text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:1}

Recently, a universal seesaw mass matrix model has
considerably attracted us as a unified mass matrix
model of the quarks and leptons.
The model \cite{USMM} was proposed
in order to understand the question why the masses of
quarks (except for top quark) and charged leptons are
so small compared with the electroweak scale
$\Lambda_L$ ($\sim$ 10$^2$ GeV).
The model has hypothetical fermions
$F_i$ in addition to the conventional quarks
and leptons $f_i$ (flavors $f=u, d, \nu, e$; family
indices $i=1,2,3$), and those are assigned to
$f_L$ = (2,1), $f_R$ = (1,2), $F_L$ = (1,1) and
$F_R$ = (1,1) of SU(2)$_L \times$ SU(2)$_R$.
The 6 $\times$ 6 mass matrix which is sandwiched
between the fields ($\overline{f}_L, \overline{F}_L$)
and ($f_R, F_R$) is given by
$$
M^{6 \times 6} =
\left( \begin{array}{cc}
0 & m_L\\
m_R & M_F
\end{array} \right) \ ,
\eqno(1.1)
$$
where $m_L$ and $m_R$ are universal for all fermion
sectors ($f=u, d, \nu, e$) and only $M_F$ have
structures dependent on the flavors $f$.
For $\Lambda_L < \Lambda_R \ll \Lambda_F$, where
$\Lambda_L = O(m_L), \Lambda_R = O(m_R)$ and
$\Lambda_F = O(M_F)$, the $3\times 3$ mass matrix
$M_f$ for the fermions $f$ is given by the
well-known seesaw expression $M_f \simeq - m_L M^{-1}_F m_R$,
so that the quarks and lepton masses $m_{q,l}$ are given with
a suppression factor $\Lambda_R/\Lambda_F$.
In order to understand the observed  heavy top quark mass value
$m_t \sim \Lambda_L$, we put an additional condition
{\rm det}$M_F = 0$ on the up-quark sector ($F=U$)
\cite{KFzp,Morozumi}.
Then, since one of the fermion masses $m(U_i)$ ($i=1,2,3$) is zero
[say, $m(U_3)=0$], so that the seesaw mechanism does not work for
the third family, and the fermions ($u_{3L}, U_{3R}$)
and ($U_{3L}, u_{3R}$) acquire masses of $O(m_L)$ and
$O(m_R)$, respectively, without the suppression factor
$\Lambda_R/\Lambda_F$.
We identify $(u_{3L},U_{3_R})$ as the top quark
$(t_L, t_R)$.
An explicit model for the matrix forms $m_L$, $m_R$ and
$M_F$ has been proposed by Fusaoka and the author \cite{KFzp},
and they have successfully obtained the numerical results on
the quark masses and mixings, where those quantities are
described in terms of the charged lepton masses by assuming
simple structures of $m_L$, $m_R$ and $M_F$.

For the neutrino mass matrix, we start the following $12\times 12$
mass matrix:
$$
\left( \overline{\nu}_L\ \overline{\nu}_R^c\ \overline{N}_L\
\overline{N}_R^c \right)
{
\left( \begin{array}{cccc}
0 & 0 & 0 & m_L \\
0 & 0 & m_R^T & 0 \\
0 & m_R & M_R & M_D \\
m_L^T & 0 & M_D^T & M_L \\
\end{array} \right)
}
\left( \begin{array}{c}
\nu_L^c \\
\nu_R \\
N_L^c \\
N_R
\end{array} \right) \ .
\eqno(1.2)
$$
The mass matrix (1.2) leads to different scenarios of the
neutrino phenomenology correspondingly to the different
structure of the intermediate mass scales
$\Lambda_{NL}=O(M_L)$, $\Lambda_{NR}=O(M_R)$,
and $\Lambda_{D}=O(M_D)$ together with to $\Lambda_L$, $\Lambda_R$,
and $\Lambda_F$ ($F\neq N$).
For example, for the case
$\Lambda_{NL}, \Lambda_{NL}\geq \Lambda_{D}$,
the neutrino mass matrix is approximately given by
$M_\nu \simeq - m_L M_L^{-1} m_L^T$, so that the neutrino
masses are suppressed by the factors $\Lambda_L/\Lambda_R$ and
$\Lambda_F/\Lambda_{NL}$ compared with the quark and charged
lepton masses $m_{q,l}$.

In spite of such phenomenological successes, there is a
reluctance to recognize the model, because the model
needs extra fermions $F$.
In most unification models, there are no rooms for the
fermions $F$.
Whether we can built a unification model in which
the fermions $F$ are reasonably embedded will be
a touchstone for the great future of the universal
seesaw mass matrix model.

For this problem, there is an attractive idea \cite{so10}.
We can consider that the fermions $F_R^c$
($\equiv C\overline{F}_R^T$)
together with the fermions $f_L$ belong to {\bf 16} of SO(10), and
also $F_L^c$ together with $f_R$ belong to {\bf 16} of another
SO(10), i.e.,
$$
(f_L + F_R^c) \sim (16,1)\ , \ \ \ (f_R + F_L^c) \sim (1,16) \ ,
\eqno(1.3)
$$
of SO(10)$_L\times$SO(10)$_R$.
In order to examine the idea (1.3), in the present paper,
we investigate the evolution of the gauge coupling constants
on the basis of the SO(10)$_L\times$SO(10)$_R$ model and
estimate the intermediate energy scales $\Lambda_R$, $\Lambda_F$
and $\Lambda_N$ together with the unification energy scale $\Lambda_X$.
The evolutions of the gauge coupling constants under
SO(10)$_L\times$SO(10)$_R$ symmetries have already been done
by Davidson, Wali and Cho \cite{so10}.
The case of the symmetry breaking ${\rm SO(10)}_L\times
{\rm SO(10)}_R \rightarrow [{\rm SU(5)}\times {\rm U(1)}]_L
\times [{\rm SU(5)}\times {\rm U(1)}]_R$ is easily ruled
out phenomenologically.
On the contrary, it is not clear that the case
${\rm SO(10)}_L\times {\rm SO(10)}_R \rightarrow
[{\rm SU(2)}\times {\rm SU(2)}' \times {\rm SU(4)}]_L \times
 [{\rm SU(2)}\times {\rm SU(2)}' \times {\rm SU(4)}]_R$ is
ruled out or not,
because there are many symmetry breaking patterns which were not
discussed in the Ref.~\cite{so10}.
In the present paper, we will systematically investigate
the intermediate mass scales for all possible cases (including non-SUSY
and SUSY cases), but under a numerical constraint
$\Lambda_R / \Lambda_F \simeq 0.02$ \cite{KFzp} which were derived
from the observed ratio $m_c/m_t$ under the new scenario
of the universal seesaw model.

In Sec.~\ref{sec:2}, we introduce the Higgs scalars in the present model
and classify the possible cases of the symmetry breaking patterns.
In Sec.~\ref{sec:3}, we shortly review possible forms of the active
neutrinos $\nu_L$ under the various cases of the intermediate
energy scales.
In Sec.~\ref{sec:4}, we discuss the evolution of the gauge coupling
constants for the case ${\rm SO(10)}_L \times {\rm SO(10)}_R \rightarrow
[{\rm SU(2)}\times {\rm SU(2)}'\times {\rm SU(4)}]_L \times
[{\rm SU(2)}\times {\rm SU(2)}'\times {\rm SU(4)}]_R$.
The numerical results are presented in Sec.~\ref{sec:5}.
Although non-SUSY cases give the value
$\Lambda_L/\Lambda_R \sim 10^{-5}$, the value is not sufficient
to explain the smallness of the neutrino masses.
On the other hand, the SUSY case can give a reasonable order of
$\Lambda_L/\Lambda_R \sim 10^{-10}$ for $n_\phi=6$, where $n_\phi$
is the number of the SU(2) doublet Higgs scalars.  However, the
model will encounter a new problem, i.e., the flavor-changing
neutral currents (FCNC) problem.
Sec.~\ref{sec:6} will be devoted to the conclusions and
remarks.

\vspace{.2in}

\section{Higgs bosons and possible symmetry breaking patterns}
\label{sec:2}

In the present model, we consider the following Higgs scalars:

\noindent (i) $\Phi_{XL}=(54,1)$ and $\Phi_{XR}=(1,54)$, whose
vacuum expectation values (VEV) break  the symmetries
${\rm SO(10)}_L$ and ${\rm SO(10)}_R$ into
$ [{\rm SU(2)} \times {\rm SU(2)}' \times {\rm SU(4)}]_L$ and
$[{\rm SU(2)} \times {\rm SU(2)}' \times {\rm SU(4)}]_R$,
respectively;

\noindent (ii) $\Phi_{NL}=(126,1)$ and $\Phi_{NR}=(1,126)$,
whose VEV break the symmetries $[{\rm SU(2)}' \times {\rm SU(4)}]_L$
and  $[{\rm SU(2)}' \times {\rm SU(4)}]_R$ into
$[{\rm U(1)} \times {\rm SU(3)}]_L$ and
$[{\rm U(1)} \times {\rm SU(3)}]_R$, respectively, and
generate the Majorana mass terms $\overline{N}_R^c M_L N_R$
and $\overline{N}_L M_R N_L^c$, respectively;

\noindent (iii)  $\Phi_{F}=(\overline{16},16)$, whose VEV
break ${\rm SU(3)}_L \times {\rm SU(3)}_R$ into  ${\rm SU(3)}_{LR}$
and ${\rm U(1)}_L \times {\rm U(1)}_R$ into  ${\rm U(1)}_{LR}$,
and generate the Dirac mass terms  $\overline{F}_L M_F F_R$;

\noindent (iv) $\phi_{L}=(10,1)$ and $\phi_{R}=(1,10)$,
whose VEV break  SU(2)$_L$ and SU(2)$_R$ and generate
the mass terms $\overline{f}_L m_L F_R$ and
$\overline{F}_L m_R f_R$, respectively.

For example, we consider the following case of the
symmetry breaking pattern:

\noindent
Case RLRL:  $\Lambda_{XR} > \Lambda_{XL} >
\Lambda_{NR} > \Lambda_{NL} = \Lambda_D > \Lambda_{F}$
$$
{\rm SO(10)}_L \times {\rm SO(10)}_R
$$
$$
\downarrow \ \ \  {\rm at}\ { \mu=\Lambda_{XR}}
$$
$$
\rm SO(10)_L \times
[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm SU(2)'}\times{\rm SU(4)}]_R
$$
$$
\downarrow \ \ \  {\rm at}\ { \mu=\Lambda_{XL}}
$$
$$
[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm SU(2)'}\times{\rm SU(4)}]_L \times
[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm SU(2)'}\times{\rm SU(4)}]_R
$$
$$
\downarrow \ \ \  {\rm at}\ { \mu=\Lambda_{NR}}
$$
$$
[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm SU(2)'}\times{\rm SU(4)}]_L \times
[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm U(1)}\times{\rm SU(3)}]_R
$$
$$
\downarrow \ \ \  {\rm at}\  \mu=\Lambda_{NL}=\Lambda_D
$$
$$
[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm U(1)}\times{\rm SU(3)}]_L \times
[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm U(1)}\times{\rm SU(3)}]_R
$$
$$
\downarrow \ \ \  {\rm at}\  \mu=\Lambda_{F}
$$
$$
{\rm SU(2)}_L\times {\rm SU(2)}_R\times {\rm U(1)}_{LR}
\times {\rm SU(3)}_{LR}
$$
$$
\downarrow \ \ \  {\rm at}\  \mu=\Lambda_{R}
$$
$$
{\rm SU(2)}_L\times {\rm U(1)}_{Y} \times {\rm SU(3)}_{LR}
$$
$$
\downarrow \ \ \  {\rm at}\  \mu=\Lambda_{L}
$$
$$
{\rm U(1)}_{em} \times  {\rm SU(3)}_{LR}
 \ ,
\eqno(2.1)
$$
where SU(3)$_{LR}$ means the color gauge symmetry SU(3)$_c$.

For convenience, we define the following ranges of
the energy scale $\mu$:
Range 1 ($\Lambda_L < \mu \leq \Lambda_R$);
Range 2 ($\Lambda_R < \mu \leq \Lambda_F$);
Range 3 ($\Lambda_F < \mu \leq \Lambda_{NL}$);
Range 4 ($\Lambda_{NL} < \mu \leq \Lambda_{NR}$);
Range 5 ($\Lambda_{NR} < \mu \leq \Lambda_{XL}$);
Range 6 ($\Lambda_{XL} < \mu \leq \Lambda_{XR}$).
Here, we regard $\Lambda_D=\Lambda_{NL}$.
Also, for convenience of the next section, let us define
the following parameters
$$
x_1=\log(\Lambda_R/\Lambda_L) \ , \ \
x_2=\log(\Lambda_{F}/\Lambda_R) \ , \ \
x_3=\log(\Lambda_{NL}/\Lambda_F) \ ,
$$
$$
x_4=\log(\Lambda_{NR}/\Lambda_{NL})\ , \ \
x_5=\log(\Lambda_{XL}/\Lambda_{NR})\ , \ \
x_6=\log(\Lambda_{XR}/\Lambda_{XL})\ .
\eqno(2.2)
$$
The values of $x_i$ must be positive or zero.
Especially, the value of $x_1$ must roughly be $x_1 \geq 1$
from the experimental lower limit \cite{pdg98} of the
right-handed weak boson mass.

We also investigate the following cases:

\noindent
Case RLLR:  $\Lambda_{XR} > \Lambda_{XL} > \Lambda_{NL} >
\Lambda_{NR} = \Lambda_D > \Lambda_{F}$;

\noindent
Case LRLR:  $\Lambda_{XL} > \Lambda_{XR} >
\Lambda_{NL} > \Lambda_{NR} = \Lambda_D > \Lambda_{F}$;

\noindent
Case LRRL:  $\Lambda_{XL} > \Lambda_{XR} >
\Lambda_{NR} > \Lambda_{NL} = \Lambda_D > \Lambda_{F}$;

\noindent
Case RRLL:  $\Lambda_{XR} > \Lambda_{NR} >
\Lambda_{XL} > \Lambda_{NL} = \Lambda_D > \Lambda_{F}$;

\noindent Case
LLRR:  $\Lambda_{XL} > \Lambda_{NL} >
\Lambda_{XR} > \Lambda_{NR} = \Lambda_D > \Lambda_{F}$.

We consider a model without $\Phi_{NL}$:

\noindent
Case RLLD:  $\Lambda_{XR} > \Lambda_{XL} >
\Lambda_{NL} > \Lambda_{D} > \Lambda_{F}$;

\noindent
Case  LRLD:  $\Lambda_{XL} > \Lambda_{XR} >
\Lambda_{NL} > \Lambda_{D} > \Lambda_{F}$;

\noindent a model without $\Phi_{NL}$:

\noindent
Case  RLRD:  $\Lambda_{XR} > \Lambda_{XL} >
\Lambda_{NR} > \Lambda_{D} > \Lambda_{F}$;

\noindent
Case  LRRD:  $\Lambda_{XL} > \Lambda_{XR} >
\Lambda_{NR} > \Lambda_{D} > \Lambda_{F}$;

\noindent
and a model without $\Phi_{NL}$ and $\Phi_{NR}$

\noindent
Case  RLD:  $\Lambda_{XR} > \Lambda_{XL} >
 \Lambda_{D} > \Lambda_{F}$;

\noindent
Case  LRD:  $\Lambda_{XL} > \Lambda_{XR} >
 \Lambda_{D} > \Lambda_{F}$.

In addition to these cases, we investigation the following
cases, which lead to a model with pseudo-Dirac neutrino states
which was pointed out by Bowes and Volkas \cite {Bowes}:

\noindent
Case RLDN:  $\Lambda_{XR} > \Lambda_{XL} >
\Lambda_D > \Lambda_F > \Lambda_{NR/NL}$;

\noindent
Case  LRDN:  $\Lambda_{XL} > \Lambda_{XR} >
\Lambda_D > \Lambda_F > \Lambda_{NR/NL}$.

For each case, in a similar way to the case RLRL, we define
the energy scale regions and parameters $x_i$.
The definitions for some typical cases are listed in Table
\ref{T-sym}.
For the model without the scalars $\Phi_{NL}$ and
$\Phi_{NR}$ (the cases RLD and LED) and the Bowes-Volkas model
(the cases RLDN and LRDN),
we define the ranges without the range 4 (the parameter $x_4$).
The definitions for the other cases which are not given in
Table \ref{T-sym} can readily be read by the
exchange $L\leftrightarrow R$.

Each case is investigated for the cases of non-SUSY and SUSY.
Here, the ``SUSY" case means a minimal SUSY model, and for simplicity,
we take the SUSY breaking energy scale $\Lambda_{SUSY}$
as $\Lambda_{SUSY}=\Lambda_L$ in the numerical estimates.

\vspace{.2in}

\section{Mass matrix for the active neutrinos}
\label{sec:3}

Our interest is in the effective mass matrix $M_\nu$ for
the active neutrinos $\nu_L$.
For $\Lambda_D\gg \Lambda_R \gg \Lambda_L$, the mass matrix
(1.2) approximately
leads to the mass matrix for the neutrinos $(\nu_L^c, \nu_R)$:
$$
M^{6\times 6}\simeq - \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
m_L M_{22}^{-1}m_L^T & m_L M_{21}^{-1}m_R \\
m_L^T M_{12}^{-1}m_R^T & m_R^T M_{11}^{-1}m_R
\end{array} \right)  \ ,
\eqno(3.1)
$$
where
$$
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
M_{11}^{-1} &  M_{12}^{-1} \\
M_{21}^{-1} &  M_{22}^{-1}
\end{array} \right) \
=\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
M_R &  M_D \\
M_D^T &  M_L
\end{array} \right)^{-1} \ ,
\eqno(3.2)
$$
$$
\begin{array}{l}
M_{11}=M_R -M_D M_L^{-1} M_D^T  \ ,\\
M_{22}=M_L -M_D^T M_R^{-1} M_D \ , \\
M_{12}=M_{21}^T=M_D^T -M_L M_D^{-1} M_R \ .\\
\end{array}
\eqno(3.3)
$$
The scenarios for neutrino masses and mixings are highly dependent on
the structure of the intermediate mass scales $\Lambda_{NL}$,
$\Lambda_{NR}$, and $\Lambda_{D}$ relative to $\Lambda_{F}$
($F\neq N$), $\Lambda_{R}$, and $\Lambda_{L}$.
In this section, let us review  possible matrix forms of
the effective mass matrix of the active neutrinos $\nu_L$.

\noindent
{\bf  Case A} : \ $M_L, M_R \geq M_D$

For the case $M_L, M_R \geq M_D$, the $6\times 6$ matrix (3.1)
becomes
$$
M^{6\times 6}\simeq  \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
-m_L M_{L}^{-1}m_L^T & m_L M_L^{-1} M_D^T M_R^{-1} m_R \\
m_R^T M_R^{-1} M_D M_L^{-1}m_L^T & -m_R^T M_{R}^{-1} m_R
\end{array} \right) \ ,
\eqno(3.4)
$$
so that the approximate mass matrix $M(\nu_L)$ for the active
neutrinos $\nu_L$
$$
M(\nu_L) \simeq -m_L M_{L}^{-1}m_L^T \ ,
\eqno(3.5)
$$
together with the mass matrix for the neutrinos $\nu_R$
$$
M(\nu_R) \simeq -m_R^T M_{R}^{-1}m_R \ . \\
\eqno(3.6)
$$
The smallness of the neutrino masses is given by
$$
m_\nu \sim \frac{\Lambda_L}{\Lambda_R} \cdot
\frac{\Lambda_F}{\Lambda_{NL}} \cdot m_{e,q} \ .
\eqno(3.7)
$$

For the case $M_R \gg  M_L \sim M_D$, especially for the case
$\Lambda_L^2/\Lambda_{NL}\sim \Lambda_R^2/\Lambda_{NR}$,
we can build an interesting scenario, where the solar
neutrino data \cite{solar-nu}, atmospheric neutrino
data \cite{atm-nu} and LSND data \cite{LSND} are explained
from a small mixing $\nu_{eL}\leftrightarrow \nu_{eR}^c$,
a large mixing $\nu_{\mu L}\leftrightarrow \nu_{\tau L}$, and
a small mixing $\nu_{\mu L}\leftrightarrow \nu_{e L}$, respectively.
In order to realize the smallness of the neutrino masses,
$m_\nu/m_{e,q} \sim 10^{-9}$,
the constraint
$$
\Lambda_{NL} \Lambda_{NR}/\Lambda_F^2 \sim 10^{18} \ ,
\eqno(3.8)
$$
is required.

\noindent
{\bf  Case B} : \ $M_L, M_R \ll M_D$

For the case $M_R, M_L \ll M_D$, the matrix (3.1) leads to
$$
M^{6\times 6}\simeq
 \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
-m_L M_D^{-1} M_R M_D^{T-1} m_L^T & - m_L M_D^{-1} m_R \\
m_R^T M_D^T m_L^T & -m_R^T M_D^{T-1} M_L M_D^{-1} m_R
\end{array} \right) \ .
\eqno(3.9)
$$
Since $(M^{6\times 6})_{12}\gg (M^{6\times 6})_{11(22)}$
because of $m_R\gg m_L$, the case leads to a model with
the pseudo-Dirac neutrino states
$\nu_{i\pm} \simeq (\nu_{Li}\pm \nu_{Ri}^c)/\sqrt{2}$,
whose masses are given by the order
$$
m(\nu_\pm) \sim \Lambda_L\Lambda_R/\Lambda_D \sim
(\lambda_F/\Lambda_D) m_{e,q} \ .
\eqno(3.10)
$$
This case has been discussed by Bowes and Volkas \cite{Bowes}.

\noindent
{\bf  Case C}: \ $M_R=0$

For a model without $\Phi_{NR}$, the matrix (3.1) leads to
$$
M^{6\times 6}\simeq  \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
0 & -m_L M_D^{-1} m_R \\
-m_R^T M_D^{T-1} m_L^T & m_R^T M_D^{T-1} M_L M_{D}^{-1} m_R
\end{array} \right) \ .
\eqno(3.11)
$$
When $(\Lambda_R/\Lambda_L)(\Lambda_{NL}/\Lambda_D)\gg 1$,
we again obtain the effective mass matrix (3.5) for the
active neutrinos $\nu_L$.

\noindent
{\bf  Case D}: \  $ M_L=0$

For a model without $\Phi_{NL}$, the matrix (3.1) leads to
$$
M^{6\times 6}\simeq  \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
m_L M_D^{-1} M_{R} M_D^{T-1} m_L^T & -m_L M_D^{-1} m_R \\
-m_R^T M_D^{T-1} m_L^T & 0
\end{array} \right) \ .
\eqno(3.12)
$$
When  $\Lambda_{NR}/\Lambda_{D} \ll \Lambda_R/\Lambda_L$,
the case gives a model with pseudo-Dirac neutrinos whose
masses are  given by (3.10).
When $\Lambda_{NR}/\Lambda_{D} \gg \Lambda_R/\Lambda_L$,
the case gives
$$
M(\nu_L) \simeq m_L M_D^{-1} M_R M_D^{T-1}  m_L^T  \ .
\eqno(3.13)
$$

Thus, in order to obtain  small values of the neutrino
masses ($m_\nu/m_{e,q} \sim 10^{-9}$), we need to seek for a model
with $(\Lambda_R/\Lambda_L)
(\Lambda_R/\Lambda_L) \sim 10^9$, i.e.,
$$
x_1+x_3 \sim  9 \ .
\eqno(3.14)
$$

\vspace{.2in}

\section{Evolution of the gauge coupling constants}
\label{sec:4}

For convenience, let us discuss on the case RLRL.
The electric charge operator $Q$ is given by
$$
Q=I_3^L +\frac{1}{2} Y \ ,
\ \ \ \ \Lambda_L < \mu \leq \Lambda_R\ ,
\eqno(4.1)
$$
$$
\frac{1}{2} Y=I_3^R + \frac{1}{2} Y_{LR} \ ,
\ \ \ \ \Lambda_R < \mu \leq \Lambda_F\ ,
\eqno(4.2)
$$
$$
\frac{1}{2} Y_{LR}= \frac{1}{2} Y_L +\frac{1}{2} Y_R \ ,
\ \ \ \ \Lambda_F < \mu \leq \Lambda_{NL}\ ,
\eqno(4.3)
$$
$$
\frac{1}{2} Y_L =I_{3}^{\prime L}+ \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} F_{15}^L \ ,
\ \ \ \ \Lambda_{NL} < \mu \leq \Lambda_{XL}\ ,
\eqno(4.4)
$$
$$
\frac{1}{2} Y_R =I_{3}^{\prime R} +\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} F_{15}^R \ ,
\ \ \ \ \Lambda_{NR} < \mu \leq \Lambda_{XR}\ ,
\eqno(4.5)
$$
where $I_3^{\prime L}$, $I_3^{\prime R}$, $F_{15}^L$ and $F_{15}^R$
are generators of ${\rm SU(2)}'_L$, ${\rm SU(2)}'_R$, SU(4)$_L$
and SU(4)$_R$, respectively.
We denote the gauge coupling constants corresponding to the
operators $Q$, $Y$, $Y_{LR}$, $Y_L$, $Y_R$, $I^L$, $I^R$,
$I^{\prime L}$, $I^{\prime R}$, $F^L$ and $F^R$ as
$g_{em}\equiv e$, $g_1$, $g_{1LR}$, $g_{1L}$, $g_{1R}$, $g_{2L}$,
$g_{2R}$, $g'_{2L}$, $g'_{2R}$, $g_{4L}$ and $g_{4R}$, respectively.
The boundary conditions for these gauge coupling constants
at $\mu=\Lambda_L$, $\mu=\Lambda_R$, $\mu=\Lambda_F$,
$\mu=\Lambda_{NL}$, and $\mu=\Lambda_{NR}$
are as follows:
$$
\alpha^{-1}_{em}(\Lambda_L) = \alpha_{2L}^{-1}(\Lambda_L)+
\frac{5}{3}\alpha_1^{ -1}(\Lambda_L) \ ,
\eqno(4.6)
$$
$$
\frac{5}{3}\alpha^{ -1}_{1}(\Lambda_R) =
\alpha_{2R}^{-1}(\Lambda_R)+
\frac{2}{3}\alpha_{1LR}^{-1}(\Lambda_R) \ ,
\eqno(4.7)
$$
$$
\frac{2}{3}\alpha^{-1}_{1LR}(\Lambda_F) =
\frac{5}{3}\alpha^{-1}_{1L}(\Lambda_F)+
\frac{5}{3}\alpha_{1R}^{-1}(\Lambda_F) \ ,
\eqno(4.8)
$$
$$
\frac{5}{3}\alpha^{-1}_{1L}(\Lambda_{NL}) =
\alpha^{\prime -1}_{2L}(\Lambda_{NL})
+\frac{2}{3}\alpha^{-1}_{4L}(\Lambda_{NL})\ ,
\eqno(4.9)
$$
and
$$
\frac{5}{3}\alpha^{-1}_{1R}(\Lambda_{NR}) =
\alpha^{\prime -1}_{2R}(\Lambda_{NR})+
\frac{2}{3}\alpha_{4R}^{-1}(\Lambda_{NR}) \ ,
\eqno(4.10)
$$
respectively, correspondingly to Eqs.~(4.1) - (4.5),
where  $\alpha_i\equiv g_i^2/4\pi$.
We also have the following boundary conditions at
$\mu=\Lambda_F$, $\mu=\Lambda_{NL}$, $\mu=\Lambda_{NR}$,
$\mu=\Lambda_{XL}$  and $\mu=\Lambda_{XR}$:
$$
\alpha^{-1}_{3}(\Lambda_F) = \alpha^{-1}_{3L}(\Lambda_F)+
\alpha_{3R}^{-1}(\Lambda_F) \ ,
\eqno(4.11)
$$
$$
\alpha^{-1}_{3L}(\Lambda_{NL}) = \alpha^{-1}_{4L}(\Lambda_{NL})\ ,
\eqno(4.12)
$$
$$
\alpha^{-1}_{3R}(\Lambda_{NR}) = \alpha_{4R}^{-1}(\Lambda_{NR}) \ ,
\eqno(4.13)
$$
$$
\alpha^{-1}_{2L}(\Lambda_{XL}) = \alpha^{\prime -1}_{2L}
(\Lambda_{XL}) = \alpha_{4L}^{-1}(\Lambda_{XL}) \ ,
\eqno(4.14)
$$
$$
\alpha^{-1}_{2R}(\Lambda_{XR}) = \alpha^{\prime -1}_{2R}
(\Lambda_{XR}) = \alpha_{4R}^{-1}(\Lambda_{XR}) \ .
\eqno(4.15)
$$

The evolutions of the gauge coupling constants $g_i$ at
one-loop are given by the equations
$$
\frac{d}{dt} \alpha_i(\mu) = -\frac{1}{2\pi}
 b_i \alpha_i^2(\mu) \  ,
\eqno(4.16)
$$
where $t=\ln \mu$.

For example, for the case RLRL, the coefficients $b_i$ are
calculated as follows.
The quantum numbers of the fermions $f$ and $F$ are
assigned as those in Table \ref{T-qn}.
Note that in the model with det$M_U=0$, the heavy fermions
$F_L$ and $F_R$ except for $U_{3L}$ and $U_{3R}$ are decoupled
for $\mu\leq\Lambda_F$ and the fermions $u_{3R}$ and $U_{3L}$
are decoupled for $\mu\leq\Lambda_R$.
Components of the Higgs scalars
$\Phi_{NR}$, $\Phi_F$ and $\phi_R$ which contribute to
the coefficients $b_{iR}$, for example, in the energy-scale
range 6, are $[1; (1,3,\overline{10})+(3,1,10)]$,
$[\overline{16}; (1,2,\overline{4})]$,
and $[1; (2,2,1)]$ of ${\rm SO(10)}_L\times
[{\rm SU(2)}\times {\rm SU(2)}'\times {\rm SU(4)}]_R$,
respectively.
In the range 5, those become $[(1,1,1); (1,3,\overline{10})+
(3,1,10)]$, $[\overline{(1,2,\overline{4})}; (1,2,\overline{4})]$,
and $[(1,1,1); (2,2,1)]$ of
$[{\rm SU(2)}\times {\rm SU(2)}'\times {\rm SU(4)}]_L \times
[{\rm SU(2)}\times {\rm SU(2)}'\times {\rm SU(4)}]_R$,
respectively.
The results are listed in Table \ref{T-b}.
The coefficients $b_i$ for the other cases can be
calculated in a similar way.

For the numerical study, we use the following input
values \cite{pdg98}:
$\alpha_1=0.01683$, $\alpha_2=0.03349$, and
$\alpha_3=0.1189$  at $\mu=m_Z$ instead of
those at $\mu=\Lambda_L$, and
$$
\frac{\Lambda_R}{\Lambda_F}=0.02 \ , \ \ {\rm i.e.,}\
x_2=\log\frac{\Lambda_F}{\Lambda_R}=1.70\ ,
\eqno(4.17)
$$
which was derived from the observed ratio $m_c/m_t$ and
the modified universal seesaw model \cite{KFzp} with
the constraint det$M_U=0$.
Since we have four constraint equations (4.14) and (4.15),
four of the eight parameters $x_1$, $x_3$, $x_4$, $x_5$, $x_6$ and
$$
a_1=\alpha_{1R}^{-1}(\Lambda_F)\ , \ \
a_2=\alpha_{2R}^{-1}(\Lambda_R)\ , \ \
a_3=\alpha_{3R}^{-1}(\Lambda_F)\ ,
\eqno(4.18)
$$
are independent.
(For the cases with $x_4=0$, the number of the independent
parameters are three.)
What is of great interest to us is whether we can give a
reasonable order of the neutrino masses or not.
Therefore, we evaluate the maximal value of $x_3$ under the
constraints $x_1\geq 1$, $x_4\geq 0$, $x_5 \geq 0$, $x_6 \geq 0$,
$a_1\geq 1$, $a_2 \geq 1$ and $a_3 \geq 1$.
If there is no solution with $(x_3)_{max} \geq 0$, the case will be
ruled out.  Even if we have a solution with $(x_3)_{max} \geq 0$,
which means that there are the unification points $\Lambda_{XL}$
and $\Lambda_{XR}$ of the gauge coupling constants,
it will be difficult to explain the smallness of the neutrino
masses if the numerical results of $x_1+x_3$ show $x_1+x_3<8$.

\vspace{.2in}

\section{Numerical results}
\label{sec:5}

The numerical study has been done for non-SUSY and SUSY
cases with $n_F=1,2,3,4$ and $n_\phi=1,2,\cdots ,6$,
where $n_F$ and $n_\phi$ are numbers
of the Higgs scalars $\Phi_F$ and $\phi_L$ ($\phi_R$).

In all the non-SUSY cases with $\Lambda_{XR}>\Lambda_{XL}$,
there is no solution with $(x_3)_{max}\geq 0$.
Therefore, the cases are ruled out.
For the non-SUSY case with  $\Lambda_{XL} \geq \Lambda_{XR}$,
except for the case LRD which gives $(x_3)_{max}<0$,
we can get positive values $(x_3)_{max}\geq 0$.
However, the solutions with $(x_3)_{max}\geq 0$ are allowed
only when $n_F=1$ and $n_\phi \geq 5$.
In Table \ref{T-nonSUSY}, the values of $(x_3)_{max}$ and
$(x_1)_{max}$ for the cases with $n_F=1$ and $n_\phi=6$ are
demonstrated.
As seen in Table \ref{T-nonSUSY}, these cases cannot give
large values of $(x_1)_{max}$ and/or $(x_3)_{max}$.
Therefore, all the non-SUSY cases cannot explain the smallness
of neutrino masses $m_\nu$, so that they are ruled out.
(A similar study for a non-SUSY case, but for a case with different
Higgs scalars, has been done by the author \cite{so10-epj}.
In Ref.~\cite{so10-epj}, in spite of his numerical result
$x_1 \leq 6.1$ for a case with $\Lambda_L >\Lambda_R$,
he concluded that
the case  cannot be ruled out, because the numerical results
should not be taken rigidly.
However, the discrepancy between $10^6$ and $10^9$ is too large
to reconcile.  )

In the SUSY cases, there are solutions with $(x_3)_{max}>0$
for the cases $n_\phi \geq 3$,
but they are allowed only when $x_4=x_5=x_6=0$ for the cases
RLRL, RLLR, LRLR, LRRL, RRLL, LLRR, RLLD, LRLD, RLRD, LRRD,
and only when $x_5=x_6=0$ for the cases RLD, LRD, RLDN, LRDN.
This means that
$\Lambda_{XL}=\Lambda_{XR}=\Lambda_{NL}=\Lambda_{NR}
=\Lambda_D$,
and the symmetries
${\rm SO(10)}_L\times {\rm SO(10)}_R$ are directly broken into
the symmetries
$[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm U(1)}\times{\rm SU(3)}]_L \times
[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm U(1)}\times{\rm SU(3)}]_R$ neither via
SU(4) nor SU(5).
As seen in Table \ref{T-b}, the results are independent of
the number of $\Phi_F$, $n_F$, for the cases with
$x_4=x_5=x_6=0$.
All the cases RLRL, RLLR, $\cdots$, LRDN give the same
numerical results for the cases with the same value of
$n_\phi$.
The results are listed in Table \ref{T-SUSY}.
The value of $x_1+x_3$ for the case $n_\phi=3$ is
somewhat large compared with a desirable value
$x_1+x_3 \sim 9$.
If we take the numerical results rigidly, the case $n_\phi=6$
is  favorable to explain $m_\nu/m_{e,q} \sim 10^{-9}$.

Numerical results for a typical SUSY case with $n_\phi=4$ is as follows:
$x_1=11.66$, $x_3=x_4=x_5=x_6=0$, i.e.,
$$
\Lambda_L=0.912 \times 10^2 \ {\rm GeV}\ , \ \ \
\Lambda_R=4.17 \times 10^{13} \ {\rm GeV}\ , \ \ \
\Lambda_F=\Lambda_X=2.08 \times 10^{15} \ {\rm GeV}\ ,
\eqno(5.1)
$$
$$
\alpha_{1R}^{-1}(\Lambda_F)=\alpha_{2R}^{-1}(\Lambda_F)=2.41 \ ,
\ \ \ \alpha_{3R}^{-1}(\Lambda_R)=3.66 \ .
\eqno(5.2)
$$
Since the numerical results are same for all the cases RLRL, RLLR,
$\cdots$, the simplest choice will be to consider a model
without Majorana mass terms.

\vspace{.2in}

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:6}

In conclusion, by using one-loop evolution equation for the
gauge coupling constants, we have investigated possible
intermediate mass scales $\Lambda_R$, $\Lambda_F$,
$\Lambda_D$, $\Lambda_{NL}$, $\Lambda_{NR}$, and the
unification scales  $\Lambda_{XL}$ and $\Lambda_{XR}$
in the universal seesaw model with the gauge unification
SO(10)$_L\times$SO(10)$_R$.
The evolution has systematically been investigated for all
the cases in which
the symmetries SO(10)$_L\times$SO(10)$_R$ are broken into
$[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm SU(2)'}\times{\rm SU(4)}]_L \times
[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm SU(2)'}\times{\rm SU(4)}]_R$.
We have evaluated the maximum values of
$x_3=\log(\Lambda_D/\Lambda_F)$ and
$x_1=\log(\Lambda_R/\Lambda_L)$, because
in most cases, the neutrino masses are suppressed compared
with the charged lepton and quark masses $m_{e,q}$ by
the factor $10^{-(x_1+x_3)}$ as stated in Sec.~\ref{sec:3}.

We have found that all the cases cannot give a model with
$\Lambda_D\gg \Lambda_F$, i.e., we obtain, at most,
$(x_3)_{max}=1.27$ for the SUSY model with $n_\phi=6$.
Therefore, models based on the cases B and D discussed in
Sec.~\ref{sec:3} are ruled out.
The cases A and C and a model without Majorana mass terms
are our possible choices.

The non-SUSY model with $\Lambda_{XR}>\Lambda_{XL}$ is also
ruled out, because they cannot have the value $(x_3)_{max}\geq 0$.
Although the non-SUSY model with $\Lambda_{XL}>\Lambda_{XR}$
can have the value $(x_3)_{max}\geq 0$, the values of $x_1$
and $x_3$ are not sufficiently large to explain the smallness
of the neutrino masses.

In the SUSY cases, there are solutions with $(x_3)_{max}>0$,
but they are allowed only when $x_4=x_5=x_6=0$ and
$n_\phi \geq 3$.
The constraint $x_4=x_5=x_6=0$  means that the symmetries
${\rm SO(10)}_L\times {\rm SO(10)}_R$ are directly broken into
the symmetries
$[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm U(1)}\times{\rm SU(3)}]_L \times
[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm U(1)}\times{\rm SU(3)}]_R$ neither via
SU(4) nor SU(5).

The constraint $n_\phi \geq 3$ is somewhat unwilling,
because the cases induce the flavor-changing neutral currents
(FCNC).
If we take the numerical results in Table \ref{T-SUSY} rigidly,
the case with $n_\phi=6$ (or $n_\phi=7$) is favorable.
However, the case with $n_\phi=6$ will fatally bring the
FCNC problem to us.
If we postpone the FCNC problem to the future, the case
with $n_\phi=6$ ($n_\phi^{up}=3$ and $n_\phi^{down}=3$) is
favorable, where $n_\phi^{up}$ and $n_\phi^{down}$ are
the numbers of the SU(2) doublet Higgs scalars which couple
with up- and down-quark sectors, respectively.
Such a multi-Higgs model may play a role of the hierarchical mass
structure within the family, i.e., $(m_e, m_\mu, m_\tau)$
(for example, see Ref.~\cite{yk-s3}).

On the other hand, if we take the FCNC problem seriously,
we must take the case with $n_\phi=3$.
For example, if we consider a case with $n_\phi^{up}=2$ and
$n_\phi^{down}=1$, the FCNC appear only in the up-quark sector,
so that the damage form the FCNC will be reduced a little.
However, the case gives an over-suppression of the neutrino masses
because of $x_1+x_3\sim 12$.
If we want to take the case $n_\phi=3$, the excuse for the
over-suppression is as follows:
the present numerical results should not be taken too rigidly.
(i) The results were obtained by using the one-loop evolution
equation (4.16).
The consideration of the higher order corrections may
slightly change the numerical results.
(ii) The constraint (3.14), i.e., $m_\nu \sim 10^{x_1+x_3}m_{e,q}$,
is obtained for the case that $y_L\sim 1$, $y_R\sim 1$ and
$y_F\sim 1$, where the Yukawa coupling constants $y_L$, $y_R$ and
$y_F$ are defined by $m_L=y_L \Lambda_L$, $m_R=y_R \Lambda_R$ and
$M_F=y_F \Lambda_F$, respectively.
For example, if we suppose the case that $y_L\sim 1$, $y_R\sim 1$ and
$y_F\sim 10^{-1}$, then the suppression can be reduced by a factor $10^1$.
(iii) We have used the numerical constraint
$\Lambda_R/\Lambda_F=0.02$.
The constraint came from the phenomenological study \cite{KFzp}
 of the quark masses based on the universal seesaw model.
The value is model-dependent.
[However, it is likely that the value of $\Lambda_R/\Lambda_F$
is of the order of $m_c/m_t$ ($m_b/m_t$) in the framework of the
new universal seesaw model.
Therefore, the numerical conclusion is still reliable as the order.]
Thus, we cannot completely exclude the case with $n_\phi=3$.

We conclude that when we intend to give a gauge unification
of the universal seesaw model, the SUSY
${\rm SO(10)}_L\times {\rm SO(10)}_R$ mode is the most attractive
one, where the symmetries are directly broken into
$[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm U(1)}\times{\rm SU(3)}]_L \times
[{\rm SU(2)}\times{\rm U(1)}\times{\rm SU(3)}]_R$
and the number of the weak doublet Higgs
scalars is $n_\phi \geq 3$, although the case still remains
problems.
It is our next task to investigate whether the Yukawa coupling
constants show reasonable behaviors under these symmetries or not.

\newpage

\centerline{\Large\bf Acknowledgments}

The author would like to thank H.~Fusaoka for  valuable suggestion
on the numerical estimates of $(x_3)_{max}$, T.~Fukuyama for
bringing the importance of the SO(10) {\bf 126} Higgs scalar
to his attention, and M.~Tanimoto and N.~Okamura for their helpful
comments on the evolution equations.

\vglue.2in

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
HomeArticlesPalestine's Own Liberation Day is Coming
Palestine's Own Liberation Day is Coming
July 26, 2012 Articles
By Roqayah Chamseddine
There is a fire burning beneath the ashes of occupation in Palestine; these are the flickering embers of resilience which have long advanced the people's struggle for national liberation, and in Palestine they continue to rage.
The historical narrative of Palestinian resistance is one shared by all subjugated and indigenous peoples — it is a chronicle of an indomitable human will to endure, to break the fetters of both mental and physical bondage. In Palestine, the occupation and its consequences are tangible, harrowing and intentionally humiliating: collective transfers, exploitation of natural resources, checkpoints, acts of random settler violence, home demolitions, the intentional burning of crops and a policy of colonization which has caused the Palestinians to become the oldest and largest refugee population in the world.
The ever-expanding colonization of Palestine has produced a farcical peace process that is clinically dead — stillborn from inception — as there can be no "peace" on Israel's terms, or the terms of any other such settler-colonial entity. The immense failure of the "peace process" (and other such lifeless diplomatic negotiations ironically brokered by the United States) to bring an end to the occupation was predicted, as this was not the intention of such negotiations.
The Palestinian Authority, headed by Mahmoud Abbas, is widely considered corrupt by Palestinians, as its main focus is on marginalizing mainstream Palestinian voices in order to line the organization's pockets — a premise corroborated by the PA's often distracted collusion with Israel and the US. The only sufficient response to Israel's occupation is popular resistance.
In Palestine, the people's response to colonial and foreign hegemony is composed of armed resistance and unarmed resistance, and historically the people of Palestine have engaged in both — even prior to the creation of Israel.
Tax revolts, mass demonstrations and general strikes involving women's unions, youth movements and political organizations made up the "Great Palestinian Revolt" against British occupation in Palestine from 1936 to 1939, as did organized armed resistance. The historical confirmation of popular resistance movements in Palestine, though often ignored, remains a testament to the determination of the Palestinian people, who have long expressed clear opposition to the occupation of their land. The dauntless people of Palestine continue down the path of resistance and over the years their countless methods have become more diverse and creative.
Hunger Strike for Basic Rights
In December 2011, administrative detainee Khader Adnan, a baker from the village of Arraba in the occupied West Bank, began an open-ended hunger strike. His action would lead to a historic mass hunger strike, continuing until demands pertaining to the conditions of Palestinian prisoners were met — the most pressing stipulation was to bring an end to administrative detention.
Earlier, in September 2011, hunger strikes and civil disobedience swept across the Israeli prison system in protest of Israel's use of solitary confinement, denial of family visits and other punitive measures.
Administrative detention, a practice criticized by a number of human rights organizations as being a violation of civil and political rights, is the arrest and detention of individuals by the state without trial. In the case of Israel, Palestinian prisoners are held in administrative detention without being charged or allowed to stand trial. According to prisoner support and human rights association Addameer, "administrative detainees in Israel must endure severe restrictions on their right to education, rights to communicate with families and receive visits, and right to adequate medical treatment."
In a letter given to his lawyers, Khader Adnan declared his intentions as to why he was on hunger strike: "The Israeli occupation has gone to extremes against our people, especially prisoners. I have been humiliated, beaten, and harassed by interrogators for no reason, and thus I swore to God I would fight the policy of administrative detention to which I and hundreds of my fellow prisoners fell prey. … I hereby assert that I am confronting the occupiers not for my own sake as an individual, but for the sake of thousands of prisoners who are being deprived of their simplest human rights while the world and international community look on" ("Hunger-striking prisoner not backing down," Maan News Agency, 11 February 2012).
Thousands of Palestinian prisoners joined the mass hunger strike with an international community of ordinary people — not governments — standing firmly behind them; campaigns were launched around the world in support of the prisoners; and the pressure against Israel was building without the voices of Palestinians being co-opted and therein marginalized.
Khader Adnan was released on 17 April this year, known to Palestinians as Prisoners' Day, after being on hunger strike for 66 days. According to Addameer, as of 1 June, there were at least 303 administrative detainees in Israeli prisons, and so the struggle against Israel's arbitrary use of administrative detention and prisoner abuse continues.
Youth lead by Example
Palestinian youth, within Palestine and in exile, have taken an active and effective role in resisting the occupation of their ancestral land; from organizing and movement building to empowering young Palestinians to take a more direct role in the liberation struggle.
Stop The Wall is one such organization which cultivates the role of Palestinian youth, from organizing protests at a national level to spreading information so that Palestinians globally are able to take a vigilant role. As of late, youth activists have held demonstrations lasting for many hours in solidarity with Palestinian prisoners in front of Ofer prison, according to Hassan Kharajeh, a youth coordinator with Stop the Wall. The Palestinian Youth Movement, a grassroots movement of young Palestinians in Palestine and those in exile around the world, have led calls for international mobilization and have worked closely with popular committees throughout Palestine.
In an interview, Maath Musleh, a 26-year-old Palestinian activist and resident of Jerusalem, emphasized to me that "as in any place in the world throughout history," the youth are leading movements for change in the region, but not exclusively.
Palestinians from all age groups and varied backgrounds are taking part in resisting Israel's occupation and are leading on different levels. The younger Palestinian generation is directing, mobilizing and taking part in the stirring responses to the subjugation of their people and the Zionist colonial-settler project that is Israel; and, as Musleh and other Palestinians contend, they are doing so alongside the older generation as well.
Palestinian youth, who are now arguably even more invigorated by recent upheavals in the region, have taken even more coordinated action in order to smash the settler state; they realize that they shall inherit the earth which their ancestors have long watered with blood, sweat and tears and they will be the first to resist the occupation on the front lines.
Duty to Resist
The choice of what methods of resistance are used, be it armed or unarmed, are to be left entirely up to those occupied; what is imperative is that there must be an unwavering response and that the struggle must continue until the achievement of both physical and mental liberation. The colonized mind must be emancipated just like the colonized land.
Israel's occupation is intentionally humiliating and crippling so as to hasten the process of ethnic cleansing, so as to make it increasingly difficult for Palestinians to go about their day-to-day lives, and to pressure them into leaving their homeland — thereby joining the distressing number of other Palestinian exiles around the world. The United Nations has also recognized the significance of the right of peoples to self-determination, as noted in UN General Assembly resolution 3070, which "reaffirms the legitimacy of the people's struggle for liberation from colonial and foreign domination and alien subjugation by all available means, including armed struggle."
The people of Palestine have chosen to combat the further usurpation of their native land through strategic resistance, by any means they deem necessary; and, despite the ruthlessness of Israel's violations of their basic human rights and the theft of their land, they continue to remain steadfast in their uncompromising struggle against occupation.
The liberation of Palestine from the grips of brutal Israeli occupation will look like that of my native south Lebanon — patient struggle, sacrifice and long-awaited victory. From the horrors of airstrikes which stretched across our southern Lebanese villages, claiming thousands of lives, including that of my aunt Hoda Chamseddine, to the countless homes destroyed atop the heads of their inhabitants to the checkpoints erected on our soil, it was all intended to provoke feelings of shame and helplessness.
Yet despite the brutality of Israel's conquest of southern Lebanon, a brutality which is an equal opportunity destroyer, the organized and unwavering response which followed the occupation of our land is a tangible and historic reminder that we are the sole protectors of our people, of our land and of our dignity.
After witnessing the misery and suffering of our people, the national liberation struggle against the occupiers of our land grew and engulfed south Lebanon. The young and old stood united as one fist raised in the face of Israel's insatiable militancy and cruelty — and in 2000, after nearly 22 years, the struggle against the foreign occupier produced our "Liberation Day," commemorated every year across Lebanon.
Palestine's own "Liberation Day" is coming — and the vast Zionist settler-colonial project, i.e. Israel, knows it. It is an overlooked and steadfast truth that these powerful ripples of hope, as seen in south Lebanon and beyond, will only encourage resistance to oppression. And in Palestine, this will result in an uprising that shall shake the very earth and warm the subjugated masses with cloaks of freedom.
The obligation of an oppressed and an indigenous people to resist occupation is universal; not only is resistance a right but it shall remain a legitimate duty. In the end, all that an oppressed people have to lose in the battle for national liberation are their chains.
– Roqayah Chamseddine is a US-based Lebanese-American journalist, commentator and activist. (This article was originally published in The Electronic Intifada on July 23, 2012)
Egypt Continues With Tricky Transition
Palestine's Investments Require Divestment

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Woolwich 2000 by Carol Kenna & Steve Lobb. Mosaic Tiles.
A beautiful mosaic celebrating the maritime past of Woolwich Dockyard.
Unveiled by Nick Raynsford MP in June 2000, the Kingsman Green Mosaic adorns the entrance to the underpass connecting Kingsman Road and the Woolwich Dockyard Estate in South East London.
The piece was created by the renowned Greenwich Mural Workshop with the assistance of pupils of Cardwell Primary School and young people from the Woolwich YMCA and GD Youth Project . The mosaic shows the launching of HMS Trafalgar at Woolwich by Queen Victoria in 1841 and other scenes commemorating the areas long maritime history. It was funded by Greenwich Council, London Arts Board and the Foundation for Sports and the Arts.
The mosaic is in good condition however there is much water staining on the surrounding area.
From Woolwich Dockyard Rail Station, come out onto Belson Road. Take a left and walk down til you hit a T-junction. This is Kingsman Street. Take a left again and walk til you hit the main road. Then take a left again - you should see some shops and a subway ahead. This is Kingman Parade and the mosaic is in the Subway.


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Organisations Research Articles
Education 📚
A guide to understanding sugar labels
Published on 4th Nov, 2022
Food labels can provide us with information to help us make healthier choices. However, it can be tricky to know what to look for and to know what some of the nutritional terms actually mean. For those looking to manage their weight, metabolic health and general well-being, it can be helpful to have a firmer grasp on carbohydrates and sugars, so let's take a closer look at this!
What labels to expect
The first thing to know is that you may encounter different types of labels on different food products. For instance, by law, the majority of pre-packed foods will provide a back-of-pack label, displaying detailed information per 100g or 100ml, as well as per portion. Some of this information may then be repeated on a front-of-pack label, where quantities of key nutrients are colour coded as red, amber or green. It is worth noting that these traffic light labels are voluntary and so are not always present, but they can prove really useful when wanting to quickly compare different food products. Given the significant impacts of excess sugar, you will be able to locate information about a product's sugar content within both of these label formats.
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Nutrition labelling terms explained
Let's start with the back-of-pack label. Here, you will be able to see the carbohydrate content, which is made up of both starches and sugars. Starch is typically found in things like bread, pasta, rice and potatoes, offering a good source of energy, fibre and micronutrients such as calcium, iron and B vitamins. Meanwhile, the sugars may be those naturally present within the product, such as is the case for whole fruit or milk, or they can be added by the manufacturer, which is referred to as 'free sugars'. These include any sugars added to items such as biscuits, chocolate, flavoured yoghuts, cereals, soups and fizzy drinks, as well as sugars in honey, syrups (such as maple, agave and golden), nectars (such as blossom), unsweetened fruit juices, vegetable juices and smoothies. The latter may be sugars naturally occurring in real whole foods like fruit, but when had in isolation, instead of part of the whole fruit, these still count as 'free sugars'. This is because in a whole fruit the sugar is accompanied by other nutrients like fibre, vitamins and minerals which actually change the impact of that sugar on our health, slowing its absorption.
Now, as we have already said, the carbohydrate content can include starches and sugars, but it is in fact the sugar content that can impact our health and thus need to be more mindful of. Hence, you can find out the 'total sugar' content of a product by viewing the 'of which sugars' section on the back-of-pack label. This will declare all sugars, both those added by the manufacture and those that are naturally occurring in items such as whole fruit and milk. This information will often be repeated as 'Sugars' on the front-of-pack traffic light label, while carbohydrates will only be visible on the back-of-pack information.
Recommended sugar intakes
The sugars naturally present in whole fruit, vegetables and milk do not count as 'free sugars' and are not those that we need to cut down on. Instead, government dietary recommendations are based on 'free sugars', as it is these that we are generally overconsuming and that can have negative implications for our health. Current guidance stated that no more than 5% of our daily energy intake should come from 'free sugars', equating to around 19g or 5 sugar cubes for those aged 4-6, 24g or 6 sugar cubes for those aged 7-10 and finally 30g or 7 sugar cubes for those aged 11+.
Spotting sugars
You can often tell if a product is high in sugar because this will be near the start of the ingredient list. Remember, sugar can wear many disguises, so it may be called maltose, glucose, molasses, fructose, sucrose, syrups, honey or treacle. So, if any of these are in the first three ingredients, it may best to look for an alternative. Another easy way to find out if a product is high in sugar is to look at the back-of-pack nutrition label. If a food is considered to be high in sugar, then will have more than 22.5g of sugar per 100g of the product, while a low-sugar food contains less than 5g of sugar per 100g. For drinks, over 11.25g per 100ml shows the product is high in sugar and less than 2.5g per 100ml is thought to be low in sugar. A quantity of over 27g per portion is also considered to be high in sugar. If you are using the front-of-pack label, then the colour red indicates that the product is high in sugar, while amber is medium and green is low.
While this can be helpful to know, this value displays the 'total sugars', which includes the 'free sugars' (that we want to limit) as well as any naturally occurring sugars in whole fruit, vegetables and milk. For example, you may see that a plain yoghurt contains around 8g of sugars in the 'of which sugars' section, yet none of these are 'free sugars' as they are naturally present within the milk product. The same applies to an individual portion of fruit. An apple might contain around 11g of total sugar, depending on the size of the fruit selected, the variety and the stage of ripeness. But sugar in fruit is not considered free sugars unless the fruit is juiced or puréed. This means food containing fruit or milk will be a healthier choice than one containing lots of free sugars, even if the two products contain the same total amount of sugar.
So, how can we tell if a product is high in free sugars? Sadly, not easily at the moment as food labels do not distinguish between the free sugars and other sugars like that in milk or fruit. The best guide for now, is to improve your awareness of the kinds of foods that typically contain lots of 'free sugars'. This includes things like fizzy drinks, soft drinks, smoothies, unsweetened fruit juices, confectionery items like sweets and chocolates, spreads such as jam and marmalade and syrups. Other items such as store-bought sauces, soups and condiments can also exhibit a high sugar content, so be sure to stay vigilant! Hence, by trying to limit our intakes of these highly processed foods and instead, focusing on including real whole foods and home-cooking, we can reduce our intake of 'free sugars'.
Take-away message
● Many people in the UK overconsume sugar and this can cause problems when managing our dental health and weight, as well as our risk of heart disease and metabolic conditions like type 2 diabetes.
● You can find out how much sugar is in a product on the back-of-pack label under the carbohydrates 'of which sugars' section. Those with less than 5g of sugar per 100g or less than 2.5g per 100ml are considered low in sugar, while above 22.5g per 100g or 11.25g per 100ml is high. Anything in between is medium.
● Sugar content can also be found in the front-of-pack traffic light label, where red indicates it is high in sugar, amber is medium and green is low.
● Nutrition labels tell us the 'total sugars' within a product, but this figure can include those added by the manufacturer, called 'free sugars', and those naturally occurring in things like whole fruits, vegetables and milk. 'Free sugars' are those that can be harmful to our health when had in excess and it is these that we should be working to reduce.
● Working out the 'free sugar' content of products can be tricky, so a good guide can be to check to see if sugar is high in the ingredients list and to limit our intake of foods typically high in these sugars such as biscuits, chocolate, cakes, fizzy drinks, soft drinks, fruit juices and smoothies.
For inspiration on healthy low-sugar foods and recipes, sign up to the program below!
How to spot the signs of type 2 diabetes in a loved one or friend
Myth Busting: low carb = low fibre
The importance of including variety in your diet
Constant fatigue: what can we do to feel more energised?
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Making Christmas Delivery? The Time is NOW!
There's still time to get your final holiday gifts so that they arrive in time for Christmas. Just be sure to order by December 19th to ensure delivery by the big day!! We look forward to sending you parcels of love.
Last call to make Christmas delivery!


There are many opportunities for parents to be involved in St. Michael Parish School. Our Stewardship program has been developed as a means for recognizing and encouraging the God-given gifts and talents with which each of our families are blessed. As part of their commitment to the school, families are required to provide at least 30 hours of their time annually (15 hours total for families with their oldest in Preschool or Pre-K) in direct support of St. Michael Parish School and St. Michael Parish. One half of the service hours must be earned through parish time and talent opportunities.
Some of the school stewardship options include classroom and library help, stuffing Thursday Notes envelopes, providing student transportation to field trips or sporting events, assisting with student vision and hearing screenings, Passport Club check day, music at school liturgies, chaperone duties for field trips and dances, and of course the S.M.A.R.T. auction. Contact your child's teacher or the school office about ways to complete these hours.
Parish time and talent opportunities include pew preparation, office support, transportation for Mass, overflow shelter support for women and families, Crop Walk, vacation Bible school, welcoming ministry, parish library, and Adopt-a-flower bed. Contact the parish office for more options.
Click here for a list of opportunities to share your time and talent with the parish. We will also post parish opportunities in Thursday Notes.


A new breakthrough in technology is making it possible to get rid of your nail fungus fast- a new procedure known as PinPointe Foot Laser. The new, patented laser technology treats nail fungus safely and quickly with no drugs, no anesthesia and no pain. It's specially designed to penetrate your toenail, vaporizing the fungus embedded deep in your nail bed. Better yet, the powerful laser beam targets the infection only and has no effect on surrounding healthy tissue. In just one appointment at our Columbus Ohio podiatry office we can treat your nail fungus, and within months following the treatment, the toenail will replace itself with a healthy, clear, fungus free nail.
Left untreated, a fungal infection can spread to other toenails, the skin on the feet and even the fingernails. Severe cases can impair one's ability to walk or lead to painful ingrown toenails. It's important to seek care when you notice signs of infection.
If you're ready to eliminate your toenail fungus, contact our columbus office and learn more about the new PinPointe FootLaser. We can evaluate your fungal infection and make recommendations for best treating and eradicating your toenail fungus once and for all.


This canvas drawstring bag is perfect for any little bunny lover. Fully lined in cotton, with neon orange straps, a sweet embroidered bunny face and big floppy coral ears either side. This drawstring bag makes a sweet swimming or P.E. bag, or just fun for everyday use!


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Married Celeb
Top headlines :
home Biography Michelle Kath Sinclair
Michelle Kath Sinclair
Selena Published On Thu Apr 02 2020 Modified On Thu Apr 02 2020
Facts of Michelle Kath Sinclair
Full Name Michelle Kath Sinclair
First Name Michelle
Middle Name Kath
Last Name Sinclair
Birth Name Michelle Kath Sinclair
Profession Film director and producer
Birth Country United States
Father Name Terry Kath
Father Profession was an American musician and songwriter
Mother Name Camelia Kath
Gender Identity Female
Marital Status Married
Spouse Adam Sinclair
No Of Children Two ( Hamish Sinclair and Robert Quinn Sinclair)
Networth 800000
Networth $800 k
Date of Birth May 19,1976
Married Date May 6,2004
Body and Relation Status of Michelle Kath Sinclair
What is Michelle Kath Sinclair marital status ? Married
How many children does Michelle Kath Sinclair have ? Two ( Hamish Sinclair and Robert Quinn Sinclair)
Who is Michelle Kath Sinclair married with? Adam Sinclair
When was Michelle Kath Sinclair married? 2004
Michelle Kath Sinclair is a Film director and producer who is known for her work on As I AM: The Life and Times of DJ AM (2015) and The Terry Kath Experience (2016). Also, she is known as the life partner of renowned Scottish film and television actor Adam Sinclair.
Michelle Kath Sinclair was born on May 19, 1976, in Los Angeles, California, United States. As per her citizenship, she is American and is of white ethnicity. So far, she is the daughter of a mother, Camelia Kath, and Terry Kath, late musician and songwriter. Moreover, her stepfather is Kiefer Sutherland, an actor.
How Long Been Michelle and Adam are Married?
The beautiful director has been married to her long-term husband, Adam Sinclair, for 16 years. Likewise, they had their first encounter in Hawaii, in 2001 while Adam was filming blockbuster To End All Wars with her stepfather, Kiefer. Her husband Adam also appeared in 24: Live Another Day, with her stepfather.
Image: Michelle Kath Sinclair and Michelle Kath Sinclair
After first encounters, Kath and Adam, 42, fell in love and soon started dating. Then, after three years of a love affair, they finally tied their wedding knot on May 6, 2004, in the presence of their family and friends. Since then, the married couple are enjoying their marital life without being a part of any sort of conflict or break-ups
The whole family resides near Venice Beach, California, as of now. Another director, Carlo Gabriel Nero, leads a happy married life with a wife, Jennifer Wiltsie.
Two Children From Nuptial
Yes, you heard the right. This adorable couple, Michelle Kath and Adam, are happy and proud parents of two kids. Soon after marriage, the two welcomed their first baby, Hamish Sinclair, in February 2005.
Caption: Michelle Kath Sinclair with her youngest son and husband
After a year, the three became four after giving birth to another baby son named Robert Quinn Sinclair in the family. Although the whole family kept her private life behind the curtains, we are sure that they are living a jolly life together.
However, the actor once admitted that his kids hadn't seen much of his work because a lot of what he does is quite. He continued saying: "My oldest boy is just starting to understand what I do for a living, he's at a young age, but I've taught him what fiction is and what isn't".
How Rich is Michelle Kath Sinclair in 2020?
Well, Michelle Kath has long been working in the television industry where she has directed two documentaries to date, including The Terry Kath Experience. So, she will surely receive ranges from $47,701 to $80,519 per annum, which is the typical salary for "documentary filmmaker."
As of now, Kath Sinclair has a net worth of $80,000 over her entire career of directing and producing. More to that, she's also likely to bring in more prospects for her talent in the near future and broaden the horizons of her career.
Image: Adam Sinclair as Holby City as Alan Thomas (2005)
Source: Me-high.co.uk
On the other hand, her husband, Adam Sinclair, is a Scottish actor who has an estimated $2 Million net value as of March 2020. Likewise, he is best known for playing the role of Will O'Brien in the mid-2000's TV series, Mile High, from 2003–2005. Moreover, Adam shared the screen with actress, Lolita Chakrabarti in Holby City in 2005.
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Iraqis Use "People Power" to Force Elections Over U.S. Objections
The recent election in Iraq has been another opportunity for the hawks to roll out their "Mission Accomplished" banners, but it is also a rare victory for non-violent people power in a conflict that has mostly been driven by multilateral violence:
[T]he Bush administration opposed one-person, one-vote elections of this sort. First they were going to turn Iraq over to Chalabi within six months. Then Bremer was going to be MacArthur in Baghdad for years. Then on November 15, 2003 , Bremer announced a plan to have council-based elections in May of 2004 . The US and the UK had somehow massaged into being provincial and municipal governing councils, the members of which were pro-American. Bremer was going to restrict the electorate to this small, elite group.
Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani immediately gave a fatwa denouncing this plan and demanding free elections mandated by a UN Security Council resolution. Bush was reportedly "extremely offended" at these two demands and opposed Sistani. Bremer got his appointed Interim Governing Council to go along in fighting Sistani. Sistani then brought thousands of protesters into the streets in January of 2004 , demanding free elections. Soon thereafter, Bush caved and gave the ayatollah everything he demanded. Except that he was apparently afraid that open, non-manipulated elections in Iraq might become a factor in the US presidential campaign, so he got the elections postponed to January 2005 . This enormous delay allowed the country to fall into much worse chaos, and Sistani is still bitter that the Americans didn't hold the elections last May . The US objected that they couldn't use UN food ration cards for registration, as Sistani suggested. But in the end that is exactly what they did.
The story of "casual carpooling" warms the cockles of an anarchist's heart, since it demonstrates well that in the absence of government control and hierarchical organization, even complete strangers can and will self-organize systems of mutual benefit.
Cars heading for San Francisco get filled with people going in the same direction, and the drivers can use carpool lanes to bypass the wait at the Bay Bridge tollbooths and, as lagniappe, save $3 a day.
Now the carpool experiment — though it's probably unfair to call a 30-year-old activity an experiment — has spread from its birthplaces in Oakland and Berkeley into such far-flung places as Vallejo and Fairfield, growing even as the Bay Area grows.…
Somewhere along the line, a form of etiquette evolved that goes like this: no smoking, don't use your cell phone, driver chooses the radio station (normally, it's classical music, jazz or, particularly from Berkeley cars, National Public Radio), and, above all, only the driver may initiate conversation.
How you can resist funding the government → other tax resistance strategies → car-free living / slugging / hacks
A play about tax resistance? Also: the civilian death counts you've been hearing from Iraq may be understated by a factor of six, according to a report in The Lancet. The Department of Homeland Security goes after bootleg Rubik's Cubes. And the I.R.S. — say what you want about 'em, they've got a good web site. Also: there's an urban public transit solution made of thousands of individually-owned vehicles — it's called "slugging."
Maybe the best thing the government could do to protect the environment would be to stop doing anything. Here are some recent examples where the government worked to impede people who were trying to do the green thing.
I'm being very urban homesteader, Francois Tremblay is examining taxpayer complicity, Steven Schallert is exploring war tax resistance, Murray Rothbard writes about nonviolent resistance and the insights of Étienne de La Boétie, Carl Watner reexamines the Whiskey Rebellion, two Cato Institute scholars worry that we might be the U.S. military's next target, the Church of the Brethren remembers war tax resisters Phil & Louise Rieman, the Taxpayer Advocate says it costs Americans $200 billion just to do their taxes (not including what it costs to pay them), the local paper notices that it's way way cheaper to take the bus than to drive, alternative currencies enjoy some limelight, Europeans reject military spending, but the U.S. spends upwards of $50 billion a year just on its nuclear weapons program. Whew.
Thoreau marvels that we devote so much attention to foreign wars when the war within each of us rages. Also: war tax resistance in Canada, the I.R.S. plays the moustache-twiddling melodrama villain, remembering Marian Franz, an underground economy taxi service in Baltimore, the government returned half a billion dollars in incorrect education tax credits to 372,000 taxpayers, and a report on the Second Maine Militia. And: look for some changes in the comments system at The Picket Line in the coming weeks.
Unstoppable grassroots tax fraud in Tampa. Tax collectors go on strike in Greece. Another of Tolstoy's didactic dialogues. The true cost of commuting. An early retirement how-to wiki. How to succeed in business (it's all about the lobbying). And: a couple of brief mentions of Quaker war tax resistance from days of yore.
A tantalizing hint about tax resistance amongst South Africa's women's suffragists in 1923. Also: coordination between the tax resistance movements in Spain and Greece, extra-legal government gambits against legal bridge toll resistance, a new Declaration of Independence, and our weird collective amnesia about the fact that a handful of nuclear-armed psychopaths are holding millions of lives in the balance.
How you can resist funding the government → other forms our opposition can take → nonviolent action; "People Power" → in the modern Middle East → in U.S.-occupied Iraq
Reflections on how I came to fear "administrative massacre" and my impressions of Hannah Arendt's "Eichmann in Jerusalem."
Rumor has it that the Republicans are going to try to eliminate the I.R.S. and replace income and payroll taxes with a national sales tax. Is there a snowball's chance in hell of this ever happening? How will tax resisters be able to adjust to such a scheme? Also: the nonviolent march to Najaf defeated both the violent insurgents who had taken over the shrine and the violent occupation troops who were fighting them. Maybe there's something to this nonviolent resistance stuff after all.


text:
Q: How to center this image inside div container? Here is the code: jsfiddle.net/Trebal/8kUyx/2
The image shall be vertically centered.
Does someone maybe know how to implement this?

A: EDIT FOR VERTICAL:
HTML Solution:
http://jsfiddle.net/8kUyx/21/
Given that your .topbar is a set height at the image is a set height, you can use padding-top: 6.5px to get the image horizontally centered.
CSS Solution:
http://jsfiddle.net/8kUyx/35/
Using display: inline-block and vertical-align: middle you can vertically align the .image.

A: Try this:
.topbar {
width: 100%;
height: 35px;
background: #04091f;
line-height: 35px;
z-index: 5;
position: relative;
margin: 0 auto;`
}

A: You can use margin-right:auto and margin-left:auto and get rid of the float:left.
.image {
   background: url(http://img2.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20080120194739/wowwiki/images/a/a7/Icon-wowinsider-22x22.png) no-repeat;
   width: 35px;
   height: 35px;
   margin-left: auto;
   margin-right: auto;
}

A: Here the answer: http://jsfiddle.net/8kUyx/8/
You should modify your .image class like that:
.image {
    background: url(http://img2.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20080120194739/wowwiki/images/a/a7/Icon-wowinsider-22x22.png) no-repeat;
    width: 35px;
    height: 35px;
    margin: 0 auto;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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As a punishment: pensioner locks son in the attic for four months – news abroad
Christmas is the celebration of love – and family dramas. But that's probably the craziest family story of the holidays.
A pensioner in Strasbourg locked his son in the attic for months, apparently as a punishment for his unemployment. According to police, the man from Alsace is suspected of detaining his 39-year-old son for at least four months and not having provided enough food.
The police only got on the trail because the pensioner's wife alerted the officers after her son hit his father. The 39-year-old was taken to a hospital in Mulhouse to assess his detention. The doctors there were appalled by the condition of the extremely emaciated man, the police said on Friday.
During the interrogation, the son finally described that he had moved back to his parents' house in Malmerspach about a year ago after he had lost his job. His father accused him of inactivity in search of a new job and put him in the attic as a punishment and forbade him to come down and eat.
The 39-year-old was only able to sneak down at night and eat leftovers. Finally, in his desperation, he attacked his father.


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Board of Directors of Yahoo! Inc.
The past year has been an extremely frustrating one for shareholders of Yahoo! Inc. ("Yahoo" or the "Company"). We are sure that you, the Board of Directors (the "Board"), must also be frustrated. Despite reasonable intentions, in the end, the proposed spin-off of Yahoo's stake in Alibaba Group Holding Limited ("Alibaba") into Aabaco Holdings, Inc. ("Aabaco") turned out to be a failed effort due to a changing tax landscape and serious concerns over the potential for massive tax liability. We believe you ultimately made the right decision by suspending the spin-off of Aabaco. Also frustrating for us, and likely for you, has been the continued downward spiral of the operating and financial performance of Yahoo's core Search and Display advertising businesses (the "Core Business"). Despite over three years of effort and billions spent on acquisitions, the management team that was hired to turn around the Core Business has failed to produce acceptable results, in turn, causing massive declines in profitability and cash flow.
It appears that investors have lost all confidence in management and the Board. As of Tuesday's close, the value of the "Yahoo Stub" (defined as Yahoo's market value less the value of its shares in Alibaba) has collapsed and is currently trading near zero. The bulk of Yahoo's current market value almost entirely derives from an extraordinary investment Yahoo made over ten years ago in Alibaba, and the good fortune that Alibaba's management team has executed well such that this investment today is worth over $30 billion. This compares to Yahoo's current market capitalization of approximately $30.5 billion.
The current valuation of Yahoo implies either a massive tax liability on Yahoo's minority equity interests in Alibaba and Yahoo Japan Corporation ("Yahoo Japan") or that the remaining operating assets of Yahoo are worthless, or some combination of the two. While we agree that the failed separation has been frustrating, we are confident that a separation of these assets can be accomplished through either a sale of the Core Business or a spin of the Core Business. Either of these outcomes would result in a much more tax efficient separation than the market currently implies. Unfortunately, it appears that shareholders have no confidence that management and the Board will be able to execute on a separation of these assets or improve the performance of the Core Business. We are confident that both of these objectives are achievable, but will require a change in leadership and strategy.
Yahoo's current management has had over three years to demonstrate progress towards improving the Core Business, but despite these efforts, the Core Business continues to be plagued with deteriorating financial performance and an accelerating number of executive leadership departures. Annual operating costs have ballooned, increasing by approximately $500 million despite revenue that has been declining. In addition, the Company has spent over $2.3 billion on acquisitions. Unfortunately, most of these investments have been misguided, poorly overseen, and, ultimately, shut down. Even with these massive investments, the trajectory is decidedly negative. As shown in the table below, EBITDA continues to decline quarter-after-quarter while spending continues at an alarming pace.
If nothing else, the results of the past three years, which follow several other failed attempts to turnaround the business theretofore, should demonstrate to you that turning around this business is extremely difficult. To be successful, dramatically different thinking is required, together with significant changes across all aspects of the business starting at the board level, and including executive leadership. New leadership will have to develop and implement a plan to balance priorities between growth and profitability. This will mean prioritizing and investing in certain parts of the business while at the same time deeply reducing unnecessary costs, selling or exiting many unprofitable businesses and research projects, and overhauling the incentives and compensation programs to instill sound business behavior.
Over the past 13 years, we have been involved in similar turnaround efforts with many of our portfolio companies. Certainly on paper, there could be a viable plan to significantly restructure Yahoo, shift direction under new leadership and attempt, once again, to reverse the current trends of declining revenues, increasing costs, and plummeting profits. We, and you, understand that businesses are not operated on paper and that leadership skill and experience is required for complex turnarounds as well as day-to-day management. We understand that executing such a significant restructuring at an extremely high profile public company while reporting quarterly results is challenging. That is why it is necessary for the Board to remain open-minded regarding the future of Yahoo. The Board must be able to assess and compare a stand-alone spin-off and restructuring of the Core Business, as described above, versus the value that could be received today through a competitive sale process resulting in a sale of the Core Business to a strategic or financial buyer.
This is unacceptable. By making the above statement, while simultaneously ignoring serious interest, you are sending potentially destructive mixed messages. In order to ensure the best possible outcome for shareholders, it is imperative that you clearly communicate your receptiveness to discussions with parties who demonstrate an interest in an acquisition of the Core Business. Those parties can then confidently commit the time needed to make a bid. Only in this way can you truly compare the potential value received in a sale of the Core Business versus a substantial stand-alone restructuring of the Core Business.
For over a year, we have attempted to work constructively with management and the Board of Yahoo. We have tried extremely hard to work "behind the scenes." We have grown increasingly frustrated. It took significant effort for us to convince you it was the right choice to suspend the Aabaco spin-off. Unfortunately, instead of heeding our advice and concurrently announcing that you would explore a sale of the Core Business, you have now hid behind a plan to spin-off the Core Business and Yahoo Japan without fully understanding the alternative options. We have had numerous conversations with you for over a year where we expressed our extreme concern with the trajectory of the Core Business. We told you that, aside from separating the minority equity interests, the performance and lack of turnaround execution on the Core Business was our primary concern and focus. You assured us for over a year that you had a plan for execution and that you were confident that 2014 would be a low point for EBITDA. We explained over and over again that we did not believe your actions, or lack thereof, would achieve the desired result of stabilizing the business. Unfortunately, it appears we have been right, and each quarter is worse than the last. Your solution to just announce a change in direction of the spin and that it will require another year for shareholders to wait while the existing leadership continues to destroy value is not acceptable.
The Board must accept that significant changes are desperately needed. This would include changes in management, changes in Board composition, and changes in strategy and execution. If the Board is willing to embrace the need for significant change and pursue a strategy along the lines of what we have proposed above, we are hopeful we can work constructively together and make changes to the Board through a mutually agreeable resolution. This is clearly the preferable route. If the Board is unwilling to accept the need for significant change, then an election contest may very well be needed so that shareholders can replace a majority of the Board with directors who will represent their best interests and approach the situation with an open mind and a fresh perspective. The new Board can then assess the state of the existing business, including a review of management's strengths and weaknesses, so that the Board can best represent shareholders in analyzing a viable turnaround plan compared with potential offers for the Core Business. We look forward to our continued discussions.
About Starboard Value LPStarboard Value LP is a New York-based investment adviser with a focused and fundamental approach to investing in publicly traded U.S. companies. Starboard invests in deeply undervalued companies and actively engages with management teams and boards of directors to identify and execute on opportunities to unlock value for the benefit of all shareholders.
Deal Professor: Marissa Mayer Has a Year to Fulfill Yahoo's Potential With Yahoo's one billion users and revenue of nearly $5 billion, investors would be salivating if Yahoo were a start-up, not a faded Internet company.
Yahoo to Keep Alibaba Stake but Spin Off Core Businesses Yahoo has decided to retain its Alibaba stake and will instead look at transferring its other assets, including Yahoo Japan, into a new company.
Breakingviews: Possible Suitors for Yahoo Barry Diller's IAC/InterActive could be a logical home for its Internet businesses, as might Verizon, owner of AOL.
"If someone came in today and made offers on what the core or operating business is worth today, it would probably be a lowball offer."
- Maynard Webb, the chairman of Yahoo.
Yahoo announced today that it's no longer going to try and spin out its stake in Alibaba, citing tax concerns. Instead, it's exploring a way to spin out its core Internet businesses, essentially turning Yahoo into a holding company for Alibaba.
So how are those core Internet businesses doing? Not particularly well, as this chart from Statista shows. Since the beginning of 2013, display and search revenue are basically flat, and "other" revenue, including its small business services, is down. Meanwhile, its quarterly operating profit has dropped as customer acquisition and other costs have gone up.
This is the troubled company that CEO Marissa Mayer inherited in mid-2012, and so far she hasn't been able to turn it around. Time may be running out.
Marissa Mayer's three-year effort to turn around Yahoo has been a major-league leadership saga, as it was destined to be. Events of the past few days suggest – but don't yet dictate – that the saga is in its final chapters.
Yahoo was a mess when Mayer left Google to take over as CEO in July 2012. At that time no major troubled Internet company had ever been turned around, and this looked like as good a test as any of whether it was even possible. Mayer had been a star executive at Google and was widely hailed as a brilliant hire.
In a sense she has done what she was hired to do, changing strategic direction and making bold investments. But the numbers tell the unhappy story of how her moves have worked out so far. Yahoo's market cap is $31 billion. Its stake in Alibaba (acquired long before Mayer arrived) is worth $30 billion, and its stake in Yahoo Japan (ditto) is worth $8.1 billion. Apply some tax-related discounts to those values to reflect what the company could actually net by selling, and add $7.6 billion of cash and other current assets Yahoo held as of September 30, and we see that investors figure Yahoo's actual businesses are worth approximately nothing.
That situation is not, as they say, sustainable. Fortune's Erin Griffith explains how activist investor Jeffrey Smith's Starboard Value Fund bought a big stake in Yahoo last year and reasonably urged Mayer to off-load its Alibaba and Yahoo Japan holdings so investors could buy or sell them separately from Yahoo. Mayer developed a plan to do so but ran into a problem: The IRS would not assure Yahoo that spinning off those investments in the way planned would be tax-free. Yahoo's board decided the risk was worth taking and announced it would go ahead. Now Smith has concluded the plan is too risky and is pressing Mayer and the board to do the opposite, sort of – sell Yahoo's core operating businesses wholly or in pieces for whatever they might fetch, leaving Yahoo as merely a vessel for owning shares of Alibaba and Yahoo Japan.
Smith argues that without such drastic action, Yahoo is in an irretrievable vortex of doom because it can't attract top-level talent with stock incentives, since the stock's performance merely reflects the performance of Alibaba and Yahoo Japan. Without the best talent, the company can never build its business to a point where it outweighs the performance of the Asian assets, leaving the company forever trapped.
Of course Mayer disagrees vehemently with that reasoning, telling Wall Street analysts recently that the company is well positioned "to deliver long-term sustainable growth for our investors." But investors have zero reason to believe her assurances, which is why envisioning any kind of long-term future for Yahoo is growing increasingly hard.
Maybe no one could have saved Yahoo. Or maybe Mayer still can and will. But how about this for a leadership challenge: One way or another it seems likely that Yahoo's businesses will soon be standing on their own, trying to persuade the world that they're worth anything at all.


All of us at Woodfin are happy to announce that Your Home Team has relocated to a new home. Our main facility is now located at 1823 N Hamilton Street, Richmond, VA 23230.
Only our location has changed, nothing else! We're still the same Woodfin team you've come to know and trust over the years. We are confident that our relocation will only strengthen our commitment to you. There will be no change of ownership or management. All of the same Woodfin team members are going to continue serving you, our customers, in the same manner that you have come to expect. This move allows us to better serve our customers and continue to offer our dependability and expertise to our entire service area.
Woodfin has been providing home comfort services since the 1970's for all of your home's comfort needs, whether it be heating and cooling, plumbing, electrical, home standby generators, indoor air quality, home security, home automation, or all of the above. As always, we're committed to bringing all of our customers the expert home comfort service we've built our reputation on.
If you know someone in our service area who could use a trustworthy and reliable Home Team, tell them to look no further than Woodfin (and ask them to tell us you sent them!).
Call us at (804) 730-5000 or click here to contact Woodfin today for all your home comfort needs.


This beautiful garden, dedicated in 2006, lies between the Little Sanctuary and the Lane -Johnston Building on the St. Albans School campus. At the center of the garden is the school's cornerstone, laid in 1905. The towers of the Washington National Cathedral rise behind the stone walls, landscaped terraces, and gravel pathways that form the Cornerstone Garden.
The Cornerstone Garden may be used by St. Albans alumni, faculty, staff, and their spouses for the interment of ashes. The name of the deceased will be inscribed in the interior walls.
Inside the garden, stone and wooden benches offer a quiet place for contemplation among the magnolias, dogwoods, crape myrtle, and ferns. Weddings, baptisms, and other liturgical services also may be held in the garden.
For more information please contact the Office of Alumni Relations (202-537-6582) at St. Albans School, Mount St. Alban, Washington, DC 20016.


Baby Socks in all forms and colours. Keep those cute little feet warm this winter with the help of SugarPlumTree!
We have a large range of Baby Socks that are high in demand on the market at the moment, from long ones to secure fitting exclusive 'Sock Ons' designs; all for the comfort and nurture of your baby, whether they are a newborn or just learning to walk. Keep those cute little feet warm this winter with the help of SugarPlumTree!


text:
package org.apache.beam.runners.fnexecution.control;

import java.util.Map;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.fn.data.FnDataReceiver;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.util.WindowedValue;

/**
 * A bundle capable of handling input data elements for a {@link
 * org.apache.beam.model.fnexecution.v1.BeamFnApi.ProcessBundleDescriptor bundle descriptor} by
 * forwarding them to a remote environment for processing.
 *
 * <p>When a RemoteBundle is closed, it will block until bundle processing is finished on remote
 * resources, and throw an exception if bundle processing has failed.
 */
public interface RemoteBundle extends AutoCloseable {
  /** Get an id used to represent this bundle. */
  String getId();

  /**
   * Get a map of PCollection ids to {@link FnDataReceiver receiver}s which consume input elements,
   * forwarding them to the remote environment.
   */
  Map<String, FnDataReceiver<WindowedValue<?>>> getInputReceivers();

  /**
   * Closes this bundle. This causes the input {@link FnDataReceiver} to be closed (future calls to
   * that {@link FnDataReceiver} will throw an exception), and causes the {@link RemoteBundle} to
   * produce any buffered outputs. The call to {@link #close()} will block until all of the outputs
   * produced by this bundle have been received.
   */
  @Override
  void close() throws Exception;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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