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Health Security and the Refugee Crisis in Greece: The Refugee Perspective
By Thomas Papadimos, Scott Pappada, Michael Lyaker, James Papadimos and Andrew Casabianca
Submitted: January 7th 2020Reviewed: January 15th 2020Published: April 29th 2020
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The flight of refugees has been part of the human condition since the beginning of time. Recent events in the Middle East have caused a mass migration of refugees from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Their primary destination has been Europe, more specifically, the affluent, better industrialized countries of central and northern Europe. However, the European law currently requires that refugees must be processed at the first port of entry to Europe. In most cases, this involves the eastern Aegean Sea islands of Greece. Here the refugee camps have become overcrowded and underfunded, and have little medical care and security. The Greek government has limited resources and the response for support from the more affluent European countries has been underwhelming. Here we summarize the lack of health security from the refugee perspective of those that are awaiting entry to Europe and are encamped in Greece.
human migration
Thomas Papadimos*
Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA
Scott Pappada
Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, USA
Michael Lyaker
James Papadimos
The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, USA
Andrew Casabianca
*Address all correspondence to: thomas.papadimos@osumc.edu
Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health SecurityVolume 1Edited by Stanislaw P. Stawicki
Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security - Volume 1
Edited by Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos
The early to mid-twenty-first century will be known for its mass migration movements. In fact, Greece has become the gateway for the mass migrations of refugee populations since the end of World War II [1]. The current Middle East refugee crisis is taxing many national health care systems [2, 3]. Greece is in a particularly unique position regarding the flood of refugees into Europe because of their proximity to Turkey, which is the conduit for Syrian, Afghan, Kurdish, Iraqi, and in some cases, African refugees. Greece is not a stranger to refugees. In 1922, Greece experienced a massive inflow of Greek refugees fleeing Asia Minor after Greece's military defeat at the hands of Turkey. The Greek nation absorbed them successfully and in the 1990s was able to face a similar, but smaller refugee challenge with the migration of many people from Eastern Europe [4]. However, the current refugee problem, that is a consequence of the conflicts in the Middle East, is different; it involves a tidal wave of refugees that are of non-Greek origin. This was, and remains, a challenge for a homogenous society [5]. The challenge of supporting refugees is especially difficult in the context of the recent Greek debt crisis of 2008 that left the Greek economy devastated. The term migrant many times refers to economic status and can be considered derogatory, whereby they are not given the consideration or status of refugees. In our work, we use the terms interchangeably and do not cast aspersions on those who are not truly refugees as defined by the 1952 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees).
Even before the debt crisis, there was a notion that Greece was not a safe host country for refugees [6]. Skordas and Sitaropoulos indicated that while the Greeks generally observed non-refoulement (the practice not mandating asylum seekers/refugees to return to a country in which they are liable to be persecuted), the Greek system of asylum suffered from a "calculated ambivalence towards the legal situation of the victims of non-state agents" and failed to provide for "basic subsistence needs … and social protection for refugees and asylum seekers [6]." Despite Greece being on the receiving end of wave of refugees/migrants, the national policies were reactive with the occasional passing of ad hoc laws, executive decrees and polices directed at the behest of the European Economic Union (EU). These measures did not take into consideration the long-term view [7, 8]. Additionally, oppressive austerity initiatives forced on the Greeks by the EU have triggered "resistance" initiatives across the country making refugee-friendly positions/responses less likely [4]. In spite of these internal and external factors, the Greek nation, through anti-racist efforts and solidarity movements, managed to provide refugees with legal services, shared information regarding available social programs Greek language instruction and basic elements of health care [4, 9].
However, in 2015 a breaking point was reached. The conflicts in the Middle East resulted in more than 1,000,000 refugees arriving in Greece over a period of approximately 15 months [10]. This happened at the same time that the debt crisis was exacting a devastating toll on the Greek economy. Millions of people were leaving their home countries to find a safer place to relocate [11]. Most of these refugees were trying to get to central and northern Europe, through the route from Turkey to Greece [12]. However, the closure of the Western Balkans transit route on the border of Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in February/March 2016 (EU-Turkey agreement), transformed Greece "from a transit country to a country hosting tens of thousands of third-country nationals for a still undefined, yet long-term, period. Greece progressed from the logic of repression (meaning to keep all foreigners out) to the logic of reception," and received 90% of the total population of refugees from 2016 to 2018 [9]. This resulted in between 10,000 and 20,000 asylum seekers who were unable to leave Greece and becoming confined to refugee camps where they were trapped and forced to live under poor economic and health conditions [13, 14]. Over time, this number has now has swollen to over 60,000 people [15]. In effect, since 2011 one half of the Syrian population has been displaced, either as refugees to another country or internally (secondary to conflict, poverty, food insecurity or loss of infrastructure) [16]. Herein, we will review the multitude of public health and medical problems that dominate the health security of refugees in Greece. These problems include infectious diseases, mental health, women's health issues, traumas and burns, and children's health issues.
2. Methods
Using key words and the MESH headings provided by PubMed the authors reviewed the available papers and the determined which papers were the most relevant for the project. Additionally, key words were entered into Google Scholar resulting in further identification of source material; this included various forms of media and journalism. At the same time, documents originating with the United Nations and World Health Organization were also identified and reviewed.
3. Infectious diseases
3.1 Respiratory conditions
Refugees arriving to Greece may be vulnerable to infectious diseases because of poor nutritional status, unsafe drinking water in their journeys, lack of vaccination, poor or overcrowded living conditions, and lack of immunity to endemic diseases [17]. These factors can occur in transit, or in the country of origin [17, 18]. Because of this host countries may have serious concerns about the spread of disease by refugees/migrants. While there is little evidence to indicate that refugees spread disease to local populations (EU/EEA), conclusive data is lacking. Work done by Rojek et al., evaluating prospective data from medical consultations on patients presenting with symptoms and signs of a syndrome that may have warranted inclusion in a syndromic surveillance system, showed that fewer than 5% of patients had a full set of vital signs documented [17]. Also, only 11% of patients with a possible syndrome were reported to the medical alert system. Such gaps indicate that refugee patients may not be asked for a medical history, or be given an appropriately complete physical examination. Consequently, the risk of infectious diseases in refugee populations and the chance of disease entry into local populations may be underestimated [17].
Respiratory infections are of great concern and are the most frequent problem [17]. Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) clinics at the point of entry into Greece and Serbia found that respiratory tract infections (RTI) occurred in 41% of refugees. Clinics at the Greek-Turkish border exhibited an RTI prevalence of 23% [19, 20]. Refugees in Turkey had 330,000 excess cases of RTI and 50,000 excess cases of diarrhea in 2015 [21].
The unprecedented cross border mobility of refugees/migrants and refugees lends to the dissemination of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens across borders. MDR organisms are often carried by young men (wounded in combat or as innocent by-standers). These individuals often find their way into camps where conditions contribute to the spread of pathogens with antibiotic resistance [22]. Although available evidence is sparse, there are indications that refugees admitted to healthcare facilities frequently import MDRs [23].
In a recent report by Hermans et al. regarding the disease burden among those staying at the Lesbos, Greece refugee camp, no reported cases of tuberculosis were identified [24]. However, 15.3% of Syrian refugees screened in Berlin had potentially contagious diseases [25]. This suggests that refugees entering Greece may have had inadequate diagnostic work-ups either due to a lack of medical expertise or money to do the testing. With the ongoing Syria humanitarian crisis infectious disease will continue to emerge and reemerge [26].
3.2 Hepatitis
As far back as 2003 Greek investigators had determined that refugees living in Athens (especially those from Asia and Albania) had a high incidence of hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection. Of note, the incidence of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection was low [27]. Refugee populations in Greece in the early 2000s were avoiding established shelters for the fear of being departed, therefore they lived in crowded conditions among their own immigrant groups [28]. Hepatitis A viral disease (HAV) in Greece has remained high at 17.1% among non-immunized children [29]. Recent data from the Greek Government demonstrated spikes in HAV disease from 2005 to 2008, after the migration of populations from the Middle East and Roma (Albanian and other Balkan Roma groups) populations. A second spike occurred in 2016 and 2017 secondary to the current Syrian disaster. In December 2016, as the Syrian crisis was reaching a crescendo, refugees and asylum seekers residing in host facilities in Greece were demonstrating an increase, mostly in children under 15 years of age [30, 31].
3.3 Leishmania
More than one million refugees arrived in Greece between 2015 and 2016 from areas with endemic Leishmaniasis (Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan). This disease has serious social and economic consequences in these areas [32]. Fotakis et al. uncovered an infection rate of Phlebotomus spp. sand flies in refugee camps that indicated an elevated risk to local populations [32]. A common-sense recommendation would be to provide refugees access to descent living conditions, good health education, effective vector control, and interdict local colonization of sand flies. Ongoing studies of refugee populations regarding epidemiology and disease transmission may be helpful.
3.4 Shigella
Shigella is endemic in many low-income countries. The massive influx of refugees to Greece puts local and incoming refugee populations at risk [33]. At a syndromic notification center in Athens, Greece in 2015/2016 a cluster of shigellosis cases was identified. All cases were multi-drug resistant, and a potential common source was not identified. All cases were typed; real-time typing is helpful for control methods and epidemiological inquiries.
The truth is simple, refugees are colonized by resistant organisms during their extended stays in refugee/migrant camps [33, 34]. There is a need for a European tracking system that can be used by all countries were diseases and syndromes are identified to allow documentation and prompt, effective intervention.
4. Mental health
To say that refugees experience stress is an understatement. They must deal with war, migration, oppression, forced detention, violence, and witness death and destruction [35, 36]. They suffer abuse from smugglers, criminals, and governments [37]. In 2016, 5096 individuals perished at sea [37]. In view of the afore-mentioned, refugees have many psychological and somatic complaints [38]. To document this violence towards Syrian refugees and its effect, MSF has supported camps in Greece, conducted a quantitative and qualitative research investigation at sites in Greece (Ritsona camp near Athens, Katskikas camp near Ioannina, and Samos). The study aimed to determine the levels and type of violence experienced by refugees in their home communities, during their journey, and during their stay abroad. It also looked at the types of perpetrators, and the prevalence of anxiety and other mental disorders [35]. MSF used the Refugee Health Screener 15 (RHS-15) as their investigative tool. They found that over 92% of the participants screened positive for anxiety. Up to 75% experienced a violent act in Syria and over half experienced a violent act on their journey to Greece. The violence, as expected, decreased from Syria to Turkey and from Turkey to Greece. However, there were violent acts reported in Greece [39]. Most refugees felt oppressed by daily stressful events such as poverty, poor housing, isolation, societal marginalization, and changes in family structure [40, 41, 42].
To further elucidate the plight of Syrian refugees in Greece, in particular, Poole et al. studied major depressive symptoms and risk factors [43]. It is of interest that most migrants are normally healthier than the host populations [44]; this is called the "healthy migrant effect." However, refugees/migrants fleeing conflict zones are not, and they face an increased prevalence of mental health problems [45]. Major depressive disorder (MDD) undermines individual and family functionality, which is imperative for survival, resettlement, and acculturation [46, 47]. MDDs occurred in 44% of the population studied. Women had significantly increased odds of MDD. Globally, women have 50% more MDDs than men [48]. The prevalence of MDD did not differ by age or educational level; however, increased time of displacement and time in the asylum process in Greece seemed to increase the likelihood of MDD. The odds of MDD increased by 15% for each additional month an individual was in the asylum process. The prevalence of MDD was 10× higher in Syrian refugees that in Syrians in pre-conflict times and generally across the globe [49, 50]. There is some evidence that MDD may lessen as the time since leaving the area of conflict increases [51].
The destruction done to individuals, families, and the mental health infrastructure of countries that accept refugees, is cataclysmic and ongoing. This is only compounded by a lack of information about legal procedures and an uncertain future in the countries in which they are encamped [35].
5. Women's health
The plight of refugee women is difficult and perilous [52, 53]. While most of the refugees coming to Greece and Europe from the Middle East were initially men, women have been making the difficult trip in increasing numbers since 2016 [54]. Global figures show that 80% of the refugees and internally displaced people are women and children [55]. The displacement of families because of war has led to insecurity and vulnerability. Women are subjected to violence in their conflict-ravaged countries, during migration out of their country, and after their arrival in camps and refugee centers at their destination [52, 53]. Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) has become a significant burden to refugee women.
In war zones the terror is very straight forward. Bombs fall, soldiers from all sides of a conflict (whether from the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the Syrian army proper, or Syrian rebels) rape women, kill family members, and steal possessions [52]. Violence during their journey of escape and migration comes, for the most part, from those who are supposed to help them, or claim to help them. Clearly, women traveling alone or with children are extremely vulnerable; however, even women travelling with men also do not have absolute safety.
Frequently, women are first victimized at the hands of smugglers who offer to help them and their children get to Europe for a price that includes "transactional sex." If transit to the European Union (EU) becomes more difficult due to the closing of more border crossings (EU—Turkish agreement of March 2016) [9] or the bombing/destruction of smuggler's boats (as proposed by the United Nations for the transit of refugees) [56] it is "likely that the demand for smugglers, and the price that they ask for facilitating the passage into Europe will increase [52]." A second opportunity for violence occurs at the hands of Turkish police and coast guard as women and their families try to flee to Greece [52]. A third threat along the road of migration comes from fellow male travelers. Even after reaching refugee camps women are frequently frightened to leave their tents at night (or at any time) due to the threat of rape by men in the camp [52]. The stress of flight from a war zone and life in a refugee camp may lead to both verbal and violence from husbands. Psychological stress leads to SGBV and intimate partner violence [53]. This type of violence is a manner in which to eliminate feeling of helplessness and many refugee communities experience it [57]. It is of interest that SGBV is a reaction to something dangerous post immediate conflict [53, 58]. In 2015, the organization UN Women estimated that 35% of women are physically abuse or raped at some time in their lives [59].
Two other factors have exacerbated the plight of refugee women: (1) there are no clear policies at their first destination point in the EU (or for that matter, at any intermediate or final destination point) regarding whom to report physical or sexually abuse and (2), as alluded to above, the lack of an adequate accommodations increases their insecurity [52]. The above difficulties are all complicated by the fact that there are no legal, regular routes of transit for refugees.
Once asylum seeking women refugees (ASWR) reach a destination outside their country of origin there are considerable barriers to the provision of health care [60]. The first barrier is the legal barrier. ASWR (and men and children) will have limited access to national health systems. Specifically, the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) rights of ASWR are often compromised because of their lack of knowledge on what their rights are and how to navigate the health care system of their host country. This may be compounded by a deficit of knowledge on the part of those who try to provide services to them [60]. A second barrier is one of geography. Refugees can be moved from camp to camp and find it difficult to develop a sense of trust regarding relief workers. A lack of trust and a discontinuity of care compromise an ASWR's SRH. A third barrier involves the differing administrative rules and regulations in host countries. Even those providing the health care do not know all the rules and regulations regarding refugees and what they may be entitled to [60]. Another barrier of significance, involves the socio-cultural aspects affecting an ASWR. Some cultures have strict gender roles, and some ASWR do not want to be examined by a male health care provider. Even in a situation where the woman is willing, their husband or extended family may object [61]. Simply disrobing to any extent or assuming a particular position for a physical examination can be challenging [37, 62]. The general mistrust by the refugee community of the host country is accentuated by the health provider's lack of awareness regarding the socio-cultural mores of the refugees. Finally, the economic barriers cannot be discounted. ASWR may not be able to find work, or may not be allowed to work by their husbands or family [60, 63, 64]. Janssens et al. points out that the merely the need to purchase contraceptives may be beyond an ASWR's reach because of cost [60].
Therefore, the provision of care for ASWR is anything but systematic and organized [65]. Through their journeys, the barriers they encounter, and the woeful inadequacies they confront in their host countries, ASWR are left with unaddressed or inadequately addressed serious issues such as adequate perinatal care, controlling their sexuality, depression, anxiety, discrimination, unmet health service needs, and even female genital mutilation in their host destination perpetrated by their male dominant culture [65]. ASWR are a group that needs local, regional, and national assistance from the host country. Healthcare providers must understand position of refugee women from every perspective and must endeavor to overcome barriers to respect and meaningful care.
6. Child health
The international public health community is concerned about childhood morbidity in the refugee camps of Greece. Kampouras et al. was one of the first groups to investigate and report on the disease burden of camps among children [15]. They divided the illnesses that occurred over the winter of 2016–2017 into infectious and non-infectious categories. Children less than the age of 12 years were usually presented with infectious causes (nearly 81%). Infants, toddlers and children suffered from respiratory infections more frequently than adolescents and adults who tended to present with non-infectious diseases. The most common infections in younger patients included infections of the respiratory tract (67%), skin (23%), the gastrointestinal tract (6%), and the urinary tract (3%). Non-communicable diseases among the youngest were often due to disease of the gastrointestinal tract (20%), respiratory system (18%), surgical problems (13%), and allergies (10%). Infants had better health than children or toddlers. There was no association between illness and gender [15].
There is no doubt that non-breastfed infants are at a higher risk for infection, hospitalization and death than those who are breastfed [66]. Significantly, while 75% of the babies arriving in Lesbos, Greece, were breastfed, only 25% of those leaving Lesvos were still being breastfed. The reason behind this may be related to some non-government organizations (NGOs) giving out infant formula indiscriminately. Because refugee camps have problems with overcrowding and many of the refugees/migrants arriving at these camps are already in poor health the general hygienic conditions of the camps are not very good [67, 68, 69]. Therefore, once the breast-feeding stops, not only is the mother's immunity no longer passed on to the infant, but the use of formula is plagued by a lack of hot, clean water, poor sterilization of bottles and nipples and an unreliable supply of milk types.
This leads to a general concern for the growth and development of refugee children [70]. Growth abnormalities have been identified among Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon, where acute malnutrition is low, but stunting of growth is high [71, 72, 73]. Stunting, defined as low height for age, usually occurs because of prolonged undernutrition or malnutrition as well as poor living conditions [70]. In addition to stunting micronutrient deficiencies and a lack of adequate mineral and vitamin supplementation (such as zinc, iron, and calcium) in children is also associated with increased mortality [70]. In 2016 Walpole et al. carried out a project in Northern Greece to assess this situation among refugee children [70]. They found a high prevalence of stunting among the children from 0-5 years of age (including infants). Walpole et al. reported that "a high body mass index in stunted children was a common finding raising concerns over long-term health outcomes and risk of non-communicable disease." This is essentially caused by chronic malnutrition as opposed to acute malnutrition. The rates of stunting for children in camps in Northern Greece were twice as high as that found in Jordanian camps. The children were exposed to a high amount of carbohydrate and fat, and very little protein. Micronutrient deficiencies were likely attributable to factors such as inadequate dietary intake by pregnant and breastfeeding mothers. Because of this finding a recommendation has been made to the Greek government to supplement micronutrients to children under 5 years of age, pregnant women, and women who are breastfeeding [70].
To avert important childhood diseases and decrease childhood morbidity an effective vaccination program must also be put into place. Until the spring of 2017, vaccination of refugee/migrant children was primarily accomplished by NGOs collaborating with the Greek Ministry of Health (MOH) [74]. Unfortunately, not all camps were equally covered by NGOs administering vaccines. This was particularly noted in camps that used hostels, hotels, and apartments for housing. In the spring of 2016, the General Directorate of Public Health of the MOH took over all vaccination activities under a program entitled "PHILOS-Emergency health response to refugee crisis." The program was implemented by the Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and was funded by the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund of the European Union's Directorate-General for the Migration and Home Affairs.
In a one-year period from 2017 to 2018, PHILOS performed 57,615 vaccinations. This included 21,031 vaccinations for measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), 7341 for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DPT), 7652 for poliomyelitis, 5938 for pneumococcal disease, 7179 for Haemophilus influenza type b and 8474 for hepatitis B. Unfortunately, vaccination coverage was still not consistent, and subsequent vaccination often dropped off. The rate of vaccination for the first MMR dose was greater than 80%. However, the follow-up dose dropped by nearly one half. For all other vaccines the rates were even lower. The rate of 50% for children aged 0–4 years had follow-up vaccine coverage fall to less than 25% [31]. While numbers of those vaccinated are available, the denominator remains elusive. The lack of "cultural mediators" among the refugee community was a large problem in follow through. This was compounded by refugees being moved between locations as some camps closed and other camps opened. Vaccinating refugee children must be a priority, because refugees have low baseline rates of immunization and encounter obstacles to getting adequate healthcare. While PHILOS had developed standard operating procedures and improved coordination of vaccination implementation, much more needs to be done for the refugee children in Greece.
While we have addressed the SGBV women/girls suffer above. Here we need to address the topic of street children in Greece and the sexual exploitation of refugee boys. While the problem with street children in Greece has been a topic of concern since, but not extensively researched, since the late 20th century (1990s) [75], the sexual exploitation of refugee boys is a particular and growing concern in the face of the refugee crisis currently exacerbated by the Syrian refugee crisis [76].
What is the definition of street children? Determining this can be difficult because the action and locations of children "in the street" are difficult to ascertain and evaluate [75]. There have been attempts at defining this term by the United Nations (UN), and the Council of Europe (CE). However, according to Atlantis et al. there is agreement that the term refers to "children and young people who have early street experience and who usually spend most of their time in the streets, in the sense that they use that location as the principal place of some of their main daily activities (such as working, eating, and sleeping) [75]." However, let us review the two primary definitions as provided by the UN and the CE. The UN definition is as follows:
"any boy or girl…for whom the street has become his/her abode and/or source of livelihood; and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by responsible adults [77]."
The CE has a similar, but somewhat different definition:
"Street children are children under eighteen who, for longer or shorter periods, live in a street milieu. They are children who live wandering from place to place and who have their peer groups, and contacts in the street. Officially these children may have as their address their parents' home or an institution of social welfare. Most significantly, they have few or no contacts with those adults, parents, school, child welfare institutions, social services, with a duty toward them [78, 79]."
Why are these children in this position? Before the current immigration/refugee crisis, this was usually this is due to "family breakdown, unemployment, poverty, membership of a minority group, armed conflict, and natural disasters [75]." While these reasons apply today, the vast majority of these days are due to armed conflict or threat of conflict and the above-mentioned reasons still apply, but are secondary to conflict. In 1986, world-wide estimates were as high as 80 million street children [79, 80]. The current crises in the Middle East and those of the Balkans in the 1990s, do not give hope to a lesser estimate from 30 years ago. Greece has an attraction for those fleeing the Middle East and Africa because of its location as a stepping stone into Europe, but it does not have the resources to adequately support the current flood of refugees.
In 1999–2002, most of the street children were male (75%) [75]. In the recent flood of refugees to Greece (2015), the situation has worsened (89%) [79, 80]. Freccero et al. enlighten us that the current immigration crisis "is increasingly defined by the unprecedented numbers of children crossing the Mediterranean Sea, many of whom are unaccompanied and separated children (UASCs) as defined by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Committee on the Rights of Children [81]." In 2015 90,000 UASCs applied for asylum in Europe, four times higher than the previous year, and in 2016 there were 63,000 (89% being male) [79, 82].
This has been a particular problem in Greece where a majority UASCs are between 14 and 17 years of age and are inadequately housed and accommodated [83]. Frecerro et al. makes us aware that sexual exploitation is illegal in Greece and that Greece is a signatory of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography [76, 84]. Nonetheless, the high visibility of UASCs in public has led to increasing reports of teenage boys being exploited sexually by older men for money [84, 85, 86, 87, 88]. Young boys and teens are the majority of UASCs, and while institutions and governments have been appropriately concerned about girls and women, young male UASCs have been left without adequate responses to their plight. The Greeks have debated and given serious consideration to three approached to prevention of this dilemma for male UASCs: (1) the use of secure shelters for prevention of abuse and protection, (2) improving life skills to empower better decision-making, and (3) direct cash distribution to the individual [76]. There are positive aspects to these proposals, however, there still remains much work to be done on their implementation, need for funding sources, and the subsequent evaluation of their effectiveness.
Gender-based violence programs for women have been sorely needed and some have been implemented. However, these young, male, UASCs must not be overlooked. Shelter, tools for survival, and guidance are necessary to ensure their welfare.
7. Violence in Greek refugee camps
Violence is on the increase in Greek refugee camps [89]. Gender-based violence has been addressed above. Disease, insects, cold, uncontrolled amounts of waste, impure water, congestion, and increased stressed have led to violence in the camps through short tempers [89]. There are frequent clashes, riots, and incidence of violence, compounded by only 72 people per toilet and 84 people per shower [90]. Furthermore, Greece is struggling with a new refugee/migrant influx of 10,000 in October of 2019 and the camps are always at the breaking point [91]. The situation is so dire that children as young as 10 years of age are attempting suicide [92]. These problems in the camps and the increasing number of refugees has been compounded by "A combination of right-wing, populist narratives, a sluggish Greek economy and lack of tourism" on once popular Greek islands "have also affected the sentiment of the locals towards migrants and refugees." The communities that opened their doors in 2015 are no longer warm and receptive [91]. The possible of violence between refugees, between Greek citizens and refugees, and refugee suicide/suicide attempts remains disturbing. An international effort in support of the refugees and in support of the government of Greece is needed.
8. Human trafficking
Many of the previous sections spoke to the topic of human trafficking, sexual or otherwise, involving men, women, children and smugglers/traffickers. Here we would like to emphatically point out that the trafficking of people as refugees leaving, not only poverty, but violence, abuse of all kinds, and seeking political asylum because of the fear of reprisal, is common, almost unstoppable, and a stain on the human effort for justice and on the instruments and institutions of government.
Another term for mass migration/exodus of refugees/migrants can be termed "irregular movement." In mass movements of migrants/refugees, there is little evidence as to when, why, and how such a susceptibility arises [93]. The reader may have noticed a "fluidity" in the terms of these different categories; there is neither a linear nor obvious trajectory between the identities of "migrant," "refugee," and "trafficking victim [93]." Trafficking could lead an individual to becoming a migrant/refugee, or sometimes migrants/refugees are trafficked in their flight from harm's way. There are different types of exploitation for trafficking and this includes: trafficking for sexual exploitation, trafficking for labor exploitation, trafficking for the removal of organs, trafficking for criminal activity, trafficking for forced marriage, and trafficking for sexual and labor exploitation [93]. Those who are trafficked have particular vulnerabilities as pointed out by Brunovskis and Surtees: a paucity of resources, no legal status, inadequate knowledge regarding laws, rights, and assistance, barriers to language, lack of humanitarian aid availability, work scenarios that can lead to exploitation and abuse, threats to safety of self and family, and exposure to violence and abuse with communities and families [93].
Populations moving irregularly and/or migrants/refuges encamped for prolonged stays are extremely vulnerable to being trafficked. There is no State organization or instrument that can provide proper protection from exploitation. Efforts to protect migrant/refugees requires a multi-agency approach between regional, national, and international organizations, including "criminal justice, judicial engagement, human rights and development [94]."
9. Social determinants of disease
It is evident from the above discourse that social determinants of disease effect refugees/migrants. A person's health is influenced by many factors, and these can be placed into five categories [95]. These categories include genetics, behavior, environmental and physical aspects, medical care, and social factors, i.e., social determinants of disease or health. In fact, migration, in and of itself, is a social determinant of disease [96]. Any meaningful endeavor to improve refugee health will depend on those who make policy and provide funding, as well as clinicians and public health officials and professionals. Movements of populations act as social determinants of disease of health in two ways. As previously stated, the first factor of just trying to get to safety or a better life through hostile areas presents a variety of health risks [97], and the second involves just being a refugee or migrant because this status "limits behavioral choices and, indeed, often directly impacts and significantly alters the effect of other social positioning such as race/ethnicity, gender, or socioeconomic status, because it places individuals in ambiguous and often hostile relationships to the state and its institutions, including health services [98]."
The World Health Organization has created a Commission on the Social Determinants of Health in order to eliminate health inequities [95]. This commission wished to improve the daily life of populations, address the problems of distribution of power, money, and resources, and measure, evaluate, and act on these problems. This is a noble undertaking, however, if being a refugee or migrant is a social determinant of disease (and a significant one), then the policies and politics of war, religion, and genocide must be solved. This is a daunting, formidable, and seemingly insurmountable task at this time.
10. Conclusions
Many of the over one million refugees who have passed through Greece have been exposed to severe physical and mental trauma in their land of origin, on their routes of escape, and in the camps themselves. Their well-being necessitates physical security, food security, shelter, and a means of re-entering a safe society. More efforts are needed by the international community to ensure these necessities are put into place. More specifically, more attention must be directed to the security of women, girls, and male adolescents and their ultimate welfare, as well as encouraging refugees and migrants as to their rights as displaced people, services and legal options that are available to them. Furthermore, approaches to shelter, physical security, skill acquisition, and methods to assess and mitigate economic vulnerability must be pursued by institutions and governments. The dilemmas regarding the financial and manpower constraints of the Greek government in their ability to assist refugees and migrants must be addressed primarily by the EU and Middle Eastern nations in order to facilitate appropriate resolutions. These problems cannot simply be left at the doorstep of Greece. The ethics involving the plight of refugees and migrants in Greek camps require thoughtful and powerful approaches to resolve these difficult matters.
While the migrant/refugee problems related to Greece are highlighted here, it must be noted that there are still serious refugee matters in Syria (6.7 million refugees), Afghanistan (2.7 million refugees), South Sudan (2.3 million refugees), Myanmar (1.1 million refugees), and Somalia (0.9 million refugees), and these migrant/refugees face the same unenviable circumstances [99].
The authors hope that serious efforts are made on behalf of the refugees and migrants to ensure their well-being, while at the same time allotting resources to the Greek government so that the tasks that the European Union, the United States, and others expect the Greeks to execute can be accomplished in an efficient and empathetic fashion.
2.Methods
3.Infectious diseases
4.Mental health
5.Women's health
6.Child health
7.Violence in Greek refugee camps
8.Human trafficking
9.Social determinants of disease
10.Conclusions
Citations in RIS format
Citations in bibtex format
Thomas Papadimos, Scott Pappada, Michael Lyaker, James Papadimos and Andrew Casabianca (April 29th 2020). Health Security and the Refugee Crisis in Greece: The Refugee Perspective, Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security - Volume 1, Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91210. Available from:
233total chapter downloads
This Book
Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security
Edited by Stanislaw P. Stawicki
A Moral Perspective on Refugee Healthcare
By Tanaya Sparkle and Debanshu Roy
Related Book
Vignettes in Patient SafetyVolume 3Edited by Stanislaw P. Stawicki
Vignettes in Patient Safety
Introductory Chapter: Medical Error and Associated Harm - The The Critical Role of Team Communication and Coordination
By Alyssa Green, Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg


text:
Q: Discord.py rank card add text (Pillow) So i am making the chat !rank command for my own discord server, i have the database done with mongodb  , i have done the rank card format too by following a tutorial , but i wanted to add a total xp field that the code in the tutorial don't have and i am a total noob with pillow.
My current code:
async def make_rank_image(self, member: discord.Member, rank, level, xp, final_xp,status,Totalxp):#Totalxp is unused and will be used in the totalxp text field
        user_avatar_image = str(member.avatar_url_as(format='png', size=512))
        async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
            async with session.get(user_avatar_image) as resp:
                avatar_bytes = io.BytesIO(await resp.read())

        img = Image.new('RGB', (1000, 240))
        logo = Image.open(avatar_bytes).resize((200, 200))
        # Stack overflow helps :)
        bigsize = (logo.size[0] * 3, logo.size[1] * 3)
        mask = Image.new('L', bigsize, 0)
        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(mask)
        draw.ellipse((0, 0) + bigsize, fill=255)
        mask = mask.resize(logo.size, Image.ANTIALIAS)
        logo.putalpha(mask)
        ##############################
        img.paste(logo, (20, 20), mask=logo)

        # Black Circle
        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img, 'RGB')
        draw.ellipse((152, 152, 208, 208), fill='#000')

        # Placing offline or Online Status
        if str(status) == "online":
            draw.ellipse((155, 155, 205, 205), fill='#3BA55B')
        elif str(status) == "idle":
            draw.ellipse((155, 155, 205, 205), fill='#F9A61A')
        elif str(status) == "dnd":
            draw.ellipse((155, 155, 205, 205), fill='#EC4245')
        else:
            draw.ellipse((155, 155, 205, 205), fill='#737F8D')
        ##################################

        # Working with fonts
        big_font = ImageFont.FreeTypeFont('ABeeZee-Regular.otf', 60)
        medium_font = ImageFont.FreeTypeFont('ABeeZee-Regular.otf', 40)
        small_font = ImageFont.FreeTypeFont('ABeeZee-Regular.otf', 30)
        extra_small_front=ImageFont.FreeTypeFont('ABeeZee-Regular.otf',10)
        # Placing Level text (right-upper part)
        text_size = draw.textsize(f"{level}", font=big_font)
        offset_x = 1000 - 15 - text_size[0]
        offset_y = 5
        draw.text((offset_x, offset_y), f"{level}", font=big_font, fill="#11ebf2")
        text_size = draw.textsize('LEVEL', font=small_font)

        offset_x -= 5 + text_size[0]
        offset_y = 35
        draw.text((offset_x, offset_y), "LEVEL", font=small_font, fill="#11ebf2")
        #totalxp field
        How do you do this?????????

        # Placing Rank Text (right upper part)
        text_size = draw.textsize(f"#{rank}", font=big_font)
        offset_x -= 15 + text_size[0]
        offset_y = 8
        draw.text((offset_x, offset_y), f"#{rank}", font=big_font, fill="#fff")

        text_size = draw.textsize("RANK", font=small_font)
        offset_x -= 5 + text_size[0]
        offset_y = 35
        draw.text((offset_x, offset_y), "RANK", font=small_font, fill="#fff")

        # Placing Progress Bar
        # Background Bar
        bar_offset_x = logo.size[0] + 20 + 100
        bar_offset_y = 160
        bar_offset_x_1 = 1000 - 50
        bar_offset_y_1 = 200
        circle_size = bar_offset_y_1 - bar_offset_y

        # Progress bar rect greyier one
        draw.rectangle((bar_offset_x, bar_offset_y, bar_offset_x_1, bar_offset_y_1), fill="#727175")
        # Placing circle in progress bar

        # Left circle
        draw.ellipse((bar_offset_x - circle_size // 2, bar_offset_y, bar_offset_x + circle_size // 2,
                      bar_offset_y + circle_size), fill="#727175")

        # Right Circle
        draw.ellipse(
            (bar_offset_x_1 - circle_size // 2, bar_offset_y, bar_offset_x_1 + circle_size // 2, bar_offset_y_1),
            fill="#727175")

        # Filling Progress Bar

        bar_length = bar_offset_x_1 - bar_offset_x
        # Calculating of length
        # Bar Percentage (final_xp - current_xp)/final_xp

        # Some variables
        progress = (final_xp - xp) * 100 / final_xp
        progress = 100 - progress
        progress_bar_length = round(bar_length * progress / 100)
        pbar_offset_x_1 = bar_offset_x + progress_bar_length

        # Drawing Rectangle
        draw.rectangle((bar_offset_x, bar_offset_y, pbar_offset_x_1, bar_offset_y_1), fill="#11ebf2")
        # Left circle
        draw.ellipse((bar_offset_x - circle_size // 2, bar_offset_y, bar_offset_x + circle_size // 2,
                      bar_offset_y + circle_size), fill="#11ebf2")
        # Right Circle
        draw.ellipse(
            (pbar_offset_x_1 - circle_size // 2, bar_offset_y, pbar_offset_x_1 + circle_size // 2, bar_offset_y_1),
            fill="#11ebf2")

        def convert_int(integer):
            if integer>=1000:
                integer = round(integer / 1000, 2)
                return f'{integer}K'
            else:
                return integer

        # Drawing Xp Text
        text = f"/ {convert_int(final_xp)} XP"
        xp_text_size = draw.textsize(text, font=small_font)
        xp_offset_x = bar_offset_x_1 - xp_text_size[0]
        xp_offset_y = bar_offset_y - xp_text_size[1] - 10
        draw.text((xp_offset_x, xp_offset_y), text, font=small_font, fill="#727175")

        text = f'{convert_int(xp)} '
        xp_text_size = draw.textsize(text, font=small_font)
        xp_offset_x -= xp_text_size[0]
        draw.text((xp_offset_x, xp_offset_y), text, font=small_font, fill="#fff")

        # Placing User Name
        text = member.display_name
        if len(text)>=15:
            text_size=draw.textsize(text, font=small_font)
            text_offset_x = bar_offset_x - 10
            text_offset_y = bar_offset_y - text_size[1] - 10
            draw.text((text_offset_x, text_offset_y), text, font=small_font, fill="#fff")
        else:
            text_size = draw.textsize(text, font=medium_font)
            text_offset_x = bar_offset_x - 10
            text_offset_y = bar_offset_y - text_size[1] - 10
            draw.text((text_offset_x, text_offset_y), text, font=medium_font, fill="#fff")

        # Placing Discriminator
        text = f'#{member.discriminator}'
        text_offset_x += text_size[0] + 10
        text_size = draw.textsize(text, font=small_font)
        text_offset_y = bar_offset_y - text_size[1] - 10
        draw.text((text_offset_x-10, text_offset_y), text, font=small_font, fill="#727175")

        bytes = io.BytesIO()
        img.save(bytes, 'PNG')
        bytes.seek(0)
        return bytes

And it will return a image that looks like this:

i want the total xp text field to be inline with the Rank and Level field but in the same time right on top of the user name, how do you do that?

A: you haven't defined "ImageDraw" and "ImageFont"

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HOME News The Market for Foreign Languages and Foreign Investment in Romania
The Market for Foreign Languages and Foreign Investment in Romania
From an almost non-existent market at the beginning of the '90s, foreign language teaching grew along with the businesses which needed trained employees. Also, since 2001 the legislation in force has helped. Still, what's the best way to learn languages?
By Adriana Coblişan
The market for foreign languages started to develop in post-communist Romania at the same time as foreign investment. For instance, the oldest foreign language centres here (Fides, Lexis) were founded in 1993. The 1990s are the decade when the privatisation of state-owned companies took off, with the option of selling to foreign investors, but, in the absence of a legal framework favourable to foreign investment, it was done hesitantly. Consequently, that period was not very lucrative for foreign language courses. "The market for in-company courses was almost non-existent back then," explains Ilinca Stroe, Senior Trainer & Content Writer at International House Bucharest.
The situation changed significantly after Law 332/2001 came into force, which stipulated a number of advantages for foreign investors. Thus, between 2003 and 2006 foreign investment grew continuously and, with it, language courses for companies took off. "International House Bucharest was founded then, too, on the positive wave of powerful multinationals like Coca-Cola, DHL or JTI entering the Romanian market," Ilinca Stroe says.
FROM ENGLISH TO SWEDISH OR BULGARIAN
If at the beginning English was the most demanded because it is of course, the language of international business, in time there has been increasing demand for more exotic languages. Which doesn't mean English isn't in the top anymore. English has remained the working language of many companies with foreign capital; moreover, company jargon, whether in banking, retail or IT, is replete with English words. "There's an automatic assumption that anyone and everyone knows 'some English', and employers expect job applicants to know English. On employment, the difference consists not in knowing English, but in how well you know it, and in this respect holding a linguistic competence certificate (IELTS, Cambridge, TOEFL) is a clear advantage for candidates," Ilinca Stroe adds.
With English "by default", the second foreign language becomes more important, and the biggest demand is for German and French. Again, we have to see how learning languages parallels foreign investment in Romania. In the latter's Top 10, Holland has ranked number 1 for quite some time, followed by Germany, Austria and France. Thus, English remains the umbrella-language for companies with foreign capital, but the presence of Austrian-/German-/French-capital companies stimulates the demand for German and French courses.
There is also a demand on the Romanian labour market for northern languages (Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian) or regional ones (Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian), which seem to attract a 10-20% increase in income. Ilinca Stroe maintains that in order to ascertain or foresee the demand for foreign languages we have to keep an eye on the countries ranking 5 to 10 in the foreign investors' top in Romania.
HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO LEARN A LANGUAGE?
A foreign language is learned following the levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR): to go from basic user (levels A1-A2) to independent user (B1-B2) and then proficient user (C1-C2), you need two or three years. It depends on the frequency of the classes, their length, the quality of the teaching and of the teaching materials, the effort made and, of course, the motivation level. "We at International House think that a CEFR competence level can be done, in a way that results in sound learning, in 120 hours," Ilinca Stroe explains. As for the recent "fast methods", as in "learn German in two weekes", they are considered a hoax.
Do Romanians learn languages easily?
That statement is perhaps the only positive stereotype that foreigners hold about Romanians, so we should by all means perpetuate it. Joking aside, I don't think that we, Romanians, learn languages more easily than other nations, but I do strongly believe that, compared to others, we have two "background advantages" in learning foreign languages. The first is that we don't dub films in our cinemas and on TV, which facilitates our accessing foreign languages as spoken by natives. For example, it is obvious that the English in songs and movies has contributed massively to the growing number of Romanian users of English. The second advantage is that, as two prominent historians remark (Lucian Boia and Neagu Djuvara), being Romanian means being implicitly multicultural. We are at the crossroads of three spaces (the Eurasian, the Western and the Near-East ones), in a place of fantastic cultural diversity. The latter is reflected in the Romanian language: 75% of our vocabulary is of Latin origin (50% of it being the same as in Italian), 15% is of Slavic origin, 3% comes from German and smaller percentages – from Greek, Hungarian and Turkish. Well, someone who's used to so many foreign-origin sounds and meanings will probably be more open and better positioned to learn a language other than his/her own. But whether they take up learning it or how easily/fast they do learn it depends on how much effort they make.
How did Romanian schools go from teaching French to teaching Russian and then English?
We saw how the economy and the judiciary play a role in foreign language teaching. Well, politics do, too. Before communism, French was like English today: a kind of co-mother tongue at least among educated Romanians. Russian followed in the '50s through a political decision, and I think it never did "pick up", because people from the generations which studied Russian at school don't know the language today. What went wrong? I think they had no intrinsic motivation, which is pivotal to learning any language. A political decision which forces one or another language on people will not result in effective learning, as long as students aren't convinced that learning that language is useful. Today, given the abundance of information, music and films in English, of course people feel intrinsically motivated to learn English.
Do teachers matter when learning a language?
They matter terribly. Effectively. Not just for children and teenagers, but also for adults, teachers are the learning anchor. To borrow an English phrase, teachers can do or undo someone's learning. How come? Because teachers inspire motivation; they feed the student's intrinsic motivation without which learning doesn't really take place. The teachers' role is crucial. Without a doubt.
Source: Revista Cariere
Are you interested in one of the courses offered

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text:
Pobeda Vesna
(Est. 2013, city) is a Pobeda Vesna (Rus. Победа Весна), is a new model of Russian watch by The Petrodvorets Watch Factory "Raketa" launched to Anniversary of the Victory Day of 1945. Sign in to edit Pobeda Vesna [1].
Image title Tri-colour campaign of Pobeda Vesna Photo: Petrodvorets Watch Factory / Raketa.com
A sky-blue model of Pobeda Vesna Photo: Petrodvorets Watch Factory / Raketa.com
Armie Hammer in Pobeda watches in "The Man from U.N.C.L.E."—the 60-s spy story directed by Guy Ritchie. Photo: Davis Entertainment, Warner Bros. / Petrodvorets Watch Factory Photo: Name / Source
Pobeda Vesna The Watch Factory
The Petrodvorets Watch Factory is a Russia's oldest factory. The Factory was founded by Peter the Great in 1721 and now is producing watches under the brand "Pobeda" since the End of World War II. Login to edit The Watch Factory
Pobeda Vesna Indexmod
Indexmod
2018 000 [3] 000 [4] 000 [5] 00 0,0000
About Pobeda Vesna
Pobeda Vesna at Wikipedia Armie Hammer Guy Ritchie Basel Petrodvorets Watch Factory Raketa Amphibia Pobeda
[3] Pobeda Vesna (Facebook)
[4] Pobeda Vesna (Instagram)
[5] Pobeda Vesna (YouTube)
Updated Mar. 2018 (Andrei Dei)
POBEDA VESNA 0.0 is an Indexmod of the "Given name Family name (Other name)" at the Indexmod blockchainpedia at 28 November 2019


text:
June 23 - August 29
In a Berlin nightclub, as the 1930's draw to a close, a garish Master of Ceremonies welcomes the audience and assures them they will forget all their troubles at the CABARET. With the Emcee's bawdy songs as wry commentary, CABARET explores the dark, heady, and tumultuous life of Berlin's natives and expatriates as Germany slowly yields to the emerging Third Reich. Cliff, a young American writer newly arrived in Berlin, is immediately taken by English singer Sally Bowles. Meanwhile, Fräulein Schneider, proprietor of Cliff and Sally's boarding house, tentatively begins a romance with Herr Schultz, a mild-mannered fruit seller who happens to be Jewish. Don't miss the iconic numbers "Willkommen," "Cabaret," "Don't Tell Mama," "Maybe This Time," and "Two Ladies" in this musical theatre masterpiece.
Music By: John Kander
Lyrics By: Fred Ebb
Book By: Joe Masteroff
Director: David Button
Show Sponsor:


Roasted and sweetly caramelized cipolline onions balance a pleasantly bitter radicchio salad in this simple and elegant steak dinner.
Do you turn up your nose at this processed-cheese product? One Epicurious editor is here to defend its right to exist—and proclaim the pleasures of actually eating it.
You found the Easter eggs, now put them to use by making this easy, deviled eggs–inspired sandwich spread.
This sandwich is engineered for maximum impact. Each element is awesome, but it's the way they come together that puts it over the top. Mmmmm, yeah.
Indian pudding isn't known to all Americans. But after one taste, it's hard to forget.
Dried fruit is the secret to moist low-fat baked goods. These cupcakes have such a rich, chocolaty flavor, you would never know there were dates in the batter if you hadn't baked them yourself.
A pandowdy is a homey American dessert of cooked fruit covered with a piecrust or biscuit crust that is often cut up halfway through baking and pushed into the fruit. We leave the crust whole here for a quicker and easier version.
Canned pineapple can be great, but when the fresh fruit is at its ripest this classic cake is absolutely sublime.
A classic combination in an adorable little package. The cupcakes, which are reminiscent of banana bread, would be a great breakfast treat (with or without the frosting).
Meat-free but not too virtuous, it's healthy and satisfying.
Keys to great chips: A lower frying temp gets the moisture out; a vinegar soak ensures they're crisp.
The best thing about making ranch from scratch? If you like a more garlicky or more herby ranch, the choice is yours to adjust the recipe accordingly.


You may have heard that most employment is at-will, but what does that mean? If you employ your workers "at-will", does that mean you can fire them whenever you want? Does invoking the doctrine of employment-at-will protect you from wrongful termination suits? In this webinar we will discuss the extent and limits of employment-at-will. We will also explore the statutory exceptions and contractual provisions that seem to undermine employment-at-will to give you clarity and guidance on an often misunderstood principle of employment law.
Many employers make the mistake of assuming that because they hired an employee "at-will" that terminating that employee will be a done deal—and they often end up defending a wrongful termination claim. Other employers may hold onto employees who are not performing or who may even undermine company goals and safety, because they think that terminating them will automatically result in a multi-million dollar lawsuit. Neither of those assumptions is necessarily true! So what's an employer to do? This webinar will help you gain some insight into how to navigate your relationship with your employees, keeping employment-at-will and its exceptions in mind.


Is it just me or, has Harrogate Council given up with a real grass cutting service?
The dismal state of the Grass around Jennyfields Estate is nothing short of a disgrace.
As I type this, the bottom half of Harewood Road hasn't seen the grass cutting machine for at least two months.
Around Newby Crescent/ Markenfield Road and the areas on either side at the bottom of Harewood Road are nothing short of a disgrace. Grass height is approaching one metre.
The council needs to consider farming out the contract, with the proviso that any future contractor will be obliged to clean up after they have finished.


text:
The Fiendish Black Dog of British Folklore
Carolyn Emerick
Carolyn Emerick writes about the history, myth, and folklore of Northwestern Europe.
"A Study of a Black Dog"by Sawrey Gilpin
There exists in British folklore a frightful creature known simply as the Black Dog. Although some stories may have originated with an encounter with a living dog, in legend the tales usually tell of a spirit or ghost dog. It is almost always described as larger than your average dog with shaggy black fur and glowing fiery red eyes, sometimes said to be the size of saucers.
Satan leading a pack of spectre dogs. Illustration by C E Brock, 1890.
Guarding Liminal Places
The black dog is seen in many areas of Britain, most often in the southern and eastern parts of England, but it has also been reported in Scotland, in the border region of Wales, and rarely in Ireland and Scandinavia.
The dog is encountered by wanderers out alone at night, and it is spotted in liminal places. These are places where the veil between the human and spirit worlds is said to be thin. Liminal places are often places of transition or symbolic of change, such as crossroads, bridges, gates, and entryways.
Sometimes he is seen trotting down a road that is known to be ancient. In some cases the dog is thought to be the guardian of an ancestral sacred place or some ancient treasure.
If you encounter one...
Although he is often described as a fiend and witnesses are nearly always terrified, not all black dogs are reported as malicious. Some are considered harmless, especially if left alone.
Witnesses advise that if you encounter a black dog, do not approach it! The black dog can do great harm if the passerby attempts to interact with it, but is likely to be quite benign if left alone.
Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry
The Irish Pooka
W.B. Yeats makes a very brief mention of the black dog in his book "Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry" saying that it may be a form of the Pooka.
His short section on the Pooka says that "the Pooka, rectè Púca, seems essentially an animal spirit. Some derive his name from poc, a he-goat; and speculative persons consider him the forefather of Shakespeare's "Puck". On solitary mountains and among old ruins he lives, 'grown monstrous with much solitude,' and is of the race of the nightmare."
On the Welsh Border
Jacqueline Simpson mentions black dog apparitions in her book "The Folklore of the Welsh Border." She found a record of black dog lore dating to 1871 which states:
Joe Phillips entertained me with the terrors of the Llowes road at night, the black dog, the phantom horses, etc., which made my hair stand on end. He said many people would not travel that road at night for £100.
Black dog by Vasilios Markousis. Used with permission.
She continues on to discuss a report made by one Miss Wherry who was given her information from "a farmer's wife whose family seem to have seen them quite frequently."
They all follow the pattern of physical description described above, adding only that the dog was as large as a calf, others that it was as big as a fully grown cow, all with the same fiery glowing eyes.
The farmer's wife took the apparition to be a harbinger of death. This interpretation was confirmed the following day when the woman received news that her brother had been killed in a railway accident (Simpson, 89).
Wild Edric
The black dog was sometimes reckoned to be the ghost of a man taking the form of a dog. Simpson mentions that in the Welsh borderlands the dog was sometimes thought to be the ghost of Wild Edric, an Anglo-Saxon hero who resisted the Normans whose story was passed down into legend. But, the dog could also be the ghost of other men as well.
The Devil's Chair, the hill Wild Edric is said to roam whenever England is threatened with invasion. | Source
Spirits, Fairies, Leprechauns, and Goblins: An Encyclopedia
The Black Shuck
The black dog legend has many variations. One of which is the Black Shuck (or Old Shuck), found in East Anglia, England. It is thought that the term shuck is descended from the Anglo-Saxon word scucca, meaning demonic spirit (Rose, 42).
The black shuck's description is very similar to the other black dogs' appearance, except he is said to be as large as a donkey and is sometimes seen with only one eye that can glow with either red or green fire. This dark is often seen on roads, marshes, alongside rivers, and guarding cemeteries
The Black Vaughn
Another variant on the Black Shuck is the Black Vaughn which was said to be tied specifically to the Vaughn surname. This dog's role was to alert the Vaughn's of impending deaths in the family.
Because the black dog is seen more frequently in England and areas that border England, it is likely that if this legend has ancient origins that it is more likely to be Anglo-Saxon than Celtic.
This view is strengthened by the Black Shuck's tie to the Anglo-Saxon word scucca, the black dog's sometime association with Wild Edric, and the fact that these legends also sometimes appear in Scandinavia.
Illustration by Sidney Paget for "The Hound of Baskervilles," 1901
Other Tidbits
The black dog, as a subgroup of other spectral dog and hell hound legends, which can appear in a pack of dogs which sometimes fly, may also have derived from the ancient tales of the Wild Hunt.
Variations of the Wild Hunt are found in both Celtic and Germanic mythology. But, it was especially prevalent in Germanic paganism where the hunt was led by the god Odin.
But, this kind of folkloric tale often has more recent origins, and is just as likely to be more British than specifically Anglo-Saxon or Celtic.
One other interesting bit of trivia is that the black dog legends are said to have inspired Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes story, "The Hound of Baskervilles."
For more like this
Follow me on Facebook to be alerted when more articles come out.
A depiction of "The Wild Hunt" that includes a black dog running beside Wotan (Odin) on horseback. By Franz von Stuck, 1889
Rose, C. (1996). Spirits, Fairies, Leprechauns, and Goblins: An Enclyclopedia. New York: W. W. Norton & Co, Inc.
Simpson, J. (1976). The Folklore of the Welsh Border. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd.
Whitlock, R. (1992). Wiltshire Folklore and Legends. London: Robert Hale Limited.
Yeats, W. B. (1888). Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry. London: Walter Scott.
© 2016 Carolyn Emerick
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hi I don't belive
And there have been several movies that describe this dog to the tee ,, as truck drivers that have pushed the hours of driving way past the limit.. The ones that survive say it's supposed to be the last thing they saw..
Robert Levine
3 years ago from Brookline, Massachusetts
Much of Kabbalah developed in Europe, specifically Spain & Provence in France.
Hmm. Did Kabbalah originate in ancient Israel or in diasporah Jewish communities? I ask because Middle Eastern societies seem to have different views on scavenging animals like dogs than European cultures held. But, these legends were so common in Britain and elsewhere in Europe, I wouldnt be surprized if it came to be a euphamism. The dragon and even unicorn were used as metaphore, so i dont see why a legend of a dark, looming figure which was so well known couldnt have been used to describe a dark lingering epsiode of depression. Regarding the demonic, well the Christianizing process in Europe caused most indigenous spiritual figures to be literally demonized. Former deities were diminutized to fairies and then the fairies were called demons by the church. So without knowing the point of origin of the myth its hard to know of it originated as something else and was demonized, or if it arose after the population was already believing in demons. But the glowing red eyes certainly give that impression!
I can't help wondering if the characterization of depression as a "black dog" by sources as wide-ranging as Winston Churchill, the British musician/songwriter Nick Drake, & the Australian poet Les Murray owes something to the legend--or, perhaps, if both the legend and these artistic expressions both tap into some common archetype.
From what little I know of Kabbalah, it often uses dogs to symbolize the demonic, though I don't believe color comes into play.
FlourishAnyway
Black animals (dogs and cats alike) get so much flack through the ages. This was such an interesting hub though. I would agree that they're probably a harbinger of death or at least danger.
Linda Crampton
3 years ago from British Columbia, Canada
This is an interesting hub, as always. I've heard about the black dog apparition before, but I appreciate learning more about it by reading your article.
Darla Sue Dollman
3 years ago from Greeley, Colorado
Great story--I think I had one of those in my backyard once! Seriously, though. I have read studies that show the prejudice against black dogs based on legends and folklore, which is interesting, too.


text:
Q: JSTL Pagination for Map inside Map I need to Implement simple pagination displaying 100 records per page and pagination data is sorted by date.Though I have sorted the information correctly,however I am unable to think about pagination logic since resultset is inside map which is again holding Map inside it,
Below is my JSTL Code along with definition for TitleList/Title which I am iterating after adding resultset data in it.
 Map<Date, LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>> TitleList = new LinkedHashMap<Date, LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>>();

LinkedHashMap<Integer, String> Title = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>();

<c:forEach items="${TitleList}" var="column">

<c:out value="${column.key}"/>

            <c:forEach var="Title" items="${column.value}">

<a href="<%=request.getContextPath()%>/Test.do?id=${Title.key}"><c:out value="${Title.value}"/>

            </c:forEach>
        </c:forEach>

Though I can paginate it by adding resultset directly to list ,however that will kill by sorting order and functionality I am looking for.Somehow for above code, I need to restrict the 100 records per page and then implement Next button which will again display 100 records.
Appreciate some thoughts on this.
Updated:Adding more information,this is how map looks like from servlet where I am creating titlelist and title maps,
map = {2012-07-12={160=tstng, 159=testing}, 2012-07-10={158=test, 157=test, 156=Testing, 155=Testing, 154=Testing, 153=Testing, 152=Testing, 151=Testing, 150=Testing, 149=Testing, 148=Testing, 147=Testing, 146=Testing, 145=Testing, 144=Testing, 143=Testing, 142=Testing, 141=Teasting, 140=Teasting, 139=Testing, 138=Testing, 137=Testing , 136=Testing for testing, 135=Testing for testing, 134=Testing for Test, 133=Testing}, 2012-07-04={132=Testing for Broker}, 2012-07-03={131=Testing for Post, 130=1200 TESTIN}, 2012-07-01={129=testing}, 2012-03-30={128=upload test}, 2012-03-28={127=test}, 2012-01-08={126=1BHK flat for 1000$ at Journal Square}, 2012-01-04={125=tseting by kiran, 124=tseting by kiran, 123=tseting by kiran, 122=tseting by kiran, 121=tseting by kiran, 120=tseting by kiran, 119=tseting by kiran, 118=tseting by kiran, 117=tseting by kiran, 116=tseting by kiran, 115=tseting by kiran, 114=tseting by kiran, 113=tseting by kiran, 112=tseting by kiran, 111=tseting by kiran, 110=tseting by kiran, 109=tseting by kiran, 108=tseting by kiran, 107=tseting by kiran, 106=tseting by kiran, 105=tseting by kiran, 104=tseting by kiran}, 2012-01-02={103=testing, 102=testing, 101=testing, 100=testing, 99=testing, 98=testing, 97=testing, 96=testing, 95=testing, 94=testing, 93=testing, 92=testing, 91=testing, 90=testing, 89=testing, 88=testing, 87=testing, 86=testing, 85=testing, 84=testing, 83=testing, 82=testing, 81=testing, 80=testing, 79=testing, 78=testing, 77=testing, 76=testing, 75=testing, 74=testing}, 2011-12-09={73=The monthly consumer price index rose 4.2% from the year-ago period, reflecting a huge easing from Octoberâ??s 5.5% increase. }, 2011-12-08={72=Testing for dispplay}, 2011-11-25={71=Apartment for Rent at Journal Square for 1000$.Please see now., 70=Apartment for Rent at Journal Square for 1000$.Please see now., 69=testing, 68=AS, 67=A, 66=A, 65=q, 64=q, 63=Testing, 62=Testing}, 2011-11-24={61=testing, 60=tEST, 59=TESTING, 58=TESTING, 57=Testing, 56=Testing, 55=Testing, 54=tseting, 53=testing, 52=testing, 51=testing, 50=teting, 49=tESTING, 48=tESTING, 47=tESTING, 46=Testing, 45=TESTING, 44=TESTING, 43=tESTING}, 2011-11-23={42=Testing, 41=testing, 40=Testing, 39=tESTING, 38=TETING, 37=testing}, 2011-11-22={36=Testing, 35=Testing, 34=Testing, 33=Testing by Kiran, 32=testing, 31=Testing, 30=Testing by Kiran, 29=Testing byt kiran, 28=Testing by Kiran, 27=testing by kiran, 26=testing by kiran, 25=Testing , 24=TSETING, 23=Testing by Kiran}, 2011-11-21={22=testing, 21=Testng, 20=TESTING, 19=TESTING, 18=ESTING, 17=ESTING, 16=ESTING, 15=ESTING, 14=testing by kiran, 13=testing by Kiran, 12=Testing by Kiran, 11=testing by Kiran, 10=Testing by Kian, 9=Testing by Kiran, 8=Testing by Kiran, 7=Testing byKiran, 6=testing, 5=Test by Kiran, 4=Test by Kiran}, 2011-11-20={3=testing, 2=testing, 1=testing}}

Below is servlet code I which will create map after reading from DB,
 Map<Date, LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>> TitleList = new LinkedHashMap<Date, LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>>();
            String sqld = "Select Distinct DATE(timestamp) as DATE from table ORDER BY DATE DESC LIMIT 730 ;";
            ResultSet rsd = null;
            try {
                rsd = stmt1.executeQuery(sqld);
            } catch (SQLException ex) {
                Logger.getLogger(myclass.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
            }
            try {
                while (rsd.next()) {
                    LinkedHashMap<Integer, String> Title = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>();
            //        System.out.println("Testing");
                    Date Date = rsd.getDate("Date");
            //        System.out.println(Date);
                    String sql = "Select title,id from table Where DATE(timestamp) = '" + Date + "'ORDER BY id DESC";
           //         System.out.println(sql);
                    ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
                    rs.last();
                    int numRows = rs.getRow();
          //          System.out.println(rs.getRow());
                    rs.beforeFirst();
                    while (rs.next()) {
                        for (int i = 1; i <= numRows; i++) {
                            String title = rs.getString("title");
                            Integer id = rs.getInt("id");
                               Title.put(id, title);
                            TitleList.put(Date, Title);
                        }
                        System.out.println("Size of LinkedHashMap for Title  : " + Title.size());
         //               System.out.println(rs.getString("title"));
                    }

                }

here is something I tried Richz,
Here is what I am getting in dao class I did something like below,
string query ="select title,id,date(timestamp) as date from table";
list<TitleList> list = new ArrayList<Titlelist>();
try {

 resultset rs = stmt.executeQuery(query);
    while(rs.next()){
     myclass myc = new myclass();
     myc.setcid(rs.getInt("id");
     myc.settitle(rs.getString("title");
     myc.settimestamp(rs.gettimestamp("timestamp");
     list.add(myc);
    }

and in jsp
<c:foreach var="Titlelist" items="${Titlelist}">
  EL for title,id and title
</c:foreach>
With this approach I can do pagination date wise along pages and data looks like below along with pagination

Date10 title10
Date10 title09

However I need data in this format,
Date 10
title10
title09

I tried doing list of lists but for some reasons I am unable to do it.I am losing relations between columns.My internet search shows me pagination as done above for list.
Updated Details on 31st August,
Ok Richz here is my JSP, I have used exactly the same structure as yours.
<%@page import="java.util.LinkedHashMap"%>
<%@page import="java.util.Date"%>
<%@page import="java.util.Map"%>
<%@page import="java.util.List"%>
<%@page contentType="text/html" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ include file="/header.jsp" %>
<%@ include file="WEB-INF/jspf/navdisplay.jspf" %>
<%@page import="java.util.ArrayList"%>
<%@page session="true" %>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/fmt" prefix="fmt" %>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/sql" prefix="sql" %>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>
<%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>

<!DOCTYPE html>

        <title>DB Test</title>

        <c:set var="dateTotal" scope="session" value="${fn:length(list)}"/>
        <c:set var="currentDate" value="${param.date}"/>
        <c:if test="${empty currentDate or currentDate < 0}">
            <c:set var="currentDate" value="0"/>
        </c:if>
        <c:if test="${dateTotal <= currentDate}">
            <c:set var="currentDate" value="${dateTotal - 1}"/>
        </c:if>
        <c:set var="perPage" scope="session"  value="10"/>
        <c:set var="pageStart" value="${param.start}"/>
        <c:if test="${empty pageStart or pageStart < 0}">
            <c:set var="pageStart" value="0"/>
        </c:if>
        Previous Date  Next Date

        Titles <<${pageStart + 1} - ${pageStart + perPage} >>
        <c:forEach items="${list[currentDate]}" var="item" >

<c:out value="${item.key}"/>

            <c:forEach var="Title" items="${item.value}" begin="${pageStart}" end="${pageStart + perPage - 1}" >

<a href="<%=request.getContextPath()%>/Test.do?id=${Title.key}"><c:out value="${Title.value}"/>

            </c:forEach>
        </c:forEach>

Below is servlet which is generating data for list,
List list = new ArrayList();
    Map<Date, LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>> TitleList = new LinkedHashMap<Date, LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>>();
    String sqld = "Select Distinct DATE(ctimestamp) as DATE from table ORDER BY DATE DESC LIMIT 730 ;";
    ResultSet rsd = null;
    try {
        rsd = stmt1.executeQuery(sqld);
    } catch (SQLException ex) {
        Logger.getLogger(sortResultshs.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
    }
    try {
        while (rsd.next()) {
            LinkedHashMap<Integer, String> Title = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>();
    //        System.out.println("Testing");
            Date Date = rsd.getDate("Date");
   //         System.out.println(Date);

            String sql = "Select title,id from table Where DATE(ctimestamp) = '" + Date + "'ORDER BY id DESC";
    //        System.out.println(sql);
            ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
            rs.last();
            int numRows = rs.getRow();
  //          System.out.println(rs.getRow());
            rs.beforeFirst();
            while (rs.next()) {
                //        List<String> Title = new ArrayList<String>();
                for (int i = 1; i <= numRows; i++) {
                    String title = rs.getString("title");
                    Integer id = rs.getInt("id");
                    Title.put(id, title);
                    TitleList.put(Date, Title);

                }

 //               System.out.println(rs.getString("title"));
            }

             list.add(TitleList);

        }

and the list looks something like below,
Total Row count is  : 160
List is  : [{2012-07-12={160=tstng, 159=testing}, 2012-07-10={158=test, 157=test, 156=Testing, 155=Testing, 154=Testing, 153=Testing, 152=Testing, 151=Testing, 150=Testing, 149=Testing, 148=Testing, 147=Testing, 146=Testing, 145=Testing, 144=Testing, 143=Testing, 142=Testing, 141=Teasting, 140=Teasting, 139=Testing, 138=Testing, 137=Testing , 136=Testing for testing, 135=Testing for testing, 134=Testing for Test, 133=Testing}, 2012-07-04={132=Testing for Broker}, 2012-07-03={131=Testing for Post, 130=1200 TESTIN}, 2012-07-01={129=testing}, 2012-03-30={128=upload test}, 2012-03-28={127=test}, 2012-01-08={126=1BHK flat for 1000$ at Journal Square}, 2012-01-04={125=tseting by kiran, 124=tseting by kiran, 123=tseting by kiran, 122=tseting by kiran, 121=tseting by kiran, 120=tseting by kiran, 119=tseting by kiran, 118=tseting by kiran, 117=tseting by kiran, 116=tseting by kiran, 115=tseting by kiran, 114=tseting by kiran, 113=tseting by kiran, 112=tseting by kiran, 111=tseting by kiran, 110=tseting by kiran, 109=tseting by kiran, 108=tseting by kiran, 107=tseting by kiran, 106=tseting by kiran, 105=tseting by kiran, 104=tseting by kiran}, 2012-01-02={103=testing, 102=testing, 101=testing, 100=testing, 99=testing, 98=testing, 97=testing, 96=testing, 95=testing, 94=testing, 93=testing, 92=testing, 91=testing, 90=testing, 89=testing, 88=testing, 87=testing, 86=testing, 85=testing, 84=testing, 83=testing, 82=testing, 81=testing, 80=testing, 79=testing, 78=testing, 77=testing, 76=testing, 75=testing, 74=testing}, 2011-12-09={73=The monthly consumer price index rose 4.2% from the year-ago period, reflecting a huge easing from Octoberâ??s 5.5% increase. }, 2011-12-08={72=Testing for dispplay}, 2011-11-25={71=Apartment for Rent at Journal Square for 1000$.Please see now., 70=Apartment for Rent for 1000$.Please see now., 69=testing, 68=AS, 67=A, 66=A, 65=q, 64=q, 63=Testing, 62=Testing}, 2011-11-24={61=testing, 60=tEST, 59=TESTING, 58=TESTING, 57=Testing, 56=Testing, 55=Testing, 54=tseting, 53=testing, 52=testing, 51=testing, 50=teting, 49=tESTING, 48=tESTING, 47=tESTING, 46=Testing, 45=TESTING, 44=TESTING, 43=tESTING}, 2011-11-23={42=Testing, 41=testing, 40=Testing, 39=tESTING, 38=TETING, 37=testing}, 2011-11-22={36=Testing, 35=Testing, 34=Testing, 33=Testing by Kiran, 32=testing, 31=Testing, 30=Testing by Kiran, 29=Testing byt kiran, 28=Testing by Kiran, 27=testing by kiran, 26=testing by kiran, 25=Testing , 24=TSETING, 23=Testing by Kiran}, 2011-11-21={22=testing, 21=Testng, 20=TESTING, 19=TESTING, 18=ESTING, 17=ESTING, 16=ESTING, 15=ESTING, 14=testing by kiran, 13=testing by Kiran, 12=Testing by Kiran, 11=testing by Kiran, 10=Testing by Kian, 9=Testing by Kiran, 8=Testing by Kiran, 7=Testing byKiran, 6=testing, 5=Test by Kiran, 4=Test by Kiran}, 2011-11-20={3=testing, 2=testing, 1=testing}}]

A: In this scenario, I assume you are retreiving all the records from the DB and now you want to sort it and display only 100 records at a time on the page. To solve this issue you can you following approach

*

*Store the result in a master Array List. Then use public List subList(int fromIndex,
int toIndex) to extract the first 100 records and store this data in to the request scope and use it in the jsp as mentioned above

*When user clicks on Next button, use the master arraylist and now fetch the next set of 100 records and display the page again with the new set of records. Make sure you maintain a variable which has the count of the startIndex of the current records.

Doing pagination in this way might have performance hit if you have a big list as this list will then need to be stored in the session for subsequent request from same user.

A: Please try this demo page.
<%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
<%@taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c"%>
<%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
<%
  //dummy data
  List<Map> list = new ArrayList<Map>();
  long now = new Date().getTime();
  for(int i = 1; i < 4; i++){
     LinkedHashMap<Integer, String> titleMap = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>();
     for(int j = 1; j < 43 ;j++){
         titleMap.put(j, "title" + j);
     }
     Map<Date, LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>> dateMap = new LinkedHashMap<Date,    LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>>();
     dateMap.put(new Date(now + 1000*60*60*25* i), titleMap);
     list.add(dateMap);
 }
 pageContext.setAttribute("list", list);
%>
<c:set var="dateTotal" scope="session" value="${fn:length(list)}"/>
<c:set var="currentDate" value="${param.date}"/>
<c:if test="${empty currentDate or currentDate < 0}">
    <c:set var="currentDate" value="0"/>
</c:if>
<c:if test="${dateTotal <= currentDate}">
    <c:set var="currentDate" value="${dateTotal - 1}"/>
</c:if>
<c:set var="perPage" scope="session"  value="10"/>
<c:set var="pageStart" value="${param.start}"/>
<c:if test="${empty pageStart or pageStart < 0}">
    <c:set var="pageStart" value="0"/>
</c:if>
Previous Date  Next Date

Titles <<${pageStart + 1} - ${pageStart + perPage} >>
<c:forEach items="${list[currentDate]}" var="item" >

<c:out value="${item.key}"/>

     <c:forEach var="Title" items="${item.value}" begin="${pageStart}" end="${pageStart + perPage - 1}" >

<a href="<%=request.getContextPath()%>/Test.do?id=${Title.key}"><c:out value="${Title.value}"/>

     </c:forEach>
</c:forEach>


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text:
Robins Reluctant To Let Anyone Out On Loan
Coventry City manager Mark Robins has said that he is reluctant to let any players out on loan.
Robins, who has to balance the books, is keen not to weaken the squad and said: "I have to see who I can get in and see where things are, but I am not willing to make us weaker unless I have to do something in terms of balancing the books so I don't necessarily see anyone going out.
"We have got to make sure everyone is ready for the run-in whether they are in the team, around the team, not played very much or whatever.
"They are our players and they have to knuckle down and get on with it."
As with any team, there are players unhappy with the lack of game time they are getting and Robins said about them:"There have been one or two issues in the camp where if people aren't playing they are getting a little bit disgruntled but it's 'grow up' time and they have got to get on with it.
"We have got 18 league games left and a serious challenge to mount."


Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes RNAs and proteins critical for cell function. However, pathways that control mtDNA segregation and copynumber in mammalian cells are not well understood. The goals of this work are to identify and characterize the unknown protein machinery that segregates replicating mtDNAs into discrete nucleoid structures at ER-mitochondria contact sites and to describe the mechanisms and pathways that regulate mtDNA copy number. The proposed experiments will provide fundamental insight into the mechanism of mtDNA segregation and copynumber control, and how those processes are regulated, potentially leading to the discovery and characterization of novel pathways that regulate the inheritance of mtDNA disease haplotypes.
In Aim 1, cutting-edge live-cell microscopy, proteomics, and high-throughput sequencing technologies will be employed to dissect the molecular functions of mtDNA segrosome candidate proteins identified in preliminary experiments.
Aim 2 will address which cellular pathways are critical to regulation of mtDNA copy number in human cells. This will be accomplished by systematic genome-wide screens for modulators of mtDNA depletion recovery, single-cell RNA sequencing to cluster genes by their transcriptional responses to mtDNA loss, and the characterization of candidate mtDNA copynumber effector proteins in human cells depleted of mtDNA. These experiments will provide fundamental insight into the mechanism of mtDNA segregation and copynumber control, and how those processes are regulated, potentially leading to the discovery and characterization of novel pathways that regulate the inheritance of mtDNA disease haplotypes.
Mitochondria are endosymbiotic organelles that have their own genome and perform many essential functions in eukaryotic cells, including ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations cause heritable respiratory chain deficiency and contribute to a wide spectrum of diseases in humans, including metabolic disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. The proposed research will elucidate mechanisms of mtDNA segregation and regulation in human cells and is relevant to the part of the NIH's mission that fosters fundamental basic cell biology discoveries that will directly lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets and therapies for the treatment of a wide array of human diseases.


text:
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