text:
10 Best Python IDE & Code Editors [Updated Guide]
Carl Matheous Simpao
Last Updated 29 Dec, 2022
What are IDEs and Code Editors?
Recommend Python Course
10 Best Python IDE & Python Code Editors
1. Pycharm
2. Pydev
3. IDLE
4. Visual Studio Code (VS Code)
5. Sublime Text
6. Jupyter Notebook
7. Spyder
8. Wing
9. GNU/Emacs
10. Thonny
How to choose the best Python IDE in 2023?
1. What Is the Best IDE for Python?
2. Which is the Best Python IDE for Beginners?
3. What Is the Official IDE for Python?
4. Which Python IDE Should I Use for Machine Learning?
Launched in 1991 by creator Guido van Rossum, Python was developed with an emphasis on code readability via syntax that allows developers to create more with fewer lines of code. This is why if you're new to programming, it is often recommended that you start with Python. And if you're looking to boost your productivity when developing Python code, you'll want the best Python IDE or Python editor.
The Python language has evolved enormously over the years thanks to the contribution of Python developers and programmers worldwide. It's now one of the most widely used programming languages with a huge range of packages, libraries, and frameworks.
Python is a versatile language that can be used for various applications including Blender (3D modeling software), machine learning/artificial intelligence, and web development to name a few. As Python is often used for scripting, lightweight text editors like notepad++ or even plain notepad can be useful Python tools.
Python interpreters are available on most operating systems including Linux, macOS, and Windows. If you plan to work on larger projects, we recommend a dedicated code editor or an integrated development environment (IDE). Python IDEs and Python code editors offer their own distinct features and user interfaces.
In this article, we will cover some of the most popular Python IDEs and Python editors, taking into account their pros, cons, and use cases. Many of also these offer free tiers, so you'll be able to choose the best free IDE for Python if you're just starting out.
Featured Python IDEs & Editors
Pycharm: Hugely popular, powerful, and feature-rich Python IDE. Learn more
Visual Studio Code: Lightweight and extensible code editor. Learn more
Jupyter Notebook: Data Science IDE, easily run simulations and share data. Learn more
Looking to master Python? The Complete Python Bootcamp from Udemy could be a great stepping stone for you. Also check out our article on the best Python courses to help you on your way to becoming a Python expert.
Before moving on, let's first dig into what IDEs and code editors are, and then we'll discuss the requirements for these Python tools to create a good development environment.
Whether you're a college freshman taking your first CS course, or a Staff Software Engineer, you need an IDE or a code editor to efficiently edit, read, and debug code.
Complete Python Bootcamp From Zero to Hero in Python
An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that helps programmers to develop software efficiently. It increases developer productivity by combining common developer tools such as software editing, building, testing, debugging, and packaging in one easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI). Other popular features include code refactoring, code search, code auto-completion, and continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD).
An IDE can also provide many more features and these generally vary with each IDE.
While code editors are similar to text editors, they are designed to both ease and speed up code development via sophisticated built-in capabilities and functionalities. Sometimes code editors can be mistaken for IDEs, but the main difference between the two is that IDEs provide more powerful tools to simplify the coding process.
To help you choose the best Python IDE or code editor, we've done some extensive research to put a list together of the ten top Python IDEs and Python code editors based on popularity, functionality, number of users, and user feedback. We've also made sure to include IDEs and editors in this list that cater to both beginners and professional developers.
To make sure each of the IDEs and editors were up to the task, we took the time to put them through their paces. This included installing each on a Windows, macOS, and Linux platform, and then running a range of Python scripts from small individual files, to multi-folder packages. This helped us to confirm that each of the options in this list were up to the task that they'd been designed for — whether that's to assist beginner developers or allow professionals to level up their day-to-day coding experience.
Platform: Linux/macOS/Windows
Official website: https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/
Type: IDE
Developed by JetBrains, Pycharmis one of the most popular Python IDEs. With productivity tools like quick and safe code refactoring, Pycharm really stands out from the competition. It is available in three versions: Apache-licensed Community version, Educational (Edu) version, and proprietary Professional version. The first two versions are open source and free of charge, but you'll have to pay for the Professional version.
The free Community version is great for beginners as it offers a variety of features such as syntax highlighting, auto-completion, and live code verification. The paid version offers advanced features like full database management along with a range of specific frameworks and web development tools.
Active community support
Lots of useful plugins and productivity shortcuts
Executes, edits, and debugs Python code without any external requirements
Professional version is rather expensive
Free tier offers less functionality than the paid versions
Community version does not allow other programming languages to be used
Platform: GNU/Linux/macOS/Windows/Solaris
Official website: https://www.eclipse.org/; http://pydev.org/
Eclipse is a free IDE that was historically designed for the Java language. Still, thanks to a system of plugins or extensions, you can use it with other languages, including Python.
You'll need the Pydev plugin to use Eclipse as a Python IDE, which then allows you to develop in Python, Jython, or IronPython. Pydev also uses advanced inference techniques to provide features like auto-completion and code analysis.
As one of the best IDEs for Python, Eclipse also provides these features: debugger, Django, interactive console, basic syntax highlighting, code coverage, and more.
Easy to learn and feature-rich
Has a large and active community
User interface is not very less modern
Plugins can be unstable
Official website:https://docs.python.org/3/library/idle.html
IDLE, or Integrated Development and Learning Environment, is a free IDE that comes bundled with any Python installation. It allows you to edit, run, and debug Python code in a simple Python shell and code editor environment, making it great for beginners.
As a cross-platform IDE, it is available on Windows, LInux, and MacOS. IDLE consists of a multi-window text editor with syntax highlighting and an integrated debugger that offers stepping, persistent breakpoints, and call stack visibility.
User-friendly for beginners
Offers features like syntax highlighting, search, auto-completion, & smart indent
Integrated debugger with stepping & breakpoint features
May be too simple for some
Not suitable for large projects
Lacks the advanced features offered by other IDEs
Official website:https://code.visualstudio.com
Type: Code Editor
Developed by Microsoft for Windows, Linux and macOS, VS Code is a free and extensible code editor (not to be confused with Visual Studio). VS Code is a small but comprehensive open source code editor with an MIT license. It supports several programming languages, including Python after you install an extension. VS Code is relatively lightweight and comes with many useful features like syntax highlighting, code auto-completion, Git integration, and advanced code debugging. If you're looking for a lightweight, fast, and customizable Python code editor, it's a great choice.
One of the main advantages of VS Code is a design that makes great use of an extension-based architecture. Being lightweight, it can be easily extended by adding new components when they're needed.
Advanced customization with 30,000+ extensions in circulation
Powerful code management engine
You can import keyboard shortcuts from Python editors like Sublime Text or Atom
Initial customization can be overwhelming/difficult due to the quantity of available extensions
Extensions can be unreliable at times
Official website:http://www.sublimetext.com/
First conceived as an extension for Vim, Sublime Text is a generic text editor written in C++ and Python code. Since the launch of version 2.0, it supports 44 major programming languages, including Python. Sublime Text requires a paid license, but there is an option to evaluate the code editor for free (and without an enforced time limit!).
After installing Sublime Text, thanks to its different plugins and packages, you get a high-quality and powerful tool that is one of the best Python editors to help you with your development. It also incorporates most of the features you'd expect from a basic Python IDE, including customizable syntax highlighting.
Fast, with very few bugs (big advantage)
Offers a variety of customization with plugins
Supports many languages
License required
Plugins can be confusing/difficult to install
Official website: https://jupyter.org/
Jupyter notebook is a free and open source IDE that is used to create Jupyter documents. Uniquely, it is a web-based IDE that allows you to easily share your work.
Jupyter Notebook is very popular among data scientists as it's great for machine learning, simulations, data visualizations, data analysis, and also for sharing and presenting findings. Jupyter is ready to work right out of the box, requiring little to no configuration. This makes it a perfect tool for quick Python scripting.
Supports 40+ different languages
Easy to share work
Mostly suited to development in the fields of data and scientific computing
Lacks advanced features offered by other IDEs
Coding within independent cells may be difficult to manage as the cell count increases
Official website:https://github.com/spyder-ide/spyder
The Python scientific community has been maintaining Spyder since 2012. With basic features like syntax highlighting and auto-completion, Spyder also integrates several scientificlibraries like Matplotlib,NumPy, IPython, and SciPy. It is free, multi-platform, open-source, and the installation is very easy with a Python package manager like Pip.
Spyder offers a unique combination of advanced analysis, debugging, editing, interactive execution, in-depth inspection, and visualization capabilities that are comparable to scientific software packages. Its main components are the interactive console, the documentation viewer, the variable explorer, and development tools. These features make Spyder one of the best IDEs for Python code in scientific development.
Rich set of development tools
Comprehensive documentation
Execution dependencies
Official website: https://wingware.com/
Wing is a Python IDE that was specifically designed to provide a more productive development experience in Python. It offers a strong range of features including code feedback, syntax highlighting, code auto-completion, smart refactoring, and more.
Wing has three pricing tiers: Wing Pro (paid), Wing Personal (free), and Wing 101 (free). As a scaled-back version of Wing Personal, Wing 101 was originally designed for teaching entry-level computer science courses which makes it one of the best IDEs for Python beginners. As you'd expect, Wing Pro (the paid version) is the most feature-rich of the available options.
Customizable and extensible
Feature-rich
Minimal support for languages that aren't Python-based
Wing Pro can be expensive, and it has to be renewed annually
UI is a little outdated
Official website:https://www.gnu.org
Type: Text editor
GNU Emacs is a feature-rich text editor that is highly customizable via various extensions and it's available to download for free on all platforms.
For Python development, you can use the Elpy extension This is a feature rich Emacs extension for working with Python projects. Among its many features, we have to mention syntax highlighting that differentiates document elements such as keywords and comments, and automatic indentation which ensures consistent formatting throughout your file.
Free and fully customizable
Fully navigable via keyboard bindings (but you don't have to)
24-bit color encoded support for terminals that support this
Documentation may be out of date
Official website:https://thonny.org
Thonny is advertised as the Python IDE for beginners. Designed to make life easier for new Python developers, Thonny is a simple and lightweight IDE with excellent features that is free of charge. This makes it one of the best IDES for Python beginners that want to start developing in a simple environment, but less so for expert Python developers that want more from their next Python IDE.
With a UI that is isolated from features that may distract beginners, Thonny is a well-thought-out pedagogical IDE for beginners who want to develop in Python quickly, easily, and simply.
IDE adapted for beginners' learning
Basic and functional user interface
Easy to get started (comes with Python built-in)
Not for the experienced developer
For beginners, there are several Python IDEs that allow you to build a comfort level with the environment as you become steadily familiar with each feature.
For ease of installation, IDLE is a strong choice for beginners as it's bundled with Python on your system. If you'd like to explore other options, Thonny and Wing 101 are excellent choices as they've both been designed with beginners in mind.
But if you'd like to code in a more professional environment, you could consider Pycharm as your next IDE, or if you'd prefer portability, VS Code is a solid choice as one of the best Python code editors.
Experienced and professional developers find themselves spoilt for choice. If you're after an IDE that offers strong performance with larger projects, then Pycharm or PyDev (Eclipse) are popular options. Similarly, VS Code is often chosen when a code editor is preferred.
If you're part of the ever-expanding data science community then Jupyter should be at the top of your list. Equally, Spyder is one of the best python ides for scientific computing, so this may be a good choiceif your development aligns with its strengths.
Then again, perhaps you're a little more 'old school' and you'd prefer the look and feel of GNU/Emacs or Sublime, both of which are very popular with Linux developers.
Free Python IDE
Python IDE for Mac
PyDev
Thonny
Python is one of the most well-known languages and perhaps even the most popular. If you're looking for the best Python IDE to boost your productivity, you have a multitude of useful, practical, and powerful Python IDEs to choose from, be they paid options or free. Equally, if you prefer a lightweight code editor, there's plenty to choose from in both the free and paid tiers.
If you're a Python beginner then the Complete Python Bootcamp course is a great place to start your beginner-to-expert Python developer journey.
The best Python IDE is that which enhances your coding experience and productivity by the greatest margin. If you're a beginner, then it may be good to start with IDLE, Thonny or Wing 101. If you're an experienced developer, you can choose any of the IDEs we've covered, but the most popular choices tend to be Pycharm for an IDE and VS Code for a code editor.
Several Python IDEs have been designed with beginners in mind. These let you build a comfort level with the environment as you become familiar with each feature. IDLE is a good choice as it's installed with Python. Thonny and Wing 101 are also excellent choices as they offer simple UIs that were designed for beginner developers. Pycharm's free tier is also one of the best Python environments for beginners.
There is no official IDE for Python per se. IDLE is bundled with Python, so it could be viewed as the official IDE, but the Python developer community is open-minded and collaborative, meaning that there's extensive user support and feedback for each of the Python IDEs we've covered.
Jupyter is a popular choice for machine learning developers as it offers ease of use with running simulations and sharing results with others. Similarly, Spyder is popular with the data science community due to its extensive scientific computing features and library integration. However, any of the IDEs we've covered can be used for machine learning if you've installed the necessary libraries.
What is Pycharm?
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Python IDE
Carl Simpao is a Software Engineer and a Business Intelligence Consultant. He advocates for progressive education through educational technology and modern constructivism type based education. In his creative career, he pursues the art of writing and in his free time writes short stories and poetry. View all posts by the Author
Randy L. Harris
The Python IDE software listed is a very nice list. However, I would add Wingware as it comes in multiple versions, 101 is free, Personal is very affordable, and Pro is inexpensive for non-commercial use. In addition, I have found more than one Python course where the author used Wingware as the IDE.
Emilia Cortez
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syed hassan shah
I want to learn python language from basics to advance. kindly guide me.
The logo and the website for "cloud9" IDE is related to the Cloud9 esports team lmao.
Joan Morgan
Difference between PyCharm and Anaconda?
Deborah Rice
PyCharm-
PyCharm is an IDE developed by JetBrain, the team responsible for one of the most famous Java IDE. PyCharm is just similar to JetBrains IDE, due to the fact that the interface and features are similar.
PyCharm allows you to work with array viewers and interactive plots with the integration of packages like numpy and metabolic.
PyCharm provides support for many web development languages such as JavaScript, HTML/CSS, Angular JS, Node.js, etc. which makes it a good option for web development.
Features of pyCharm:-
Just like other IDEs, PyCharm has many good features such as a code editor, error highlighting, a powerful debugger having a graphical interface, a Git integration, SVN, Mercurial.
Anaconda-
It is an enterprise data science platform that incorporates cutting-edge machine learning (ML) tools lenders can build models that help in making all important decisions about which borrowers are creditworthy. Anaconda helps its user in creating an integrated, end-to-end data experience," according to the company website.
Features of Anaconda:-
Anaconda gives you the tools used by data scientists to perform various operations like collecting data from various sources like files and databases; share, collaborate on, and reproduce projects; and deploy projects into production just by a click of a button.
Ruth Coleman
Can I install both python and anaconda?
Cory Washington
Yes, you can install both python and anaconda people mostly prefer using anaconda because of the advantages anaconda provides to their users such as:
1. Users can install a version of python of their choice.
2. It allows installing/updating packages completely independent of system libraries or admin privileges
3. No risk of messing up with required system libraries
4. Anaconda also lets you link against different linear algebra libraries easily.
What is the best Python IDE for beginners?
Jeremy Jenkins
Is Notepad ++ good for Python?
Fred Washington
No, not an honest editor we will use notepad++ after we need to edit the tiny factor. For any artificial language, the simplest means is to use its IDE.Notepad++ is a superb programmer's editor however its use as AN IDE (integrated editor and debugger) is restricted.
So usually, for one language, or a bunch of connected languages supported by a selected IDE that specific editor can typically be higher.
Austin Lolli
Notepad++ is a great tool, but it won't lend you any favors in your syntax or debugging.
Adam Williams
What is the best editor for Python on Windows?
Rudy Bridges
The following are the list of best IDE's for Python Programming on Windows operating systems.
1) Vi/Vim
2) Eclipse with Pydev
3) Sublime Text 3
Why these IDEs are best for windows?
Eclipse with Pydev
PyDev may be a Python IDE for Eclipse, which can be employed in Python, Jython and IronPython development.
It offers the subsequent features:
Django integration
Code completion with automobile import
Type Hinting
Go to definition
Remote computer program
Find Referrers in the computer program
Tokens browser
Interactive console
Unittest integration
PyLint integration
Sublime Text three
It is a classy text editor for code, markup, and prose and might be used for Python Development.
It offers the subsequent options :
Go to something
Command Palette
Multiple alternatives
Split piece of writing
Customize something
Vim/Vi
VI and VIM square measure modal editors, separating the viewing of a file from the piece of writing of a file. VIM includes several enhancements on the initial VI, as well as associate degree extensibility model and in-place code building. VIMScripts square measure obtainable for varied Python development tasks. you recognize VI, you use VI, you're keen on VI. VIMScripts don't scare you, and you recognize you bend it to your can.
Phillip Lewis
How to install eric python ide windows 10?
Keaton Washington
1. Download the 64-bit variant of Python three obtainable at python.org and install it.
2. Extract the downloaded eric distribution archive (see above) to a short-lived location and execute the install.py script (e.g. python3 install.py).
Note: If some necessity Python packages don't seem to be obtainable, the script can enkindle permission to put in the missing one.
Optional: If Qt development is desired, the various tools got to be obtainable. this needs the installation of the Qt toolkit mistreatment these steps.
3. Download the Qt on-line installer from the Qt transfer website.
4. Install Qt by death penalty the installer.
5. Configure the trail to the Qt tools on the Qt page of the eric configuration dialog.
Note: The Qt development tools are also put in with the command C:Python37Scriptspip.exe install pyqt5-tools instead.


text:
People v. Bossert, Nos. 83SA400
Docket Nº Nos. 83SA400
Citation 722 P.2d 998
Case Date June 16, 1986
Court Supreme Court of Colorado
722 P.2d 998 PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellee,
John William BOSSERT, Defendant-Appellant. (Two Cases). Nos. 83SA400, 84SA69. Supreme Court of Colorado,
En Banc. June 16, 1986.
Rehearing Denied Aug. 25, 1986.
Duane Woodard, Atty. Gen., Charles B. Howe, Deputy Atty. Gen., Richard H. Forman, Sol. Gen., Clement P. Engle, Asst. Atty. Gen., Denver, for plaintiff-appellee.
Wade H. Eldridge, Denver, for defendant-appellant.
KIRSHBAUM, Justice.
In this consolidated appellate proceeding the defendant, John William Bossert, appeals his convictions by jury in three cases of several counts of unlawful possession of altered motorcycle parts, in violation of section 42-5-102(2), 17 C.R.S. (1981). 1 Two of the cases, docketed at trial as 82CR158 and 82CR449, were tried together. 2 The appeal of that consolidated proceeding, in which the defendant was convicted of seven separate offenses, is denominated 84SA69. The appeal of the third case, docketed at trial as 82CR157, is denominated 83SA400. Because both appeals challenge the constitutionality of section 42-5-102(2), we have consolidated them for review. 3
Pending appeal, the cases were remanded to the trial court, upon the defendant's request, to permit the defendant to file a motion pursuant to Crim. P. 35 challenging his convictions in 82CR449 for failure to join that case with 82CR157. The trial court granted the motion in part and ordered concurrent sentences in all three cases. Both the defendant and the People appeal that ruling.
We affirm the judgments of conviction in both cases, and disapprove the trial court's order imposing concurrent sentences.
Case 83SA400--trial court case 82CR157--arose from the defendant's sale of a motorcycle
engine on April 12, 1981, to Jeffrey Hastings. The bill of sale contained a notation written by the defendant that one part of the engine--a crank case--never had a serial number. Several of Hastings' friends informed him that the crank case contained what appeared to be an obliterated identification number. In October of 1981, Hastings informed Lakewood police officer Detective Anthony Bogacz of the April transaction. An information charging the defendant with a single count of unlawful possession of an altered motor vehicle part was filed in November of 1981, and a jury found the defendant guilty of that charge on May 5, 1983.
The defendant's trial attorney filed a motion for new trial on behalf of the defendant asserting, among other grounds, that section 42-5-102(2) was unconstitutional. The defendant, acting pro se, also filed a motion for new trial, asserting that he had received ineffective assistance of counsel.
The trial court denied both new trial motions, and the defendant appealed. Thereafter, while this case was on appeal, the defendant filed three separate motions for relief pursuant to Crim. P. 35 in the trial court, which motions were denied by the trial court. 4
The defendant raises three grounds for reversal of his conviction in 82CR157: section 42-5-102 is unconstitutionally vague; the defendant was denied effective assistance of counsel; and section 42-5-102 permits an unconstitutional delegation of power.
In case 84SA69, the defendant appeals seven convictions of unlawful possession of altered motor vehicle parts in the consolidated trial of cases 82CR158 and 82CR449. Case 82CR158 arose when the defendant filed an application with the Department of Motor Vehicles (the Department) for a bond title on a homemade motorcycle in June of 1981. 5 One of the parts to be used in the construction of the motorcycle, as listed on the application, was a part from a motorcycle previously reported to the Department as having been stolen. 6 The Department referred the matter to Colorado State Patrol Officer Lloyd Stewart who, after further investigation, obtained a search warrant for the motorcycle.
On June 19, 1981, Stewart executed the warrant and seized an engine later identified as the engine from the allegedly stolen motorcycle. Stewart also seized a motorcycle frame that generally matched the description of the frame of the allegedly stolen
motorcycle; however, the identification number on the frame had been obliterated, making positive identification impossible. As a result of these events, an information was filed in December 1981, charging the defendant with one count of unlawful possession of an altered motor vehicle part.
Case number 82CR449, initially containing three counts of felony theft by receiving 7 and four counts of unlawful possession of altered motor vehicle parts, 8 was filed on December 18, 1982. This case arose as a result of a search of the defendant's property on January 14, 1982, which search was conducted pursuant to a warrant obtained by officers who initially sought to execute a court order issued the previous day in a civil nuisance action filed by the People against the defendant. 9 In the course of inventorying the defendant's property, two agents of the Lakewood police department observed various motorcycle parts with what appeared to be altered or obliterated identification numbers. The agents left the premises, obtained a search warrant, returned, executed the search warrant and seized the motorcycle parts.
The defendant filed several motions to suppress evidence in cases 82CR158 and 82CR449, which motions were denied by the trial court. The defendant also filed three motions to dismiss case 82CR158, which motions asserted that section 42-5-102(2) was unconstitutional on grounds of vagueness, overbreadth, improper delegation of power and denial of equal protection of the law. The trial court denied these motions. On December 20, 1983, the jury in these consolidated proceedings returned a verdict finding the defendant guilty of the single count of unlawful possession of altered automobile parts charged in 82CR158, not guilty of the theft by receiving count in 82CR449, not guilty of one count of unlawful possession of altered motor vehicle parts in 82CR449, and guilty of six counts of unlawful possession of motor vehicle parts in 82CR449.
The defendant asserts that the June 1981 search in 82CR158 and the January 1982 search in 82CR449 violated his constitutional rights; that section 42-5-102(2) is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad and violates his constitutional guarantee of equal protection of the law; that the trial courts committed numerous errors in rulings on motions filed by the defendant with respect to suppression of evidence, disqualification of a potential juror, recusal of a trial judge, entrapment, a mistake of law defense; and that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions. We reject these arguments.
Because both appeals challenge the constitutionality of section 42-5-102(2), albeit on different grounds, we will address the constitutional issues first. The guidelines for constitutional review of a statute are well-settled. Statutes are presumed to be constitutional, and a defendant challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears a heavy burden of proving the statute unconstitutional beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Edmonds, 195 Colo. 358, 578 P.2d 655 (1978); People v. Albo, 195 Colo. 102, 575 P.2d 427 (1978).
In 83SA400, the defendant asserts that section 42-5-102(2) is unconstitutionally vague, despite our decision to the contrary in People v. Sequin, 199 Colo. 381,
609 P.2d 622 (1980). 10 The defendant raises the identical issue addressed in Sequin-- that section 42-5-102(2) is unconstitutionally vague because it proscribes conduct which is allowed under section 42-6-117. In Sequin we held that section 42-5-102(2) prohibits possession of an automobile part whose identification number has been intentionally altered, 11 whereas section 42-6-117 permits possession of automobile parts whose numbers have been accidentally altered. We adhere to our decision in Sequin, which is dispositive of this issue. See People v. Rautenkranz, 641 P.2d 317 (Colo.App.1982). B
In 84SA69, the defendant contends that section 42-5-102(2) imposes a higher penalty for the same conduct proscribed by section 18-5-305, 8 C.R.S. (1978), and, therefore, violates his right to equal protection of the law established by the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution. 12 Different statutes proscribing the same criminal conduct with disparate criminal sanctions violate equal protection principles. E.g., People v. Marcy, 628 P.2d 69 (Colo.1981) (and cases cited therein). However, the two statutes here at issue proscribe different, albeit related, criminal conduct. See People ex rel. Russel v. District Court, 185 Colo. 78, 521 P.2d 1254 (1974) (second degree murder and first degree extreme indifference murder proscribe different conduct when second degree murder is a specific intent crime and extreme indifference murder is a general intent crime). Section 18-5-305 prohibits the obscuring of an identification number of any article with intent to hinder or prevent identification of the article, and classifies such offense as a class 3 misdemeanor. Section 42-5-102(2) prohibits the alteration of identification numbers on automobile parts and classifies such offense as a class 4 felony. The elements of the crime proscribed by section 18-5-305 are obscuring the identification number of an article, or selling or offering for sale in the course of business an article with knowledge that the identification number is obscured, with the intent to hinder or prevent identification of the article. Although section 18-5-305(4) provides that possession of an article with an obscured identification number is prima facie evidence of the intent to hinder identification and of knowledge of the obscured identification number, possession is not an element of the misdemeanor defined by this statute. Furthermore, section 18-5-305 requires proof of an intent to hinder or prevent...
Horton v. Suthers, No. 00SA58.
Colorado Supreme Court of Colorado
...for an order that affects the judgment, in that case a motion under Crim. P. 35(b) for reduction of sentence); see also People v. Bossert, 722 P.2d 998, 1001 n. 4 (Colo.1986) (trial court lacked jurisdiction to rule upon the defendant's Crim. P. 35(c) motions because they were filed after t......
People v. Kadell, Court of Appeals No. 13CA2021
Colorado Court of Appeals of Colorado
...draw the court's attention to the issue, it's not preserved. Martinez v. People , 2015 CO 16, ¶¶ 13-14, 344 P.3d 862 ; People v. Bossert , 722 P.2d 998, 1010 (Colo. 1986) ; People v. Galang , 2016 COA 68, ¶ 11, 382 P.3d 1241 ; People v. Gee , 2015 COA 151, ¶¶ 42-46, 371 P.3d 714.2 Though de......
People v. Rodriguez, No. 91SA112
...mens rea because the term "knowingly," when offset from other elements, modifies all succeeding conduct elements. See People v. Bossert, 722 P.2d 998, 1011 (Colo.1986); People v. Freeman, 668 P.2d 1371, 1377-78 The requirement of a unanimous jury was not compromised by Paragraph 4 of Instru......
People v. Pratt, No. 86SA401
...S.Ct. 956, 959, 22 L.Ed.2d 113 (1969); Hutchinson v. People, 742 P.2d 875, 887 (Colo.1987) (Vollack, J., dissenting); People v. Bossert, 722 P.2d 998, 1004 (Colo.1986); People v. Lybarger, 700 P.2d 910, 915 (Colo.1985); Ricci v. Davis, 627 P.2d 1111, 1121 (Colo.1981); Board of County Comm'r......

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I really hate plastic! But what I hate even more is that it's so difficult to live without.
Yeah, I avoid all the obvious stuff… I don't use single-use shopping bags, I never buy bottled water or anything with a 6-pack ring, I always say "no straw" when I order a drink, and so on. In fact, I don't even really think about those plastics anymore. Like a lot of folks these days, living without them has become habit.
But what about the other plastics that we haven't weaned ourselves from just yet? We can't really get rid of it all, can we? I mean, everything's either made from plastic or wrapped in the stuff. It kills me!
It frustrates me when plastic packaging clutters my pantry. It grosses me out when it touches my food. And I feel like a murderer every time I see a photo of a poor sea turtle that's been suffocated or starved by it, even though I feel like I'm doing my part.
It's a never-ending battle! But one that I refuse to give up.
The hard truth is, we'll never rid ourselves of plastic entirely. And while trying to do so is incredibly noble, it's pretty unrealistic. So let's narrow our focus to the plastic alternatives that are better for our health and/or pretty easy to swap out.
Produce bags: Nature has already wrapped oranges, squash and other fruits and veggies in a protective cover. So skip the plastic bag and just toss thick-skinned produce in your shopping cart as is. For lettuce and other skinless produce, use a reusable cloth or mesh produce bag.
Straws: Carry your own glass or stainless steel straw. I do! They look beautiful and usually come with a protective case that is easy to carry in your bag. They are also a healthy alternative to sucking liquids through plastic.
Plastic utensils: Say no to plasticware at the takeout counter and keep a set of stainless steel or bamboo utensils at your desk.
Packaged food: Eating fresh foods isn't always conducive to a busy lifestyle. But in the moments you do get a chance to slow down, enjoy some real, chemical-free food made with fresh, unpackaged ingredients.
Sandwich bags: Use reusable sandwich wrappers and snack bags. They aren't just healthier; they also look schnazzy.
Food & drink storage: This is pretty common knowledge by now, but just to cover the bases — glass and stainless steel are healthier than plastic.
Don't toss empty tomato sauce and pickle jars. Clean them out, remove the sticky label and reuse them. I actually keep them out on display in my kitchen. It looks chic, keeps my cabinets free from clutter, and I can find what I need more easily!
Put sunflower, pumpkin and sesame seeds in salad dressing jars with thin necks. It's easier to drizzle them over a salad that way.
Put bulk bin spices into small mustard jars.
Store dried beans, rice, oatmeal, nuts and flours in the larger jars.
You can also use the larger jars in the fridge for leftovers and cut veggies.
Buy wooden toys and school supplies instead of plastic.
Use glass or stainless steel bottles and sippy cups.
Choose rubber rain coats and rain boots over vinyl. Vinyl is PVC, a #3 plastic that leaches chemicals (specifically phthalates) onto your skin just by touching it.
Trash bags: Don't use a trash bag in the recycle bin. So long as you rinse your recyclables to keep pests away, a bag is completely unnecessary.
Dry cleaning: Ask the cleaners to skip the bag. Hang the clothes in the car as is, or use a reusable suit bag.
The bulk bins aren't just great for buying beans, nuts, grains, and flours. Markets often sell bulk shampoo, body wash, and other personal care items as well. These items are much less expensive when you buy them in bulk. And you can fill larger containers if you want to, so you don't have to shop for them as often.
There are different kinds plastics manufactured for a wide range of uses. But unless they're bioplastic, they're all made from petroleum and chemicals, which can leach into our food, our skin, and even our lungs. Some plastics leach more toxins than others, but ultimately it's worth our health to avoid eating, drinking and inhaling plastic particulates whenever possible.


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NASA Inches Closer To Sending Manned Mission To Mars
Rhodi Lee, Tech Times 21 September 2015, 12:09 am
NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said that the dream of sending a manned mission to planet Mars is closer to reality than ever before.
Bolden, who admitted having envisioned himself to become the first person to explore the Red Planet when he joined the astronaut training at the Houston's Johnson Space Center back in the 1980's, said that the U.S. space agency's current aim of bringing humans to Mars in the 2030's is highly possible.
"We are farther down the path to sending humans to Mars than at any point in NASA's history," the space agency chief said during an event at the NASA headquarters on Sept. 17. "We have a lot of work to do to get humans to Mars, but we'll get there."
Latest scientific developments are so far supporting the feasibility of such manned mission. Some of these crucial works include the development of the Orion capsule and the Space Launch Systems (SLS) megarockets that would help get astronauts to deep-space stations. Both are set to fly together on an unmanned test flight in 2018.
Astronauts at the International Space Station (ISS) also managed to grow and eat lettuce in the orbiting lab as part of an experiment that aims to learn about food production away from Earth.
Two ISS crewmembers, NASA's Scott Kelly and cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko are also halfway through a year-long mission designed to characterize the physiological and psychological effects of long duration spaceflight.
The result of such work should provide the necessary information that would help in planning manned Mars missions, which would take astronauts away from Earth for 500 days or more. It would provide researchers with hints on how to protect the human body during long duration flights.
The Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE), on the other hand, aims to find a way to pull carbon dioxide from the thin atmosphere of the Red Planet and then convert this into pure oxygen and carbon monoxide.
Such technology could keep settlers on planet Mars stay alive. Since oxygen can be used as an oxidizer that helps burn rocket fuel, it could also help humans blast off the Martian surface once it is time for them to go back to Earth.
Scientists who operate rovers and spacecraft on and around the Red Planet also find more details about the planet allowing them to characterize its environment to better prepare for the arrival of human explorers.
Tags: Manned Mars Mission ISS Orion NASA
Prereptile That Lived 260 Million Years Ago Could Be The Earliest To Walk Upright On All Fours
Ig Nobels Honors Graduate Student Stung By Bees And Other Humorous Scientific Achievements
Supermoon Lunar Eclipse To Occur On Sept. 27: What Makes This Celestial Event Special?
Small Triceratops-Like Dinosaur Found In Montana Could Be A New Species
Long-lived Ocean On Enceladus Hints Possibility For Alien Life


It never fails. The weather gets hot, and the lure of the sea is hard to resist. Explore the secrets of the Turkish coast by boat, rocked gently by the Aegean and cooled by its blessed breezes. Here are some of the best routes to take.
The cruising coast of Turkey is universally acknowledged to be the long stretch of indented coast from Antalya to Bodrum. It is a fascinating area, with many bays, rocky coves, wild places and forests that reach down to the seas. Sheltered moorings for anchor are plentiful, peaceful and delightful. They are perfect hideaways for making sure the noise of the world and its troubles are a long, long way away.
Fethiye – Kaş – Kalkan – Demre: A vista of turquoise seas and rocky bays backed by the panorama of the mighty Taurus Mountains, where the mysterious Lycians left fabulous sarcophagi littered in the water and hills. Kaş and Kalkan are charming small towns worth a stop and exploration, and have excellent restaurants.
Fethiye and Göcek share a wonderful gulf and the Twelve Islands, so popular with day cruises also. But in the evenings, there are plenty of moorings for everyone in the green forested coves. Göcek is a popular port being a mere 25 minutes from the Dalaman airport.
The emerald coast of Göcek- Marmaris can include a stop at Ekincik, and a possible side trip on river boats up the Dalyan River past awe-inspiring rock tombs, the charming village of Dalyan, the sulphuric mud baths on Lake Köycegiz shores, and the return to the long sandy beach where the loggerhead turtles nest in early summer. You may well see one of the large turtles swimming out to sea.
Cruising from buzzing harbor of Marmaris westward takes the yacht around the long rugged peninsula of Loryma complete with intriguing ancient ruins. Ancient sites and small villages vie with rocky hills and patches of forest for special views. Sail into Bozburun with a possible side trip to the Greek Island of Symi, if the customs post is open for the summer, otherwise cross from Datça town.
The Bozburun peninsula is a key stop on the blue cruise sailing route. Situated where the Aegean and Mediterranean seas meet, this area is a haven with little development, so you'll find untouched ranges of forests and pristine waters to swim in. You also won't find a lot of construction here, but rather a series of smaller boutiques hotels that blend the natural surroundings into their design.
Between Datça and Bozburun are the beautiful bays of Selimiye, Orhaniye and Bencik, and Hisarönü itself– which gives its name to that beguiling Gulf, an area that is a great favourite for every yacht cruise.
The long, thin Datça Peninsula with forests, high mountains, and crystal clear waters is reputed to have the cleanest air of the Mediterranean, while the small villages and many almond and olive groves give more hints of the healthy lives lived there. The small beaches and bays have the most glorious turquoise-colored sea. It is hard to leave for the next anchorage.
At the very tip of incredibly rocky steep shores lies the remains of Knidos, the once splendid city of 2,000 years ago, heart of the cult of Aphrodite, and perhaps of loving life too. Theatres, stadiums, and harbors tell tales of folk living beside the twin harbors where boats of old sheltered and traded.
Turn north around the Knidos Cape, they say, and you sail into the Aegean from the Mediterranean. The long, deep, green Gulf of Gökova is where the first gulet cruises of the 1950's ventured away from Bodrum, exploring the northern coast and discovering deep sheltered bays such as English Harbor, Löngoz and Seven Islands in the south. A cruise cannot miss a stop at the fabled Cleopatra's Island, before turning home for Bodrum, relishing the wind in their sails.
Click to learn more about boating in Bodrum from The Guide Bodrum.


Hi! I'm Wayne Leatherman. I'm crazy about GREEN GRASS. My goal is to enhance the beauty of your lawn and the value of our communities. Are you ready to make it happen? Too bad I don't have a magic wand to wave over the yard and bingo: there it is, a lush green lawn with no weeds.
Well, it is possible, here's the secret: do the right things at the right time and then keep on doing them! Sound easy? Give me a call, I'm glad to give you advice. Oh, this is supposed to be about me, ok.
I grew up on a farm in Vernon County, Missouri. I started my chemical lawn care business in June of 2008. I do most of my work in Nevada, Missouri and Fort Scott, Kansas and the surrounding areas. We live out in the country close to Metz, Missouri.
I provide lawn fertilization, weed control, and lawn renovation for both cool season and warm season grasses found in our area. I also provide complete lawn irrigation installation, maintenance, and service. My service area includes Nevada, Missouri and Fort Scott, Kansas.
If you're looking to install water features, pathways, irrigation systems, or just make sure landscape beds are in top shape, give me a call.
Call me today and request your FREE lawn care estimate and evaluation plus landscape maintenance.


text:
Grzegorz Maciejewski – polski inżynier, doktor habilitowany nauk technicznych. Specjalizuje się w Inżynierii mechanicznej, fizyce materiałów oraz fizyce ciała stałego. Pracownik naukowy Instytutu Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN oraz warszawskiego Instytutu Lotnictwa.

Stopień doktorski w zakresie mechaniki uzyskał w Instytucie Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN w 2003 na podstawie pracy pt. Zastosowanie metody elementów skończonych do wyznaczania rozkładów naprężeń residualnych w heterostrukturach, przygotowanej pod kierunkiem Pawła Dłużewskiego. W tym samym Instytucie uzyskał habilitację (2012) na podstawie rozprawy Numeryczna analiza deformacji struktur krystalicznych i ich defektów na poziomie nanoskali. Swoje prace publikował m.in. w takich czasopismach jak: "Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids", "Applied Physics A", "Physica B: Condensed Matter" oraz "Physica Status Solidi C".

Przypisy

Naukowcy Instytutu Lotnictwa (Warszawa)
Polscy inżynierowie
Urodzeni w XX wieku

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It's going to take 163 games to decide the winners of the NL Central and NL West Divisions.
The Milwaukee Brewers and Chicago Cubs finished tied for the Central and the Colorado Rockies and Los Angeles Dodgers were even in the West after 162 games, so the teams will square off in a one-game tiebreaker for the division crown.
ESPN has exclusive coverage of both tiebreaker games on Monday, October 1, beginning with the Brewers at the Cubs at 1/noon c, and followed by the Rockies at the Dodgers at 4/3c.
The winners of each of these games will be division champions and advance to the National League Division Series beginning Thursday, October 4, on FS1 and MLB Network.
The loser of each of these games will play in the NL Wild Card single-game playoff at either Milwaukee or Chicago on ESPN on Tuesday, October 2, at 8/7c.


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text:
OJBD Vol.8 No.2 , June 2018
Flow Cytometric Diagnosis of Acute Leukemia and Aberrant Antigen: Sohag University Experience
Author(s) Elham O. Hamed*, Abeer Fakher El-Deen
Departments of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
Background: Multiparameter flow cytometry is the most important method for the lineage assignment and maturational analysis of acute leukemias (AL) cells. The multi parametric immunophenotyping analysis allows the detection of aberrant antigen expression and the analysis of heterogeneity and clonality of malignant cells in AL. The aim of the work is to study the immunophenotypes of blasts from patients with AL and determine the frequency of aberrant markers. Subjects and Methods: Retrospective study to analyze immunophenotypic data of de novo 144 AL patients who were diagnosed in Clinical Pathology Department, Sohag University. Results: We found that 61.8% of AL patients were classified as acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) while 38.9% classified as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The commonest FAB subtype in AML group was AML-M2 (31.8%) followed by M4-M5 27.3%. As regard ALL, there were 85.7% with B-ALL and 14.3% with T-ALL. The aberrancy expressions were found in 66 of AL cases (45.8%), CD7 was the most commonly expressed lymphoid antigen in AML (25%), CD13 was the most commonly expressed myeloid antigen in ALL (39.3%). Conclusion: The multi parametric immunophenotyping analysis of AL is sufficient for diagnosis and classification of leukemia. The frequencies of aberra
Acute Leukemia, ALL, AML, Immunophenotyping, Aberrant Markers
Acute leukemias are a heterogeneous group of malignancies with varying clinical, morphologic, immunologic, and molecular features and display characteristic patterns of surface antigen expression known as cluster of differentiation antigens (CD), which can be detected by flow cytometry method. Immunophenotyping improves both accuracy and reproducibility of acute leukemia classification [1] .
The majority of acute leukemia cases expresses specific lineage markers; however, aberrant immunophenotypes can be detected in a variable number of cases, and it is of clinical importance not only for the accurate diagnosis, but also it has been shown to be useful for providing prognostic information and in detection of minimal residual disease [2] [3] . Its ability to measure multiple parameters on individual cells in a suspension at high speed is ideal for the study of leukemic cells [4] .
Aberrant phenotypes in acute leukemia are defined as patterns of antigen expression on neoplastic cells different from the process of normal hematopoietic maturation due to their abnormal genetic program [5] . Many studies consider that the aberrant antigen expression is of a prognostic value and has an adverse effect on clinical response, remission rate and overall survival in patients with acute leukemia [6] [7] .
We aimed to study the immunophenotypes of blasts from patients with AL and determine the frequency of aberrant markers.
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Study Design
A retrospective study, we evaluated de novo 144 acute leukemia patients at Sohag university hospital from June 2015 to June 2017. Their age ranged from 2 - 90 years (median 40 years). There were 108 males (75%) and 36 females (25%). All participants were subjected to full history and clinical examination. The analyzed samples were peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow aspirate (BM). Acute myeloid leukemia cases included in this study were classified according to French-American-British Cooperative Group (FAB) criteria while ALL cases were classified immunologically according to the available immune markers. Exclusion criteria: relapsed, recurrent cases or patients under treatments. It was approved by the faculty committee for research ethics. Informed consent was obtained from the patients or subjects' parents.
2.2. Methods
A total of 5 mL of venous blood sample was collected from each patient and dispensed into a K2-EDTA tube for CBC on cell Dyne-2700 fully automated cell counter. Bone marrow aspirations were also performed for all patients. For morphologic examination, all BM/PB smears were air dried and subsequently stained with Leishman's stain to be examined microscopically.
2.3. Flow Cytometric Analysis
The analyzed samples were either of PB or BM according to availability and presence of blast cells in considerable percentage. Fresh PB or BM samples were kept at ambient temperature and processed for immunophenotyping within 6 hours of collection using EPICSXL Coulter Flow Cytometer (Coulter Corporation-USA). The EDTA anticoagulated BM sample was diluted 1:3 with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH7.4 (Sigma Chemicals, St Louis). Peripheral blood samples were diluted 1:1. The final cell count suspension was adjusted between 5 and 10x10³/ml. For each sample, a set of tubes was prepared for a panel of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/phycoerythrin (PE) conjugated MoAbs used for diagnosis of acute leukemia including one for the isotypic matched negative control (supplied by Beckman Coulter, France), B-lineage markers (CD19, CD22, CD10, cCD79a), T cell markers: (CD2, CD3, cCD3, CD5, CD4, CD8, CD7). Myeloid markers: (CD13, CD33, intracellular MPO, CD117, CD61, CD41, CD42, CD235a). Monocytic marker: (CD14, CD15), and common progenitors markers: (CD5CD34, HLA-DR), CD45 and CD38. If the tubes was not processed within 2 hours, 1ml of fixative (4 g paraformaldehyde in 100 ml PBS with 0.1% Na azide, pH7.4) was added and the tubes were kept at 4˚C until analyzed within 24 hours. A minimum of 10,000 events were studied. Gating of the blast cell population was carried out based on its forward and side scatter properties. The percentage of blast cells positive for the relevant studied marker was determined as a percentage from the gated blast cells population. The negative isotypic control was set at 0.5%. Cells were considered positive for a certain marker when ≥20% of cells expressed it, except for CD34, and intracellular MPO where its expression by 10% of cells was sufficient to confer positive.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 19. Data were summarized as median, range, percentage or frequency.
A Clinical and laboratory characteristic of acute leukemia patients group was demonstrated in Table 1. Based on morphology and immunophenotypic analysis of leukemic cells, out of these 144 cases, there were 88 cases of AML (61.1%) and 56 cases of ALL (38.9%). The commonest FAB subtype in AML group in our series was AML-M2 (31.8%) followed by M4-M5 (27.3%). AML-M0-M1 accounted for 18.2% of AML cases, while AML-M6 and AML-M7 represented 3.4% and 5.6% respectively. As regard ALL, there were 48 cases (85.7%) with B-ALL and 8 cases (14.3%) with T-ALL. Flow cytometric pattern of antigen expression for determination of maturation stage as HLA-DR and CD34 were demonstrated in Table 2. The commonest expression of HLADR was seen in patients with M0-M1 AML (93.8%), and in B type of ALL (91.6%). Expression of CD34 also was commonest seen in M0-M1 AML subtype (93.8%), and in B type of ALL (75%). The combined use of HLA-DR and CD34 were important in distinguishing cases of M3 AML from other subtypes of AML, negativity of both
Table 1. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of AL patients group.
Table 2. Frequency of HLADR+ and CD34+ expression of AL patients group.
antigens was seen in 100% of M3 cases. As regard the expression pattern of primary panels' markers Table 3, the leukemic cells in all cases of AML commonly express various combinations of myeloid markers CD13, CD33, CD14 and CD15. Surface CD13 was the most commonly present in all AML subtypes, its percent was 93.1%, CD33 was the next most commonly expressed antigen
Table 3. Primary panel expression of AL patients group.
showing 86.4% positivity in all AML categories. Surface CD14 and CD15 positivity were more commonly associated with the monocytic leukemias (66.7% and 50%, respectively). Combinations of CD14+ expression and CD15+ detect 100% of M4-M5 cases. As regard ALL B-type CD22 and CD19 were the most commonly presented antigen (100% and 95.8%, respectively). Expression of CD2 and CD7 was seen in 100% of T-ALL cases while expression of CD3 and CD5 was seen in 50%, 75% respectively. Expression pattern of secondary panels' markers were demonstrated in Table 4. Surface CD117 was expressed in all AML cases with some variation. The highest percentage of CD117 positivity was seen in M6 (100%), and M7 (100%). The commonest expression of MPO was seen in patients with M3 AML (91.7%). MPO was not seen in any of our M6 or M7 cases. As regard ALL, there was no detection of CD117 or MPO in either B- or T-ALL cases. On the other hand, both cCD79a and cCD3 were negative in all AML cases in contrast to their positivity in all B-ALL and T-ALL cases respectively. The expression of megakaryocyte-associated Antigens CD41, CD42 and CD61, was seen in all cases of AML-M7. Regarding CD235a, its expression was restricted to AML-M6 cases. In our study, the aberrancy expressions were found in 66 leukemic cases (45.8%) Table 5, CD7 was the most commonly expressed lymphoid antigen in AML (25%) (Figure 1), followed by CD19 expression (13.4%). As regard aberrant expression of myeloid antigens in ALL, CD13 was the most commonly expressed antigen (39.3%).
Figure 1. Histogram of flow cytometry showed a case of acute myeloid leukemia positive for the following markers CD45, anti-HLA-DR, CD34, CD33, CD13 and co-expressing CD7.
Table 4. Secondary panel expression of AL patients group.
Table 5. Frequency of aberrant markers in AL patient group.
Acute leukemia is a heterogeneous disease having diverse phenotypes. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry is essential for diagnosis of myeloid and lymphoid subtypes. This current study includes 144 leukemic patients, 88 cases diagnosed as AML (61.1%) and 56 cases diagnosed as ALL (38.9%). This high percentage of AML may be due to the high percentage of adult patients, adult to child ratio was (2.8:1), and 47% of ALL patients were children. These data were in agreement with the most of previous studies in Egypt [4] , which reported 68.9% and 31.1% AML and ALL, respectively, and a Jordan study, in which percentages of AML and ALL were (52%) and (47%) respectively [7] .
Regarding the FAB classification of acute myeloid leukemia M2 subtype was the most frequent (31.8%) followed by M4 - M5 subtypes (27.3%) and this is matched with results of many studies in Egypt [8] [9] . However, other national and international studies have reported that M4 - M5 subtypes are the most common [4] [10] . For ALL, B-ALL was more frequent than T-ALL (85.7%) & (14.3%) respectively which agreed with other studies [11] [12] .
Surface CD34 and HLA-DR are stem cell/hematopoietic precursors and commonly used in flow cytometric immunophenotyping of acute leukemia as immaturity demarcation antigens. Surface CD34 is a transmembrane protein normally expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and early thymic T-cell precursors. Surface CD34 is one of the most widely used markers of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and is involved in the inhibition of HSCs differentiation, expansion, signaling transduction and anti-adhesion [13] .
Our study finding revealed that 100% of M3 cases were double negative for HLA-DR-/CD34- and this is accordance with the results of many studies concerned with AML-M3 immunophenotyping when compared with other types of AML, M3 typically displays absent or weak CD34, absent HLA-DR [14] [15] .
The frequency of CD34 in B-ALL cases was 75%, but in T-ALL was12.5%. HLA-DR frequency in B-ALL was (91.6%) and for T-ALL was (12.5%). These results matched with Sharma et al., who found that CD34 expression in ALL were seen in 67.3% of all ALL cases and the expression was more frequent in B-ALL (70.3%) as compared to T-ALL (51%) [16] . Another Indian study found that CD34 positivity was much higher in B-lineage ALL (82%) than in T-ALL (35%), (p < 0.0001) [17] . With ALL, expression of CD34 might be associated with immaturity due to developmental arrest or asynchronous expression with mature antigens. There was a significant association of CD34 with aberrant expression of myeloid markers in B-ALL. Many studies found strong correlation between high CD34 and myeloid antibody co-expression in the blasts of ALL patients [5] [18] , but in the present study we didn't find significant correlation. In the present study, there was a strong association between HLA-DR and CD34 positivity and AML-M0-M1 subtypes while Callea et al. reported strong association with AML-M4/M5 subtypes [19] .
Most of leukemic cases show specific immunological markers but on the other hand aberrant immunological markers were detected in considerable number of cases, aberrant phenotype incidence is controversial and dissimilar results have been reported by different groups [1] .
In this study, the aberrancy percentage was 45.8% of all leukemic patients, was found in 66 patients, lymphoid antigen markers expression in AML was in 40 patients (45.5%), and aberrancy incidence of myeloid antigen expression on ALL was in 26 patients (46.4%). Some studies showed comparable results, in which aberrant myeloid antigen expression was seen in 42.5% of ALL cases and 47% of AML cases showed aberrant lymphoid antigen expression [16] [20] . On the other hand many studies showed lower frequency of aberrant immunophenotyping [7] [21] .
In our study the most frequent aberrant myeloid marker in ALL was CD13. Surface CD13 was positive in 22 ALL patients (39, 3%) 20/48 patients of them were B ALL (41.7%), 2/8 patients with TALL (25%). Followed by CD33, which was positive in 4 ALL patients (7.1%) all of them was B ALL. The frequency of CD13 and CD33 in ALL was comparable with data published by WHO 2008 [22] , which stated that CD13 and CD33 are often the most frequent myeloid markers expressed in ALL cases. Many studies reported that CD13 was the most frequently expressed antigen in ALL [5] [17] [23] . On the other hand some studies findings showed lower frequencies of CD13 and CD33 of 15/165 patients (9.1%) of total ALL cases, and 15/132 (11.3%) respectively [24] .
The most frequently lymphoid antigen aberrantly expressed in AML was CD7 (25%), followed by CD19 (13.4%) then CD22 (9.1%).This in accordance with most of studies based on assessments of aberrant markers in AML which show similar frequency of CD7 positivity in AML [4] [25] [26] . In contrast with our observation El-Sissy et al. observed that CD7 was expressed in a minority of patients with AML 4/34 (11.8%) [20] , and Shen et al. reported CD7 expression in 28/222 (12.6%) [27] . Surface CD7 was positive in all subtypes of AML except M6 and M7 and show high frequency in M0-M1 followed by M2 (50%) and (35.7%) respectively. Some studies reported that cases of AML which had been associated with the expression of CD7 had a poor prognosis [26] . Surface CD7 expression in AML is associated with the immature antigens CD34, HLA-DR [28] and these findings are in accordance with our findings in which CD7, HLA DR and CD34 are co-expressed in 16 AML cases (18.2%) with subtype M0-1 and M2 but in M3, CD7 positive patients associated with negative HLADR and CD34. Some studies contend that AML with CD7 may originate from early hematopoietic precursors, and its expression at diagnosis associated with biologic aggressiveness and a low remission rate in a significant proportion of AML patients [29] [30] . Surface CD4 is considered as aberrant antigen only when expressed in cases other than M4 - M5, because it is a differentiation marker in monocytic AML [3] , so in our study we considered that no aberrancy regarding CD4 because of its expression M4 - M5 AML cells.
As regard CD5, CD2, and CD3 were shown frequency of 2% in AML cases of this study. Surface CD5 expression is not common in AML and some authors proposed CD5 expression as a positive prognostic indicator in AML patients and a negative prognostic indicator in B-ALL patients [31] . In accordance with our results CD2 was expressed in 5% AML cases in a study by Abdulateef et al. [3] and Jiang et al. [13] reported similar results 4.9%.
In our study, B-lineage antigen CD22 cases of AML was found in 8 cases (9.1%), all of them of M4 - M5 subtype and this in agreement with that reported by Faleh et al. which reported that CD22 is one of the most common lymphoid markers co-expressed aberrantly in patients with AML [32] .
Correlation with treatment response had not been carried out so definite comment upon overall prognostic significance of these aberrant markers cannot make in our study. However; presence of aberrancy helps in identifying a neoplastic process.
The multiparametric immunophenotyping analysis of AL is sufficient for diagnosis and classification of leukemia. The frequencies of aberrant markers in AL were matched with many published data. The role of aberrancy in prognosis of acute leukemia needs further study with larger sample size and correlation of the frequency of the aberrant markers with prognostic factors, genetic abnormality and therapeutic response.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Hamed, E. and El-Deen, A. (2018) Flow Cytometric Diagnosis of Acute Leukemia and Aberrant Antigen: Sohag University Experience. Open Journal of Blood Diseases, 8, 37-48. doi: 10.4236/ojbd.2018.82005.
[1] Sarma, A., Hazarika, M., Das, D., et al. (2015) Expression of Aberrant CD Markers in Acute Leukemia: A Study of 100 Cases with Immunophenotyping by Multiparameter Flow Cytometry. Cancer Biomarkers, 15, 501-505.
https://doi.org/10.3233/CBM-150482
[2] Jahedi, M., Shamsasenjansti, K. and Sanaat, Z. (2014) Aberrant Phenotype in Iranian Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 4, 43-47.
[3] Abdulateef, N., Ismail, M. and Aljedani, H. (2014) Clinical Significance of Co-Expression of Aberrant Antigens in Acute Leukemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Makah Al Mukaramah, Saudi Arabia. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15, 221-227.
[4] Salem, D.A. and Abd El-Aziz, S.M. (2012) Flow Cytometric Immunophenotypic Profile of Acute Leukemia: Mansoura Experience. Indian Journal of Hematology & Blood Transfusion, 28, 89-96.
[5] Monika, G., Sumiti, G., Sunita, S., et al. (2017) Aberrant Expression of CD Markers in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Diagnostic Clue of Malignancy or Compounding Confusions. Indian Journal of Science Research, 8, 81-85.
[6] Lopes, T., Andrade, K., Camelo, N., et al. (2014) Influence of Aberrant Myeloid Expression on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children and Adolescents from Maranhão, Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Research, 13, 10301-10307.
https://doi.org/10.4238/2014.December.4.25
[7] Momani, A., Abbasi, N., Alsokhni, H., et al. (2016) Aberrant Antigen Expression in Patients with Acute Leukemias, Experience of King Hussein Medical Center in Jordan. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 23, 59-67.
[8] Abd El-Rahman, A., Abdel-Hamid, S., Makhlouf, M., et al. (2010) Detection of CXCL12 Gene Polymorphism and CXCR4 Expression in Egyptian Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients. Journal of American Science, 6, 318-330.
[9] El Sharkawy, N. and Abdel Hamid, T. (2010) Internal Tandem Duplication of FLT3 Gene in Egyptian Adult Acute Myeloid and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Journal of American Science, 6, 14-22.
[10] Harani, M.S., Adil, S.N., Shaikh. M.U., et al. (2005) Frequency of FAB Subtypes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients at Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 17, 26-29.
[11] Omran, H.A., Shabani, M., Shahrestani, T., et al. (2007) Immunophenotypic Subtyping of Leukemic Cells from Iranian Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: Association to Disease Outcome. Iranian Journal of Immunology, 4, 15.
[12] Gujral, S., Badrinath, Y. and Kumar, A. (2009) Immunophenotypic Profile of Acute Leukemia: Critical Analysis and Insights Gained at a Tertiary Care Center in India. Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry, 76, 199-205.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.20451
[13] Jiang, Z., Wu, D., Lin, S., et al. (2016) CD34 and CD38 Are Prognostic Biomarkers for Acute B Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Biomarker Research, 4, 23.
[14] Wang, X.B., Zheng, J.E., Gu, J.X., et al. (2005) Correlation of Immunophenotype to Cytogenetics and Clinical Features of Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Ai Zheng, 24, 667-671.
[15] Alejandro, S., Mendoza, X., Qing, M., et al. (2016) HLA-DR Antigen-Positive Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 101, 197-200.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.07.013
[16] Sharma, M., Sachdeva, M.U., Varma, N., et al. (2016) Characterization of Immunophenotypic Aberrancies in Adult and Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Study from Northern India. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 12, 620-626.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.147716
[17] Vitale, A., Guarini, A., Ariola, C., et al. (2007) Absence of Prognostic Impact of CD13 and/or CD33 Antigen Expression in Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results of the GIMEMA ALL 0496 Trial. Haematologica, 92, 342-348.
https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.10385
[18] Sharma, R.K., Purohit, A., Somasundaram, V., et al. (2014) Aberrant Myeloid Antigen Co-Expression Is Correlated with High Percentages of CD34-Positive Cells among Blasts of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients: An Indian Tertiary Care Center Perspective. Blood Research, 49, 241-245.
https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2014.49.4.241
[19] Callea, V., Morabito, F., Martino, B., et al. (1991) Diagnostic and Prognostic Relevance of the Immunophenotype in Acute Myelocytic Leukemia. Tumori Journal, 77, 28-31.
[20] El-Sissy, A.H., El-Mashari, M.A., Bassuni, W.Y., et al. (2006) Aberrant Lymphoid Antigen Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute, 18, 244-249.
[21] Khurram, M., Jafri, S. and Mannan, A. (2010) Frequency of Aberrant Expression of Cd Markers in Cases of Acute Leukemia. Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences, 18, 55-60.
[22] Borowitz, M.J. (2008) Acute Leukemia of Ambiguous Lineage. In: Swerdlow, S.H., Campo, E. and Harris, N.L., Eds., WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and the Lymphoid Tissues, 4th Edition, IARC Press, Lyon, 150-155.
[23] Seegmiller, A.C., Kroft, S.H., Karandikar, N.J., et al. (2009) Characterization of Immunophenotypic Aberrancies in 200 Cases of B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 132, 940-949.
https://doi.org/10.1309/AJCP8G5RMTWUEMUU
[24] Haddad, F., Wraikat, A., Khasawneh, R., et al. (2014) Immunophenotypic Diagnosis of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Using Flow Cytometry; Experience at King Hussein Medical Center. Journal of the Royal Medical Services, 21, 21-26.
https://doi.org/10.12816/0004537
[25] Bhushan, B., Chauhan, P.S., Saluja, S., et al. (2010) Aberrant Phenotypes in Childhood and Adult Acute Leukemia and Its Association with Adverse Prognostic Factors and Clinical Outcome. Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 10, 33-40.
[26] Al-Anizi, W.M. and Al-Mashta, M.A. (2017) The Frequency of Aberrant Lymphoid Antigens Expression in 202 Iraqi Patients with De Novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Iraqi Journal of Hematology, 6, 49-54.
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijh.ijh_17_17
[27] Shen, H.Q., Tang, Y.M., Yang, S.L., et al. (2003) Immunophenotyping of 222 Children with Acute Leukemia by Multi-Color Flow Cytometry. Chinese Journal of Pediatrics, 41, 334-337.
[28] Elyamany, G., Fadalla, K. and Abdulaaly, A.A. (2013) Abnormal Expression of CD79a, CD56 and CD7 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Pathology Discovery, 1, 6.
https://doi.org/10.7243/2052-7896-1-6
[29] Saxena, A., Sheridan, D.P., Card, R.T., et al. (1998) Biologic and Clinical Significance of CD7 Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. American Journal of Hematology, 58, 278-284.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8652(199808)58:4<278::AID-AJH5>3.0.CO;2-N
[30] Tiftik, N., Bolaman, Z., Batun, S., et al. (2004) The Importance of CD7 and CD56 Antigens in Acute Leukaemias. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 58, 149-152.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-5031.2004.0018.x
[31] Basturk, A., Akinci, S., Hacibekiroglu, T., et al. (2015) Prognostic Significance of Flow Cytometry Findings in Turkish Adult Acute Leukemia Patients. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 19, 3360-3366.
[32] Faleh, A.A., Al-Quozi, A., Alaskar, A., et al. (2015) Clinical Features and Outcome of Acute Myeloid Leukemia, a Single Institution Experience in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Applied Hematology, 6, 6-12.


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Construction & Development Management
Capital Bay wants to multiply its operator property business in Europe
Berlin, 25. October 2021
Capital Bay wants to multiply its operator property business in Europe.
"Our goal is to get up to 15 brands and over 100,000 units in the next ten years," announces company CEO George Salden in an interview with TD. He envisages around 60% for Germany - but with the proviso that furnished living continues to be exempt from rent regulations. At the moment, the Berlin-based company has nine operator brands with 10,000 units in student, micro-apartment and senior housing complexes, as well as boarding houses and nursing homes. A large proportion of the planned residential complexes are to be newly built. Capital Bay has high hopes for its recently announced partnership with modular building manufacturer Daiwa House. The planned joint "Gigafactory" is expected to produce 50,000 residential units per year. Capital Bay had received a €1 billion mandate from the Swiss Prime Investment Foundation for its expansion plans. "Capital from a large private equity fund will be added shortly," Salden announces.
Read about which new materials he is testing in modular construction in TD Premium.
Capital Bay GmbH
2, rue Jean Monnet,
info@atcapitalbay.lu
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There's no better way to celebrate St. Patrick's Day than with a festive green bouquet! Make someone smile with an all green bouquet or a green plant from Village Flowers & Gifts. We can deliver your bouquet locally to Gladwin, MI or nationwide.


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Casper Corporate Contributor License Agreement ("Agreement")
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Category: License Agreement
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This version of the Agreement allows an entity (the "Corporation") to submit Contributions to Argonne, to authorize Contributions submitted by its designated employees to Argonne, and to grant copyright and patent licenses thereto. This agreement covers the Casper software (hereby "Casper").
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Professor Phyllis (Peggy) Vandenberg received her Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Utah. She is a member of the Executive Committee for the Society for Ethics across the Curriculum and an active member of the American Association for Practical and Professional Ethics. She co-edited Developing Moral Sensitivity (Routledge, 2015 with Deborah S. Mower and Wade L. Robison) and co-directed (with Deborah S. Mower) the 14th International Conference of the Society for Ethics across the Curriculum at Grand Valley State University in 2012. She is a contributor and reviewer for the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy and on the review board for the journal, Teaching Ethics.. Her presentations and publications are primarily on the ethical theories of the 18th century Scots: Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, Adam Smith, and Thomas Reid. Her latest pieces are "Relationships and the Spectator Perspectives in Hutcheson, Hume, and Smith" in Cultura: International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology, "Reid and Hume in Agreement on Moral Foundations" in Journal of Scottish Thought (University of Aberdeen Press 2011), and "A Humean Look at Feminist's Ethics" Special European Legacy Edition on Hume (Routledge, June 2013).
Vandenberg has been teaching fulltime in the Philosophy and Liberal Studies Departments since 1993. The range of her teaching has included in Philosophy: PHI 313 Early Modern Greats, PHI 460 Value Theory, PHI 325 Ethics in Professional Life, PHI 101 Introduction to Philosophy, PHI 102 Introduction to Ethics and in Liberal Studies: LIB 495 Senior Seminar, LIB 314 Life Journey, LIB 311 Meaning, LIB 100 Introduction to Liberal Studies.


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Санта-Крус-ду-Шингу ()  —  муниципалитет в Бразилии, входит в штат Мату-Гросу. Составная часть мезорегиона Северо-восток штата Мату-Гроссу. Входит в экономико-статистический  микрорегион Норти-Арагуая. Население составляет 1483 человека на 2006 год. Занимает площадь 5 625,401 км². Плотность населения — 0,3 чел./км².

Статистика
 Валовой внутренний продукт на 2003 составляет 16.348.853,00 реалов (данные: Бразильский институт географии и статистики).
 Валовой внутренний продукт на душу населения на 2003 составляет 12.772,54 реалов (данные: Бразильский институт географии и статистики).

Муниципалитеты штата Мату-Гросу


Correction published on 19 December 2015, see Remote Sens. 2015, 7(12), 17291-17296.
Tilly, N.; Aasen, H.; Bareth, G. Fusion of Plant Height and Vegetation Indices for the Estimation of Barley Biomass. Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 11449-11480.
Tilly N, Aasen H, Bareth G. Fusion of Plant Height and Vegetation Indices for the Estimation of Barley Biomass. Remote Sensing. 2015; 7(9):11449-11480.
Tilly, Nora; Aasen, Helge; Bareth, George. 2015. "Fusion of Plant Height and Vegetation Indices for the Estimation of Barley Biomass." Remote Sens. 7, no. 9: 11449-11480.


This fall, The Boston Globe plans to launch Stat, a standalone news site focused on health, medicine and life sciences. Aimed at general-interest readers, the site's early output has included coverage of measles vaccines, heart disease studies and crowdfunded medical devices. It's the third of such standalone sites for the Globe, which launched its technology focused BetaBoston last March and Crux, its Catholic news site, last September.


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Things unseen
Wed, 22nd July 2020
Review: The Gospel of the Eels
Patrik Svensson, Picador.
Eels have tended to be somewhat mysterious, and slightly sinister too, lurking about in the mud and behind rocks as they do. Today we know more about them, but they are something of a symbol of what we don't know and what we have to accept on faith (hence the 'gospel' in Svensson's book title). They are also a symbol of what we are losing.
European eels begin as larvae in the Sargasso Sea, a body of calmer water in the Atlantic that is surrounded by currents. These currents take the larvae, which develop into 'glass eels', the juvenile form, to Europe, where they were once so plentiful that they were scooped out of rivers and fed to pigs. They are now a rare delicacy, fished at night when conditions are just right.
When they reach Europe, the eels swim up rivers, developing into 'yellow eels' and spending years and decades in the shape most people are familiar with. No-one quite knows how long they live, but 100 years is a conservative estimate. When the time comes to breed they swim back to the Sargasso Sea as 'silver eels'. No-one knows what triggers this final metamorphosis. (We have a similarly patchy understanding of the Australian eel, which spawns somewhere in the Coral Sea.) No silver eel has been found in the Sargasso (although electronic tracking devices indicate that they travel there). Eels have also resisted farming, so knowledge is partial.
Aristotle was the first to provide definitive information about eels from his close study, and got most of it wrong. He was not the only one. Medieval English people thought that eels grew from horse hairs that dropped into water, or that they simply spontaneously generated. The Israelites got them wrong too, putting them into the non-scaly group of sea creatures prohibited in Leviticus (eels have scales; they are just very small). One Johann Schmidt studied eels obsessively in the early twentieth century, finally establishing that both American and European eels originate in the Sargasso Sea.
Svensson thinks it is appropriate that Sigmund Freud studied eels before heading off into psychology, because there is something uncanny about them, not to mention sexually mysterious. Svensson speculates that eels may have played a part (perhaps unconsciously) in prompting Freud's exploration of the unconscious.
Eels prompt in Svensson an existential exploration of origins and destinations. He elegantly weaves the history of eels through the often-tender story of his own family, and eel-fishing trips with his father, eventually pondering the fate of eels, numbers of which have been reduced by possibly 90% this century. As with many looming extinctions, the cause is likely to be human-induced, but multiplicitous – pollution, fishing, climate shifts. The lack of clarity on why they are disappearing adds to the threat.
Lack of knowledge also prompts Svensson to ponder the nature of faith, which he suggests is a natural, comforting reaction to fear, especially of death. (Eels, he notes, are eerily resilient, seeming to come back from death. In a different setting perhaps they would have made a fitting Christian symbol.) He also makes the contrast between faith and science. St Paul suggests that faith looks like foolishness, seemingly different to the certainty of science, though that is not quite the case, and not quite Paul's point, as faith is trust, not certainty without basis. Svensson does rightly note that, contrary to idealisations of science, scientific progress is made through a lot of assuming, of leaps of faith followed by cautious testing, so he brings the two closer together.
How eels navigate and breed, how long they live and what triggers their metamorphoses remain elusive, but these issues may become irrelevant, Svensson suggests, if they go extinct, a distinct possibility. If they do, this will illustrate the fact that current environmental losses cover not just things seen, but also things unseen.
Nick Mattiske blogs on books at coburgreviewofbooks.wordpress.com
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Writer's Block: What is your name?
If you were to have another name, what would it be?
That's the greatest name in history.
EDIT: I've just learned that the man I know as Engelbert Humperdinck is actually named Arnold Dorsey.


text:
biography Olivia Williams biyografisi Olivia Williams hakkında biyografi Olivia Williams
Birth Name: Olivia Haigh Williams
Birth Date: July 26, 1968
Birth Place: Camden Town, London, England, UK
Height: 5' 8½"
Olivia Williams Biography
Called "one of the most beautiful women to come on screen in the last 10 years" by Kevin Costner, the dark-haired, British-born Olivia Williams burst out of relative obscurity to play Abby, an independent post-apocalyptic woman looking for a man to inseminate her, in Costner's "The Postman" (1997). Having trained for the stage at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, Williams had been a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and toured the USA in a production of "Richard III", starring Ian McKellen. Her lone appearance before the cameras had been in British TV's "Jane Austin's 'Emma'" (1996), which aired in this country on A&E. Two weeks before the start date of "The Postman", Costner was still without his Abby, but seeing Williams' smile on an audition video, he flew her to L.A. and, after reading with her for the producers, gambled on the unknown commodity (though asking her to work on her American accent). Williams was then tapped to portray a widowed first grade teacher who finds herself the object of affection of both a high school student and one of the school's wealthy patrons in the superb comedy "Rushmore" (1998).Williams' next major role was in 1999's supernatural smash "The Sixth Sense," playing Bruce Willis' melancholy wife. She subsequently appeared in lesser fare, had her small role edited out of "A Knight's Tale," and finally resurfaced in major efforts in 2002, including a turn as a nurse trapped on a haunted submarine in the thriller "Below" and in George Hickenlooper's arthouse film "The Man from Elysian Fields" with Andy Garcia and Mick Jagger. Williams then joined Paul Bettany and Helena Bonham Carter for the romantic drama "The Heart of Me" (2003).
Olivia Williams Filmography
X-Men: The Last Stand (2006) (uncredited) .... Dr. Moira MacTaggart
... aka X-Men 3 (Singapore: English title) (USA: working title)
... aka X3 (International: English title: informal short title) (USA: promotional abbreviation)
Krakatoa: The Last Days (2006) (TV) .... Johanna Beijerinck
Mockingbird (2005) .... Mother
Tara Road (2005) .... Ria
Valiant (2005) (voice) .... Victoria
Agatha Christie: A Life in Pictures (2004) (TV) .... Agatha Christie
Peter Pan (2003) .... Mrs. Darling
To Kill a King (2003) .... Lady Anne Fairfax
Below (2002) .... Claire
The Heart of Me (2002) .... Madeleine
The Man from Elysian Fields (2001) .... Andrea
Lucky Break (2001) .... Annabel Sweep/Lady Hamilton in Show
... aka Rein oder raus (Germany)
"Spaced"
- Help (2001) TV Episode .... Knocked-down Cyclist
A Knight's Tale (2001) (uncredited) .... Phillipa Chaucer (DVD outtakes)
The Body (2001) .... Sharon Golban
... aka Geheimnisvolle Grab, Das (Germany)
Dead Babies (2000) .... Diana
... aka Mood Swingers (USA: video title)
Born Romantic (2000) .... Eleanor
Four Dogs Playing Poker (2000) .... Audrey
... aka 4 Dogs Playing Poker (USA: video box title)
Jason and the Argonauts (2000) (TV) .... Hera
The Sixth Sense (1999) .... Anna Crowe
Rushmore (1998) .... Rosemary Cross
"Friends"
- The One with Ross's Wedding: Part 1 (1998) TV Episode .... Felicity
The Postman (1997) .... Abby
Gaston's War (1997) .... Nicky
... aka Gaston's oorlog (Belgium: Flemish title)
Beck (1997/II) .... Karen Quinn
Emma (1996) (TV) .... Jane Fairfax
The Speaker of Mandarin (1992) (TV) .... Jennifer Norris
... aka Ruth Rendell Mysteries: The Speaker of Mandarin (UK: series title)
"Van der Valk"
- Still Waters (1992) TV Episode .... Irene Kortman


text:
Лагосанто () —  коммуна в Италии, располагается в регионе Эмилия-Романья, подчиняется административному центру Феррара.

Население составляет 4398 человек, плотность населения составляет 129 чел./км². Занимает площадь 34 км². Почтовый индекс — 44023. Телефонный код — 0533.

Покровителем коммуны почитается святой Венанций Камеринский, празднование 18 мая.

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