On the anniversary of the Cuban Missile Crisis we need again to focus on what lessons we can learn from those events regarding nuclear crises and emerging major conflicts of strategic importance. The usefulness of learning from history only works if we understand the challenges we face today.
In my opinion, we do face critical nuclear and other serious conflicts which can determine the stability of the global landscape and specifically U.S. vital interests and security.
But they are not the same as in 1962. Our dangers are far less in terms of the "Cold War" era of "MAD" (Massive Assured Destruction), nuclear standoff between two super powers of the 1950s, and (until 1991) the fall of the Soviet Union.
First, to gain an insight into a reflection of these times there is a series of quotes from former Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara who lived through this crisis.
"For many years, I considered the Cuban missile crisis to be the best-managed foreign policy crisis of the last half-century. I still believe that President Kennedy's actions during decisive moments of the crisis helped to prevent a nuclear war. But I now conclude that, however astutely the crisis may have been managed, by the end of those extraordinary 13 days—October 16-October 28, 1962—luck also played a significant role in the avoidance of nuclear war by a hair's dilemma.
– Strengthening treaties and institutions working against the proliferation of nuclear weapons. These include the Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty (NPT treaty), the coming into force the of Comprehensive Test Band Treaty which we have singed but not yet ratified. The other institution is the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna which is the group that does the inspections and other key activities to make sure non-nuclear nations party to the NPT do not build nuclear weapons. There are other treaties and institutions which are also useful such as the New START treaty with Russia negotiated by the Obama administration which continues inspections and verification regimes between the two countries. Promote and fund the UN institutions of peacemaking, peacekeeping, and reconciliation.
– Nunn-Lugar program and with the formal ending of this program next year, which aimed to make safe nuclear weapons and materials in the former Soviet Union space and the continued development of this effort via other means if possible.
– Strengthening the education of our citizens about the issues of nuclear weapons and the type of policies which will act against another Cuban missile crisis.
– Gaining support for polices institutions, and domestic modalities which will increase our leverage and capacity to act to prevent in advance the development of conditions which would cause a major conflict or destruction.
What McNamara pointed out in later years suggests the need to learn an important lesson: seek to understand the adversary and how the situation looks to that country's leadership. That may require a level of empathy and a reduction in self-righteousness. It also requires on our part a long-term strategic view and understanding future trends and opportunities.
(2) Keep your active engagement with "problem states" and potential adversaries rather than either an unneeded policy of public antagonism, hostility, or withdrawal of contact. Keep the diplomatic doors open. Indeed the wise choice is to strengthen them.
(3) In a crisis, if possible, keep or create enough time to think through the crisis and fully understand all aspects of the crisis and see it from all sides. Develop a process of communication that does not escalate the crisis but reduces it or slows it down so that both sides have time to think of the consequences and the avenues to avoid a "show down" leading to open conflict.
(4) Get advice from a wide circle of experts and "wise people" who have experience and specialized knowledge that are not only of weapons, but of the people and culture of potential adversaries and their perspective. When the decision in the war in Vietnam was made to escalate that conflict, there was no true expert in the room on Vietnam and its society nor its historical relationship with China. The same is true of the Iraq war according to written documents.
(5) Consult with allies and countries in the region or those directly impacted if the situation permits about best options on how to solve the crisis. See if others can act to help decrease the tension and open doors of communication. Explore "third tract diplomacy" options by those who have entry to and confidence of the leaders of our adversaries.
(6) Question both the intelligence given to you and those who urge immediate military action without also examining the cost of such action and ignore the efficacy of other options. Bring in those who have new ideas and alternative approaches to see if these ideas might work and how.
(7) Find solutions which have a "win-win" outcome for all sides whenever possible including compromises when necessary. Seek, if required, "under the table" or not public solutions when they are justified by the peaceful resolution of a nuclear related crisis or other serious situation. Do not think the best option is a "Zero Sum Game" outcome for either side. To maintain agreement and willingness to accept long term an outcome means the other side can live with it and gain some benefit.
These rules apply today to such situations as Cuba where my colleague Wayne Smith is the preeminent expert. He is also the preeminent expert today to North Korea, Iran, China, India, Pakistan, Israel, and Russia – all countries with nuclear weapons or possibly building nuclear weapons or have capability.
But it also applies to "problem" or "rogue states" such as in the Middle East and Arab world, North Korea, and in places in Africa where upheavals are rampant and instability endemic. It applies strongly to the Afghanistan/Pakistan/India conundrum and danger zone.
Leonov: It is terrible even to think of what would have happened. Under such conditions an entire group of Soviet forces in Cuba would've perished, along with perhaps millions of Cubans. Therefore, if what you describe happened, no Soviet leader would have been able to keep his post without taking some dramatic action in response. The closest target, of course, was in West Berlin. I think we would have seized West Berlin.
Leonov: Yes. I remember vividly October 27, the most dangerous day. Khrushchev, as we know, received a cable from Fidel on the 27th in Moscow (the 26th in Havana), saying that an American attack was imminent within 24-72 hours. Of course, this was shocking. But also arriving at that time was a cable from [Soviet ambassador to Cuba, Aleksander] Alekseev to the head of the KGB which had this phrase: "Fidel said that the probability of attack and invasion is at least 95 percent; and if the Americans attack and invade, you [Khrushchev] should attack the U.S. and wipe them off the face of the earth!" Obviously, things were spinning out of control. Such unprecedented messages, at such a time, meant that we had to find an exit, whatever it may be. And we found it just in time.
McNamara: I conclude from this discussion that we're damn lucky to be here. We were so close to a nuclear catastrophe.
Leonov: One mistake at the wrong time in October 1962, and all could have been lost. I can hardly believe we are here today, talking about this. It is almost as if some potential intervention occurred to help us save ourselves, but with this proviso: we must never get that close again. Next time, we would not be so lucky, as you put it.
Almost all of us who were born before 1962 and most of those who were born after that momentous date would not be here unless we found, by diplomacy and wise judgment, a peaceful path from nuclear destruction. We all need the smartest, judicious and questioning leaders we can find here in the US and abroad.
Previous Article Foreign Policy – The "Me Too" Debate: What Really Matters?


Chicago-based Sara Lee Corp. on Tuesday said it will pay $3.5 million to settle federal lawsuits charging racial discrimination at a now-shuttered hot dog factory in Philadelphia.
The settlement ends individual complaints brought by 139 African-American former employees and dismisses a retaliation class-action complaint. Specific terms of the settlement were not disclosed.
An initial lawsuit filed in 1999 by nine black workers depicted a factory work environment where Sara Lee managers let racism get out of control, from allowing racist cartoons to be posted on a factory bulletin board to assigning African-American workers the worst jobs (Crain's August 27).
The suit was denied class-action status before the workers filed individual lawsuits.
While the initial suits were pending, Sara Lee closed the plant in late June 2001, putting approximately 230 people out of work, including 130 black workers. At the time, Sara Lee said it closed the 34-year-old plant because it was old and inefficient, but black employees maintained the shutdown was a retaliatory move aimed at them.
More lawsuits were filed, including a new class-action lawsuit alleging the closure of the plant was a retaliatory action by the consumer products company.
In a statement Tuesday, William A. Geoppinger, CEO of Sara Lee Foods, said the company is committed to a workplace free from any form of harassment or discrimination. Mr. Geoppinger said the decision to close the plant was based "purely on business factors and that the company would not tolerate harassment of any kind."


A super sweet knotty pine interior greets you in Duncan Home, an ocean-view cottage just two blocks from the beach in Manzanita. You'll find comfy furnishings plus updated entertainment in the living room, which boasts a large flat-screen TV/DVD alongside a wood-burning fireplace. Large windows bring you delightful views of the beach and Neahkahnie Mountain as it drops into the ocean, whether you're relaxing on the large futon couch in the living room or having a home-cooked meal at the dining table. A spacious king bedroom has the same warm wood paneling and large windows to look out at the hills. When you're ready to go outside, a west-facing deck gives you outdoor space to sit and enjoy the view; the kids can run around on the lawn. You're just two blocks via a shortcut to the beach. You're also close to Manzanita's engaging dining spots and shops, hiking on Neahkahnie, kayaking, beachcombing and trips further afield to Tillamook or Cannon Beach. Come enjoy a classic cottage stay that blends a cozy interior with the great outdoors of the North Oregon Coast!
Note: This home is has a maximum occupancy of 3 guests, no more than 3 guests can occupy the home at any hour of the day.
Wonderful stay in this super cozy cabin! Very clean and comfortable with gorgeous views out the large windows! Just 2 blocks from the ocean on a very low key end of the beach. Quiet neighborhood with friendly residents. Had a wonderful time. Only bummer was the weather was so amazingly warm and sunny we didn't get to use the fireplace! Highly recommend this for a romantic getaway.
Thank you for your review of Duncan Home! We are happy to hear you had a wonderful stay Sara! Those views are gorgeous! Hope you come back during the winter months so you can enjoy the fireplace!
The home is cosy has a beautiful view of the beach and Neahkani (sp?) mountain.
Kathleen thank you for the review. We are glad you enjoyed the views of the beach and the mountain! Hope you come back and stay at Duncan House again soon!
What a view from this deck! Spent lots of time just sitting, watching surf kites, dogs, horse back riders, and families enjoy Manzanita beach.

The driveway a bit steep for old folks with some disability, but the house level. ; ) A lovely getaway.
Lavon it is great you were able to enjoy the amazing views from the deck of Duncan Home! Thank you so much for you review! Hope you come back and visit the coast again soon!
On the night of our arrival, I had performed a concert in Portland and my wife and I had a few days to decompress afterward. We arrived late at night directly after the show, and as we entered, my wife's first words were, "Oh, I like this one!" It was an oft-repeated phrase for the weekend, along with the adjectives "cozy" and "charming".

The entire property, inside and out, was well-maintained and spotless. Your house cleaners and groundskeepers are true professionals. And whenever I contacted them via email with a question, they responded within a few hours. Good job!

We're foodies, and the kitchen was well-equipped. It bragged of cast iron skillets and pans, sharp knives, a variety of wine glasses and big wooden spoons; nice touch.

The huge picture windows offered a panoramic view of both the surf and Neahkahnie Mountain. It was soothing to see that every time we passed through the living room.

So peaceful here...the only passers-by were our neighbors; we enjoyed all the amenities of beachfront property with utter seclusion. We were far enough away from town for our privacy and close enough to the beach (a five-minute stroll) to hear the waves.

In addition to the big-screen TV with DVD-VCR deck, there were a few videos; including one produced in Manzanita. VERY nice touch! Thanks for that one!

We appreciated the large capacity washer-dryer and plenty of quality laundry soap, along with the high-pressure shower. Now THAT'S a biggie!

I'm already looking at dates to return to the Duncan House. To the staff of Meredith Lodging, my wife and I both offer a hearty "Well Done!"
Skip thank you so much for taking the time to write this review. We are happy that you and your wife enjoyed your stay at Duncan Home. We appreciate the kind words and compliments toward our housekeeping staff. They work hard and your message will be relayed to them. It is great that you had such a wonderful experience! We are looking forward to your return trip to the coast!
We enjoyed the view of the Ocean from inside the house and on the deck. Whales can be seen spouting on ocasion. The house is very clean and spacious. More than adequate for 2 people. Everything works well, appliances, heat. The king bed is comfortable. Easy access to the beach within a couple blocks. The house gets warm on sunny afternoons. The only way to ventilate the house is by opening the front and back doors. We dont know if air conditioning is available in the summer, but without it we wonder how the house would be kept cool.
Donald thank you for your review. Getting to see whales spouting on the Oregon Coast is quite the treat! We are glad you had a great trip! A comfortable bed is a great bonus! Come visit the coast again soon!
Kathy it is awesome to hear the last minute beach run to Duncan Home was a success! We look forward to the next one!
We have stayed at this home more than once. We enjoyed our stays each time. It is nice for a couples get away. Has a great view of the ocean.
Stephen we love that you are you repeat guest that continues to enjoy your stays at Duncan Home. Thank you! We look forward to your next coastal trip!


text:
// Copyright 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

#include "chrome/browser/instant/instant_loader.h"

#include "chrome/browser/content_settings/tab_specific_content_settings.h"
#include "chrome/browser/extensions/api/web_navigation/web_navigation_api.h"
#include "chrome/browser/favicon/favicon_tab_helper.h"
#include "chrome/browser/history/history_tab_helper.h"
#include "chrome/browser/instant/instant_controller.h"
#include "chrome/browser/safe_browsing/safe_browsing_tab_observer.h"
#include "chrome/browser/ui/blocked_content/blocked_content_tab_helper.h"
#include "chrome/browser/ui/search/search_tab_helper.h"
#include "chrome/browser/ui/tab_contents/core_tab_helper.h"
#include "chrome/browser/ui/tab_contents/core_tab_helper_delegate.h"
#include "content/public/browser/notification_source.h"
#include "content/public/browser/notification_types.h"
#include "content/public/browser/render_widget_host_view.h"
#include "content/public/browser/site_instance.h"
#include "content/public/browser/web_contents_delegate.h"
#include "content/public/browser/web_contents_view.h"
#include "ipc/ipc_message.h"

namespace {

int kUserDataKey;

class InstantLoaderUserData : public base::SupportsUserData::Data {
 public:
  explicit InstantLoaderUserData(InstantLoader* loader) : loader_(loader) {}

  InstantLoader* loader() const { return loader_; }

 private:
  ~InstantLoaderUserData() {}

  InstantLoader* const loader_;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(InstantLoaderUserData);
};

}

// WebContentsDelegateImpl -----------------------------------------------------

class InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl
    : public CoreTabHelperDelegate,
      public content::WebContentsDelegate {
 public:
  explicit WebContentsDelegateImpl(InstantLoader* loader);

 private:
  // Overridden from CoreTabHelperDelegate:
  virtual void SwapTabContents(content::WebContents* old_contents,
                               content::WebContents* new_contents) OVERRIDE;

  // Overridden from content::WebContentsDelegate:
  virtual bool ShouldSuppressDialogs() OVERRIDE;
  virtual bool ShouldFocusPageAfterCrash() OVERRIDE;
  virtual void LostCapture() OVERRIDE;
  virtual void WebContentsFocused(content::WebContents* contents) OVERRIDE;
  virtual bool CanDownload(content::RenderViewHost* render_view_host,
                           int request_id,
                           const std::string& request_method) OVERRIDE;
  virtual void HandleMouseDown() OVERRIDE;
  virtual void HandleMouseUp() OVERRIDE;
  virtual void HandlePointerActivate() OVERRIDE;
  virtual void HandleGestureEnd() OVERRIDE;
  virtual void DragEnded() OVERRIDE;
  virtual bool OnGoToEntryOffset(int offset) OVERRIDE;
  virtual content::WebContents* OpenURLFromTab(
      content::WebContents* source,
      const content::OpenURLParams& params) OVERRIDE;

  void MaybeCommitFromPointerRelease();

  InstantLoader* const loader_;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(WebContentsDelegateImpl);
};

InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::WebContentsDelegateImpl(
    InstantLoader* loader)
    : loader_(loader) {
}

void InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::SwapTabContents(
    content::WebContents* old_contents,
    content::WebContents* new_contents) {
  // If this is being called, something is swapping in to loader's |contents_|
  // before we've added it to the tab strip.
  loader_->ReplacePreviewContents(old_contents, new_contents);
}

bool InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::ShouldSuppressDialogs() {
  // Any message shown during Instant cancels Instant, so we suppress them.
  return true;
}

bool InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::ShouldFocusPageAfterCrash() {
  return false;
}

void InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::LostCapture() {
  MaybeCommitFromPointerRelease();
}

void InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::WebContentsFocused(
    content::WebContents* /* contents */) {
  // The preview is getting focus. Equivalent to it being clicked.
  bool tmp = loader_->is_pointer_down_from_activate_;
  loader_->is_pointer_down_from_activate_ = true;
  loader_->controller_->InstantLoaderContentsFocused();
  loader_->is_pointer_down_from_activate_ = tmp;
}

bool InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::CanDownload(
    content::RenderViewHost* /* render_view_host */,
    int /* request_id */,
    const std::string& /* request_method */) {
  // Downloads are disabled.
  return false;
}

void InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::HandleMouseDown() {
  loader_->is_pointer_down_from_activate_ = true;
}

void InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::HandleMouseUp() {
  MaybeCommitFromPointerRelease();
}

void InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::HandlePointerActivate() {
  loader_->is_pointer_down_from_activate_ = true;
}

void InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::HandleGestureEnd() {
  MaybeCommitFromPointerRelease();
}

void InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::DragEnded() {
  // If the user drags, we won't get a mouse up (at least on Linux). Commit the
  // Instant result when the drag ends, so that during the drag the page won't
  // move around.
  MaybeCommitFromPointerRelease();
}

bool InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::OnGoToEntryOffset(int offset) {
  return false;
}

content::WebContents* InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::OpenURLFromTab(
    content::WebContents* source,
    const content::OpenURLParams& params) {
  content::WebContents* preview = loader_->contents_.get();
  if (loader_->controller_->CommitIfPossible(INSTANT_COMMIT_NAVIGATED))
    return preview->GetDelegate()->OpenURLFromTab(source, params);
  return NULL;
}

void InstantLoader::WebContentsDelegateImpl::MaybeCommitFromPointerRelease() {
  if (loader_->is_pointer_down_from_activate_) {
    loader_->is_pointer_down_from_activate_ = false;
    loader_->controller_->CommitIfPossible(INSTANT_COMMIT_FOCUS_LOST);
  }
}

// InstantLoader ---------------------------------------------------------------

// static
InstantLoader* InstantLoader::FromWebContents(
    const content::WebContents* web_contents) {
  InstantLoaderUserData* data = static_cast<InstantLoaderUserData*>(
      web_contents->GetUserData(&kUserDataKey));
  return data ? data->loader() : NULL;
}

InstantLoader::InstantLoader(InstantController* controller,
                             const std::string& instant_url)
    : client_(ALLOW_THIS_IN_INITIALIZER_LIST(this)),
      controller_(controller),
      delegate_(new WebContentsDelegateImpl(
                        ALLOW_THIS_IN_INITIALIZER_LIST(this))),
      instant_url_(instant_url),
      supports_instant_(false),
      is_pointer_down_from_activate_(false) {
}

InstantLoader::~InstantLoader() {
}

void InstantLoader::InitContents(const content::WebContents* active_tab) {
  content::WebContents::CreateParams create_params(
      active_tab->GetBrowserContext(),
      active_tab->GetSiteInstance()->GetRelatedSiteInstance(
          GURL(instant_url_)));
  if (active_tab)
    create_params.initial_size = active_tab->GetView()->GetContainerSize();
  contents_.reset(content::WebContents::CreateWithSessionStorage(
      create_params,
      active_tab->GetController().GetSessionStorageNamespaceMap()));
  SetupPreviewContents();

  // This HTTP header and value are set on loads that originate from Instant.
  const char kInstantHeader[] = "X-Purpose: Instant";
  DVLOG(1) << "LoadURL: " << instant_url_;
  contents_->GetController().LoadURL(GURL(instant_url_), content::Referrer(),
      content::PAGE_TRANSITION_GENERATED, kInstantHeader);
  contents_->WasHidden();
}

content::WebContents* InstantLoader::ReleaseContents() {
  CleanupPreviewContents();
  return contents_.release();
}

void InstantLoader::DidNavigate(
    const history::HistoryAddPageArgs& add_page_args) {
  last_navigation_ = add_page_args;
}

bool InstantLoader::IsUsingLocalPreview() const {
  return instant_url_ == InstantController::kLocalOmniboxPopupURL;
}

void InstantLoader::Update(const string16& text,
                           size_t selection_start,
                           size_t selection_end,
                           bool verbatim) {
  last_navigation_ = history::HistoryAddPageArgs();
  client_.Update(text, selection_start, selection_end, verbatim);
}

void InstantLoader::Submit(const string16& text) {
  client_.Submit(text);
}

void InstantLoader::Cancel(const string16& text) {
  client_.Cancel(text);
}

void InstantLoader::SetPopupBounds(const gfx::Rect& bounds) {
  client_.SetPopupBounds(bounds);
}

void InstantLoader::SetMarginSize(int start, int end) {
  client_.SetMarginSize(start, end);
}

void InstantLoader::SendAutocompleteResults(
    const std::vector<InstantAutocompleteResult>& results) {
  client_.SendAutocompleteResults(results);
}

void InstantLoader::UpOrDownKeyPressed(int count) {
  client_.UpOrDownKeyPressed(count);
}

void InstantLoader::SearchModeChanged(const chrome::search::Mode& mode) {
  client_.SearchModeChanged(mode);
}

void InstantLoader::SendThemeBackgroundInfo(
    const ThemeBackgroundInfo& theme_info) {
  client_.SendThemeBackgroundInfo(theme_info);
}

void InstantLoader::SendThemeAreaHeight(int height) {
  client_.SendThemeAreaHeight(height);
}

void InstantLoader::SetDisplayInstantResults(bool display_instant_results) {
  client_.SetDisplayInstantResults(display_instant_results);
}

void InstantLoader::KeyCaptureChanged(bool is_key_capture_enabled) {
  client_.KeyCaptureChanged(is_key_capture_enabled);
}

void InstantLoader::SetSuggestions(
    const std::vector<InstantSuggestion>& suggestions) {
  InstantSupportDetermined(true);
  controller_->SetSuggestions(contents(), suggestions);
}

void InstantLoader::InstantSupportDetermined(bool supports_instant) {
  // If we had already determined that the page supports Instant, nothing to do.
  if (supports_instant_)
    return;

  supports_instant_ = supports_instant;
  controller_->InstantSupportDetermined(contents(), supports_instant);
}

void InstantLoader::ShowInstantPreview(InstantShownReason reason,
                                       int height,
                                       InstantSizeUnits units) {
  InstantSupportDetermined(true);
  controller_->ShowInstantPreview(reason, height, units);
}

void InstantLoader::StartCapturingKeyStrokes() {
  InstantSupportDetermined(true);
  controller_->StartCapturingKeyStrokes();
}

void InstantLoader::StopCapturingKeyStrokes() {
  InstantSupportDetermined(true);
  controller_->StopCapturingKeyStrokes();
}

void InstantLoader::RenderViewGone() {
  controller_->InstantLoaderRenderViewGone();
}

void InstantLoader::AboutToNavigateMainFrame(const GURL& url) {
  controller_->InstantLoaderAboutToNavigateMainFrame(url);
}

void InstantLoader::NavigateToURL(const GURL& url,
                                  content::PageTransition transition) {
  InstantSupportDetermined(true);
  controller_->NavigateToURL(url, transition);
}

void InstantLoader::Observe(int type,
                            const content::NotificationSource& source,
                            const content::NotificationDetails& details) {
#if defined(OS_MACOSX)
  if (type == content::NOTIFICATION_RENDER_VIEW_HOST_CHANGED) {
    if (content::RenderWidgetHostView* rwhv =
            contents_->GetRenderWidgetHostView())
      rwhv->SetTakesFocusOnlyOnMouseDown(true);
    return;
  }
  NOTREACHED();
#endif
}

void InstantLoader::SetupPreviewContents() {
  client_.SetContents(contents());
  contents_->SetUserData(&kUserDataKey, new InstantLoaderUserData(this));
  contents_->SetDelegate(delegate_.get());

  // Set up various tab helpers. The rest will get attached when (if) the
  // contents is added to the tab strip.

  // Tab helpers to control popups.
  BlockedContentTabHelper::CreateForWebContents(contents());
  BlockedContentTabHelper::FromWebContents(contents())->
      SetAllContentsBlocked(true);
  TabSpecificContentSettings::CreateForWebContents(contents());
  TabSpecificContentSettings::FromWebContents(contents())->
      SetPopupsBlocked(true);

  // A tab helper to catch prerender content swapping shenanigans.
  CoreTabHelper::CreateForWebContents(contents());
  CoreTabHelper::FromWebContents(contents())->set_delegate(delegate_.get());

  // Tab helpers used when committing a preview.
  chrome::search::SearchTabHelper::CreateForWebContents(contents());
  HistoryTabHelper::CreateForWebContents(contents());

  // Observers.
  extensions::WebNavigationTabObserver::CreateForWebContents(contents());

  // Favicons, required by the Task Manager.
  FaviconTabHelper::CreateForWebContents(contents());

  // And some flat-out paranoia.
  safe_browsing::SafeBrowsingTabObserver::CreateForWebContents(contents());

#if defined(OS_MACOSX)
  // If |contents_| doesn't yet have a RWHV, SetTakesFocusOnlyOnMouseDown() will
  // be called later, when NOTIFICATION_RENDER_VIEW_HOST_CHANGED is received.
  if (content::RenderWidgetHostView* rwhv =
          contents_->GetRenderWidgetHostView())
    rwhv->SetTakesFocusOnlyOnMouseDown(true);
  registrar_.Add(this, content::NOTIFICATION_RENDER_VIEW_HOST_CHANGED,
                 content::Source<content::NavigationController>(
                     &contents_->GetController()));
#endif
}

void InstantLoader::CleanupPreviewContents() {
  client_.SetContents(NULL);
  contents_->RemoveUserData(&kUserDataKey);
  contents_->SetDelegate(NULL);

  // Undo tab helper work done in SetupPreviewContents().

  BlockedContentTabHelper::FromWebContents(contents())->
      SetAllContentsBlocked(false);
  TabSpecificContentSettings::FromWebContents(contents())->
      SetPopupsBlocked(false);

  CoreTabHelper::FromWebContents(contents())->set_delegate(NULL);

#if defined(OS_MACOSX)
  if (content::RenderWidgetHostView* rwhv =
          contents_->GetRenderWidgetHostView())
    rwhv->SetTakesFocusOnlyOnMouseDown(false);
  registrar_.Remove(this, content::NOTIFICATION_RENDER_VIEW_HOST_CHANGED,
                    content::Source<content::NavigationController>(
                        &contents_->GetController()));
#endif
}

void InstantLoader::ReplacePreviewContents(content::WebContents* old_contents,
                                           content::WebContents* new_contents) {
  DCHECK_EQ(old_contents, contents());
  CleanupPreviewContents();
  // We release here without deleting so that the caller still has the
  // responsibility for deleting the WebContents.
  ignore_result(contents_.release());
  contents_.reset(new_contents);
  SetupPreviewContents();
  controller_->SwappedWebContents();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Australians are making record investments in solar energy this year, and with the rising energy prices, is it any wonder? In 2017, more homes and businesses are turning to renewable energy to help lower their energy costs and reduce their impact on the environment. In fact, this year, over $100 million is being invested in solar each month, across Australian homes and businesses.
While the interest in solar power has never been greater, choosing just how much to invest in the technology can be difficult. Many energy suppliers are encouraging their customers to switch to a solar energy system for their homes and businesses, and yet deciding on the capacity of that system is little more than a guessing game. This is, until the introduction of the Beam device.
Good news! More Beam devices are on their way
Offering Australian households the chance to accurately measure their energy use and patterns with this revolutionary device, Beam helps customers to predict just how much they can save by switching to solar. Furthermore, the device also helps users to decide what size system their household should invest in, and predict the time it will take to repay the investment.
It will come as little surprise then, that interest in the Beam device has been phenomenal. As registrations rise, and people are excitedly anticipating the arrival of their Beam device, Beam have been busily working away at testing, strengthening and trialling the device.
Beam are excited to announce that the next batch of devices will soon be on its way. Manufactured in Australia, and subjected to rigorous testing, these devices are hardier, longer-lasting and more accurate than ever. The results of these latest set of trials are promising, and have seen the device now boasting a two-year battery life, which will extend further through over-the-air updates conducted while you sleep!
Introducing the Beam app: Beam technology for everyone
Over at Beam, they're never content to rest on our laurels. They've been working tirelessly to come up with a solution for all Australian households, whether or not you've already got a smart meter installed. The Beam app (due for release in a month) allows users to utilise their existing smart meter to gather data, before offering a range of suitable installation options for a solar power system. As it stands, the algorithms they've developed will offer the following solutions:
Each of these solutions is analysed and tuned precisely, based on your household's particular energy consumption patterns. Not only will the Beam app predict the best system for you, it will also help you to get your system installed (which you can order straight from the app or feel free to request a consultation.)
If you've already got a smart meter installed, and would like to take advantage of the Beam software, you can let Beam know by getting in touch today as they are presently developing the Beam app to consume your smart meter data too. Now that the software for the application has been developed, and is in the final stages of testing, Beam would like to ask you some questions.
"We'd like to hear from you," Beam
Beam are committed to developing and producing solutions which are human. That's why they're always asking, "what can we do, to make the technology work for you?" In developing the software for the Beam app, they've strived to come up with features which will easily and accurately help you to decide on the best solar solution for your household. But they'd like to know:
Do you already have a smart meter? No problem! The app can help you to make the most of your existing smart meter. Get in touch, and let them set you up with the Beam app.
What other options would you like to see in the app? You can let them know if there are any other features you'd like to see, which they haven't yet covered.
Do you have a preferred solar installer? Perhaps you've got a solar installer in mind, who isn't currently partnered with Beam? Building their list of installation partners is always a work in progress. You can help, by letting your installer know that you want a Beam device so you can see just how good solar can be!
There is a lot going on in the world of Beam at the moment, and they're excited to be bringing you their Beam device and Beam app solutions to help you make the best investment in your solar energy system. While they continue to develop these solutions, they're are always interested in hearing what you've got to say. Is there something else you'd like them to know? Get in touch with the team today, and let Beam make solar a reality for you.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A man was arrested for attacking his rooming house neighbor with a hammer in the face, breaking bones, according to the Stamford Police.
Rocael Perez-Godoy, 36, was arrest around 6:30 p.m. Tuesday after police received a report of an attack at a West Side rooming house on Oak Hill Street, said Sgt. Kenneth Jarrett.
When officers arrived on the scene, they found the victim washing his face in the kitchen sink and with several fractured bones in his face, Jarrett said.
The 47-year-old victim told police he was sitting in the kitchen talking with other residents when Perez-Godoy came out screaming that they were talking about him. He then pulled a hammer out of his pants and began hitting the victim in the face, making contact a couple of times, Jarrett said.
Perez-Godoy then dropped the hammer and left the residence.
The victim was treated by medics and then transported to a local hospital for treatment.
Responding officers quickly located Perez-Godoy and the hammer. He was arrested and charged with assault, disorderly conduct, carrying a dangerous weapon and risk of injury to a child because several children were in the area at the time of the attack, Jarrett added.


text:
Customer supportnewsletter
english magyar (hu) deutsch
Enlisted adds an armoured train to a shooter game
Gaijin Entertainment and Darkflow Software announce the release of the "Armoured Train" update for the military online shooter Enlisted. The key new feature is the unique armoured train escort mode, unique amongst shooter games. All game campaigns have received dozens of new missions, squads, weapons and vehicles, the AI has been improved and the "Battle of Berlin" campaign became available in game versions for Xbox One and PlayStation 4.
The first mission featuring an armoured train takes place in the Seelow Heights near Berlin. Steel beasts of the same type took part in the World War 2 battle at this exact location. The armoured train is armed with fully operational and controllable guns: an anti-aircraft gun, two Howitzers installed in the wagons, and one gun in a tank turret on a separate platform. This equipment will be quite useful to repel enemy attacks, while both sides throw infantry, tanks and aviation into the battle. In this mode one side must prevent the armored train from breaking through to the final destination on the route, while the escorting side is making sure that the train reaches the destination. One and a half kilometers of fierce fighting at railway stations, bridges, forests and settlements await players.
The update brings 9 new missions to Enlisted campaigns in total: i.e. Gare de Saint-Lo in Normandy, an improved Birch Grove in Moscow and the Oasis in Tunisia. There are 16 new infantry weapons: i.e. the Berlin campaign players on both sides can now use German Panzerfaust 100. There are many targets for this deadly device, as the infantry is now supported by the Tiger E and IS-1 heavy tanks that are really legends in World War II. There are 10+ new ground vehicles and aircraft introduced in this update in total.
Enlisted now features several new gameplay mechanics such as, aerial bombs now create craters, giving soldiers the perfect hiding place to attack the enemy later on. Pilots can now bail from a crashing plane in a parachute and strike the enemy from behind. Finally, a soldier can now throw themselves on a primed grenade, thereby saving nearby comrades at the cost of their life – something that really happened during real war.
The new Battle Pass also has started in Enlisted with many new rewards that include unique soldiers, weapons and vehicle camos.
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A new alliance between Cray and Microsoft will bring Cray's supercomputing capabilities to Microsoft's Azure cloud, in an effort to help businesses more easily scale workloads for artificial intelligence (AI), analytics, modeling, and more, according to a Monday press release.
The partnership will enable new capabilities for businesses in the cloud, but it will also help broaden the reach of Cray's capabilities, the release said. Customers who may have previously been unable to access an on-premise Cray system will now have an option to engage its features in the cloud.
"By working with Cray to provide dedicated supercomputers in Azure, we are offering customers uncompromising performance and scalability that enables a host of new previously unimaginable scenarios in the public cloud," Microsoft Azure corporate vice president Jason Zander said in the release. "More importantly, we're moving customers into a new era by empowering them to use HPC and AI to drive breakthrough advances in science, engineering and health."
Specifically, the Cray XC and Cray CS with the attached Cray ClusterStor storage systems will be available for provisioning in Azure, the release said. These Cray systems can integrate with a few different Azure tools such as Azure Virtual Machines, Azure Data Lake storage, Azure Machine Learning services, and the Microsoft AI platform.


There is a modern idea that risk is equated with danger and should be eliminated if possible. In fact risk is my good thing number 7, and makes progress possible when innovators embrace it.
There is a modern idea that risk is a bad thing to be avoided, whereas the reverse is true. Some people do indeed feel comfortable in a safe and stable environment, but this is not where progress and advances are made. Risk is essential to the learning process. We make experiments and we try things out. We learn from both the ones that work and the ones that do not.
Health and safety officers post recommendations to reduce risks, especially those faced by children. The approach seems to derive from a zero risk mentality that makes no attempts to weigh the benefits of an action against any adverse consequences it might bring. It is true that when children play conkers, a few might sustain injuries if not wearing helmets and goggles. But playing conkers is part of the fun of childhood, and will not be done at all if made inaccessible by unrealistic safety demands.
Some activities are risky, and some bring benefits that outweigh any adverse consequences. People wrapped in cotton wool develop no resilience or resistance to what life throws their way. They are also denied the gains in terms of the personal achievements and advances which those activities can bring if successful.
Entrepreneurs take risks. Investors do, too. Trying to estimate what the future may bring is risky, especially if one has money riding on the outcome. But those who undertake those risks successfully bring benefits to others than themselves. Innovators and inventors bring new products onto the market that improve the lives of others, in addition to the rewards they might gain themselves.
Risk is a part of everyday life. Farmers take risks in deciding what crops to plant and when to treat them. Students take risks in choosing courses that may or may not lead the way to a fulfilling career. Businesses take risks in deciding what products to produce and to market. People take risks when they buy products that might or might not bring the satisfaction sought. Risk is all around us and it helps us to learn and to advance. As with evolution, some things work and some things do not. In nature the organism usually dies with its unsuccessful innovation, but in human affairs we learn from the unsuccessful and gain the wisdom of experience.


text:
Energy and the Climate Crisis
Pop-up bike lanes: How Europe's pandemic cycling schemes paid off
10 May 2021 , by A.L. Ashkenaz
Cyclists in Berlin, Germany during the Covid pandemic Credit: nextbike on Unsplash
During the Covid pandemic, cities across Europe took the opportunity to shift travellers away from public transport and private cars and onto their bikes – by creating temporary cycling lanes. A new study has found that, although often controversial, the schemes were a success. TNF spoke to its authors about why these pop-up bike lanes need to stay.
Turns out, the fundamental law of traffic works on bicycles as well as it does on cars and other vehicular traffic. The law states that adding more lanes to a highway or increasing road space doesn't decrease the traffic density, but rather increases it. This is because people feel compelled to drive on this road more often than before, and for longer distances.
According to a recent study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, this law is true for bicycles as well. Increasing bicycle-friendly infrastructure can increase the number of bicycles on the roads.
"We expected that more infrastructure leads to substantially more cycling," said Sebastian Kraus, the study's lead author. "However, for bikes, this empirical pattern has been less well documented than for cars. It was interesting to see that even cities that are not known for cycling can transform themselves into cycling cities really fast."
Kraus's team observed 106 European cities, including Paris, Lyon, Stuttgart, Budapest, and Dublin. In their research they studied data from cycle counters and pop-up bike lane road work projects. They found building cycle lanes increased cycling in those cities between 11% and up to 48% on average.
Even though most streets allow cyclists to ride alongside cars, the study shows that dedicated lanes make a huge difference. The most likely explanation: safety.
Countries like the Netherlands, which prioritise cyclists' needs when planning infrastructure, have a higher percentage of their population who cycle regularly for short distances. The Netherlands has extensive and well-managed bike paths, which are well used by the community: as 36% of Dutch people list the bicycle as their most frequent way of getting around.
"Previous research has shown that making cycling safe is key to allow those 'interested but concerned' to cycle," said Kraus, a doctoral candidate in economics at the Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change in Berlin. "The Netherlands has shown that dedicated cycling infrastructure that is properly separated and protected also allows kids, older people or even people in electric wheelchairs to move around autonomously."
In the UK, many local authorities built pop-up bike lanes out of converted car lanes during the pandemic. Policymakers wanted to decrease the demand for public transport and reduce congestion by promoting cycling. Often they removed dense bottlenecks, where previously cycling was perilous. (In 2019, 98 people in the UK died from accidents involving bicycles, while the number of pedal cyclists killed or seriously injured in Great Britain has increased by 11% in the past ten years.)
The paper estimated that in Germany, these bike lanes could generate between $1 and $7 billion in health benefits per year, especially through reduced medical bills. "Each kilometre cycled brings half a dollar cent in such benefits according to the medical literature", Kraus said. "When you multiply this with the increases in cycling from our study you end up with these high numbers, which make pop-up bike lanes almost a no-brainer from a cost-benefit perspective". Furthermore, the new infrastructure may generate between $2.2 and $6.9 billion every year if the new bike lanes become permanent and make cycling habits stick.
After the pandemic is over, these pop-up bike lanes could face the risk of being torn down by city officials and local councils. The idea that removing bike lanes will leave more room for cars and hence more traffic, is well-intentioned, but misguided at that. If that occurs, Kraus is concerned that these trends of increased cycling may not be permanent.
"We know that people change their mobility habits when they need to experiment (eg- pandemic, having kids, etc). The rest of the time, mobility habits are sticky. So there's a good chance that people will continue cycling", Kraus said. "However, that's probably only going to happen, if the infrastructure stays. Many cities are making the pop-up bike lanes permanent, but some are rolling them back, sometimes also driven by claims that not enough people are using them. That's where we wanted to make a contribution: We show that pop-up bike lanes work."
In December, London's Borough of Kensington and Chelsea removed the protected bike lanes that had been in place for nearly two months, citing opposition from businesses and residents. However, an independent survey saw that most residents supported bicycle lanes, including having them on main roads.
Switching from cars to public transport or better yet, bicycles, is incredibly beneficial for the environment. The average petrol car on the road in the UK produces the equivalent of 180g of CO2 every kilometre, while a diesel car produces 173g of CO2/km. But bicycles have added benefits that public transport cannot compete with. This study has shown the massive health and economic benefits of an increase in cycling.
"Not all people can afford cars", Kraus said. "People on bikes need little space and energy and create few external costs like air pollution, noise, and accidents or, which is currently particularly important, infections for others. And it's even better for the remaining people in cars because there will be fewer traffic jams. Removing bike lanes could fire back by creating even more congestion, because people may see no other choice than getting a car as well."
A.L. Ashkenaz
A.L. Ashkenaz is a freelance multimedia climate journalist. You can reach him at @AAshkenaz
Twitter : @AAshkenaz
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text:
using namespace mbus;

class Server : public IMessageHandler
{
private:
    DestinationSession::UP _session;
public:
    Server(MessageBus &bus);
    ~Server();
    void handleMessage(Message::UP msg) override;
};

Server::Server(MessageBus &bus)
    : _session(bus.createDestinationSession("session", true, *this))
{
    fprintf(stderr, "cpp server started\n");
}

Server::~Server()
{
    _session.reset();
}

void
Server::handleMessage(Message::UP msg) {
    Reply::UP reply(new EmptyReply());
    msg->swapState(*reply);
    reply->addError(Error(ErrorCode::APP_FATAL_ERROR + 1, "ERR 1"));
    reply->addError(Error(ErrorCode::APP_FATAL_ERROR + 2, "ERR 2"));
    _session->reply(std::move(reply));
}

int main(int, char **) {
    vespalib::SignalHandler::PIPE.ignore();
    RPCMessageBus mb(ProtocolSet().add(std::make_shared<SimpleProtocol>()),
                     RPCNetworkParams(config::ConfigUri("file:slobrok.cfg"))
                     .setIdentity(Identity("server/cpp")),
                     config::ConfigUri("file:routing.cfg"));
    Server server(mb.getMessageBus());
    while (true) {
        std::this_thread::sleep_for(1s);
    }
    return 0;
}


text:
Runcinidae is een familie van weekdieren uit de klasse van de Gastropoda (slakken).

Geslachten
 Edmundsina Ortea, 2013
 Ildica Bergh, 1889
 Karukerina Ortea, 2013
 Lapinura Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1970
 Metaruncina Baba, 1967
 Pseudoilbia M. C. Miller & Rudman, 1968
 Runcina Forbes [in Forbes & Hanley], 1851
 Runcinella Odhner, 1924
 Runcinida Burn, 1963

Synoniemen
 Pelta Quatrefages, 1844 => Runcina Forbes [in Forbes & Hanley], 1851
 Runnica M. C. Miller & Rudman, 1968 => Runcina Forbes [in Forbes & Hanley], 1851

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Dr. Anna-Maija Mertensis a political scientist with a focus on European politics. Since December 2014 she has been the Executive Director of Transparency International Germany e. V. Previously, she was Head of the Finnish Institute in Germany identifying and initiating new fields of cooperation between Germany and Finland.
Dr. Mertens holds an MA (with a major in Political Science and minors in Economics and History) and a Dr. Phil. from the Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster.


text:
package bigfilecreator.Validate;

import bigfilecreator.FileSettings;
import javafx.scene.control.TextField;
import javafx.scene.paint.Color;
import javafx.scene.text.Text;

public class StateValidator
{
    public static void isOK(TextField tf, Text ok, Text wrong, Text count, FileSettings fs)
    {
        int sc = fs.getStatesCount();
        if(sc <= 0)
        {
            tf.setDisable(true);
            fs.setStates("");
            ok.setText("");
            wrong.setText("");
            count.setText("0/0");
            count.setFill(Color.GRAY);
            return;
        }
        else
        {
            tf.setDisable(false);
        }

        String value = tf.getText().trim();
        String[] states = value.split(",");
        int c = 0;
        for(String state : states) if(ValidateSettings.checkState(state)) { c++; }

        if(sc == c && c == states.length)
        {
            fs.setStates(value);
            ok.setText("OK!");
            wrong.setText("");
            count.setText(c + "/" + sc);
            count.setFill(Color.BLUE);
        }
        else
        {
            fs.setStates("");
            ok.setText("");
            count.setText(c + "/" + sc);
            count.setFill(Color.FIREBRICK);
        }
    }

    public static void isWrong(boolean hasFocus, TextField tf, Text ok, Text wrong, Text count, FileSettings fs)
    {
        if(!hasFocus)
        {
            int sc = fs.getStatesCount();

            String value = tf.getText().trim();
            String[] states = value.split(",");
            int c = 0;
            for(String state : states) if(ValidateSettings.checkState(state)) { c++; }

            if(sc != c || c != states.length)
            {
                fs.setStates("");
                ok.setText("");
                wrong.setText("Musisz podać tyle typów stanowych, ile zadeklarowano, np.: (Kobieta|Mężczyzna), (A|B|C|D|Żadna)");
                count.setText(c + "/" + sc);
                count.setFill(Color.FIREBRICK);
            }
        }
    }
}


Which instrument can i give for counter melody when trumpet is playing the melody?
In general,how do I choose the counter melody instrument?
Any instrument capable of playing a melody will work. There are some vague 'rules' in orchestral works for which instrument should play a counter melody, but in general it's your choice.
i think the timbre,texture and frequency range shouldn't coincide right?
Depends a bit on style, but if I had to nail my colours to a mast I'd suggest piano.
They could be exactly the same - you could use another trumpet.
Why not state that information in your OP or thread title then, rather than wasting the time of people just trying to be helpful and getting shotdown for their efforts??
what the bloody hell you talkin' bout mate?
Probably best you keep to Live_N_Loops, mate!!!
what the bloody hell are you on about mate?
We are the KVR collective. Resistance is futile. You will be assimilated.
My MusicCalc is back online!!
To me, since we're talking orchestral, I think the flute is a good counter-point to the trumpet.
For something more "jazzy/pop-py", try the marimba!


text:
25-29°C Clearing shower
Maroons take 15-year advantage into Origin decider
Qld town renamed 'Kurtsville' to honour local NRL star
by Travis Meyn
The NSW Blues must snap a 15-year hoodoo to win tonight's State of Origin decider as Wayne Bennett declared Queensland's home ground advantage would lift the Maroons.
New South Wales has not won a series deciding match at Suncorp Stadium since Andrew Johns inspired the Blues to victory in 2005. The Maroons went on to win the next eight series in a row.
The Blues have a terrible record in deciders in Queensland since Origin went to a three-game series in 1982, winning only two of the 11 contests (1994 and 2005). They have lost the past four deciders in Brisbane.
Watch The State of Origin II Full & Mini REPLAY on Kayo with no ad-breaks during play and Fox League Commentary. New to Kayo? Get your 14-day free trial & start streaming instantly
Interestingly, in both of those winning years the Blues lost Game One of the series, as they did in Adelaide a fortnight ago before squaring the ledger in Sydney last Wednesday.
Queensland has a strong overall record in deciders, winning 13 compared to NSW's five, while two have ended in draws.
Queensland coach Bennett is expecting the Maroons to find another gear in their first appearance at home since June 5 last year.
Cameron Munster celebrates a try in game one.
Bennett said the Blues had a distinct advantage at ANZ Stadium last week as Queensland's border closure prevented Maroons fans from heading south for the game.
"It's the same as going to Sydney, tomorrow night gets tougher because they have no NSW people travelling up," he said.
"Our guys noticed it last week in Sydney, they couldn't believe the atmosphere in Sydney with regards to the Blues because they heard nothing for themselves.
"The guys said the stadium was all blue."
Last time the NSW Blues won a decider at Suncorp Stadium ... in 2005.
The Blues must also overcome the same-day travel challenges that Queensland experienced last week.
"It is an issue, there's no doubt about that, but I don't know how much you put on that," Bennett said.
"It's easier for us to get on a bus to Brisbane tomorrow than get a bus, get to the airport, get a plane to Sydney, sit around in a room for a couple of hours then go to the change room, you go out and all the crowd is blue.
"Tomorrow it will be reversed and all Maroon."
The Maroons were well off the pace in last week's 34-10 loss to the Blues, prompting Bennett to make numerous changes to his team.
He will blood four debutants in Corey Allan, Edrick Lee, Brenko Lee and Harry Grant and is hoping the Maroons will click into gear as they search for their first series win since 2017.
Bennett said Queensland had the potential to win the game, but it would come down to their attitude and commitment.
"It's going to be all that, that's the key," he said.
"We got it right in the second half in Adelaide, we played the way we wanted to play and in Sydney we were off the pace.
"They played a good game of football, they maximised their strengths and we found all our weaknesses. Tomorrow will be as much mental as physical."
Originally published as Maroons take 15-year advantage into Origin decider
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Community Plans for a new preschool were moving ahead, Vietnamese families were being settled in town and more >>>
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Environment Police: Precautions must be taken around the river and other crocodile habitats


Anyone care for a do-over? I could really use one right now. I had written out this post and when I pulled it up to edit…it was gone. Oy! If I ever wanted to throw a computer through a window, it was today. It seems I'm not the only one either. I have seen a lot of social media lately with that theme. January was just a trial month apparently.
Consistency seems to be lost on me right now. My one job was to write weekly for this blog. Where I have I been then? On my bed, watching a Netflix binge. This is not how this works! Right? So we first, thank the Lord we have the tenacity to do what it takes to get it done.
Listening has helped tremendously lately. I was introduced to a podcast called The Life Coach School Podcast with Brooke Castillo. I adore her. I am slowing working my way through her two hundred plus podcasts. I shuffled thru her list and picked out thirty shows with topics I wanted to delve into personally. My top picks thus far are #6 Vulnerability vs. Victim Mentality and #15 Other People's Opinions. In my list are also topics on weight loss and entrepreneurship.
Gratitude Log – do you have one? This is not a new concept. I started mine years ago while reading one of many of the Sarah Ban Breathnach's books. Which, if my faulty memory serves, is one of the chapters in her first book Simple Abundance. She recommended writing no less that five things you are grateful for each and every day. If am tired, I will navigate to writing a small sentence for the day. Even on my worse days, there is always something to be grateful for.
When in doubt, eat a frog. Ok, now don't take me literally. I am talking about the one task you have been putting off forever. I am here to tell you that there is nothing more invigorating than finishing off that nagging something you don't want to do. Whether that hateful task is making the bed or doing your taxes. Just do it people!
I truly hope these quick tips help you get started again in February. Comment below on what helps you when you feel like you are due a do-over.


text:
Nabonid, właśc. Nabu-na'id (akad. Nabû-nā'id) – ostatni władca państwa nowobabilońskiego, rządził w latach 556–539 p.n.e. Objął tron w wyniku przewrotu pałacowego, w którym obalony został Labaszi-Marduk. Po 17 latach panowania sam obalony został przez perskiego króla Cyrusa II Wielkiego, który przyłączył Babilonię do imperium perskiego.

Był to ostatni mezopotamski władca rządzący nad ostatnim z (trwającej tysiąclecia serii) państw sumero-akadzkich, które zapoczątkowały cywilizację.

Źródła
Głównymi źródłami informacji o Nabonidzie i jego rządach są:
 Kronika Nabonida – tekst historiograficzny przedstawiający najważniejsze wydarzenia z kolejnych lat panowania Nabonida.
 Chronograficzny dokument dotyczący Nabonida – tekst o charakterze kronikarskim opisujący wydarzenia z 2 i 3 roku panowania Nabonida.
 Król sprawiedliwości – babiloński dokument w języku aramejskim przedstawiający Nabonida jako prawego i sprawiedliwego władcę.
 inskrypcje królewskie Nabonida
 dokumenty ekonomiczne i administracyjne z okresu rządów Nabonida
 inskrypcja na Cylindrze Cyrusa – propagandowy tekst przedstawiający Cyrusa jako wybawiciela Babilonii, a Nabonida jako bezbożnego tyrana i ciemiężyciela ludności
 Poetycka relacja o Nabonidzie – pamflet z czasów panowania Persów ukazujący Nabonida w negatywnym świetle.
 wzmianki o Nabonidzie u autorów klasycznych, oparte w większości na przekazie Berossosa
 biblijna Księga Daniela
 Modlitwa Nabonida (4Q242) – aramejski tekst odnaleziony pośród rękopisów z Qumran

Imię
Rodzime, akadyjskie imię tego władcy brzmi Nabû-nā'id. Znaczy ono "(bóg) Nabu jest wychwalany/wysławiany". W języku elamickim zapisywano je Nab/Na-bu-ni-da, a w języku staroperskim Nabunaita. W języku starogreckim spotykane są formy Ναβόννηδος – Nabonnedos (u Berossosa i Józefa Flawiusza) i Ναβονάδιος – Nabonadios (u Synkellosa i w Kanonie Ptolemeusza).

Pochodzenie
Nabonid, w przeciwieństwie do swoich poprzedników, nie był związany z rodziną królewską panującą w Babilonie, a o jego pochodzeniu wiadomo jest niewiele. Przypuszcza się, iż urodził się ok. 610 r. p.n.e. O ojcu Nabonida, Nabu-balassu-iqbi, poza jego imieniem i przypisywanymi mu tytułami "księcia" (rubû) i "gubernatora" (šakkanakku), nic więcej nie wiadomo. Niektórzy uczeni widzą w nim przywódcę jednego z plemion aramejskich lub dostojnika asyryjskiego w Harranie. Matka Nabonida, Adda-guppi', znana ze swej "autobiograficznej" inskrypcji odkrytej w Harranie, pochodziła być może z upadłej asyryjskiej dynastii królewskiej. Do końca istnienia imperium asyryjskiego mieszkała ona w Harranie, skąd po zdobyciu tego miasta przez armię nowobabilońską uprowadzona została do Babilonu. W Babilonie zamieszkała ona w pałacu królewskim, ale zajmowana przez nią tam pozycja pozostaje nieznana. To właśnie dzięki jej staraniom młody Nabonid trafić miał na babiloński dwór królewski, by służyć tam Nabuchodonozorowi II (604–562 p.n.e.) i Neriglissarowi (560–556 p.n.e.):

Adda-guppi' przeżyła 104 lata i zmarła w dziewiątym roku panowania swego syna.

Przejęcie tronu
Wydaje się, iż na dworze królewskim Nabonid osiągnął z czasem ważną pozycję, stając się członkiem wąskiego grona wysokich dostojników pałacowych. Niektórzy uczeni próbowali identyfikować go z Nabu-na'idem, "zarządcą miasta" (ša muhhi āli), wymienianym jako świadek w transakcji handlowej w dokumencie ekonomicznym datowanym na 597 r. p.n.e. W duplikacie tego tekstu osoba ta zwana jest jednak "synem króla", a poza tym Nabonid w 597 r. p.n.e. miałby zaledwie 14 lat. Inni badacze identyfikują Nabonida z "Labynetusem Babilończykiem", który według Herodota w 585 r. p.n.e. pośredniczyć miał w rozmowach pokojowych pomiędzy Lidią a Medią (Dzieje I 74). Powołują się oni przy tym na inne fragmenty z Herodota (Dzieje I 77, 188), w których "Labynetusem" nazywa on również ostatniego króla Babilonii. Trzeba jednak zaznaczyć, iż nie jest pewne, czy w obu przypadkach chodzi o tę samą osobę.

W końcu kwietnia 556 r. p.n.e. zmarł Neriglissar, pozostawiając tron babiloński swemu synowi Labaszi-Mardukowi. Ten zgodnie z Urucką listą królów panować miał bardzo krótko, bo jedynie przez trzy miesiące. Tak krótki okres panowania potwierdzają dokumenty ekonomiczne datowane jego imieniem, które odnaleziono w Uruk (wszystkie pochodzą z okresu pomiędzy 3 maja a 19 czerwca 556 r. p.n.e.) i Sippar (wszystkie pochodzą z okresu pomiędzy 22 maja a 20 czerwca 556 r. p.n.e.). Fakt, iż najwcześniejszy znany dokument ekonomiczny datowany imieniem Nabonida pochodzi z 25 maja 556 r. p.n.e. wskazuje, iż już w tym miesiącu dojść musiało do wybuchu buntu, którego celem było odsunięcie Labaszi-Marduka od władzy. Spiskowcami byli wysocy dostojnicy z najbliższego otoczenia króla, a ich przywódcą był najprawdopodobniej sam Nabonid. Otwarta uzurpacja Nabonida nie spotkała się z dużym oporem i już w końcu czerwca 556 r. p.n.e. po tym, jak Labaszi-Marduk został pokonany i prawdopodobnie zabity, bez problemu objął on tron babiloński. W jednej ze swych inskrypcji Nabonid pisze, że jego zwolennicy zanieśli go do pałacu i padli na ziemię u jego stóp, witając go jako króla. W tej samej inskrypcji twierdzi on też, że został władcą Babilonu z rozkazu boga Marduka i że działał zgodnie z wolą Nabuchodonozora II i Neriglissara. Z kolei według jego inskrypcji z Harranu na króla powołać miał go bóg Sin.

Rządy

Pierwsze lata
W chwili objęcia tronu Nabonid był już w podeszłym wieku, zaś jego syn Bel-szar-usur (biblijny Baltazar) był już na tyle dojrzały, by brać pełny udział w życiu politycznym. Początek panowania Nabonida cechuje ścisłe przestrzeganie babilońskiej tradycji. Już wówczas podjął on decyzję o rozpoczęciu zakrojonych na szeroką skalę prac budowlanych przy wielu świątyniach, wprowadzając jednocześnie zmiany, które miały usprawnić zarządzanie nimi. Rozpoczął też działania mające na celu przywrócenie dawnych zwyczajów i rytuałów. Ich przejawem było m.in. powołanie jego córki En-nigaldi-Nanny na zapomniany już urząd najwyższej kapłanki (ēntu) boga Sina w Ur w drugim roku jego panowania. Wydarzenie to poprzedzić miało zaćmienie Księżyca, które zinterpretowano jako znak od boga Sina, za pomocą którego wyrazić miał on swe pragnienie przywrócenia tego urzędu. Zdaniem naukowców wspomniane tu zaćmienie Księżyca, do którego dojść miało 13 dnia miesiąca ulūlu, odpowiadać ma zaćmieniu Księżyca które miało miejsce 26 września 554 r. p.n.e. Ustalenie tej daty odegrało decydującą rolę przy ustaleniu chronologii wydarzeń z okresu panowania Nabonida. Poza działalnością budowlaną i administracyjną Nabonid na początku swego panowania poprowadził również wyprawy wojenne do Syrii i Anatolii, kolejno przeciw Hume, Hamat i Ammananu.

Pobyt w oazie Tema
Pomiędzy trzecim a szóstym rokiem swego panowania Nabonid przeniósł się wraz ze swym dworem z Babilonu do odległej oazy Tema na Półwyspie Arabskim. Według inskrypcji z jego stel z Harranu powodem opuszczenia przez niego stolicy miało być występne i nikczemne postępowanie "synów Babilonu, Borsippy, Nippur, Ur, Uruk (i) Larsy, kapłanów (i) ludu stolic Akadu", którzy obrazić mieli "króla bogów" – boga Sina. Zgodnie z tym co napisał Nabonid mieli oni "zapomnieć o swych obowiązkach, ciągle mówić o zdradzie, a nie lojalności, jak pies pożerać jeden drugiego i spowodować, że zapanowały wśród nich gorączka i głód". Rozgniewany tym wszystkim Nabonid postanowił wyjechać z Babilonu i zamieszkać daleko na zachodzie, na pustyni, wśród mieszkańców miast i oaz położonych pomiędzy Temą a Jatrib (wsp. Medyna). Tam miał  pozostawać przez 10 lat. O pobycie Nabonida w Temie wspomina też Poetycka relacja o Nabonidzie:

Uczeni w różny sposób próbowali wytłumaczyć dziesięcioletni pobyt Nabonida w oazie Tema. Zdaniem jednych chciał on ugruntować swą kontrolę nad tym regionem. Zdaniem innych chodziło tu o względy ekonomiczne, gdyż Tema leżała na skrzyżowaniu głównych arabskich  szlaków karawan. Zgodnie z tą teorią Nabonid dążyć miał do opanowania zachodnich szlaków handlowych, gdyż z powodu zamulenia coraz bardziej ograniczona była działalność portów morskich Babilonii w Zatoce Perskiej, a szlaki handlowe wiodące na północ i wschód zablokowane były przez wrogo nastawionych Medów. Jeszcze inni zakładają, że Nabonid udał się tam z powodu swych przekonań religijnych, jako że Tema była wielkim centrum religijnym kultu boga księżyca. Istnieje też teoria zakładająca niechęć Nabonida do powrotu do stolicy i brania udziału w corocznym święcie Nowego Roku, w trakcie którego musiałby on potwierdzić tradycyjne przywileje kapłanów i mieszkańców Babilonu oraz innych świętych miast Babilonii.

Podczas nieobecności Nabonida w Babilonii rządził tam w jego imieniu jego syn i następca tronu Bel-szar-usur.

Powrót do Babilonii
Po dziesięcioletnim pobycie w oazie Tema Nabonid powrócił do Babilonii, co nastąpiło pomiędzy 12 a 16 rokiem jego panowania. Tu osobiście przejął nadzór nad administracją i wyznaczył nowych urzędników. Podjął także decyzję o odbudowie świątyni boga Sina w Harranie – był to projekt, którego nie zdołał zrealizować na początku swego panowania. Wydaje się też, że dokonał on istotnych zmian w obrzędach religijnych w Babilonii, umiejscawiając boga Sina w świątyni Marduka i przyznając mu naczelne miejsce w panteonie.

Najazd Cyrusa na Babilonię
W trakcie pobytu Nabonida w oazie Tema ważne zmiany polityczne dokonały się u wschodnich i północnych granic Babilonii. Według Kroniki Nabonida w szóstym roku panowania Nabonida Astiages (Ištumegu), król Medów, zaatakował perskiego króla Cyrusa (Kuraš), zwanego w tekście "królem Anszan". Armia Astiagesa zbuntowała się jednak przeciw swemu władcy, uwięziła go i przekazała Cyrusowi, który podbił Medię i zajął jej stolicę Ekbatanę (Agamtanu). Zjednoczywszy Medów i Persów pod swoją władzą Cyrus rozpoczął podbój sąsiednich ziem, docierając aż do zachodniej Anatolii, gdzie pokonał rządzone przez Krezusa królestwo Lidii. Zwycięstwa odnoszone przez Cyrusa odbiły się echem również w Babilonii, gdzie Ugbaru, zarządca graniczącej z Persją krainy Gutium, dokonał secesji i przeszedł na stronę Cyrusa. Na początku 539 r. p.n.e., przeczuwając zbliżający się konflikt z Persją, Nabonid rozkazał sprowadzić do Babilonu posągi wszystkich głównych bogów, by w razie perskiego ataku nie wpadły one we wrogie ręce.

Według Kroniki Nabonida w 17 roku panowania Nabonida (539 r. p.n.e.), w miesiącu tašrītu (wrzesień-październik), armia perska pod wodzą Cyrusa najechała Babilonię i w bitwie pod Upi pokonała armię babilońską. 14 dnia miesiąca tašrītu w ręce perskie bez walki wpadło miasto Sippar, a Nabonid zmuszony został do ucieczki. Dwa dni później, 16 dnia miesiąca tašrītu, armia perska dowodzona przez Ugbaru z Gutium zdobyła bez walki Babilon. Niewykluczone, że zgodnie z tradycją przekazaną przez pisarzy klasycznych i Biblię, stolica zdobyta została wskutek nagłego, niespodziewanego ataku. Wkrótce potem, po powrocie do Babilonu, Nabonid dostał się do perskiej niewoli.

Bezkrwawe zdobycie Babilonu i pojmanie Nabonida potwierdza inskrypcja na Cylindrze Cyrusa:

Nieco inny przebieg wydarzeń podaje Berossos, według którego Nabonid po przegranej bitwie z Cyrusem schronił się w Borsippie. Po zdobyciu Babilonu Cyrus wyruszył do Borsippy, gdzie Nabonid poddał mu się bez walki.

Dalszy los Nabonida pozostaje nieznany, gdyż milczą na ten temat zachowane źródła klinowe. Jedynie u Berossosa zachowała się informacja, jakoby Cyrus miał darować Nabonidowi życie, mianując go zarządcą Karmanii, odległej wschodniej prowincji królestwa perskiego. Tam też Nabonid spędzić miał resztę swego życia i umrzeć.

3 dnia miesiąca arahsamna (październik-listopad) 539 r. p.n.e. Cyrus uroczyście wkroczył do Babilonu. Skutkiem jego zwycięstwa było objęcie przez niego w posiadanie terytorium królestwa nowobabilońskiego i koniec niezależności politycznej tego kraju, chociaż Babilon zachował status stolicy.

Nabonid – król budowniczy
Informacje o działalności budowlanej Nabonida zachowały się w jego inskrypcjach oraz w dokumentach ekonomicznych z archiwów świątynnych. Zgodnie z nimi do najważniejszych projektów budowlanych przeprowadzonych przez tego władcę należały:
 Przebudowa E-babbar (sum. é.babbar; tłum. "lśniący dom"), świątyni boga Szamasza i bogini Aji w Sippar (2 rok panowania). W trakcie prac restauracyjnych odnaleziony został posąg Sargona Wielkiego, który następnie złożono ponownie w fundamentach budowli.
 Odnowa E-kura (sum. é.kur.ra; tłum. "dom góry"), świątyni Bunene w Sippar (pomiędzy 4 a 13 rokiem panowania).
 Odnowa E-kunankuga (sum. é.kun4.an.kù.ga; tłum. "dom, nieskalane schody do niebios"), zigguratu boga Szamasza w Sippar (10 rok panowania).
 Odnowa E-ulmasz (sum. é.ul.maš), świątyni bogini Anunitu w Sippar-Anunitu (najprawdopodobniej w 16 roku panowania). W swej inskrypcji Nabonid wspomina wcześniejsze prace prowadzone przy tej budowli przez Sabiuma i Szagarakti-Szuriasza.
 Przebudowa E-babbar (sum. é.babbar; tłum. "lśniący dom"), świątyni boga Szamasza i bogini Aji w Larsie (10 rok panowania).
 Odbudowa E-durana (sum. é.dur.an.na; tłum. "dom, więź niebios"), zigguratu Szamasza w Larsie.
 Odbudowa E-gipar (sum. é.ĝi6.pàr; tłum. "dom Giparu"), siedziby najwyższej kapłanki (ēntu) boga Sina w Ur (2 rok panowania). Nabonid kazał odbudować tę budowlę dla swej córki En-nigaldi-Nanny.
 Prace restauracyjne przy E-nunmah (sum. é.nun.mah; tłum. "dom wyniosłego księcia"), części świątyni E-kisznugal w Ur.
 Prace restauracyjne przy E-lugalgalgasisa (sum. é.lugal.ĝalga.si.sá; tłum. "dom króla, który pozwala rozwijać się radzie"), ziguracie w Ur (16 lub 17 rok panowania). W swej inskrypcji Nabonid wspomina o wcześniejszych pracach przy tym zigguracie prowadzonych przez Ur-Nammu i Szulgiego.
 Przebudowa E-hulhul (sum. é.húl.húl; tłum. "dom, który daje radość"), świątyni boga Sina w Harranie.
 Przebudowa E-ulmasz (sum. é.ul.maš), świątyni Isztar w dzielnicy Ulmasz w Agade.
 Odbudowa E-igikalama (sum. é.igi.kalam.ma; tłum. "dom, oko kraju"), świątyni boga Lugal-Marada w Marad.
 Przebudowa E-maszdari (sum. é.maš.da.ri; tłum. "dom zwierzęcych ofiar"), świątyni Belet-Akkade (Isztar z Agade) w Babilonie.
 Według Berossosa Nabonid zbudować miał w Babilonie mur obronny od strony Eufratu. Odnalezione tam cegły z odciśniętą na nich inskrypcją Nabonida zdają się potwierdzać jego słowa.

Inskrypcje budowlane Nabonida odnaleziono w trakcie wykopalisk na wielu mezopotamskich stanowiskach, m.in. w Tall al-Lahm, Ur, Larsie, Uruk, Babilonie, Kisz, Sippar i Harranie.

Nabonid – "król archeolog"
Stosunek Nabonida do przeszłości oraz szczególna troska i poszanowanie z jakimi traktował on odkryte w trakcie prac budowlanych pamiątki przeszłości sprawiły, iż w historiografii nazywany jest on często "królem archeologiem" lub "pierwszym znanym archeologiem". W połowie VI w. p.n.e., sfinansował wykopaliska w ruinach miasta swych sumeryjskich poprzedników, a następnie wystawił na widok publiczny odnalezione artefakty. Nie był on pierwszym mezopotamskim władcą, który interesował się przeszłością, ale to w jego inskrypcjach pojawia się niemal obsesyjne pragnienie odbudowywania świątyń według ich starożytnych planów i założeń. Odbudowę każdej świątyni poprzedzał on swego rodzaju "pracami wykopaliskowymi", w trakcie których poszukiwał depozytów fundacyjnych wcześniejszych władców i fundamentów wzniesionych przez nich świątyń. Na najstarszych odkrytych w ten sposób fundamentach wznoszona była nowa świątynia, a odnalezione depozyty fundacyjne i inne zabytki składane były z szacunkiem i czcią w jej wnętrzu. Przebieg takich "prac wykopaliskowych" dobrze ilustruje tekst opisujący odbudowę świątyni boga Szamasza w Sippar:

Zdaniem niektórych uczonych co najmniej część "zbiorów" należących do tzw. "muzeum" odkrytego w pałacu Nabuchodonozora II w Babilonie oraz do tzw. "muzeum" odkrytego w E-gipar w Ur mogła zostać zebrana właśnie za rządów Nabonida.

Nabonid – król wojownik
W źródłach pisanych dotyczących panowania Nabonida przetrwały informacje dotyczące wypraw wojennych podejmowanych przez tego władcę w pierwszych trzech latach jego panowania. Według nich w pierwszym roku swego panowania wyprawił się on przeciw królestwu Hume w południowej Anatolii, biorąc tam do niewoli 2850 jeńców. W następnym roku wyruszył on przeciw królestwu Hamat w Syrii. W trzecim roku swego panowania ponownie wyruszył na zachód, najprawdopodobniej również do Syrii, tym razem przeciw miastu Ammananu. Mieszkańców i króla tego miasta spotkać miał straszny los:

Nabonid – reformator religijny

Polityka religijna
Po przejęciu władzy Nabonid, mimo iż wciąż oddawał cześć Mardukowi, Nabu i innym babilońskim bogom, zaczął stopniowo faworyzować i promować kult Sina, boga księżyca. Znalazło to odzwierciedlenie w inskrypcjach Nabonida, w których Sin, nazywany "panem bogów" i "królem bogów", wywyższony został do rangi najważniejszego bóstwa, przejmując boskie prerogatywy przynależne tradycyjnie Mardukowi. Nabonid szczególną czcią otaczał Sina z miasta Harran, skąd pochodziła jego matka. Rozbudowa E-hulhul, świątyni Sina w tym mieście, stała się jednym z najważniejszych projektów budowlanych tego władcy. Pod opieką króla znalazła się również E-kisznugal, świątynia Sina w Ur. Już w drugim roku swego panowania Nabonid przeznaczył swą córkę En-nigaldi-Nannę do pełnienia tam funkcji najwyższej kapłanki (ēntu). Oddanie Nabonida bogu księżyca wywołało niezadowolenie kapłanów z Babilonu i innych świętych miast Babilonii. Kapłani Marduka w Babilonie w szczególności mieli mu za złe to, że opuścił na wiele lat stolicę, przez co akitu, święto Nowego Roku, w trakcie którego obecność króla była niezbędna, nie mogło się odbyć.

Reforma administracji świątynnej
Na początku swego panowania Nabonid zarządził reorganizację administracji świątynnej, mającą na celu ograniczenie wpływów kapłanów i objęcie kontrolą państwa własności świątyń. Wprowadzone przez niego zmiany dotyczyły przede wszystkim sposobu, w jaki wielkie świątynie były zarządzane. Już w pierwszym roku swego panowania przyznał on dwóm prywatnym osobom prawo do uprawy dużego obszaru ziemi należącego do świątyni E-ana. Wcześniej zgody takiej udzielić mogły jedynie władze świątynne. Na początku swego panowania w gronie osób zarządzających świątynią E-ana umieścił on również królewskiego komisarza i nadzorcę własności świątynnej (rēš šarri, bēl piqitti). W swym trzecim roku panowania Nabonid do grona osób zarządzających tą świątynią wprowadził jeszcze dodatkowo zarządcę "królewskiej skrzyni" (quppu ša šarri), który miał pilnować, by ustalona z góry część dochodów świątynnych przekazywana była państwu. Podobne reformy wprowadzone również zostały w innych głównych świątyniach.

Sytuacja ekonomiczna w Babilonii za rządów Nabonida
W tekstach powstałych już po podboju Babilonii przez Persów Nabonid przedstawiany jest jako zły władca, za którego rządów ludność cierpiała biedę i głód. W inskrypcjach samego Nabonida wzmiankowane są wprawdzie klęski suszy i głodu, ale król ten w wielu miejscach podkreśla, że za jego rządów kraj rozkwitał a jego poddani cieszyli się dobrobytem. Na to, że jego kraj rzeczywiście prosperował, zdaje się wskazywać stosunkowo duża ilość (ok. 3000) dokumentów ekonomicznych pochodzących z  czasów jego 17-letnich rządów (dla porównania z okresu 43-letnich rządów Nabuchodonozora II znanych jest ok. 1700 tego rodzaju dokumentów, a z czasów 36-letniego panowania Dariusza I ok. 1500).

Postać Nabonida w źródłach perskich i późniejszych
W źródłach babilońskich, powstałych już po podboju Babilonii przez Persów, Nabonid przedstawiany jest jako zły, bezbożny władca, wykorzystujący swych poddanych, za którego rządów panowały głód i bieda:

Tego rodzaju teksty pisane były często przez lub pod wpływem kapłanów Marduka, mających Nabonidowi za złe, iż ten odwrócił się od ich boga:

Wszystkie te teksty były jednak w rzeczywistości propagandowymi pamfletami, mającymi w korzystnym świetle ukazać nowego władcę – Cyrusa. Przedstawiony w nich negatywny obraz Nabonida trafił jednak do literatury greckiej. I tak np. Ksenofont opisuje ostatniego króla babilońskiego, którego nie wymienia z imienia, jako bezbożnika.

W Biblii Nabonid nie jest wymieniany, ale w piątym rozdziale Księgi Daniela pojawia się jego syn Bel-szar-usur (biblijny Baltazar), który przedstawiany jest błędnie jako ostatni król babiloński przed podbojem perskim. Sam Nabonid najprawdopodobniej utożsamiony został w Księdze Daniela z Nabuchodonozorem II, który nazywany jest tam ojcem Baltazara. Wydaje się również, iż to historia o porzuceniu przez Nabonida Babilonu i jego dziesięcioletnim pobycie w oazie Tema stała się kanwą biblijnej opowieści o szaleństwie Nabuchodonozora z rozdziału czwartego Księgi Daniela. W opowieści tej król ten dotknięty został rodzajem szaleństwa, które sprawiło, iż uważał się on za zwierzę i jak zwierzę postępował (zoantropia). W tym czasie "wypędzono go spośród ludzi, żywił się trawą jak woły, a rosa z nieba zwilżała go. Włosy jego urosły [niby] pióra orła, paznokcie zaś jego jak [pazury] ptaka" (Dn 4,30). Choroba króla była karą od Boga za jego arogancję i dumę. Po "siedmiu okresach czasu" Nabuchodonozor odzyskał rozum, uznał wielkość Boga, a władza królewska została mu przywrócona. O tym, iż pierwotnym bohaterem tej opowieści był Nabonid, a nie Nabuchodonozor, może świadczyć chociażby to, że szaleństwa Nabuchodonozora nie potwierdza żaden z zachowanych tekstów klinowych, podczas gdy o szaleństwie Nabonida krążyły pogłoski jeszcze za jego życia. Aluzje na ten temat znaleźć można m.in. w Poetyckiej relacji o Nabonidzie, gdzie decyzja Nabonida o wywyższeniu boga Sina i przeniesieniu się do Temy wyjaśniana jest jego szaleństwem.

Zarówno opowieść o chorobie Nabuchodonozora z Księgi Daniela jak i historia o pobycie Nabonida w oazie Tema znalazły odzwierciedlenie w tekście 4Q242 odkrytym pośród rękopisów z Qumran. Według tego aramejskiego, fragmentarycznie zachowanego tekstu, zwanego Modlitwą Nabonida, Nabonid w czasie swego pobytu w oazie Tema ukarany został przez Boga chorobą za oddawanie czci fałszywym, babilońskim bóstwom. Przez siedem lat cierpieć miał on na złośliwy wrzód, żyjąc przez cały ten czas z dala od ludzi. Po siedmioletnich modlitwach do swych bogów o uleczenie, które nie przyniosły rezultatu, Nabonid zwrócił się w końcu do żydowskiego "egzorcysty", który odpuścił jego grzechy, tym samym uzdrawiając go.

Ważniejsze zabytki związane z Nabonidem

Uwagi

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 Dandamayev M.A., Nabonid (Nabû-nā'id). A., w: Reallexikon der Assyriologie, tom IX (Nab – Nuzi), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin – New York 1998, s. 6-11.

 Grayson A.K., Königslisten und Chroniken. B. Akkadisch, w: Reallexikon der Assyriologie, tom VI (Klagesang-Libanon), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin – New York 1980-83, s. 86-135.

 Roaf M., Nabonid. B. Archäologisch, w: Reallexikon der Assyriologie, tom IX (Nab – Nuzi), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin – New York 1998, s. 11-12.
 Röllig W., Lābāši-Marduk, w: Reallexikon der Assyriologie, tom VI (Klagesang-Libanon), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin – New York 1980-83, s. 409.
 Schmitt R., Labynetos, w: Reallexikon der Assyriologie, tom VI (Klagesang-Libanon), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin – New York 1980-83, s. 411-412.
 Verbrugghe G.P., Wickersham J.M., Berossos and Manetho, Introduced and Translated, The University of Michigan Press, 2001.

Linki zewnętrzne

Królowie Babilonu
Urodzeni w VII wieku p.n.e.
Nieznana data śmierci


text:
GSMARENA July 2, 2019
Last month we came across a report which claimed that Samsung would unveil the Galaxy Note10 on August 7. Well, that report has turned out to be true now as the South Korean tech giant has confirmed the date for announcement of its 2019 Galaxy Note lineup.
Samsung has confirmed that it will unveil new phone at its Galaxy Unpacked event in New York on August 7. The company doesn't explicitly say what it's going to announce at this event but has shared a video which includes an S Pen and a single camera which clearly indicates that the Galaxy Note10 will be the star of the show.
The camera in the clip is also likely a hint at the Galaxy Note10 featuring a single punch hole camera on the Galaxy Note10, which according to previous leaks, will be placed in the center of the screen.
Samsung is said to unveil a total of three models under the Galaxy Note series this year – the vanilla Note10, the Note10+, and a 5G variant.
The Note10 and Note10+ will have similar designs, with the latter having a larger screen and an extra camera at the back.
READ ALSO: Qualcomm announces $4.7 billion boost in revenue after the Apple deal
Galaxy Note10+ (left), Galaxy Note10 (right)
With the launch just over a month away, you can expect to hear a lot more about the Galaxy Note10 series in the coming days.
She is Inspired by Kathryn Kuhlman and Her Singing Brings Revival, Artiste Sansa Speaks on the Wundef Show
Raised By a Single Mom With 9 Siblings, He Now Owns 12 McDonald's Restaurants


LUPI Solartechnik GmbH now uses Imixs-Office-Workflow for internal order management. Together with Imixs Software Solutions GmbH, a platform has been developed which connects the online shop with Imixs-Office-Worklow. With this solution orders can now be processed faster and even dynamic product recommendations can be calculated individually. Lupi Solartechnik GmbH uses the latest version of Imixs Technology to map complex business rules in a company-specific workflow.
LUPI Solartechnik GmbH is a modern medium-sized industrial company specializing in the development and production of high-quality heat exchange systems. The products have a wide range of applications, both for private use and in industry. LUPI heat exchangers are used in heating systems for single and multi-family homes, as well as for the heating of swimming pools.
Through the use of the modern workflow management solution Imixs-Office-Workflow, a wide variety of application cases in order processing and production are now handled better and faster.


text:
package zipkin2.storage.cassandra.v1;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestInfo;
import zipkin2.Span;
import zipkin2.storage.ITStorage;
import zipkin2.storage.StorageComponent;

import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import static zipkin2.TestObjects.newClientSpan;
import static zipkin2.storage.cassandra.v1.CassandraStorageExtension.rowCount;

abstract class ITSpanConsumer extends ITStorage<CassandraStorage> {
  @Override protected void configureStorageForTest(StorageComponent.Builder storage) {
    storage.autocompleteKeys(asList("environment"));
  }

  /**
   * Core/Boundary annotations like "sr" aren't queryable, and don't add value to users. Address
   * annotations, like "sa", don't have string values, so are similarly not queryable. Skipping
   * indexing of such annotations dramatically reduces the load on cassandra and size of indexes.
   */
  @Test public void doesntIndexCoreOrNonStringAnnotations(TestInfo testInfo) throws Exception {
    String testSuffix = testSuffix(testInfo);
    Span clientSpan = newClientSpan(testSuffix).toBuilder().putTag("environment", "test").build();

    accept(clientSpan);

    assertThat(storage.session().execute("SELECT blobastext(annotation) from annotations_index")
      .all())
      .extracting(r -> r.getString(0))
      .containsExactlyInAnyOrder(
        clientSpan.localServiceName() + ":http.method:GET",
        clientSpan.localServiceName() + ":http.path",
        clientSpan.localServiceName() + ":http.method",
        clientSpan.localServiceName() + ":environment:test",
        clientSpan.localServiceName() + ":http.path:/foo",
        clientSpan.localServiceName() + ":environment");
  }

  @Test public void addsAutocompleteTag(TestInfo testInfo) throws Exception {
    String testSuffix = testSuffix(testInfo);
    Span[] trace = new Span[2];
    trace[0] = newClientSpan(testSuffix);

    trace[1] = Span.newBuilder()
      .traceId(trace[0].traceId())
      .parentId(trace[0].id())
      .id(1)
      .name("1")
      .putTag("environment", "dev")
      .putTag("a", "b")
      .localEndpoint(trace[0].localEndpoint())
      .timestamp(trace[0].timestampAsLong() + 1000L) // child span timestamps happen 1ms later
      .addAnnotation(trace[0].timestampAsLong() + 1500L, "bar")
      .build();
    accept(trace);

    assertThat(rowCount(storage, Tables.AUTOCOMPLETE_TAGS))
      .isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(1L);

    assertThat(getTagValue(storage, "environment")).isEqualTo("dev");
  }

  static String getTagValue(CassandraStorage storage, String key) {
    return storage
      .session()
      .execute("SELECT value from " + Tables.AUTOCOMPLETE_TAGS + " WHERE key='" + key + "'")
      .one()
      .getString(0);
  }
}


text:
You're going to get smashed - Fury hits back at Wilder
Deontay Wilder claims Tyson Fury never wanted to fight him again, but the Brit said he is ready to finish what he started.
Former world heavyweight champion Tyson Fury is set to face Deontay Wilder in their rematch on February 22, 2020. - Getty Images
Tyson Fury has responded to Deontay Wilder's claim that he is running scared by warning the WBC champion will get "smashed" in their heavyweight rematch.
Former unified world champion Fury and Wilder are due to due battle for a second time on February 22 after their first fight last December was declared a draw.
Wilder taunted the Brit by claiming he never wanted a rematch and is "running" as he prepares to face Luis Ortiz at the MGM Grand on November 23.
Fury hit back by stating he is gunning for the American after making a winning WWE debut against Braun Strowman last week.
"If I was afraid of you I wouldn't have fought you after having three years out of the ring and beat you in your own country - and you had to rob me and give me a draw," Fury said in a video posted on Instagram.
Message to @bronzebomber !!!!!
A post shared by Tyson Fury (@gypsyking101) on Nov 6, 2019 at 3:23am PST
"I don't know why on Earth you'd think I'm bothered about you. Just get through your fight with Ortiz, do your own thing, stop using my name for relevance.
"You should be on 20 per cent but I'm giving you a fair share, because I'm a fair man.
"I don't ask for anything in this world, I work hard for everything. So, the thing is with you Wilder, crack on with your own business and I'll see you February 22nd to finish what I started.
"This time you're going to get smashed, you big bum dosser."
Wilder to defend heavyweight crown against Cuba's Ortiz
Fury outlines plans to bow out of boxing with 'farewell fight' in 2020
Fury wants to face 'bum' Wilder in February
Fury not ruling out WWE return after Strowman win - but Wilder next on February 22
I'm gonna cut Fury's eye back open - Wilder threatens heavyweight rival


Hi, my name is Nadjla. I live in Amsterdam and i'm in my third and last year of my bachelor Artificial Intelligence. I spend a lot of time on Instagram, where I can show parts of my life and get inspired by other users. I would love to do collaborations and get inspired by brands that suit me.
Bachelor (almost) in Artificial Intelligence 💫 Showing my life and outfits.


text:
HENRY VIII'S ONLY OUTDOOR STATUE
ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL
THE CITY OF LONDON'S HOSPITAL
West Smithfield,EC1.
St Paul's or Barbican
By Richard Jones
Henry VIII's is not a name that you would readily associate with healing the sick and saving lives. Indeed, quite the opposite is likely to be your first thought when you think of the six times married monarch, whose contribution to surgical science consisted, in most people's minds, of the separating heads from their bodies variety.
Yet, it is to Henry that London owes the survival of its oldest hospital, the hospital of St Bartholomew, or Bart's as it has been affectionately known to generations of Londoners.
NURSING AND HEALING
Founded in 1123 - along with the long vanished Priory of St Bartholomew and the, still standing, nearby church of St Bartholomew the Great - the hospital developed a good reputation for, if not always actually curing the sick, then certainly for making their afflictions that little bit more bearable.
Patients were nursed, given rest and comfort, plus a reasonable amount of food, together with a goodly amount of ale, and, if, or when, a patient was discharged, they would be sent on their way with a nice pair of new shoes that had been crafted in the monastery's own tannery.
HENRY VIII DISSOLVES THE MONASTERY
And then, in 1534, Henry VIII went and almost ruined it all by declaring himself Supreme Head of the Church in England and setting in motion the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The Priory of St Bartholomew was suppressed in 1539, and the hospital would, no doubt, have followed suit had not the City fathers panicked at the prospect of all the poor that the hospital had succeeded in keeping hidden from their view over the preceding centuries, suddenly becoming an all to visible fixture of everyday City of London life.
Thus, they petitioned Henry, asking that he grant the hospital back to the City on account of the fact it was urgently needed to help "the myserable people lyeng in the streete, offendyng every clene person passyng by the way with theyre fylthye and nastye savors."
RE-FOUNDED AND RENAMED
It took a bit more appealing to Henry's, extremely well hidden, caring and considerate side, not to mention a few false starts, before, on 27th December 1546, he finally granted the "Hospital formally known as St Bartholomew's" to the City of London. However, he was most insistent that the name be changed to the far catchier "House of the Poore in West Smithfield in the suburbs of the City of London, of King Henry VIII's foundation."
Officially speaking, this remained the hospital's actual name until 1948, although generations of Londoners chose to ignore such a grandiose sounding title in favour of just plain Bart's!
THE HENRY VIII GATE IS COMMISSIONED
Still, Henry had done right by the hospital, so the hospital felt duty bound to do right by Henry, albeit it took them almost two hundred years to show their appreciation.
In 1701, the hospital's governors decided that the north gate should be rebuilt and, in 1702, they agreed to pay John Strong, Junior Mason - and a member of the Strong family of Masons who, at the time, were labouring away at rebuilding nearby St Paul's Cathedral with Sir Christopher Wren - the princely sum of £550 to erect for them a splendid new gatehouse.
And, over the arch, they placed a statue of Henry VIII the despotic King who, for all his faults, was responsible for ensuring that the hospital survived his break with Rome and could continue to administer to the sick of London.
It has performed its service to generations of Londoners ever since, and is still going strong.
STILL THE HOSPITAL'S MAIN ENTRANCE
This magnificent gatehouse, is still the main entrance of the hospital, and through it pass patients, staff and visitors alike, day in and day out, just as they have done for over 300 years.
How many of them ever stop to admire its exquisite ornamentation, or to consider the fact that such a rich and graceful structure, that would not be out of place at the threshold of a palace or stately home, was, in fact, built as the entrance from the street to a hospital for the poor?
How many of those who pass through it ever notice the proud and regal figure, resplendent with his decidedly exaggerating codpiece, that gazes out across Smithfield from his lofty perch between four round columns, and consider the fact that they are looking at the only outdoor statue of King Henry The Eighth in the whole of London?
But they are, and it is, and that's all!
HOW TO FIND IT?
Over the Main Gate
St Bartholomew's Hospital,
West Smithfield, London EC1
NEAREST UNDERGROUND
The Balthrope Memorial - Church of St Bartholomew the Less
The Markeby Brass - Church of St Bartholomew the Less
The Hogarth Staircase - Great Hall, St Bartholomew's Hospital
Sherlock Holmes's Death Leap - St Bartholomew's Hospital
WEEKLY SCHEDULED WALKS
You can explore London in the company of Richard Jones, the author of the Secret London resource, and his fellow guides.
Richard offers a daily programme of scheduled walking tours.
LONDON BY DISTRICT
The Secret London resource is broken down by district.
By clicking on a section below you will be taken to the list of locations for that particular district.
City of London Locations
West London Locations
North London Locations
South London Locations
East London Locations
Locations In The London Suburbs
A FREE MONTHLY LIST
Each month Richard compiles a list of 10 free and unusual things that you can do in London during the month, and over the months ahead.
To receive the list simply enter your name and email on the form below. We will never abuse your email, and will only use it to send the one email each month that features Richard's London List.


Nicole Powell has a nose for career success; but when it comes to stinky barns, she can't smell a thing.
Nicole was a Biology major (Chemistry minor), and she's known for a long time this is the kind of work she wanted to do. At the end of her junior year at Emory & Henry she did an unpaid internship at the St. Louis Zoo in Missouri. But zoo work doesn't come easily.
Nicole Powell, E&H Class of 2016, in a photo taken during her zoo internship in St. Louis.


● Power Boom Elevation and Power Rotation are standard.
● Boom elevation from O degrees to + 75 degrees.
● 12V DC powered hydraulic pump powers both elevation and rotation.
● Boom length is 5.5 ft. with a manual pullout to 9 ft. with one intermediate position.
● The hoist winch uses a planetary gear drive for best efficiency.
● 35' of 3/16" Galvanized Aircraft Cable with 4200 lb breaking strength.
● Pedestal Heights can be varied for many custom applications.
● Optional ATB available if crane is to be used in Construction.