Discovery Celebrates Its 50th Birthday!
Come young and old to the Discovery Preschool Birthday Celebration! The Anniversary Picnic will be on Saturday, May 18th from 1-4 PM to celebrate Discovery's 50th birthday & the 10th anniversary of our beautiful playground! Please join our Alumni Yahoo group at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/discoveryalumni/ for future communication.


The transatlantic nonstop flights between Boston Logan Airport and Lisbon Airport will take 6h30 eastbound and 7h30 westbound.
This will be complemented during the summer by an increase in the number of existing flights to US destinations, such as Miami and Newark.
With the nonstop flights, TAP will be offering a total of 30 weekly flights between US cities and Lisbon. The company will also partner with JetBlue, owned by David Neeleman, co-owner of TAP, thereby offering connections to other US destinations.
The new flights to Lisbon are already bookable at flytap.com from $890 return, taxes and fees included.


our train drivers are also very "efficient" if you know what i mean!
ye bhe koe skill hoe....is tarah to har koe kar sakta hai....baat to tab hai jab hamaray drivers ke tarah woh aankh band kr kay train chalain!
I think our drivers are doing well considering the resources they have. Plus our signaling system is very old and needs improvement.
But I am impressed by these Japanese, they take their job very seriously. No wonder they are so ahead.
They seem to be employing what is called PRO i.e. Point, Read and Operate. It works as a psychological affirmation of control and efficiency and helps them do their jobs better.


Synthetic Shingles: Are They Worth the Investment?
There are Many Colors and Styles to Choose From. Have Fun Finding Yours!
Synthetic roofing materials have been around for decades now, but they are steadily growing in popularity. These premium systems can mimic the appearance of other natural roofs, but are they worth the investment? The easy, resounding answer is "yes!" Here are three simple but powerful reasons why.
To the naked eye driving by your home, synthetic materials appear just like their natural counterparts. Whether your dream roof is made of wood, slate, or tile, synthetic shingles can reproduce their appearance in a very convincing manner. Put simply: they look fantastic! There are numerous synthetic materials to choose from, so you can run wild as you enjoy the search for that glorious curb appeal.
Besides their higher upfront costs, natural premium materials have one drawback: demanding maintenance requirements. This is especially true for wood shakes, which continually require cleaning to avoid algae growth. Synthetic materials are designed before installation to require very low upkeep, so that you can enjoy your roof for years without the additional maintenance.
Natural slate weighs heavily on your roof decking and sheathing. With cedar wood shakes, homeowners need to take special precautions to prevent a dangerous home fire. Neither of these issues comes up with synthetics, which are manufactured with enhanced fire resistance. Plus they way much less, with some synthetic tiles not even requiring additional roof supports.
There are plenty of reasons to choose synthetic shingles for your home. If you'd like to learn more about these or other premium materials, you're welcome to chat with one of our roofing specialists at (512) 402-8528.
Posted in Uncategorized on June 20, 2018 at 5:03 pm by Dimensional Roofing & Diagnostics.


Then you are looking at "CROSSWARE"? it sounds like. No my issue is even simpler. I am on an older version of Worldship. We send down some fields to them.They populate their screens with these fields.Now we have added some fields to our PF and consequently to their .txt file,HOWEVER, we only want them to account for these NEW fields in a specific order type,say for example when the invoice number starts with an "N" or "I". A pretty simple logic request that we can do ourselves in 10 minutes or less. BUT They cannot. So I have to initiaize my new fields in such a way that it will work. simpy Evaling to 0 is not working for UPS. If you are able to get them to connect to your machine Adam you are doingbetter than us....I cannot even get worldship to hook to the damnPF......have been working on this for three months now.
Next by thread: Replacing Binary with integer, signed or unsigned?


Full-text access embargoed until 29 November 2019.
Maternal dietary habits influence maternal and foetal health, representing a pathway for intervention to maximise pregnancy outcomes. Advice on energy intake is provided on a trimester basis, with no additional calories required in the first trimester and an additional 340 kcal∙d-1 and 452 kcal∙d-1 needed for the second and third trimesters. Energy intake depends on pre-gravid body mass index (BMI); underweight women are recommended an increase of 150, 200 and 300 kcal∙d-1 during the first, second and third trimester, normal weight women an increase of 0, 350 and 500 kcal∙d-1 and obese women an increase of 0, 450 and 350 kcal∙day-1. The recommendations for carbohydrate and protein intake are 175 g∙d-1 and 0.88-1.1 g∙kgBM∙d−1, with no change to fat intake. The number of pre-gravid obese women is rising; therefore, we need to regulate weight in women of childbearing age and limit gestational weight gain to within the recommended ranges [overweight women 6.8–11.3 kg and obese women 5.0–9.1 kg]. This can be achieved using nutritional interventions, as dietary changes have been shown to help with gestational weight management. As pregnancy has been identified as a risk factor for the development of obesity, normal weight women should gain 11.5-16.0 kg during pregnancy. Whilst some research has shown that dietary interventions help to regulate gestational weight gain and promote postpartum weight loss to some extent, future research is needed to provide safe and effective guidelines to maximise these effects, whist benefitting maternal and foetal health.
Elliott-Sale, K.J., Graham, A., Hanley, S.J., Blumenthal, S. and Sale, C.


The MASW-011094 is a broadband, high linearity, SPDT switch developed for Ka–Band applications that require up to 40 Watts CW power handling at an environmental temperature of +85°C while maintaining low insertion loss and high isolation.
Bandgap Engineering has been used to produce novel semiconductor structures in the microwave industry for over two decades. Utilizing the properties of multiple quantum wells, superlattices, and heterojunctions, a new class of semiconductors grown by molecular beam epitaxy and metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy has been created. These band gap principles have been applied to the development of MACOM's AlGaAs technology resulting in a significant advancement in the RF performance of PIN diodes.
Improvement in the return loss, insertion loss, and P-1dB as compared to an equivalent GaAs PIN structure.


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Ludvika Town Hall (Swedish: Ludvika stadshus) is the official Municipal Council building for the City of Ludvika in Dalarna County, Sweden. Situated centrally, the town hall is found in the corner of Bangatan and  Dan Anderssons gata, opposite Ludvika Ulrica, the local parish church. The town hall was designed in 1934 by architect Cyrillus Johansson, (city architect 1931–1941), with construction commencing in 1936. The building was completed in 1938 and remains in use as town hall to this day. Due to the small size of the building, the Municipal Council no longer convenes its meetings in the building but uses the local Peoples' House (Swedish: Folkets Hus) instead.

Exterior
A student of National Romanticism architecture, Cyrillus Johansson applied a restrained form of Brick Expressionism to his town hall design – one of three official buildings he designed for the municipality. The west-facing tetrastyle portico is in fact a folly with the entrance off-set to the south-facing west corner. Sculptured in brick above each of the first-floor windows are mural crowns proclaiming the then city's Royal Charter (1919–1971). The building comprises four floors with a square clock tower rising centre above the ridged verdigris copper roof. Giving the four columns of the portico a closer scrutiny will reveal a dog pattern in the tiled medallions – these were made by the builders in honour of their mascot, a stray they called Stella, who also stands immortalised as a statue in the town hall garden. The forecourt, located by the west gavel, is layered with large slate tiles on a bed of gravel long overgrown with grass.

Clock Tower
As the middle section of the clock tower, where the dials are, is narrower than the base on which it stands and its roof above, the tower's square ridged copper roof has four overhanging eaves, each of which are supported by an exposed, exoskeleton copper column resting on the tower's square base. On top of the clock's roof stands the open-to-air bell tower surrounded by a circle of eight copper pillars and a single bell hangs within. The bell tower is crowned with a circular copper roof upon which a copper spire rises with a dragon-head weather wane, also in copper. The turret clock (mechanism) was manufactured by Linderoths Urverk (Stockholm) in 1937 and after face design and adjustment by Stefan Anderson was installed in 1938. All four dials and the bell were driven from the same mechanism. In 1976, the town council appointed local watchmaker Karl-Arne Carlsson from Grängesberg as the town's first official Timekeeper, responsible for maintaining the Town Hall Clock. In late 2004 the mechanical turret clock was retired together with its keeper, and replaced with a self-maintaining digital timepiece controlling five independent electrical mechanisms, one for each dial and the bell.

City and town halls in Sweden

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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North Cork regeneration
FINE Gael TD for Cork North Central, Bernard Allen has urged the government to continue to make funding available for the regeneration of housing estates on the north side of the city.
Deputy Allen made the comments following the official opening by the Lord Mayor of Cork of the latest phase of the Knocknaheeny regeneration scheme and the sod turning of the phase 2 of the Glen regeneration scheme.
Deputy Allen said, "I welcome the continued progress being made with these regeneration projects which will have a major impact on the physical environment in both Knocknaheeny and The Glen.
"It is imperative however that investment continues and funding solutions are found to extend these types of works across the north side of Cork city. In the Government's own words there is 'a lot done, but a lot more to do'.
"There are still thousands of family living in accommodation that is badly in need of updating and improvement and vast areas of the city both north and south of the Lee are in need of public realm improvements and community facilities.
"Such vital works are often the first things to be cut in times of economic pressure. I am calling on Cork City Council to continue to lobby strongly for funding and also urge the Government not to be short-sighted as funding for communities now will save multiples for the State in the future," he said.
Mallow based Barry Group announces new Jobs
Water off in Doneraile

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Skalice nad Svitavou is a municipality and village in Blansko District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.

Skalice nad Svitavou lies approximately  north of Blansko,  north of Brno, and  south-east of Prague.

References

Villages in Blansko District


text:
Das Apollo-Programm war ein Raumfahrtprojekt der USA. Es brachte mit den Apollo-Raumschiffen zum ersten und bislang einzigen Mal Menschen auf den Mond. Das Programm wurde von der National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) zwischen 1961 und 1972 betrieben.

In mehreren Schritten erprobte die NASA Techniken, die für eine Mondlandung wichtig sein würden, wie z. B. das Navigieren und Koppeln von Raumschiffen im All oder das Verlassen eines Raumschiffs im Raumanzug. Viele wichtige Tests wurden in der Vorbereitung im Gemini-Programm durchgeführt. Die erste bemannte Mondlandung war am 20. Juli 1969 mit der Mission Apollo 11. Nach fünf weiteren Landungen – die letzte 1972 mit Apollo 17 – wurde das Programm (auch) aus Kostengründen eingestellt. Seitdem hat kein Mensch mehr den Mond betreten, jedoch verfolgen mehrere Länder neue bemannte Mondprogramme.

Name
Der Name "Apollo" war eine Idee des NASA-Managers Abe Silverstein, damals Leiter der Abteilung für Raumfahrt-Programme (Office of Space Flight Programs). Er bezog sich dabei auf den Gott Apollon der griechischen Mythologie, dem Gott der Sonne, der Heilkunst, Weissagung, Dichtkunst, Musik und der Bogenschützen. NASA-intern wurde der Name vom NASA-Direktor Glennan am 9. Juli 1960 genehmigt. Öffentlich verkündet wurde der Name vom stellvertretenden Leiter der NASA, Hugh Latimer Dryden am 28. Juli 1960 bei der Eröffnung einer Konferenz der NASA mit Vertretern der Raumfahrt-Industrie.

Konzepte

Im Juli 1960, noch bevor das Mercury-Programm erste Erfolge aufzuweisen hatte, fand in Washington eine Konferenz statt, auf der die NASA und verschiedene Industriebetriebe einen Langzeitplan für die Weltraumfahrt erarbeiteten. Geplant war eine bemannte Mondumrundung, von einer Landung war zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch nicht die Rede.

Die Konfiguration des Mondfluges war zunächst unklar. Die ersten Planungen der 1960er Jahre sahen ein einziges Raumschiff für die Landung auf dem Mond und die Rückkehr zur Erde vor, da unklar war, ob ein Rendezvousmanöver und die Kopplung zweier Raumfahrzeuge möglich wären. Genauere Studien gingen von vier möglichen Strategien aus:
 Direktflug: Eine einzige Rakete startet mit dem Raumschiff, das als Ganzes auf dem Mond landet und (als Ganzes oder nur der Oberteil) wieder zur Erde zurückkehrt.
 Montage in der Erdumlaufbahn (EOR – Earth Orbit Rendezvous): Die Komponenten der Missionen werden einzeln gestartet und in der Erdumlaufbahn montiert, auch hier landet das gesamte Raumschiff auf dem Mond.
 Mondumlaufbahn-Rendezvous (LOR – Lunar Orbit Rendezvous): Das Raumfahrzeug trennt in der Mondumlaufbahn einen Landeteil ab, der zum Mond fliegt. Dafür ist nach dem Wiederaufstieg ein Rendezvous- und Umsteigemanöver erforderlich.
 Versorgungsschiff am Mond (LSR – Lunar Surface Rendezvous): In diesem Konzept müsste zuvor ein unbemanntes Versorgungsschiff auf den Mond gebracht werden. Die bemannte Mission hätte an dieser Stelle landen müssen, um den Treibstoff für die Rückreise aufzunehmen.
Das letzte Konzept wurde als erstes verworfen. Und für einen Direktflug hätte das dafür nötige Trägersystem (Nova, Saturn C-8) deutlich größer als die Saturn V sein müssen. Auch das EOR-Konzept, das eine Vielzahl von Raketen erfordert hätte (man sprach von bis zu 15 Starts pro Mondflug), war mit Mehraufwand und Kosten verbunden. Insbesondere auf Betreiben von John C. Houbolt, der die anfängliche Minderheitsmeinung LOR hartnäckig und ohne Rücksicht auf Hierarchien vertrat, ging man daher Ende 1961 zu einer komplexeren, aber optimierten Konfiguration aus getrennten Raumfahrzeugen über. Dies ermöglichte nicht nur, mit einer einzigen Rakete auszukommen, sondern erlaubte auch die Optimierung der einzelnen Komponenten auf ihren genauen Zweck.

Planung
Der eigentliche NASA-Plan sah sieben Missionen bis zur ersten bemannten Mondlandung vor. Dies waren die Missionen A bis G:

 Mission A: Unbemannter Test der Saturn V und des Apollo-Raumschiffs in einer Erdumlaufbahn (zweimal durchgeführt mit Apollo 4 und Apollo 6).
 Mission B: Unbemannter Test der Mondlandefähre (LM für Lunar Module) (durchgeführt mit Apollo 5).
 Mission C: Bemannter Test des Apollo-Raumschiffs im Erdorbit (durchgeführt mit Apollo 7).
 Mission D: Test der Kombination aus Kommandomodul und Landefähre in einem erdnahen Orbit (ursprünglich als Apollo 8 vorgesehen, als Apollo 9 neu nummeriert, weil ein Mondflug (Mission C') als Apollo 8 eingeschoben wurde).
 Mission E: Test der Kombination aus Kommandomodul und Landefähre in einem erdfernen Orbit (Mission wurde gestrichen, Mannschaft übernahm die Mission C').
 Mission F: Test der Kombination aus Kommandomodul und Landefähre in einem Mondorbit (durchgeführt mit Apollo 10).
 Mission G: Erste Landung auf dem Mond (durchgeführt mit Apollo 11).

Die mit Apollo 8 durchgeführte erste Mondumkreisung, Weihnachten 1968, war von der NASA eigentlich nicht vorgesehen und wurde mit der Bezeichnung Mission C' zwischen die Missionen C und D eingeschoben.

Zusätzlich wurden die Missionen H, I und J geplant:

 Mission H: Landung auf dem Mond mit erweiterten wissenschaftlichen Experimenten (durchgeführt mit Apollo 12 und Apollo 14. Apollo 13 nicht erfolgreich; Apollo 15 war ursprünglich ebenfalls als H-Mission vorgesehen).
 Mission I: Bemannte Flüge in der Mondumlaufbahn zu Forschungszwecken; keine Landung beabsichtigt. Konkrete Planungen für I-Missionen hat es nicht gegeben.
 Mission J: Landung auf dem Mond mit erweiterten wissenschaftlichen Experimenten und dem Mondrover (durchgeführt mit Apollo 15, Apollo 16 und Apollo 17).

Aufwand und Kosten
Das Apollo-Programm kostete 23,9 Milliarden Dollar, etwa 120 Milliarden nach heutigen Maßstäben (2009), und beschäftigte bis zu 400.000 Menschen.

Wettlauf der Systeme
Durch den Start von Sputnik 1 im Jahre 1957, die erste unbemannte harte Mondlandung 1959 durch Lunik 2 und den ersten bemannten Raumflug von Juri Gagarin mit Wostok 1 im April 1961 war die Sowjetunion zu Beginn des Zeitalters der Raumfahrt zur führenden Raumfahrtnation aufgestiegen. Die USA suchten nach einem Gebiet in der Raumfahrt, auf dem sie die Sowjetunion schlagen könnten. Die bemannte Mondlandung wurde dafür als geeignet angesehen.

Das Apollo-Programm der USA
Am 25. Mai 1961, eineinhalb Monate nach dem Flug von Gagarin, hielt US-Präsident John F. Kennedy vor dem Kongress eine berühmte Rede, in der er seiner Nation die Aufgabe stellte, noch im selben Jahrzehnt Menschen auf den Mond landen zu lassen und sicher wieder zur Erde zurückbringen. Mit den folgenden Worten fiel der Startschuss für das Apollo-Programm:

Unter Mitarbeit des deutschstämmigen Ingenieurs Wernher von Braun, Direktor des Marshall Space Flight Centers in Huntsville (Alabama), wurde für den bemannten Mondflug die bis heute größte Rakete gebaut. Alle Starts der Saturn V waren erfolgreich, was aufgrund ihrer großen Leistung und Komplexität durchaus beachtenswert ist.

Das MIT Instrumentation Laboratory entwickelte für die Apollo-Raumfahrzeuge ein spezielles Trägheitsnavigationssystem, das sogenannte Primary Guidance, Navigation and Control System (PGNCS, ausgesprochen: pings). Der darin enthaltene Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) war das erste Gerät, in dem integrierte Schaltkreise (IC) eingesetzt wurden. Das Project FIRE sollte Technologien für den notwendigen Hitzeschild der Apollo-Kommandokapsel entwickeln und testen.

Als Vorbereitung auf die Mondlandung lief parallel zum Apollo-Programm das Gemini-Programm, mit dem Erfahrungen zu Rendezvous-Manövern, Navigation und Arbeiten außerhalb eines Raumfahrzeuges im Weltall (extra-vehicular activity, EVA) gesammelt werden sollten.

Am 27. Januar 1967 erlitt das Apollo-Programm einen schweren Rückschlag: Bei Bodentests brach im Apollo-Kommandomodul CM 012 ein Feuer aus, bei dem die drei Astronauten Gus Grissom, Ed White und Roger Chaffee ums Leben kamen. Die Rakete war während dieser Tests nicht betankt. Die Kommandokapsel war aber nicht mit gewöhnlicher Luft, sondern mit reinem Sauerstoff bei atmosphärischem Überdruck gefüllt. Dadurch wurde binnen weniger als einer Minute aus einem kleinen elektrischen Funken ein Feuer, in dem die Männer ums Leben kamen. Umfangreiche Änderungen an der Kommandokapsel waren die Folge. Dem Test wurde nachträglich die Bezeichnung Apollo 1 verliehen.

Trotzdem konnte die Aufgabe Kennedys an die US-Nation, in den 1960er Jahren einen Menschen auf den Mond und sicher wieder zur Erde zurückzubringen, mit der erfolgreichen Mondlandung von Apollo 11 am 20. Juli 1969 erreicht werden. Obwohl ursprünglich noch weitere Starts geplant waren, wurde das Programm nach der sechsten erfolgreichen Mondlandung (Apollo 17) beendet.

Das bemannte Mondprogramm der Sowjetunion

Gleichzeitig zu dem Apollo-Programm arbeitete auch die sowjetische Raumfahrt daran, Menschen zum bzw. auf den Mond zu bringen. Mit den Zond-Sonden wurden modifizierte Sojus-Raumschiffe unbemannt zum Mond gestartet und nach einem Mondumlauf wieder zur Erde gebracht. Dies diente dem Test des Raumschiffs, das für einen folgenden bemannten Mondflug gedacht war. Zond-5 umkreiste im September 1968 den Mond, kam jedoch bei der Rückkehr vom Kurs ab und musste aus dem Indischen Ozean geborgen werden, die Landung war eigentlich für das sowjetische Territorium geplant. Im Oktober 1970 wurde das Testprogramm mit Zond-8 beendet.

Parallel arbeitete die Sowjetunion auch an einer Rakete für eine Mondlandemission, die ähnlich wie bei Apollo mit einer einzigen Rakete gestartet werden sollte. Dafür wurde die N1-Rakete entwickelt. Diese ist jedoch bei allen vier Teststarts, die zwischen 1969 und 1972 erfolgten, vor dem Erreichen einer Erdumlaufbahn explodiert. Daraufhin und angesichts der Tatsache, dass die US-Amerikaner bereits erfolgreich auf dem Mond gelandet waren, gab die Sowjetunion ihr bemanntes Mondprogramm auf. Erst nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion Anfang der 1990er-Jahre kamen detaillierte Informationen über dieses Programm und die N1-Rakete an die Öffentlichkeit.

Mondlandungen

Die ersten beiden Menschen landeten im Rahmen der Mission Apollo 11 am 20. Juli 1969 um 21:17 Uhr (MEZ) auf dem Mond: Neil Armstrong und Buzz Aldrin. Sechs Stunden später, am 21. Juli um 03:56:20 Uhr MEZ, betrat Neil Armstrong im Mare Tranquillitatis als erster Mensch den Mond. Dabei sprach er den berühmt gewordenen Satz:

Das "a" vor "man" wurde in späteren Texten hinzugefügt, um den Sinn zu erhalten, obwohl es im Funkverkehr nicht zu hören war. Armstrong wurde später gefragt, ob er es tatsächlich nicht gesagt habe, aber er konnte sich nicht mehr daran erinnern. Daher bleibt ungeklärt, ob es durch Störungen im Funkverkehr verloren gegangen ist oder tatsächlich nicht gesagt wurde.

Der dritte Astronaut, Michael Collins, umkreiste im Apollo-Mutterschiff den Erdtrabanten bis zur Rückkehr der Landeeinheit Eagle.

Im Rahmen des Apollo-Programms wurden insgesamt sechs Mondlandungen durchgeführt. Damit haben bis heute 12 Menschen, allesamt US-Amerikaner, den Mond betreten. Harrison H. Schmitt – Mondfährenpilot von Apollo 17 – setzte als bislang letzter Mensch am 12. Dezember 1972 seinen Fuß auf den Mondboden. Eugene Cernan – Kommandant von Apollo 17 – ist bislang der letzte Mensch, der auf dem Mond war, indem er als letzter in die Mondfähre einstieg. Im Juli 2009 übermittelte die Mondsonde Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Aufnahmen der Landestellen von Apollo 11, 14, 15, 16 und 17.

Der "erfolgreiche Fehlschlag" von Apollo 13
Als Routineflug von der Öffentlichkeit kaum wahrgenommen, starteten mit Apollo 13 am 11. April 1970 die Astronauten Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert und Fred Haise. Erst als auf dem Weg zum Mond ein Tank mit flüssigem Sauerstoff im Servicemodul explodierte und damit das Leben der drei Männer bedroht war, wurde die gesamte Weltöffentlichkeit auf die Mission aufmerksam. Die Astronauten konnten sich nur dadurch retten, dass sie die Mondlandefähre als "Rettungsboot" zweckentfremdeten. An eine Mondlandung war nicht mehr zu denken.

Da das Raumschiff zum Zeitpunkt des Unfalls schon die Erdumlaufbahn in Richtung Mond verlassen hatte und für eine sofortige direkte Umkehr der Treibstoff bei weitem nicht ausgereicht hätte, führte der einzige Weg zurück zur Erde um den Mond herum, wobei das Raumschiff durch ein Swing-by-Manöver mit Hilfe der Mondanziehung wieder in Richtung Erde beschleunigt wurde. Nach einer Mondumrundung und knapp 88 Stunden nach der Havarie gelang am 17. April 1970 die Landung im Pazifik. Kurioserweise waren durch ihre Mondumrundung die Mitglieder der Besatzung von Apollo 13 diejenigen Menschen, die bislang am weitesten von der Erde entfernt waren, wenngleich ungeplant. Trotz der gescheiterten Mondlandung wird Apollo 13 dennoch als Erfolg gewertet, weil es erstmals gelungen war, Astronauten in einer Notlage im Weltraum wieder lebend auf die Erde zu bringen. Kommandant Jim Lovell bezeichnete später den Verlauf der einzigen Mission des Apollo-Programms, die vorzeitig abgebrochen werden musste, als "erfolgreichen Fehlschlag". Flugdirektor Gene Kranz nannte sie "die größte Stunde der NASA" ("NASA's finest hour").

Von den dramatischen Ereignissen handelt der 1995 gedrehte Film Apollo 13 mit Tom Hanks in der Rolle von Jim Lovell.

Typischer Apollo-Missionsverlauf

 Start am Kennedy Space Center
 Nach etwa zweieinhalb Minuten Abtrennung der 1. Stufe S-IC in ca. 56 km Höhe, d. h. in der hohen Stratosphäre (Geschwindigkeit ca. 10.000 km/h – Mach 8)
 Unmittelbar anschließend Zündung der 2. Stufe S-II
 Kurz darauf Abtrennung des Triebwerksgehäuses (engine skirt, offiziell interstage genannt)
 Drei Minuten und 25 Sekunden nach dem Start Abtrennung des Rettungsraketensystems (launch escape tower)
 Abtrennung der 2. Stufe in ca. 185 km Höhe (Geschwindigkeit ca. 24.000 km/h) inkl. des kegelförmigen Adapters zur 3. Stufe
 Unmittelbar danach Zündung der 3. Stufe S-IVB, Einschwenken in eine nahe Erdumlaufbahn (Geschwindigkeit ca. 28.000 km/h), Abschalten der 3. Stufe
 Nach einigen Erdumrundungen Neuzündung der 3. Stufe, (TLI, Trans Lunar Injection) Ausdehnung des Orbits bis zum Mond (im Gegensatz zu einer häufigen Annahme keine Überschreitung der Fluchtgeschwindigkeit und Erdflucht (Apollo 8 erreichte 10,82 km/s – ca. 39.000 km/h – auch auf dem Mond befindet man sich immer noch in einem Erdorbit)). Kritisch beim TLI war jedoch die Zeit, die nach dem ersten Brennschluss des J-2-Triebwerks und dessen erneuter Zündung verstreichen musste.
 Trennung des Apollo-Raumschiffs von der 3. Stufe in mehreren Schritten (TDM, transposition and docking maneuver):
 Trennung des Kommando-/Versorgungsmoduls (CSM, command/service module) vom auf der dritten Stufe sitzenden Stufenadapter (SLA, spacecraft lunar module adapter)
 Öffnung und Abwurf des Stufenadapters – er hatte bisher die Mondlandefähre (LM, lunar module) umschlossen
 180°-Drehung des Kommando-/Versorgungsmoduls, so dass es mit seinem Bug an die Landefähre ankoppeln kann
 Herausziehen der Landefähre aus ihrer in der dritten Stufe befindlichen Parkbucht
 Die dritte Stufe, der letzte Teil der Saturn-V-Rakete, hat an diesem Punkt ausgedient. Vom Kontrollzentrum aus gesteuert wird sie entsorgt (d. h. in einen Sonnenorbit manövriert oder für seismische Untersuchungen auf Kollisionskurs mit dem Mond gebracht)
 Antriebsloser Flug zum Mond, ggfs. Korrekturmanöver
 Zündung des Triebwerks des Versorgungsmoduls zum Einschwenken in den Mondorbit (LOI, lunar orbit insertion) auf der Mondrückseite
 Umstieg von zwei Astronauten in die Landefähre, das Kommando-/Versorgungsmodul verbleibt mit einem Astronauten im Mondorbit
 Abkoppeln der Landefähre, Zündung des Landetriebwerks, um eine elliptische Mondumlaufbahn zu erreichen (DOI, descent orbit initiation) auf der Mondrückseite
 Abstieg zur Mondoberfläche und Landung
 Mondlandung im engeren Sinne: Astronauten führen Aktivitäten außerhalb des Raumschiffs durch (Außenbordeinsatz, extra-vehicular activity /EVA), d. h. sie erkunden die Mondoberfläche zu Fuß oder auf späteren Missionen mit dem Mondauto
 Währenddessen: Kommando-/Versorgungsmodul umkreist den Mond, Kameras und andere Instrumente im Versorgungsmodul untersuchen den Mond, Astronaut führt Beobachtungen durch und prüft mögliche Landeplätze für spätere Missionen
 Start von der Mondoberfläche. Die Abstiegsstufe dient als Startrampe und bleibt mit Flagge, Kamera, Auto und diverser anderer Ausrüstung auf der Oberfläche zurück. Die Astronauten und die Gesteinsproben fliegen in der Aufstiegsstufe in den Mondorbit.
 Rendezvous mit dem Kommando-/Versorgungsmodul, Ankoppeln, Umstieg der Astronauten, Abwurf der Aufstiegsstufe
 Zündung des Triebwerkes des Versorgungsmoduls (TEI, trans-earth injection) zum Verlassen des Mondorbits auf der Mondrückseite
 Antriebsloser Rückflug zur Erde, ggfs. Korrekturmanöver
 EVA, um die Filme aus den Kameras im Versorgungsmodul zu bergen (bei den Missionen Apollo 15 bis 17)
 Abwurf des Versorgungsmoduls, Ausrichten des Kommandomoduls für den Wiedereintritt
 Wiedereintritt in die Erdatmosphäre inklusive ca. dreiminütiger Funkstille (blackout), da die Reibungswärme das Raumschiff einen Strahl aus heißer, ionisierter Luft hinter sich herziehen lässt, der den Funkverkehr behindert
 Einsatz der Hochgeschwindigkeitsfallschirme (drogue parachutes)
 Abwurf der Hochgeschwindigkeitsfallschirme, Einsatz der Pilot- und Hauptfallschirme, die auf Bildern der Landungen als drei rot-weiße, runde Schirme klar zu erkennen sind
 Wasserung im Landegebiet
 Abwurf der Hauptfallschirme
 Falls das Kommandomodul mit der spitzen Seite nach unten im Wasser liegen sollte (Position "stable two"): Einsatz des Aufrichtungssystems (uprighting system), d. h. Aufblasen der an überdimensionale Fußbälle erinnernden Gassäcke, die auf Bildern ebenfalls klar zu erkennen sind
 Bergung durch einen Flugzeugträger; bei mehreren Missionen mit Hilfe des Helicopter 66
 Bei den ersten Missionen (bis Apollo 14) verblieben die Astronauten und Gesteinsproben aus Sicherheitsgründen für mehrere Wochen in Quarantäne

Apollo-Missionen

Kurz nach der erfolgreichen Mondlandung von Apollo 11 veröffentlichte die NASA die weitere Planung, die bis Ende 1972 neun weitere Apolloflüge vorsah. Doch bereits im Januar 1970, noch vor der Verzögerung durch die Panne von Apollo 13, wurde Apollo 20 aus Kostengründen gestrichen. Im September 1970 wurden auch die ursprüngliche Apollo-15-Mission sowie Apollo 19 eingespart. Die nicht aus dem Programm gestrichenen Missionen Apollo 16, Apollo 17 und Apollo 18 wurden danach in Apollo 15, Apollo 16 und Apollo 17 umbenannt.

Die nach dem Abschluss der Mondflüge noch vorhandenen Apollo-Raumschiffe und Saturnraketen wurden für das Skylab-Projekt 1973/74 und das Apollo-Sojus-Test-Projekt 1975 verwendet.

Wissenschaft
Dem Apollo-Programm wird vielfach ein zu geringer wissenschaftlicher Nutzen vorgeworfen. Das Ex-Missionsmitglied William Anders meint, Apollo sei "kein wissenschaftliches Programm" gewesen, in Wahrheit habe es sich um eine "Schlacht im Kalten Krieg" gehandelt. "Sicherlich, wir haben ein paar Gesteinsbrocken gesammelt und ein paar Fotos gemacht, aber wäre da nicht dieser Wettlauf mit den Russen gewesen, hätten wir niemals die Unterstützung der Steuerzahler gehabt." Nach dem Erfolg von Apollo 11 kündigten einige Forscher bei der NASA, darunter der damalige NASA-Chefgeologe Eugene Shoemaker. Er vertrat den Standpunkt, dass der wissenschaftliche Ertrag durch unbemannte Sonden zu einem Fünftel der Kosten und bereits drei bis vier Jahre früher hätte erbracht werden können.

Der Schwerpunkt der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit der Astronauten auf dem Mond lag in der Geologie. Insgesamt 382 Kilogramm Mondgestein wurden auf den sechs Missionen zur Erde zurückgebracht.

Weitere Projekte waren zum Beispiel das Solar Wind Composition Experiment der Universität Bern, das fünfmal auf den Mond mitgenommen wurde, und das Aufstellen von Reflektoren auf der Oberfläche des Mondes zu Vermessungszwecken. Diese bei Apollo 11 im Mare Tranquillitatis, nördlich des Kraters Fra Mauro und Apollo 15 an der Hadley-Rille aufgestellten Laserreflektoren (LRRR) ermöglichen bis heute präzise die Entfernung zwischen Mond und Erde bis auf wenige Zentimeter genau zu messen. Die Entwicklung des für dessen Tripelprismen verwendeten hochtemperaturfesten Quarzglases mit besonders niedrigen Brechungsindex und die Herstellung der Prismen wurde von der Firma Heraeus in Hanau unter anderem von den Ingenieuren Heinrich Mohn und Peter Hitzschke durchgeführt.

Verschwörungstheorien

Wie bei vielen Ereignissen von so großer politischer Tragweite wurden auch die Mondlandungen zum Objekt zahlreicher Verschwörungstheorien. Diese gehen davon aus, dass die Mondlandungen in den Jahren 1969 bis 1972 nicht stattgefunden haben (oft geht es auch nur um die erste bemannte Mondlandung), sondern von der NASA und der US-amerikanischen Regierung vorgetäuscht worden sind. Die Verschwörungstheorien haben seit den 1970ern, durch den Autor Bill Kaysing, jedoch verstärkt wieder seit 2001, Verbreitung gefunden. Keine der Verschwörungstheorien liefert einen nachvollziehbaren, wissenschaftlich haltbaren Zweifel an den erfolgten Mondlandungen.

Siehe auch
 Wettlauf ins All
 Apollo-Anwendungs-Programm
 Bemannter Mondflug nach Apollo
 Liste der Menschen, die auf dem Mond waren

Literatur
in der Reihenfolge des Erscheinens
 Jesco von Puttkamer: Apollo 8, Aufbruch ins All. Der Report der ersten Mondumkreisung. Heyne, München 1969.
 Andrew Chaikin: A Man on the Moon. Penguin Books, London 1995, ISBN 0-14-027201-1.
 W. Henry Lambright: Powering Apollo. James E. Webb of NASA. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1995, ISBN 0-8018-4902-0.
 David M. Harland: Exploring the Moon. Springer, London 1999, ISBN 1-85233-099-6.
 Robert Godwin (Hrsg.): Apollo. The NASA mission reports (11 Bände für Apollo 7 bis 17). Apogee Books, Burlington 1999–2002.
 Eugene Cernan: The Last Man on the Moon. Astronaut Eugene Cernan and America's race in space. St. Martin's Griffin, New York 2000, ISBN 0-312-26351-1.
 Jesco von Puttkamer: Apollo 11: "Wir sehen die Erde". Der Weg von Apollo 11 zur internationalen Raumstation. Herbig, München 2001, ISBN 3-7766-2097-8.
 Thomas J. Kelly: Moon Lander: How We Developed the Apollo Lunar Module. Smithsonian Books, Washington, DC 2001, ISBN 1-56098-998-X.
 André Hoffmann: Der lange Weg zum Mond. Athene Media, Dinslaken 2009, ISBN 978-3-86992-148-8.
 Edgar M. Cortright: Apollo Expeditions to the Moon. The NASA History. Dover, Mineola 2010, ISBN 978-0-486-47175-4.
 Zack Scott: Apollo. Der Wettlauf zum Mond. Droemer, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-426-27757-7.
 Douglas Brinkley: American Moonshot: John F. Kennedy and the Great Space Race. Harper, 2019, ISBN 978-0-06-265506-6.
 Thorsten Dambeck: Das Apollo-Projekt. Die ganze Geschichte – mit Originalaufnahmen der NASA. Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2019, ISBN 978-3-440-16279-8.

Filme
 For All Mankind – Ein großer Schritt für die Menschheit (For All Mankind), USA 1989, Dokumentarfilm von Al Reinert
 Moon Shot, Dokumentation über das Apollo-Programm, USA 1994 (nach einem Buch der Apollo-Astronauten Alan Shepard und Deke Slayton u. a.)
 Apollo 13, 1995
 From the Earth to the Moon, 1998
 Im Schatten des Mondes, 2007, Dokumentation von David Sington mit Archivmaterial und Interviews
 Moonshot, Dokudrama über die erste Mondlandung 1969 mit Apollo 11, GB 2009
 Moon Machines, Discovery Science Channel, 2010
 Das größte Abenteuer der Menschheit – Geheimnisse des Apollo-Programms, Dokumentation von Stephan Bleek und Peter Kocyla für das ZDF, Deutschland, 2015
 First Man, Aufbruch zum Mond, 2018
 Apollo 11, US-Dokumentarfilm, 2019
 Apollo 18, US-Horrorfilm, 2011

Weblinks

 NASA: Apollo (englisch)
 NASA: Apollo Lunar Surface Journal (englisch)
 NASA: Fotos der NASA zum Apollo-Programm
 Project Apollo Archive (Bildsammlung)

 Marsch zum Mond in: Der Spiegel 18/1962 vom 2. Mai 1962

Einzelnachweise

NASA
Raumfahrtprogramm
Wikipedia:Artikel mit Video


text:
Perrier Danse Cest Fou - Small
Artist: Bernard Villemot
Size: 19.5" x 25.25"
This festive image is titled - Danse C'est Fou or Dance, It's Crazy. It was part of a campaign based on the theme of It's Crazy – C'est Fou. The campaign was aimed at promoting Perrier Sparkling water as a happy beverage to be consumed when you are out and about and having fun.
The artist of this poster, Bernard Villemot (1911-1989) was one of the foremost poster artists in the 1960's and 1970's, known for his innovative design and use of color. Born into a bourgeoisie family, his artistic pursuit was encouraged by his father, who was a well-known cartoonist. Villemot received training at the famous L'Ecole Paul, a school for poster artists founded and taught by famed poster artist Paul Colin. To many, he represents the end of the age when most of the poster designers are trained artists. As the world began to shift in the 1960s towards ad agencies and graphic design implemented by art departments, Villemot stood firm in his belief that the only way to advertise effectively "was to treat a poster as though it were a painting". His distinctive style was commissioned by many prominent advertisers, most notably Orangina, Perrier, and Bally.
To read more about Villemot please click on the link: https://postergroup.com/blogs/the-ross-art-group-blog/the-work-of-bernard-villemot
Perrier was founded by Dr. Louis Perrier, who purchased the Les Bouillens spring in 1898 located in the Southern France. He operated a commercial spa there where he sold his bottled water. He was persuaded to sell the spring to John Harmsworth, who closed the spa and rebranded the company as Source Perrier. Perrier seized on the British and U.S. market's affinity for French products, and described itself as the "Champagne" of mineral water.
This is an Original Vintage Poster. It is not a reproduction. This poster is conservation mounted, linen backed and in excellent condition. We guarantee the authenticity of all of our posters.


Roysons needed a more traditional approach to storage, says IT Director Vipul Bosmiya.
The options are daunting. Here's how to make the right storage choice.
Data is growing at an exponential rate. By 2025, the amount of information produced annually will swell to more than 160 zettabytes (the equivalent of 40 trillion DVDs), with 60 percent of that generated by enterprises. As the volume of data increases, storing it securely and cost-effectively has become mission critical for businesses of every size.
Take Roysons, a provider of coating and lamination services based in Rockaway, N.J., which has 100 employees and just one IT person.
Roysons' on-premises data center contains five Dell servers running VMware, but until recently, it was still relying on local storage for each physical machine. That limited the company's ability to spin up new virtual machines and replicate data among them, says IT Director Vipul Bosmiya.
Roysons also needed a way to add more storage as the company grew. Adding a SAN to its existing infrastructure, Bosmiya says, was the most cost-effective solution. And because Roysons was already a Dell shop, going with the Dell EMC Unity 300 SAN was an easy choice.
Using vMotion to seamlessly move workloads from one machine to another adds much-needed redundancy to the company's data storage scheme. It also makes it easier to do upgrades and perform maintenance without incurring downtime or having to work outside normal business hours.
Bosmiya says he looked at the cloud and hyperconverged infrastructure as alternatives to SAN, but balked at the complexity and the cost.
VIDEO: Is the data center dying?
As organizations move more workloads to the cloud, some experts argue that the traditional data center is in permanent decline. Gartner, for example, predicted recently that 80 percent of organizations will shutter their traditional data centers by 2025. That's compared with only 10 percent that have done so already.
Not every expert takes such a dim view of the future of the traditional data center, but most agree that companies' storage choices will evolve significantly in coming years.
What technologies will power that evolution? Software-defined, private and hyperconverge data centers are most likely to grow in popularity.
Software-defined data centers, which allow businesses to move workloads elastically between the cloud and the data center, are also likely to take a firmer hold at companies across the country.
This is where HCI can step in, enabling IT teams to simplify management and workflows and freeing them up to work on multiple projects and tasks.
"The idea is that you can consolidate infrastructure, have less hardware in the environment, which is fewer things to support, and get more visibility into your infrastructure. More important, you have one phone number for support across multiple stacks or silos of technology," Winkelmann notes.
MORE FROM BIZTECH: Maintaining network uptime in all conditions is vital. Learn how four companies do it.
Upgrading data center storage typically boils down to three options: traditional storage area networks, converged and hyperconverged appliances, or virtual SANs inside a software-defined network, says Greg Schulz, founder of consulting firm Server StorageIO. The cloud is a fourth option, especially if you're running apps there, but it's still primarily used for remote archiving and backup from on-premises applications.
Companies confronting the need to upgrade their data centers today must often choose between the flexibility of being able to scale individual hardware components versus the simplicity of a single pane of glass for managing resources. A business's choice will likely depend in part on the legacy systems already in use, and what it's willing to rip and replace.
The amount that data will grow by 2025.
ACI Specialty Benefits manages employee assistance programs for more than 12,000 companies and 12 million employees worldwide, and the amount of data it handles is growing at 300 percent per year, says Global CIO Ryan Fay. That makes its storage needs more complex than most.
Because ACI handles sensitive personal information from employees around the globe, it needs to meet a wide range of compliance requirements. Two years ago, in preparation for Europe's General Data Protection Regulation, ACI began storing data collected from its European clients on private clouds based in Europe, says Fay.
Now ACI relies upon multiple private clouds from every major cloud vendor, including Google Cloud and Microsoft Azure. It also operates an on-premises software-defined data center, including an all-flash memory vSAN, which offers lower cost and faster performance than traditional SAN hardware.


text:
Q: Reasoning regarding non-informative priors I'm not sure whether this counts as a question. However, I'd be happy to receive feedback for the validity of my reasoning.
Recently, I read a bit about Jeffreys' prior and the "problem" with using uniform distributions as non-informative priors.
The way I understand it now is as follows.
We seek a distribution of an unknown parameter that can be interpreted as if we "knew nothing" about it (except possibly that is resides in e.g. $[0, 1]$, from now on we shall assume this).
Intuitively, if we "know nothing" about the parameter, it is natural to assume that we also "know nothing" about any monotone transformation of it.
A priori (no pun intended) it is also natural to model ignorance about a parameter by assuming that it follows a uniform distribution.
As it happens, however, these two intuitively reasonable claims cannot, in general, be satisfied simultaneously.
As an example, assume we model the parameter $\theta$, say, of which we "know nothing" as having a uniform distribution on $[0, 1]$.
Now consider the monotonically transformed variable $\eta(\theta) = \frac{e^{10 \cdot (\theta - 1)} - e^{-10}}{1 - e^{-10}}$.
Plotting this function, it is clear that it will have a high density near zero and rather low elsewhere, i.e. the distribution is far from uniform.
But I think this example shows why the intuitively reasonable claim that the  concept of "knowing nothing" can be captured by a uniform prior breaks down; using a uniform distribution, we do "know" some stuff, e.g. that the probability of the parameter being larger than 0.99 is low, just one percent.
So thinking about it, it is no big surprise that this is reflected in the derived density of our transformed parameter $\eta$; mapping $[0, 1]$ to itself monotonically such that a set that constitutes a large amount of the total probability is mapped to a set covering only a small portion of $[0, 1]$, of course the implied distribution of $\eta$ cannot be uniform!
Our "knowledge" of $\theta$ implies the "knowledge" that the value of $\eta$ is likely to be low.
This is naturally good to be aware of, but I suppose that whether it is a problem or not is subjective.

A: This is a very interesting idea, although I suspect one could take issue with the statement "we know nothing about any monotone transformation of $\theta$."  We actually do, we know the functional relationship between that parameter and another which is uniformly distributed over $[0, 1]$.  I think what your example shows is that the prior on $\theta$ is a form of knowledge, so our model really is not consistent with the idea of "knowing nothing."  If we're being entirely honest, and want to claim absolute ignorance about the underlying model, then it seems we can't even postulate non-informative priors.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Bakersfield Police Traffic Section will be conducting a DUI/Driver's license checkpoint on May 5th for the Cinco De Mayo holiday.
The checkpoint will be located at an undisclosed location within city limits between the hours of 6 p.m. and 2 a.m.
The location of the checkpoints is always picked based off statistical information gotten from areas with a history of crashes and arrests.
The effort is funded by a grant from the California Office of Traffic Safety, through the National Highway Safety Administration.


I'm spending the weekend with friends from London who have settled in Amsterdam. This morning whilst they had some domestic matters I took myself off from Amsterdam to Sliedrecht, near Dordrecht to take some shots of the freight-only Betuweroute which links the port of Rotterdam with the German border, a distance of about 150 Kms. These are some of the trains I saw.
2: And here is a Traxx, the train is one of the Benelux services to Brussels. It's at Rotterdam Centraal.
3: Exterior of the Inter-city car, this one carries the logos of both NS and SNCB.
I'll post some more when I get a better connection.
4 : A Stadler Flirt EMU leaving Sliedrecht for Geldermalsen operated by Q-Buzz.
5 & 6: Amsterdam bound Inter-city Direct trains at Rotterdam Centraal. These run over the high speed line between Schiphol and Rotterdam and between Rotterdam and Breda / Antwerp, but not at very high speeds, 100 mph max. Despite that NS charge a supplement for the privilege! This is the fall out from the FYRA debacle. The 250 kph FYRA EMUs were supposed to replace loco hauled trains but with the contract cancelled and the trains returned to their builder and compensation paid NS are forced to rely on 30+ year cars topped and tailed by TRAXX locos.
Edited 1 time(s). Last edit at 03/30/19 15:13 by 86235.
The Dutch do like to add a bit of interest to brighten up the utilitarian look.
The refurbished VRM units are especially basic, but all the seats line up with the windows on the upper deck and a splash of whatever you like for the handle on the stair doors.
> Geldermalsen operated by Q-Buzz.
Actually this is an older Stadler EMU, a GTW 2/8. The give away is the separate power module directly under the pantograph. This "Power Module" sits on the only pwered bogie in the whole trainset. This arrangement means that GTWs are not really suitable for commuter service requires fast acceleration. So it is generally used on quiet secondary lines. GTWs come in both DMU and EMU variants. Stadler "Flirt" are built with two powered bogies and lack the power module as all the electrical equipment is distributed along the trainset, with the bogie on each end powered.
> > Geldermalsen operated by Q-Buzz.
> Actually this is an older Stadler EMU, a GTW 2/8.
> directly under the pantograph. This "Power Module"
> trainset, with the bogie on each end powered.


In the first of our outdoor concerts this summer, Elinor Frey plays solo works for cello including J. S. Bach's Suite No. 2 in D Minor and No. 4 in E-flat Major, composed around 1720, and a newly commissioned work, Ricercar (2015), by Linda C. Smith. These summer sessions jump through time to sample and contrast period music from the thirteenth century until today. All concerts take place on the green park in front of CCA, unless it rains—then they move indoors to the Shaughnessy House.
Elinor Frey plays both period and modern instruments; her most recent recording release is Fiorè (2017), the world premiere recording of the sonatas of Angelo Maria Fiorè and other Italian arias with soprano Suzie LeBlanc. Her album on the Belgian label Passacaille, Berlin Sonatas, with Lorenzo Ghielmi on fortepiano, was nominated for a Juno award and won the 2016 Opus Prize for the Disk of the Year, Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque music.


text:
Q: Unhandled Rejection (Error) when inserting a checkbox on React App I am trying to display text, then a checkmark immediately right after it. However, I get the error "Unhandled Rejection (Error): input is a void element tag and must neither have children nor use dangerouslySetInnerHTML."
I understand it shouldn't have children, so I have also tried moving it to before the
 end tag. I also tried the idea of doing something like: <input / >, as I have tried searching for the answer online.
UPDATE: After changing it to <input / > I now get the error: Parsing error: Expected corresponding JSX closing tag for . Would that mean I had to put a closing tag  and run into the same problem as before?
I'm stumped! Any help would be appreciated. Thank you!

return (

            Only avaliable Now

              {this.state.time_array.map(item => (

 {item.id}
                        <input type="checkbox"
                          id={item.Name}>
                          checked={item.gotIt}
                        </input>

Where to find: {item.find}

              ))}

);

A: <input type="checkbox"
   id={item.Name}>
   checked={item.gotIt}
</input>

Code upside has some wrong useage of input tag;
Do change like below;
<input type="checkbox"
   id={item.Name}>
   checked={item.gotIt}
/>

or
<input type="checkbox"
   id={item.Name}>
   checked={item.gotIt}
>
</input>


Stacy Tilton Reviews: Make Oriental Trading your one-stop-shop this holiday season!
Make Oriental Trading your one-stop-shop this holiday season!
When you hear the name Oriental Trading do you associate it with crafts and novelties? I know that was the first thing that used to come to my mind. I say "used to" because now I have a totally different perspective and view of them. They are truly so much more and I'm going to share some of that "more" with you now. Besides having lots of great ideas for holiday crafts, and yes the little novelties you can pass out to kids for various activities. They also have some really great, and unique gifts.
ChristmasDesign Filled Treat Bag A very nice assortment of stocking stuffer type goodies that fit in a cute little canvas bag. Great for small classroom gifts, or for your child's friends.
"AFriend Like You Is the Best Gift" Bear I got this to give to my best friend for Christmas. He's super cute and just the right size to pair with a gift card. A great gift that you won't find in stores!
StagSilhouette Pillow Another gift you won't find in stores. Know someone that likes nature, or maybe hunting? This is the perfect gift for them and will be a great addition to their couch or chair.
"Foreverin Our Hearts" Picture Frame Christmas Ornament This is a great way to always remember a loved one you've lost around the holidays. I plan to put a photo of my aunt that passed away this year inside and give it to my grandma for her tree.
ButterCookie Tins A deliciously smooth buttery tasting cookie. (I ate almost a whole tin all by myself they were so good!) These would make a great neighbor or teacher gift.
Of course Oriental Trading is still a great place to get crafts and themed candy for the holidays, don't let me steer you away from that. Besides the basics you can also get other great candy supplies too.
Candy Canes with A Religious Card Looking for something fun to hand out to your Sunday school class? These are a great send home for the kids so they can take the lesson home with them.
Milk Chocolate Flavored Fondue Dipping Candy If you're like me you will agree pretty much everything is better with chocolate! With this bag of chocolate flavored fondue you can dip until your heart is content - or you run out of things to dip!
Beaded Snowman Bracelet Craft Kit Need a craft but don't want it to be something that gets tossed in the trash once it gets home? These snowman bracelets are super cute and very easy to string. I put this one together in a matter of minutes.
M&M's®Holiday Exchange Packs These are great for tossing into lunches, for kids to pass out at school for classroom parties, or to just have around the house when you need a little chocolate fix.
So next time you hear the words Oriental Trading I hope you remember they are more than just a great place to get crafts and novelties. They can be your one-stop-shop for the holidays too!
They have some cool stuff. I love shopping at this place.
They really do have a lot of stuff there.
I love Oriental Trading - when I taught Sunday School, they were my go-to for prizes, etc. Great quality and savings!
I love when I get these catalogs! They have everything!


You will also receive Conquerers Scythemaw in the mail when this is complete.
Does anyone know if the pre-reqs for this are account wide, or do we have to do all of them on each character or faction?
Now is the time to get this done! Since the new patch release and War Mode now rewarding ONLY Alliance 30% (up from 10%) more gold, azerite, war resources, etc from world quests, there are a lot more of our brother in arms out and about. If you were avoiding War Mode because of the ridiculous balance issue of Horde to Alliance (1v1ing was impossible before), have no fear anymore.
General chat on War Mode is now lively and if you require help, you can expect people to come running if you ask for it. The world feels populated again and I don't feel outnumbered anymore. I spent today doing lots of world quests and getting into big wars, all of which the Alliance ended up winning. Getting bounty rewards is now easier too.
A call to all Alliance! Activate War Mode! Come join in the carnage!
Is this bugged for anyone else? One of the achievements required, War Supplied, is still grayed out even though it shows as completed in my achievement list.
Handing in the quest Victory in Wintergrasp while being in Nazmir will give you the Tour of Duty: Nazmir because it gives you 1500 honor points and most probably it will work in any Tour of Duty zone.
You shall be granted the title ", Conqueror of Azeroth"


Supertunia petunias are vigorous with slightly mounded habits that function as both fillers and spillers in containers. They are also excellent landscape plants, best suited to be placed near the front of beds. They have medium to large sized flowers. Continuous bloom or rebloomer. Long blooming. Heat tolerant. Deadheading not necessary. Attracts butterflies and hummingbirds.


A council tip in Christchurch has reopened after a suspected arson attack.
The household recycling centre in Wilverley Road had to temporarily close following a fire in the early hours of Tuesday 6th November.
The fire destroyed a plant vehicle belonging to the site and damaged a skip. The digger was used for compacting the rubbish.
The site reopened on Wednesday afternoon (7th Nov) following clearance of the destroyed digger and burnt skip and investigations by the police and fire service.
Police are investigating how it started.


text:
Alkaline Earth Metals
Non-Metals
Noble Gases
January 15, 2022 April 9, 2020 by Fraiser Moorhouse
Oxygen (O)
Oxygen is a nonmetallic chemical element with atomic number 8 in the periodic table. Occurring with 467,100 ppm or 46% in Earth's crust, it's the most abundant element both in the thin outer layer of our planet and the human body. As a member of the oxygen family of periodic table elements, this chalcogen occurs in three aggregate states (gas, solid, and liquid form), and displays high reactivity with all the other chemicals.
The element 8 is found in almost all biomolecules of all living organisms. Oxygen's greatest role is supporting life itself. Without oxygen, there would be no life in any form on Earth and vice versa – without life, there would be no oxygen in the atmosphere. Since it's highly soluble in water, it makes life possible in rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans.
Chemical and Physical Properties of Oxygen
The symbol in the periodic table of elements: O
Atomic number: 8
Atomic weight (mass): 15.999 g.mol-1
Group number: 16 (The Chalcogens)
Period: 2 (p-block)
Color: Colorless gas / Pale-blue solid and liquid form
Physical state: Nonmetal / Gas at room temperature (also: solid and liquid form)
Half-life: From 580(30)×10−24 seconds to 122.24 seconds
Electronegativity according to Pauling: 3.5
Density: 1.429 kg/m3 at 20°C
Melting point: −218.79°C, −361.82°F, 54.36K
Boiling point: −182.962°C, −297.332°F, 90.188K
Van der Waals radius: 0.074 nm
Ionic radius: 0.14 nm (-2)
Isotopes: 16
Most characteristic isotope: 16O, 17O, and 18O.
Electronic shell: [He] 2s22p4
The energy of the first ionization: 1314 kJ.mol-1
The energy of the second ionization: 3388 kJ.mol-1
The energy of the third ionization: 5300 kJ.mol-1
Discovery date: In 1774 by Joseph Priestley and Carl W. Scheele (independently)
Being one of the chalcogens, oxygen represents an element essential for life. All members of Group 16 have two elections in the outer s-orbital, and 4 electrons in the p-orbitals. However, the chemical properties of oxygen are very different from the properties of the other chalcogens (sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium).
To begin with, oxygen is classified under the symbol O with atomic number 8 in the periodic table of elements. It has an atomic mass of 15.999 g.mol-1 and electron configuration [He] 2s22p4. Oxygen is colorless, tasteless, odorless, and water-soluble gas. It's twice more soluble than nitrogen. The solid and liquid forms of oxygen are pale-blue substances in color.
When exposed to lower temperatures and higher pressure, solid oxygen transforms its physical aspect from blue monoclinic crystals to red, orange, black, and even a metallic appearance. In this regard, we can distinguish six phases of solid oxygen:
α-phase: Solid oxygen adopts light sky-blue color and forms a monoclinic crystal structure;
β-phase: Solid oxygen adopts pale blue to pink color and forms rhombohedral crystal structure;
γ-phase: Solid oxygen adopts pale blue color and forms cubic crystal structure;
δ-phase: Solid oxygen adopts orange color when exposed to a pressure of 9 GPa;
ε-phase: Solid oxygen adopts dark-red to black color when exposed to a pressure greater than 10 GPa;
ζ-phase: Solid oxygen adopts metallic luster when exposed to a pressure greater than 96 GPa.
Furthermore, this member of the oxygen family of elements (the chalcogens) in the periodic table has an electronegativity of 3.5 according to Pauling, whereas the atomic radius of oxygen according to van der Waals is 0.074 nm. Also, this element reaches its boiling point at −182.962°C, −297.332°F, 90.188K, while the melting point is achieved at −218.79°C, −361.82°F, 54.36K.
Oxygen has a cubic lattice structure and paramagnetic properties, i.e. it possesses small susceptibility to a magnetizing force in its gaseous, solid, and liquid aggregate state. There are two allotropes of oxygen, the molecular oxygen O2 (dioxygen) and ozone O3 (triatomic molecule). While the oxygen itself doesn't burn, it supports the combustion of the other chemicals.
How Was Oxygen Discovered?
Curiously enough, the story of oxygen's discovery begins – not with a chemist, as expected – but with a painter. Namely, at the beginning of the 16th century, the Italian artist, engineer, scientist, and polymath of the High Renaissance, Leonardo Da Vinci, tried to design an aid that would help a man to breathe underwater. His inspiration for this invention came after he observed that a fraction of air is consumed in both respiration and combustion.
In 1604, when the Polish alchemist, physician, and pioneer of chemistry Michael Sendivogius (Michał Sędziwój) traced the path to the discovery of the element that means life. In his work "De Lapide Philosophorum Tractatus duodecim e naturae fonte et manuali experientia depromt" (also known as: "The New Light of Alchemy"), Sendivogius observes a new substance that is a part of the air. According to the words of Sendivogius, this substance is "the food of life" because "it gives life to everything".
By conducting thermal decomposition of potassium nitrate (saltpeter), the Polish alchemist managed to isolate the life-giving substance, but the results of his work remained unconfirmed until the 18th century.
Almost two centuries later, oxygen was discovered approximately at the same time by two independent discoverers: Joseph Priestly and Carl W. Scheele.
The Discovery of Carl W. Scheele
In 1772, the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele attempted an experiment by exposing a compound containing potassium nitrate, manganese oxide, and mercury oxide to heat. Scheele's findings from this chemical trial confirmed the presence of a combustion-enhancing gas in the compound.
Eagerly trying to find out more about this new substance, the Swedish chemist continued to study the gas. For this, he conducted another experiment. This time, Sheele put a live mouse in a jar filled with oxygen and closed the lid tightly, projecting it would survive for only 15 minutes. But, the mouse remained alive even after the time Sheele projected.
As a result of this experiment, Sheele observed that the new gas plays a significant biological role. However, he published his findings much later, in 1777. In the meantime, the English chemist Joseph Priestley made an independent discovery of oxygen and published his findings before Sheele did. By this act, he was officially recognized as the first discoverer of oxygen.
The Discovery of Joseph Priestley
By conducting thermal decomposition of mercuric oxide, the English chemist and natural philosopher Joseph Priestley succeeded in isolating the oxygen gas from the compound in 1774. He was also quick to publish his findings the same year, which brought him fame as the discoverer of the chemical element that gives life – oxygen.
How Did Oxygen Get Its Name?
In the period between 1775 – 1780, the French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier discarded the phlogiston theory and studied more closely the role of oxygen in respiration and combustion. Upon analysis, he observed that oxygen has a distinct affinity of forming acids with the other chemical elements.
For this reason, Antoine Lavoisier considered the Greek words 'oxys' (acid) and 'genes' (forming) to be the most suitable choice for the name of the new element oxygène, since it carries the meaning of 'acid former'.
Where Can You Find Oxygen?
The protoatmosphere on early Earth wasn't anything like today. It was believed that it was made up of hydrogen and helium – the elements born with "The Big Bang". After this point, three major oxygenation processes have occurred in the Universe. Those processes were triggered by the volcanic activity and other internal processes of the Earth which led to the formation of the second atmosphere rich in oxygen. The oxygen we breathe today comes from the lowest level of the atmosphere.
The atmospheric oxygen had been incorporated in the Earth's crust by several mechanisms:
By a chemical reaction of oxygen-rich sulfates in undersea hot springs with the iron contained in the seafloor sediments;
By absorption of the oxygen-rich water in the Earth's crust;
By precipitation of the product formed by a chemical reaction between oxygen-rich seawater and iron;
By the process of photosynthesis supported by cyanobacteria that replaced the carbon dioxide concentrations with pure oxygen.
The rock formations on our planet are 48% oxygen by composition. In the rocks, oxygen is combined with metals and nonmetals in the form of oxides which are acidic or basic by nature. The largest portion of the oxygen concentration on Earth occurs in a form of silicon dioxide, commonly known as sand. Furthermore, oxygen can be found as a constitutional element of almost every living cell or molecule, i.e. in the human body, the plants, the animals, surface waters, underground streams, minerals, in the air – literally everywhere around us (and within us).
Purified oxygen is obtained by air liquefaction, while the oxygen gas is mainly obtained through fractional distillation of liquefied air. Oxygen can also be synthesized in a laboratory by electrolysis of water by heating potassium chlorate (KClO3).
Oxygen in Everyday Life
Apart from being used by humans, animals, and plants in the process of respiration, oxygen also has a wide application in the following instances:
Medical liquid oxygen is the most essential medical aid that is administered to patients in case of an emergency to support the breathing;
Oxygen concentrators are medical devices that deliver supplemental oxygen to patients with oxygen levels below normal. They are used as a part of the hospital and home therapy for COPD, asthma, cystic fibrosis, sleep apnea, pulmonary emphysema, and other breathing-related disorders;
An air and oxygen mixture supports the underwater breathing of scuba divers;
Hydrogen peroxide has a wide application as an antiseptic, bleaching agent, as well as an oxidizer. It's typically used in medicine and households;
Oxygen is also used in steel production, mining, and the mining and manufacture of stone and glass products;
Oxygen gas is used in water treatment, as an oxidizer in rocket fuel, as well as in the manufacturing process of iron, steel, and oxidation-controlled chemicals such as acetylene, ethylene oxide, and methanol;
Carbon and sulfur are isolated from iron ore using oxygen;
Burning acetylene with O2 produced a very hot flame which is used in oxyacetylene welding;
Diethyl ether is an oxygen compound frequently used as an anesthetic, boiling solvent, or starting fluid;
Being 1.658 times denser than air, and having a boiling point of −112 °C (−170 °F) at atmospheric pressure, ozone is frequently applied as a powerful oxidizing agent;
Oxygen-15 isotope is used in radiology as a part of positron emission tomography, or PET imaging.
Oxygen and Health
According to physiology, almost 60% of the human adult body is water (H2O). Due to the presence of oxygen atoms in the molecule of water, we can freely say that 2/3 of the human body is made up of oxygen.
Oxygen is the most important chemical element for humans, animals, and plants. It is a major constituent of the DNA and supports the respiration process as the most vital function of life. Each of the organs or tissues of the body require different oxygen concentration to maintain proper functioning.
The other vitally significant functions of oxygen in our body include:
Conversion of the food into energy for the body;
Support of the cellular mechanisms;
Boosting of the immune system.
The Brain and the Oxygen Levels
O2 is especially important for the function of the brain, which requires a constant supply of oxygen and glucose to perform its role. Without a steady flow of oxygen to the brain, all the systems of the body would be endangered because the brain could not translate the sensory data adequately and relay them to the corresponding organs and tissues. For this, our brain consumes 25% of all oxygen intake by an adult person.
What Is Cerebral Hypoxia?
In cases when the regular oxygen flow to the brain is interrupted, cerebral hypoxia (or brain hypoxia) can occur. The oxygen in our body can be depleted by:
Cigarette smoke inhalation (or any other smoke);
Carbon monoxide poisoning;
Cardiac arrest;
Drowning;
Choking;
All other instances where the respiration is obstructed.
The individuals affected by this dangerous and life-threatening condition may experience:
Dizziness;
Blurring of vision;
Poor judgment;
A decline in cognitive functions;
Memory loss;
Nausea;
Severe headache;
Loss of consciousness;
Complete unawareness of their surrounding;
Unresponsiveness;
Failure of the respiratory function.
Types of Cerebral Hypoxia
There are four types of cerebral (brain) hypoxia:
Hypoxic hypoxia – A condition when the amount of oxygen supply for tissues is reduced by the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.
Anemic hypoxia – When there is less hemoglobin concentration in the blood due to anemia, anemic hypoxia occurs.
Histotoxic hypoxia – This type occurs when there's enough oxygen supply in the body, but the tissues are unable to use it.
Stagnant hypoxia – This condition occurs as a result of slow blood flow and, consequently, lowered supply of oxygen to the organs and tissues.
To increase oxygen levels, a person must frequently ventilate the spaces where one stays, lead an active lifestyle, eat healthily, and cut down on cigarettes.
How Dangerous Is Oxygen?
While O2 is non-toxic, O3 can lead to adverse health effects if inhaled. According to the New York State Department of Health, the United States, the individuals who have been exposed to high levels of ozone may experience the following symptoms:
Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat;
Chest pain and shortness of breath;
Fatigue;
Coughing;
Inflammation of the airways.
In more severe cases, extreme exposure to O3 may result in:
Pulmonary emphysema;
Chronic bronchitis.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Poisoning
Carbon dioxide intoxication and poisoning occur upon exposure to high levels of CO2. Upon intoxication with carbon dioxide, unconsciousness occurs in less than a minute when the CO2 concentration rises over 10%.
What are the Symptoms of Carbon Dioxide Poisoning?
The individual affected by carbon dioxide poisoning typically displays the following symptoms:
Difficult and laborious breathing;
Muscle cramps and twitching;
Elevated blood pressure;
Increased pulse rate;
Loss of judgment;
Disorientation;
Environmental Effects of Oxygen
Air is a mixture of gases combined in different proportions. In essence, there is 78.1% nitrogen and 20.9% oxygen in the air. The rest are gases present in trace amounts in the air, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, dust and smoke particles, ammonia, etc. Even a presence of some of the rare gases (neon, xenon, helium) can be detected as a result of the industrial processes.
How Do Trees Produce Oxygen?
Oxygen (O2) in our planet's atmosphere adopts an unstable atomic structure. For this reason, it must be constantly renewed. This is achievable by the process of photosynthesis, when the green plants, trees, algae, and some types of bacteria use sunlight to synthesize oxygen and energy stored in glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
The sunlight energy is stored in small organelles labeled as chloroplasts. These organelles are made up of light-absorbing pigment, i.e. chlorophyll which reflects the green-light waves, thus giving the plants and trees their green color.
During photosynthesis, the trees and the plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the soil and air. The water becomes oxidized in the cells of the green plants and trees (it loses electrons), while the CO2 is reduced (it gains electrons). By this process, water is converted into oxygen, and carbon dioxide is turned into glucose. After that, the plants and the trees fill the glucose molecules with energy and release the oxygen back into the Earth's atmosphere.
The Ozone Hole and the Greenhouse Gasses
Ozone (O3) is a pale-blue poisonous gas with a pungent odor. In the stratosphere, it forms a protective shield for the Earth from the harmful ultraviolet radiation coming from the Sun. On the other hand, ozone changes its role at lower altitudes and turns into one of the major components of smog.
Unfortunately, today we are aware of extensive damage to the ozone layer, labeled as "the ozone hole". Namely, in the 1970s, the Earth's protective layer has become visibly thinner which allows for greater amounts of ultraviolet radiation to reach our planet's surface, thus increasing global warming. This is due to the increased concentration of chlorofluorocarbons (carbon, chlorine, and fluorine molecules) which have been released by the always-expanding industries.
To heal the ozone layer, many governments took a proactive approach in dealing with pollution, mainly by banning greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, and deforestation.
Isotopes of Oxygen
There are 16 isotopes of oxygen with atomic mass ranging from 11O to 26O, of which 13 are radioisotopes. Among them, only three forms of this chemical element are stable: 16O, 17O, and 18O. These three stable isotopes make up the naturally occurring form of oxygen.
With 99.762% occurrence in nature, 16O is the most abundant oxygen isotope. Oxygen-16 is the primary isotope because it represents a primary product of stellar evolution. It is formed by the helium fusion process and neon burning process of massive stars. When hydrogen is burned into helium during the CNO cycle, the oxygen-17 isotope is produced. The third stable isotope of oxygen, 18O, is formed when nitrogen-14 from CNO burning fuses with a helium-4 nucleus.
Having a half-life of 122.24 seconds, the oxygen-15 isotope has a wide application in radiography. It's synthetically produced by deuteron bombardment of nitrogen-14 in a cyclotron.
Nuclide[2]
[n 1] Z N Isotopic mass (Da)[3]
[n 2] Half-life
[resonance width] Decay
[n 3] Daughter
[n 4] Spin and
[n 5][n 6] Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy Normal proportion Range of variation
11O[4] 8 3 [~3.4 MeV] 2p 9C 3/2−, 5/2+
12O 8 4 12.034262(26) > 6.3(30)×10−21 s
[0.40(25) MeV] 2p (60.0%) 10C 0+
p (40.0%) 11N
13O 8 5 13.024815(10) 8.58(5) ms β+ (89.1%) 13N (3/2−)
β+, p (10.9%) 12C
14O 8 6 14.008596706(27) 70.620(13) s β+ 14N 0+
15O 8 7 15.0030656(5) 122.24(16) s β+ 15N 1/2−
16O[n 7] 8 8 15.99491461960(17) Stable 0+ 0.99757(16) 0.99738–0.99776
17O[n 8] 8 9 16.9991317566(7) Stable 5/2+ 3.8(1)×10−4 (3.7–4.0)×10−4
18O[n 7][n 9] 8 10 17.9991596128(8) Stable 0+ 2.05(14)×10−3 (1.88–2.22)×10−3
19O 8 11 19.0035780(28) 26.470(6) s β− 19F 5/2+
20O 8 12 20.0040754(9) 13.51(5) s β− 20F 0+
21O 8 13 21.008655(13) 3.42(10) s β− 21F (5/2+)
22O 8 14 22.00997(6) 2.25(9) s β− (78%) 22F 0+
β−, n (22%) 21F
23O 8 15 23.01570(13) 97(8) ms β− (93%) 23F 1/2+
β−, n (7%) 22F
24O 8 16 24.01986(18) 77.4(45) ms β− (57%) 24F 0+
25O 8 17 25.02934(18) 5.18(0.35)×10−21 s n 24O 3/2+#
26O 8 18 26.03721(18) 4.2(3.3) ps 2n 24O
List of Oxygen Compounds
Oxygen adopts the oxidation state of -2 in almost all compounds, except in few peroxides where the oxidation state of oxygen is -1. The oxygen compounds in an oxidation state of -1 are labeled as peroxides. When exposed to higher temperatures, this chemical element forms oxides with all elements, except with the noble gases krypton, neon, helium, and argon.
In the reactions with metals, oxygen forms basic anhydrides or basic oxides that are soluble in H2O and form hydroxides in a further reaction.
Being a highly reactive chemical element, this chemical element forms a vast number of organic compounds, such as glycerol, acetic anhydride, citric acid, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and acetamide. In continuation, oxygen creates numerous chemical bonds that also form:
Arsenates;
Bicarbonates;
Chloryl compounds;
Esters;
Ethers;
Ferrates;
Fulminates;
Hydrates;
Hydroxides;
Hypochlorites;
Nitrogen-oxygen compounds;
Organic hydroxy compounds;
Oxyanions;
Perbromates;
Peroxides;
Phosphates;
Phenols;
Phenolates;
Silicate esters;
Superoxides;
Tellurates.
The most common oxygen compounds are listed below:
Disodium hydrogen arsenate
Calcium bicarbonate
N-Acetylglutamic acid
Cefatrizine
Cefluprenam
Cefoperazone
Methazolamide
Midodrine
Nicotinamide mononucleotide
Nicotinamide riboside
Nicotinyl methylamide
Allysine
2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde
Calostomal
2-Carboxybenzaldehyde
Elenolic acid
Glutamate-5-semialdehyde
Glyoxylic acid
2-Hydroxymuconate semialdehyde
L-Aspartate-4-semialdehyde
2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid
Succinic semialdehyde
Traumatin
Chlorous acid
Sodium chlorite
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl benzoate
Calcium sulfite
Magnesium sulfite
Perbromate
Perbromic acid
Birnessite
Boehmite
Brucite
Alterite
Asbolane
Sodium peroxide
Chromium oxide
Cobalt(III) oxide
Copper(I) oxide
Gold(III) oxide
Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide
Manganese dioxide
Manganese oxide
Manganese(III) oxide
Niobium monoxide
Vanadium(IV) oxide
Zirconium dioxide
Barium oxide
Lead oxide
Lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite
Lanthanum strontium manganite
Lanthanum ytterbium oxide
Potassium oxide
Thulium(III) oxide
Tin(IV) oxide
Uranium hexoxide
Sulfur oxide
Sulfur monoxide
Sulfur trioxide.
Water (H2O)
Water is an integral part of Earth's hydrosphere. The pure water molecule comprises two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom in its structure. This iconic compound of oxygen is held together by very strong covalent bonds. These chemical bonds have been formed by the electron exchange between the hydrogen atoms and the single oxygen atom. Namely, hydrogen provides the two additional atoms to the six electrons of oxygen's outer shell that are needed for the oxygen to adopt the stable octet configuration.
The solid form of H2O (ice) has a lower density than the liquid H2O. For this reason, the ice cubes float in a glass of water. Water can also occur in a form of precipitation (rain, snow, fog, hail), clouds, vapor, etc.
5 Interesting Facts and Explanations
The most iconic oxygen compounds include water (H2O), table sugar (C12H22O11), baking soda (NaHCO3), bleach (NaClO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acetone ((CH3)2CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), melanin (C18H10N2O4), citric acid (C6H8O7), glycerol (C3H8O3), etc.
Chalcogens are the elements gathered in the Group 16 of the periodic table. This family of elements is made up of the elements oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. Since all of these elements support life itself, this group is considered the most significant one in Mendeleev's system.
The deep-red and green hues of Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis come from the oxygen atoms split by the highly energetic electrons from the solar wind.
As a result of its small atomic size, oxygen cannot bond with more than four elements and rarely adopts the central atom position in a molecule.
Out of all biomolecules, only carotene and squalene do not contain oxygen.
Chemical Property and physical property of element Oxygen
Symbol of Oxygen: O
Name: Oxygen
Atomic Number of Oxygen: 8
Group of Oxygen: Non-Metal
Crystal Structure of Oxygen: Cubic
Atomic Weight of Oxygen: 15.9994
Shells of Oxygen: 2,6
Orbitals of Oxygen: [He] 2s2 2p4
Valence of Oxygen: 2
Melting Point of Oxygen: 54.36
Boiling Point of Oxygen: 90.188
Electro Negativity of Oxygen: 3.44
Covalent Radius of Oxygen: 0.73 Å
Ionic Radius of Oxygen: 1.40 (-2) Å
Atomic Radius of Oxygen: 0.65 Å
Atomic Volume of Oxygen: 14.0 cm³/mol
Name Origin of Oxygen: Greek: oxys and genes, (acid former).
Discovered of Oxygen By: Joseph Priestly, Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Location: England/Sweden
Pronounced of Oxygen: OK-si-jen
Oxydation States of Oxygen: -2
Density of Oxygen: 0.001429 g/cm³
Uses of Oxygen: Used in steel making, welding, and supporting life. Naturally occuring ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation.
Description of Oxygen: Greenish-yellow, pungent, corrosive gas. Extremely reactive. Does not occur uncombined in nature.
Categories Non-Metals Post navigation
Rare Earth Elements
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Victoria Monet - Freak (Remix) (Official Video) ft. Bia - Best of Utube!!! Youtube Filme, Youtube Music, Dokus, kompletter Film oder ganzer Film. Hier finden Sie die besten Videos auf utube!!!!
Download the Remix of "Freak"!


A fine Bockbüchsflinte (Combination Gun) of Robert Schüler. Caliber of the gun is 16 + 5.6x50R Mag. Schüler was a Gunmaker in Cologne with roots in Suhl.He was known especially for his high end Drillings and Combination Guns.
Typical Suhl modified Anson Lock with nice floral and game engraving.
Mounted with a Swarovski scope, it's a perfect gun for hunting roebuck as well as predators and it will serve today as well as nearly hundred years ago.


"Kiwis: each, 5 for $1.00" *snickers* - See the Amanda, Feel the Shine!
Very busy once again, which is good.
I haven't been able to reply to comments yet, but just know that I'm very grateful for them and will answer them soon.


EXPLOSIVE: May "has asked EU to prep Article 50 extension" – The Slog.
The stark truth that emerges from the sorry mess of Brexit is that which we have all suspected – we are without any politician worthy of being the leader of the country and we are without any prospect of finding one among all the current detritus at Westminster.
An excellent reworking of the poem, John. These craven cowards have sold our country out and do not have the bottle to go boldly into the world – if they keep us in the EU the country is finished. I hope they are punished severely at the next election.
Next stage in the Remainer synthetic crisis will be another bout of ministerial resignations with perhaps even undertaker Hammond resigning. May will be told that a vote of no confidence will be triggered if she doesn't opt for delay, but these bar stewards would run a mile from meeting the electorate at the moment so it will be a bluff.
In short London wants Remain whereas the rest of England wants out, so our esteemed London Leaders want to tell the Leaver England to get stuffed we are staying, but they want to pretend otherwise.
Stumbling out of the EU may just happen!
Further charges accruing to the Light Brigade, then?
Really funny . . . loved Tennyslog's pome.
John Ward, Over the last couple of years or so, my perception of your writings, is that they have dramatically improved. You should be proud of yourself.
In fact I now think they are so good, that you should have an entry on wikipedia.
Maybe you are already there???
Have you go a middle name?
Like Mark E. Smith of The Fall (Salford) did?
If you, or your sources are right JW. They [the EU] should send the bill to Conservative party headquarters.
Personally, I think the UK Plc should take control, Rescind article 50 [our decision] then screw the buggers from within.
All these rats (MPs) leaving their sinking ships, stabbing in the back as they go. What does it all mean? As I am not a bar maid in Brussels or Westminster, I don't know. All I know is that in the real world (where people say what they mean so no second guessing required) the man digging the hole in the road outside my home, seems to be Eastern European. So I would saY the horse has well and truly bolted so actually the EU is not THAT important anyway.
Stephanroi, please can I quote your adaptation? My highly educated and successful kids need some "perspective" in these last chance days of "democracy" before we are engulfed by 5G. John, may I suggest that you prepare Sloggers for this onslaught ,5G, which will sluice out our very thoughts, let alone our trawls within the likes of Google and Amazon. The new Cyber Defensive Units announced by our celebrated Mincer of Defence, Gav the Chav, are specifically designed for UK Internal repression, ie, the 3.00am bash your door down scene. Gav and his handlers know, from the "Russian Revolution" what really intimidates!!!! Yes, UK is as bad as that. Research?
I also cannot see anything happening if we are forced to stay in – no uprisings – just general anger. I think even Farage and the latest reincarnation of UKIP are hoping for a delay/ stopping of Brexit because they see opportunities for themselves and their parties. What cannot be predicted, however, is what will happen at the next General Election if we have not left the EU.
The amount of falsehoods, rumours reported as fact, make believe, disinformation and propaganda masquerading as news on the subject of our leaving the European Union is only surpassed by the mountain of misinformation about Russia.
One. That's the number of extensions you need to stop Brexit in it's tracks stone dead. After that we'll spend the best part of forever in continued discussions about how we are going to leave without getting round to doing so. Now you know I'm not one to say I told you so, but I told you so.
Steiner's Charge of the Light Brigade I have not had the time to master the sound files and do anything with transitions, slides and any other of the fun things one can do with this..
Hopefully, this does it some justice.
Absolutley spot on, set it music and I give the new national anthem of shame.
We need to get some quotes for 650 nice new spikes and widen trailors gate a good bit.
Bastards one and all, grrr.
It's said they don't 'get it', but boy are they gonna Get It.
Excellent stuff! Such inspired work is almost worth being painfully and repeatedly shafted by the EU and it's cronies for. The best art and creativity tends to come from darker places so, looking on the bright side, I suppose we at least have the beautiful flowering of the next renaissance in western culture to look forward to.
I'm still hoping to quote this at the end of March 2019….
And rouse him at the name of Brexit.
And say 'To-morrow is Brexit Saved:'.
That fought with us to win Brexit day.
The leading Remainers were summoned one by one by the PM yesterday. It was telling that they emerged tight-lipped but pleased with their frank exchanges. I wonder what could have been said to get them on-side?
That is why the Corbyn takedown happened when it did. May now looks weak but he is not seen as the Leader of the Opposition so any attacks from him are somewhat blunted.
All of this, the timing of the Tom Bower book serialisation, quickly followed by the IG group, quickly followed by this has been months in the planning.
The IG group aids a narrative for delay.
They have always wanted a secend rigged referendum and they will get one. No matter what it takes.
And there won't be any freedom on the internet when it comes around. People will be too scared to campaign in case they end up like Darren Grimes.
Does Mrs May, with her handlers, want civil unrest in our country, is that what they've been planning for these past three years?
I believe there is much suppressed anger in our country; we've been waiting and watching while the swamp dwellers plot and scheme, counting down the days to the 29th. March and controlling our anger.
I believe if Dancing Terry delays our exit from the EU, all hell will break loose.
Vastly amusing – and true!


text:
The Daily Beast: "Downton Abbey Breaks Records"
Season 3 of beloved British costume drama Downton Abbey has broken a number of ratings records, becoming the highest-rated PBS drama of all time, according to PBS. Plus, Masterpiece executive producer Rebecca Eaton reacts to the day-and-date broadcast issue.
At The Daily Beast, you can read my latest feature, "Downton Abbey Breaks Records," in which I talk to Masterpiece executive producer Rebecca Eaton about the same-day broadcast issue and whether the show will be affected by the departure of Dan Stevens.
24 million viewers tuned in to watch the third season of Downton Abbey.
Just think about that for a second: 24 million viewers. In an age of increasingly fragmented television viewing, those numbers are even more staggering when you compare those figures next to say, a recent episode of NBC's Smash, which garnered roughly a tenth of that audience. Those numbers are huge for broadcast and cable, but considering that they're associated with a costume drama airing on a public broadcaster, even the Dowager Countess might choke on her tea upon seeing them.
In fact, Season 3 of Downton Abbey, which wrapped up its run last month, broke all records among households, according to finalized national ratings obtained from PBS, making Downton the highest-rated PBS drama of all time.
The third season of the British costume drama—which airs Stateside as part of Masterpiece Classic—had a season average rating of 7.7 and an average audience of 11.5 million across the seven week run. Compared to the second season, those ratings are up a stunning 64 and 65 percent respectively. Even more shocking: the overall cumulative ratings for Season 3 of Downton Abbey—that 24 million figure—show an increase of 7 million viewers from the sophomore season.
In fact, the controversial third season finale of Downton, which aired on February 17, was the highest-rated show on any network that night, posting a 8.1 national rating and an average audience of 12.3 million, numbers that placed it well above any other show on broadcast or cable that evening.
Online streams of the show share a similar story: On the PBS Video Portal and PBS mobile apps, Downton Abbey video content was viewed 13.9 million times since January 1, with full Season 3 episodes comprising the lion's share at 9.7 million views, an increase of 2.1 million streams from Season 2.
"We are so pleased with the loyalty and support U.S. audiences have shown Downton Abbey throughout this season," said Masterpiece executive producer Rebecca Eaton in a statement. "We look forward to more great drama and new challenges for the Crawley family in Season 4."
Reached via email for a comment, Eaton said that the success of Downton Abbey couldn't be reduced down to just one element. "I wouldn't pin this kind of success on just one thing," she wrote in an email to The Daily Beast on Monday. "It is a combination of word of mouth, great reviews and massive press coverage, social media chatter, and award recognition. This is an audience that we've been building up over the last three seasons."
Still, said Eaton, no one at PBS or Masterpiece could have predicted that the show would become the highest rated PBS drama of all time: "No. None of us did. A good solid hit was in our sights, but one for the record books? No. Lucky us!"
Downton Abbey Features From Across the Pond Masterpiece News PBS Ratings
Labels: Downton Abbey Features From Across the Pond Masterpiece News PBS Ratings
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