text:
Maintaining an Ethical and Compliant Business
Conducting business with integrity and transparency is non-negotiable for Teva. Our compliance vision is for business to be gained the right way, not by any means necessary. As our Chief Compliance Officer says, "What we do is important, but how we do it is just as important. Let's continue to do business the right way, the ethical way…our way."
Robust Governance: At Teva, compliance and ethics is everyone's responsibility. Over the last six years, Teva has strengthened our compliance and ethics program across the globe, with an emphasis on policies, training and support that meets the business in areas related to compliance. Our Chief Compliance Officer reports directly to our CEO, and the Compliance Committee of Teva's Board of Directors oversees our policies and practices for legal, regulatory and internal compliance and reviews relevant policies and practices. Our Global Compliance & Ethics (GC&E) department is structured to ensure our business partners have a consistent and dedicated partner at all levels of work.
Guiding Policies and Code of Conduct: One of the ways in which we cultivate a culture of compliance and accountability is by ensuring our values are reflected in our policies and procedures. Primary among these is Teva's Code of Conduct, which outlines our values and foundational compliance and ethics expectations for all employees. Equally important is Teva's Policy on the Prevention of Corruption, which details Teva's anti-corruption and anti-kickback approaches, guiding how we collaborate and interact with other members of the healthcare ecosystem.
Strategic Compliance Training: Our risk-based global compliance training and communications program strategically assigns risks to each role at Teva, and employees receive relevant compliance trainings. Upon hiring, each employee receives extensive Code of Conduct training, followed by refreshers and updates every three years.
Fostering a Culture of Compliance: We strive to create a culture of integrity and compliance throughout our company. Our Board members and senior management communicate frequently about the importance of doing work with integrity and gaining business the right way. Our training is designed to foster an appreciation of the responsibility everyone shares, not only to do the right thing, but to speak up if they see something wrong. We have developed comprehensive compliance mastery training for senior leaders at the company, which provides tools to effectively embed compliance and ethics into their work. These efforts have been successful, as our recent survey indicates employees have strong, favorable perceptions of Teva's culture of integrity.
Compliance Systems and Processes: An effective compliance program requires more than just individual integrity; it also requires the tools necessary to translate that integrity into an effective system of controls. Our compliance processes and systems help identify potential indicators of risk in our day-to-day business and mitigate them, as appropriate. In recent years, we have collaborated with several other functions at Teva, including finance, internal audit and IT, to ensure our compliance function has the necessary tools. This includes ensuring we have adequate systems in place for tracking and reporting payments to members of the healthcare community, ensuring the integrity of our books and records, undertaking effective monitoring of activities and directing our auditing and remediation efforts towards the most important subjects and areas of the company.
Addressing Compliance Issues: We are committed to conducting business ethically and responsibly. In cases of missteps or perceived missteps, we revisit our processes and seek to strengthen our compliance mechanisms to reduce risks. Central to our ability to address these concerns is our Office of Business Integrity (OBI), which operates our global compliance hotlines and investigates all allegations of misconduct. The OBI empowers employees to speak up on issues of potential concern and provides us with important information to address concerns.
Policies and Positions
Teva's Code of Conduct
Teva's Policy on the Prevention of Corruption
Teva's Supplier Code of Conduct
Teva's Position on Government Affairs
Teva's Position on Marketing and Promotional Practices
Teva's Position on Pricing
"What we do is important, but how we do it is just as important."
Robust Governance
Teva's Compliance and Audit Committees of the Board of Directors oversee our compliance activities. Compliance Committee members meet at least four times a year and report to the Board. The Compliance Committee oversees our policies and practices for complying with laws, regulations and internal procedures; policies and practices regarding issues that have the potential to impact our business and reputation; global public policy positions and government affairs activities; and our environmental, social and governance (ESG) strategy.
In 2015, GC&E became a standalone function at Teva, with our Chief Compliance Officer reporting directly to our CEO and to the legal counsel and overseeing nine regional compliance officers responsible for various functions. The GC&E group is organized into five core teams that support the main areas of Teva's business, including Commercial, R&D, Teva Global Operations (TGO) and Medical. Our Chief Compliance Officer regularly attends and participates in Compliance Committee meetings and has unencumbered access to members of the Board. The GC&E department has a combined 1,080+ of pharmaceutical experience and 700+ years of compliance experience.
Guiding Policies and Code of Conduct
Teva's Code of Conduct codifies our ethical standards and expectations for our employees across numerous subject matter areas. It has been translated into more than 40 languages. Each provision in the Code is centered on our values and designed to explain and identify areas in which acting in accordance with our values is particularly important.
Each employee at Teva is provided a copy of the Code of Conduct upon hiring, along with extensive initial training, and receives periodic refreshers and updates every three years.
Our Policy on the Prevention of Corruption details Teva's anti-corruption and anti-kickback rules for all employees. They guide how we collaborate and interact with other participants in the healthcare ecosystem, including governmental and non-governmental organizations, scientists, healthcare professionals, trade and industry associations and patient groups. They specifically prohibit bribing or offering, providing or promising anything of value (directly or indirectly) that is intended to improperly influence the action of government or private individuals.
Strategic Compliance Training
Teva has a risk-based global compliance training and communications program. Every role at Teva is assigned a risk designation based on interactions with members of the healthcare community or government officials, and the personnel in those roles receive relevant compliance trainings. Teva's compliance and ethics trainings are integral to our employees' education and awareness. Core curricula include principles-based live or web training, including policy certification. This is complemented by ethical behavior-based web training.
Over the last four years, we have launched four training campaigns and more than ten modules, outlined below. Each campaign includes multiple modules, and employees are assigned courses based on their risk designation.
Fostering a Culture of Compliance
We promote a culture of integrity and compliance through messaging campaigns and other initiatives, including our new ethics messaging resource library for managers.
Our 2021 organizational health survey of 32,860 employees (82% of all employees) found:
83% believe Teva is living up to high ethical standards (vs. 80% benchmark)
79% believe if they had to report unethical behavior or misconduct, they would feel confident that it would be handled effectively by the company (vs. 77% benchmark)
Our 2021 survey of more than 14,500 colleagues found that employees:
Observe low rate of misconduct (7% vs. 12% benchmark)
Perceive Teva as responding quickly to reports and having zero tolerance for unethical behavior (77% vs. 75% benchmark)
Perceive a more positive "tone from the top" (senior leaders) (75% vs. 73% in 2019)
Feel open sharing information and opinions on important issues with colleagues and direct reports (69% vs. 67% in 2019)
Compliance Systems and Processes
We have processes and compliance mechanisms in place to improve risk management and identify issues related to corruption.
Risk Management: We routinely assess and remediate compliance risk for all operations that have touchpoints with healthcare professionals or government officials. This includes geographies where we have commercial, manufacturing and R&D operations, as well as areas where we work through distributors. We manage risks based on robust internal and external data. Risk ratings determine how much we monitor, with higher risk ratings associated with greater monitoring efforts. As risks evolve or increase, we adapt by increasing our monitoring activity. We monitor trends and changes in the external environment, such as enforcement action or new laws, to continuously refresh trainings and promote integrity and ethics.
Office of Business Integrity: Under our Code of Conduct, all Teva employees are encouraged to speak up if they suspect improper conduct. The Office of Business Integrity (OBI) is a dedicated team at Teva charged with objectively and confidentially investigating reports of misconduct that violate our Code, values, policies or laws. Employees can contact the OBI through a designated email address or make a report through the Teva integrity hotline, which is available in more than 60 countries. All reports are preliminarily assessed within 48 hours of receipt, and certain issues, including quality or safety concerns, are immediately escalated. The OBI conducts all investigations in a confidential manner and provides periodic updates and the final report to relevant management, HR and legal, as needed. HR and applicable management take appropriate corrective actions, in light of all relevant facts and circumstances identified during the investigation. The OBI ensures that decisions concerning corrective actions are applied in a consistent manner. These may include, among other steps, coaching, policy/process review, reprimands, warnings, termination and vendor disengagement. The OBI provides regular summary reports to key stakeholders, including the Audit Committee, and analyzes trends and identifies potential areas for improvement and lessons learned.
Addressing Compliance Issues
At Teva, we constantly monitor civil and criminal enforcement trends to ensure our policies, procedures and systems are designed to identify and remediate the risks that government authorities expect corporate compliance programs to focus on.
Compliance Monitor: In 2016, Teva resolved certain claims under the US FCPA with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and US Department of Justice (DOJ). The settlement included retention of an independent compliance monitor for three years.
Following Teva's certification to the SEC and the DOJ confirming Teva had complied with disclosure obligations, the information was dismissed in July 2020.
Since the initiation of the monitor, Teva has participated in two global internal audits and conducted eight Teva affiliate site visits. We also initiated other compliance mechanisms, including a cultural assessment survey to measure progress, review of our commercial policy, implementation of the shadow disciplinary process, proxy testing of enhanced internal controls, third party due diligence system testing and general manager mastery compliance training program.
Teva is committed to making a positive impact for healthier communities
Environmental, Social and Governance Progress Report


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Q: How to get post data as json in asp.net? I am making an ajax request to my API but my API expects raw json data to parse its own objects in C# how do I get the raw Json data in C#? from the "HttpContext.Current.Request"
Here is my request:
            $.ajax({
            url: '/REST/GetResponse.cshtml',
            type: "POST",
            contentType: "Application/JSON",
            data: {
                code: "login",
                data: {
                    username: $("#login_username").val(),
                    password: $("#login_password").val(),
                    rememberMe: $("#rememberMe").val()
                }
            },
            success: function (result) {

            },
            error: function (result) {
                console.log(result);
            }

        });

A: You should be able to get body of the request using property 'HttpRequest.InputStream`. The type of the property is a stream, but you can see an example on MSDN on how to convert it to string.
Depending of what is your underlying framework there can be easier ways to get the body. E.g. MVC of Web API use binding to map incoming requests to objects, so it might be an option to consider.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Midnapore: One more miscreant named Y Bala was arrested on Tuesday for involvement in Srinu Naidu murder. He will be produced in Midnapore court on Wednesday.
Earlier, West Bengal BJP president Dilip wrote a letter to the Centre demanding a CBI inquiry into the killing of Srinu Naidu, husband of a TMC councillor, in Kharagpur last week. "Our party president Dilip Ghosh has written a letter to the Centre demanding a CBI inquiry into the killing of Srinu Naidu. We want the truth to come out. The TMC government is trying to play politics over it," a senior BJP leader said.
In what may seem like an open and shut case of a crime, West Bengal police arrested seven persons on in connection with the murder of Kharagpur's Telugu mafia Srinu Naidu at a Trinamool Congress party office on Wednesday.


Schedule the Tests of Adult Basic Education (TABE) or provide official documentation for a TABE exemption to your program counselor.
Schedule an appointment with your program counselor for TABE results and/or a program specific orientation. Please note, programs under the following career clusters may have additional requirements for program admission: Education & Training, Law, Public Safety & Security, and Health Science.
Additional information regarding the Admissions Requirements may be obtained by contacting the Office of Admissions at (754) 321-5700.
Students are accepted on a non-discriminatory basis from anyone having the interest, ability, and desire to benefit from an occupational training program. Pursuant to Florida Statute 295.125.(2), veterans are given preference within the enrollment process.
Appointments for testing must be scheduled in advance with the Registration Office (Administration Building). There is a $15 nonrefundable assessment fee for testing.
Please arrive at least 15 minutes prior to the start time of your scheduled tests. You must have a valid government photo identification to participate in testing.
Students who possess a college degree at the associates level or higher.
Students who entered 9th grade in a Florida public school in the 2003-2004 school year, or any year thereafter, and earned a standard high school diploma.
Students who have attained the minimum scores within two (2) years prior to admission into a program on the 2014 GED®.
Students who have demonstrated program readiness by achieving or exceeding standard test scores (PERT, ACCUPLACER, SAT, and/or ACT) within two (2) years prior to admission into a program.
Students who are serving as an active member of any branch of the United States Armed Services.
Tuition is set by the State of Florida.
Applicants must provide documentation showing 12 consecutive months of Florida residency to be eligible for in-state tuition rates. Tuition for out-of-state students is calculated at a higher rate.
Registration, activity, supply, and insurance fees are included in the calculation of total program costs. Books and supplies are separate from tuition and fees. Tuition and fees are subject to change without notice.
Registration fees and tuition fees may be paid by cash, credit card, or local checks. The College is not permitted to cash personal checks or accept checks under $25. We also accept Florida PrePaid College Plans and Bright Futures Scholarships.
Enrollment and payment of tuition at this institution could affect your federal income tax return, and in some cases, INCREASE your refund. For this to occur, we must have your social security number at the time of registration to enter you into our secure student database.
School Board Policy 6607 governs refunds of all programs.
All refunds shall be accounted for and audit trails maintained in accordance with Business Practice Bulletins issued by the Office of the Chief Financial Officer.
Students who appear at the school in person and voluntarily withdraw within five (5) school days of the beginning of a term shall be entitled to a full refund of tuition, student activity fee, fee-supported cost recovery, and lab/supply fees. Registration fees and Health Science Education fees are non-refundable. Five (5) school days shall not apply to courses less than three (3) weeks or ninety (90) hours in duration. In such cases, the request for withdrawal must be made prior to the course meeting more than one-third (1/3) of its' assigned hours. Retention of fees collected in advance for a student who does not enter class shall not exceed $100. Refunds will be made within forty-five (45) days of the date on which the student voluntarily withdraws.
Students involuntarily withdrawn pursuant to the Adult Student Conduct and Discipline Code are not entitled to a refund of any fees.
Students who pay fees but are entitled to a waiver, voucher or agency payment (refer to Policy #6606) shall be entitled to a refund of fees only if required evidence is presented to the school/college principal or his/her designee within fifteen (15) school days of the beginning of the term.
The request is made in writing prior to the date that the course would have normally ended.
Supporting evidence (where appropriate) is provided. If said refund results in a failure to satisfy state fee requirements, the student shall not be reported for membership during the Workforce Education Fund survey period in the course for which the refund is given.
Students who feel they have been treated unfairly in the application of this policy or its rules may appeal using the students' grievance procedure as presented in the Broward Technical Colleges Student Handbook.
Refunds, when due, will be made without requiring a request from a student.
from the date the school/college withdraws the student or determines withdrawal by the student.
A student is entitled to a full refund of fees if a course is canceled by the school/college principal or his/her designee, provided however, that the student was not reported in membership during the Workforce Education Fund survey period in which the class was counted. If so, only those fees in excess of the state requirements shall be refunded.
Miscellaneous items purchased from the school bookstores (textbooks, uniforms, etc.) may be returned for a full refund provided that the items are unused, in the original packaging and currently being used in the instructional program.


Popular broadcaster Steph McGovern is set to host this year's ECA Industry Awards Dinner, taking place on Friday 7 June 2019.
Guests will also enjoy a range of other entertainment hosted by Alan Dedicoat – the famous 'voice of the National Lottery'- as well as table magicians, the remarkably popular 'ECA photo booth' and a live band and DJ, along with some other surprise entertainment on the night!
For more information and to book your place, visit www.ecaawards.co.uk.


"England's biggest teaching union has accused the government of breaking its promise to provide a modest cash boost to every school in England, claiming figures reveal that nearly 5,000 schools have received no extra funds or have even had their funding cut.
In the wake of mounting concern among teachers and parents about a school budget crisis, the education secretary, Damian Hinds, told MPs last year that a new national funding formula would guarantee each school "at least a small cash increase", a pledge repeated by the prime minister in the Commons last May.
The National Education Union argued the offer was inadequate given the scale of the school funding squeeze, but its analysis of recent government figures subsequently revealed that 4,819 schools had either received no extra funds or had had their budget cut.
"This is yet another failure and another broken promise by government on school funding," said Kevin Courtney, NEU joint general secretary. "The fact remains that schools were never going to manage on the money promised by government.
The NEU compared the schools block funding allocations for 2017-18 and 2018-19 and found that a quarter of primary schools (25%) and one in six secondary schools (17%) either received no cash increase or suffered an actual cut to their funding.
Responding to the NEU analysis, a Department for Education (DfE) spokesperson said that since 2017 the government had given every local authority more money for every pupil in every school in order to ensure fairer funding across the country.
"Government provides this money to local authorities and they have the freedom to work with schools to allocate their budgets in a way that best suits local needs," the spokesperson said.
You cannot trust any promise made by the Tory government. They will say anything and do anything to keep themselves in power regardless of the morality.


By Graham Young - posted Tuesday, 3 February 2015 Sign Up for free e-mail updates!
If Annastacia Palaszczuk becomes premier of Queensland, it will be a colossal accident, but one engineered by the ALP and facilitated by the LNP.
It's also a result the federal Liberals ought to study closely.
Many Queenslanders woke up today wondering what they had done.
They wanted to scare the government, not sack it, and hadn't imagined the arc of their kick being around 12% two-party preferred against the government.
The ALP took a low target strategy, allowing the government with its "Strong Choices" grand plan to be the issue.
There is no doubt that it was a protest vote.
The fingerprint of a protest vote is that the smallest swings occur in the most marginal seats because voters in marginal seats know they can change the government, and are more careful.
Voters had plenty to protest about, and most of it came down to the personalities of Premier Newman, his deputy Jeff Seeney.
Ever since Newman announced the retrenchment of 14,000 public servants after promising the public service had nothing to fear from him his vote went into decline.
It was a solution out of the blue to a problem that voters weren't even sure existed, and it was delivered callously.
Yet the government achieved results.
After three years it had tamed the growth of the debt monster unleashed by Labor, which saw Queensland with per capita debt almost twice that of any other state.
A version of this article was published in the Australian FInancial Review.


Ollywood superstar Anubhav and Elina are coming together in their upcoming Odia movie 'Kabula Barabula'. The film will be released in Dussehra this year.
Odia movie based on a teenage love story 'Tu Mo Love Story' was on Friday released across the state. The movie was premiered at the Jayshree Cinema Hall in Cuttack on Friday.


text:
Parsely (Apiaceae)
Heart-leaved Alexander
Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern.
The common name of this Alexander comes from the heart-shaped leaves at the base of its stem. Although it is also known as meadow-parsnip, these plants are not used for food. Some related species are toxic, and should not be eaten. These plants provide nectar and pollen as food for many insects active in the spring such as bees, flies, and beetles, and are visited frequently. Fruits are wingless and split into two seeds.
Flower Colour:
Flowering Season:
Flowering Months:
Canadian Rarity Status:
Not rare. Listed as "may be at risk" in Ontario, and "exotic" in Quebec.
The clustered, branching stems of this perennial plant are reddish and grow 20-60 cm tall. Basal leaves have long-stalks and are heart-shaped with toothed margins. Stem leaves are also toothed, but divided into 3-5 leaflets. The numerous flowers are small and have five yellow petals. They occur in small clusters arranged into larger, dense, umbrella-shaped clusters. The oval-shaped dry fruits are hairless, wingless, and split into two seeds.
Similar Species:
Golden Alexander, Hairy Parsley (Lomatium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) C. & R.), Large-fruited Parsley (Lomatium macrocarpum (Nutt. ex T. & G.) C. & R.), Leafy Musineon (Musineon divaricatum (Pursh) Nutt. ex T. & G.)
Gardening Notes:
Seeds and/or plants are typically available from greenhouses and seed supply companies specializing in native plants.
Habitats:
Open Woodlands
Roadsides
Moisture Conditions:
Light Preference:
Soil Preference:
Associated Pollinators:
Andrenid Bees, Miner/Digger Bees (Andrenidae)
Ants (Formicidae)
Braconid Wasps (Braconidae)
Bumble, Honey, and other Bees (Apidae (Subfamily Apinae))
Flower Flies (Syrphidae)
Fruit Flies (Tephritidae)
Grass Flies (Chloropidae)
March Flies (Bibionidae)
Marsh Flies (Sciomyzidae)
Parasitic Flies (Tachinidae)
Root Maggot Flies (Anthomyiidae)
Shore Flies (Ephydridae)
Soldier Beetles (Cantharidae)
Soldier Flies (Stratiomyidae)
Swallowtail Butterflies (Papilionidae)
Sweat Bees, Halictid Bees and other Bees (Halictidae)
Yellow-faced Bees (Colletidae)
Yellowjacket, Potter, and other Wasps (Vespidae)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text: American Evan Lysacek won the gold medal in Vancouver Thursday night, the first American man to win Olympic gold in figure skating since Brian Boitano beat Brian Orser in 1988. Russian Evgeny Plushenko, who got the silver medal, was trying to become the first repeat Olympic winner since Dick Button in 1952. Plushenko, 27, considered the man to beat even after a three-year retirement, displayed spectacular jumps during his skate, but Lysacek won with footwork, spins and transitions. Japan's Daisuke Takahashi finished in third for the bronze medal, and American Johnny Weir finished in sixth place. Sports, Pages C5, C6


SouthernBiotech, formerly known as Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc., started its operations in the early 1980s with scientists that worked in the Dr. Max Cooper Cellular Immunology Laboratory at the University of Alabamain Birmingham. SouthernBiotech began its company by developing and acquired monoclonal antibodies from other institutions and universities. Today, their list of products include monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, collagens, and immunoglobulins, and fluorochrome conjugates. SouthernBiotech offers products to countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and the Middle West through a network of distributors that include Fisher Scientific that is located in the United States.
SouthernBiotech provides numerous categories of products. The polyclonal secondary antibodies and reagents category includes antibodies and reagents that are suitable for a variety of species such as human, sheep, goat, chicken, rat, guinea pig, and hamster. The monoclonal secondary antibodies are designed for human, hamster, mouse, rat, goat, rabbit, and monkey species. SouthernBiotech provides secondary antibodies for specific species that include monkey, rabbit, mouse, and goat. The group of serum protein antibodies are specifically targeted for human and bovine species.
SouthernBiotech also generates isotype controls for numerous species. The list of species for this group of antibodies include human, canine, mouse, porcine, donkey, chicken, goat, rabbit, rabbit, and rhesus. The cytokine research products are antibodies for human and mouse species.
Researchers have the option to select SouthernBiotech antibodies in a variety of formats. The formats include Pacific Blue, Spectral Red and Alexa Dyes, purified, conjugated-to-fluorochromes, biotin, enzymes, azide free, and low endotoxin.
The other products that SouthernBiotech provides includes buffers, enzyme substrates, slide mounting reagents, viral proteins, epitope tags, filtered serum, antibodies for apoptosis and proinflammatory research, immunoassay sets, binding and purification proteins, and antibodies and proteins for purified extracellular matrix. SouthernBiotech also offers miscellaneous products to support researchers. These products include anti-biotin, keratin, and mycoplasma detection kits.


text:
Skip to main content REACH: National Center for Research on Education Access and choice
Policy Map
Interdistrict
Charter School Choice
Do state statutes allow for charter schools?
Article 42. - ALTERNATIVE PUBLIC EDUCATION
Are for-profit charters allowed?
Did not find
Is there a cap on the number of charter schools?
Are charters required to provide transportation for any students?
The local board of education shall provide transportation for pupils who qualify for free meals under the national school lunch act and who live 2 1/2 or more miles from the school. School districts may also provide transportation for other students. ("Nothing in this section shall operate in any manner to prevent a board of education from providing transportation to and from a charter school for all pupils attending the school.")
72-4210 - Transportation of pupils.
Can charter schools employ uncertified teachers?
Did not find:
Education Commission of the States says that charter school teachers must be certified; however, we could not find this in the statute.
Education Commission of the States 50-State Comparison
Virtual School Choice
Do state statutes allow for full-time virtual schools?
Virtual schools are permitted, no mention of whether or not they are considered virtual charter schools.
72-3712 - Same; definitions.
Are virtual schools required to track attendance?
No requirement for tracking attendance. However, attendance is used to determine "full-time equivalent enrollment." Attendance can be verified by tracking "a pupil's on-line activity or entries in the pupil's virtual school journal or log of activities."
72-3715(4)(c) - Same; determining full-time equivalent enrollment; state aid; virtual school fund.
Do virtual schools have to comply with state teacher certification requirements?
Unclear:
It is unclear whether certification is required; however, training is required: "...school districts shall provide adequate training to teachers who teach in virtual schools. Each year, school districts shall submit a report relating to training programs provided by the district to teachers who teach in virtual schools. Such reports shall be submitted in the manner and form required by the state board."
72-3714. Same; teacher training programs.
Private School Choice
Do state statutes allow for voucher programs?
No voucher programs found.
EdChoice School Choice in America
Do state statutes allow for educational expense tax credits or deductions?
No educational expense tax credits or deductions found.
Can students use vouchers to attend religious schools?
Is there a cap on the number of students or private schools participating in voucher programs?
Are voucher students in private schools required to take any standardized tests?
Can private schools be removed from voucher programs based on performance?
Are private schools in voucher programs required to provide transportation?
Interdistrict School Choice
Do state statutes allow for interdistrict choice?
"the boards of education of any two or more unified school districts may make and enter into agreements providing for the attendance of pupils residing in one school district at school in kindergarten or any of the grades one through 12 maintained by any such other school district."
72-13,101.(a) Interdistrict agreements for provision of educational programs authorized; conditions
Are receiving schools or districts required to provide transportation to any students?
The board of education of a school district shall not furnish or provide transportation for students who reside in another school district except in accordance with the written consent of the board of education of the school district in which such student resides
72-6494. Transportation of nonresident students; when authorized; conditions; limitations.
Page last updated: January 2020
Download the national policy spreadsheet for more information on this state's policies.
We're always looking for feedback. To get in touch with our team, please email comments or questions to info@reachcentered.org. Thank you!
The content contained herein is currently under review by state policy experts. This beta version of the Policy Map provides a snapshot of school choice policy found in laws passed by the legislative bodies, for all 50 states and Washington, D.C., based on information gathered from state statutes. This information is current through the second legislative session of 2019. The information contained here does not reflect state Department of Education administrative policies, rules, or regulations. Additionally, the information on this website does not constitute legal advice. All content on this site is provided for informational purposes only. As previously indicated, information on this site may not include the most up-to-date policy information. This site contains links to other third-party websites. Such links are for the user's convenience; neither REACH nor any affiliated entities endorse the contents of third-party sites.
Subscribe to the REACH newsletter to receive updates and information every now and then.
REACH is the National Center for Research on Education Access and Choice. Our goal is to provide objective, rigorous, and applicable research that informs and improves school choice policy design and implementation to increase opportunities and outcomes for disadvantaged students.
The research reported here was supported by the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, through Grant R305C100025 to The Administrators of the Tulane Educational Fund. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the Institute or the U.S. Department of Education.
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Should we abolish walls and open up learning?
Daring to defy educational norms, Finland are blazing a new trail by removing another perceived barrier to academic flourishing – but this time it's a physical one!
Yes, those canny Finns are at it again. In a major redesign plan involving 4,800 schools, the fixed walls between classrooms are being brought down, with moveable partitions being used for private or smaller group work.
Similarly, traditional classroom furniture such as teacher desks, rows of tables, and plastic chairs are being replaced with cushions, sofas and group collaboration spaces. These aren't the only barriers being eliminated. Divisions between year groups and subjects are rapidly being removed in favour of a more seamless, multi-disciplinary approach to schooling known as phenomenon-based learning, which too favours maximum collaboration between students.
Finland has long been known as one of the greatest educational masters in Europe and the wider world, a fact made more intriguing by their refusal to conform to educational 'norms'.
In stark contrast to many education systems, particularly those in the UK and USA, when it comes to schooling less is more. Finnish children start school at age 7 and their days are shorter, beginning between 9-9.45 and finishing as early as 2.45. There are breaks of 10-20 minutes between lessons, with teachers teaching for 4 hours or less per day in order to maximise the quality of their lessons as well as the delivery.
Teaching in Finland is a noble profession and a happy profession. Can we say the same in the UK?
Students are not grouped by ability, and while homework and assessments do exist, they are few and far between, and certainly not the focus of the educating process. In spite of, or perhaps because of this system, Finland's routinely excels far beyond most of its European peers in the maths, reading and science.
Yet time and again those at the helm of Britain's crippled education system look to these shining success stories and continue to do the opposite! (Consider the unmanageable marking policies, extended school days, and content heavy examinations) Instead, shouldn't we be looking to 'magpie' some of their key tips and techniques?
This may seem a radical idea, and upon hearing the concept my immediate thought was the sheer chaos and impracticality of a school without walls.
Then I considered the layouts of many professional workspaces and once again it occurred to me how ludicrously out of touch and at odds our Victorian era school environments are with our 21st century workplaces.
Is open-plan learning really that radical?
Not long ago I visited the head office of a large tech company in London and I was blown away by how far the design and architecture facilitated progress and innovation. Opaque glass walls and surfaces littered with markers allowed brainstorming, meetings, and ideas sharing to take place literally all over the space. There were large open spaces, indoor and outdoor, which were filled with various types of furniture, an abundance of natural light and artwork to maximise comfort and inspiration, workspace 'pods' enabled smaller groupwork to take place and secluded nooks allowed for quieter independent work.
When we think of how differently children learn and how essential variety is in maximising enjoyment, engagement and productivity – changing the physical architecture of a learning space may have a bigger impact than previously thought! All children deserve to learn in 'Clever Classrooms'.
One could argue there is a degree of practicality in dividing students by age, but could this be less rigid? We know children progress at different rates for a number of reasons.
Could those students excelling be stretched and challenged more effectively if allowed to collaborate and learn from older students at similar levels?
Could those students struggling be better nurtured if they weren't swept along with the tide and pace of a standardised curriculum?
Could this vertical style of learning lead to increased peer mentorship and personal leadership skills, and in turn more effectively nurture confidence and a more genuine feeling of community in schools?
Is it a ludicrous idea that we might have just a slightly more fluid system, involving subject classes within key stages perhaps rather than strict year groups?
Also known as Project Based Learning, this the process of taking a single concept and studying it from a variety of educational perspectives and approaches, from mathematically to historically, to creatively to scientifically. This is something which has already caught on in numerous schools worldwide, including some in the UK.
Those who have implemented it have commented on the huge benefits of this more authentic approach to learning such as increased interest, engagement and confidence from students with the subject material, which in turn has led to an increase in creativity, problem solving abilities, inquiry and collaboration as students pool their different skill sets and work together towards a common goal.
At present, there exists education as we currently know it and education as it could be. Regardless of how far this 'no-walls' endeavour succeeds, I admire Finland's courage and innovation in trying to bridge that gap.
As outlandish as some of the above methods may appear, I have far more confidence in these than I do in demands for increased marking, green pen feedback, learning walks and funding cuts that sadly characterise many school environments in the UK.
Hollie Jones is a History teacher, currently working in Birmingham. Prior to earning her PGDipEd from the University of Birmingham in 2016, she worked in a range of schools from inner city comprehensives in some of the most deprived areas of the Midlands, to exclusive international summer schools based in St Andrews and Cambridge to rural village schools in Fiji. Her ultimate goal is to increase the value of education for all students and to generate those vital discussions about how we can go about this.
Hi, We have had open plan teaching in the UK since the 60s. It does not work. What works for adults in the workplace, where the adults are not learning but applying learning, does not work for children, who are not experts but novices. The way that novices work requires explicit teaching, experts however tend to use some problem solving along with explicit learning – that is they look things up that are related to what they already know a great deal about. Project based learning means some children learn a lot, some learn little – and those who are most disadvantaged learn the least.
Dividing information into subject areas is better for children trying to learn about it. Much later, when a person knows a great deal about one subject or about several subjects then it becomes possible for them to make jumps across subject boundaries. If you take away subject boundaries for children being educated then what you get is a mish mash of information with those least advantaged getting the worst deal. I see you are a history teacher, like me. Perhaps you have been taught to teach thematically as I was. I found this did not work – it's is not engaging for children to do things like 'change' – much more engaging is actual interesting history. Discovery learning also palls on children I have found. They get bored, and lose motivation.
And Finland is not that great. The PISA scores which amazed everyone some years ago were for children who had been much more traditionally taught. Finland's PISA scores have since been going down since.
Also, Finland is a very small country, with parents very motivated towards education, and a great respect for teachers, who are qualified to masters level. Though children do not go to school until around 7 they are in kindergarten before that. Many learn to read at home, too, as Finnish has a transparent phonetic system, the English phonetic system is opaque and needs to be explicitly taught, and needs quiet.
Interesting research. It's a shame though that it did not mention the huge cuts that the current and previous government have done. OECD and i.e Noam Chomsky recently critisized Finnish politicians for cutting from where it hurts the nation most. Education should not be a competition and just about test results. However, considering all the cuts, Finnish kids and schools are doing fine and concentrating on what matters most. Preparing children for life, not tests.
Wonderful. How do you prove that schools are 'preparing children for life'? It sounds like a carte blanche for every fad to come down the pike, with no accountability. Life outside schools isn't like that. Even worse, the sort of teacher assessments designed to avoid any objective measure of pupil performance just piles on the workload, without giving us any reliable information on what children are learning.
There was a time in living memory when all teachers used weekly tests as a routine part of teaching and learning. Back then, the term 'formative assessment' hadn't been coined: when kids are tested routinely, we know exactly how well they are doing, and we can adjust our teaching accordingly. What is more, tests both motivate pupils and secure learning in long-term memory. Believe it or not, pupils want us to teach them–they value proof that they're learning and achieving.


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Lifting Libyan sanctions, lifting Libyan spirits
The Security Council at the United Nations has had both institutions on a sanctions list since February when the rebellion began.
by Imran Khan
Friday will see a key development in Libya's bid to rebuild its war-torn country.
Diplomats have said the central bank of Libya and the Libyan foreign banks are free to do business again.
The figures are mind boggling: Some $150bn has been frozen.
That money is desperately needed. Libya cannot function without it, and its oil revenues are not enough at the moment to run even the most basic services.
Those who used to work in the banking sector have had to find alternative work.
Sulieman El-Dressi used to work for one of the Libya's biggest banks. Since the revolution began he has not been able to go back.
He says the effect has been devastating for the vast majority of Libyans.
"The system just stopped, and that meant no money was flowing through. People kept what little money they had in their houses. This is no way for a modern economy to function, much less flourish. Without money people are starving."
He is hopeful that the lifting of the sanctions will provide a much needed kick-start.
"Of course, it will help the economic and financial sectors. Businessmen will be able to get loans, simple transactions will get done, foreign investors will have confidence, it will help money go round the system."
It's a relief to many here. Since the former Libyan leader's death in October, only $18bn has been released and of that, only $3bn has been given to the ruling NTC.
The process has been slow.
The NTC, under the stewardship of the current chairman, Mustafa Abdel Jalil, had to write a letter to the Security Council asking for the funds to be released.
Many in Libya are simply relieved that this move has finally happened.
But the $150bn will not arrive suddenly and transform Libya overnight.
Members of the Security Council can still object, although most observers say that's unlikely.
What is likely is that the money will come in stages - and there will be strings attached. Also those foreign banks holding Libyan assets may well seek permission from their own governments before they release anything.
While all of this might sound like a good idea in the corridors of power worldwide, any further delays will have an impact here, only adding to misery already felt by many.
Teachers go to school not knowing if they will ever see a salary the only thing they have is the thought that they are educating the future.
Nurses and doctors work to save lives and look after society's weakest. And care givers who themselves may soon be unable to feed and clothe themselves.
On every street corner members of the brigades that fought Gaddafi forces sit around.
They smoke and spit each man holds his AK47 machine gun close.
These men have also not been paid.
To quote Jamaican Reggae legend Bob Marley: "A hungry man is an angry man."
What Libya doesn't need are hordes of angry men with guns.
@ AJImran
Ghana gas station blasts kill at least seven
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Gunman killed after attack near Saudi palace in Jeddah


An easily grown, beautiful, clump forming fern producing broad, white, central bands down the foliage. It is often used in Japanese gardening to lighten up a shady area. Can either be grown as a houseplant or grown outside in a sheltered position. We grow our plants outside here in Scotland until the first frosts then bring them inside to overwinter. Hardy to -5C. Part to full shade in moist, humus rich, well drained soil.


text:
Home Nature & Science Science & Environment Meta, CBSE expand partnership to train 10 million students in virtual, augmented...
Meta, CBSE expand partnership to train 10 million students in virtual, augmented reality
Meta founder and Chief Executive Officer Mark Zuckerberg on Wednesday announced the expansion of his company's collaboration with the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in India, under which it will train 10 lakh teachers and more than a crore students in virtual and augmented reality over the next three years.
Meta will provide a curriculum on digital safety and online well-being, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR) as part of this partnership. These courses will be available online on CBSE's website.
Speaking at the Fuel for India 2021 event, Zuckerberg said that partnership with CBSE was an opportunity to invest in the "entrepreneurial spirit and bring some of these tools around the metaverse and training to the education system" in the country.
"We are investing in other growing areas like education and commerce through Unacademy and Meesho, which are important use cases as we think about the future that we are building. We want to continue to partner in all of these areas as we accelerate the development of the fundamental technologies, the social platforms, and creative tools that are going to be necessary to bring the metaverse to life," Zuckerberg said.
The event was also attended by minister of state (MoS) for Electronics and Information Technology Rajeev Chandrasekhar, Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg, its India managing director Ajit Mohan, Marne Levine, the Chief Business Officer at Meta, and Akash and Isha Ambani, Directors of Jio Platforms, among others.
In a fireside chat with Mohan, Chandrasekhar said that the government wants to ensure that the internet remained open, safe, and trusted.
"We would like the internet to be a force of good and to deliver access, equity and opportunity. But we would also be very careful about ensuring that the internet remains free and open in terms of competitive pressures..it is not dominated by some big corporate," the minister said.
Augmented
meta collaboration with CBSE
Meta skill training
META-CBSE skill training
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This Indian app helps same-sex couples book a restaurant for their first date


Iran has repeatedly said its missile prοgram is purely defensive and denied its missiles are capable of being tipped with nuclear warheads, οr that it has any intent of developing nuclear weapοns thrοugh uranium enrichment.
President Dοnald Trump pulled Washingtοn out of the nuclear deal, apprοved befοre he took office, in May and reimpοsed sanctiοns οn Tehran. Trump said the deal was flawed as it did nοt include curbs οn Iran's development of ballistic missiles οr its suppοrt fοr armed prοxies in Syria, Yemen, Lebanοn and Iraq.


1) Fukuhara S, Bito S, Green J, Hsiao A, and Kurokawa K: Translation, adaptation, and validation of the SF-36 Health Survey for use in Japan. J Clin Epidemiol. 51(11):1037-44(1998).
2) Fukuhara S, Ware J E, Kosinski M, Wada S, Gandek B: Psychometric and clinical tests of validity of the Japanese SF-36 Health Survey. J Clin Epidemiol. 51(11):1045-53(1998).
3) Fukuhara S, Suzukamo Y. Manual of SF-36v2 Japanese version: iHope International Inc., Kyoto, 2004, 2015.


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CanadaGlobalNewsStock NewsStocksIs Aurora Cannabis Focusing on the Wrong Markets?
With a population of fewer than 600,000 people, adding Luxembourg only amounts to adding another tally to the list of countries Aurora has a presence in.
David JMay 20, 20195 min
With Aurora Cannabis Inc. (NYSE: ACB) (TSX: ACB) announcing a supply deal with Luxembourg, is it just misleading hype?
Earlier in May, the Edmonton-based company said it a statement it had extended an "exclusive supply relationship" in Luxembourg. It's the second time that Aurora has received an order from the government of the small European country for cannabis.
But Aurora didn't disclose the size of the order and even said "the initial bid quantities are small," and boasted "the award confirms Aurora's position as a trusted and preferred supplier to international jurisdictions and reflects the company's ability to work with local governments and regulators in complex, restricted markets."
Analysts say it was a nice way for Aurora to spin the near-irrelevant order that means little to its investors.
"It's like capturing a contract with a suburb town of Toronto," said Jerome Hass analyst with investment firm Lightwater Partners. "It's a tiny export potential."
With a population of fewer than 600,000 people, adding Luxembourg only amounts to adding another tally to the list of countries Aurora has a presence in. Currently, the company boasts having sales in more than 24 countries and on five different continents. But how much product is actually being exported?
Having operations in many different parts of the world is not ideal for a company already bleeding cash and nowhere near profitable. In the trailing twelve months, Aurora has had negative free cash flow of $519 million and losses from operations of $285 million. The company is spreading itself too thin on a strategy that isn't going to yield much in the way of results.
And the European market is fairly small that's going to take years to grow. Other continents will likely be just as slow in growth. Simply because a country has legalized medicinal marijuana does not mean that it will translate into the legalization of recreational marijuana in the short term.
Aurora shifting from North America?
Aurora recently said it didn't believe the beverage market would drive demand, and without a deal with a large beverage maker it could show the company is concentrating less resources in North America. While Aurora is adding to its capacity, it's focus on international markets may be a concern for investors rather than zeroing on lucrative opportunities in Canada and the U.S. as legal markets mature.
Not only will international orders add shipping costs, it will expose Aurora to foreign exchange risks as well. While Aurora may benefit from having first-mover advantages in many countries, it's a long-term play that might take years for the potential in those markets to be realized.
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Home » Auto News » Already at $1.6M, This 1957 BMW 507 Will Become the Most Expensive Car Ever on Bring a Trailer
Already at $1.6M, This 1957 BMW 507 Will Become the Most Expensive Car Ever on Bring a Trailer
Designed by Albrecht von Goertz, the BMW 507 is considered by many to be the prettiest car ever made—and with only 202 cars still known to exist—one of the rarest. The inspiration for the modern BMW Z8, an example from 1957 has been listed for sale on Bring a Trailer, and the price is already astronomical. At a 2018 Goodwood Festival of Speed auction, a 507 sample fetched $5,000,000. As it currently sits with six days still left to bid, this example is already at $1.6 million, and that number is expected to rise.
Beginning production in 1955 at the request of American BMW importer Max Hoffman, the car was originally supposed to fit between lower-end British sports cars and the more expensive Mercedes-Benz roadsters like the 300 SL. Powered by a 150-horsepower, 3.2-liter pushrod V8, the 507 was both the choice of race car drivers like John Surtees and celebrities like Elvis. With a front double-wishbone suspension and a solid axle out back, it was also modern for its day.
Its hand-formed aluminum bodywork meant every 507 was a little different, as were the detachable hardtops that some came with, including this one. This sample is just one of just 15 units said to be delivered in black, and this vehicle has been repainted and refreshed over the years, receiving a new engine—stamped with the original engine's serial number—early in its life and being imported to the United States in 2000.
Being a "Series II" car, this 507 has a 17.4-gallon fuel tank under the trunk floor, while the earlier "Series I" cars had a massive 29.1-gallon tank located behind the seats. Apparently, the bigger tank made the car smell like gas when the hardtop was on, so it was changed out. That's reportedly the only difference between the Series I and II cars, so everything else on this vehicle, such as the body-color wheels, could be had on any 507. The wheel's two-spoke knock-off center caps were replaced in 2018, and apparently, BMW still makes them. They're probably very reasonably priced—not.
The only transmission option for the 507 was a four-speed manual made by ZF, and the one in this car is original. Apparently, the interior didn't fare as well as the car's mechanical parts, though. Much of it has been replaced, including all of the upholstery, a job that was done back in 2000 when the car was imported. The Nardi steering wheel has also been "rebuilt," and many of the knobs were replaced in 2014.
With 8,500 miles on the odometer, the car's true mileage is unknown, but considering this 507 is already fetching six figures, it seems unlikely that's a big issue. In fact, it's already surpassed the previous record-holder for the most expensive car sold on Bring a Trailer: a 1956 Mercedes 300 SL sold in 2019 for $1,234,567.
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Well, I was happily surprised today with the arrival of your letter of January 17th. I had really thought it must have been lost. With the arrival of that letter I have all of your letters now up through and including the first of February. It will be nice if one of your letters comes tomorrow because it will be 13 months since we saw each other. I certainly hope it won't be that much longer, but it is very hard to tell how long it may be before we will be able to be together again. As always, your letter was an inspiration to me even though it was an older letter.
Picture sent from Willis to Sarah. Taken from Sarah's scrapbook. 1945.
For a while I studied this morning and then I spent the rest of the time with the men. You do have to have some time alone. They have an officer's club here in the area, but I never go unless I have to, as for example, when they show us secret pictures. I'm sure I need not explain why I do not though. My coworker spends a lot of time playing cards and so on with them, but as for me, all the available time I have I am going to use it to become better acquainted with the Bible and to know our Lord better. When you are out like this you need that indwelling presence and power more than ever because there are untold numbers of things to be faced and cope with, and apart from His help, I have found it impossible to do so. I've learned to love and rely upon Christ more than ever. There are times when you almost feel like your heart will break, but then I remember Christ and your wonderful love and it does help carry me on with whatever may be at hand to do.
This afternoon I spent the entire afternoon visiting with men in the large hospital. I always enjoy such visitation with the men. Just as I was ready to leave, Chaplain Lee asked me to have dinner with him this evening. So my driver and I stayed with him. It is so much nicer where he is, it is entirely different from our field set up out here. It started to rain here about 4 o'clock and has been raining since. It has stopped now for a little bit, but we still have an overcast. This evening I found a very nice valentine from the Larson's that was thoughtful of them to send it to me. When you see them, be sure to thank them for me.
I studied for a while this evening and then I wrote a letter to Chaplain Schreyer, to Mrs. Riley in Boston, and a short letter to Paul and Gen. Darling, I will seek to answer some of the things in your letter of January 17th as well as the last of the letters which I have not answered before. I was surprised to hear about Kelvin Lee sending you the Honolulu papers, that was certainly kind and thoughtful of him. I haven't seen him yet, but I hope to do so soon. Dear, I think that was very kind of you to give more toward helping with the funeral for little Shirley Bender.
Dear, it seems you are having a trying time with the Intermediates. But from all indications you have more influence than you now realize. Keep up the good work and the day will come when you will be able to see what was accomplished in the past. I know it is trying, I would certainly like to work with a crew like that; that age has always been very challenging to me. It is so late and I am so tired that I will close for tonight. God bless you Dear in all things. Give my love to our dear friends.
P.S. Find enclosed tomorrow's bulletin and a believe it or not about the Infantry which is very interesting and TRUE.


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The impact of mega events on the perceptions of residents in the United Arab Emirates.
Dissertation (5.206Mb)
Jones, Philippa May
This dissertation project was an investigation into a set of findings based on both primary and secondary data research in an attempt to answer the aim of the project which was: "To investigate the role of Mega Events on the perceptions of residents in the United Arab Emirates". The reader will find five chapters beginning with an introduction to the investigation. Chapter two comprises a literature review where the author has attempted to research all academic theory and previous experiments carried out concerning and related to the study and focussing on 'Mega events'. The third chapter is the methodology where the methods behind this research project are explained including the reliability and validity of research. Chapter four releases the results and findings of the primary research completed and in this chapter the author discusses the various themes which have become central following the semi structured and email interview research carried out. The author finishes by concluding her findings and making recommendations for further research in the area. The author came to the conclusion that the perceptions of residents in the United Arab Emirates, both local and expatriate, differentiate in a number of areas. However, definitive themes became evident and the author was able to come to a sound conclusion that the impact of mega events on the perceptions of residents overall are positive and that the residents of the UAE are overwhelmingly of the opinion that they would not change what the country has become or the direction it has taken towards tourism and the hosting of mega events. The positives have by far outweighed the negatives but the author remains cautious and suggests that this could change significantly over time depending on the future behaviours and actions of both the Government and event organisers.
BA (Hons) Events Management
How does a major festival such as 'The Big Chill' impact upon a small community? Using a triple bottom line analysis investigate the socio-cultural, environmental, and socio-economic impact the festival has on the community of Ledbury.
Geary, Trystan (Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2011)
Socio-Cultural: The literature review, through the use of academic materials such as books and academic journals the author will establish the wide range of socio-cultural impacts which a major event such as a festival has ...
A Solemn Act
Cutler, Eleanor (2013)
A Solemn Act examines the possible effects of economy and social class in an age of rapid technological advancement. This dissertation is divided in two parts; a 7,700 word section of Creative Writing and a 3,300 word ...
The impact of the development stage of a hallmark event on the host city and the local communities: A case study of the Olympic Games in London 2012
Jurisch, C. Jacqueline (Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2012)
The overall research aim was to give a critical overview of the impacts of the development stage of a hallmark event on the host city and the local communities. This dissertation was investigating the case study of the ...


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Japan Maritime Self-Defense ship JS Izumo transits the South China Sea while doing maritime operations with a U.S. surface action group.
Japan's new National Defense Program Guidelines (NDPG) calls for more attention to areas such as space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum. Critical reaction to the NDPG in Japan, however, has centered around the decision to convert two Izumo-class helicopter "destroyers" into multirole aircraft carriers from which short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft can be operated. To that end, the NDPG also lays out a plan to purchase 42 Lockheed Martin F-35B STOVL aircraft over the next decade. Critics argue that these ships, equipped with F-35Bs, must now be considered "attack aircraft carriers" and constitute a departure from Japan's defense-oriented security policy.
Serving as the link between the "ends" outlined in Japan's National Security Strategy, and the "means" listed in the Mid-Term Defense Plan, the NDPG describes the "ways" Japan will achieve its security objectives. Intended to last ten years, the 2013 NDPG was revised ahead of schedule, reflecting the government's concern over the increasingly difficult security environment.
Admiral Blair is a former director of national intelligence and a former commander-in-chief of the United States Pacific Command.
Captain Rodeman served as a naval aviator for 30 years and is a fellow at Sasakawa Peace Foundation USA.


text:
The Mysterious Pulsars That Switch On and Off
by Haley Wahl | Nov 14, 2019 | Daily Paper Summaries | 0 comments
Title: Radio Pulsar Sub-Populations (I) : The Curious Case of Nulling Pulsars
Authors: S. Konar, U. Deka
First Author's Institution: National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (Pune, India)
Status: Published in the Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, open access on arXiv
Pulsars are some of the most extreme objects in the universe. With their incredible densities (a teaspoon would weigh as much as Mount Everest) and extreme magnetic fields (which are 12 orders of magnitude stronger than Earth's), these objects are some of the strangest we have ever come across. Pulsars emit radiation like a lighthouse and sometimes they just turn off and do not emit at all. Today's work explores this strange behavior of pulsars in order to try to understand what types of pulsars show this behavior and why.
The Strange World of Pulsar Emission
Pulsars are rapidly-rotating, highly-magnetized neutron stars that emit radiation along their magnetic axis which is tilted with respect to their rotation axis (see Figure 1). This causes their radiation to sweep along our sightline like a lighthouse. There are two types of pulsars: canonical pulsars (pulsars that have rotation periods between a few seconds and tens of milliseconds) and millisecond pulsars (pulsars that have been recycled with rotation periods on the order of just a few milliseconds). Most pulsars emit in the radio regime but they can also emit X-rays. Radio pulsars emit radiation which is observed as narrow emission pulses. All pulsar emission is characterized by production of matter/antimatter pairs (a process called pair production) in the magnetosphere which leads to the production of the radio emission. Sometimes that emission abruptly stops for several pulse periods. This cessation of emission is a phenomenon known as nulling.
Figure 1: An artist's rendition of the different parts of a pulsar.
Image Credit: Credit: Bill Saxton, NRAO/AUI/NSF
Since the phenomenon's discovery, more than 200 out of the ~2600 radio pulsars have been seen to experience nulling (~8%). Two parameters are used to characterize the phenomenon of nulling: null fraction (the total fraction of pulses without detectable emission) and null length (the duration of a nulling episode). Both of these numbers can exhibit a wide range of values; the null fraction can go from just a few to over 90%, and the null length can go from a few single pulses to a complete disappearance of the emission for years at a time.
Why Do Pulsars Null?
Nulling is thought to be caused by one of two things: intrinsic effects within the pulsar or geometric effects due to spin and rotation. With internal effects, astronomers think that nulling could be caused by lack of pair production in the magnetosphere or changes in the flow of the magnetosphere itself. On the geometric side, it is theorized that nulling is a result of the pulsar emitting regularly but simply turning away from us so we do not see the emission. In order to better understand what kind of pulsars null and why, the authors of today's work examine the largest sample of nulling pulsars ever studied and look at the correlation (or lack thereof) between nulling fraction and various pulsar parameters such as age, and find some interesting results.
Characterizing Nulling Pulsars
Studies have been done to try to correlate the null fraction with pulsar parameters in order to better understand why some pulsars just turn off. One study analyzed 72 nulling pulsars and found the rotation period of the pulsar to be directly proportional to nulling fraction. Another found correlations between nulling and pulsar age. However, with their large sample, the authors found little to no correlation between pulsar period, surface magnetic field, age, or dispersion measure (a measure for the degree of dispersion of the emission caused by stuff between us and the pulsars), suggesting age does not play a role (see Figure 2). However, they did find a gap in the estimated nulling fraction around 40%, separating the pulsars into a population experiencing higher and lower nulling fractions. They find that there are more pulsars with lower nulling fractions (<40%) than higher ones, which could simply be an observational bias. The distributions of the intrinsic pulsar parameters (period, change in period, age, surface magnetic field, etc.) are statistically different in the two populations, but there is no correlation between nulling fraction and any intrinsic parameters.
Figure 2: Diagrams showing the relation between nulling fraction and spin period (top left), magnetic field (top right), age (bottom left), and dispersion measure (bottom right). The gray line indicates the gap between nulling fractions around 40% for each parameter. (Figure 2 from the paper)
Modeling the Journey to the Pulsar Graveyard
As pulsars age, they lose energy as they emit radiation. This loss in energy causes the pulsars to slow down, or "spin down," and they get slower and slower until they eventually get to the point where they no longer emit radiation. When this happens, they cross what is called the "death line" which is quantified using the pulsar period and change in pulsar period or the pulsar period and the magnetic field. While the authors have ruled out a definite correlation between age and nulling fraction, many believe that older pulsars, ones closer to the death line, are more likely to null.
Nulling is thought to be an intrinsic phenomenon, so scientists think there must be some relation between the emission mechanism and nulling behavior. Because the emission mechanism of pulsars is not fully understood, there are many different models to describe the process the full cessation of the radio emission. These models simulate the pulsar magnetosphere in different ways, for example, some theorizing that the magnetic field has very curved lines at the top of the star, and some using the fact that the magnetic field can be described as a dipole that is not centered in the middle of the neutron star. Each of these uses a different emission model and produces a slightly different model of where the "death line" should be. Figure 3 shows the different death lines that the models produce. The top panel shows all pulsars plotted with the different death line models (the red and blue lines) while the bottom panel shows the nulling and intermediate pulsars (pulsars that experience short nulls).
By plotting all of the known nulling pulsars with all of the death line models, it is clear that some models constrain the pulsars better than others. The authors find that the models that best constrain the pulsars are ones that involve the pulsar having very curved magnetic field lines and possessing a magnetic field that is not purely a dipole. These conclusions point to the fact that pulsars that have emission coming from primarily from the polar cap region (the top of the star) and that have extremely curved magnetic field lines are more likely to experience more nulling. The fact that some pulsars are beyond the least constraining models points to the fact that the mystery is not entirely solved.
Figure 3: The different death line models (blue and red lines) plotted with the pulsars. The top panel shows all models and all pulsars and the bottom panel highlights certain constraining models and points out the nulling pulsars. The "graveyard" region is where pulsars that stop emitting should be, so no pulsars should be seen there. (Figure 5 from the paper)
By using a large sample of nulling pulsars, the authors have been able to show a wide gap in nulling fraction and also get closer to pinning down some of the characteristics of nulling pulsars. However, there are still many mysteries to solve. Why are some pulsars beyond the death lines? Why have we not seen nulling in any millisecond pulsars? Only time (and more data) will tell!
About Haley Wahl
I'm a PhD candidate West Virginia University and my main research area is pulsars. I'm currently working with the NANOGrav collaboration (a collaboration which is part of a worldwide effort to detect gravitational waves with pulsars) on polarization calibration and pulsar timing. I'm also very passionate about science communication and often share my science through Twitter and my blog, The Pulsars and Profiteroles Project, which combines my love of scicomm with my love of baking! Outside of science, I enjoy doing jigsaw puzzles, baking, and watching movies.
Testing Einstein's Equivalence Principle by Timing a Pulsar in a Stellar Triple System Radio Pulsars: How Slow Do They Go? Aaand Boom Goes the Magnetar Do Fast Radio Bursts come from neutron star mergers?
cosmology transits dark matter astrophysics supernovae habitability exoplanets protoplanetary disks spectroscopy planetary science stars radio astronomy solar system binary stars dwarf galaxies AAS star formation theory planet formation galaxies astronomy observations black holes AGN Kepler galaxy evolution simulations Milky Way gravitational waves stellar evolution


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Nghĩ rằng tài liệu này chỉ có lợi ích cho một số ít người, hơn nữa thời gian không cho phép, vì thế tôi không có ý định ghi lại bằng tiếng Việt. Mục đích của bài này nhằm lưu ý quý độc giả về việc kế thừa nhưng không mù quáng, nghĩa là chúng ta cần phải học tập những vị tiền bối, nhưng không nên nhắm mắt rơi vào vết sai lầm của họ. - Tk. Indacanda.
First of all, I would like to pay my utmost gratitude to the late Professor I. B. Horner whose works has inspired in me the courage to devote all of my times and energy in learning the Pāli language and approaching its literature. I am greatly indebted to her for the Pāli knowledge that I have acquired from her translation following a literal style, if I may say so, that helps me to strengthen my knowledge in recognizing simple patterns of Pāli sentences, and to gain my comprehensive skill towards complicated ones. My dissertation here is, in its simplest way, the questions of a student to his instructor in case of having doubt or ignorance about the ancient texts; so that my work presented here in no way or by any means should be seen as a gesture of disrespect towards her knowledge or her works.
The Book of the Discipline Volume One is the English translation of the volume III of The Vinaya Pitakam edited by Hermann Oldenberg, consisting of 4 pārājika(s), 13 saṅghādisesa(s), and 2 aniyata(s). The Pāli excerpts are quoted from the PTS. edition.
Having brought to fulfillment his own powers of realization, he makes known this world, together with devas including the Māras, and the Brahmās; creatures, together with recluses and Brahmins, together with devas and men. He teaches dhamma, lovely at the beginning, lovely at the middle and lovely at the ending. He explains with the spirit and the letter the Brahma-life completely fulfilled and wholly pure. Good indeed it were to see perfected men like that.
Having realized by means of his own higher knowledge, he makes known this world, together with devas including the Māras, and the Brahmās; creatures, together with recluses and Brahmins, together with devas and men. He teaches dhamma, lovely at the beginning, lovely at the middle, and lovely at the ending. He explains with the spirit and the letter the Brahma-life completely fulfilled and wholly pure. Good indeed it were to see perfected men like that.
sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedetī ti ettha pana sayan ti sāmaṃ aparaneyyo hutvā, abhiññā ti abhiññāya adhikena ñāṇena ñatvā ti attho, sacchikatvā ti paccakkhaṃ katvā etena anumānādipaṭikkhepo kato hoti, pavedetī ti bodheti ñāpeti pakāseti.
a/ anekapariyāyena: We should take a closer look at the sentence structure. In this sentence, there are five clauses governed by four gerunds: vigarahitvā, (avaṇṇaṃ) bhāsitvā, (vaṇṇaṃ) bhāsitvā, kathaṃ katvā, and the finite verb āmantesi; so we should translate it accordingly. The point to be noticed here is the adverbial anekapariyāyena; it appears twice in this sentence. I. B. Horner interprets it as "in many a figure," but I prefer a simpler form, "in many ways." For the verbs it modifies, I. B. Horner lets it modify the two gerunds (avaṇṇaṃ) bhāsitvā and (vaṇṇaṃ) bhāsitvā, perhaps she prefers a parallel structure. On the other hand, I analyze the sentence according to the word orders: the first adverbial anekapariyāyena standing in front of the two gerunds should modify not only (avaṇṇaṃ) bhāsitvā but also vigarahitvā; the second one standing at the beginning of the clause and modifies the one and only gerund (vaṇṇaṃ) bhāsitvā.
gaṇasaṅgaṇikāya ceva kilesasaṅgaṇikāya ca saṃvattati.
Considering the context of the Vinaya, we should take the interpretation that relates to the outward discipline, i.e. bodily and verbally, so I prefer the explanation gaṇasaṅgaṇikāya that is more concrete instead of the other kilesasaṅgaṇikāya as I. B. Horner did.
saṃgaṇikāya saṃvattanti no pavivekāya = they lead to sociability, not to solitude.
apacayāya saṃvattanti no ācayāya = they lead to the absence of piling (up rebirth), not to the piling up.
Dictionaries also approve her latter choice. Moreover, the Sub-Commentary of Dīghanikāya states clearly that apacaya refers to nibbāna: "apacayāyāti sabbassāpi vaṭṭassa apacayanāya, nibbānāyāti attho." So, I restore I. B. Horner's transtion for apacayassa as "to the absence of piling (up rebirth)" in my proposed translation.
anujānāmi bhikkhave ārāman ti = Monks, I allow a park.
However, once an ārāma has offered to the Order and became the lodging for the monks, the interpretation for such context should not be "a park" but "a monastery." One model of ārāma mentioning in the Vinayapiṭaka is the monastery of Anāthapiṇḍika (anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāma) with more constructions such as storehouses, toilets, walking paths, wells, bathrooms, pools, etc.
If an ariyan disavows the training in the presence of a non-ariyan and he does not recognise it, the training is not disavowed. If a non-ariyan in the presence of an ariyan ... if an ariyan in the presence of an ariyan ... if a non-ariyan disavows the training in the presence of a non-ariyan and he does not recognise it, the training is not disavowed.
If he disavows the training by an ariyan language in the presence of a non-ariyan and that person does not recognise it, the training is not disavowed. If he disavows the training by a non-ariyan language in the presence of an ariyan ... by an ariyan language in the presence of an ariyan ... by a non-ariyan language in the presence of a non-ariyan and that person does not recognise it, the training is not disavowed.
If he disavows the training by a native language in the presence of a foreigner and that person does not recognise it, the training is not disavowed. ... by a foreign language in the presence of a native ... by a native language in the presence of a native ... if he disavows the training by a foreign language in the presence of a foreigner and that person does not recognize it, the training is not disavowed.
ariyaka & milakkhuka: First of all, we need to take a look at the structure of the two clauses "ariyakena milakkhukassa santike sikkhaṃ paccakkhāti so ca na paṭivijānāti." There are two finite verbs: paccakkhāti and paṭivijānāti, and I don't agree with I. B. Horner as she takes ariyakena in instrumental case as the agent of the former verb due to the reason that paccakkhāti is not a causative verb. In fact, this verb has an understood subject that is the monk who is disavowing the training, and ariyakena should be as an adjectival modifying an understood noun, I assume "a language" in this case.
In addition to that, the Sub-Commentary Sāratthadīpanī clarifies that milakkhuka is a language other than the Magadha language (anariyakoti māgadhavohārato añño). So this is a case of language barrier, in which the latter is not able to understand what the former says, then he fails to be a witness for the disavowal. As a consequence, the former happens to still be a bhikkhu for whatever status he might think he is.
 Vin. II, 258; BD. V, 359.
 Vin. II, 259; BD. V, 359.
 Vin I, 39; BD. IV, 52.
 Footnotes 2 & 3 (BD. I, 47).