text:
\section{Introduction}
AI systems are now widely used in economics, medicine, engineering and social medias, and are also built into many software applications and computer strategy games such as computer chess and computer video games. Expert system can process large amounts of known information and apply reasoning capabilities to provide conclusions. An expert system is a system that employs human knowledge captured in an automated system to solve problems that typically require human expertise.

In this paper we propose the design and development of a medical knowledge based system (MKBS) for disease diagnosis from symptoms. It provides rich features for searching properties like symptoms, treatments, hierarchical clusters of particular diseases. The system supports a knowledge construction module and an inference engine module. The knowledge construction was built on a concept of rules, which was represented in a tree structure, and properties of a particular disease were stored as a semantic net. The inference engine uses the interactive backward chaining technique to infer a diagnostic result and. This medical expert system has been developed using JIProlog interpreter and Java - which provides an interactive user interface by asking questions and a visualization module that can be used by inference engine to produce visual decision making tree. The latter one can be used by explanation subsystem for visualizing queries. Furthermore, this system has a knowledge base editor module to dynamically add, edit, and drop rules and their premises.

Our Diagnosis Expert System's knowledge base has 23 diseases from different categories, as shown in Table~\ref{tbl_disease}. The user is asked to answer with certainty factor, Yes or No if a certain symptom appears or not. Based on the user's answers and the reasoning of the inference engine, the name of the disease is posted on the screen along with its certainty factor.
\begin{table*}[]
	\caption{Diseases diagnosed in our system.}\label{tbl_disease}
	\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
		\hline
		Cancer &  Anxiety Disorders & Balding and hair loss & Thyroid disorders & Heart attack\\
		\hline
		Diabetes &  Asthma & Erectile disorders & Migraine & Heart disease\\
		\hline
		Allergies &  Prostate conditions & Lupus & Skin disorders & Chest Pain\\
		\hline
		Cohn's Disease &  Abdominal Pain & Thyroid disorders & Eye disorders & Respiratory problem\\
		\hline
		Common Cold &  Anxiety & Impotence & Headache & Abdominal Pain\\
		\hline
		Diarrhea &  Tonsil & Speech problem & &\\
		\hline
	\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

The contributions of the proposed medical diagnosis expert system are:
\begin{itemize}
	\item Build a medical expert software system for identifying diseases by several symptoms and describing methods of treatment to be carried out.
	\item Use MKBS system to diagnose a major disease by providing symptoms or get properties information about medical diseases.
	\item Provide a generic GUI  visualization tool for any rule based expert system build on core exshell. Users can use this visualization tool to understand how the system making decisions about a disease.
	\item Provide a knowledge based GUI editor to dynamically add, update or delete rules in current working memory.
\end{itemize}

\section{Related Work}
Expert Systems are computer programs that are derived from  Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI's scientific goal is to understand intelligence and gain insights by building computer programs that exhibit intelligent behavior~\cite{ref_luger}. It contains concepts and methods of symbolic inference, or reasoning by a computer, and the mechanism of using the knowledge to make inferences  inside the machine.

The development of traditional expert systems was aided by the development of the symbolic processing languages Lisp and Prolog~\cite{ref_merritt}. To avoid reinventing the wheel, expert system shells were created with specialized features for building large expert systems.

Recent advances in the field of artificial intelligence have led to the emergence of medical expert systems~\cite{ref_salem}~\cite{ref_riche}. Successful expert systems MYCIN was an early expert system designed to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics treatment~\cite{ref_Wiri}. Developing a reliable medical diagnosis system is a complex task. Recently several fuzzy logic based expert systems have been developed for  diagnosis of specific diseases for coronary artery disease~\cite{ref_muham} and chronic kidney disease~\cite{ref_jimmy}.

In this paper, we aim to develop a generic knowledge based medical expert system. This medical expert system has the scope of representing some major diseases' symptoms and properties. One of the main focuses of this medical system is to develop graphical user interface to visualize decision making and provide a knowledge-based GUI editor.

\begin{figure*}[ht]
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{expertsystem1.pdf}
\caption{High level design of knowledge based disease diagnosis expert system.} \label{fig_system}
\end{figure*}

\section{An Expert Framework for Disease Diagnosis}
An expert system is composed of two major parts, a knowledge base and an inference engine. The inference engine reasons about the knowledge base like a human to run an expert system. A dialog interface is used to communicate between users and the system, which has ability to conduct a conversation with users via "conversational" interface.

Our medical expert system is built with typical  components of an expert system. To introduce a visualization module in exshell, this system uses Java, JIProlog - a java implementation of prolog~\cite{ref_jiprolog} and visualization tool Yfiles~\cite{ref_yfile}.
Figure\ref{fig_system} shows the high level design of our knowledge based disease diagnosis expert system. This system has all of the necessary components that an expert system must have. The major components are:
\begin{itemize}
	\item Knowledge base - A declarative representation of the expertise, can either be the IF-THEN rules based or knowledge base representation such as semantic net and frame based representation.
	\item Inference engine - It is the core of the system, which derives recommendations from the knowledge base and problem-specific data in working memory.
	\item Working memory - It is used to store user inputs and for further matching queries, which help to not ask duplicate questions.
	\item User interface - It is the interface that controls the interaction between the user and the core expert system. This component has been built using JIProlog and Java.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Knowledge structure}
The knowledge construction was built on a concept of rules that were performed in a  hierarchical tree structure. For this part, rule based knowledge with a hierarchical tree structure is used to represent the knowledge about different diseases and its symptom.

This system has its own internal rule format with header information and all premises are connected by AND or OR conditions. This format has a section for representing a certainty factor of rules. This certainty factor will be used by the inference engine to make decisions about a possible solution. The rule can be nested, which means a rule can have nested sub-goal rules and different facts.

\subsection{Inference Engine}

An inference engine is used to derive answers from the knowledge base. A finite state machine in the inference engine can be described with a cycle of three action states as match rules, select rules, and execute rules. Rules are designed to be a tree like hierarchical structure to represent the knowledge about different diseases and their symptoms. With the first state of match rules, the inference engine searches all of the rules that are satisfied by the current contents of the data target. In the second state, the inference engine applies some selection strategy to determine which rules will actually be executed. Finally, the inference engine executes or fires the selected rules, with the instantiating data items as parameters.

Using this format of rules, the inference engine of this system  can reason knowledge about diseases by several symptoms. The main desired behaviors of inference engine are:
\begin{itemize}
	\item combine certainty factors as indicated previously.
	\item maintain working memory that is updated as new evidence is acquired.
	\item locate all information specific to an attribute when it is asked for, and store that information in working memory.
\end{itemize}

\textbf{Backward chaining approach}

The system works backward from the ultimate goal until all the sub-goals in working memory are known to be true, indicating that the hypothesis has been verified. This process is known as ``backward chaining''.

\textbf{Steps in backward chaining:}
System has hypothetical solution(s) (e.g. ``The patient has type I diagnosis(X)''), and tries to prove it.

\begin{itemize}
	\item Find rules that match the goal.
	\item If antecedents match the facts, stop.
	\item If not, make the antecedents the new sub-goals, and repeat.
\end{itemize}

\textbf{Certainty Factors:}
The most common scheme for modeling uncertainty is to assign a certainty factor to each piece of information in the system. The inference engine automatically updates and maintains the certainty factors as the inference proceeds. The certainty factors ($CF$) are integers from 0 (for definitely false) to 1 (for definitely true). The rule format also allows for the addition of certainty factors.

When the premise of a rule is uncertain due to uncertain facts, and the conclusion is uncertain due to the specification in the rule, the following formula is used to compute the adjusted certainty factor of the conclusion:
\begin{equation}
CF = RuleCF * PremiseCF
\end{equation}

\subsection{Working memory}
One can treat working memory as the brain processes used for temporary storage and manipulation of information. It operates over a short time window which is usually a few seconds, and it facilitates users to focus attentions, resist distractions, and guide the decision-making.

Working memory simply contains the known facts about attribute-value pairs. Known facts, represented as $Known(Goal, CF)$, are stored in the Prolog database for further use.
If a current fact and its certainty fact have been already stored in working memory, the system would not ask users about it further and it will  calculate certainty fact using the stored data.

\begin{figure*}[ht]

\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{framework}
\caption{End to end implementation of our disease diagnosis system.} \label{fig_demo}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{User interface}
One of the important contribution in our expert system is introducing a user interface to facilitate the visualization of decision making process. Traditionally, most of the prolog program's output are texts, which are difficult for users to understand the solution provided by expert system. To provide a user friendly interface for the expert system, we develop a graphical user interface that can be used in any rule based system that is built on top of the core exshell system. This user interface is a generic interface which can be easily plugged into any rule based system built on top of core exshell.

\section{Framework Implementation}
The implementation of our disease diagnosis systems is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig_demo}. One of the main goals of this system is to introduce a  user friendly user interface for such a rule based expert system. With the combination of Java and prolog, we develop a complete end to end GUI based expert system for disease diagnosis.  Three main technologies used are:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Java: Java is a widely used high level programming language.
    \item JIProlog:  Java Internet Prolog is a cross-platform pure Java 100\% Prolog interpreter that integrates Prolog and Java languages in a very fascinating way. JIProlog allows calling Prolog predicates from Java without dealing with native code (JNI). JIProlog can consume any prolog file that has ISO standard prolog syntax.
    \item Yfiles:  YFiles for Java is an extensive Java class library that provides algorithms and components enabling the analysis, visualization, and the automatic layout of graphs, diagrams, and networks.
\end{itemize}

JIProlog is a Java version of Prolog implementation and it can load and consume valid prolog files. JIProlog server supports socket communication. From the java end, a socket will be open on a particular port and wait for the client to connect. JIProlog server will be launched by loading a prolog file which will contain the core exshell prolog code and knowledge representation of data. JIProlog server is configured to communicate via socket and send/receive user query/output to and from Java application. When a JIProlog server finds a solution, an event is triggered and the solution is parsed from the Java end to visualize different results that have been provided by exshell. Yfiles has been used to visualize the tree diagram.

\begin{figure*}[!htb]
	\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{visual.png}
	\caption{Graphical visualization of diagnosis with certainty factor.} \label{fig_visual}
\end{figure*}

\section{Case Studies}
Fig.~\ref{fig_visual} shows an example of the diagnosis of Tuberculosis using our medical diagnosis expert system. Our system asks several question about symptoms of diseases. The inference engine reasons about the knowledge base and generates  decision making tree. The diagnosis result with certainty factor is visualized on the graphical user interface.

Fig.~\ref{fig_case} demonstrates an example of searching particular properties of lung cancer using our expert system. Our system has a simple semantic representation of diseases properties. In this system, several diseases functionalities such as disease details, treatments, hierarchical diseases information can be store in a semantic net. For example, lung cancer is a specific type of cancers, while mesothelioma and primary lung cancer are specific types of lung cancers, respectively. The treatment of the lung cancer can be surgery, radio therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, etc. By using knowledge representation for properties of diseases, our expert system can serve user's query to return a particular property of diseases and generate the knowledge tree visualization on the graphical user interface.

\begin{figure*}[!htb]
\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{case.png}
\caption{Searching particular properties of lung cancer using our expert system.} \label{fig_case}
\end{figure*}

\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we design and implement a medical knowledge based expert system for disease diagnosis from symptoms. The system provides features for searching properties like symptoms, treatments, hierarchical clusters of particular diseases. The proposed disease diagnosis system uses a graphical user interface to facilitate users to interact with an expert system more easily. This system is generic, knowledge based, and can be integrated with any rule based expert system for diseases diagnosis. For future works, we plan to increase the capacity of our expert system by implementing more inference rules for semantic based knowledge representation and conduct real user study with patients and medical professionals.

\section*{Acknowledgement}
This work was supported by a NVIDIA GPU Grant.

\bibliographystyle{ACM-Reference-Format}

\section{Introduction}
AI systems are now widely used in economics, medicine, engineering and social medias, and are also built into many software applications and computer strategy games such as computer chess and computer video games. Expert system can process large amounts of known information and apply reasoning capabilities to provide conclusions. An expert system is a system that employs human knowledge captured in an automated system to solve problems that typically require human expertise.

In this paper we propose the design and development of a medical knowledge based system (MKBS) for disease diagnosis from symptoms. It provides rich features for searching properties like symptoms, treatments, hierarchical clusters of particular diseases. The system supports a knowledge construction module and an inference engine module. The knowledge construction was built on a concept of rules, which was represented in a tree structure, and properties of a particular disease were stored as a semantic net. The inference engine uses the interactive backward chaining technique to infer a diagnostic result and. This medical expert system has been developed using JIProlog interpreter and Java - which provides an interactive user interface by asking questions and a visualization module that can be used by inference engine to produce visual decision making tree. The latter one can be used by explanation subsystem for visualizing queries. Furthermore, this system has a knowledge base editor module to dynamically add, edit, and drop rules and their premises.

Our Diagnosis Expert System's knowledge base has 23 diseases from different categories, as shown in Table~\ref{tbl_disease}. The user is asked to answer with certainty factor, Yes or No if a certain symptom appears or not. Based on the user's answers and the reasoning of the inference engine, the name of the disease is posted on the screen along with its certainty factor.
\begin{table*}[]
	\caption{Diseases diagnosed in our system.}\label{tbl_disease}
	\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
		\hline
		Cancer &  Anxiety Disorders & Balding and hair loss & Thyroid disorders & Heart attack\\
		\hline
		Diabetes &  Asthma & Erectile disorders & Migraine & Heart disease\\
		\hline
		Allergies &  Prostate conditions & Lupus & Skin disorders & Chest Pain\\
		\hline
		Cohn's Disease &  Abdominal Pain & Thyroid disorders & Eye disorders & Respiratory problem\\
		\hline
		Common Cold &  Anxiety & Impotence & Headache & Abdominal Pain\\
		\hline
		Diarrhea &  Tonsil & Speech problem & &\\
		\hline
	\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

The contributions of the proposed medical diagnosis expert system are:
\begin{itemize}
	\item Build a medical expert software system for identifying diseases by several symptoms and describing methods of treatment to be carried out.
	\item Use MKBS system to diagnose a major disease by providing symptoms or get properties information about medical diseases.
	\item Provide a generic GUI  visualization tool for any rule based expert system build on core exshell. Users can use this visualization tool to understand how the system making decisions about a disease.
	\item Provide a knowledge based GUI editor to dynamically add, update or delete rules in current working memory.
\end{itemize}

\section{Related Work}
Expert Systems are computer programs that are derived from  Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI's scientific goal is to understand intelligence and gain insights by building computer programs that exhibit intelligent behavior~\cite{ref_luger}. It contains concepts and methods of symbolic inference, or reasoning by a computer, and the mechanism of using the knowledge to make inferences  inside the machine.

The development of traditional expert systems was aided by the development of the symbolic processing languages Lisp and Prolog~\cite{ref_merritt}. To avoid reinventing the wheel, expert system shells were created with specialized features for building large expert systems.

Recent advances in the field of artificial intelligence have led to the emergence of medical expert systems~\cite{ref_salem}~\cite{ref_riche}. Successful expert systems MYCIN was an early expert system designed to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics treatment~\cite{ref_Wiri}. Developing a reliable medical diagnosis system is a complex task. Recently several fuzzy logic based expert systems have been developed for  diagnosis of specific diseases for coronary artery disease~\cite{ref_muham} and chronic kidney disease~\cite{ref_jimmy}.

In this paper, we aim to develop a generic knowledge based medical expert system. This medical expert system has the scope of representing some major diseases' symptoms and properties. One of the main focuses of this medical system is to develop graphical user interface to visualize decision making and provide a knowledge-based GUI editor.

\begin{figure*}[ht]
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{expertsystem1.pdf}
\caption{High level design of knowledge based disease diagnosis expert system.} \label{fig_system}
\end{figure*}

\section{An Expert Framework for Disease Diagnosis}
An expert system is composed of two major parts, a knowledge base and an inference engine. The inference engine reasons about the knowledge base like a human to run an expert system. A dialog interface is used to communicate between users and the system, which has ability to conduct a conversation with users via "conversational" interface.

Our medical expert system is built with typical  components of an expert system. To introduce a visualization module in exshell, this system uses Java, JIProlog - a java implementation of prolog~\cite{ref_jiprolog} and visualization tool Yfiles~\cite{ref_yfile}.
Figure\ref{fig_system} shows the high level design of our knowledge based disease diagnosis expert system. This system has all of the necessary components that an expert system must have. The major components are:
\begin{itemize}
	\item Knowledge base - A declarative representation of the expertise, can either be the IF-THEN rules based or knowledge base representation such as semantic net and frame based representation.
	\item Inference engine - It is the core of the system, which derives recommendations from the knowledge base and problem-specific data in working memory.
	\item Working memory - It is used to store user inputs and for further matching queries, which help to not ask duplicate questions.
	\item User interface - It is the interface that controls the interaction between the user and the core expert system. This component has been built using JIProlog and Java.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Knowledge structure}
The knowledge construction was built on a concept of rules that were performed in a  hierarchical tree structure. For this part, rule based knowledge with a hierarchical tree structure is used to represent the knowledge about different diseases and its symptom.

This system has its own internal rule format with header information and all premises are connected by AND or OR conditions. This format has a section for representing a certainty factor of rules. This certainty factor will be used by the inference engine to make decisions about a possible solution. The rule can be nested, which means a rule can have nested sub-goal rules and different facts.

\subsection{Inference Engine}

An inference engine is used to derive answers from the knowledge base. A finite state machine in the inference engine can be described with a cycle of three action states as match rules, select rules, and execute rules. Rules are designed to be a tree like hierarchical structure to represent the knowledge about different diseases and their symptoms. With the first state of match rules, the inference engine searches all of the rules that are satisfied by the current contents of the data target. In the second state, the inference engine applies some selection strategy to determine which rules will actually be executed. Finally, the inference engine executes or fires the selected rules, with the instantiating data items as parameters.

Using this format of rules, the inference engine of this system  can reason knowledge about diseases by several symptoms. The main desired behaviors of inference engine are:
\begin{itemize}
	\item combine certainty factors as indicated previously.
	\item maintain working memory that is updated as new evidence is acquired.
	\item locate all information specific to an attribute when it is asked for, and store that information in working memory.
\end{itemize}

\textbf{Backward chaining approach}

The system works backward from the ultimate goal until all the sub-goals in working memory are known to be true, indicating that the hypothesis has been verified. This process is known as ``backward chaining''.

\textbf{Steps in backward chaining:}
System has hypothetical solution(s) (e.g. ``The patient has type I diagnosis(X)''), and tries to prove it.

\begin{itemize}
	\item Find rules that match the goal.
	\item If antecedents match the facts, stop.
	\item If not, make the antecedents the new sub-goals, and repeat.
\end{itemize}

\textbf{Certainty Factors:}
The most common scheme for modeling uncertainty is to assign a certainty factor to each piece of information in the system. The inference engine automatically updates and maintains the certainty factors as the inference proceeds. The certainty factors ($CF$) are integers from 0 (for definitely false) to 1 (for definitely true). The rule format also allows for the addition of certainty factors.

When the premise of a rule is uncertain due to uncertain facts, and the conclusion is uncertain due to the specification in the rule, the following formula is used to compute the adjusted certainty factor of the conclusion:
\begin{equation}
CF = RuleCF * PremiseCF
\end{equation}

\subsection{Working memory}
One can treat working memory as the brain processes used for temporary storage and manipulation of information. It operates over a short time window which is usually a few seconds, and it facilitates users to focus attentions, resist distractions, and guide the decision-making.

Working memory simply contains the known facts about attribute-value pairs. Known facts, represented as $Known(Goal, CF)$, are stored in the Prolog database for further use.
If a current fact and its certainty fact have been already stored in working memory, the system would not ask users about it further and it will  calculate certainty fact using the stored data.

\begin{figure*}[ht]

\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{framework}
\caption{End to end implementation of our disease diagnosis system.} \label{fig_demo}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{User interface}
One of the important contribution in our expert system is introducing a user interface to facilitate the visualization of decision making process. Traditionally, most of the prolog program's output are texts, which are difficult for users to understand the solution provided by expert system. To provide a user friendly interface for the expert system, we develop a graphical user interface that can be used in any rule based system that is built on top of the core exshell system. This user interface is a generic interface which can be easily plugged into any rule based system built on top of core exshell.

\section{Framework Implementation}
The implementation of our disease diagnosis systems is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig_demo}. One of the main goals of this system is to introduce a  user friendly user interface for such a rule based expert system. With the combination of Java and prolog, we develop a complete end to end GUI based expert system for disease diagnosis.  Three main technologies used are:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Java: Java is a widely used high level programming language.
    \item JIProlog:  Java Internet Prolog is a cross-platform pure Java 100\% Prolog interpreter that integrates Prolog and Java languages in a very fascinating way. JIProlog allows calling Prolog predicates from Java without dealing with native code (JNI). JIProlog can consume any prolog file that has ISO standard prolog syntax.
    \item Yfiles:  YFiles for Java is an extensive Java class library that provides algorithms and components enabling the analysis, visualization, and the automatic layout of graphs, diagrams, and networks.
\end{itemize}

JIProlog is a Java version of Prolog implementation and it can load and consume valid prolog files. JIProlog server supports socket communication. From the java end, a socket will be open on a particular port and wait for the client to connect. JIProlog server will be launched by loading a prolog file which will contain the core exshell prolog code and knowledge representation of data. JIProlog server is configured to communicate via socket and send/receive user query/output to and from Java application. When a JIProlog server finds a solution, an event is triggered and the solution is parsed from the Java end to visualize different results that have been provided by exshell. Yfiles has been used to visualize the tree diagram.

\begin{figure*}[!htb]
	\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{visual.png}
	\caption{Graphical visualization of diagnosis with certainty factor.} \label{fig_visual}
\end{figure*}

\section{Case Studies}
Fig.~\ref{fig_visual} shows an example of the diagnosis of Tuberculosis using our medical diagnosis expert system. Our system asks several question about symptoms of diseases. The inference engine reasons about the knowledge base and generates  decision making tree. The diagnosis result with certainty factor is visualized on the graphical user interface.

Fig.~\ref{fig_case} demonstrates an example of searching particular properties of lung cancer using our expert system. Our system has a simple semantic representation of diseases properties. In this system, several diseases functionalities such as disease details, treatments, hierarchical diseases information can be store in a semantic net. For example, lung cancer is a specific type of cancers, while mesothelioma and primary lung cancer are specific types of lung cancers, respectively. The treatment of the lung cancer can be surgery, radio therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, etc. By using knowledge representation for properties of diseases, our expert system can serve user's query to return a particular property of diseases and generate the knowledge tree visualization on the graphical user interface.

\begin{figure*}[!htb]
\includegraphics[scale=0.7]{case.png}
\caption{Searching particular properties of lung cancer using our expert system.} \label{fig_case}
\end{figure*}

\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we design and implement a medical knowledge based expert system for disease diagnosis from symptoms. The system provides features for searching properties like symptoms, treatments, hierarchical clusters of particular diseases. The proposed disease diagnosis system uses a graphical user interface to facilitate users to interact with an expert system more easily. This system is generic, knowledge based, and can be integrated with any rule based expert system for diseases diagnosis. For future works, we plan to increase the capacity of our expert system by implementing more inference rules for semantic based knowledge representation and conduct real user study with patients and medical professionals.

\section*{Acknowledgement}
This work was supported by a NVIDIA GPU Grant.

\bibliographystyle{ACM-Reference-Format}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Visit the Battle of Musgrove Mill State Historic Site in Clinton
Visitors to the Battle of Musgrove Mill State Historic Site in Clinton can walk the very grounds where Patriots clashed with British Loyalists during the Revolutionary War. But to really appreciate what it was like to trample through the piedmont's hilly terrain prepared to do battle, you'd have to be packing a 20-pound musket.
And wearing a wool coat with collar and cuffs - in the hottest month of the Carolina summer.
Such was the plight of the weary warriors who fought Aug. 19, 1780, at Musgrove Mill in what would prove to be a turning point in the Revolutionary War's southern campaign.
The park's one-mile British Camp Trail takes you into the woods to the Enoree River and the site of a gristmill owned by the Musgrove family. In the summer of 1780, British Loyalists set up camp on the property, using its river ford to move supplies.
You can see the ruins of the Musgrove House in front of the Visitor Center. All that remains are some stone steps and a pile of bricks.
Inside the Visitor Center, are displays about the Musgrove family and the battle that took place less than a mile away. Interpretive Park Ranger Bobby James told us how the Patriot militia outsmarted the Loyalists and won the skirmish despite being outnumbered more than two to one.
A small band of militiamen lured the Loyalists across the Enoree into the hands of 200 waiting Patriots. In just 30 minutes, 67 British soldiers were killed and 70 were taken prisoner.
At the time, Americans were losing hope of winning the Revolution. The success at Musgrove Mill bolstered Patriot morale in the Carolina backcountry. The battle also is significant because almost all of the soldiers who fought on both sides were Americans, illustrating the fact that the Revolutionary War also was a civil war, often pitting Patriots against their Loyalist neighbors.
Exhibits in the Visitor Center include clothing, gear and ammunition of the era. One of the coolest displays features replicas of a hunting rifle and .69- and .75-caliber muskets, one of them equipped with a bayonet. Visitors are welcome to pick up the weapons, which weigh 10 to 20 pounds. It was all I could do to lift the big guns to my shoulder.
In an upcoming blog, I'll tell you about the historic site's Battlefield Trail and its surprise bonus attraction.
The Battle of Musgrove Mill State Historic Site also features picnic tables, a pond and a kayak and canoe launch site on the river. A South Carolina fishing license is required to fish on either the pond or the river.
For more information on Musgrove Mill, click here or call (864) 938-0100.
Discover Revolutionary Heroines at Musgrove Mill
Waterfall on Musgrove Mill Battlefield Trail
7 Revolutionary War Sites in South Carolina's Olde English District

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Die Trafostation Augustusweg steht an einem Platzdreieck, dem Platanenplatz, an der Kreuzung Augustusweg/Nizzastraße, im Stadtteil Serkowitz der sächsischen Stadt Radebeul. Das unter Denkmalschutz stehende Bauwerk mit hohem Walmdach stammt aus den Jahren um 1950; bereits zu DDR-Zeiten, seit 1979, galt es als Denkmal der Architektur in Radebeul.

Zwei hölzerne Stützsäulen mit den Figuren eines Winzers und einer Gärtnerin von dem Bildhauer Reinhold Langner (1905–1957) stehen in der Eingangsnische.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Kulturdenkmal in Radebeul
Denkmal der Kulturgeschichte (Kreis Dresden-Land)
Bauwerk in Radebeul
Augustusweg (Radebeul)
Erbaut in den 1940er Jahren
Erbaut in den 1950er Jahren
Versorgungsbauwerk in Sachsen
Augustusweg (Radebeul)
Nizzastraße
Serkowitz
Technisches Denkmal in Sachsen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Just what are the benefits of using lead generation solutions by the regional businesses in Mandalay QLD!
How positive are you with your sales and marketing approach? Do you feel like you are stumbling as well as do not know just what you neglected behind? It might be lead generation.
You need the net whether you are running an state company business, vehicle garage company, and any type of various other repair business. Lead generation is a tried and tested method of progressing your business customer enquiries. Ideally, lead generation is not a brand-new everything in online advertising and marketing.
Why do you need lead generation for your business? If you are a business owner and is still a little bit cynical concerning welcoming contracting out the generation of leads for your business, then read the adhering to benefits of incorporating it in to your business.
You require to interact well with your consumers, share ideas as well as much more about the solutions you offer and how it benefits your consumers. Leads enable you to pitch your product to a consumer every time they request for info from your business.
– Cost saving. Having a company create leads can save you money compared with setting up ad campaign. You could picture all the bustles as well as hassles associated with hiring middlemen, paying them their commissions and far more. With lead generation, you can be guaranteed of lowered expenses on lead purchases.
Buying qualifies leads is pretty straightforward, especially when you have suitable skills in it. Outsourcing to this sort of solution saves you time to obtain servicing customers, as the SEO company hangs around attracting leads. It can conserve you a lot of time you might have wasted using various other techniques.
Moreover, you just pay for the leads that you have gotten implying you can conserve a significant amount of money with it. It is additionally possible for you to regulate the number of leads that you wish to obtain regular monthly thus budgeting can be very basic. Again, you will never ever waste your resources as you can effortlessly choose the services or products that you want to present to your prospects.
This is because, with lead generation, lead potential customers are frequently pre-qualified also prior to you obtain the lead. As a company, you need not to fret about how to produce leads for your services or products.
– Lead generation is a great tool in growing your company. Lead generation is vital for company development.
– You can discuss leads with businesses in the same particular niche. Lead generation is good as you can easily discuss them with businesses in the exact same niche. It works flawlessly excellent specifically for the companies that offer corresponding products.
– Leads could be regulated to particular target areas. The usage of leads allows you to tailor the geographical location where your target consumers are located or where you are interested in.
Lead generation is a great device every business proprietor should embrace. This is why we are dedicated to giving unparalleled lead generation services to you and aid you to attain your ROI the simple way. The key to your lead generation success is to boost your probabilities on marketing skills and sales techniques.
As a business owner, you need essential information that pertains to you. One means you can think of this is by creating leads. This is a good way you could get very important information. Sales procedures can be quite distressing when you do not have the proper information.You require a well crafted prepare for a successful lead generation process. This is why business are offered to craft a centerpiece for your strategy that will guarantee you a stable flow of qualified leads.
Previous Previous post: Just what are the advantages of using lead generation by the regional companies in Strathpine Centre QLD!
Next Next post: Just what are the advantages of utilizing lead generation by the regional companies in Abingdon Downs QLD!


text:
Factors Influencing Transportation Decisions
activity of any companies the environment plays a key role in defining its. DESCRIPTION Date of the bachelor's thesis 7. Factors Influencing Distribution Network Design Elements of customer service (responsiveness) that are influenced by network structure: – Response time – Product variety & availability – Customer experience – Order visibility – Returnability (for both customer service and sustainability reasons). Learn faster with spaced repetition. The purpose of this book, Factors Affecting Transportation Logistics, is to provide the reader a basic understanding of various factors that logistics decision makers use when making logistic-related decisions. (iii) Buy or hire on rent or lease a particular asset is another important consideration which establishes the need for making investment decisions. Two main factors that affect transportation decisions- Carriers and Customers. Women reported that all of these factors had influenced their decision not to deliver in a health facility. Transportation in Supply Chain Outline The role of transportation in supply chain Factors affecting transportation decisions Modes of transportation and their performance characteristics Design options for a transportation network Trades-off in Transportation design Tailored transportation Routing and scheduling in transportation Making transportation decision in practice Learning Objectives. If a mode is not easily accessible then it loses its usefulness because of its unavailability in a certain condition. Factors affecting Investment Decisions: According to Prof. This study examines the factors that influence the mode choice decisions of shippers of general freight commodities in the Atlantic provinces of Canada. N2 - Farmers' decisions to purchase crop insurance and their choices among alternative products are analyzed using a two-stage estimation procedure. However, no comprehensive reference framework of the environmental factors influencing individual decision-making behavior in. The job of the advocate is to ensure that everything. 38) considers ethical conduct to lie "at the core of each profession's reason for existence". The growth and development of transportation provides a medium, contributing to the progress of agriculture, industry, commerce, administration, defence, education, health or any other community activity. The review of the literature is organized based on the outsourcing decision framework given in Figure 1 (Kremic and Tukel, 2003). often have an impact on the businesses. 10 Factors That Influence Your Purchase Decisions decision-making paralysis, and unhappiness. The Buying Decision. Abstract This study was geared towards finding the financial factors influencing performance of SACCOs in Kenya. Such factors include broadly the characteristics of households and their capacity as well as risk-related factors. He explains that buying behaviour is influenced largely by internal factors such as the motivation or need to acquire a property, the buyer's knowledge of property, personality and lifestyle requirements, all of which influence the decision process. Factors influencing Business Ethics. It's important to stay up to date with the factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions. In this paper a comprehensive set of. All of them have factors to consider: 1. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) have revealed that physical activity levels of U. , 2013) argued that price is critical factor in the repurchase decision of the customers. weights to these factors based on their relative importance in decision-making in context of textile industry. This article will identify and explain the various factors and components of decision making. By using life history interviews, it was possible to gain rich and nuanced insights into the complexity of factors influencing women's career decisions. decisions about the best country in which locates a new manufacturing plant, manufacturers must evaluate many alternatives and factors involving international location decisions. College of Agricultural Sciences (CAS) Oregon State University (OSU)July 23, 2004 (Updated November 2013 pdf Addresses planning goals Supports teaching, research, or Extension (or a combination thereof) in the basic or applied sciences essential for the education of new generations of students and clients to advance the goals emphasized in the following:. LITERATURE REVIEW. 4 important Factors that Influence Consumer Behaviour. Support with an example for each factor. 19 hours ago · Factors like high-interest rates, current scenario of NBFCs, tightening credit conditions and slowing external demands have collectively introduced a slowdown in the Indian economy, Sanjeev Sanyal. Exponent's Human Factors scientists and engineers conduct cutting-edge research regarding operator performance in a variety of transportation contexts and environments, how operators interact with vehicular controls and systems, and the types of errors operators make that can contribute to accidents. First, it determines which part of company's assets is funded by shareholders and which is attributable to lenders. With the use of data from the tailor-made Survey on Receivables, we (1) examine factors influencing investment decisions of companies in Poland; (2) assess the relation between branch, company size and investment factors; (3) evaluate the importance of the. A new study from Northwestern University compared Evanston and Humboldt Park. Factors Affecting Price Determination Before making policy, strategy and technique of determining price of goods or services, a marketer should consider both internal and external environmental factors of the firm that affect the pricing. Centralization of decision making authority refers to a situation where decision making authority is retained by the top managers. the factors influencing to choose the mode for traveling by the people. " In some cases, this also drives a manufacturer's decision to keep transportation in-house. A decision made is rooted from several factors and it composes elements as well. Many of the same factors affecting decision making apply, from simple decisions to complex solutions that. That is certainly true for air cargo. Each culture contains "sub-cultures" – groups of people with share values. Thangasamy & Dr. The aim of this research is to explore factors influencing the management decisions to adopt human resource information system (HRIS) in the hospital industry of Bangladesh—an emerging developing country. Factors Influencing Investment Decision There are many factors which directly or indirectly, influence capital investment decisions, beside the availability of funds to invest, profitability of the investment,market for the product, etc. Factors affecting Investment Decisions: According to Prof. To understand this issue, this paper integrates two prominent adoption theories—Human. Also, some other specific factors mentioned below, are to be considered in pricing for product and services in international marketing. retail positioning. Two main factors that affect transportation decisions- Carriers and Customers. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Effective Communication and Influence Print Definition: Communication is a two-way process in which there is an exchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or symbols towards a mutually accepted goal or outcome [1]. Among these are the cohesiveness of the group, the degree to which individual members conform to group standards, the roles and norms the group agrees to adopt and function by, the level and intensity of competition and conflict, and - finally – the style and competence of group leadership. Discuss Factors influencing Travel Decision within the Service Sector Management forums, part of the Resolve Your Query - Get Help and discuss Projects category; The Travel Decision:- The average tourist is faced with considerable uncertainty regarding the decision and may have only scanty ideas. Factors influencing clinical decision making Megan Smith, Joy Higgs and Elizabeth Ellis CHAPTER CONTENTS Clinical decision making 89 A research project investigating factors influencing decision making 90 Overview of findings: a model of factors influencing clinical decision making 90 Task attributes 91 The nature of the decision task 93. No commodities can move from a production point to a consumption point without putting the. FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPORTATION NPTEL May 7, 2007 Chapter 4 Factors a ecting transportation 4. Table 1 Land Use. He explains that buying behaviour is influenced largely by internal factors such as the motivation or need to acquire a property, the buyer's knowledge of property, personality and lifestyle requirements, all of which influence the decision process. What factors influence freight demands? Here are some of the factors that play into a company's decision making process and/or transportation demand: Shrinking capacity: The economy, the driver shortage , government regulations, and other factors are tightening capacity in the freight industry. A purchase decision is the result of each and every one of these factors. The factors affecting pricing decisions are varied and multiple. transportation agencies are better prepared to respond to new and emerging challenges; and to explore visions of what the future should look like, so that transportation agencies can help shape the future through their decision-making. Postpartum Emotions Most women experience some degree of the baby blues in the days and weeks following delivery. Originality/value: This paper offers new insight into debating the opt-out or pushed out factors influencing married women professionals' decisions in leaving the workforce. Legal formalism holds that judges apply legal reasons to the facts of a case in a rational, mechanical, and deliberative manner. Let's look at some of the factors that affect transportation costs. Factors influencing clinical decision making Megan Smith, Joy Higgs and Elizabeth Ellis CHAPTER CONTENTS Clinical decision making 89 A research project investigating factors influencing decision making 90 Overview of findings: a model of factors influencing clinical decision making 90 Task attributes 91 The nature of the decision task 93. External Factors. retail positioning. A decision made is rooted from several factors and it composes elements as well. A negotiation is, thus, an interactive communication process that may take place whenever we want something from someone else or another person wants something from us. Types of factors which influence the cost of production are as follows: An entrepreneur has to take some very important decisions before setting up a new venture. Exchange rate changes in relations to the target market. Customer Decision Making Criteria and the Importance of Price. The researchers also want to see if there is a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the students and the factors affecting their decision. the sense varies according to time and culture (Doria, Factors influencing public perception of drinking water quality, 2010). Those with an internal locus of control attribute their success to their own practices and abilities. Due to the increasing demand on primary care, it is not only debated whether there are enough general practitioners (GPs) to comply with these demands but also whether specific tasks can be performed by other care providers. Competition. 4 The degree of a factor's influence on ethical decision making:. Fear of litigation is a key factor in decision to perform C-sections: Study describing views of 9,008 clinicians offers insight into factors influencing rising rate of C-sections. The factors which are generally considered for facility location decisions are described and organized into a new framework. FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPORTATION NPTEL May 7, 2007 4. Internal factors that influence price The main internal factors that influence the price decisions are: marketing objectives, marketing strategy and costs - each of these factors will be. The intensity of rivalry between existing competitors in a market or industry depends on a number of factors. Other factors are specific to each person: an individual's background, preferences, personality, motivations, and economic status. empirical study also examined two sets of factors, organizational and technological, that affect the capability of the firm to process information. what your investment objectives are along with you. International transportation cost-keeping in view the mode of transport used. Moreover, lead time is a most important factor in fashion industry. All managers make decisions under each condition, but risk and uncertainty are common to the more complex and unstructured problems faced by top managers. Posted Dec 09, 2017. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS] 1989; Lynch and Bonnie 1994; USDHHS 1994). Factors Influencing Rural Migration Decisions The 'push', 'pull', 'stay' and 'return' factors influencing rural migration decisions for different age groups are as follows: For young people , the factors that encourage some to leave rural areas are often the same ones that encourage others to move into or return to them. Product Related Factors 2. Sudharto,SH Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. In the end, the court bases its decision on factors that are considered to be in the "child's best interest. , demand and supply conditions, production and associated costs, competition, buyer's bargaining power and the perceived value. These factors in turn reflect an endless and vigorous inflow through which people learn different values of consumption. The internal factors include (a) product and service design,. Product Related Factors: Three product related factors affect the promotion mix as: (a) Amount and complexity of product. The kinds of products being sold and the availability of public transportation are both factors that influence a retailer's decision about a. There are several important factors that influence decision making. There are two major factor categories: internal environmental factors and external environmental factors. You for sure might be wondering as to what is it that influences these consumers, how do we analyzes when is their purchase pattern going to change. AU - Barry, Peter J. Interest Rates. The above mentioned factors are the major determinants behind the decision of consumers to opt a given good or service (Blackwell, Miniard, and Engel, 2006). • Five main factors were found to influence teachers' decisions to leave: workload, new challenge, the school situation, salary and personal circumstances. This study aims to investigate the influencing factors on nurses' clinical decision-making (CDM) skills. Salient human, vehicle, and road factors affecting transportation are discussed below. Factors in Decision Making. Many different factors can influence the outcomes of purchasing decisions. The results showed differences in the factors that influence the decision‐making of active faculty members who are near (aged 51–60) or approaching (aged 61–65) retirement. Career Decision Making 3 Factors influencing Career Decision Making in Adolescents and Adults Much of the research into career decision making (CDM) has represented the construct as a developmental task of adolescence (Crites, 1973; Super & Forrest, 1972). making quality. FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPORTATION NPTEL May 7, 2007 Chapter 4 Factors a ecting transportation 4. 12, 2015 at 12:12 am said: I was in a flood in 2013 and bought a new central air unti and furnace. Factors Affecting Transportation in Logistics Whether the movement of material and equipment is by rail, sea, air or road, adequate facilities for their free flow to and from the factory must be ensured. Infrastructure Factor 5. 3 Classifying factors influencing ethical decision making 44 3. Abstract This study was geared towards finding the financial factors influencing performance of SACCOs in Kenya. 5 Non-Product Factors That Influence Purchase Decisions When it comes to choosing one product versus another, consumers - whether consciously or subconsciously - weigh a variety of factors. The addition of contextual variables such as median family income, female unemployment, and female full-time employment reduced the racial difference in risk of first non-marital intercourse to 36 percent. Differences in tax rates for dividends versus capital gains can materially influence an investor's stock investment choices. Career Choice Factors (Title) Vocational Education Dr. also highlighted the important implications of culture for career decision-making and suggested that although Thai and Australian students identified similar factors as influencing their career decision-making, they perceived the importance of these factors differently. Factors Affecting the Quality of Life. Below are three of. Key Words: Behavioural Finance, Investor Behaviour, Factors Influencing Investment Decision 1. Factors Influencing Risk Taking and Innovation The term "risk taking" refers to engaging in activities that have the potential to result in undesirable qualities but which also have a slim chance of resulting in positive outcomes (Altunbas, Gambacorta & Marqués-Ibáñez, 2010). Factors Affecting the Performance of Distribution Logistics among Production Firms in Kenya: A Case Study of Bata Shoe Company (K) Limited Kahia George Dr. We are going to. The Major Economic Factors Affecting Business Drastically Both international and domestic businesses are often affected by the dynamic economic conditions prevalent in the market. Study Factors Affecting Jury Decision Making flashcards from Nikita Hennessey's King Edward VI College class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. In this paper a comprehensive set of. Influencing Factors on GBP/USD BANK OF ENGLAND (BOE) – Under the Bank of England Act of June 1997, the BoE obtained operational independence in setting monetary policy to deliver price stability and to support the government's growth and employment objectives. 4 thoughts on " New Research Provides Insight into Most Important Factors Affecting Homeowner Decisions about HVAC Equipment " joanie livesay on Jul. Economic Growth. These conditions are based on the amount of knowledge the decision maker has regarding the final outcome of the decision. The Longitudinal Study of Implementation builds upon a body of existing work related to decision factors influencing ITS adoption, growth, maintenance or decline within the public and private sectors. To gain insight into the factors affecting capital structure choice, responses from a Fortune 500 survey are analyzed using factor analysis and cluster analysis. Factors Influencing Students' Choice of University in England Background Applications to study at English universities continue to rise, despite the tuition fees now levied at the maximum rate of £9000 per year by the majority of higher education institutions. Political Factor 4. These factors are specific to the situation of individual countries, of different organizations, regions, and localities within a country. The study employed a mail-response questionnaire directed to randomly selected manufacturers to determine the basis of each firm's decision to ship by its regular mode. In trying to solve the problem of frequent damage to goods during transport, it might be due time to consider utilising another freight transportation mode. One of the main reasons companies adopt TMS solutions is to automate key transportation functions, and frankly, to help the logistics department make better shipping choices, whether in carrier selection, load building, routing and scheduling, or freight audit payment. serve an adoptive role in speeding up the decision making process. 1 The degree of a factor's influence on ethical decision making: Ethical factors 45 3. 25 Constant Factors Affecting The Trucking Industry Posted in category: Trucking Industry , Trucks by Jurica Magoci November 12, 2016 11 min comments Every business has its own set of issues and concerns and as such there are several important trucking industry factors which can have a major impact on your overall operation. 5 Non-Product Factors That Influence Purchase Decisions When it comes to choosing one product versus another, consumers - whether consciously or subconsciously - weigh a variety of factors. In fact, transportation pattern is a reflection of regional and/or national development. Among these are the cohesiveness of the group, the degree to which individual members conform to group standards, the roles and norms the group agrees to adopt and function by, the level and intensity of competition and conflict, and - finally – the style and competence of group leadership. Plant Location Decisions and Factors Affecting Plant Location Plant location refers to the choice of the region where men, materials, money, machinery and equipment are brought together for setting up a business or factory. It was down for all modes of freight transportation, based on the report. Road users are drivers, passengers, and pedestrians etc. , 2013) argued that price is critical factor in the repurchase decision of the customers. Several researchers have explored the factors that influence ethical decision-. Susan Leclair, from the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, and Dr. What GAO Found. Thus, the choice of a transportation mode to route passengers and freight between origins and destinations becomes important and depends on several factors such as the nature of the goods, the available infrastructures, origins and destinations, technology, and particularly their respective distances. In boom times, making money can be like shooting fish in a barrel. Methods for collecting and analysing data are also discussed. First, it determines which part of company's assets is funded by shareholders and which is attributable to lenders. 4 thoughts on " New Research Provides Insight into Most Important Factors Affecting Homeowner Decisions about HVAC Equipment " joanie livesay on Jul. Those with an internal locus of control attribute their success to their own practices and abilities. In the book, "Thinking, Fast and Slow," by Daniel Kahneman, Kahneman explains all the factors that influence decision making. Free Shipping often attracts customers who purchase very often from Online Shops, it is to them Shipping Costs matters most and Free Shipping can retain these customers for a long time. Cost: While fixing the prices of a product, the firm should consider the cost involved in producing the product. decision, there are lots of factors that may influence their final decision for picking up an optimal alternative. (3) Household auto ownership level decisions are related to residential location. The aim of this study was to explore factors affecting EMS staffs' decision about transporting medical patients to medical facilities. The Diffusion of Innovation: Product Adoption Decision-Making Process & Influencing Factors. An additional variable of course factors, which includes course relevance and course design, was found to significantly impact learners' decisions to persist or drop an online course. Only a limited amount of research has been reported on factors influencing international location decisions for contemporary manufacturing operations. Pavements are engineered structures which are used as roads, runways. the wheel of retailing. Lists of variables have been abounded in the literature, however, no general agreement can be made. If she was pretty, we kissed her. decisions to finance business expansion, or to refinance a stable total of assets, by means of ownership funds rather than by borrowed funds. Use of Land City planners try to manage the growth of a city by making zoning laws to manage how land in a city is used, but this also affects the growth of a city. Factors Affecting Global Marketing Integration - authorSTREAM Presentation. For this reason, the clear knowledge of the costs involved and its determinants is essential for decision making of business (Doganis, 2010). Factors influencing News editors' decisions. non-measurable factors that may influence business decisions. For the high majority who reported that "Developmental Factors" may explain L. Doing so will help ensure that you are able to market to consumers no matter what stage of their journey they're in. The specific objectives were: to determine the technical factors influencing farmers' decisions to adopt rain water harvesting techniques; to determine the. FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPORTATION NPTEL May 7, 2007 4. External Factors. Methods for collecting and analysing data are also discussed. Cultural Factors. Retain these tasks in-house, so that you keep the maximum level of control. Fink UCLA Institute of Transportation Studies 3250 Public Policy Building Los Angeles, CA 90095-1656 (310) 825-7442 [email protected] Among these are the cohesiveness of the group, the degree to which individual members conform to group standards, the roles and norms the group agrees to adopt and function by, the level and intensity of competition and conflict, and - finally – the style and competence of group leadership. Factors Influencing Decision Making Process Several behavioral factors influence the decision-making process. Factors Affecting Transportation Logistics. – The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on theories affecting consumers' online purchase intention of travel products. Factors that influence Decision Making There are several important factors that influence decision making. Factors that Influence Family Decision Making for Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Overview A three part research project that examines influences on family decision making for young children with ASD; a qualitative pilot study identified key factors that influence a family's decision to have a child evaluated for ASD for early. The lower the social and economic position of a population or community, the more common are unhealthy behaviors and. No commodities can move from a production point to a consumption point without putting the. decisions of value) in both health care and non-health care contexts?. Here are nine factors to take into consideration when pricing your. The review of the literature is organized based on the outsourcing decision framework given in Figure 1 (Kremic and Tukel, 2003). For that reason, it is realistic to look at adoption as the initial step in the diffusion process. Capital investment decisions are not governed by one or two factors, because the investment problem is not simply one of replacing old equipment by a new one, but is concerned with replacing an existing process in a system with another process which makes the entire system more effective. FIVE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE OFFICE SPACE DECISIONS. An understanding of consumer behaviour is essential in planning and programming the marketing system. Dr Iestyn Williams, Hilary Brown and Paul Healy. 1 The degree of a factor's influence on ethical decision making: Ethical factors 45 3. Customer Decision Making Criteria and the Importance of Price. For marketing companies, knowing the factors that affect buying decisions can help in assessing the impact of their marketing strategies, and how they can further improve them to appeal to the consumers. The factors revealed in our study are not too different from those commonly reported in the western countries such as lack of SDM culture [25–27], time constraints [6, 25] and reminders. 1 The degree of a factor's influence on ethical decision making: Ethical factors 45 3. factors influencing decisions which affect quality and finance in health care. This study provides insights into factors influencing implementation of PDAs from a developing country, a setting which is scarcely reported. Settlement patterns are the ways in which human settlements are distributed across the earth's land, including the locations of cities, towns, rural areas and even individual homes. Also, some other specific factors mentioned below, are to be considered in pricing for product and services in international marketing. factors affecting the judgment of decision makers involved in hazardous materials transportation decisions before trying to formulate their utility functions, which are required for the identification of the best compromise solution. ers who are involved in the strategic as well as day-to-day decision making process regard-ing which transportation modes and carriers to select by providing data on relevant factors and trends that have and will affect the overall level of value the firm realizes from these transportation choice decisions. Factors Influencing. Nieuwenhuijze1 and Raymond G. Carer Depending on the caring situation, the way in which the dependant is cared for will change by their age. Small scale: transport and location of suppliers are less important. Let's explore some of these factors as. Those with an internal locus of control attribute their success to their own practices and abilities. Transportation Decision-making - • Highway factors affecting fuel consumption rate: • Transportation improvements influence travel speeds and. Nagaland University, India. April 28, 2017 3 min read. External Factors. Fuel costs. Get an answer for 'What factors affect airline pricing decisions?' and find homework help for other Business questions at eNotes. Factors affecting the speed and intensity of adoption. 4 factors influencing patient decisions Hilsher discussed the four most significant factors he believes are driving patient decisions regarding medication: Affordability: According to the CoverMyMeds survey, in 2018, the average American family of four with insurance through their employer spent over $12,000 on premiums and out-of-pocket costs. Social factors have a profound impact on businesses, as well as the overall marketplace. The factors influencing such losses are major contributors to the actual cost of road freight transport. 2 Influence Factors of Entrepreneurial Team Decision-making Behavior 2. The study is based on the hypothesis that (1) Individuals living with HIV/AIDS who face both personal and structural barriers have poor health compared to those not facing the barriers. Decision Making Ability - Some factors that affect decision making abilities - Duration: 0:51. Thus, the following factors influence the form of the structure an entity will utilize. In fact, transportation pattern is a reflection of regional and/or national development. Factors affecting investment decisions include an investor's appetite for risk, the amount of surplus money he wants to invest and his investment time frame. The participants were given a task to rank any three of the most preferred factors influencing their selection decision as 1, 2 and 3 respectively. SURFACE TRANSPORTATION Many Factors Affect Investment Decisions Federal requirements specify the overall approach that states and regional organizations should use in planning transportation infrastructure projects, but generally do not specify what analytical tools planners should use to evaluate projects. Strategic Factors Affecting Export Decisions: The Case of Indonesian Manufacturers. Availability of an existing plant facility is the most important factor in influencing the processing plant location decisions for all product types, except for poultry processing plants where it was ranked as the fifth or sixth out of 17 factors. Factors Affecting Price Decisions. The study employed a mail-response questionnaire directed to randomly selected manufacturers to determine the basis of each firm's decision to ship by its regular mode. This article joins the discussion by using market history to identify key factors that have helped shape current corn and soybean prices. Supply can be influenced by a number of factors that are termed as determinants of supply. ingful influence on individuals' decision-making processes (Brown, 2006; Louie, 1999) and may influence one's future decision-making strategies. The research identified five factors that influence consumers' purchase decision of low-price private label brands are brand, brand related activities (advertisement & word of mouth), perception, attitude, purchase intention and demographic factors. Choosing to study in Australia will provide you with a unique perspective on the world that will prepare you for your role as a global citizen. However, depending on the circumstances, moods andemotions can play a useful as well as disruptive role in decision making. Under conditions of risk, the manager may find it. These factors affect your ability to take part in healthy behaviors, and this affects your health. Some affect only certain aspects of the process, while others influence the entire process. " This article addresses the key decision levels that need to be addressed for transportation to make its greatest impact in the integrated supply chain. FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: A CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK INTRODUCTION Consumer behaviour is a subset of human behaviour. Factors to consider when choosing mode of transport include. During the 1990s and the first part of the 21st century, the high. FACTORS INFLUENCING OUTSOURCING DECISIONS IN LARGE MANUFACTURING ORGANIZATIONS IN KENYA: A CASE OF BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO KENYA LTD BY CATHERINE ACHIENG'I KHADULI A Research Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of the. Retain these tasks in-house, so that you keep the maximum level of control. The survey solicited information on producers' previous production decisions, as well as perceptions towards infrastructures supporting crop production. Settlement patterns are the ways in which human settlements are distributed across the earth's land, including the locations of cities, towns, rural areas and even individual homes. 10 Factors That Influence Your Purchase Decisions decision-making paralysis, and unhappiness. All of these factors are related with the socio economic and service attributes. International survey: 4 decisions out of 10 prompted by friends & relatives' recommendation We have all realized by now the power of reviews. Decision making generally occurs in the planning phases of transportation projects, but last minute decision making has been shown to occur, sometimes successfully. of some or all of these factors that significantly influ ences both a person's decision to use tobacco and pat terns of tobacco use (U. One of the obvious factors that influences business decisions is the effect on profitability. Alternative meeting times, daycare and transportation increase participation. As decision-making quality is dependent on the decision-maker, the data collecting and processing, all these aspects were taken into account when analyzing the case study. What are these changes and challenges and how are they affecting freight transportation today? 1. Coverage includes a look a the key factors in the packaging decision such as product protection, cost to create and make, visibility as an advertising or awareness builder, environmental and legal issues, and more. Many factors such as number of vehicles, speed, climatic conditions and other factors affect are to be considered for the design of pavement. Capital investment decisions are not governed by one or two factors, because the investment problem is not simply one of replacing old equipment by a new one, but is concerned with replacing an existing process in a system with another process which makes the entire system more effective. Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior Definition: The Consumer Behavior is the study of how an individual decides to purchase a particular product over the other and what are the underlying factors that mold such behavior. of factors that influence international students' decision on study destination, which include communication, location and social factors. com mentions these very points in a report titled "Factors Affecting Early Childhood Development. Factors Influencing Investment Decision There are many factors which directly or indirectly, influence capital investment decisions, beside the availability of funds to invest, profitability of the investment,market for the product, etc. 1 FACTORS AFFECTING DIVIDEND DECISION Dividend decision, one of the important aspects of company's financial policy, is not an independent decision. A purchase decision is the result of each and every one of these factors. FACTORS EFFECTING PRICE DECISION ARE: 1- Cost of Production 2- Government Policy 3- Competition 4-. Job performance and evaluation of superior - factor affecting job career. There are several important factors that influence decision making. Tag: factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions How To Understand Buyer's Purchasing Decision These include social, cultural, political, legal, technological, scientific, economic, and competitive factors. The research identified five factors that influence consumers' purchase decision of low-price private label brands are brand, brand related activities (advertisement & word of mouth), perception, attitude, purchase intention and demographic factors. These technologies would enable researchers to perform rapid preliminary assessments of the potential impacts of a given project. Although personal influence is an important factor, its significance is greater in some situations and for some individuals than for others. This study was undertaken to elucidate factors influencing career choice for these 2 groups. His research interests cover transportation and economics as they relate to logistics and global freight distribution. Understanding these factors requires the marketer conduct research to monitor what is happening in each market the organization serves since the effect of these factors can vary by market. Chan3 Abstract: Different researchers have tried to determine the factors for a successful project for a long time. Social factors can influence the level of mergers and acquisitions. The number of production units, production per unit, direct costs, value per unit, mix of enterprises, and overhead costs all interact to determine profitability. wanting to influence decision-makers, you need to understand that they operate within an 'open system' and they are influenced by many factors and players. Some of these factors are specific to the buying situation: what exactly you are buying and for what occasion. Y1 - 2004/2/1. Information and management, 52(2), 135-150. It has been accepted for inclusion in. There are four key modes of freight transportation available for the movement of goods across Australia: aviation, maritime, rail and road. Availability of cheap labour Govt. focusing on culture and politics) context factors influencing top management's decision-making process for adopting. The presence of factors in making a choice creates a huge impact on the kind of decision the person will arrive at. Paul Healy, NHS Confederation September 2016. There was also a portion for Demographic information, with Gender, Age, Program, Semester, Institute, and Monthly Household Income. It was down for all modes of freight transportation, based on the report. The factors out of the 14 Educational Institution related factors that have a high impact are: reputation, diversity of study,. This paper looks at the factors that influence the decisions of university students in deciding to pursue or not to pursue a career as a teacher. The term infrastructure defined in our survey include transportation, market outlets, equipment and agronomic services to support production of different agricultural products. It includes an extended evaluation of current experience and describes the regulatory environment that frames transportation service delivery requirements. Factors affecting the budgeting process include current revenue streams, available of cash and finance, the company's goals and the economic environment in which the company is operating. In order to get the best we should have good understanding about them. " T his scope now includes research in five primary areas: 1. Women with more financial freedom may be able to stay at home with their baby or take an extended maternity leave, which can influence the decision to breastfeed and for how long. Farmers make decisions about what to grow, what animals to keep, the level and type of inputs and the methods they will use. The addition of contextual variables such as median family income, female unemployment, and female full-time employment reduced the racial difference in risk of first non-marital intercourse to 36 percent. (a) Cash flows of the project: When a corporation takes an investment decision involving vast amount it expects to create some cash flows over a period. Product Cost. Decision making is one of the most frequent actions a manager or business owner performs. Methodology. Should you wear the blue shirt or the green shirt?. Because diesel fuel is a major transportation fuel, the demand for diesel fuel generally follows economic trends. Taylor and Camille N. Sociocultural factors are customs, lifestyles and values that characterize a society. These factors encourage us to consider how our decisions affect others, and can lead to positive personal results as well. Transportation Mitsubishi Heavy Industries BrandVoice Factors Influencing Mass Gaming Commission's Decision On Wynn. weights to these factors based on their relative importance in decision-making in context of textile industry. PY - 2004/2/1. PSMs that GAO spoke to in focus groups and interviews identified several factors that helped them to influence sustainment-related decisions during the development and acquisition of their assigned weapon systems. It's important to stay up to date with the factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions. INTRODUCTION Survey research on important corporate finance issues has yielded valuable insights, especially when the goal is to understand the intent of managerial decisions and the factors that affect the decisions that determine corporate financial policy. A consumer is someone who pays a sum to consume the goods and services sold by an organization. Journal of Information Technology Management Volume XVII, Number2, 2006 25 used the widely accepted definition of IQ as "fitness for use. Factors Affecting Capacity Operations Management Assignment Help. Y1 - 2004/2/1. Carrier (party that moves or transports the product) – Vehicle-related costs, Fixed operating costs, Trip-related costs – Often incurs huge investments (new fleets, etc…) 2. factors influencing ABC success, especially at adoption stage.


Reserved booth: includes 5 admission tickets at a reserved booth.
Showtimes/run time: Thursdays-Saturdays at 7:00 pm, Sunday matinees at 2:00 pm. Doors open 30 minutes before showtime. Please do not be late. Run time is approximately 2 hours including a 15 minute intermission.
Q: I can't make it to the show that I purchased tickets for. . . can I get a refund?
Q: Can you transfer my tickets?
A: NO. We are unable to transfer tickets, however we suggest you purchase tickets for the date you can make it, then let us know (via email or FB messenger) and we will refund your original order.
Q: My tickets were purchased by a friend! What do I do?
A: You check in under the last name that the tickets were purchased under. No biggie.
Q: I don't see any tickets attached to my confirmation email, what do I do??
A: Though it is written twice already, you DO NOT need physical tickets to present. Though please have your confirmation email handy (you can print if you like or on your phone) when you check in.
Q: If there's 5 of us with GA tickets and we all show up just before the show starts, are we going to be able to sit together?
A: It is unlikely. Though we do our best to seat parties together, GA tickets are not reserved. Please do your best to be on time, especially with larger parties.
Q: I am running late! Will you save my 4 GA seats?
A: Nope. Chances are we are up to our elbows checking people in, helping people find seats, answering questions, etc. It's nothing personal, but please do not ask us to do that.
Q: Can I purchase tickets at the door instead of online?
A: Please just purchase them online. You not only run the risk of them selling out, you will also pay more (and cash!) at the door plus it does not reduce the online stock, therefore we could easily oversell seats which is a mess we do not want to deal with.


text:
SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act
admin January 8, 2022 5 min read
sc st
By Harsh Dabas
Edited By Ms. Ragini Sehgal
A FIRM STANCE AND RIOTS
'He is not a leader to me. He wanted to destroy my whole community.' asserted Immanuvel Devendrar, during the peace meeting between two communities Paiilars and Thevars, which were involved in a high-stake dispute during the midst of the 1957 Elections. However, when Thevar entered the room Devendrar refused to stand up and cited the line mentioned in the beginning. This angered Thevar so much that the talks ended surreptitiously.
Immanuvel, who served in the British Indian Army was from the Paiilar caste, which faced brutal oppression from the Thevar and other high-castes from historic times, and faced 9 points of discrimination. However, his time in the Army caused him to question this discrimination.
Days after this incident, he was conspired against and cornered by a mob of Thevars and was gruesomely murdered. This prompted the Ramnad Riots in which many Dalits and Thevars were killed.
Over the years, many abhorrent riots targeting the Scheduled Castes and Tribes with increasing severity and frequency occurred in the country such as the 1957 Ramnad riots, the 1968 Kilvenmani massacre, the 1978 Villupuram atrocity where countless lives were lost. Even though Article 15 enshrined in our Indian Constitution gives out the right against discrimination, discrimination against SCs/STs ensued. Actively prohibited by Article 17, this vile practice of untouchability, segregation and discrimination continues.
On 15th August 1987, the then-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi dropped a hint that legislation could be rolled out, if required, to curb the ugly discrimination and desecration of Human Rights.
After two years, the said legislation rolled out from the Parliament. Named – The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, aimed at curbing the discrimination and atrocities against SCs/STs.
OBJECTIVE OF THE ACT
The act's main objectives are:
To prevent the commission of offences of atrocities against themembersof the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
To provide for Special Courts for the trial of such offences.
The relief and rehabilitation of the victims of such offences and matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
ATROCITY AND WHAT THE ACT LAYS DOWN
It is quintessential to consider the meaning of the term – Atrocities, and to what extent the said conduct falls under Atrocities. Until this act's inception, Atrocities were not defined by Law. Under the Act, this conduct is punishable under sections 3(1) and 3(2).
It refers to any conduct of being abhorrently inhumane and vile, aimed at fragmenting the self-esteem and humility of SCs and STs, curbing of economic, democratic freedom and many social rights, discrimination, exploitation, and misuse of the legal process.
Commonly it is referred to as the crimes against the SCs/STs and the act lays down 22 offences as Atrocious Acts.
FEATURES OF THE ACT
Creation of new types of offences not in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) or the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 (PCRA).
Commission of offences only by specified persons i.e. barbarity can be committed only by non-SCs and non-STs on members of the SC or ST communities. Crimes among SCs and STs or between STs and SCs do not come under the purview of this Act. Kanubhai M. Parmar v. the State of Gujarat, that if the offence is committed by persons belonging to Scheduled Caste against Scheduled Caste members, they cannot be prosecuted and punished under the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
Defines various types of atrocities against SCs/STs. Section 3(1) i to xv and 3(2) i to vii.
Prescribes strict punishment for such atrocities (Section 3(1)i to xv and 3(2)i to vii).
Enhanced the quality of punishment for some offences (Section 3(2) i to vii, 5).
Enhanced minimum punishment for public servants (Section 3(2) vii).
Penalty for delinquency of duties by a public servant (Section 4).
Attachment and forfeiture of property (Section 7).
Externment of potential offenders (Section 10(1), 10(3), 10(3)).
Creation of Special Courts (Section 14). In Mangal Prasad v. Additional Session Judge, the court held that the Court below has been appointed as a special Judge within the meaning of Section 2(d) of the Act but unless the accused is sent to him by the Magistrate, he cannot take any cognizance of the offence under Section 14 of the said Act and he also cannot act as a Magistrate in exercising his power or in taking the cognizance of the Act like a Magistrate or to send that complaint petition to the concerned police station under Section 156 (3), Criminal Procedure
Appointment of Special Public Prosecutors (Section 15).
Empowers the government to impose collective fines (Section 16).
ERASURE of arms licenses in the areas labeled where an atrocity may take place or has taken place (Rule 3iii) and clasp all illegal firearms (Rule 3iv).
Grant arms licenses to SCs and STs (Rule 3v).
Denial of anticipatory bail (Section 18).
Denial of probation to convict (Section 19).
Provides reimbursement, relief, and rehabilitation for victims of atrocities or their legal heirs (Section 17(3), 21(2) iii, Rule 11, 12(4)).
Identification of atrocity-prone areas (Section 17(1), 21(2) vii, Rule 3(1)).
Setting up a hindrance to avoid committing atrocities on the SCs amongst others (Rule 3i to 3xi).
Setting up a mandatory, periodic monitoring system at different levels (Section 21(2)v):
District level (Rule 3xi, 4(2), 4(4), 17).
State-level (8xi, 14, 16, 18).
National level (Section 21(2), 21(3), 21(4)).
STRENGTHENING ITS GRIP (2015 AMENDMENT)
In 2015, the Central Government amended the provisions of the Act and made it more robust with the classification of wide-ranging conducts as atrocities, and the provision of anticipatory bail denial was also introduced.
A few chapters were also added and 'Willful Negligence' for public officials aimed at covering the possible dereliction of duties discharged by the public servant. A presumption of caste principle was also set up, which would have to be proved otherwise.
Special courts and tribunals were also set up, with the appointment of special prosecutors to exclusively deal with cases.
LACUNAE AND UNFILLED GAPS
Even though this Act was a breakthrough in restraining and holding back the discrimination, there were a lot of gaps that prevented this Act from reaching the grassroots, where maximum discrimination happened.
The IPC and CrPC were not sufficiently amended to assist the Act, and this hampered the implementation of the Act.
Also, there was a lot of hesitation and fear among the victims to register the complaint against the perpetrators as both the victims and witnesses were extremely vulnerable to be intimidated, manipulated, and could be easily coerced, hampering the objectives of the act.
Even within the Indian Judiciary, there have been instances where the judges themselves held prejudices and one of them went too far when an Allahabad High Court judge had his chambers 'purified' with Ganga Jal after a Dalit judge had previously sat in that chamber before him.
In Subhash Kashinath Mahajan v. State of Maharashtra & Anr, the question regarding misuse and false cases also hit the limelight, and the judgement that came out massively weakened the provisions of the Act.
The government must reinvent this Act by filling the lacunae and reducing its misuse. It is unarguably one of the few legislations which has, if used optimally, a huge potential to brighten up the social fabric of India, where caste discrimination and oppression forces millions into a lifetime of servitude, segregation, financial run-offs, and discrimination all on the basis of caste.
Join our telegram grp https://t.me/lawogs
Visit us https://lawogs.co.in
Delving Deep into Pocso Act


text:
Barry (Season 1) (2018)
September 22, 2020 julienhoule Uncategorized Leave a comment
"Barry" is the type of show that arrives fully formed from the first episode, effectively conveying a sense that the audience is joining a story already in progress without overwhelming or alienating them. It's but one of many, many neat tricks that the show manages to pull off in this stellar first season, including making a mass murderer appealing: Sure, a lot of that has to do with Bill Hader's innate likability and his remarkable ability to move fluidly from comedy to drama (sometimes in the same sentence, really), but without such sharp, incisive character development via the writing, it wouldn't be enough to redeem him. Redemption is a core arc at the center of the show's narrative, positing questions like "can people really change" and "how did this person get to this point," and while it doesn't literalize its answers, "Barry" gives its audience enough to keep them interested and consistently enthralled. It's a compelling, occasionally violent character study that has plenty of room for its supporting players as well, in particular a never-better Stephen Root as Barry's mentor-of-sorts and a priceless, hyper-charismatic Anthony Carrigan as NoHo Hank, but the undisputed stars of the show are Hader's superlative performance and his obvious affection for the deeply flawed titular character.
Rating: ★★★★★ (out of 5)
anthony carriganbarry tv showbill haderd'arcy cardendramahenry winklerhighly recommendedpaula newsomesarah goldbergstephen root
Previous Post: Underwater (2020)
Next Post: Creature (1985)


College-level prerequisites: Enrollment in most college-level courses requires qualifying test scores or completion of corequisite learning support coursework. See Mandatory Placement of Degree Admission Students for more information regarding admission to college-level courses.
Tennessee Board of Regents designations: Courses denoted with the ♦ symbol are General Education courses transferable within the Tennessee Board of Regents system. Every TBR institution incorporates a common 41-hour General Education core into its degree requirements and accepts all courses designated with the ♦ symbol as meeting these requirements. A complete matrix of courses that satisfy General Education requirements at all TBR institutions is available on the TBR webpage.


the Western Ohio Reef Club is putting on a huge frag swap this weekend and Orphek is showing off it's hottest models, the Atlantik , DIF100 XP and the PR72 Reef.
Each customer who stops by the booth will get personal attention and a product demonstration of the units.
Stop by and you will see that we offer the best light for your reef tank and we'll show you why.


1 YRS Shenzhen Baoli Textile Technology Co., Ltd.
We will be on the following Congress/Exhibition Bee products Natural Beeswax Cinobee beeswax has much various applications, you will be able to gain much more clients.
With excellent staff, sophisticated equipment, advanced technology, first-class standards, strict management, perfect service, all kinds of products have been sold all over the country. In 2015, Hengda Lei Ao has become a large-scale production base for bee medicine and fish medicines, and always maintain efficient and stable product quality with advanced equipment and standardized operations. In the following days, Hengda Lei Ao will follow the pace of the market and launch a series of leading products in advance to provide the best products for beekeepers and build a honey-sweet future.
Alibaba.com offers 7,666 natural beeswax products. About 54% of these are bee wax, 3% are other animal husbandry equipment, and 1% are honey.
A wide variety of natural beeswax options are available to you, such as bee wax, honey. You can also choose from free samples, paid samples.
There are 7,666 natural beeswax suppliers, mainly located in Asia. The top supplying country is China (Mainland), which supply 100% of natural beeswax respectively.
Natural beeswax products are most popular in North America, Eastern Asia, and Eastern Europe.
You can ensure product safety by selecting from certified suppliers, including 2,383 with Other, 946 with ISO9001, and 592 with HACCP certification.