range $({1 \over {T_1T}})_{Cu}$) all decrease
substantially as temperature is decreased,\cite{pseudogap} and a
gap-like feature occurs in the frequency dependence of the dynamical
spin susceptibility\cite{Rossat-Mignod}. Along the line of approach
taken here, higher order processes beyond RPA become important when
the magnetic interaction drives the system close to an
antiferromagnetic instability. When these additional processes are
taken into account, a new energy scale can be generated below which
$\chi$ decreases as temperature is lowered.\cite{thesis} In addition,
specific quasiparticle dispersion can lead to a ``pseudo-gap'' in
$S({\bf q},\omega )$ for more extended ${\bf q}$ values.\cite{lavagna}
Detailed analysis is needed to see whether
the ``pseudo-gap'' features indicate additional non-perturbative
effects. A discussion of these ``pseudo-gap'' features in terms of
RVB singlet formation can be found in Ref. \cite{RVB}. Recently, it
has been proposed that these ``pseudo-gap'' features may be associated
with charge degrees of freedom which occur for all ${\bf q}$, and are
related to the short coherence length in the superconducting
states.\cite{mohit} Alternative arguments have been made that, they
are associated with the interlayer singlet formation between adjacent
${\rm CuO_2}$ layers within a unit cell.\cite{millis_monien}

\subsection{Spin versus Charge Dynamics in the Normal State}

One central issue in the metallic cuprates is the relation between
spin and charge dynamics. This is highlighted by the proposal of spin
charge separation.\cite{Anderson} Experimentally, the low energy spin
fluctuation spectra exhibit various low energy scales. As we have
discussed in detail, they are well described by the coherent spectra
associated with the correlated quasiparticles. In addition, the spin
fluctuation spectra exhibit crossover behavior at intermediate energy
range (which we loosely define as, say, a decade of scale around
100meV).\cite{Imainew} These features are strikingly similar with spin
fluctuation spectra in the heavy fermion systems.\cite{Review,loc} In
charge responses, however, low energy scales appear only in
non-optimally-doped cuprates while intermediate energy crossover does
not seem to occur, as demonstrated in the ubiquitous linear
temperature dependence in resistivity and, perhaps more strikingly,
the quadratic temperature dependence in the Hall angle over a wide
range of temperatures\cite{Ong}. At higher energies, not much is known
about spin dynamics in the metallic cuprates,
while various anomalous features in the charge dynamics have been
found through optical, Raman, and photoemission spectroscopy studies.
A systematic study comparing spin and  charge dynamics at various
energy scales should reveal much on the physics of the copper oxides.

In the half-filled Mott insulator, strong Coulomb correlations push
the spectral weight for charge excitations to higher energies, leaving
spin excitations to play a dominant role at low energies. It is
therefore natural to address how the low energy spin fluctuations
affect the low energy charge dynamics in the doped case. Several
groups have addressed the contribution of the spin fluctuations to
resistivity.\cite{resis,Resis} In the context of neutron data, we
mentioned that the lowest energy scale in the spin fluctuation spectra
within our model came from the two-dimensional van Hove singularity,
$\omega_{VH}$. In Ref. \cite{Resis}, we found that $\omega_{VH}$ is
small over a wide range of doping concentration due to the strong
Coulomb correlations. This leads to a linear in T dependence in the
spin fluctuation induced scattering rate, {\it over a wide temperature
range} above $T_{VH}$. Furthermore, since $\omega_{VH}$ plays only a
minor role in the NMR relaxation rate due to the integrability of the
logarithmic divergence, this is consistent with differences in the low
energy scales observed in different experimental probes. Further work
is needed to address whether the spin fluctuations alone can account
for all the anomalous low energy charge responses, or additional
anomalous charge excitations\cite{Anderson,MFL} have to be invoked.

\subsection{Spin Dynamics in the Superconducting State}

Considerable attention has focussed recently on the spin dynamics
below ${\rm T_c}$. The central issue has been the extent to which one
can infer, from the spin fluctuation spectra, the nature of the
superconducting order parameter in the system: anisotropic versus
isotropic pairing and the existence or not of nodes at the Fermi surface.
Theoretical interpretations of the Cu and O Knight shifts and NMR
relaxation rates in ${\rm YBa_2Cu_3O_7}$ when combined with
anisotropy studies\cite{Barrett} have been argued to give strong support
for a $d_{x^2-y^2}$
pairing state.\cite{Bulut2,JP} In addition, recent neutron data on
both ${\rm La_{1.85}Sr_{0.15}CuO_4}$ and ${\rm YBa_2Cu_3O_{6.6}}$
reveal temperature T and frequency $\omega$ dependent features which
show considerable spin fluctuation spectral weight within the
superconducting gap.\cite{Mason,Thurston,Tranquada}

Taking into consideration the interplay between fermiology and the
Coulomb correlation effects, we have found that\cite{Zha2} the
anomalous temperature dependences at low frequencies observed in
neutron measurements\cite{Mason,Thurston,Tranquada} of $S ({\bf
q},\omega )$ are compatible with a  $d_{x^2-y^2}$ pairing state in
both LaSrCuO and YBaCuO. The calculated change in the ${\bf
q}$-structure of $S ({\bf q},\omega )$ as one goes from above to below
${T_c}$, due to a $d_{x^2-y^2}$ order parameter\cite{JP}, is expected
to occur most strikingly in YBaCuO. The lack of such a change in ${\bf
q}$-structure in recent experiments in both YBaCuO\cite{Tranquada} and
LaSrCuO\cite{aeppli} poses a serious question to the anisotropic
pairing scenario.

\bigskip
\section{\bf Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclu}

The spin fluctuation spectra in the normal state of the metallic
cuprates exhibit various anomalies. The contrasting wave vector
dependence of the dynamical spin structure factor for YBaCuO and
LaSrCuO, as well as their anomalous temperature and frequency
dependence, provide the basis for our argument that, both the
fermiology and strong Coulomb correlations play important roles in the
low energy spin dynamics.

We have shown that, the existence in LaSrCuO and the absence in YBaCuO
of incommensurate antiferromagnetic peaks are natural consequences of
the different shapes of the Fermi surfaces. At the same time, both the
large value and the strong doping dependence of the incommensurability
in LaSrCuO, and the presence of the commensurate peaks in YBaCuO, are
the manifestation of the strong Coulomb correlation effects (along
with fermiology effects). Within our analysis, the strong Coulomb
correlations lead to two effects. It renormalizes the quasiparticles,
and induces residual exchange interactions. Because of the
quasiparticle renormalization, we find that there can be enough spin
fluctuation spectral weight to explain the temperature and frequency
dependence in the neutron and NMR relaxation rate, with an
antiferromagnetic interaction which is far from being on the verge of
leading to a magnetic instability. Meanwhile, the various energy
scales found in the resulting spin fluctuation spectral function are
consistent with energy scales within the renormalized coherent
quasiparticle description of the spin dynamics.

We are thus led to conclude that, the low energy spin dynamics of the
metallic cuprates are appropriately described in terms of correlated
quasiparticles with a Luttinger Fermi surface, in contrast to
excitations in a frustrated spin system. These quasiparticles interact
with a moderate value of residual antiferromagnetic interaction. These
conclusions place strong constraints on the issue of the relevance of
the antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations to superconductivity.\cite{sc}
They also provide a prototype for the low energy spin dynamics in the
doped Mott insulators.

\acknowledgments

This brief review is based on works done in collaboration with Yuyao
Zha and K. Levin, and earlier collaboration with J.P. Lu and Ju Kim. I
would like to thank K. Levin for valuable comments on the manuscript,
and G. Aeppli, S.-W. Cheong, G. Kotliar, P. Littlewood, J. Tranquada,
R. Walstedt, and J.J. Yu for useful discussions. This work was
supported by the NSF under grant DMR 922-4000.

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Fred the Snake visits friends at a reptile show!
We went to the "Repticon" reptile show in Columbia (SC) to see how many people would be interested to meet Fred, and to take some books home. Happily, several did. A truly ethnic experience. They had a special place for me. We met new friends Marion was very brave.
A great gathering of family and friends in Goldsboro, NC, to celebrate Jodi Bowden's 50th birthday. The young (and older) ones had a good time!
Fred is going to a reptile show!


text:
<?php

namespace Hydrators;

use Doctrine\ODM\MongoDB\DocumentManager;
use Doctrine\ODM\MongoDB\Mapping\ClassMetadata;
use Doctrine\ODM\MongoDB\Hydrator\HydratorInterface;
use Doctrine\ODM\MongoDB\UnitOfWork;

/**
 * THIS CLASS WAS GENERATED BY THE DOCTRINE ODM. DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE.
 */
class VietlandAevitasBundleDocumentImageHydrator implements HydratorInterface
{
    private $dm;
    private $unitOfWork;
    private $class;

    public function __construct(DocumentManager $dm, UnitOfWork $uow, ClassMetadata $class)
    {
        $this->dm = $dm;
        $this->unitOfWork = $uow;
        $this->class = $class;
    }

    public function hydrate($document, $data, array $hints = array())
    {
        $hydratedData = array();

        /** @Field(type="string") */
        if (isset($data['path'])) {
            $value = $data['path'];
            $return = (string) $value;
            $this->class->reflFields['path']->setValue($document, $return);
            $hydratedData['path'] = $return;
        }

        /** @Field(type="string") */
        if (isset($data['description'])) {
            $value = $data['description'];
            $return = (string) $value;
            $this->class->reflFields['description']->setValue($document, $return);
            $hydratedData['description'] = $return;
        }
        return $hydratedData;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>Pull To Refresh Demo</title>
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/demos/style.css">

Demo

        Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod
        tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,
        quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo
        consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse
        cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non
        proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

RawBasicShould pull to refresh?TriggerPromiseCallbackMultiple Instances

PullToRefresh.js

Contribute on Github


The Norwegian conference "Transport & Logistikk" will take place at Clarion Hotel Oslo Airport Gardermoen on October 21st and 22nd.
The European Commission is organizing a conference on interchange of electronic data for the maritime industries in Brussels on Nov 22-23rd 2012.
At the end of our journey, we thought the audience was tired of our message. This was not the case. Everyone wanted to hear our conclusion.


text:
IP redistribution
Rent IPv4 Network
Lease out IPv4 Network
Buy IPv4 Network
Sell IPv4 Network
Premium LIR Services
Services Pricelist
What is cloud storage service?
Proxy servers
How to Monetize IP Network
How to Lease IPv4 Addresses in 2023
What is ARIN transfer process ?
What is an IPv4 address ?
Sell IPv4 Addresses
What is RIPE IPv4 transfer?
What is APNIC Transfer ?
What is LACNIC Transfer?
What is AFRINIC transfer?
How to Buy IP addresses
About IPv4 auction
What is CIDR?
What is CIDR and how can it be useful?
If your work is related to IP networks, then you have probably seen or heard the term CIDR. In this article, we not only define its meaning, but also explain where and why it can be useful. Understanding how CIDR works can facilitate tasks related to the transfers of IPv4 and IP addresses in general.
Get transfer
So, what does CIDR stand for?
Classless Inter-Domain Routing — is how the abbreviation CIDR stands for. It came to replace the original so-called classful IPv4 routing and address allocation policies. That is, CIDR is an IP addressing scheme, which is useful because it improves the allocation of IPv4 addresses.
How does CIDR work?
Initially, there were three classes — "A", "B" and "C", in which IPv4 blocks were divided. Class "A" contained 16 million addresses, Class "B" — 65 thousand, Class "C" — 256 addresses. Due to the lack of granularity, the allocations and usage of IPv4 addresses, in which there was an increasing shortage, was inefficient. So CIDR solved this problem.
Instead of classes, the nomenclature is used, which allows blocks of variable size. The CIDR notation is a compact representation of an IP address and its associated network mask. The CIDR notation defines an IP address, a slash character /), and a decimal number. Since the total number of bits in an IPv4 address is 32 bits, the size of the subnet mask can vary from a/0 to a/32. This made it possible to describe any IPv4 block size without class restriction of three sizes.
For example, the smallest original class "C" contains 256 addresses. In the CIDR notation, it is written as a/24. That is, having 32 bits of address space — 24 bits are masked, leaving only 8 bits of address space in the block. In binary, 8 bits = 256 possible numbers. Also with class "A", it is written as a/8, and 24 bits of address space remain in the block. In binary, 24 bits = 16 million possible addresses.
Advantages of CIDR
The advantage is that with this allocation we get more available address space. For example, a company needs 500 addresses. With the original system we were considering, Class "B" was required, since "C" would not be enough. And CIDR allows you to distribute addresses in such a way as not to waste a whole class B. Thus, the distribution can be a /23, twice as large as a /24, and provide 512 addresses.
Thanks to CIDR, IPv4 addresses are still available. Whereas in 1990 it was expected that in a few years they would be completely exhausted.
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CIDR Chart
Prefix /24 Subnet Mask 256
Prefix /22 Subnet Mask 1,024
Prefix /18 Subnet Mask 16,384
Prefix /15 Subnet Mask 131,072
Prefix /12 Subnet Mask 1,048,576
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
What Is The Size Of A Baseball?
1 What size is a baseball in CM?
2 Are there different size baseballs?
3 What is bigger a tennis ball or a baseball?
4 Who invented baseball?
5 Which sport ball is heaviest?
6 How much is a single baseball?
7 How heavy is a standard baseball?
8 What size baseball bat should a 10 year old use?
9 Is tennis a ball?
10 What is a size 1 soccer ball?
11 Which country invented baseball?
12 What was the longest baseball game ever played?
What size is a baseball in CM?
A baseball is a ball used in the sport of the same name, baseball. It is between 9 inches (22.9 cm) and 9¼ inches (23.5 cm) in circumference (around). The ball weighs 8 ounces.
Are there different size baseballs?
Do all baseballs have the same size? Softballs – Baseballs measure up to 9-1/4 inches in circumference, and weigh about 5-1/4 ounces. Unlike baseballs, which are all the same size regardless of league, softballs come is a variety of circumferences: 16-inch, 14-inch, 12-inch (standard), 11-inch, and 10-inch.
What is bigger a tennis ball or a baseball?
What size is a tennis ball and a baseball? Under the official rules, as baseball should be 229-235 mm in circumference and 73-76 mm in diameter. In tennis, the ball should have diameter between 6.54-6.86cm. So a baseball is slightly bigger in size compared to a tennis ball.
Who invented baseball?
A special commission constituted by sporting-goods magnate Albert Goodwill Spalding affirmed in 1908, after nearly three years' purported study of the game's true origin, that baseball was assuredly American for it had been created from the fertile brain of twenty-year old Abner Doubleday in Cooperstown, New York, in
You might be interested: FAQ: Why Baseball Players Spit?
Which sport ball is heaviest?
Below is a list of ball weights for a wide range of sports. Out of these sports, the lightest is the table tennis or ping-pong ball, the heaviest is a tie between bowling and shot put, though in bowling there is range of weights used with 16 pounds the maximum allowable weight.
How much is a single baseball?
According to a MLB equipment manager, an average of 8 to 10 dozen baseballs are used each game. Baseballs cost about six dollars each including shipping.
How heavy is a standard baseball?
The ball has a cork-and-rubber core, around which yarn is tightly wrapped; the cover consists of two snugly fitted pieces of white leather sewn together. The circumference is 9 to 9.25 inches (23 to 23.5 cm) and the weight between 5 and 5.25 ounces (142 and…
What size baseball bat should a 10 year old use?
The right bat size for a 10-year-old, as determined by usage, is a 29 or 30-inch drop 10 or 11 bat. The drop is the numerical difference between the length of the bat in inches and the weight in ounces. 29 and 30-inch bats in the 18 to 20-ounce weight range make up more than 90% of total 10U bat usage.
Is tennis a ball?
A tennis ball is a ball designed for the sport of tennis. Tennis balls are fluorescent yellow in organised competitions, but in recreational play can be virtually any color. Tennis balls are covered in a fibrous felt which modifies their aerodynamic properties, and each has a white curvilinear oval covering it.
What is a size 1 soccer ball?
Size 1 is the smallest size soccer ball. Typically, they have a circumference of 18 to 20 inches (or a diameter of 5.73 to 6.36 inches). They're typically inflated between 8.5 and 15.6 PSI at sea level. A Size 1 soccer ball weighs about 7 oz., and is a great ball for young athletes under the age of 4.
You might be interested: Most Valuable Baseball Cards 1990s?
Which country invented baseball?
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I've just returned from a week-long quilting workshop in Sisters, Oregon - my absolutely most favorite place on earth. For the past four years, I've made this annual May trek to Sisters and have returned, over-flowing with ideas and inspiration for any number of quilty mixed-media artistic endeavors.
I think this year's workshop filled me with over-the-top inspiration because we went beyond just intuitively stitching bits and pieces of fabric together to make an art quilt. We also learned about and played with a variety of techniques for making marks on fabric, for example: using stencils with oil pastels to printing using the Gelli Plate to carving stamps for stamping to making shibori, just to name a few of the techniques we tried.
Along the way, we discovered new techniques that appealed to us and proceeded to engage us in more in-depth exploration. We made mistakes...and that was A-OK!
I think that workshops are truly one of the best ways to be inspired and The Queen's Ink is one of the best local resources for inspirational, creative mixed-media art workshops. Through them, we're provided with the opportunity to flex our creative muscles, to make mistakes and learn not only how to do a technique but also, what appeals to us, what gets our creative juices flowing. A workshop gives us a chance to try out a technique without making a full-blown investment of materials and supplies. One such technique that comes to mind is encaustic- the new (ahem, an art form that has been traced back to ancient Greeks) art medium that has taken the creative art community, all branches, by storm. Have you toyed with the idea of doing a piece of encaustic art?
Well, now's your chance: Guest Artist Jess Greene is coming to The Queen's Ink the weekend of June 21 - 23 for an in-depth exploration of encaustic. Jess was so intrigued with the medium that "she quit her day job as a teacher and spent a month-long residency in Spain in 2011to paint in encaustic." Go here to read a guest post, written by Jess, that highlights her love for the medium.
Looking at these photos, one cannot tell they are encaustic pieces...but, in real life, they are not only intriguing but also,very textural. Treat yourself to learning and experiencing a new medium without having to make a trip to Spain (though that doesn't seem like such a bad option - smile)... check out the class descriptions and give the shop a call! Hurry, 'cause classes fill up f-a-s-t!


You may know that we are officially the Pitt Meadows Museum and Archives. That means that we keep an archive of fonds and collect photos, documents, maps and other paper or digital information. Our Archive possesses a small reference library and files with newspaper clippings, stories, and other photocopied/scanned materials for research or genealogical purposes.
The Archives holds original documents such as government documents, city council minutes, school board and PAC materials, letters and much more.
The Pitt Meadows Museum possesses over 70 original maps and plans that stretch over 4 metres. Please contact us if you need further information.
The Pitt Meadows Museum stores over 3000 photographs that reflect the unique history of the municipality of Pitt Meadows.


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PHOTOS: The rise and fall of O.J. Simpson
USC's O.J. Simpson (32) is pictured in action against Northwestern at Evanston, Ill., Sept. 28, 1968.
See photos of O.J. Simpson from when he was a football star to being on trial for a double homicide to his incarceration for a 2007 robbery in Las Vegas.
parolecourtu.s. & worldo.j. simpson
Copyright © 2021 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.
25 years ago, the OJ Simpson murder case began: The key moments in his life
Inside OJ Simpson's life in prison
What OJ Simpson juror thinks of Simpson now
OJ Simpson to face parole hearing Thursday


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Tag Archives: @ElleBurke8
Almost Fangmous by Elle Wren Burke
Almost Fangmous
Vampire Pet Boutique Prequel
Elle Wren Burke
Josie Wixx, pet-boutique owner and disabled vampire, just wants to enjoy the best vampire music festival of the year, Stakestock, which is held in her gorgeous town, Arteria Falls, Colorado—a snug little community pressed against the Rocky Mountains. But before she can even dip her fangs into the music, she stumbles across one of her favorite front men dead on the ground.
With the whole festival at stake, Josie is asked to resurrect the investigative skills she acquired while assisting her grandfather, the town's old private investigator. With the help of a borrowed neon-orange mobility scooter, Josie zips around the festival to look for answers, using the scooter's horn on anyone who gets in her way. But the more she digs, the more Josie realizes the killer might be closer than anyone could have guessed.
This prequel is free when you sign up for Elle's newsletter.
One of the first things I loved about this series introduction is the different take on Vampires. Born not made and are just as susceptible to some things as the rest of us. Case in point our heroine Josie has a congential genetic connective tissue condition that requires her to use a forearm crutch to help alleviate her pain. They also get a kick out of our assumptions about them.
A major event for small town Arteria Falls is the Stakestock 2022 music festival. Josie is looking forward to it and she also has a contract for her store Matilda's VamPets to carry the official pet gear. She's also looking forward to seeing her favorite band Casket. Her friend and roommate Lynnae shows up with a neon orange mobility scooter, borrowed from her grandmother for this occasion. Josie is still waiting for her custom pink wheelchair to be finished and delivered.
They meet up with their friend Disha a new human recruit and veterinarian before heading in to find the festival director, Sydney. What they don't expect is to find Torian James, the lead guitarist and vocalist of Casket dead backstage.
"Josie? What on earth is going on?" Sydney asked.
"Umm, nothing to worry about." I said, trying to sound calm. "Something happened inside and we had to call the police. It's probably better if we all wait for them outside."
"What happened?" Torian's brother asked, his words tense.
No way was I telling Julian anything, so I said, "I think it's better if the police explain."
Sydney gave me a stern look. "Can we speak in private, Josie?"
"Sure. Disha, hold down the fort." As we both stepped outside the room, my friend pulled the curtain shut. The intense look on her face told me she wasn't letting anyone past her. She knew we needed to keep Julian from seeing his brother.
Sydney led me away from the group, her red bob bouncing but somehow every hair falling back into place despite the heat that was causing my own hair to frizz. With arms crossed over her festival t-shirt, she gave me a serious look. "Josie, tell me what's going on right now."
"I was looking for you earlier and checked inside the…err, canvas waiting room."
"Talent lounge," Sydney cut in.
"Okay, talent lounge. Unfortunately, we came across a deceased person."
Most people would probably gasp upon hearing that, but Sydney just raised an eyebrow, as if waiting for me to keep talking.
"It was Torian James."
"What? Fangs! Are you sure?"
I tilted my head. "I've been following Casket for years. I'm very sure it's Torian."
Her shoulders slumped. "This is going to ruin the whole festival. I've worked so hard! I'll have to move the next band up."
"Sydney! The situation is a bit more complicated than that. Torian's death did not look natural."
"Are you serious?" she asked. I nodded. "Fangs! Fangs, fangs, fangs. This is bad. Stakestock will never live this down. I can't believe someone had the gall to commit murder in my talent lounge."
I scoffed. "Is that really the most important thing right now? I get that you'll need to figure out what to do…and fast, but Torian's murder is more important. I mean, his brother is standing right there for fang's sake"
With a slight nod, she said, "You're right. I know you are. Torian was nice. I met him earlier today. I just have so much responsibility on my shoulders this weekend, so my mind went there first." She threw her shoulders back. "You said the police are coming?"
I adjusted my stance, trying to put more weight on the cane. "Yep. I imagine they're having a tough time getting through the crowd. I took a brief look around but didn't see any obvious indications as to who did this."
"You sound like you've done this before." A glint had entered Sydney's eyes. A glint I did not like.
"Yes," I said hesitantly. "I have a private investigator license. Before it closed, I worked for my grandfather's P.I. business. I was just poking around, though."
She looked into my eyes, assessing me. After way too much eye contact, she said, "Well, that's decided then. You'll figure out who did this."
"What? No. The police will handle it."
"The police are already stretched thin with crowd control. They might miss something important. Or they'll take forever to solve it."
Ugh. She was right. The logistics of solving a murder when the town was packed with people would overwhelm the police. And if I was being honest, I wanted to know who killed my favorite singer.
As Sydney said, Torian James was nice. He was known for being warm and friendly with fans and friends alike. He was philanthropic to boot. The image of his body flashed through my mind. The marks on his neck. The blood under his fingernails. It was starting to set in that he was really dead.
I took a deep breath. "Okay, Sydney, but you have to officially hire me. Send me an email stating that you're hiring me to investigate the death of Torian James." Remembering why I'd gone backstage in the first place, I added, "And make sure my store gets more of the pet merchandise. It's selling like crazy."
As efficient as ever, Sydney had her phone out and the email typed before I could blink while also promising to get my store stocked ASAP.
I felt my phone vibrate when the email came through and I turned back to the talent lounge. "I need to get my scooter. My legs are killing me. Let's go back to the—"
Before I could get the words out, shouts rang through the area.
Elle Wren Burke. Almost Fangmous (Kindle Locations 165-205). anonymous. Kindle Edition.
The pressure is on to solve this murder quickly as the festival goes on around them. As Josie and her friends investigate there are plenty of twists and we meet the medical examiner Calder. I'm pretty sure we'll see more of him in this series.
I love the way this plays out keep the suspense high and the suspect list interesting.
I look forward to reading the first full book of this new series.
5 Contented Purrs for Elle!
Elle Wren Burke is a paranormal cozy mystery author who writes witty, fun books with strong females as protagonists.
Elle has Master's degrees in Geography and Business. She lives in Arizona with her husband and fur baby. She enjoys puzzles, baking, and bubble baths.
@ElleBurke8


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Development Update: Thursday, July 9
By The Futon Critic Staff (TFC)
LOS ANGELES (thefutoncritic.com) -- The latest development news, culled from recent wire reports:
Looking to keep track of all the various projects in development? Click here to visit our signature "Devwatch" section. There visitors can view our listings by network, genre, studio and even development stage (ordered to pilot, cast-contingent, script, etc.). It's updated every day!
CSI: CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION (CBS) - Franchise creator Anthony Zuiker has signed a two-year, first-look deal with CBS Television Studios. The pact gives the studio first crack at any of his Dare to Pass banner's output, both scripted and unscripted, with a focus on multi-platform development. Matthew Weinberg serves as president of production for the company with Orlin Dobreff as VP. Separately, Zuiker's first "digi-novel," a book supplemented with three-minute "bridge" videos, "Level 26: Dark Origins," will be released on September 8.
THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE (CBS) - Lifetime's purchase of the show's off-network rights is reportedly valued at $350,000 per episode. Warner Bros. Domestic TV Distribution will also receive one and a half minutes of the show's ad time for national sales. Previously, the company cleared the series on local stations covering more than 85% of country. Both Lifetime and the participating stations will begin airing repeats of the series in the fall of 2010.
UNTITLED GREG MALINS/HARLAN COBEN PROJECT (FOX, New!) - "How I Met Your Mother" executive producer Greg Malins is set to team with best-selling novelist Harlan Coben for a new drama about "a larger-than-life former private eye who teaches a college criminology class." Said larger-than-life-ness however is the result of "a bullet wound to the head that made him lose his inhibitions." The 20th Century Fox Television-based hour has a script commitment with a penalty attached should it not go to pilot.
Sources: Variety, The Hollywood Reporter, Reuters
· CSI: CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION (CBS)
· DEVELOPMENT UPDATE (TFC)
· HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER (CBS)
· NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE, THE (CBS)
· UNTITLED COBEN & MALINS PROJECT (FOX)


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Yakuza [7]: Like A Dragon Announced for PlayStation 4, Features Turn-Based Combat and New Setting
Releasing just in time for the series' 15th anniversary!
08.29.19 - 10:31 AM
written by Corey Hall
SEGA has announced a brand new mainline entry in the Yakuza series which will be released in Japan on January 16th, 2020, with a Western release planned for later in 2020. Yakuza 7 (likely to be titled Yakuza: Like A Dragon in the West) will hit the PlayStation 4 with plenty of firsts for the series in tow. You can take a look at the Japanese teaser trailer below to get a first look at some of the game's characters.
Taking over the spotlight from longtime hero Kazuma Kiryu, whose story concluded in Yakuza 6: The Song of Life, newcomer Kasuga Ichiban takes a fall for his boss, Masumi Arakawa, serving a nearly twenty-year jail sentence for a crime he didn't commit. Expecting a warm welcome upon his release, Kasuga emerges to find that he's far from the made man he had expected to become.
After confronting the man who set him up, Kasuga awakens in Yokohama, a new locale for the series, which developers boast is around three times the size of Kamurocho. Additionally, it was revealed during a recent press conference that Yakuza 7 will forgo the series' signature action-based combat in favor of a turn-based system which wouldn't be out of place in a Dragon Quest game — a series which Kasuga happens to love.
According to Yakua series producer Daisuke Sato on Twitter , more news will be revealed during Tokyo Game Show, which means that there's plenty more news on the way in the coming weeks.
Gematsu has a trailer with English subtitles, as there were brief mentions this morning of the Western title, but all mentions of "Yakuza: Like A Dragon" were quickly deleted, and the English website is not working as of this writing. It's possible the Western release info was published by accident and we will get official confirmation soon.
In the meantime, be sure to check out the game's official Japanese site, our brand-new gallery, and stay tuned to RPGFan.
Corey Hall
© 1998—2020 RPGFan Media, LLC
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Biology, ecology, and host specificity of European Aphthona spp. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) used as biocontrol agents for leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula (Euphorbiaceae), in North America [1996]
Gassmann, A. (International Institute of Biological Control, Delemont, Switzerland.); Schroeder, D.; Maw, E.; Summer, G.;
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Biology, ecology, and host specificity of European Aphthona spp. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) used as biocontrol agents for leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula (Euphorbiaceae), in North America
Gassmann, A.; Schroeder, D.; Maw, E.; Summer, G.
Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) is an herbaceous perennial of European origin that was accidentally introduced into North America where it has become a serious weed in pastures and rangelands. Five species of root-feeding chrysomelid beetles in the genus Aphthona have been released in North America for the biological control of leafy spurge. They originate from central and eastern Europe and occur in different habitats. The brown species, Aphthona cyparissiae, Aphthona flava, and Aphthona nigriscutis, occur predominantly in open dry habitats, and the black species, Aphthona czwalinai and Aphthona lacertosa, prefer moister habitats. All five species are univoltine and overwinter as larvae. The host range of these five Aphthona species is restricted to species in the subgenus Esula
[Biological control : theory and applications in pest management (USA)]
Biological control : theory and applications in pest management (USA)
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"Biology, ecology, and host specificity of European Aphthona spp. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) used as biocontrol agents for leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula (Euphorbiaceae), in North America"@eng
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While anxiously awaiting my October Ipsy bag full of treats, I cast my mind back and think of the goodies from my September bag. Hopefully this will help pass the time until my new bag arrives! My favorite thing from September was this brush!
I must confess that this fave was a no-brainer as I am obsessed with brushes! Especially brushes with dual ends and purposes. The larger side is soft and gives great coverage all over the eye. The smaller side is firm and perfect at contouring. Pairing this up with my new Avon palette Warm Sunrise ensures a beautiful fall!
Till next time enjoy beautiful blessings!
This entry was posted in Glam bag, Ipsy.


That's why the entire special section that profiled South Jersey, featured in a recent issue of US Airways' Attache magazine, was such a pleasant surprise.
"In the heart of the most densely populated state in the union, there are 1.1 million acres of pinelands, bogs, swamps and fresh water lakes and rivers," the article stated.
–The cover story titled "Hail to the Chief" explained in words and photos how U.S. presidents live on in books, paintings, photos and household products. The article featured John F. Kennedy salt and pepper shakers, a George Washington thimble, a Ulysses S. Grant pill box, and a Jimmy Carter bottle opener. The feature was a perfect tie-in, by the way, to the recent presidential election.
–Freelance writer Stephen Madden wrote a wonderful piece about his 32-mile bicycle ride around the perimeter of Manhattan, marveling at the sights, sounds and smells that few tourists in the Big Apple ever experience.
–An entire page of photos of Lucile Ball, Jay Leno, Elvis, Michael Jackson, Willie Nelson, Cher and Alice Cooper caught my eye. But wait! Those aren't the real celebrities. They're celebrity look-alikes featured in an article about the fourth annual Celebrity Impersonators Convention in Las Vegas.
If you have a story idea that's a "surprise" and it ties in to one of the cities served by an airline, it might be a good candidate for that airlines' in-flight magazine. "Special Report #29: Fly High with Publicity in In-flight Magazines" explains the kinds of articles and photos the editors want, and even gives you contact information for 30 in-flight magazines.


This set has been designed to give you all the necessary equipment to clip your dog at home. It includes the popular Masterclip Pedigree Pro dog clippers along with 2 German steel blades that are best suited for the Leonberger.
Leonbergers moult twice a year and shed consistently throughout. Their long hair needs to be brushed frequently to reduce the debris from shedding and prevent dead hair from getting caught in the coat. Use clippers fitted with the 4 skip tooth blade to trim excess fur off the dog's body. Trim around the tail, paws, sanitary areas and chest if needed, going with the fall of the fur. Clipping is an essential way of managing the coat and keeping your dog healthy and happy, by preventing the mats and tangles which can cause irritation.
The 4 skip tooth blade is ideal for using to tidy the belly and legs and the 10F is useful for chipping away under matted areas and also around the feet and pads. At least two or three times per week, it is advisable to brush through the coat using a slicker brush, rake and combination comb, paying particular attention to the neck, chest and rump, where the coat tends to grow the thickest.
If you wish to clip the entire coat off please contact us and we can recommend the best option for your needs.


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Published December 25, 2016 8:16am EST
Supreme Court Strikes Down 3 of 4 Provisions of Arizona Immigration Law
By | Fox News
Supporters of immigrant rights rally outside the Supreme Court in Washington, Wednesday, April 25, 2027, where the court held a hearing on Arizona's "show me your papers" immigration law. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak) (AP2012)
In a surprise, the Supreme Court today struck down three of four provisions of Arizona's controversial immigration law --SB 1070.
Left standing by the High Court, however, was the "show me your papers" provision of the law requiring state and local police to perform roadside immigration checks if a "reasonable suspicion" exists that someone is in the country illegally.
The court essentially weighed whether in passing its own immigration law, Arizona was overstepping its bounds in what traditionally has been a federal matter. Arizona lawmakers said that the federal government had failed in its responsibility to secure the borders and control illegal immigration, and that states -- particularly those on the border -- were forced to deal with the consequences of people living here unlawfully and usurping state resources.
An estimated 11 million people live in the United States illegally -- most of them are Latinos and roughly half are visa overstays.
Arizona's move toward implementing its own immigration law set in motion similar efforts by lawmakers in other states frustrated by illegal immigration. But while some voted on and passed measures seeking to drive out undocumented immigrants, other states put their measures on hold, concerned about overwhelming legal challenges.
Removal [of an undocumented immigrant] is a civil matter, and one of its principal features is the broad discretion exercised by immigration officials, who must decide whether to pursue removal at all
— U.S. Supreme Court, in its written decision on Arizona's SB 1070
In this case, however, the court in its decision indicated that this provision would face further scrutiny.
The decision noted the complexity of immigration, and the discretion that federal officials must often exercise in determining how to deal with an undocumented person.
"Removal is a civil matter, and one of its principal features is the broad discretion exercised by immigration officials, who must decide whether to pursue removal at all," the decision said. "By authorizing state and local officers to make warrantless arrests of certain aliens suspected of being removable, Section 6 too creates an obstacle to federal law. As a general rule, it is not a crime for a removal alien to remain in the United States."
"Discretion in the enforcement of immigration law embraces immediate human concerns," said the decision. "Unauthorized workers trying to support their families, for example, likely pose less danger than alien smugglers or aliens who commit a serious crime. The equities of an individual case may turn on many factors, including whether the alien has children born in the United States, long ties to the community, or a record of distinguished military service."
Detaining people just on suspicion of unlawful immigration status, the court said, "would raise constitutional concerns…. And it would disrupt the federal framework to put state officers in the position of holding aliens in custody for possible unlawful presence without federal direction and supervision."
At the same time, the Supreme Court noted that states bear the burden of problems that may be caused by a broken immigration system.
"The pervasiveness of federal regulations does not diminish the importance of immigration policy to the States," the court said. "Arizona bears many of the consequences of unlawful immigration. Hundreds of thousands of deportable aliens are apprehended in Arizona each year...Unauthorized aliens who remain in the State comprise, by one estimate, almost six percent of the population."
"Accounts in the record suggest there is an 'epidemic of crime, safety risks, serious property damage, and environmental problems' associated with an the influx of illegal migration across private land near the Mexican border," the court said.
Since passage in 2010, Arizona's SB1070, has become both a flashpoint for the national debate over immigration and enforcement. The law served as a blueprint for similar laws in other states, including Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, South Carolina and Utah. Courts have blocked implementation of parts of those states' laws pending a decision by the Supreme Court on Arizona's measure.
It also sealed the issue of immigration as an election-year issue, prompting both President Obama and the GOP presidential nominees to take positions on Arizona's law -- they nearly all supported it -- during the extended primary. At one point during the primary, Mitt Romney, now the expected GOP presidential nominee, drew fire when he described Arizona's law as a national model.
Later, Romney -- whose support of Arizona's law and hard line positions on immigration have aliented many Latinos -- said he had not meant that all of SB 1070 was a national model, just its E-Verify component, which requires employers to make sure their workers are eligible to work in the United States.
President Obama praised the High Court's rejection of most of the provisions it had reviewed, but expressed concern over the one the justices left intact.
"What this decision makes unmistakably clear is that Congress must act on comprehensive immigration reform," the President said in the statement. "A patchwork of state laws is not a solution to our broken immigration system – it's part of the problem."
"No American should ever live under a cloud of suspicion just because of what they look like," the President said. "Going forward, we must ensure that Arizona law enforcement officials do not enforce this law in a manner that undermines the civil rights of Americans, as the Court's decision recognizes...What makes us American is not a question of what we look like or what our names are."
Two hours after the Supreme Court released its decision, Romney called it evidence of a failure of the Obama administration "to provide any leadership on immigration."
"Today's decision underscores the need for a President who will lead on this critical issue and work in a bipartisan fashion to pursue a national immigration strategy."
"Each state has the duty--and the right--to secure our borders and preserve the rule of law, particularly when the federal government has failed to meet its responsibilities," Romney said in a statement. "As Candidate Obama, he promised to present an immigration plan during his first year in office. But four years later, we are still waiting."
Soon after its passage in 2010, critics of SB 1070, including Latino rights organizations who feared profiling as a result of the enforcement measures, called for a business boycott of Arizona in protest.
The U.S. Department of Justice lawsuit seeking an injunction against enforcement of the law argued that immigration law was a federal prerogative.
Critics of the law condemned the Suprme Court decision.
In Washington D.C., a coalition of civil and immigrants rights groups announced a nationwide voter mobilization drive aimed at voting out of office any lawmaker who supported SB 1070. The groups include the National Association For the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), the Campaign for Community Change and the Arizona Dream Act Coalition.
"Today's ruling marks a dark day for justice in the history of the United States of America," said Angelica Salas, executive director for the Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles (CHIRLA), a regional organization with national impact focused on immigrant and civil rights. "In one sweep, the Supreme Court has sided with Arizona and allowed racial profiling as an acceptable law enforcement tool."
Proponents of strict immigration enforcement praised the High Court's support for police checks of immigration status.
"The United States Supreme Court has made it very clear that state and local governments have an important role to play in enforcing federal immigration laws," said Dan Stein, executive director of Federation for American Immigration Reform. "Even if the Obama administration refuses to enforce most immigration laws, states have the power to deter and discourage illegal aliens from settling or remaining within their jurisdictions."
Hispanic Leadership Network Executive Director Jennifer Korn said federal inaction on illegal immigration had forced Arizona and other states to take the matter into their own hands.
"The blame for inaction cannot be placed on either political party, but on forces within both parties," Korn said. "It's unfortunate and undisputable that during the first two years of this Administration, the President and a Democrat-controlled Congress had the opportunity to push through immigration reform, but chose not to. It's disappointing that this President only talks about immigration when it is politically convenient for him."
Perspectives on the court's mixed opinion of Arizona's law varied for the most part.
Fox News Senior Judicial Analyst Judge Andrew Napolitano said: "The heart and soul of the Arizona statute has been struck down by the Supreme Court, consistent with previous Supreme Court opinions that basically say for better or for worse whether you like it or not immigration is a federal issue to be administered by the United States of America by the federal government and not by the states."
Napolitano continued: "Basically the court is saying to those in Arizona who are understandably unhappy with the administration of immigration law by this administration, if you don't like it -- vote them out of office but don't try to change the law because you are essentially without authority or sovereignty to do that."
Staff writers Elizabeth Llorente, Roque Planas and Bryan Llenas contributed to this report.
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In order to develop wealth more than time you never have to have the greatest new idea in the planet. It is fine to begin enterprise with just 1 hoist in a little cheap shop premises, but you need to have to have currently planned your subsequent move to a bigger place with much better facilities even ahead of you get began. I buy only the the hoists and tools that are utilized for typical service operate and are not profit centres as such, but the bones of my organization.
Most mechanics utilized to cheat the buyers and created significantly much more than i did with a lot much less gear. One well-known technique to replenish this inventory is to frequent the garage sales, thrift shops and attempt to purchase stuff at a good cost to sell. Here is some professional advice for the small auto repair shop owner who wants to do wheel alignment in residence.
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The number of transmission jacks, and other equipment should be reflected in the turn around time essential by your fleet, number of employees and so on. Look on-line and in the neighborhood paper to discover a workshop that is going out of company that has late model good quality gear for sale. Cost of gear will be around $40,000 with new high quality gear, and between $16,00 and $20,000 for good quality refurbished units from somebody like my American buddy Bob. Ask a trusted pal who is in the automotive business—any element of it. He knows individuals, or he knows other people who know individuals.
Nine in ten women believe they are treated differently at auto-repair shops than guys are," says Jessica Anderson, The info is from a national study carried out by the Vehicle Care Council, an association that encourages consumer education. Thanks for writing this up I have tons of suggestions flowing by means of my head now as a female functioning in the automotive repair business! Taking care of the tools and arbour is the key to getting a long life from each. These new software program packages take the hassle out of in-residence financing and automate the method for you.


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Lebensweges von Kurt. Wilma Flora-aquamir liegt was am Herzen schon seit Tagen wenn du nicht mehr bei mir bist fühle ich mich leer das Leben ist kalt ohne dich und so..
anything with. True friends, like soul mates or spouses, dont come around all that often. Funny, smart, interesting, successful. Its nothing new to write about the love we feel our female friends, for women writers to wax poetic about the friends who became our soul mates, the real loves of our lives. I told her about my best friend leaving the city, and said that Id joked about me going with her. The matching lasted from 2:25 to 3:30.m. Click here for the Facebook event!
It s a line I rep eated to myself, a line I almost blurted out loud, at a friend speed dating event I attended. The idea of speed dating is a scary one to most people, and it can seem very out of place at a library. However, this isn t normal speed dating.
Should I find an activity to do and follow up in a few days instead? She also referred to the epidemic of busyness that seems to hit cities like DC especially hard. But for how long? First, Im reaching the decade friends disappear, an age when sociologists and psychologists say youre most likely to lose your closest friends. But however clichd or commonplace it may be, the lack of originality does not diminish its veracity. I decided that was way better than a game. The same scent of desperation and loneliness that characterizes actual speed dating events on TV permeated the air. The rules of the friend speed dating event were simple. I have my eye on one as a livestock crime investigator. We drank whisky and PBR and laughed at a couple we were sure were on an awkward first date kind of like us and discovered we had even more in common than wed initially thought.


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Q: Gradle - how to create an ear file I am new to Gradle, How to create a ear file using Gradle? It will have , including set of java projects and web project (war file). Java project will have set of compling resources. Web project will have a set of jar files with web.xml.
Please suggest the best way to build t his ear file using Gradle.

A: The ear-plugin is a part of 1.0-milestone-4 which is downloadable from here http://repo.gradle.org/gradle/distributions/gradle-snapshots/ . You can also build the latest version from source. The distribution image contain documentation for the plugin.

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