Carbon filtering is basically the method of filtering that always makes use of a bed of some activated carbon for the sake of removing the contaminants and impurities from the water by using the chemical adsorption. Each and every granule of the carbon always provides a large surface area structure for allowing the contaminants the maximum possible exposure to the media of filtration. This activated Carbon filtration is however, not capable of removing each and every type of the contaminant from the water. For instance, some things that can't be removed include the sodium, fluoride, microbes as well as the nitrates. The softening of the water cannot be done also with the AC filters. Moreover, the heavy metals like the lead can only be removed with the best activated carbon water filters that are usually really very difficult to find.
The activated carbon can also be used for removing the chlorine with some little degradation or even the damage to the carbon. The process of dechlorination occurs all of sudden and results in the high flow rates. However, this process always requires some kind of extensive amount of the surface area and the organics in the water eventually fill up and then block the pores of the carbon. Then the AC filter will always need replacing as the ability of dechlorination of the water also declines slowly. One of the best advantages of using the AC is its cheap cost of operating once the system is installed.
Physical properties of the activated carbon.
The chemical makeup of the carbon source.
Chemical makeup as well as the concentration of the contaminant in water.
The length of time the water is exposed to the activated carbon filter.


Xiao Liang, thank you for inviting me to this wine tasting event. Tonight I learned a lot about the red wine profession!
In a keynote speech by Chinese President Xi Jinping at the opening ceremony, he emphasised the joint efforts to build a new era of China-Africa community of shared future and proposed "eight major actions" on cooperation.


Next-Generation BWR Development : Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy, Ltd.
The Next-generation Light Water Reactor Development project is underway as a national initiative bringing together government, electric power utilities, manufacturers, and others to work on a replacement light water reactor for which construction demand is anticipated to start around 2030.This METI project is a cooperative venture with the Institute of Applied Energy as the lead agency.
The project will establish an optimum plant concept combining six key technologies.


text:
India News >
Spreading fake news, trying to divert attention: Kapil Mishra on health concerns
Updated May 14, 2017 | 10:15 IST | Times Now Bureau
"Before tomorrow's expose, they are spreading fake news and trying to divert attention. It is a ploy to end my hunger strike," Mishra said in a tweet.
New Delhi: Sacked Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) minister Kapil Mishra on Saturday said the concerns being raised related to his health is a ploy to avoid another exposé that he has planned and that the police were forcibly trying to take him to the hospital to avoid any further revelations.
The former Delhi water minister claimed that the report of his health has also been faked by the doctors, as they were directly reporting to the Delhi health Minister Satyendra Jain.
Read: Next expose will jolt people of Delhi: Kapil Mishra
"Doctors gave a fake report. They report directly to health minister Satyendra Jain," he stated in another tweet.
Mishra, who was recently sacked from Delhi cabinet, had started an indefinite hunger strike on Wednesday demanding Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) divulged details of foreign tours undertaken by five of its leaders.
Doctors had yesterday advised hospitalisation to Mishra due to drop in blood sugar level and dehydration. Mishra also asked the Delhi police commissioner to not take actions based on "fake reports".
"Sir @CPDelhi, Please don't do this just based on a fake report. I am fighting for a big cause. It's a conspiracy," the MLA said in a tweet.
Earlier in the day, Mishra mounted a fresh attack on chief minister Arvind Kejriwal, accusing him of using AAP MLAs as "shield" after party legislator Sanjeev Jha announced a hunger strike to counter the rebel leader's ongoing fast.
Related: Lies will not help you, be afraid of god: Sacked MLA's mother to Kejriwal
Jha was detained by the police twice while he was proceeding to stage the planned hunger strike outside Mishra's residence. He later began his "indefinite strike" at Jantar Mantar.
Jha has demanded that Mishra comes clean on the claim that he saw Health Minister Satyendra Jain pay Rs 2 crore to Kejriwal.
In an "open letter" to Kejriwal, Mishra again pressed for divulging the details of foreign tours undertaken by five leaders of the party.
Related: Kapil Mishra records statement against Kejriwal with the Anti-Corruption Branch
"How much drama will you create to hide one truth. You are trying all tactics to divert attention. Don't try any new tactic tomorrow.
"You (Kejriwal) made a strategy to use MLAs as a shield. However, only one MLA came forward to be that shield?" Mishra said, adding he would make his next "expose" tomorrow. He further said "thief" is demanding to hand over all the evidence to him.
"Then he would prove himself innocent by becoming a judge, a lawyer and a witness," he added. In the morning, Jha, who is an MLA from Burari, went to Rajghat, Mahatma Gandhi's memorial, to "seek blessings".
"On May 7, Kapil Mishra had said that Arvind Kejriwal had met Satyendra Jain where he paid him Rs 2 crore. My question to him is at what time did he meet the chief minister. Which car did he use? I have the entire day's video footage (of people entering Kejriwal). "The whole world knows about Kejriwal's credentials and he (Mishra) should give evidence to back his claim. If it turns out to be true, even I will join him in his hunger strike against Kejriwal," Jha said.
Mishra hit back at Jha with another "open letter" and "advised" him to drink lots of water during the hunger strike.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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A new method for the functionalization of graphene
An international research team involving Professor Federico Rosei of the Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) has demonstrated a novel process to modify the structure and properties of graphene, a one atom thick carbon. This chemical reaction, known as photocycloaddition, modifies the bonds between atoms using ultraviolet (UV) light. The results of the study were recently published in the prestigious journal Nature Chemistry.
Graphene has outstanding physical, optical and mechanical properties. For instance, it is commonly used in the manufacture of transparent touch screens, in aerospace, and in biomedicine. This material, however, has limited use in electronics.
"No other material has properties similar to graphene, yet unlike semiconductors used in electronics, it lacks a band gap. In electronics, this gap is a space in which there are no energy levels that can be occupied by electrons. Yet it is essential for interacting with light," explains Professor Federico Rosei of INRS's Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications Research Centre.
"The multidisciplinary group of researchers from Canada, China, Denmark, France and the United Kingdom succeeded in modifying graphene so as to create a band gap. Current research is rather fundamental but could have repercussions over the next few years in optoelectronics, such as in the fabrication of photodetectors or in the field of solar energy. These include the manufacture of high-performance photovoltaic cells for converting solar energy into electricity, or the field of nanoelectronics, for the extreme miniaturisation of devices," emphasizes Professor Rosei.
This breakthrough is complementary to the results published in Nature Materials, in May 2020, by an Italian-Canadian team of researchers under the supervision of Professor Rosei.
Professor Rosei's research has been recognized numerous times by national and international awards and distinctions. These include the recent Brimacombe Medal from the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS), the Royal Society of Chemistry, which identified him as one of the 5% most cited authors for its journals in 2019, and the Stanford list of the 2% most cited researchers in the world.
The article "Long-range ordered and atomic-scale control of graphene hybridization by photocycloaddition" was published on October 19, 2020, in the journal Nature Chemistry. The research group has, among others, received financial support from the Canada Research Chairs Program, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment.
About INRS
INRS is a university dedicated exclusively to graduate level research and training. Since its creation in 1969, INRS has played an active role in Quebec's economic, social, and cultural development and is ranked first for research intensity in Quebec and in Canada. INRS is made up of four interdisciplinary research and training centres in Quebec City, Montreal, Laval, and Varennes, with expertise in strategic sectors: Eau Terre Environnement, Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Urbanisation Culture Société, and Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie. The INRS community includes more than 1,400 students, postdoctoral fellows, faculty members, and staff.
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Mary Ann counsels her clients on all matters that affect their estates, including the structuring and formation of entities, the creation of irrevocable "dynasty" trusts, tax planning for families and the entities they own, and the protection and preservation of their assets.
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text:
Nightmare At 212 Feet
by Robert W. Welkos
Written by Robert W. Welkos Tue Apr 12, 2016 Fiction Leave a comment
TV FICTION PACKAGE: A media mogul considers cutting the cord on his life and career. 2,799 words. Illustration by Thomas Warming.
New York City – 1:37 AM… Charles "Ace" Spader, the fifty-six-year-old CEO of Dynamo Broadcasting Corp., stands on the upper level of the George Washington Bridge and stares at the briny swirling abyss below, his cheeks stung by biting winds, his features reflected in silvery moonbeams. "Which one do I use? Right or left?" He laughs and then mutters, "Always important to get off on the right foot." He lifts his right leg and watches it tremble. "Or maybe the left?" he says, switching legs. Perhaps this isn't the moment after all, he tells himself, settling back on both feet. Should he execute a precision dive? After all, he was a springboard champion back at Harvard. Or, maybe do a reverse? Perhaps an arm-stand followed by a dazzling triple twist? Of course, a simple swan dive would suffice. Or, maybe just cannonball off the steel span.
Taking a final glance at his cellphone to check for texts, he returns the device to his pocket and turns his back to the twinkling Gotham skyline. "And that's the way it is…" he mumbles, spreading out his arms in crucifixion pose. He closes his eyelids, swallows hard, and falls backward, a descending human missile hurtling silently through the night toward the cement-hard surface of the Hudson.
But just as he is about to go splat, something catches him. Something with strong arms. Then Ace Spader blacks out.
When he awakens, he realizes that he's on a bench in Manhattan and seated beside him is a wiry man with bristly hair combed to one side. The man's lips are curled in a wry smile. Inserted between his index and middle fingers is a lit cigarette. He is wrapped in a trench coat, a woolen scarf circling his neck. He is hatless. And, at this moment, he is staring at his socks.
"Where am I?" a bewildered Spader asks. "Say, aren't you Rod—?"
"—One black, one brown," the man complains, now pointing at his feet. "I must have mixed them up in the rush to get here in time." He shakes his head and looks over and extends a hand in greeting. "How are you, Mr. Spader?"
Spade is dumbfounded. "What am I doing here?"
"Oh, some folks were concerned about you," Rod smiles. "Said you were standing on the bridge. I happened to be nearby and stepped through to catch you."
"Stepped through? Step through what?"
"A door."
"You say you caught me?" Spader feels his jaw, stretches out his arms, examines his fingers. "Am I alive?"
"In a sense, yes."
"So you really saved me?"
Rod chuckles and takes a puff on his cigarette. "I notice you rode your bike out on the span. You apparently parked it, then climbed up the grating and looked down, prepared to kill yourself. Some passing motorist saw you and called the police. But you know how swamped the cops are. You're lucky I arrived in time."
"But why did you save me?"
"Well, that's another story." Rod replies, scratching his nose. "Why don't you come with me? I have some things I want you to see."
Dynamo Broadcasting Corporation – 3:02 AM…- Spader arches his back, raises his head and gazes up at the soaring Manhattan skyscraper. "Hey, this is where I work."
"Yes, isn't it," Rod says. "Now let's see how everyone is doing inside. Busy as bees, I'm sure."
Spader glances down at his wristwatch. "But it's nearly after three in the morning. Nobody but the cleaning crew and security guards are around at this hour."
Rod lights another cigarette. "You think?"
They enter the gleaming marble lobby and walk to a bank of elevators, where a door automatically slides open for the two men. Rod pushes a button numbered 16 as the elevator purrs to life.
Rod reaches under his trench coat and pulls out a wrinkled piece of paper. "You know, I've been studying this Dynamo organizational chart and it has me stumped. It's so complicated." Rod unfolds the paper and points to the top of the page. "I understand having a CEO — that's you. And a CFO. And over here is ad sales. But what are all of these other corporate positions for Strategic Integration, Cable Entertainment, Diversity, Human Resources. Here's Worldwide Entertainment and then here's an executive vice president in charge of International. Aren't these one in the same? And can you tell me what Content Distribution is? And look at all the sub-categories under Legal."
"Half of them deal with standards and practices."
"As I understand it, Dynamo Broadcasting is owned by something called ALG-DDE Holdings LLC. And behind this is Dynamo Groundswell Inc. and Dynamo Cable Entities Inc. But at the top of the corporate chart is a man named Emerson Methschild-Fizzipaldi of Lichtenstein. But I don't see him listed anywhere on the Dynamo Broadcasting chart. Under his name is something called Accelerated Equilibrium Limited Partnership, and beneath that is Whipping Boy Partnership Inc., followed by Whipping Boy 1, Whipping Boy 2, Whipping Boy 3, and then something entitled Gusher Holding Entities located in the Cayman Islands."
"You don't need to bother with all that, Rod. Even the FCC and U.S. Justice Department can't figure us out."
"Ah, here we are," Rod says, patting Spader on the arm when the elevator stops. "After you. The 16th floor. This is where Mrs. Helene Swanson works. Her pod, I believe, is right over here."
"Who is Mrs. Helene Swanson?"
"She works for Dynamo. Don't you know her? She's worked here twenty-seven years. Handles public complaints. Look, she's on the telephone."
A heavy-breasted middle-aged woman with a curtain of dark bangs and oversize eyeglasses peels a banana at her desk while trying to reason with an angry caller barking through her headset.
"Yes, I hear you, ma'am. We shouldn't have allowed her to show her nipple on live TV. Our I-Team is on the case. Dynamo takes these things very seriously. We have a whole staff that deals with FCC compliance. I'm sorry your Bible study group wasn't expecting The Electronic V's. Who are they? They're an all-girl rap group that's very popular right now. I think the 'V' stands for vagina, ma'am."
Ace Spader turns to Rod. "Just one of many things that reach my desk. Sexual harassment lawsuits. Black Lives Matter protests. Faith groups up in arms over swear words on sitcoms. A little nipple is the least of my worries. Wy did you bring me here?"
Rod blows cigarette smoke toward the ceiling. "Do you recognize her?"
"I don't know anyone below the 40th floor."
"She finds out today she's being laid off per your instructions."
"Look, I have to cut positions. We're not doing great, okay?"
"It might interest you to know that Helene Swanson is a grandmother living in Queens who is raising three grandkids. Her daughter died a few years back. Cervical cancer. It fell to Helene to raise the children. Their father abandoned them long ago for another woman. Oh, and the other in-laws don't care about the kids. They have their own money troubles. So, it has been Helene who gets them up each morning, cooks them breakfast, makes sure they have clean clothes and sends them off to school on time. Evenings, she helps them with their homework. Two boys and a girl. It might interest you to know that the girl is a senior in high school. She's hoping to get into interior design school but doesn't have the tuition. She's applying for jobs so she can save up for classes. The older is a pretty good baseball player but will join the Marines."
"She'll land another job. She's a steady employee."
"I'm not too sure, Mr. Spader. Helene Swanson is over fifty. No employer wants to hire someone her age. She's developed a heart arrhythmia. Now she won't have company-paid health insurance."
Spader stares for a few moments at Helene as she takes another complaint call. Rod takes hime back to the elevator and up fourteen floors. Two wide oak doors with polished brass handles provide a gateway to a warren of inner offices.
"Legal?" Spader asks. "I've been here. Many times. Too many times." A man can be heard cursing up a storm. Rod approaches and Spader pokes his head inside. A corporate counsel in shirt sleeves is seated behind a desk ranting at three associates.
"We've been hacked!" the lawyer grouses. "And from what the FBI tells us, they aren't sure if it's Julian Assange or Kim Jon Un or Anonymous or … hell, maybe it's Sheldon Cooper! Now, all of our private emails are out there for the damn world to read!"
"Mr. Samuels," says one of the interns, "they've hired the best cyber security firm in the business. But these things take time."
"And, meanwhile, Ace Spader's email calling our Dynamo Nightly News anchor a 'fucking moron' stayed out there. Let me read the exact words of our esteemed leader: 'Anchor Phil Cranston. Total moron. Takes bribes. Lies his head off. Has everyone conned.'"
Spader whispers to Rod. "I don't know why I sent those emails. They were all lies. Can we leave? Where to now?"
"To Casey Wellborne's office."
They go six floors up and find Casey Wellborne, the executive vice president of broadcast, sitting at his desk stone-faced as he listens to Michelle Lambert, Dynamo's vice president of broadcast entertainment, listing potential pilots.
"Lip Smack. Two zoologists in charge of the monkey exhibit at the Bronx Zoo fall in love and monkey around. Galactic Hotel—"
"—The Fornicator."
"You mean like The Bachelor? It will never pass muster with standards and practices."
"Okay, here's the one I like the best: Madam Blood & Master Blade, a dark fantasy crime thriller with a difference. He's a reformed slasher with a good heart. She's a survivor of a vicious serial killer attack who seeks justice. The twist is that they're husband and wife living in the burbs."
Wellborne roars with laughter. "I like it! Can we get a witchy element tossed in?"
"You've read my mind, Casey. They're both magicians."
"And they use black magic to hunt down serial killers?"
"Exactly. But get this. With the help of a trusted Doberman, a wisecracking black cat who speaks directly to the viewers and might be of ancient Egyptian ancestry, and a coven of robed judges who are actually warlocks and witches who advise Madam Blood and Master Blade at the beginning of each episode and give them instructions. We never see their faces."
Wellborne rubs his hands together. "Can we make her a vampiress? And a sexy twenty-something who loves to use her long tongue to tickle her hubby's earlobe and it gradually descends down his neck and—"
"—You just are so brilliant at parentheticals, Casey!"
"Let's set it in Miami Beach. Lots of skin, neon and night shots. We've haven't had a hit this season. This is your Hail Mary pass, Michelle. Make it work."
Spader looks uncomfortable. "Can we go somewhere else? I've heard enough."
Midtown diner – moments later… "Have something to eat, Mr. Spader." Rod lights a cigarette as a waitress delivers a steaming cup of java. "They say the burgers are good here."
"Not hungry. Look, I earn a base salary of three and a half million dollars with an annual bonus of thirty-six million, which I've received every year for the past ten years. Plus stock options. Plus use of a Gulfstream. Plus corporate-paid residences in New York and Los Angeles and Telluride and Maui and Martha's Vineyard. But Dynamo stock is cratering right now. Down 70 percent year-to-date which is about what ad revenue will be. Our teen cable channels are bleeding viewers. Our broadcast network is sixth in market share. And everybody's cord cutting and signing up for streaming services. Everybody wants Netflix. Or Amazon. Or Dish. For twenty bucks a month, Sling TV offers all these different programs on the net. No long-term contracts. No set-up fees. Easy online cancellation"
Spader pulls out his smartphone and holds it up to Rod. "And people would rather be entertained by social media on this Chinese-manufactured crap that I'm holding in my hand that's smaller than my dick but more addictive than heroin. TV as we used to think of it, not so much. Even sports. Now Twitter is livestreaming football.
"You are in a jam, aren't you?" Rod comments.
"I don't want to be relegated to second-rate status. Hell, Bill Paley was a god, David Sarnoff was a god. You knew them, Rod. You yourself were a television pioneer. What happened to everything?"
Rod shrugs. "Television went in another direction. Appealing to the low-brow … always going for the frivolous, superficial and trite … never challenging the viewer." He shakes his head. "TV once held such great promise. There's no creativity anymore. No going with the gut. No Sid Caesar. No Paddy Chayefsky. Everything today is a focus group. Everybody adopts a follow-the-pack mentality. But you're the ultimate decision maker, right?"
"My hands are tied. I'm CEO, so it falls on my shoulders when ratings plunge. Investors scream because a bunch of Wall Street analysts are dismissive. Everywhere I look, it's doom and gloom."
"How would you turn it around, if you could?"
"Develop the next M*A*S*H or Mary Tyler Moore Show or the final episode of Seinfeld. I don't mean those shows exactly. Times have changed. Tastes are different. People today want sci-fi and fantasy and plenty of violence. Nobody knows how to make a sitcom anymore. The only hour-longs that work are twelve versions of procedurals CSI and NCIS."
"What about your personal life?"
"I left my wife and I'm having trouble satisfying my new young girlfriend who's Ukrainian and bat shit crazy and spending all my money."
After an awkward silence, Rod asks, "About your board of directors—"
"—Those assholes? I can't stand looking at another suit telling me that his grandkid showed him some dumb-ass YouTube video that just went viral and why aren't we making shows based on that. It's gotten so bad that I even fantasize at times. I try to think up content that would boost our ratings like Michael Eisner claims her did. I dabbled in TV writing at NYU. And I think I'm pretty darn good at it. At least, my girlfriend's Ukrainian parents like what I write."
"Well, I'm sure you'll think of something. Why don't we go? We don't want to miss our flight."
West Hollywood – 1 AM a few days later… "Hey, isn't this Sunset Strip?" Spader, who hasn't felt any time pass, looks up and down the gridlocked street. "Say, isn't that the—"
"—The Viper Room. Yes, and from the looks of the crowd standing outside, it seems nobody wants to go home," Rod notes. "Your person is here: Michelle Lambert, your network's head of entertainment. I believe she's meeting with a literary agent by the name of Ashor Tallen. Let's step inside, shall we?"
They walk to the head of the line without the bouncers noticing and enter a dimly lit corridor. "Not exactly my taste in entertainment," Rod says, "but then I'm feeling my best whenever I'm hunched over my antique portable typewriter." The Viper Room is gyrating with leather-clad young women and men. Celebrities abound. "Don't be alarmed. Nobody can see us or hear us, but we can hear them."
Lambert is gushing to the agent. "Ashor, I'm here to tell you of my network's keen interest in your client's script. It's fabulous! Hey, tell me about this writer. He isn't a Satanist, is he?"
"I wouldn't know. I've never met him in person. He discovered me. I received a cryptic note one day that read, 'If you want to make a fortune, drive over to the Satanic Temple. There will be a black package in the trash bin next door. Leave promptly.' "
"And the script for Madam Blood & Master Blade was inside?"
"Yes. A week later, I called the phone number on the script and a man who identified himself as Crowley answered. We talked for about twenty minutes. He wanted me to represent him and suggested that I deliver the script to you at Dynamo Broadcasting."
"To me? But it was routed to one of my assistants who held onto it for months. It was sheer luck that I even saw it."
"Not luck. Fate."
"Do you still have that phone number?"
The agent reaches into his wallet and removes a slip of paper.
"A 917 area code. New York," Lambert says. She takes out her cellphone and punches in the number.
Spader looks at Rod. "What is that noise?"
"Just my ringtone," Rod replies. "Pay it no mind."
Television Fiction Package for Emmy Season
Robert W. Welkos
Robert W. Welkos is an award-winning journalist who covered the film industry for 15 years for the Los Angeles Times. Before that he was an assistant city editor for the paper's Metro section. He previously was an AP correspondent in Reno. This excerpt is from a second novel he's writing. His first, The Blue Poppy, was published in 2012.
About Robert W. Welkos
Robert W. Welkos is an award-winning journalist who covered the film industry for 15 years for the Los Angeles Times. Before that he was an assistant city editor for the paper's Metro section. He previously was an AP correspondent in Reno. This excerpt is from a second novel he's writing. His first, The Blue Poppy, was published in 2012.	View all posts by Robert W. Welkos →
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Arts & Life, Music
Report from the Winnipeg New Music Festival – Evening 3: Poignant humming, excellent beards
Sue Sorensen / Wednesday, January 27th 2016 January 27, 2016
On Monday, January 25, the New Music Festival headed over to Westminster United Church for an evening of works featuring vocal ensembles. In terms of conventional likeability, the program offered some challenges, but a gallant spirit of adventure was firmly positioned throughout. The headline work was Morton Feldman's Rothko Chapel, for which there were excellent beards on display, as well as poignant humming from Polycoro Chamber Choir. One could say, rather facetiously, that the choral component of Rothko Chapel is the kind of vocalizing that brings to mind those moments on old Star Trek episodes when tense interspecies situations are about to happen; more seriously, Feldman did have a knack for moving directly to the moment of anxiety in a drama and staying there. Daniel Scholz's contribution on viola was terrific. (And I'm not saying this only to make people aware that violas exist, although that is one of my purposes here on earth.) More beautiful and somewhat more old-fashioned (perhaps the reason why the audience responded with excitement) was the other work sung by Polycoro, Oleksa Lozowchuk's Waters of Rest.
The second choir for the evening was Camerata Nova, who performed the more difficult (or so it seemed to me) Poems by Gerard Manley Hopkins by Barbara Monk Feldman and The National Anthems by David Lang (pictured). Camerata Nova offered a pure and balanced sound, and were alert to the sibilance and clash of syllables in Poems, which the composer described to the audience as "like rocks and water moving in time." I identified both the Hopkins poems that Monk Feldman set to music, but it took some time to pin them down, the content of the late Victorian sonnets being less important to the composer than the presentation of sounds on the borders of orthodox language. The effect was fascinating, although it did cross my mind to wonder why Hopkins's ecstasy ("The Windhover") and tragedy ("Carrion Comfort") should end up so similar in their tonal impact. In other words: why these poems? But the freshness of Camerata Nova's singing, in amongst the cacophonous moodiness, overcame most of my misgivings about unlinking sound from ordinary meaning.
I had no such qualms about David Lang's project with national anthems. Borrowing lines from the disturbing pride and bloodlust on display in our official songs, Lang's angular and melancholic composition suitably cloaked texts that, as he told the audience, largely show how afraid the nations of the Earth are of each other. I was reminded a bit of the piercing, haunting scores that Zbigniew Preisner wrote for the films of Krzysztof Kieslowski. I went home and read, at random, Hungary and Ecuador's anthems: this was an eye-opener. Perhaps he was just being nice, but Lang did tell Canadians to "give your country a hand" for our anthem. Lang writes in repetitive and intense bursts of rhythm and melody, and can create an atmosphere both tense and lush; Camerata Nova's work on The National Anthems was splendid.
The wintry creaks of the old church were occasionally distracting, but bracingly real. Overall, the evening's music said: Let beauty take care of itself. It may not arrive. But it might.
Sue Sorensen teaches English at Canadian Mennonite University, has little formal musical training, and does not have a beard, although she's considering trying for one since they are so amazing and impressive.
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Toban Dyck / Friday, July 15th 2016
Video: Legislative Assembly of Cards
Staff / Sunday, July 10th 2016 July 10, 2016
Coconut Oil: what's all the fuss about?
Melissa Hryb / Saturday, August 21st 2021 August 21, 2021
Brazil, part one: pork, poultry and Carlos
Toban Dyck / Monday, July 24th 2017
Adrift over the farmyards of southern Manitoba
Toban Dyck / Saturday, March 11th 2017
A Railway Nation of Grace, Too
Jerrad Peters / Tuesday, August 23rd 2016 August 23, 2016
Tagged new music festival, Winnipeg
Report from the Winnipeg New Music Festival – Evening 2: Chord sticks and crockery Sue Sorensen / Tuesday, January 26th 2016 January 27, 2016
Report from the Winnipeg New Music Festival – Evening 4: Just people and music Sue Sorensen / Thursday, January 28th 2016 January 27, 2016


HELP! Yes, for the very first time I've been sent to #TWITMO.
What is Twitmo? Its the mythical place that Twitter puts you when they think you need a time-out. Apparently I had one too many tweets today between my arguments with the Occupy Boston folks and the GOP Debate.
How long will I be here? Only time will tell. Send chocolate.
I am a business owner, consultant, speaker, trainer, wife and mom of 3 amazing kids who is passionate about keeping America great for generations to come. I also like to keep a watchful eye on society, culture and the realities of life. Life is interesting - we may as well blog or tweet about it!
« The Cain Train & an Absent Bachmann?


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Learn more about journalist Paul Glader
Paul Glader (XXVIII)
Associate Professor Paul Glader teaches writing, journalism and business-related courses at The King's College in New York City. He also directs the McCandlishPhillips Journalism Institute, The NYC Semester in Journalism program and is adviser to the student online newspaper/ print magazine/ video platform, The Empire State Tribune.
An award-winning journalist, Glader spent 10 years as a staff writer at The Wall Street Journal, covering a variety of beats including technology, travel, metals/mining, health/science and finance. He's written for countless other publications including The New York Times, The Washington Post, TheNewYorker.com, The Indianapolis Star, The Associated Press, Der Spiegel Online, FastCompany.com, USA Today and ESPN.com. He's appeared on national TV and radio programs including CNBC, Fox Business, and WSJ Radio. He currently writes for several national magazines including Bloomberg BusinessWeek, ChristianityToday, The American Legion and is a regular contributor to Forbes.com.
Glader received an MS from Columbia University in New York as a Knight-Bagehot Fellow at the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism and Graduate School of Business in 2007-2008. He is currently an executive MBA candidate and media scholar at The Berlin School of Creative Leadership at Steinbeis University in Germany. He lived in Germany from 2011-2013, first as a Robert Bosch Foundation Fellow and then as a European Journalism Fellow at Freie Universität in Berlin. His research and writing interests include the startup economy / technology innovation; journalism ethics and history / the new journalists; urban planning / transportation; Europe / Germany / Scandinavia; parenthood / fatherhood; creativity in leadership and media entrepreneurship. He enjoys surfing, reading and traveling with his wife and daughter.


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You are here: Publications Film Reviews 2015 Reviews January 2015 Die Hüter der Tundra (The Tundra Tale)
Die Hüter der Tundra (The Tundra Tale)
Last Updated on Sunday, 25 January 2015 22:24
Germany | Norway 2013
Starts January 22, 2015
Directed by: René Harder
Writing credits: René Harder
Cast: Alexandra Artieva and family
Come along on a reindeer sleigh across the frozen tundra, and we'll visit one of the last European villages to live at one with nature. The Tundra Tale, a colorful and insightful documentary by Hamburg-based filmmaker René Harder, avoids editorial commentary, allowing the inhabitants of the Sami village of Krasnoschchelye to speak for themselves. Set in the far northwest of Russia above the Arctic Circle, 150 kilometers away from the nearest road and a couple hundred kilometers from the governmental seat in Murmansk, Krasnoschchelye can only be reached by helicopter -- on Tuesdays. Unless it's wintertime, in which case one can approach by snowmobile, over a period of weeks. This land, harsh and remote to the casual observer, is the beloved ancestral home of Alexandra "Sascha" Artieva and her family, traditional reindeer herders.
The Sami have long understood how to eke a living out of the barrenness, growing and making most of the things they need themselves, and raising reindeer for meat and skins. Sascha, the mother of young children, represents the voice of the new generation which cares mightily about the preservation of the Sami way of life. She is a member of the fledgling Sami Parliament on the Kola Peninsula, founded in 2010 by indigenous people who had no say in the control of the land. (The Russian government has still not accepted the Sámi Parliament.) Now the herders' Kolkhoz, or collective farm, is insolvent, and international mining corporations are plumbing the hills for their ore and minerals. The rich Russian Sami culture is threatened with extinction and its people are looking for help. Sascha is nothing if not determined, flying in the helicopter to Murmansk to address the Sami parliament, and driving with her family in their old Soviet-built car to seek the advice of a Norwegian Sami leader.
René Harder lived with the herders off and on over a period of five years, capturing the rhythms of their daily life. We eavesdrop on kitchen-table conversations. We learn about traditional healers and shamans, and watch brightly-dressed ladies rehearse folk songs. We see the men head out to the tundra on a repurposed Soviet armored vehicle, its caterpillar tracks crawling across the snow. In one thrilling sequence, we're right in the middle of the reindeer herd as it thunders into the village. Dan Jåma's cinematography is breathtaking throughout.
The Tundra Tale introduces us to an unfamiliar place whose inhabitants live symbiotically with the land and animals they love. It's a plea for the preservation of a unique culture.
(Brenda B.)


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William and Kate: A Marriage Royal, A Human Relationship
William placing the ring on Kate's finger
photo source: CNN
Anyone and everyone who cared about the grand affair which was the wedding of William and Kate got their chance to watch…once, twice...many times. The whole event was broadcast live, then re-broadcast over and over and over again.
Astrologically, the marriage is one chart – a chart timed for the moment when the vows are sealed.
April 29, 2011 - 'Let No Man Put Asunder'
But the relationship which underlies that wedding?
That's a whole other thing. And when we talk about that 'whole other thing,' you'll even hear two versions talked about there.
One version is the astrological 'composite' chart. We take the Sun of one chart, the Sun of another, we translate the zodiacal positions into 360 (numerical) notation and divde that by two.
The composite chart is a great picture of what one person 'thinks' of the other.
What it isn't is the 'living' chart of the relationship...as in, "honey, we have to go away for the sake of the relationship." Instinctively we seem to recognize that when there are two people in the room there are three entities present: person one, person two, and the relationship which lies between them.
That relationship is a dynamic thing. A composite chart isn't. You can't look up its "date" in an ephemeris because it doesn't have one. Not even computer software will let you calculate with a composite chart because it's 'midpoint' construct does not reflect an actual point in time.
The 'actual point in relationship time' chart is called a "Davison chart." It's a chart erected for a midpoint in time, space and birth location between the two people involved.
I'll spare you the rest of this recitation...but trust me, I've done my homework here and Davison charts are for real.
William and Kate, Duke and Duchess of Cambridge
Davison Relationship/Aries Chart (No Time Known for Kate's Chart)
So we have one chart which is the chart for the sealing of the wedding vows. That's a regular, everyday real-time chart which, given modern satellite technology and my watching the wedding in real time can only be mere seconds off the actual moment of sealing the marriage vows with the traditional ...let no man put asunder speech.
Against this we have the chart for William and Kate as a couple – the relationship chart. There we have a bit of a problem as there has as yet been no time confirmed for (as she's now known) the Duchess of Cambridge's birth. All we know is that Catherine was born on January 9, 1982 in Reading, UK.
For William, there's exact data – of course! But given that we don't have Kate's time, we do well to cast the Davison in Aries Wheel format.
The other thing we have an issue with because we don't have Kate's birth time is how we need to own that while the Moon of this relationship is more than likely in Cancer, we can't swear to that.
But it is likely - and that's an interesting item to note seeing as we know William's Moon is in Cancer and it's very highly mostly really likely Kate's is too.
(And in case you're thinking that would be "automatic," it isn't. It's easy enough to have two people with Moon in Virgo and have the Davison Moon come out in any sign but!)
However! As we say this we do have a whole bunch of 'absolutes' and 'givens.' And that list starts with the lunar nodes of the Davison being positioned at 18 Cancer (North) and Capricorn (South)...which makes an interesting statement.
How's that? Well, the North Node is what we should do. And this North Node being in Cancer speaks to how important it is for this relationship to be about family, heritage, one's personal life and - since this is a royal couple - 'the people': one's native population and homeland.
Against this we have a South Node - the 'easy thing' - in Capricorn. Especially with Capricorn's ruling Saturn strongly positioned in Libra, it's 'easy' for this couple of follow the rules. They will find things easier if they 'color inside the lines' - royal and otherwise.
This also suggests that when the day comes that William becomes King, his work will easily come first even though they know as a couple that in order to be figureheads for their nation they need to keep working on their relationship.
It's something of a dichotomy...and no, not at all easy.
Sitting at 19 Libra and the apex of a t-square with the lunar nodes, this Saturn is not quite conjunct Pluto at 25 Libra...and it's a couple of degrees out of strict Ptolemaic (5-degree) conjunction orb with Pallas at 12 Libra.
It's something of a picture of being between the rock and the hard place. And since in this picture the 'hard place' is pictured most immediately by the lunar nodes, the issue is social and societal obligation.
Then we add in Eris - aka Eris Discord. Conjunct Sabine (entrapment, slavery) in emotionally expressive degrees of Aries, Eris is in opposition to Saturn and square to the nodes, making this not a t-square but a grand square (also known as a grand cross).
Since all astrology is a two-way swinging door, this tells us that there will be times when the 'public call' is simply a pain in the low back and very frustrating. But there will also be times when discord strikes in the world and in response this couple of will react as a matter of course.
In other words, they're really very human.
Westminster Abbey witnesses yet another royal marriage
And this Eris/Saturn 'inconvenient timing' issue doesn't end there. Though at 19 Libra Saturn isn't strictly conjunct a 12 Libra Pallas (wisdom) which is itself conjunct a 10 Libra Mars and Eros/passion, Eris IS positioned to be in opposition to Saturn and - SEPARATELY - opposition Eris...which is conjunct the couple's strong 10 Aries Sun.
Sun in Aries is very strong. Conjunct Eris and Sabine and in opposition to Pallas-Mars-Eros (and let's be reminded: Mars in Libra is hardly Mars at its most assertive!) this suggests that as a couple, William and Kate will defend their right to have a personal life.
It also suggests that the 'being apart' we saw in their dating life may yet happen again. That may be all about necessity, that may be because they need a bit of a break, that may be simply because William's work - whether in the military or elsewhere - that may take him away.
If this couple learns to handle the 'unevenness' of schedule to their advantage, they'll thrive. Is this likely? Well, Saturn's strength in Libra and the Sun's resilience in Aries says they have better than the average chance.
It also suggests this is a couple which knows how to disagree. And that life isn't all cupcakes and rose petals.
Another aspect of this is how the Mars-Eros-Pallas speaks to their understanding that they represent something to literally millions of people they will never meet. And how this couple is aware of the difference between the way they live and the lives of non-royals - which will like as not become far more evident and/or important William comes to the throne.
Even before that, one suspects.
Leaving that for a moment, let's consider the Davison Juno at 7 Capricorn. This is Juno positioned as the apex of another t-square which might be a grand cross, though we can't know without having a birth time for Kate.
As it is, Juno sits at the half-way point between Sun in Aries and Mars-Pallas, which is clearly (among other things) the overhanging, omni-present fact that William is a member of "the Firm"...British royalty. Learning how to manage that? That's a huge piece in the relationship puzzle.
But without that Moon....?
The difference between t-squares (which are solvable) and grand squares (which are eternal challenges in one's life) is huge.
A grand square (or grand cross) is a figure of being pulled from all sides. In an individual's natal chart, grand squares ask that we 'pull all the corners together' (symbolically) before we do any "heavy lifting" - or at least have any success with same. About the best image here I could give you is collecting everything off a table by pulling all four corners of the tablecloth together before you hoist; in a chart, the one 'corner' you miss will be the place where all sorts of havoc spills out, ruining your effort to get ahead.
Against this, the t-square is a hurdle. You have to understand where you're coming from, where you're headed and what about yourself (the 't' is part of your chart, right?) you have to get past or "over" in order to reach your goal.
In pragmatic terms, the difference between the t-square and grand square is one of degree of complexity…the number of details one must 'pull together,' as it were. In real world terms however...t-squares are often found in the charts of great achievers where grand squares are found more often in those who rise and fall at least a few times before figuring life out.
Still....whether or not the Moon is in aspect to Juno or anything else in this chart, by sign the Moon and Sun are in square. This is a classic indication of problems with timing. We saw some of this (or at least thought we did) with Kate's having appeared to 'decide' William was her guy before he decided she was the woman he wanted to marry. Another form will like as not be a clashing of schedules we will never see – and perhaps never even hear about.
That Pluto (symbol of emotionally transformative experiences) had gone on station and retrograde at 7 Capricorn – the degree of Juno – is exactly what we would expect to see in the chart of a royal couple about to get married. Capricorn is traditionally the sign of 'head of government' and Juno a symbol of domestic leadership. With the wedding having happened with the Sun moving across first Sedna at 6 Taurus (the maturation process) on April 26 before 'triggering' Pluto's 7 Capricorn station (and the Davison chart Juno) on the 27th…we get a real picture of this couple recognizing the enormity of the event their wedding would be.
Conversely, this also signals the wedding as an enormous public moment.
Crowds lining the street, enjoying the moment
outside Westminster Abbey, London
For those who are dedicated royal watchers, there's also the contemplation that in having gone into retrograde, Pluto will return to 7 Capricorn 39 on January 9th with the Sun doing a 'lesser' trigger to this Pluto cycle on December 28/29 – which will be an interesting moment to watch. Will we be hearing more news from the Duke and Duchess as either of these dates roll by?
Yes or no, this is something interesting to watch for and very much how astrological research is done.
Meanwhile, the marriage chart…with it's regal 15 Leo rising…it's a lovely picture of a public royal wedding. Leo has always been known as a sign of royalty even though governance is a Capricorn attribute. The difference…rulership versus governance is one of perspective. But here we have the Sun which rules that 15 degrees Leo rising intercepted in the 10th house – a signal which on one hand speaks to the marriage being a matter of duty (interception) to the not just the (10th house/MC) nation.
And with 28 Aries on the MC/Midheaven of this wedding chart, with the Mars which rules that 10th house cusp in a triple conjunction (Jupiter, Mars, Eris all at 21 Aries) …all four of these points in degrees between 20 and 29 degrees (that being the 3rd decanate of the sign) we know…for absolute sure that everything which comes of and from this marriage will be reacted to by the public and ultimately ruled and regulated by that same public – and the world.
So much for a private union between two people, right?
As for 15 degrees of Leo, like 15 degrees of any fixed sign (there being for fixed signs: Taurus, Leo, Scorpio and Aquarius) we are speaking of a 'moving into the next phase' or 'taking a step' in life – which marriage truly is.
A lovely photograph of Queen Elizabeth II being greeted by
the Dean of Westminster as she arrives at Westminster Abbey
to attend her grandson's wedding.
The Ascendant being conjunct Photographica at 11 Leo puts the marriage in the public eye and tells us that it was carried out with an eye to (and on) the public.
But then things get…a bit less candid. That intercepted Sun is positioned in a difficult degree: 8 Taurus is known for sensitivity to teasing – which we know will come from the tabloids, never mind the public and possibly (?) the royal court. This degree is known for 'fighting shadows' and a general defensiveness which suggests an internal frailty which develops as demand outstrips ability to comfortably comply.
Added to this is fixed star Hamal plus Byblis, a more than difficult commentary. Hamal equals independence and is known to take on the coloring of whatever else is present. Considering that the Sun itself is often an image of males and that Sun in Taurus is security and/or privilege of wealth, this can well speak to William's already-demonstrated ability to eschew the trappings of royalty.
Then we add in Byblis. Byblis is an asteroid which is all about defending the indefensible. And thus we ask: will this couple run afoul of their very caring for common people and/or a 'regular' way of life? Will they prove sufficiently 'independent' as to offend those still 'married' to an older and more traditional role for royalty?
Phaeton/Hera speaks to the 'impulsiveness' and 'headstrong' quality of 'the mate' – Hera usually being the wife. Does this mean that William will ultimately decide he chose a bride too early? Or will we end up seeing yet another example of a couple which in becoming entrenched in the duties of royalties rebels against it?
With Bali (paradise) and Deucalion (finding the moral path) in direct opposition to the Sun of this chart (and thus intercepted in the chart's 4th house) we do understand that the marriage will always be understood to be of import to the public. Positioned at 9 Scorpio the underlying dynamic is emotional commonalty or agreement – that being the Scorpio part. With 9 Scorpio being a 1st decan degree (between 0 and 9) we know what this pair does is 'the proof of the pudding.'
That this Bali/Deucalion is intercepted in the 4th says a lot about this marriage being founded in a (Scorpio) inheritance of native…and yes royal…tradition. And for those who wonder whether this royal couple will continue in what is seen by some as 'a life of excess' which has so typified so many royal households, that answer is 'maybe not.'
Why not? Because fixed star Arcturus is exactly conjunct Spica as the objects closest to the 4th house cusp with Saturn (retrograde) at 12 Libra farther back in the 3rd house and in opposition to Venus at 10 Aries, Pelion at 11 Aries and Mercury at 14 Aries in the 9th.
Saturn retrograde in the 3rd either makes one pessimistic or says you think before you choose to do or what you do. In Libra, there's a built in concern about what others think or how they'll react.
Meanwhile, that Aries Venus-Pelion-Mercury in the 9th is something we already have heard about – the British Royal Family's concern about how to hold a royal wedding during a period of financial struggle. Pelion is the 'great mountain'…it can either be something you climb or that thing you're sitting atop looking down at everyone else from. Add in Venus in Aries (the appearance) and Mercury in Aries (what I say, what people think of me) and you have a royal couple who is "saddled" with being emotionally aware of others.
Yes…its just William and Kate in this marriage. Plus the rest of the royal family. Plus the press. Plus the citizens of the UK and anyone else who cares to watch.
Neptune – pictured at 0 Pisces in this chart - is at this moment about to go station/retrograde. Come next June (2012) it will go retrograde at 3 Pisces, right atop the 8th house cusp of this chart. Since this 3 Pisces is also the position of Damocles (the dangers we don't recognize until we take the job on) in the Davison relationship spot, it's very likely this is a moment when a soft spot in the royal relationship is found, resulting in at least a bit of bruising.
With festivities having begun inside Buckingham Palace,
people linger in the streets, still celebrating
Speaking of the Davison chart, June's 24 Sagittarius Lunar Eclipse bisects the split between Black Moon Lilith/Ascendant at 21 Sagittarius (plus Ras Alhague at 22 Sagittarius) and Neptune at 27 Sagittarius conjunct fixed star Acumen at 28.
Acumen being 'all we've learned' in conjunction with Neptune is likely to be what some call 'fuzzy math.' With Black Moon Lilith (what you don't want to admit about the world and what the world doesn't or shouldn't know about you) conjunct Ras Alhague…?
Ras Alhague is the really iffy coin toss here. Sometimes it's a healing force and sometimes it's the ripper (or ripping) which creates the need for healing. Given that this is about the Ascendant, IF William and Kate determine at this point to do something for others (or even issue a delightingly sensitive statement of some kind) …then can could count this for a plus.
But with Black Moon Lilith on the Ascendant/Ras Alhague of this chart virtually guarantees some sort of 'paparazzi war' at some point…if not consistently.
And let's remember: the 11 Gemini solar eclipse happens June 1st. Occurring in that emotionally challenging 12th house, it's in trine to Pallas/Mars and sextile Sun/Eris/Sabine…so something's going on which is of an evolving/evolutionary nature. Keep your royal ears tuned in and take whatever happens during June/July seriously – take it as the start of a process.
The happy couple...happy (probably among other reasons) for
having gotten through the ceremony without any giant faux pas!
This is underscored certainly by the July solar eclipse (at 9 Cancer) being in opposition to the Davison Juno and maybe conjunct the chart's Moon, though without an exact birth time for Kate we can't be sure. Certainly in square to the Sun/Eris and Mars/Pallas, this becomes a testing time for the relationship.
What's it about? Call it this: now that they're married, now what?
Labels: 8 Taurus, Acumen, Arcturus, Byblis, Deucalion, Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, grand square, Juno in Capricorn, Prince William, Ras Alhague, relationship charts, Royal Wedding, Royals, t-squares
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Brynaport is situated in one of the most majestic parts of the western coastal Highlands, and just across the water from the island of Skye. The atmospheric light and colour, together with the region's history and romance, make painting here both tranquil and inspiring.
Our day usually starts with a demonstration followed by painting around Brynaport or painting excursions.
Painting trips might be made to Applecross (over Bealach-na-Ba, the breathtaking, historic mountain pass) or to the fishing village of Shieldaig, with its lovely Caledonian pine-forested island.There is sometimes a boat trip to Kishorn island or inaccessible beaches which includes a barbecue lunch. We have only once been to the attractive yachting village of Plockton, where palm trees line the waterfront, but intend to visit again soon.
By late afternoon we return to the studio, so midges are not usually a problem, since we are not far from the sea and they only are out and about at dawn or dusk. Thankfully they are too small to fly during the main part of the day, where even the slightest of winds prevents them from accompanying us.
All meals and refreshments are included in the price. A full Highland breakfast is served daily and a large cold buffet is laid out for you to fill your own hamper for lunch. Towards the end of the painting day, tea and cakes are served in the studio, and great pride is taken over the generous three-course dinners which feature local produce and excellent wines from around the world.
The last night is one to remember with music and dance and a super fresh seafood feast.
"I really enjoyed my week in Scotland, it's such a lovely peaceful place and I really miss those wonderful mountains across the loch!"
"Happy memories of a delightful week and so much fun!"
"It was a pleasant surprise seeing you in Saturday's Daily Telegraph. It reminded us of our wonderful time with you in Scotland. You do search out wonderful venues."
"I loved the course, the demos, and the way your were always so enthusiastic and keen to get started."
"Lovely to be with you in Scotland - I learn so much on your courses."
"Thank you Bettina for a wonderful week in Scotland."


Cover of CEI's 2019 "Agenda for Congress"
Perhaps one of the most under-appreciated aspects of our modern world is the fact that finance is fundamental to the operation of a free and prosperous society. It is a time machine, allowing us to move value forward and backward through time, and it acts like the oil to a smooth-running economic engine. Without it, our modern economy would grind to a halt. Indeed, as financial historian William Goetzmann has argued, in many ways it is finance that has made our current civilization possible.
A well-functioning financial system helps match investors with enterprises for mutual benefit and for the benefit of their employees and customers. On the other hand, the financial system can hinder both the efficient allocation of capital and important innovations if the government places too many restrictions on it. Where government intervention is most perverse, it can even transform otherwise beneficial financial activity into a destructive enterprise.
One of the most destructive interventions is the federal government's housing policy. In particular, the actions of the two giant government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, directly led to the financial crisis of 2007-08. In pursuit of expanding homeownership to more and more people, the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations continually raised the subprime mortgage goals that Fannie and Freddie were required to meet until, by 2008, 56 percent of the GSE's loan portfolio was required to be made up of low quality mortgages. This filled the financial system with toxic mortgages that were bound to fail en mass.
Fannie and Freddie's meddling in the mortgage market was a disaster. As a result, they should be phased out and not replaced. There should be no government-sponsored enterprise for mortgages any more than there should be for other types of credit, such as car loans. This phaseout can be done through the method laid out in the Protect American Homeowners and Taxpayers (PATH) Act, which passed the House Financial Services Committee in 2013. Under the PATH Act, the GSEs sell off parts of their portfolios every year until they are completely liquidated.
Yet another problem induced by excessive government intervention is that of systemic risk and certain financial institution being considered "too big to fail." After the financial crisis of 2007-08, Congress passed the largest piece of legislation ever written, the Dodd-Frank Act, to try and end too-big-to-fail. Yet many of its provisions enshrine too-big-to-fail and the expectation of bailouts for such large financial institutions. In fact, it doubled down on the bank regulatory regime that failed to prevent the financial crisis. The big banks are more dominant now than they were before the crisis. The vastly increased regulatory burden imposed on smaller banks has led many of them to merge to become bigger, in order to be able to withstand the increased regulatory costs. Such overregulation has also made banks wary of lending to people without perfect credit or to small businesses and startups.
A better alternative to Dodd-Frank would be the Financial CHOICE Act, most famously championed by former-House Financial Services Chairman Jeb Hensarling (R-TX). The CHOICE Act, among other things, creates a regulatory off-ramp for banks that hold enough capital to buffer a down market. This is a common sense measure that allows banks to choose between higher capital standards or higher regulation and to tailor their business models accordingly.
Even further, to really end too-big-to-fail, Congress must minimize the damage to the financial system from any one bank's failing by limiting deposit insurance and allowing more competition. Deposit insurance creates moral hazard because banks know they will be bailed out if they take too many risks. Meanwhile, depositors lack incentives to monitor how much risk their banks are exposed to. The private sector can create more responsive mechanisms of insurance.
Innovative new entrants should also be allowed to compete in the financial services industry. Since passage of Dodd-Frank in 2010, federal regulators have allowed only a dozen new banks to open for business. Well-managed nonfinancial firms, such as Walmart and Berkshire Hathaway, have been rebuffed in their attempts to open affiliated banks to serve consumers. Virtually no other developed country has such restrictions to entry. For example, the retail giant Tesco runs one of the largest banks in the United Kingdom. Keeping banking as an "old boys' club" with few new entrants makes the financial system less competitive and less safe.
Another area in desperate need of reform is the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, perhaps the most powerful and unaccountable regulator in the entire federal government. Congress exercises no power of the purse over the Bureau because the agency's budget comes from the Federal Reserve. That amounts to approximately $600 million that Congress cannot touch. Further, the president cannot carry out his constitutional obligation to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" because he cannot remove the Bureau's director except under limited circumstances.
While the reforms above would largely reshape the financial system as we know it, there are plenty of smaller, but still pressing, issues to deal with. One such example of bipartisan interest is fixing the mess that was created by a Second Circuit Court of Appeals case, Madden v. Midland Funding, which has severely impacted the development of financial technology in certain regions of the country. Madden overturned the centuries-old "valid when made" doctrine in the Second Circuit—under which loans that were considered valid in the state they were made could not be considered usurious when sold to an out-of-state party. The ruling created massive uncertainty in the lending market that could devastate fintech innovations such as peer-to-peer lending. In 2015, when the case was decided, the number of loans made to less creditworthy borrowers in the Second Circuit declined by 52 percent from the previous year, whereas it increased by 124 percent outside the Second Circuit during the same time period. Congressional legislation codifying "valid when made" as law could boost borrowers' and investors' opportunities everywhere.
When functioning properly, the financial system can be a tremendous force for prosperity and progress, providing consumers with the credit they need to finance their lives; entrepreneurs with the capital they need to turn their ideas into reality; and investors with wealth-building opportunities. In order to ensure that the financial system is operating smoothly, Congress should adopt these recommendations laid out in CEI's agenda for Congress.


Site-specific water quality management plans are increasingly being implemented in Australian health and aged-care facilities in an effort to prevent water-borne infections in vulnerable patients. Newly developed guidelines, such as the enHealth 'Guidelines for Legionella control in the operation and maintenance of water distribution systems in health and aged care facilities' (Australian Government, 2015), underline the importance of operational controls such as the installation of continuous in-line disinfection systems and regular flushing of outlets for limiting Legionella bacterial counts and other microbiological risks. Legionella bacteria are the causative agents of Legionnaires' disease (characterised by severe pneumonia) and Pontiac fever (a milder form of respiratory infection). Legionnaires' disease is extremely serious in vulnerable patients (e.g. the immunocompromised, elderly, and newborn babies), with mortality rates as high as 40% for patients contracting the disease in health-care settings. This paper demonstrates successful Legionella risk mitigation in an Australian health-care facility following installation and optimisation of an on-site electrochemical water disinfection system.
In May 2016, an in-line Ecas4 water disinfection system (WDS) was installed at the North Eastern Community Hospital (NECH) in Adelaide, where microbiological water quality monitoring had indicated systemic Legionella contamination of the water distribution system. This not-for-profit, community owned, private hospital and government-funded residential aged-care facility was established in 1973 and currently has 60 beds, including a day surgery unit (8 beds), two operating theatres and a gastroenterology procedure room, as well as an aged care facility that provides permanent and respite accommodation for 84 residents. Substantial investment in building works have resulted in significant structural changes over the last 40 years, including a $2.5 million hospital extension in 1991 and the addition of the purpose-built aged-care facility in 2001. Importantly, the increased complexity of water distribution systems caused by building extensions is one of the Legionella risk factors identified in the enHealth Guidelines for Legionella control. Extensions and renovations often result in lengths of pipe being cut-off or capped, for example, thereby creating 'dead legs' with reduced water flow which are ideal environments for Legionella colonisation and biofilm growth. This is therefore a common issue in large, complex structures such as hospitals.
This particular facility is organized over three storeys and has an average annual water consumption of about 8000 cubic metres. The hot water system comprises four circuits and two risers. In order to minimize the risks of waterborne disease, the hot water was previously heated to 80°C, so as to be delivered to the thermostatic mixing valves prior to points of use at approximately 70°C. Despite the high energy costs, this approach proved to be insufficient, as Legionella and microbial cell counts (measured by standard plate count methods) have exceeded potable water quality guideline limits on multiple occasions in the last few years. Heat disinfection of water supply networks in health-care facilities is complicated by the installation of mixers to prevent patient scalding hazards. This can result in sections of the pipe prior to the point of delivery frequently holding warm water suitable for Legionella growth.
In order to manage proactively this risk, an in-line Ecas4 WDS was installed. This technology facilitates continuous dosing of low amounts of Anolyte, a diluted, slightly saline solution that contains active chlorine mainly in the form of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Hypochlorous acid is a neutral (i.e., uncharged) molecule with low molecular weight that is better able to penetrate the cell walls of microorganisms than other forms of chlorine, and is thus a powerful disinfection agent, effectively inactivating bacterial cells. Continuous in-line dosing of the dilute Anolyte solution is, however, safe for higher organisms (e.g. humans) and thus suitable for use in potable water. Due to its neutral pH, it is also less aggressive on treated surfaces and infrastructure than many other disinfection agents (e.g. bleach).
The Anolyte synthesis is done on-site in the Ecas4 WDS reactor (subject to worldwide patent). This is equipped with four reaction chambers and special anodes, and uses a catalytic mixture of ceramic metal oxides (not including ruthenium or other hazardous components). A minimal dose of Anolyte is injected into the hot and cold water distribution systems to provide continuous disinfection without altering the potability of the water. This continuous dosing facilitates the elimination and ongoing control of microbiological contaminants, including pathogens such as Legionella. In addition, it can also help prevent the build-up of biofilms (sessile microbial communities) that are commonly found on the surfaces of pipe materials and typically implicated in increased microbiological risks.
Installation of the Ecas4 dosing system at the NECH was preceded by baseline sampling of the tap water throughout the hospital and of the biofilms on the internal surfaces of copper and plastic water distribution pipes in order to determine the initial contamination level and facilitate appropriate verification monitoring of the disinfection process and other water management activities. Microbiological water quality monitoring was conducted using multiple methods in this case study. Total microbial counts (heterotrophic colony counts) and Legionella plate counts (Legionella pneumophila serogroups, and other Legionella species) were conducted by a NATA accredited laboratory used by the hospital for regular monitoring, while complementary diagnostic and verification monitoring, including DNA-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of the total microbial load and Legionella burden was carried out by researchers at the University of South Australia.
Baseline sampling was conducted on two occasions in the week prior to the system installation on the 12th May. Post-installation sampling was conducted on the first and eight day after installation and fortnightly thereafter. On each sampling occasion, samples are collected from the hot water taps of the ensuite hand basins in eight private rooms, and from the hand basins in three shared bathrooms. A sample is also taken from the rooftop water storage tank. Further samples are taken as needed for diagnostic purposes, e.g., to test the quality of the incoming potable water and holding tank water, to investigate the effects of more frequent tap flushing, to test the quality of water in the boilers, the quality and temperature of water in the return pipes, etc. Samples are analysed for water temperature at the point of sampling, free and total chlorine, redox potential, pH, electrical conductivity, heterotrophic colony counts, Legionella plate counts (serotyping) and Legionella genomic units (qPCR).
Table 1 reports the results obtained by the hospital's regular NATA accredited testing laboratory using the heterotrophic colony count (HCC) and Legionella plate count methods. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 and serogroups 2-14 have not been detected in this system either before or after installation of the WDS. However, there had been consistent positive results for other Legionella species during baseline testing and during the WDS installation and start-up. As is often observed during water quality intervention programs, the water quality was negatively impacted in the period shortly following installation as the active agent in the treatment system presumably interacted with the biofilms in the pipe network and microbial debris was subsequently released and flushed from the system. Additional tap flushing was implemented by the hospital staff during this period as an extra measure to help flush the debris from the system and maximise the mixing of the Anolyte solution within the affected pipe network. By the third post-installation sampling event (Day 22 post installation), the plate count results showed consistently improved water quality throughout the system, with no sample points returning positive Legionella plate counts since that time.
Table 1. "Other Legionella species" counts – data from the NECH's monitoring lab.
The positive effect on the water quality following installation of the WDS was further confirmed by the Legionella qPCR analysis. This is a DNA-based method which is significantly more specific and sensitive than the plate count method and highly reproducible. The method is very specific to Legionella species as it directly targets a DNA sequence that is characteristic of these bacteria. This specificity gives the qPCR method a lower risk of false positives than the currently standard plate count method. In this case study, the qPCR data (which are expressed in genomic units per mL of water, Figure 1) show very clearly that the Legionella counts in the tested ensuites and bathrooms decreased significantly following installation of the Ecas4 in-line dosing system. Figure 1 shows the average qPCR results from the same 11 rooms sampled repeatedly throughout the case study. The large error bars on the baseline samples to the left of the graph indicate the extremely variable water quality that was typical in this water distribution system prior to the installation of the WDS. This is common under such conditions as the water quality can vary significantly depending on the length of time since the tap was last used. Legionella water quality testing is done by taking the first water that comes out of the tap, so if the water has been sitting in the pipe for some time it may be carrying a high bacterial load when the tap is first turned on. Figure 2 clearly demonstrates however, that the Legionella load decreased significantly over the course of this case study, and a consistently low Legionella cell count was achieved within 2-3 weeks of continuous treatment.
Figure 1. DNA-based Legionella species quantification data for water sampled from the hot water taps of basins in 11 hospital rooms; the same 11 basins were sampled on each occasion.
Figure 2. Correlation between free chlorine and qPCR Legionella species quantification data for water sampled from the hot water taps of basins in 11 hospital rooms; the same 11 rooms were sampled on each occasion.
The improvement in water quality illustrated in Table 1 and Figure 1 is linked to the establishment of increased chlorine residual in the water supply network as a result of the Anolyte dosing. For example, Figure 2 shows the correlation of positive Legionella species counts and free chlorine in the sampled tap water. In Figure 2, red dots indicate baseline data, red asterisks are samples taken during the Ecas4 start-up and transition period, and green triangles represent the most recent data. This figure implies a relationship between the amount of free chlorine in the water and Legionella counts: in particular, a lack of free chlorine is a risk condition that allows the Legionella load to increase.
Although potable water suppliers in Australia aim to deliver a suitable chlorine residual for disinfection purposes, this varies between buildings depending on their distance from the treatment plant and on-site water management within healthcare facilities may inadvertently exacerbate this situation. For example, water softeners are often installed with the intention of improving water quality, but they also remove active chlorine present in the system, thereby adding to the challenge of maintaining adequate microbiological quality in the water supply. By adding the Ecas4 Anolyte, a significant improvement in chlorine residual is readily obtained, although it take time for free chlorine levels to stabilise throughout the system as the interaction of the Anolyte with bacterial cells and biofilms effectively consumes free chlorine.
As HOCl is uncharged and has a relatively low molecular weight, it is better able than other chlorine species such as OCl- to penetrate cell walls. It also reacts more rapidly than other chlorine species, in both oxidative and substitution reactions, with organic matter, including critical components of bacterial cells. In contrast with other biocides (e.g., chlorine dioxide, which is often considered as the most powerful disinfectant), hypochlorous acid is more likely to oxidise the polysaccharides that constitute biofilms, and may help decrease this ongoing source of microbial contamination within the pipe network. As noted above, the detachment/dislodgement of biofilm during treatment is the most probable cause for the peaks in HCC and Legionella counts recorded during the first weeks of operation.
Water management optimisation at this facility is ongoing, and the next steps will include a monitored, progressive decrease of the hot water temperature to save energy and reduce the heat stress on infrastructure and equipment. In addition to ongoing verification monitoring, DNA sequencing of bacteria from biofilm and water samples will also be completed, in order to characterise the bacterial diversity present in the system, and to identify the dominant species before and after implementation of the Ecas4 WDS.
Sergio Ferro, Technical Manager at Ecas4-Australia. He recently moved to Australia from Italy, where he worked as a researcher at the University of Ferrara, and has extensive knowledge of chemical and electrochemical processes, particularly in relation to water treatment and disinfection.
Tony Amorico, Owner of Ecas4-Australia. He brought this technology to Australia a few years ago after a personal friend contracted MRSA in an Australian hospital and died sometime later. Seeking to actively address this risk, Tony subsequently took it upon himself to introduce Ecas4 into Australian healthcare facilities.
The authors acknowledge Euan Smith, Gianluca Brunetti, Sotirios Vasileiadis, and Enzo Lombi for their valuable contributions to the monitoring program and analyses. The assistance from Scott Williams, Daniel Walker and Sharon Piro from the NECH, as well as that from Simon Crabb and Daniel Vallelonga (from Ecas4) has also been greatly appreciated.
The Australian Hospital Engineer is the official journal of the Institute of Hospital Engineering Australia (IHEA).
The IHEA is the relevant professional organisation for engineers and engineering facility managers employed in the private and public health care sectors, from the smallest to the largest facility, as well as consultants engaged in related work.


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