As well as 7 albums of original material and 2 'live session' albums Ollie and Jake made the very well regarded DJ mix albums Fabric 26 and Herbal Blend for Solid Steel. Also Ollie's 'War of the Worlds' DJ re-score was voted amongst the top 10 best mix sessions in the 25th anniversary of Solid Steel radio show.
The other significant project that Ollie Teeba is an integral part of is Soundsci. Founded by former Ninja Tune cohort Jonny Cuba of Dynamic Syncopation and ex- Mass Influence MC Audessey, Ollie became involved at the time of the first EP release 'Dig for Victory'.
Soundsci are a boom-bap, beats and rhymes outfit consisting of Jonny Cuba and Ollie Teeba on production (with Ollie also providing much of the turntablism on the recordings), with Audessey (Mass Influence), U-George (The Hemisphere) and Oxygen (Sputnick Brown) on vocals.
In 2015, Ollie will be releasing his first solo album Short Order featuring collaborations with many of his familiar associates. Notably, Ghettosocks, Soundsci, and Jean Grae amongst others.
A well known digger and record collector Ollie is currently featured in the Dust and Grooves book. and is known for impressive vinyl only sets at nights such as 45x45, Diggers Dozen, Vinyl Veterans and now 45 Live.


You also were made to die to the Law through the body of Christ, so that you might be joined to another.
What is our relationship to the Old Testament Law? In Romans 7, Paul said we have no obligation to the Old Testament Law. We have died to it. Its requirements have been fulfilled. Its penalty has been paid in Jesus Christ. I am not saying we do not have any obligation to obedience, but the Mosaic Law has no requirements over us any longer.
To show that the Old Testament Law has no authority over our lives now, Paul used two illustrations from everyday life. First, he used the illustration of human law. He said, "Do you not know, brethren (for I am speaking to those who know the law), that the law has jurisdiction over a person as long as he lives?" (7:1). You only have to obey human law while you are alive. For example, article 1, section 2 of the Constitution mandates that every United States citizen participate in a census every 10 years. There is one group, however, that is exempt from the requirements of that law. It is the residents of the cemetery. They are exempt from article 1, section 2 of the Constitution. Paul said it is the same way in our spiritual lives. We have died, in a sense, to our old way of living. We died when Christ died. He fulfilled the Law; we fulfilled the Law as well. The Mosaic Law has no jurisdiction over our lives whatsoever.
Paul used another illustration to show our freedom from the Law, and that is in marriage. "The married woman is bound by law to her husband while he is living; but if her husband dies, she is released from the law concerning the husband. So then, if while her husband is living she is joined to another man, she shall be called an adulteress; but if her husband dies, she is free from the law, so that she is not an adulteress though she is joined to another man" (7:2-3). A woman is bound by her oath to be faithful to her husband as long as her husband lives, but when her husband dies, that marital obligation ceases. She is no longer bound to her husband. In the same way, when you become a Christian, you die to the Law. You are no longer bound to the requirements or penalties of the Law. They have been fulfilled in Jesus. When you were saved, you died to the Law; now you are free to marry–in a spiritual sense–Jesus Christ.
Romans 7:6 says, "We have been released from the Law, having died to that by which we were bound, so that we serve in newness of the Spirit and not in oldness of the letter." On an increasing basis, I see Christians, who have been freed from the Law, somehow become attracted by the Law and want to place themselves back under the Law. They want to follow the dietary restrictions of the Old Testament. Or they want to start observing the feast days and Jewish holy days. As Paul said in Colossians 2:17, those days were great pictures of Jesus Christ, but now that the substance has come, why would you want to go back to the shadow?


Thursday night two performers met with members of the Duluth Figure Skating Club to teach the young skaters new elements.
Attendees enjoyed their meal while blindfolded.
The trial was just one of many events scheduled this month observing sexual assault month.
The local chain is giving back to Disabled American Veterans chapters.
The chain's sign on West Superior Street is gone and the space is now dark.
Tonight, Husky shared their plans for the rebuilding process during a community listening session.
The Maria G out of Malta arrived on Monday morning.
The event allowed Evers and his staff to hear from local Wisconsinites about the state's budget.
She was the 17th pick overall.
St. Scholastica continues their hot streak versus rival UWS.
The Hilltoppers finally get outside to practice despite the Duluth weather.
Hilltoppers pitcher Ben Pederson starred with 10 strikeouts.
Eskomos picked up their first win of the season.
UWS swept their first two conference doubleheaders.
Despite homeruns, the UWS team dropped two games.
For this week's segment, we hear from the Bulldogs before they head out to Buffalo for the Frozen Four.
After 41 seasons as the program's coach and founder, many came out to celebrate his tenure.
The show specializes in building, remodeling, home, and garden.
UMD picked up their first win of the season against MSU-Mankato.
Fans all over the Twin Ports celebrated the win just after 8 o'clock on Sunday night.
The community came out to celebrate native culture while the sap boiled down to make syrup over a fire.
Lots of camouflage was on hand at the event hosted by the fish and game league of Douglas County.
The store donated 100 percent of their profits nationwide to charities on Wednesday.
She spoke about her time in office so far and how she plans to take Duluth into the future.
Today they especially focused on recruiting future college graduates.
DULUTH, Minn. – Lake Superior College hosted a career and transfer day Wednesday for students, professionals, and the public. Today they especially focused on recruiting future college graduates. More than 60 companies attended the event and recruiters also had a presence at the event, and say sometimes people enlist when they're not quite sure what field they'd like to enter….
The mayors of both cities said they have two major reasons for joining the lawsuit: to recover monetary damages and injunctive relief.
They're aiming at making snowmobiles cleaner, quieter, and more efficient.
A unique way of tasting coffee was tested out at the Duluth Folk School on Tuesday.
The American Lung Association successfully helped lead other campaigns for the change in age in Duluth, Hermantown, as well as 26 other cities in Minnesota.
The Two Harbors location will be shutting its doors at the beginning of the summer and dozens of people will lose their jobs.
The warming and cooling trend here in the Northland has led to ice build up in many spots.
Teams in the Lawmen Tournament compete for bragging rights and to raise money for a great cause.
Bridgeman's in Duluth is a Minnesota institution and serves up fried walleye every Wednesday and Friday year round.
The German-style festival that continues into this weekend features the Lake Superior Brewing Split Rock Bock beer.
The Globetrotters travel the world promoting a message to end violence and bullying among children all while showing off trick shots.
Crews were working overtime clearing the more than 3000 storm drains in the city.
Some golfers and citizens are sounding off and even calling the study into doubt.
The road across the lift bridge is starting to collect standing water as the snow melts on Park Point.
Ten years ago the team almost folded but thanks to dedicated coaches, alumni, and players the team was built back up.
Pedal biking, boot hockey, and even outdoor curling have all taken place on the ice for all to enjoy.
Proceeds from the event go to the Northern Lights foundation.
It's located on Menard Dr. near Miller Trunk and Arrowhead Road.
They're hoping the move will increase the retention rate of players and keep kids active for years to come.
The committee announced that golf revenues for the two courses owned by the city cannot cover their expenses.
The race was the Region I Masters Championships.
A traveling exhibit celebrating the water around us opened today at Great Lakes Aquarium.


text:
Earth and the Environment
Ecology and Environmentalism
pre- (e.g. in predicate, preface, premiss, preposition, presage, presence), pref. repr. F. pré- or its source L. præ-, later prē-, i.e. the adv.-prep. præ (of place, rank, time) before, in front, in advance, OL. prai = Oscan prai, prae-, Umbrian pre, cogn. with (O)Ir. ar before, at, in OSl. pri near, and rel. to the groups of PER, prī- (repr. by PRIME, PRIOR), and prð (see PRO-1, PRO-2).
Many L. comps. of various dates are repr. variously in Eng. (see below), chiefly based on vbs. and corr. sbs., with the meanings 'before', 'previously', 'in advance' (in time or order of succession, action, thought, performance, or execution) in adv. relation to the combined el., as in precede, predestine, prefix, preserve, pretend, previous, and as in comprehend, predatory, prehensile; with implication of 'beyond or over all others' as in predominate, pre-eminent, prevail; hence as a living prefix, e.g. in prejudge (XII), prepossess (XVII); of anterior position, as in (anat.) precerebellar, -dentate, -hallux. b. In prepositional relation, as in pre-Cambrian, pre-historic, pre-Shakespearian.
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology T. F. HOAD
T. F. HOAD "pre- ." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
T. F. HOAD "pre- ." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pre-0
T. F. HOAD "pre- ." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. . Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pre-0
pre- From the Latin prae, meaning 'before', a prefix meaning 'in front of', 'earlier than', 'more important than', or 'better than'.
A Dictionary of Ecology MICHAEL ALLABY
MICHAEL ALLABY "pre- ." A Dictionary of Ecology. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
MICHAEL ALLABY "pre- ." A Dictionary of Ecology. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pre-0
MICHAEL ALLABY "pre- ." A Dictionary of Ecology. . Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pre-0
pre- From the Latin prae meaning 'before', a prefix meaning 'in front of', 'earlier than', 'more important than', or 'better than'.
A Dictionary of Earth Sciences AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY
AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY "pre- ." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY "pre- ." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pre
AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY "pre- ." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. . Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pre
pre- prefix denoting
1. before; preceding.
2. (in anatomy) in front of; anterior to.
A Dictionary of Nursing
"pre- ." A Dictionary of Nursing. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"pre- ." A Dictionary of Nursing. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 12, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/caregiving/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pre
"pre- ." A Dictionary of Nursing. . Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/caregiving/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pre
Pre-raphaelites , Pre-Raphaelites Pre-Raphaelites (prē´-răf´ēəlīts´), brotherhood of English painters and poets formed in 1848 in protest against what they saw as the… prescriptive , pre·scrip·tive / priˈskriptiv/ • adj. 1. of or relating to the imposition or enforcement of a rule or method: these guidelines are not intended to be… premature , pre·ma·ture / ˌprēməˈchoŏr; -ˈt(y)oŏr/ • adj. occurring or done before the usual or proper time; too early: the sun can cause premature aging| it wou… Apprehensive , apprehensive •impassive, massive, passive •expansive •aggressive, compressive, concessive, degressive, depressive, digressive, excessive, expressive,… prune , prune2 trim (feathers) with the beak. XIV. ME. pru(y)ne, also proyne — pres. stem poroign — OF. poroindre, f. por- (mod. pour-; :— L. PRO-1) + oindre… appreciate , ap·pre·ci·ate / əˈprēshēˌāt/ • v. [tr.] 1. recognize the full worth of: she feels that he does not appreciate her. ∎ be grateful for (something): I'd…
pre-oral
moolah
bugler
Shula
Petula
pre-mRNA
prcs.
PRCP
prcht
prchst
PRBS
Prazniak, Roxann
Pražák, Premsyl
Prayopaveśana
Praying Towns
Praying Mantis 1993
Prayer, Centering
Prayer of the Rollerboys
Prayer of the heart:
Prayer in School
Prayer in Public Schools Is Held to Be Unconstitutional
Pre-1600: Americas: The People
Pre-1600: Americas: The People: Chronology
Pre-1600: Americas: The People: Headline Makers
Pre-1600: Americas: The People: Overview
Pre-1600: Americas: The People: Publications
Pre-1600: Americas: The People: Topics in the News
Pre-1600: Communications
Pre-1600: Communications: Chronology
Pre-1600: Communications: Headline Makers
Pre-1600: Communications: Overview
Pre-1600: Communications: Publications
Pre-1600: Communications: Topics in the News
Pre-1600: Education
Pre-1600: Education: Chronology
Pre-1600: Education: Overview
Pre-1600: Education: Topics in the News
Pre-1600: Government and Law
Pre-1600: Government and Law: Chronology
Pre-1600: Government and Law: Headline Makers
Pre-1600: Government and Law: Overview
Pre-1600: Government and Law: Publications
Pre-1600: Government and Law: Topics in the News
Pre-1600: Religion
Pre-1600: Religion: Chronology
Pre-1600: Religion: Headline Makers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Supping stars: Ronnie Wood's depiction of regular clebrity diners at The Ivy is on epart of a triptych. This unfinished section, along with two other panels, will eventually feature 60 well-known faces.
If you have ever wondered why it is so difficult to get a table at the Ivy, here at last is the answer: it I s because this lot are always there. Sir Mick Jagger hobnobbing with Sir Tom Stoppard, Joan Collins hanging out with society jeweler Theo Fennell, not to mention Jerry hall, AA Gill, And Kate Moss Showing an Awful lot of leg… the place is positively awash with famouse faces.
This is the first publication on one of the more eagerly awaited artworks of recent years, Rolling Stone Ronnie Wood's depiction of 60 celebrities who are regular diners at what is arguably London's premier show-business restaurant.
The detail shown here is one part of a triptych. The other tow panels, each measuring 5ft, by 6ft, feature Sir Elton John, Naomi Cambell, Melvyn Bragg, Salman Rshdie, Mariella Frostrup and Lulu – aparty planner's fantasy but just a regular Monday night at the Ivy, if Ronnie Wood is to be believed.
Is this really what The Ivy is like? if so, it seems like a very jolly place. AA Gill's girlfriend Nicola Formby appears to be force-feeding him (perhaps he does not like the food), jerry Hall looks very youthful and Alan Yentob seems to be engaged in earnest conversation with a curvaceous brunette who is, for some unexplained reson, sprawled over the table in front of him.
The picture was commissioned by Lord Lloyd Webber more then tow years ago in an attempt to revive the neglected Victorian art of creating panoramic social scens.
He said he hoped it would be ready to hang as part of an exhibition of his art collection – titled pre-Raphaelites and other Masters – at the Ryal Academy in September.
Ronnie Wood went to Ealing Art School before he became a rock'n'roll star, and has painted portraits of a variety of musicians over the years. His work has been shown in Britain, Japan and America.


Spurri - Connecting projects to grants and cryptocurrency.
Legacy organizational governance methods often do not meet the needs of makerspaces or open-source projects, integrate poorly with IoT devices, and have not kept up with current capabilities in electronic communications, distributed ledgers, smart contracts, and open-source collaboration.
succinct, one-sentence description Legacy organizational governance methods often do not meet the needs of makerspaces or open-source projects, integrate poorly with IoT devices, and have not kept up with current capabilities in electronic communications, distributed ledgers, smart contracts, and open-source collaboration.
better integration of membership, access controls, equipment use, training and certification, etc.
© Copyright 2018 Spurri - All rights reserved.


text:
Q: Why does the compiler is giving me this: undefined reference to function? Ok I have been trying to figure this out for 3 hours and I have search a bunch of stack overflow questions and answers but I have this same error:
/usr/bin/ld: /tmp/ccXbXNRV.o: in function 'main':
main.c:(.text+0x5a): undefined reference to 'plus'
/usr/bin/ld: main.c:(.text+0x67): undefined reference to `minus'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

And I cant figure this out because my code doesn't seem that he is the problem
main.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include "funcs.c"

int main()
{
    int z = 0;
    int wh = 1;
    while (wh == 1)
    {
        printf("What you want?\n1-Plus\n2-Minus\n");
        scanf("%d", &z);
        if (z == 1)
        {
            plus();
        }
        if (z == 2)
        {
            minus();
        }
    }
    printf("The program ended\n");

    return 0;
}

funcs.c
#include <stdio.h>

inline void plus(void)
{
    int a = 0;
    int b = 0;
    printf("Pls insert a numb\n");
    scanf("%d", &a);
    printf("Pls insert a numb\n");
    scanf("%d", &b);
    a = a + b;
    printf("The result is: %d\n", a);
}

inline void minus(void)
{
    int a = 0;
    int b = 0;
    printf("Pls insert a numb\n");
    scanf("%d", &a);
    printf("Pls insert a numb\n");
    scanf("%d", &b);
    a = a - b;
    printf("The result is: %d\n", a);
}

help.h
extern int a;
extern int b;
extern int z;
extern int wh;
inline void minus(void);
inline void plus(void);

I have try to compile it with this command gcc funcs.c main.c
I know that is a simple program but I really want to learn c
If you could help I would be very thankful!

A: You can fix this by doing three things:

*

*Don't include a .c file. You're already providing it to gcc on the command line.

*Include help.h in files where you use those functions.

*Not using inline. You can't use inline when the caller and callee are in different translation units.

main.c:
#include <stdio.h>
// #include "funcs.c"
#include "help.h"

int main()
{
    int z = 0;
    int wh = 1;
    while (wh == 1)
    {
        printf("What you want?\n1-Plus\n2-Minus\n");
        scanf("%d", &z);
        if (z == 1)
        {
            plus();
        }
        if (z == 2)
        {
            minus();
        }
    }
    printf("The program ended\n");

    return 0;
}

funcs.c
#include <stdio.h>

void plus(void)
{
    int a = 0;
    int b = 0;
    printf("Pls insert a numb\n");
    scanf("%d", &a);
    printf("Pls insert a numb\n");
    scanf("%d", &b);
    a = a + b;
    printf("The result is: %d\n", a);
}

void minus(void)
{
    int a = 0;
    int b = 0;
    printf("Pls insert a numb\n");
    scanf("%d", &a);
    printf("Pls insert a numb\n");
    scanf("%d", &b);
    a = a - b;
    printf("The result is: %d\n", a);
}

help.h:
extern int a;
extern int b;
extern int z;
extern int wh;
void minus(void);
void plus(void);

Compile and run like so:
$ gcc -Wall -Werror funcs.c main.c
$ ./a.out
What you want?
1-Plus
2-Minus
^C

Other thoughts:
extern int a;
extern int b;
extern int z;
extern int wh;

You're already declaring these variables locally. This is unneeded. The extern keyword tells the compiler that these variables are defined in another translation unit that it can't see. This isn't true, so you should just remove these.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Bross, Richard Dale - Age 71, of Swartz Creek, died November 29, 2018. Funeral services will be held 11 AM Thursday, December 6 at Sharp Funeral Homes, Miller Road Chapel, our temporary location at the Hill Creek Church, 5363 Hill Rd., Swartz Creek (Mundy Township), Pastor Lawrence Gill officiating. Visitation will be held 5-8 PM Tuesday, 11 AM - 5 PM Wednesday, and 10 AM until the time of the service on Thursday. An American Legion Memorial service will be 4 PM Wednesday at Hill Creek Church. Interment 1 PM Monday December 10 at Ft. Custer National Cemetery. Those desiring may make contributions to the Wounded Warrior Project. Richard was born January 31, 1947 Kalamazoo MI the son of LeRoy A. and Shirley Ann (Ackerman) Bross. He was a 1965 graduate of Middleville High School. He was a veteran of the U.S. Army serving in Vietnam in the 101st and 502nd Airborne as Sergeant. He married Susan Brown on June 21, 1969 in Farmington Hills. He worked as Swartz Creek Police Officer and State and county 911 dispatcher for many years. He attended the Swartz Creek Church of the Nazarene. He was a member of the Swartz Creek American Legion. He was an avid golfer and enjoyed camping. Surviving are: wife of 49 years Susan; two daughters Robin Bross-Wallace (Bud) of Swartz Creek, Jodi Bross-McClung (Jason) of Clarksville TN; two grandsons, Cole Wetherbee, Jason Wallace; brother Allen (Nora) Bross of Nashville, MI; sister Pamela (Jeff) DeCuypere of Vicksburg, MI; many nieces and nephews; and his miniature poodle Belle. He was preceded in death by his parents. Tributes may be shared at www.sharpfuneralhomes.com.
To send flowers or a remembrance gift to the family of Richard Dale Bross, please visit our Tribute Store.
"Email Address" would like to share the life celebration of Richard Dale Bross. Click on the "link" to go to share a favorite memory or leave a condolence message for the family.


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text:
Home News Rey Mysterio Set For Next Week's Edition of WWE's "The Bump", Mandy...
Rey Mysterio Set For Next Week's Edition of WWE's "The Bump", Mandy Rose/Otis on "Ride Along", More
Ryan Clark
WWE will be airing a new edition of "Ride Along" this Sunday at 10AM EST. The Street Profits will be in one car and Mandy Rose & Otis will be in the other.
WWE recently sent out a fix for their app on Android devices as there was an issue with video player orientation.
WWE tweeted the following, revealing that Rey Mysterio will be a guest on next week's episode of The Bump:
NEXT WEEK on #WWETheBump!@reymysterio pic.twitter.com/A9JKmRtCyI
— WWE's The Bump (@WWETheBump) April 22, 2020
You can check out this week's edition of WWE's "The Bump" below. This episode features Triple H, Daniel Bryan & Brie Bella, Nia Jax, Dolph Ziggler and Drake Maverick.
Óscar Gutiérrez
He was known as Rey Mysterio Jr. (Spanish for "King of Mystery") during his tenures with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW). ...


text:
Podcast PAWcast: Catherine Sanderson *97 on Creating Moral Rebels
By Elisabeth H. Daugherty
Published online February 28, 2022
'We all benefit from living in a world in which more people speak up in the face of all different kinds of problematic behavior,' Sanderson says
Listen on Apple Podcasts • Google Podcasts • Spotify • Soundcloud
Why do some people step up to help or speak up in a crisis, while others don't? On this episode of the PAWcast, Amherst professor Catherine Sanderson *97 explains how she analyzed the psychology of this phenomenon for her new book, Why We Act. She explains the science behind how we're wired to behave as bystanders and shows that with the right tools, training, and education, anyone can be turned into a moral rebel.
Liz Daugherty: When faced with a crisis, a crime, or a case of bullying or discrimination, most of us hope we'd be the one to take charge and step in to help a victim. So why, when encountering such situations in real life, do so many people stay silent? To get to the bottom of this phenomenon, Amherst College professor Catherine Sanderson *97 combed through psychological studies and produced her latest book, Why We Act: Turning Bystanders Into Moral Rebels. By showing us how we're wired to react in certain situations, and how that changes based on our experiences, our surroundings, and other factors, she hopes to tip the balance so more people who know what's right stand up and show it.
Catherine, thank you for coming on the podcast.
Catherine Sanderson: Thank you so much for this invitation to talk about this really important topic.
LD: Well, why don't we start where your book begins. Do you want to tell me about the case at your son's college that first prompted your interest in bystander action?
CS: Yes. So, my son, Andrew, started college just about five years ago now and we dropped him off at his dorm, bought the rug at Walmart and the mini fridge, and we hung posters above his bed, and hugged him goodbye and drove home. And we didn't really hear much from Andrew for the first couple weeks. Occasionally he would text and say, "How do you do laundry?" or, "Can I get some more money?" or something.
And then, one day my phone rang and it was Andrew and his voice was breaking and he said, "A student died in my dorm last night." And then he told me the story, and the story is one that, frankly, is familiar to everybody, not because you will know this student or this college, but because it happens with some regularity. The student had been drinking on a Saturday night, he fell and hit his head, and his friends and roommate watched over him for hours, because they wanted him to be OK. They checked to make sure he was still breathing, they put him in bed, they strapped a backpack around his shoulders to prevent him from rolling onto his back and vomiting and then choking to death. So, again, they cared about him and they wanted him to be OK. But what they didn't do for nearly 19 hours was call 911. And when they finally did make that call, it was too late. The hospital kept the student alive on life support in time for his family to fly in from out of state to be with him when they disconnected him, but the student died. He was 19 years old in his first two weeks at college.
And when Andrew told me that story, as a mom, my heart just broke for those parents, and as a college professor who, of course, teaches many, many students of that age all the time, I could just see that story playing out at my own school, at any school across the country, and that story was actually the prompt for this book.
LD: It was sort of shocking when I read through the different cases that you cite, because they're peppered throughout all the book. And I should say it's not all bleak, because you show plenty of examples of bystanders who do stand up, but the frequency with which this happens, and with which people who consider themselves to be good people, would never say or believe that they would stand by and watch something like this happen, yet they do. So, can you start to tell us a little bit about why?
CS: Yeah. So, I love that question. And I want to say that when I wrote this book, and I sent it out to agents, I actually had chosen a different title. So, the book is called Why We Act. What I wanted to call the book was The Appalling Silence of the Good People. And to me, that was the message that strikes me again and again, that as you just said, we all envision ourselves to be good people, and yet, many, many of us, most of us, are appallingly silent good people, in all sorts of different circumstances. And what we know, and in fact what we know from lots of research being conducted at Princeton, is that good people are appallingly silent for lots of different reasons.
And one of the key findings is that when we're faced with a situation, we don't exactly know how to interpret what's happening. And there's this challenge in terms of ambiguity, and all of us have been in cases in which we see or hear something, and we're not exactly sure what we're hearing or seeing. Is that harmless flirting, or is that sexual harassment, or sexual misconduct? Is that joke funny, or is it really kind of offensive and problematic? Are those people just horsing around or are they really in trouble in some way? And so, one of the challenges is in many situations, we see or hear something and we don't exactly know what it is, so we look to other people. And the challenge is, everyone is looking to everyone else, and that inaction basically breeds inaction, because we don't want to be the only one who speaks up and says something, and we're then accused of being stupid or naïve, or overreacting in some way.
LD: I was very interested in this effect you found where we believe the people around us think one thing, and it turns out we're wrong. Like the fraternity brother who thinks that everyone in the room is OK with taking a drunk girl to their room. In fact, everyone in the room might believe, "No, this is not OK," and that disconnect I found really fascinating.
CS: Yes. I absolutely agree, and I have to say that I remember sitting in a classroom in Green Hall at Princeton University as a graduate student, in which Debbie Prentice, who I believe is now the provost, described this phenomenon of pluralistic ignorance, which is the sort of jargony, psychology term for exactly what you're describing, with this idea that we might be in a situation in which everybody privately is like, "Oh, that's problematic," or, "Oh, I'm not very comfortable with this," and yet they falsely believe that other people are perfectly OK with whatever's happening.
And that situation plays out in lots of different circumstances, I think most famously in a paper, again, published at Princeton by Debbie Prentice and then formerly at Princeton, now at Stanford, Dale Miller, one of the classic illustrations was that at Princeton, many students individually say, "There is really kind of too much drinking, that I wish there wasn't so much drinking, I'm not comfortable with it, and I don't drink that much," but this false belief that everybody else at Princeton drinks all the time and is totally comfortable with it. And so, you have the situation where individually people are saying, "This is really problematic," and they're actually in the norm. They're the majority. And yet, they don't actually understand that their beliefs are normal, because people misinterpret what other people are thinking and feeling.
LD: Sure, and making assumptions, when in fact they could be asking and instead just going with the flow. I think you found the same thing, am I right, with college women and their self-image.
CS: Yes. In fact, I'm going to give credit to a former thesis student of mine, Princeton graduate, Candy Messinger. So, Candy and John Darley, formerly, who has now passed, but dear colleague at Princeton for many, many years, and really important mentor to me.
So, John Darley and Candy Messinger and I actually studied this phenomenon at Princeton. And we looked at — and this was Candy's idea — because what Candy said was, "Women talk about how little they've eaten and how much they've exercised, and they don't talk about the reverse." And so, the idea is that women are going into the dining halls, and at the time, again, I'm far removed from the college dining hall experience now, but at the time it was described as tray-gazing, that women would be consciously aware of what other women were putting on their trays, and, "Gosh, I need to present in this public format of a dining hall, as drinking Diet Coke, and eating nonfat yogurt and salad, and that's what I'm showing on my tray. I go back to my dorm room and I'm hungry because all I've had is Diet Coke and lettuce." And yet, they're eating privately because they're hungry, and they're not understanding that other women are doing the same thing.
We've also found, and again, I'm now at Amherst, we've found identical data at Amherst, which is that women on average believe other women are exercising more than they themselves are, because they, again, are misperceiving what other women are weighing, what other women are doing in terms of exercise because we talk about certain things, and we don't talk about other things. And again, that same kind of misperception that we see in terms of alcohol use exactly plays out in terms of eating and exercise, and frankly, disordered eating behavior.
LD: That's so interesting. So, you can be the one who is sitting there going, "I'm not OK with this thing that I'm seeing but I'm not going to step in, because all the people around me would look at me like I'm crazy."
CS: That is exactly right. That is precisely what happens.
LD: That's really interesting. And there's also, you talk as well about — you talk about schools and colleges and also the workplace, so you're really all stages of life here, you're seeing this, and the slippery slope situation I thought was very interesting, too, this idea that a small act of misbehavior, or letting something slide, or not acting can become a big one, how little steps can lead up to big ones, and the importance of trying to stop it sooner, in order to prevent those bigger acts down the road.
CS: Right. I think that's such an important point, because I think many times people sort of say, "Well, this is not that big a deal, I'm just going to overlook that, whatever, I'm just going to not say anything, because it's a small thing." But the challenge is, that when you don't sweat the small stuff, the small stuff escalates. It in fact increases. And I think we see this in all kinds of situations. I think we see it in colleges, I think we see it in terms of bullying in schools, and I think we certainly see it in the workplace, that people overlook problematic behavior when it seems little or small, but that then conveys the impression that, "Oh, this is no real big deal," and then that person gets the message, "Oh, this is no real big deal," and that almost gives them permission to in fact escalate that behavior.
So, I think one of the key findings that we know from research in psychology is that being able to actually step up and say something when things are small is easier than waiting until that small stuff has escalated.
LD: OK. Well, now that we're all really depressed —
CS: (laughter) Sorry.
LD: That's OK, about all the terrible people out there and how easy it is to not step up, there are people who do act. There are people who have done heroic things, who've stepped up, small situations, big situations. So, who are those people and what makes them clearly far superior to the rest of us?
CS: Yes. So, I'm going to say two things about that. One — I'm going to say the second thing first. So, first of all, we do know that there are some people, I call them moral rebels, who are people that seem to not fall prey to lots of the rest of the stuff that leads us to stay silent. So, who are these people? One, they tend to be really high in empathy. So, they tend to be very able to put themselves in somebody else's shoes and imagine the world through that person's perspective. So, that makes it easier to step up because you can say, "Well, wait, what if that was my daughter, or my friend, or my brother, or whatever? Then I would want someone to do something." So, they tend to be to be high in empathy.
Two, they tend to not really worry about being embarrassed in the same way. So, the sort of fear of looking stupid, or overreacting, they just aren't as socially inhibited. And that's important to recognize.
And then, three, and as the mom of a really argumentative 17-year-old teenage daughter, I take a lot of solace in that, which is that the people who are good at arguing with their parents. And so, some fascinating research out of the University of Virginia has shown that teenagers who grow up arguing with their parents actually seem to be better able to stand up to peer pressure. And what the researchers think is going on is, basically, they kind of get some practice. So, you get to develop some skills arguing with Mom and Dad, and that then pays off when you are in a situation in which there's problematic behavior, you already have some ability, or some training, really, to practice putting those skills into good use.
LD: I thought the empathy situation was very interesting, because, now, my son is in first grade and the school is teaching empathy. They have lessons where they are actively trying to teach it. Now, I'm not sure how effective it's going to be, but I thought that was a very interesting point, that some of these traits, you would think that they are natural and innate, but you showed how you can actually learn them, right, and teach them?
CS: Yes. And first of all, I'm so glad that your son's school is doing that, that's always heartwarming that that's being taught.
LD: I know, right?
CS: And so, we know that in fact, understanding that empathy is a muscle, that empathy is something that you can train and practice. There's really interesting research out of Stanford looking at the ability to think about empathy as something that is changeable and not fixed is really important in fostering that. It's also important to know that empathy can be based on something really subtle.
One of my favorite examples which I describe in the book as research that was actually done in the United Kingdom, in which they looked at somebody in need of help, and the shirt they were wearing. And what they found was that you're more likely to help somebody who's in trouble who's jogging and twists their ankle, so to speak, if they're wearing a shirt that in fact is showing they support the same sports team that you support. So, it doesn't have to be empathy where it's my brother, or I'm genetically related, or we have this really important connection. It can be, "We both like the Chicago Cubs," or whatever, and that can actually help create it. And I think that having this idea of putting ourselves in somebody else's shoes, and practicing that muscle, developing that skill, is something really important for us all to kind of keep in mind, all the time.
LD: Like if you can look at anyone out there and say, "I have something in common with this person, because we're both human," and see the similarities instead of seeing the differences.
CS: Absolutely. And also, to put ourselves in somebody else's shoes, even at a more distant level. So, I'll give a couple examples. One, I wrote the book because I wanted to make sure, or I wanted to help ensure, that if my son were lying unconscious in a dorm room, one of those kids would have called 911 faster. And so, to me, it's also saying, "How about if it were my kid in that situation, what would I want someone to do?"
Shortly after this book came out — so my book was published in April of 2020, which for the record, really, really bad time to have a book tour, when there's a global pandemic. But right after my book was published, one of my friends called me and said, "I want to tell you a story about my daughter." And her daughter, Claire, was adopted from China when she was a baby. Claire is like, 22, 23 years old. She's living in Boston when the pandemic hits. So, Claire is on a bus in Boston, crowded city bus going to work in March. And there is a man on the bus who stands up, points at Claire, and says, "You should go back to China. You and your fellow Chinese people have brought us this virus and you're killing Americans, and you should go back to China." The bus is crowded. Not a single person on the bus says anything. No one challenges the man. No one says for him to shut up or whatever. But also, no one goes over and just sits with Claire. Just sits with her, "Hey, what are you doing this weekend?" whatever, just distracts her, comforts her, supports her in any way.
And that's just an example. When my friend told me that story, I was like, "If it was my daughter on that bus, I would want somebody to go sit with her. I would want her not to feel alone." And so, I think we can also all kind of think about the world more broadly, that if it was our kid, our spouse, our colleague, our friend, and they were being treated poorly, what would we want other people in that situation to do?
LD: So, let's talk about the institutional level because I think that this is a really big piece of the puzzle, when we're talking about trying to get more people to behave in these ways. I'm thinking, again, colleges, schools, companies, what can they do to set up their students or employees for action when the time comes?
CS: Super love that question. Because here's what we know, and in fact, here's what we know from some research conducted at Princeton, is that if you tell people, "Hey, people actually don't think that — don't drink as much as you think they do," and, "Hey, women aren't as thin as you think they are," if you tell people about these processes, actually understanding the psychology of inaction helps people defeat those natural purposes.
So, frankly, this conversation and helping people unpack the psychology of it, actually can go a long way towards defeating it. In schools, telling people, "Yeah, kids actually don't like and respect bullies, they like people who stand up to the bullies, and they respect them." Telling men on sports teams and in fraternities, "Hey, a lot of other guys think that you sound like a sexist pig when you say comments like that, we're actually not in favor of it." All of that is really helpful.
One of the organizations that I've gotten involved in, which I think is really making essential strides in ways that are really important for us as a society is a board called ABLE, which is Active Bystandership in Law Enforcement. This is a program that's run out of the Georgetown University Law School, and what it does is it works with police departments across the country, doing exactly what I talk about in my book. And I talk about the ABLE program in chapter eight of my book. And so, I was asked to join the board, and what they're doing is just revolutionary. They're basically going to police departments, again, who would like them to come in, and they're doing training on psychology. They're talking about famous studies in psychology, including some done by John Darley, again, longtime Princeton professor in the psychology department who did some of the most fundamental work in this area, and they're telling them about the psychology of inaction, and they're training them in terms of how to speak up.
Very briefly, I wrote an op-ed that appeared in USA Today, that was co-authored by a longtime, very famous person, Cornell Brooks, who is the longtime president of the NAACP, and Cornell and I wrote an op-ed right after George Floyd died. And what we described is there was so much attention being put on Derek Chauvin, who of course, kneeled on George Floyd's neck for nine minutes and murdered him, but what occurred to me as a psychologist when I saw that horrific video was actually not what Derek Chauvin was doing. It was what his three colleagues were not doing. There were four officers there. And if the other three officers had pulled Derek Chauvin off of George Floyd's neck, as they should have done, we wouldn't know who George Floyd was, because he would be alive, and living and working in Minneapolis.
And so, that is basically the gist of what the ABLE program is trying to do. They're trying to train officers to step up when they have colleagues who are engaging in problematic behavior. And to me, that's some of the most important lessons from the field of psychology that we can use, not only, of course, in police departments, but in law firms, in corporate boardrooms, you know, in Hollywood studios, in the Catholic church, in whatever, in all different kinds of institutions in which problematic behavior might be occurring.
LD: I think you talked a little bit about the need to stop any kind of retaliation, as well, because in some organizations, for sure, the fear of retaliation is founded. So, you've got to get rid of that, am I right? Organizations might need to dig a little deep.
CS: Yeah, right. So, I think there's two really important things about that. I think, one, setting up ways in which problematic behavior can be reported in a safe way, whether that's anonymous or whether that's whistleblower protections, or so on. We've all seen in high-profile examples of examples of, Theranos, for example, Harvey Weinstein, for example, in which problematic behavior continues because nobody calls it out.
But the other thing which I really want to point at is that I also think that people who are in positions of power also have a responsibility to speak up, that there are times in which I've been in a meeting in which somebody says or does something problematic, and I speak up, because I have tenure, and it's really hard to get rid of somebody who has tenure. And so, I'm in a situation in which I have the ability to speak up. And sometimes, colleagues have emailed me privately afterwards and said, "Hey, I didn't feel comfortable speaking up because I'm coming up for tenure, or I'm a staff member and I don't feel protected, and I really appreciate you giving voice to it." So, I think there is a role of institutions in creating systems, and processes, and structures, that allow reporting, but I also think that individually, people who are in positions of power have a responsibility, really a moral obligation, to be able to speak up in the face of problematic behavior, as well.
LD: Well, and that gets into what I wanted to ask next, which is you're talking about organizations, what about individuals? For individual people who are thinking about this and going, "I want to be that person who stands up, I want to know that in the right situation, I'm going to do the right thing." Or, maybe from a parenting perspective, too, what can I do as a parent, for me, for my family, and try to turn my kids into these kinds of people? What would you say?
CS: Yeah. So, again, super important question, and so I'll say, first, I don't think it's one-size-fits-all. So, sometimes people say, "Well, I can't be that person because I'm small, or I'm a woman, and that person might attack me, or I might get in trouble, or I need my job and I can't lose it," I don't think it's one-size-fits-all. What I think is that we all should have a repertoire of skills and strategies that we can use.
And so, sometimes that might be standing up and saying, like, "Hey, that's problematic," but it doesn't have to be standing up and saying, "You're a jerk," or "You're stupid," or "You're racist." It can be saying, "Oh, you know what? You probably didn't mean it this way, but some people might think that when you say X, whatever," it can be something of having a moment and saying, "Oh, let's rethink how we're going to phrase that," or, "You probably didn't mean it." It can be assuming goodwill. I can also be saying, "OK, maybe I'm not going to speak up in this particular setting, but I'm going to talk to the person privately and say, 'I was uncomfortable when you said X. I'm not going to call you out at a meeting, but I'm going to report it later on.'" It can also be going over and supporting someone, again, my example of on a crowded city bus. Maybe you're not going to confront the person who's sounding crazy, because maybe they have a knife. But instead, you're going to go and support the person who has just been victimized in some way.
So, I think to me, it's understanding that ignoring bad behavior gives the person who is engaged in that behavior the message that it's OK, and that no one finds it problematic. So, finding ways of interrupting the moment are important, but there are lots of different skills and strategies that we can use. In the final chapter of my book, I actually go through 10, 12 different kinds of strategies that people can use in different situations, because I don't think it's a one-size-fits-all. I think there may be different responses depending on, is this a relative at the Thanksgiving dinner, versus, are you with a stranger on a crowded city bus, are you in a boardroom, are you in a classroom, are you in a school, on a school bus, are you in a locker room? So, I think there's different kinds of situations that call for different kinds of action, but understanding the core of the very normal psychology that leads to inaction, can frankly, give all of us insight into what's causing our silence, and hopefully, then, we can develop skills and strategies that we can use that fit the moment and fit our own personal comfort.
LD: I liked the strategy that you gave about finding a friend, as well. Like, you might not want to be the one who stands up in front of the whole fraternity and says, "Now is the moment to call 911," but a pull a friend aside and say, "Hey, let's do this together."
CS: Yeah, I think that is such an important one. Because often what we fear is standing alone. And so, if you're in a situation where you have a colleague, a friend, a fraternity brother, a teammate, whatever, and you can talk to that person privately, "Hey, do you kind of find that problematic, or what do you think about that?" Having two people together actually gives us lots of confidence, and in many cases, we may not feel comfortable acting alone, but we feel a lot better if we've got someone else by our side.
LD: Now, I wanted to ask you, because this occurred to me as I was reading the book, you are probably highly attuned to all of this after writing this book, and I'm curious, have you felt a change in yourself at all, or have you found yourself thinking differently in situations since you did all this work?
CS: Yeah. So, I will say it's impossible to have done this book and not be thinking about it all the time. I remember a case, pre-pandemic, so I was flying, and I was in the Atlanta airport which, again, not many of your listeners probably know, there's that long monorail thing in the bottom where you're going from terminal to terminal. So, I'm on my phone, I'm walking, changing flights, and I walk past a couple, and the man is vomiting into a trash can, and there's a woman standing beside him and a whole lot of luggage. So, I'm on my phone and I'm busy, so I'm just walking, walking, walking, I pass them, and then I pause and I'm like, "Oh, that's kind of a situation in which somebody could say something, and I'm writing this book."
So, I literally stopped, I got off the phone, and I walked back, and I said, "Excuse me, ma'am, do you need some help?" And she said, "Oh, my husband is just, you know, he's very sick," and I said, "Yes, I can see that." I said, "I'm asking you if I could do something to help you." And she said, "Well, actually, could you go get a wheelchair?" And I said, "Absolutely." I went up the escalator, I went to the Delta counter and said, "We need a wheelchair downstairs." So, it was not like me being a big medal of honor hero winner, this was me seeing a moment and saying, "Somebody could do something." And if it was my mom vomiting profusely in a trash can alone, I would want someone to do something.
So, I will say I am acutely aware of situations in which just one person making a teeny, tiny gesture could make a difference. And I will also say that I think I am much more likely now in meetings to say, "Hey, maybe I'm the only one, but I really think that we're talking around this issue," and I feel very comfortable assuming that other people feel like I do, and they're just not saying it. And I will say, every time I've said something in a meeting that seems to be a little bit going against the flow of the conversation, I have had people, sometimes in the moment, but very often, email me or come up to me on campus afterwards and they'll be like, "I'm so glad you said that. That's exactly what I was thinking, but I didn't feel comfortable saying it." So, yeah. I will say that writing this book has given me, I think, more confidence that what I'm thinking or feeling, other people are also thinking or feeling, even if they're not saying it, and that single people making a just a tiny little empathetic act can make a big difference.
LD: That goes through a lot of my questions. Was there anything else you wanted to add or anything else you'd like to talk about?
CS: No, I guess I want to say that this book to me feels super personal, and it also feels like a wonderful example of what I gained during my time at Princeton, that some of the most fundamental research on the topic of pluralistic ignorance and social norms, again, was done by Debbie Prentice and Dale Miller, who were my professors when I was at Princeton. Lots of the historic work on bystander, the bystander effect that many of your listeners might remember from Intro to Psychology was done by John Darley, longtime professor at Princeton, and I feel super fortunate to have written this book, and could not have written this book without my opportunity to pursue doctoral work at Princeton. So, this is kind of my way of giving back to colleagues who were so instrumental in forming the scholar and researcher and teacher I've become. So, thank you to Princeton.
LD: That's lovely to hear. And thank you so much for taking the time to speak, today. I hope that maybe some people who listen to this might be prompted to act.
CS: Again, as I say repeatedly, we all benefit from living in a world in which more people speak up in the face of all different kinds of problematic behavior. So, I really appreciate this opportunity to talk, and I really do hope it inspires some moral rebels.
PAWcast is a monthly interview podcast produced by the Princeton Alumni Weekly. If you enjoyed this episode, please subscribe. You can find us on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify, and Soundcloud. You can read transcripts of every episode on our website, paw.princeton.edu. Music for this podcast is licensed from Universal Production Music.
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We have seen a couple of reports saying that the Galaxy S8 (and the S8 Plus) could go on sale on April 21st, and according to serial leakster evleaks, Samsung could push the release of its next flagship by a week. Perhaps it shouldn't come as a surprise that it could take longer before we are able to get our hands on the Galaxy S8, as Samsung would want to make sure that the Galaxy Note 7 debacle isn't repeated.
Furthermore, since no official dates have been announced yet, there is no telling whether any of the reported release dates will actually turn out to be true. For all we know, Samsung could put the Galaxy S8 on sale before April 21st, given that the phone's official announcement will be happening a month later than previous Galaxy S flagships. It also remains to be seen if the previously rumored April 10 pre-order date will be affected by the delay in the phone's release.
Until something truly concrete comes knocking (you know, like a leak from a carrier), we would recommend taking everything with a pinch of salt. The Galaxy S8 will be unveiled on March 29th at dedicated events in New York and London.
It does not matter, it is important that it would be terrifying best phone in 2017.
Samsung usual thorn in the throats of their enemies.


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text:
Wine-Dark Sea
Not to belabor the obvious, but I have taken a long and unplanned vacation from this blog. After more than six years it has become a challenge to come up with topics that have not already been beaten to death here.
So I will make absolutely no promises about frequency or consistency of posting, but here you go!
There is a curious enchantment to Dark Ages. They are dark mainly to us, with few if any written records, yet they loom large in our imaginative heritage.
The Dark Age of Greece - by convention it is in the singular, not 'Dark Ages' - might be dated with traditionalist pseudo-precision as running from 1174 BC to 776 BC. The end date is the first Olympiad, the earliest recorded date of 'historical' Greece. The start date is ten years after the fall of Troy, when Odysseus finally gets back to Ithaca, last of all the surviving Achaean heroes to make his way home.
The traditional dates for the Trojan War itself, 1194-1184 BC, were an estimate by Eratosthenes, better known in geekdom for his impressively accurate computation of the size of the Earth. But the first curious thing about the Dark Age of Greece is that his date for the fall of Troy is also impressively accurate, even though it was based on premises that were shaky, obscure, or both.
The current archeological dating for the destruction of Troy VIIa - a destruction apparently due to war - is given as 1230-1190/1180 BCE, a range that just neatly overlaps the traditional date.
True that Eratosthenes' dating was only one of several classical estimates for the fall of Troy, and if you include enough of the others you can make a plausible case that Eratosthenes merely got lucky. If you scatter a dozen estimates over a 200 or 300 year period, one of them is likely to fall within a couple of decades of any given date.
But 1184 became the standard traditional date for the fall of Troy. Score one for Eratosthenes, not to mention Homer.
To us the oddest episodes in the Odyssey may be when Odysseus' son Telemachus visits Sparta and finds Menelaus and Helen living in comfortable domesticity, as though all that awkward business about Paris of Troy had never happened. Other homecomings, the Nostoi in Greek tradition, were more turbulent.
Odysseus, not home yet, would have his own troubles, though they seem to end well for everyone except those annoying suitors (and the servingmaids who had been overly friendly with them). Most notorious of the homecomings was that of Agamemnon, King of Men, finished off in his bath by wife Clytemnestra. (She arguably had good reason.)
To judge by the archeological record, however, practically all of the homecomings must have gone badly. Every Mycenaean palace was destroyed, with the sole exception of the (rather minor) palace at Athens. As a further complication the wave of destruction - one scholar has dubbed it simply the Catastrophe - peaked right around 1200 BCE, slightly before the putative date of the Trojan War.
What sticks most in my mind is sandy Pylos, the city of wise old Nestor. Telemachus also visited Pylos in his journey, where he found Nestor leading his people in sacrificing bulls (or was it oxen?) to Poseidon. All seems to be going well for the Pylians - if Homer had wanted Foreshadowings of Doom in his narrative, he could have provided them, and he doesn't.
In fact, however, sandy Pylos went down in flames circa 1200 BCE. And unlike Mycenae, which struggled on through a couple of archeological destruction layers before final abandonment, Pylos went down for the count.
Left in the smouldering ruins were clay tablets, fortuitously baked in the conflagration, on which scribes had carefully recorded all the unromantic details of Bronze Age palace management.They also provide the Foreshadowings of Doom that immortal Homer does not: Watchers have been dispatched to guard the coast, some 600 rowers are being mustered, and there are hints of an emergency human sacrifice.
The fashion in the fairly recent past was to downplay any real connection between Bronze Age events and the Homeric tradition. The magisterial Moses I Finley dismissed any Bronze Age element in the epics as a mere few Mycenaean 'things.' Lately the scholarly fashion cycle seems to be going the other way, helped along by other fire-preserved clay tablets, from Hittite archives, that mention a place called Taruisa or Wilusa, and troublesome people called Ahhiyawa - evoking Troy, its alternate name Ilios, and the Achaeans, sackers of cities.
For historical, or para-historical fiction, this would be more than enough. A lot of plausible reconstruction of events can be slipped through the error bars in archeological dating. If Troy fell in 1230 BCE, then whatever happened to Pylos happened a generation after Telemachus' visit, give or take, and had no reason to be hinted at in the Odyssey. Perhaps it belonged to a different story line.
But that is the mystery and enchantment of the Greek Dark Age. Moses I Finley may have been wrong to dismiss 'Mycenaean things,' but he is right in saying not to judge a culture only by its material poverty.
An oral tradition persisted and developed through its obscure generations.
The tradition did not preserve everything. If there was ever an epic sung of the fiery end of Pylos, it vanished nearly without trace. (A sketchy account held that Nestor's descendents were exiled from Pylos, turned up in Athens, and eventually founded Ionia.) But the tradition did preserve some things, however much refracted by oral transmission.
It is unlikely that we will ever find a source document that directly records the specific people and events that have come down to us as the wrath of Achilles and the wanderings of Odysseus. We glimpse them - vividly so - across a wine-dark sea of time.
Obligatory space reference: When your subject is Odysseus, the Major Tom of Bronze Age heroes, you don't really need an obligatory space reference. But I provided one anyway.
The image of an archaic era Greek galley comes from a Project Gutenberg ebook.
Posted by Rick at 1/04/2014 07:22:00 PM 361 comments


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The only indoor field in Edmonton to feature all turf flooring. We have a "tactical" field (castles and towers) and a "speedball" field (tournament style). Ask which one we have set up this week!
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Lawsuit filed against Sri Lankan Army General
Lawsuit filed against Sri Lankan Army General Responsible for Executions, Torture & Attacking Civilians; Currently Living in NYC
NEW YORK, N.Y., SEPT. 23, 2011 – This morning, American University Washington College of Law's UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic filed a lawsuit in the Southern District of New York (SDNY) against Sri Lankan General Shavendra Silva, who currently resides in New York City. General
Silva was the commander of the 58th Division of the Sri Lankan Army during its brutal counter-insurgency campaign that costs the lives of up to 40,000 civilians in spring 2009. General Silva currently resides in New York City, and is Sri Lanka's Acting Permanent Representative to the United Nations. As the United Nations General Assembly is ongoing, this lawsuit shines a spotlight on a war criminal in its midst.
As commander of the 58th Division, General Silva was responsible for conducting Sri Lanka's bitter and brutal war against Tamils in northern Sri Lanka, and directly caused the untold suffering of thousands of Tamil civilians. Under the auspices of "fighting terrorism", General Silva led the Army's campaign of war crimes and crimes against humanity across northern Sri Lanka. In particular, protected persons – civilians –and protected places – hospitals – were deliberately attacked by General Silva and his forces, which violates Sri Lankan law, American law and international law. General Silva is also responsible for the torture and extrajudicial executions of surrendering members of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), in clear
contravention of the laws of war.
"These egregious violations of international and domestic law have gone unanswered for over two years now, as survivors continue to suffer in suffocating silence on the island. Finally, after years of waiting for someone to answer for the loss of loved ones, the voices of Tamil victims and survivors have been granted their day in court. Today, U.S. courts provide a forum for justice and accountability, where there would otherwise be continued impunity for Sri Lanka's crimes against Tamils," said Ali Beydoun, lead counsel on this case, director at American University Washington College of Law's UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic, and a Senior Partner at SPEAK Human Rights Initiative.
Up to 40,000 Tamil civilians were killed in the final months of Sri Lanka's military onslaught against Tamil regions in 2009, according to a report from a United Nations Panel of Experts. However, over two years later, there have been no investigations or prosecutions of those responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity. "This lawsuit is one small yet substantial step towards accountability for Sri Lanka's bloodbath on the beach. We will continue pursuing these cases until justice is served," Beydoun said.
This lawsuit seeks damages for violations of international, Sri Lankan and domestic law under the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) and Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA). These statutes grant jurisdiction to U.S. courts over human rights violations committed abroad, and serve to ensure that the U.S. does not become a safe haven for war criminals.
The day will not be getting any easier for Sri Lanka's President Mahinda Rajapaksa, as massive protests greet his arrival in New York for the 66th U.N. General Assembly. This day marks a uniquely perfect storm for justice, as demands for accountability begin to echo throughout New York and the world.
4801 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW WASHINGTON, DC 20016-8181 202-274-4088 FAX: 202-895-4520
To download a Full Copy
http://www.warwithoutwitness.com/images/stories/court/complaint.pdf
Posted in Reports


The bocci ball court was remodeled in 2012. Inside the indoor bocci ball court is a mural. This area of often rented for parties.
Bocci's Cellar is the oldest operating restaurant in Santa Cruz. It has live music almost every night.


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Eight-Day Week
The Eight-Day Week: Play 'Aftermath' Supports National Disaster Search Dogs
By Mark Rykken Jr. • 06/15/15 3:43pm
Whenever there's an earthquake or building collapse or other disaster in which bodies need to be recovered—including right here in New York City after the attacks of September 11, 2001—you can count on brave dogs to rush in to help look for survivors. This week, the play "Aftermath," written and directed by JC Svec, will be benefitting the National Disaster Search Dog Foundation. The show, a comedy that explores "very different perspectives on the end of life and what follows in the afterlife," tries to get at the big questions without getting too heavy. Enjoy some laughs, help a great cause and find out if corporate sponsorship will one day be needed to help with final expenses.
Paradise Factory, Downstairs Theater, 64 East 4th Street
Wednesday, 6/17/15, 6:30pm
Saturday, 6/20/15, 5:00pm
$18 General Admission, $10 for Film/Music Participants, FREE for Theatre Festivity Participants.
Filed Under: Theater, Theater, Eight-Day Week, Aftermath, National Disaster Search Dog Foundation, Paradise Factory
SEE ALSO: Broadway Makes Its Long-Anticipated Return, But How Does It Feel?


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Shortly after I got my tank done by Art Malczewski of paid him a visit to get the lettering redone on his freshly re-finished Sprint Hart CPR wheels.
Like myself he brought his camera when he went to pick up his wheels and took a few snaps of Christian's prize possession.
Christian's S10 is yet another perfect example of less is more. Re-spray in the factory color, new interior, cowl hood, rally wheels and a ride tech suspension system.
For daily duties Christian drives a C10 that is equally clean.
Summer sure can come back anytime now!
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Love the fat tyres with white words on, and the murdered out look this is rocking.
Truck look HARD. Nice article.


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Five Families of New York City
Updated news on the Gambino, Genovese, Bonanno, Lucchese and Colombo Organized Crime Families of New York City.
Current Leadership Charts of the Five Families
Mobster Quotes
Mafia Terminology
Genovese
Bonanno
Judge approves $1.6M release of ailing 84 year old Colombo Underboss
March 12, 2022 Dapper_Don
A federal judge in New York has approved the release of an ailing 84-year-old New Jersey mob underboss accused of leading the Colombo crime family's attempted takeover of a Queens-based labor union on a $1.6 million bond.
On Wednesday, U.S. Magistrate Judge James R. Cho granted Benjamin "The Claw" Castellazzo's release on bond and home detention with electronic monitoring and restrictions on travel and contact with victims and witnesses in the case following a closed hearing in Brooklyn Federal Court. The judge also barred him from appearing at the labor union office at the center of the indictment.
Afterward, Jennifer R. Louis-Jeune, Castellazzo's attorney, confirmed her client was set to be released Wednesday.
"Mr. Castellazzo has been released on bond," she said, "and will now hopefully get the healthcare he needs and prepare his defense."
A spokesman for the U.S. Attorney's Office of the Eastern District of New York declined to comment.
Castellazzo, of Manahawkin, had been held at the Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn since September when federal authorities indicted him and 13 others in an alleged scheme to infiltrate and take over the labor union and its health care benefits programs. Prosecutors charged Castellazzo with racketeering, extortion, and money laundering conspiracies.
Last week, Louis-Jeune filed a motion for his release, citing his chronic health and conditions during confinement that she described as "nothing short of inhumane." She also wrote that Castellazo wasn't receiving proper medical care and had been subjected to 23-hour lockdowns.
Prosecutors previously opposed Castellazzo's release, citing his lengthy criminal history and role in the crime family. But in a letter to Cho last week, prosecutors did not contest his release after learning of Castellazzo's deteriorating health.
Last week, Louis-Jeune told NJ Advance Media that prosecutors had offered Castellazzo a plea deal, but it is unclear if he would accept it. The attorney said the evidence she was reviewed so far against her client "is not just weak, it is non-existent."
In the charging documents, prosecutors said recorded conversations described Castellazzo as the man in charge of the Colombo crime family's takeover of the union and its health fund. According to the indictment, they contend authorities spotted him with associates on two occasions in Brooklyn, where he discussed the takeover.
But Louis-Jeune wrote in a court filing last week that the government "does not have a single recording of Mr. Castellazzo's voice."
Castellazzo now joins a list of other Colombo crime family leaders and associates who have been released as the criminal case proceeds. Since October, Andrew Russo, the 87-year-old head of the Colombo crime family, has been free on a $10 million bond.
https://www.nj.com/news/2022/03/nj-mobster-accused-of-leading-union-takeover-attempt-released-on-16m-bond.html
Andrew Russo / Benjamin Castellazzo / Colombo Crime Family
Massive indictment unveiled against 24 people and 26 companies in $5 million construction kickback and bribery scheme
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Underboss of the Philadelphia crime family sentenced to five years in prison
The reputed underboss of what remains of the Philadelphia mob was sentenced to five years in prison Thursday in the latest jail term to be ...
Colombo Soldier sentenced to 38 years in prison for five murders says he is rehabilitated and seeks early release
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During his two decades as Brooklyn's top mob-busting homicide prosecutor, Michael Vecchione dealt with all manner of wiseguys, but none ...
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A photo taken during the summer of 2022 shows a grinning former president Donald Trump flashing a thumbs up gesture while posing with John...
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They share an affinity for golf and an aversion to cooperating witnesses who "flip" to help federal investigators. But former President D...
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Former Buildings Commissioner and onetime political candidate Eric Ulrich spent nearly $40,000 in campaign funds at several food businesse...
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The brake system is perhaps one of the most important components to your safety, apart from the steering system. The brakes must be checked and maintained constantly to ensure correct operation and efficiency.
The brake system composes of a brake calliper (clamp) and a round disc rotor, hence the name disc brakes. When you push on the brake pedal (with your foot) fluid is pushed from the brake master cylinder (which is generally situated in the engine bay) down a metal tube down to a rubber line then to a brake caliper. An internal piston is pushed on to brake pads which then clamp on either side of the disc rotor, consequently stopping the car.
When a vehicle comes in for a service, the items we check are scored. Disc rotors, worn out brake pads, and moisture content in the brake fluid. Brake fluid is hydroscopic which means it tends to attract moisture – excess moisture in the brake fluid can cause catastrophic brake fade, resulting in poor braking performance and rapid deterioration of internal brake seals. This is why periodic services are critical! Because most brakes are now self-adjusting it is nearly impossible to detect the wear rate on your brakes until you hear the dreaded grind and that is a clear indication that brakes should have been replaced a long time ago.
The problem when most people drive only one car is that they get use to the condition and the characteristic of the cars braking performance or poor performance and this is where it becomes dangerous. I have seen cases where customers got so use to the grinding noises that the brake pads have actually fallen out of the caliper, causing the caliper piston to pop out, resulting in loss of hydraulics and nearly complete loss of braking.
Here at Manny's Mechanical Repairs we offer and perform complete brake inspection, repair and machining. We constantly check brake condition and brake fluid moisture content in every service and we conduct complete brake repairs to cars and light trucks.


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When was the european red fox introduced to australia?
Figure 1: European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) Foxes were introduced into Australia, for sporting purposes, in 1855 with most releases being around Melbourne. Only 20 years after their introduction, foxes had been declared as a pest species in the state of Victoria.
When was the european red fox introduced?
The European red fox was deliberately introduced to Australia for recreational hunting in 1855 and fox populations became established in the wild in the early 1870s.
Where are european red foxes found?
The European Red Fox has the largest natural distribution of any living terrestrial mammal apart from man. They can be found naturally throughout most of the northern hemisphere including Europe, Asia, North America and Northern Africa.
Where did european red foxes come from?
The red fox originated from smaller-sized ancestors from Eurasia during the Middle Villafranchian period, and colonised North America shortly after the Wisconsin glaciation.
Where did the red fox originate?
Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are native to boreal and western montane portions of North America but their origins are unknown in many lowland areas of the United States. Red foxes were historically absent from much of the East Coast at the time of European settlement and did not become common until the mid-1800s.
Where do european red foxes live?
Least concern. Red foxes live around the world in many diverse habitats including forests, grasslands, mountains, and deserts. They also adapt well to human environments such as farms, suburban areas, and even large communities.
Where was the first arctic fox discovered?
The Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) was thought to have evolved in Europe as the ice sheet expanded when a glacial period swept the Earth about 2.6 million years ago.
Who introduced the red fox to australia?
2012 estimates indicate that there are more than 7.2 million red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and growing with a range extending throughout most of the continental mainland. The species became established in Australia through successive introductions by settlers in 1830s.
Why have foxes thrived in australia?
Foxes were introduced into Australia, for sporting purposes, in 1855 with most releases being around Melbourne. Only 20 years after their introduction, foxes had been declared as a pest species in the state of Victoria. Within 100 years, foxes had reached their current distribution on the Australian mainland.
Where are foxes native to?
Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are native to boreal and western montane portions of North America but their origins are unknown in many lowland areas of the United States. Red foxes were historically absent from much of the East Coast at the time of European settlement and did not become common until the mid-1800s. Some early naturalists described an apparent southward expansion of native foxes that coincided with anthropogenic habitat changes in the region. Alternatively, red foxes introduced from Europe during Colonial times may have become established in the east and subsequently expanded their range westward. The red fox also was absent historically from most lowland areas of the western United States. Extant populations of red foxes in those areas are considered to have arisen from intentional introductions from the east (and by extension are putatively European), escapes or releases from fur farms, or range expansions by native populations. To test these hypotheses we compared mitochondrial DNA sequences (cytochrome b and D-loop) from 110 individuals from 6 recently established populations to 327 native (primarily historical) individuals from Eurasia, Alaska, Canada, the northeastern United States, and montane areas in the western contiguous United States, and to 38 individuals from fur farms. We found no Eurasian haplotypes in North America, but found native haplotypes in recently established populations in the southeastern United States and in parts of the western United States. Red foxes from the southeastern United States were closely related to native populations in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, suggesting that they originated from natural range expansions, not from translocation of European lineages, as was widely believed prior to this study. Similarly, recently established populations in the Great Basin and in western Oregon originated primarily from native populations in western montane regions, but also contained a few nonnative North American haplotypes. In contrast, populations in western Washington and southern California contained nonnative, highly admixed stock that clearly resulted from intracontinental translocations. Several common haplotypes in these populations originated in regions where fur-farm stocks originated. Although European red foxes translocated to the eastern United States during Colonial times may have contributed genetically to extant populations in that region, our findings suggest that most of the matrilineal ancestry of eastern red foxes originated in North America.
Are any foxes native to australia?
There are 21 different species of fox found throughout the world, but only red foxes occur in Australia.
Are kangaroos native to new zealand?
There are no kangaroos that are native in New Zealand, and the only ones to be found are at zoos and animal eclosures. In fact, people are often mistaken about the presence of kangaroos in New Zealand that it created a phenomenon called Phantom Kangaroo.
Are koalas in new zealand?
"Koalas are functionally extinct in Australia, and could thrive in New Zealand, as many other Australasian species do," says the Change.org petition. "They would not compromise our local eco-system, as koalas typically inhabit open eucalypt woodlands, and the leaves of these trees make up most of their diet.
Are wallabies in nz?
Wallabies are a big pest in New Zealand as they eat our native vegetation, forestry plants as well as pasture. They have slowly spread throughout the Bay of Plenty and into the Waikato region, and numbers are on the increase.
Can foxes see true north?
They suggest that the fox may see a ring of "shadow" on its retina, that is superimposed on its surroundings and always fixed towards magnetic north.
Can foxes see the magnetic field?
Cerveny believes that foxes have "a magnetic sense." Not only can they see, hear, touch, taste and smell like we do, they've got an extra gift. They can sense the Earth's magnetic field. There are birds, sharks, turtles and ants that can do the same thing.
How did foxes get to america?
The red fox first reached North America during the Illinoian glaciation (300,000 to 130,000 years ago). Then, during the Sangamon interglacial period (130,000 to 100,000 years ago), red foxes expanded their range southward into what is now the contiguous United States.
What does it mean when someone calls you a silver fox?
Fox is a word that has not just one positive anthropomorphized quality, but two: cleverness and attractiveness. A term with a more specific positive connotation is silver fox, generally meaning "an attractive middle-aged man having mostly gray or white hair."
Who is the most famous todd?
Todd Rundgren is the most famous person named Todd.
Why are foxes so clever?
Outwitting Hunters Foxes are deemed as cunning as their reasoning ability to find and learn the way around hunter traps is one of their innate qualities. As many fox hunters use bred dogs for fox hunting but even so these cunning little creatures are able to outwit them.
Why are people called foxes?
Because they're known for being wily and smart, you can use the word fox to describe someone who's sly: "That old fox always manages to get other people to buy his lunch." Colloquially, a fox is also an attractive person. They say don't let a fox guard the henhouse, even if the fox is really good looking.
How did the red fox get to the united states?
Are hyena dogs?
Hyenas are not members of the dog or cat families. Instead, they are so unique that they have a family all their own, Hyaenidae. There are four members of the Hyaenidae family: the striped hyena, the "giggly" spotted hyena, the brown hyena, and the aardwolf (it's a hyena, not a wolf).
Are foxes as intelligent as dogs?
While the average pet dog can learn a wide range of commands, foxes have a limited capacity (in part because they're intelligent, wild animals with shorter attention spans than domesticated dogs).
Are red foxes introduced?
Known introduced range: Australia, Canada, USA and northern Mexico. … Red foxes transplanted from the eastern USA into California in the late 1800s have since spread throughout lowland areas of the western coast states, southwards into northern Mexico.
Are red foxes overpopulated?
The truth is, there is no definitive answer. There are too many species of foxes that cover too much of the globe. They're in practically every environment and region across the entire world. Populations are exploding in some areas while disease ravages the populations in other places.
Can you live in the bush in australia?
12 households share 200ha of elevated coastal bush land overlooking the spectacular Bundjalung National Park and Pacific Ocean. We share the land with many native animals, including kangaroos, wallabies, goannas, birds, and some endangered species. We live completely 'off-grid'.
Do feral dogs howl?
Howling is common to all types of wild dog, whether they be dingo, domestic or hybrids.
Can dogs eat tzatziki?
Do rabbits fear dogs?
Are platypuses warm-blooded?
What orange is the sweetest?


text:
acoustical cloud
acoustical cloud: translation
one of a number of acoustic panels installed near the ceiling of a concert hall to reflect sound for improving the acoustic quality of music.
acoustical surveillance
acoustical cloud — one of a number of acoustic panels installed near the ceiling of a concert hall to reflect sound for improving the acoustic quality of music … Useful english dictionary
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Geophysical MASINT — is a branch of Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) that involves phenomena transmitted through the earth (ground, water, atmosphere) and manmade structures including emitted or reflected sounds, pressure waves, vibrations, and… … Wikipedia
Marine mammals and sonar — A Humpback whale Active sonar, the transmission equipment used on some ships to assist with navigation, has been suggested[1] to be detrimental to the health and livelihood of some marine animals, although the precise mechanisms for this are not… … Wikipedia


"You can steal my money but not my food." "If lunch or dinner doesn't have at least five courses, it's just a snack." "If you want things to go exactly as planned, don't come here." These words, spoken by my Overseas Adventure Travel tour guide in Sicily who actually loves his homeland, tell a lot about Sicily. Yes food is important, plentiful and held in a place of near reverence. Plans don't always work out as they're intended, and the locals have learned to go with the flow. And residents of the triangular-shaped island just off the toe of Italy's boot exhibit a warmth, friendliness and self-deprecating humor that make them a reason to visit there.
Halloween in New York City, is that perfect combination of costumes and New Yorkers. The mix of the two always comes up with something unique. If you weren't in the Big Apple yesterday, here are some sights and sounds (but mostly sights) of New York on Halloween.
There was a time when the world's greatest hotels from around the world would create the most amazing luggage labels. Crazy, incredible artwork. All this took place during a glamorous era of travel- from around the 1900s to the mid-1960s - to such exotic locales as the sun-baked beaches of Sri Lanka to Saigon watering holes. Luggage labels are now long gone. But AbeBooks has now brought together some of the most stunning examples. Many of the world's most renown hotels produced luggage labels; long, long before the age of budget airlines, TSA lines, and cramped overbooked hotels. The luggage label, slapped onto a suitcase, was a form of advertising for the establishment. So, let's rejoice in the art of luggage labels.
What better way to celebrate the 27th anniversary of Twin Peaks - then heading to the Lower East Side in New York, and attending: "In Dreams; a group art exhibition inspired by the cinematic work David Lynch's Spoke Art NYC played host this past Saturday; and had massively great opening night event for those who loved all things Blue Velvet, Mulholland Drive, Eraserhead, and Lynch-ian.
The éclair is the most popular patisserie treat in France because it's easy to eat, easy to bake, and most importantly— comfort food. The éclair originated in France in the early 1800s, first made by Marie-Antoine Carême, a pastry chef for French royalty. With their growing popularity around the world, éclairs are more than a flaky fad; they are having a renaissance.
Lace up. There's a new three-hour walking tour of Paris about the evolution of fashion the 18th century on. Context Travel has Paris covered from haute couture to ready-to-wear and you can learn along. There's a shopping culture that dates back to the French Revolution, through Baron Haussmann's revitalization of the city, to the present-day Champs-Elysées fashion houses. Gain insights into influential designers as you walk from Palais Royal through grands magasins near the Place de l'Opéra, the Place Vendôme and streets that housed former ateliers of Worth and Chanel with a learned docent like Damien Delille.