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>The Historical Journal
>GOVERNING ENGLAND THROUGH THE MANOR COURTS, 1550–1850*
The Historical Journal
GOVERNING ENGLAND THROUGH THE MANOR COURTS, 1550–1850*
BRODIE WADDELL
BRODIE WADDELL*
Faculty of History, University of Cambridge
Faculty of History, University of CambridgeCB3 9EFbw315@cam.ac.uk
Using records from 113 manors in Yorkshire and elsewhere, this article surveys the changing role of manor courts in English local government over three centuries. These institutions allowed juries of established tenants to deal cheaply and easily with a variety of chronic concerns, including crime, migration, retailing, common lands, and infrastructure. Their focus varied significantly according to region, topography, settlement size, and time period, but active courts existed in most parts of the country throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Ultimately, they had many valuable functions which historians have barely begun to explore. This article thus offers the most systematic analysis to date of the role of these institutions in making and enforcing by-laws in this period, showing that many of the courts evolved to suit the changing priorities of local tenants rather than falling rapidly into ruin as has sometimes been assumed.
The Historical Journal , Volume 55 , Issue 2 , June 2012 , pp. 279 - 315
I am grateful to Mark Hailwood, Steve Hindle, Dave Hitchcock, Dave Postles, Phil Withington, and the two anonymous readers for their comments, and to the Trustees of the Rena Fenteman Research Fellowship, the Borthwick Institute for Archives, the Leverhulme Trust, and the Isaac Newton Trust for providing funding and support for this research. In this article manorial records are cited by manor name and year of court session. Full references can be found in the Appendix. The only exceptions are the few manors that are not included in the quantified sample, for which full references are provided in the footnotes.
1 'Manor court' is used in this article to encompass 'courts baron' (for tenurial matters and enforcing 'the custom of the manor', including civil disputes, common lands, harbouring strangers, 'ill-disposed persons', etc.) and 'courts leet' or 'views of frankpledge' (for assaults and affrays, assizes of bread and ale, etc.), as well as 'honour courts' (for large estates comprising multiple manors). Often, these jurisdictions were locally intermixed, whereby a single court session might include business from multiple jurisdictions. Other lesser courts (not examined here) shared many features with manor courts, including 'portmotes' (for ports), 'wardmotes' (for urban wards), 'courts of pie powder' (for fairs and markets), and 'barmotes' (for mines). For a concise overview, see Harvey, P. D. A., Manorial records (revised edn, London, 1999), pp. 44–7Google Scholar.
2 For the historiographical emphasis on 'decline', see Section IV below.
3 This oft-quoted phrase comes from Norden, John, The surveyors dialogue (London, 1607), p. 28Google Scholar.
4 King, W. J., 'Early Stuart courts leet: still needful and useful', Histoire sociale/Social History, 23 (1990), pp. 271–99Google Scholar.
5 Ault, W. O., 'Open-field husbandry and the village community: a study of agrarian by-laws in medieval England', Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s., 55 (1965), pp. 11–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. pp. 40–3. For other important work on the disciplinary and regulatory functions of the medieval manor court, see Bennett, H. S., Life on the English manor: a study of peasant conditions, 1150–1400 (Cambridge, 1937)Google Scholar, ch. 8; DeWindt, A., 'Local government in a small town: a medieval leet jury and its constituents', Albion, 23 (1991), pp. 627–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Beckerman, J. S., 'Procedural innovation and institutional change in medieval English manorial courts', Law and History Review, 10 (1992), pp. 197–252CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Razi, Z. and Smith, R., eds., Medieval society and the manor court (Oxford, 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. chs. 2–3, 6–7; Olson, S., A chronicle of all that happens: voices from the village court in medieval England (Toronto, 1996)Google Scholar; Bennett, J. M., Ale, beer and brewsters in England: women's work in a changing world (New York, NY, 1996)Google Scholar, ch. 6; P. R. Schofield, 'Peasants and the manor court: gossip and litigation in a Suffolk village at the close of the thirteenth century', 159 (1998), pp. 3–42; Bailey, M., The English manor, c. 1200 – c. 1500 (Manchester, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, ch. 4; DeWindt, A. R. and DeWindt, E. B., Ramsey: the lives of an English fenland town, 1200–1600 (Washington, DC, 2006)Google Scholar, esp. chs. 3, 5, 9.
6 McIntosh, M., Controlling misbehavior in England, 1370–1600 (Cambridge, 1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
7 Ibid., p. 42. See also her study of an Essex manor, which made extensive use of these records: eadem, A community transformed: the manor and liberty of Havering, 1500–1620 (Cambridge, 1991), esp. pp. 298–326.
8 McIntosh, Controlling misbehavior, pp. 44–5, 81–2, 239.
9 C. Harrison, 'Manor courts and the governance of Tudor England', in C. Brooks and M. Lobban, eds., Communities and courts in Britain, 1150–1900 (London, 1997), p. 48.
10 Kerridge, E., The common fields of England (Manchester, 1992)Google Scholar; Winchester, A., The harvest of the hills: rural life in northern England and the Scottish borders, 1400–1700 (Edinburgh, 2000)Google Scholar, esp. chs. 2, 7; Neeson, J. M., Commoners: common right, enclosure and social change in England, 1700–1820 (Cambridge, 1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. ch. 5. For other examples of work that has used these records to examine commons and land management during this period, see Dilley, R., 'The Cumberland court leet and the use of common lands', Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society, n.s., 67 (1967), pp. 125–51Google Scholar; idem, 'Agricultural change and common land in Cumberland, 1700–1850' (Ph.D. thesis, McMaster University, 1991); P. Large, 'Rural society and agricultural change: Ombersley, 1580–1700', in J. Chartres and D. Hey, eds., English rural society, 1500–1800: essays in honour of Joan Thirsk (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 105–38, esp. 125–35; Thompson, E. P., Customs in common: studies in traditional popular culture (New York, NY, 1993)Google Scholar, ch. 3, esp. pp. 144–51; Hindle, S., 'Persuasion and protest in the Caddington Common enclosure dispute, 1635–1639', Past and Present, 158 (1998), pp. 48–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar; L. Shaw-Taylor, 'The management of common land in the lowlands of southern England, c. 1500 – c. 1850', in M. De Moor, L. Shaw-Taylor and P. Warde, eds., The management of common land in north west Europe (Turnhout, 2002); M. Clark, 'The gentry as governors in early modern England, with special reference to Middlesex and Essex, 1558–1625' (Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge, 2008), ch. 2. Amazingly, some key studies of commons largely ignore manorial records: Yelling, J. A., Common field and enclosure in England, 1450–1850 (London, 1977)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
11 King, , 'Early Stuart courts leet', p. 298. For his earlier work on this material, see idem, 'Leet jurors and the search for law and order in seventeenth-century England: "galling persecution" or reasonable justice', Histoire sociale/Social History, 13 (1980), pp. 305–23Google Scholar; idem, 'Regulation of alehouses in Stuart Lancashire: an example of discretionary administration of the law', Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire & Cheshire, 129 (1980), pp. 31–46Google Scholar. For an analysis of an Oxfordshire court leet during this period, see Griffiths, M., 'Kirtlington manor court, 1500–1650', Oxoniensia, 45 (1980), pp. 276–81Google Scholar.
12 Webb, S. and Webb, B., English local government (9 vols., London, 1906–29)Google Scholar, ii, chs. 1–3; Dilley, R., 'Rogues, raskells and turkie faced jades: malediction in the Cumbrian manor courts', Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society, 97 (1997), pp. 143–51Google Scholar.
13 Manorial Documents Register, www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/mdr/, accessed on 13 Nov. 2011. The twelve digitized counties are Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cumberland, Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Middlesex, Norfolk, Nottinghamshire, Shropshire, Surrey, Westmorland, and the three Ridings of Yorkshire.
14 The extent to which these figures understate the actual number of documented courts is suggested by the fact that Winchester cites regulatory evidence from twenty-three manors in Cumberland from this period, sixteen of which are not listed in the Manorial Documents Register in the categories of 'pains' or 'presentments': Winchester, Harvest of the hills, pp. 176–7.
15 For an example of the former, see Burton Salmon (1659). For the latter, see Acomb (1544–1822).
16 Note that although the manors in the sample were intentionally drawn from a relatively wide variety of topography and regions, the primary criterion was the accessibility of their records rather than a scientifically robust sampling procedure.
17 I have sampled one court session per decade, except when a particular set of records cover only a few years in which cases I have recorded two or more years from the same decade.
18 The nominal distinction between 'rules' and 'offences' has been elided in the main sample for two reasons. First, separating them would double the number of categories necessary for any quantitative analysis making the presentation of the data much more opaque. Second, and perhaps more justifiably, many early modern manor courts do not appear to have made much of distinction themselves. Many 'pains' were not general by-laws but rather rebukes directed at specific offenders. Thus, the pains issued by the jury of Barlow in 1638 included not only broad rules about breaking hedges, ringing swine, and maintaining highways, but also many cases of pains that essentially laid conditional fines on specific people such as 'wee lie a paine that John Richeson the millner keepe weights and scales at his milne' (6s 7d), 'a paine layd that Thomas Knight take his wood out of Robert Clay dike by the out wood laine' (33d), and 'wee lie an pane that Grace Man make hir Peice betwext hir and Elizabeth Grub betwixt and martinmas next' (12d). Likewise, some supposed 'presentments' were not reprimands issued against named individuals but were instead pre-emptive amercements against any future offenders. For example, records from a session at Hunton in 1832 listed several presentments of specific people for specific infractions, but also included such entries as 'We present and amerce every person' who turns any animals into the highways (5s) and 'We present and amerce all persons' who neglect to source their ditches and drains (£1).
19 Sharp, J., Crime in early modern England, 1550–1750 (Harlow, 1984), pp. 42Google Scholar, 47–8; King, P., Crime, justice and discretion in England, 1740–1820 (Oxford, 2000), pp. 11–12Google Scholar, 131–4.
20 Harvey, Manorial records, ch. 4. Private disputes resulted in personal actions for debt, trespass, or covenant.
21 For examples of the role of the manor court as a social event and source of local status, see St Mary Whittlesey (1788); Hainsworth, D. R. and Walker, C., eds., The correspondence of Lord Fitzwilliam of Milton and Francis Guybon, his steward, 1697–1709 (Northamptonshire Record Society 36, Northampton, 1990), p. 57Google Scholar; Estabrook, C., Urbane and rustic England: cultural ties and social spheres in the provinces, 1660–1780 (Manchester, 1998), pp. 31–4Google Scholar; King, 'Regulation of alehouses', pp. 40–1.
22 For jurors, see McIntosh, Controlling misbehaviour, pp. 36–7; King, 'Leet jurors', pp. 309–10; Clark, 'Gentry as governors', pp. 69–70; Griffiths, 'Kirklington', pp. 269–72, 282–3; J. Healey, 'Agriculture and community in Elizabethan England: the duchy of Lancaster survey books for the south and midlands, 1591', unpublished paper presented at the Economic History Society Annual Conference, 2010 (Durham). For lords and stewards, see Hainsworth, D., Stewards, lords and people: the estate steward and his world in later Stuart England (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 43–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 190–4, 209–10; Clark, 'Gentry as governors', pp. 56–62. For gendered offences, see McIntosh, Controlling misbehavior, pp. 58–9, 73–4, 85–6, 197–8. For manorial officers, see McIntosh, Community transformed, pp. 316–26; Kent, J., The English village constable, 1580–1642: a social and administrative study (Oxford, 1986)Google Scholar.
23 They were recorded in 45 sessions (10.0 per cent of the 452 total), 28 of which had only 1 or 2 such offences. It should be noted that technically only 'courts leet' (not 'courts baron') had the right to punish violent offences. In places where a 'court leet' did not operate, all such offences theoretically had to be presented at the county quarter sessions.
24 Colton (1628).
25 Sheffield (1564); Stanton Lacy (1609).
26 King, 'Early Stuart courts leet', pp. 276–7, 298.
27 Pockley and Beadlam (1735: abusing neighbours with her tongue); Brompton (1635: bawling and scolding); Clare (1702: eavesdropping and night-walking); Howden (1616: unlawful games); Gnossall (1585: playing 'le tables and cards', scolding, and night-walking). Slander and defamation, in contrast, were normally handled by the ecclesiastical courts and no cases were found in the sample. However, these offences did appear in a few manor courts in the early modern period: Dilley, 'Rogues'; McIntosh, Community transformed, p. 67. Gaming and drunkenness, if it occurred on the Sabbath, might also be prosecuted in the ecclesiastical courts.
28 Recorded in 36 sessions (8.0 per cent), 22 of which had only 1 or 2 such offences. These largely fit into the clusters of offences that McIntosh labelled 'disharmony' and 'disorder', analysed at length in McIntosh, Controlling misbehavior, esp. pp. 56–81.
29 For important discussions of early modern 'moral regulation', see Wrightson, K. and Levine, D., Poverty and piety in an English village: Terling, 1525–1700 (2nd edn, Oxford, 1995), pp. 142–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 207, 210–11; M. Spufford, 'Puritanism and social control?', in A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson, eds., Order and disorder in early modern England (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 41–58; J. Innes, 'Politics and morals: the reformation of manners movement in later eighteenth-century England', in E. Hellmuth, ed., The transformation of political culture: England and Germany in the late eighteenth century (Oxford, 1990), pp. 57–118; Davidson, L. et al. , eds., Stilling the grumbling hive: the response to social and economic problems in England, 1689–1750 (Stroud, 1992)Google Scholar, ch. 5–7; M. Ingram, 'Reformation of manners in early modern England', in P. Griffiths, A. Fox, and S. Hindle, eds., The experience of authority in early modern England (London, 1996), pp. 47–88; McIntosh, Controlling misbehavior; Seaver, P. et al. , 'Symposium: controlling (mis)behavior', Journal of British Studies, 37 (1998), pp. 231–305CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
30 Lutterworth (1563); the Savoy (1684, 1694, 1714, 1754); Burbage (1584); St Mary Whittlesey (1788, 1794).
31 Arncliffe (1706: fined 'for his Contempt & ill behaviour in Court', 10s); Bishopthorpe (1765: presented 'for abusing the Jurey', 1s); Escrick (1753: none 'shall rail of any of the Jouery', £1); Deighton, E. R. (1638: none 'raile of aney of the juery', 6s 8d); Sherburn-in-Elmet (1730: presented for 'giving abuse at the By-law', 1s 8d; 1752: presented 'for giving Eill Langues to a By-law', 2s). For examples from Cumberland and Lancashire, see Dilley, 'Rogues', pp. 149–50; King, 'Leet jurors', p. 320.
32 Recorded in 59 sessions (13.1 per cent), 21 of which had 1 or 2 offences.
33 For examples, see Acomb (1586, 1614, 1624); West Routon (1662). For a more general discussion of this offence, which makes only one brief mention of manor courts, see Webb, S. and Webb, B., 'The assize of bread', Economic Journal, 14 (1904), pp. 196–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Like assault, these regulations were supposed to be enforced only by 'courts leet' (not 'courts baron').
34 Drax (1658); Gnossal (1593); Lutterworth (1563).
35 Selby (1625, 1682, 1716).
36 Tottenham (1558: refused to use lord's mill); Eckington (1585: withholding corn from lord's mill); Escrick (1753: only use lord's mill); Clare (1715: selling meat and 'turning' on the Sabbath); Dowdeswell (1654: selling ale without licence on the Sabbath); St Mary Whittlesey (1788, 1794: tippling or carting on the Sabbath).
38 West Tanfield (1752). See also McIntosh, Controlling misbehavior, pp. 93–6; Hindle, S., 'Exclusion crises: poverty, migration and parochial responsibility in English rural communities, c. 1560–1660', Rural History, 7 (1996), pp. 128–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, On the parish?: the micro-politics of poor relief in rural England, c. 1550–1750 (Oxford, 2004), ch. 5.
39 This was apparently one of the few rules 'routinely and effectively enforced' by the manors of Abson and Wick (Glos.) after 1660: Estabrook, Urbane and rustic England, p. 33. For a detailed examination of the implementation of the Cottages Act of 1589, see Tankard, D., 'The regulation of cottage building in seventeenth-century Sussex', Agricultural History Review, 59 (2011), pp. 18–35Google Scholar. For more on the role of the manor in the accommodation of the poor, see Birtles, S., 'Common land, poor relief and enclosure: the use of manorial resources in fulfilling parish obligations, 1601–1834', Past and Present, 165 (1999), pp. 87–90CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Broad, J., 'Housing the rural poor in southern England, 1650–1850', Agricultural History Review, 48 (2000), pp. 151–70Google Scholar, esp. pp. 153–7.
40 Riccall (1625, 1646, 1655, 1665, 1674). In theory, most manor courts were restricted to fines of less than 40s, but there is also evidence of manorial juries imposing fines far above that level, even up to £10: the Savoy (1684, 1694, 1714, 1754); Hertfordshire Archives, QSR 16/1675/562.
41 Recorded in 280 sessions (61.9 per cent), 49 of which had 10 or more offences. For a quantitative analysis of agricultural offences presented at 17 manor courts in Cumberland between 1630 and 1839, see Dilley, 'Cumberland court leet', pp. 132–40.
42 Scholarship on common lands is vast, but some key studies are cited in n. 10 above.
43 Girton Pigotts (1682); Bishopthorpe (1625); Exning (1581).
44 Great Horwood (1550); Wedon (1564); Burbage (1584); Salford (1592); Eggborough (1607); Snaith (1648, 1687); Everingham (1633); Girton Pigotts (1653); Brotherton (1667); Ware (1687); Acomb (1713); Orston (1731); St Andrew Whittlesey (1779, 1795), St Mary Whittlesey (1678, 1718, 1838, 1848). For a recent analysis of the long history of 'stinting' pastures, see Winchester, A. and Straughton, E., 'Stints and sustainability: managing stock levels on common land in England, c. 1600–2006', Agricultural History Review, 58 (2010), pp. 30–48Google Scholar.
45 Newton Longville (1608); Thorpe in Balne (1669).
46 Indeed, the offence of 'unrung' or 'unyoked' swine comprised nearly 5 per cent of the sample. For the details of why and how pigs were so restricted, see Ault, 'Open-field husbandry', pp. 27–9.
47 For examples of encroachments on common land, see Owston (1714); Clare (1702). For a man fined 6s 8d 'for making an Encroachment upon the said [neighbour's] Garden', see Beechill (1755).
48 For a more general discussion of the exploitation of these resources, see Woodward, D., 'Straw, bracken and the Wicklow whale: the exploitation of natural resources in England since 1500', Past and Present, 159 (1998), pp. 43–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
49 Recorded in 139 sessions (30.8 per cent).
50 Carthorpe (1620). Even more were presented at the nearby manor of West Tanfield in 1641.
51 Riccall (1614); Selby (1682); Pockley and Beadlam (1804, 1831). In contrast, for the spectacular failure of the Whickham (Durham) manor court to deal effectively with the expansion of coal-mining in the seventeenth century, see Levine, D. and Wrightson, K., The making of industrial society: Whickham, 1560–1765 (Oxford, 1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, ch. 2.
52 Burton Salmon (1659). For other examples, see Elmley Castle (1567); Escrick (1753); Acomb (1814).
53 Alston Moor (1597, 1692); Eggborough (1607); Chilham (1655). The lord's right to windfall timber was also protected here: Hainsworth, Stewards, p. 209.
55 For previous quantitative analysis of this function of the manor court see Clark, 'Gentry as governors', pp. 62–82; Waddell, B., Landscape and society in the Vale of York, c. 1500–1800 (York: Borthwick papers, no. 120, 2011)Google Scholar, section 2.6 and appendix 1. In Clark's sample of 248 presentments from twelve manors (1599–1627), over two-thirds concerned infrastructure. In my Vale of York sample, it comprised just over half of the 2,414 offences.
56 Acomb (1544, 1555: common well); Wedon (1564: grindstone); Alston Moor (1597: archery butts); Brompton (1634: cucking stool); Leake (1634: stocks); Dowdeswell (1634: stocks, crow net and whipping post; 1673: whipping post); Ware (1705: cucking stool); West Tanfield (1754: stocks).
57 Howden (1616); Selby (1682).
58 Bishopthorpe (1795); St Andrew Whittlesey (1729).
59 Exning (1694); Alston Moor (1597); Brotherton (1667).
60 For examples of uncategorized offences, see Dowdeswell (1581: inhabitants 'have not used their bows and arrows according the statute'); Gnossall (1585: not wearing a cap); Acomb (1624: refusing to lodge a lawful traveller); St Mary Whittlesey (1768: butcher killing a bull without baiting it at the common bullring).
61 For a fuller discussion of a selection of lowland Yorkshire manors, see Waddell, Landscape and society, esp. part 2.
62 Owston (1626); Drax (1661); Fulford (1825). Of the upland/industrial group, 28 sessions (65.0 per cent) had no drainage-related pains or presentments. This was true of only 60 sessions (28.4 per cent) of the lowland group.
63 Sproxton (1670, 1745); Pockley and Beadlam (1735, 1831).
64 Bradfield (1564); Leeds (1666). The shifts over time are discussed in the subsequent section.
65 Sheffield (1564); West Tanfield (1635, 1656).
66 Instead, the lowlands had almost exactly the same number of 'livestock' (3.6) and 'crops and harvest cases' (0.2) per session as the uplands (3.6 and 0.3).
67 Corringham Magna (1601); St Andrew Whittlesey (1739); Tottenham (1558, 1565, 1576); Alston Moor (1597, 1692); Eckington (1556–1723).
68 Alston Moor (1597, 1692); Wasdale Head (1664); St Mary Whittlesey (1678); Prestaller (1764).
69 Dodeswell (1588); Riccall (1601, 1691, 1705); Acaster Malbis (1626); Thornborough (1635); Sproxton (1670). However, for evidence that flax and hemp were grown 'on a substantial scale' elsewhere, see Kerridge, E., Textile manufactures in early modern England (Manchester, 1985), p. 141Google Scholar. For more on the cultivation of hemp and flax, see Thirsk, J., Alternative agriculture: a history from the Black Death to the present day (Oxford, 1997), pp. 28–9Google Scholar, 46–7, 64.
70 For examples of other urban manor courts, not included in the sample, see Butcher, D., Lowestoft, 1550–1750: development and change in a Suffolk coastal town (Woodbridge, 2008), pp. 247–66Google Scholar; B. Howlett, 'Manorial estate and market town: the early development of Hitchin', in T. R. Slater and N. Goose, eds., A county of small towns: the development of Hertfordshire's urban landscape to 1800 (Hatfield, 2008), pp. 212–17; Hearnshaw, F. and Hearnshaw, D. M., eds., Court leet records [Southampton, 1550–1624] (4 vols., Southampton, 1905–8)Google Scholar; Hewitson, A., ed., Preston court leet records, 1653–1813 (Preston, 1905)Google Scholar; Earwaker, J. P., ed., The court leet of the manor of Manchester (12 vols., Manchester, 1884–90)Google Scholar; Fraser, C. M. et al. , eds., The court rolls of the manor of Wakefield (14 vols., York, 1977–2004)Google Scholar; Doncaster Archives, AB 5/5/5 (Doncaster court leet, 1608–1819). For a list with many more urban courts leet (some of which were still active in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries), see Hearnshaw, F. J. C., Leet jurisdiction in England (Southampton, 1908), pp. 248–321Google Scholar. Many towns and cities, including London and York, also had 'wardmote' courts that (like courts baron) dealt with streets, nuisances, lodging strangers, and other quotidian affairs: Webb and Webb, English local government, iii, pp. 581–6; Harris, A. T., Policing the city: crime and legal authority in London, 1780–1840 (Columbus, OH, 2004), p. 13Google Scholar; Tillott, P. M., ed., Victoria county history: Yorkshire – the city of York (London, 1961), p. 182Google Scholar; York City Archives, F 9, fos. 13–14, 17 (1686–7).
71 This was also true of the leets of Cockermouth and Egremont: Dilley, 'Cumberland court leet', pp. 128–9.
72 The urban proportion is much higher than that of the rural manors even if one excludes the extraordinary figures for Sheffield (1564) and Lutterworth (1563).
73 Again, this pattern holds even after accounting for exceptional cases and chronological bias.
74 French, H., 'Urban agriculture, commons and commoners in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: the case of Sudbury, Suffolk', Agricultural History Review, 48 (2000), pp. 171–99Google Scholar; idem, 'Urban common rights, enclosure and the market: Clitheroe town moors, 1764–1802', Agricultural History Review, 51 (2003), pp. 40–68Google Scholar. See also Bowden, M., Graham Brown, and Nicky Smith, An archaeology of town commons in England: 'A very fair field indeed' (Swindon, 2009)Google Scholar.
75 Northallerton (1634, 1635).
76 Only functioning manors are included in the main sample, so it reveals little about the balance between active and inactive manor courts.
77 For evidence of at least Cumberland being undercounted, see n. 14 above.
78 But for pre-1600 regional patterns, see McIntosh, Controlling misbehaviour, pp. 43–5.
79 Turner, M., English parliamentary enclosure: its historical geography and economic history (Folkestone, 1980)Google Scholar, ch. 2, esp. pp. 35, 59, 61; Wordie, J. R., 'The chronology of English enclosure, 1500–1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 36 (1983), pp. 489–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Clark, G. and Clark, A., 'Common rights to land in England, 1475–1839', Journal of Economic History, 61 (2001) pp. 1029–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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83 Webb and Webb, English local government, ii, p. 124.
84 Ibid., p. 31. Richard Tawney, in contrast, writing at about the same time, treated manor courts very seriously indeed, but he confined his analysis to the Tudor period: The agrarian problem in the sixteenth century (1912; new edn, New York, NY, 1967), esp. pp. 125–9, 159–61, 244–6.
85 Harvey, Manorial records, p. 57.
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87 Harrison, 'Manor courts', p. 51; Sharpe, Crime, pp. 25, 85.
88 Dilley, 'Cumberland court leet', p. 132; Winchester, Harvest of the hills, pp. 47, 148. Likewise, Steve Hindle rightly suggests that in many areas, 'it might not be until the eighteenth century that the vestry became more significant than the manorial court': Hindle, 'Political culture of the middling sort', p. 128.
89 For broader critiques of narratives of the 'modernization' of local communities and the 'decline' of neighbourly relations, see R. Smith, '"Modernization" and the corporate village community in England: some sceptical reflections', in A. Baker and D. Gregory, eds., Explorations in historical geography: interpretative essays (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 140–79; K. Wrightson, 'The "decline of neighbourliness' revisited', in N. Jones and D. Woolf, eds., Local identities in late medieval and early modern England (Basingstoke, 2007), pp. 19–49.
90 Brooks, C. W., Pettyfoggers and vipers of the commonwealth: the 'lower bench' of the legal profession in early modern England (Cambridge, 1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, chs. 4–5; idem, 'Interpersonal conflict and social tension: civil litigation in England, 1640–1830', in A. L. Beier, D. Cannadine, and J. M. Rosenheim, eds., The first modern society: essays in English history in honour of Lawrence Stone (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 357–99; Muldrew, C., The economy of obligation: culture of credit and social relations in early modern England (Cambridge, 1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, ch. 8; Wrightson, K., English society, 1580–1680 (2nd edn, London, 2003)Google Scholar, ch. 6; Hindle, S., The state and social change in early modern England, c.1550–1640 (Basingstoke, 2000)Google Scholar.
91 Acomb (1567, 1575, 1584, 1596, 1605, 1614, 1624, 1685, 1707, 1717, 1738, 1765).
92 Riccall (1601, 1614, 1625, 1635, 1646, 1655, 1665, 1674, 1691, 1705); Bishopthorpe (1617, 1625, 1635, 1640, 1715, 1725, 1735, 1756, 1765); Dowdeswell (1577, 1588, 1599, 1610, 1636, 1649, 1654, 1664, 1673); Butcher, Lowestoft, p. 263. In contrast, regulatory business of Havering court leet declined markedly in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries: McIntosh, Community transformed, pp. 304–12.
93 For a discussion of shifts in the prosecution of brewers and alehousekeepers, see King, 'Regulation of alehouses', pp. 35–6.
94 This category comprised 7.6 per cent of presentments in the twelve manors from this period analysed in Clark, 'Gentry as governors', pp. 62–82. For a summary of the population trends over this period, see Wrightson, K., Earthly necessities: economic lives in early modern Britain, 1470–1750 (2nd edn, London, 2002), pp. 121–2Google Scholar, 159.
95 For the importance of social, economic, and moral concerns in this period, see Wrightson, English society, chs. 6–7; Hindle, State and social change, chs. 2, 6–7.
96 Wrightson, Earthly necessities, pp. 229–31.
97 At Lowestoft, the proportion of leet presentments concerning trading irregularity, breaches of the peace, and gambling declined from 43 per cent in 1618–22 to less than 1 per cent in 1718–22: Butcher, Lowestoft, p. 263.
98 W. A. Champion, 'Recourse to the law and the meaning of the great litigation decline, 1650–1750: some clues from the Shrewsbury local courts', in Brooks and Lobban, eds., Communities and courts, pp. 192–4; King, 'Early Stuart courts leet', p. 275 (table 1).
99 Yorkshire Archaeological Society Archives, MD 235.
100 Sharp, Crime, pp. 25, 28, 89–90, 172; Landau, N., Justices of the peace, 1679–1760 (Berkeley, CA, 1984)Google Scholar; King, P., 'The summary courts and social relations in eighteenth-century England', Past and Present, 183 (2004), pp. 125–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gray, Drew, Crime, prosecution and social relations: the summary courts of the City of London in the late eighteenth century (Houndmills, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. pp. 17–20.
101 Borthwick Institute for Archives, Wenlock 7/7. For the country's most famously long-lasting manor court, see Beckett, J. V., A history of Laxton: England's last open-field village (Oxford, 1989), pp. 26–34Google Scholar, 318–19.
102 The rate of enclosure in various periods is still debated, but the pace almost certainly accelerated markedly after c. 1750: Overton, M., The agricultural revolution in England: the transformation of the agrarian economy, 1500–1850 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 148–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wordie, 'Chronology of English enclosure'; Clark and Clark, 'Common rights', p. 1026 (table 6).
103 King, P., 'Gleaners, farmers and the failure of legal sanctions in England, 1750–1850', Past and Present, 125 (1989), pp. 116–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, 'Legal change, customary right, and social conflict in late eighteenth-century England: the origins of the great gleaning case of 1788', Law and History Review, 10 (1992), pp. 1–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thompson, Customs in common, ch. 3.
104 For trends in population and prices, see Floud, R. and McCloskey, D., eds., The economic history of Britain since 1700 (2nd edn, Cambridge, 1994)Google Scholar, ii, chs. 4–5, esp. pp. 63–6, 77–8, 97.
105 Beechill (1725–1825).
106 The Savoy (1684, 1694, 1714, 1754). This may be partly due to the fact that this liberty was extra-parochial and thus had no vestry: Webb and Webb, English local government, ii, pp. 96–7.
107 St Mary Whittlesey (1788); St Andrew Whittlesey (1789). These courts also ordered that no 'Young Persons' play football 'violently' on the market-hill and that the constable should seize anyone who 'Disturbe[d] the Neighbourhood in a most Riotous manner' by beating their wives: St Andrew Whittlesey (1759); St Mary Whittlesey (1794).
108 Suffolk Record Office at Bury St Edmunds, EE 500/D8/2/5.
109 For monographs, see Wrightson and Levine, Poverty and piety; Hindle, On the parish?; idem, State and social change, ch. 8; Snell, K. D. M., Parish and belonging: community, identity and welfare in England and Wales, 1700–1950 (Cambridge, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Withington, P., The politics of commonwealth: citizens and freemen in early modern England (Cambridge, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Manorial government is not mentioned in Wrightson, English society, nor in D. Eastwood, Government and the community in the English provinces, 1700–1870 (London, 1997). For an extraordinary set of by-laws from this period passed by a 'company' of 'chief inhabitants' that were neither a manorial jury nor a parish vestry, see Hindle, S., 'Hierarchy and community in the Elizabethan parish: the Swallowfield articles of 1596', Historical Journal, 42 (1999), pp. 835–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
110 For some preliminary work on these questions, see the sources cited above in n. 21 above.
111 Particularly ill-served by existing scholarship are the West Country and the whole of the south coast.
112 J. Sharpe, 'Crime and delinquency in an Essex parish, 1600–1640', in J. S. Cockburn, ed., Crime in England, 1550–1800 (London, 1977), p. 92; idem, ed., Crime, p. 26.
113 For the parish vestry and other institutions through which people of modest means might take part in government, see Hindle, 'Political culture of the middling sort'; M. Goldie, 'The unacknowledged republic: officeholding in early modern England', in Harris, ed., Politics of the excluded, pp. 153–94.
Hale, Matthew Raymond, Graham and Wright, Catherine 2013. List of publications on the economic and social history of Great Britain and Ireland published in 2012. The Economic History Review, Vol. 66, Issue. 4, p. 1134.
Waddell, Brodie 2013. Cultural Severance and the Environment. Vol. 2, Issue. , p. 323.
Houston, R. A. 2014. Peasant Petitions. p. 146.
Chapman, Alison A. 2016. Milton and Legal Reform. Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 69, Issue. 2, p. 529.
WATSON, CHRIS 2017. 'To Beare the Towne Harmles': Manorial Regulation of Mobility and Settlement in Early Modern Lancashire. Rural History, Vol. 28, Issue. 2, p. 119.
De Moor, Tine Farjam, Mike van Weeren, René Bravo, Giangiacomo Forsman, Anders Ghorbani, Amineh and Ale Ebrahim Dehkordi, Molood 2021. Taking sanctioning seriously: The impact of sanctions on the resilience of historical commons in Europe. Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 87, Issue. , p. 181.
Glass, Melissa 2021. "The Rust of Antiquity"?: Print Culture, Custom, and the Manorial Court Guidebooks of Early Modern England. Canadian Journal of History, Vol. 56, Issue. 1, p. 1.
Schlimm, Anette 2021. Konfliktlösung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Vol. 4, Issue. , p. 263.
Howlett, Daniel Wulf, Sabine Wharram, Scarlett Hardiman, Mark and Byrne, Harry 2022. Ecological and Wildfire Responses to Rapid Landscape Changes within the Last ~900 Years on the South Haven Peninsula, Dorset (Southern England). Quaternary, Vol. 5, Issue. 2, p. 27.
BRODIE WADDELL (a1)


Salam All, I created a widget for this podcast which you can use to listen to the Holy Quran from Dashboard. You will need a Macintosh computer running MacOS X Tiger (10.4.x). You can download the widget from HERE.
Salam All, I have finally fixed all the problems involoved in listing all Souras in podcasting software (eg iTunes). All subscribers will have access to all Souras instead of the few that were available eariler. I hope you tune in and listen. Thank you very much.


text:
import { NgModule }      from '@angular/core';
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';

import { routing } from './app.routes';
import { AppComponent }  from './app.component';
import { AdminComponent } from './admin.component';
import { HomeComponent } from './home.component';
import { ProductsComponent } from './products.component';
import { ProductComponent } from './product.component';

@NgModule({
  imports: [ BrowserModule, routing ],
  declarations: [
    AppComponent,
    AdminComponent,
    HomeComponent,
    ProductsComponent,
    ProductComponent
  ],
  bootstrap: [ AppComponent ]
})
export class AppModule { }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be. Matthew 24:27 Hello to you all, I know it has been so long since many of you have heard from me. If I am correct, the last one you… Continue reading A Busy Summer….
Hello to all of you! Time has sped by and it has been several months since many have heard from me. I must admit that it has been way too long, so I decided to attempt to get one out this week. God truly has been good and I felt the prayers of many as I… Continue reading Overdue News!


Earlier this month I was blogging about the announcements made in the Spring Budget and commenting its' impact on Small Businesses with respect to Making Tax Digital (MTD). Whilst the delay for 3.1m non-VAT registered businesses was welcomed, the increase in National Insurance Contributions (NIC) was a shock and against the party's manifesto pledge in 2015.
Normally when the budget is announced that's it until the legislation comes out, however it seems like the Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond has come to his senses over this and has bowed to rising pressure across the board (including within his own party!) by announcing a u-turn on the plans to increase National Insurance rates for self-employed people.
In Parliament last week, Hammond stated that "In the light of what has emerged as a clear view among colleagues and a significant section of the public, I have decided not to proceed with the Class 4 NIC measure set out in the Budget.". Further, he stated that "most commentators" believed the "sharp increase" in self-employment over the last few years had in part been "driven by differences in tax treatment".
In what can only be described as a lack of foresight in the original plans to bring forwards the NIC increases, the Government has at least listened and reacted promptly. No-one likes egg on their face, but out of the chaos of this Budget at least Small Businesses can relax in the knowledge that their tax and costs won't now be increasing next year due to the Budget.
However, this does create a new problem for the Government and the UK as a whole. The increase in NIC had planned to raise £2 billion in taxes by 2022 that will now need to be backfilled. Hammond has said that he will use the Autumn Budget to set out further measures to "fund in full" this missing tax. So, we will have to wait ~6 months to find out who's going to front the new tax bill!
Given the turbulence in the governments' plans for tax, it is still imperative accountants, small businesses and self-employed move to digital tax sooner rather than later. You don't want to be dealing with the move to digital tax during other tax changes and charge increases.
For more online information about MTD, return to our Making Tax Digital Hub for a host of additional MTD news, insight, events (including our latest roadshows, held throughout the UK this March) and dedicated training solutions exclusive to accountants.


DEDICO aimed at spreading awareness of free and open source software (FLOSS) as a valuable alternative to proprietary software among individuals, professionals, and educational institutions, in order to foster the growth of digital competencies.
creating and fostering a transnational community of users about "FLOSS for business and personal development".
Educational activities were mainly delivered as elearning, using fora and videoconferences for boosting interaction between learners and teachers, and also eportfolios to value and record educationa lachievements.


text:
Анатолий Васильевич Цилюрик (2 марта 1935, Харьков — 16 ноября 2013, Киев) — доктор биологических наук, профессор кафедры лесоводства Национального университета биоресурсов и природопользования Украины, академик Лесоводческой академии наук Украины, член-корреспондент Украинской академии аграрных наук .

Биография
Родился 2 марта 1935 в Харькове. В 1950 году поступил в Чугуево-Бабчанский лесной техникум, который закончил в 1953 году с отличием. Собственное обучение продолжил в Киевском лесохозяйственном институте будущая Украинская сельскохозяйственная академия (УСХА). В 1958 году окончил академию по специальности «лесное хозяйство», получив квалификацию «Инженер лесного хозяйства». Работает в Киевском тресте «Лиспроект».

В 1961—1964 годах — аспирант кафедры фитопатологии УСГА. В 1964 году году защитил кандидатскую диссертацию «Устойчивость зеленокорой осины к сердцевинной гнили, вызываемой грибом Phellinus tremulae (Bond. ) Бонд. et Borris» . Работает ассистентом, доцентом кафедры. В 1967 году году окончил десятимесячные курсы французского языка при Киевском университете им. Т. Г. Шевченко и работает консультантом-преподавателем по защите тропических растений от вредителей и болезней при Министерстве госхозов Демократической Республики Вьетнам в (1969—1971) годах.

По возвращении из загранкомандировки в УСХА он был назначен деканом факультета защиты растений (1971—1979), позже проректором по учебной работе (1979—1987). В 1984—2002 годах возглавлял кафедру лесных культур и лесной фитопатологии Национального аграрного университета (НАУ).

Ученое звание профессора было присвоено в 1987 году на кафедре лесных культур и лесной фитопатологии. Докторская диссертация по биологическим наукам «Лесоводческая и патосанитарная оценка осиновых насаждений Украины и научные основы их оздоровления» была защищена в родном alma mater в 1994 году по двум специальностям: 06.03.03 — лесоведение, лесоводство, лесные пожары и борьба с ними и 06.01.11 — защита растений от вредителей и болезней .

В 2002 году Цилюрик А. В. был избран членом-корреспондентом Украинской академии аграрных наук . В 2002—2006 годах возглавлял кафедру защиты леса, с 2007 года — профессор кафедры биологии леса и охотоведения. В 2011 году работал в должности профессора кафедры лесоводства и директором научно-учебного центра «Лесоводство и расширенное воспроизводство лесных ресурсов». Член диссертационного совета Национального университета биоресурсов и природопользования Украины. Управляет мобильными учебно-научно-производственными курсами «Защита леса».

Цилюрик Анатолий Васильевич умер 16 ноября 2013 и похоронен во Киеве .

Награды
Анатолий Васильевич Цилюрик награждён многими наградами:

 орден «Труда» ІІІ степени (Вьетнам);
 орден Дружбы народов ;
 лауреат Государственной премии УССР в области науки и техники за 1988 год;
 Заслуженный работник народного образования Украины (1998);
 отличие Госкомлесхоза Украины «Отличник лесного хозяйства Украины» (2000);
 Почетная грамота Кабинета Министров Украины (2003);
 Почетная грамота Верховной Рады (2005);
 заслуженный профессор Национального аграрного университета (2005).

Примечания

Источники
 Лісівнича академія наук України: довідник / За редакцією профессора Ю. М. Дебринюка. — Львів: Камула, 2010. — 340 с. — ISBN 978-966-433-049-4.
 П. І. Лакида, В. М. Маурер, С. Є. Сендонін Пам'яті профессора Анатолія Васильовича Цилюрика (2.03.1935—16.11.2013 рр.) // Наукові праці Лісівничої академії наук України: збірник наукових праць. — Львів: РВВ НЛТУ України. — 2013. — Вип. 11. — С. 274—275.

Умершие во Львове
Академики Лесоводческой академии наук Украины
Родившиеся в Харькове
Награждённые Почётной грамотой Кабинета Министров Украины
Награждённые Почётной грамотой Верховной рады Украины
Кавалеры ордена Дружбы народов
Заслуженные работники образования Украины
Лауреаты Государственной премии Украины в области науки и техники
Умершие в 2013 году
Умершие 16 ноября
Родившиеся в 1935 году
Родившиеся 2 марта

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Buckeye teen dies from COVID complications
A Buckeye teen has died from COVID-19 complications, and his mom was unable to say goodbye because she was hospitalized at the same time.
By: Jordan Bontke
BUCKEYE, AZ — A Buckeye 13-year-old died last Friday following complications with COVID.
Donovan James Jones was born with sickle cell anemia.
His mother, Teresita Horne, believes when her husband came back from a trip with COVID, it spread to the rest of the family.
Horne was the first family member to be hospitalized with COVID.
A week into her two-week hospitalization with the virus, Donovan started having seizures.
On November 11, he was airlifted to Phoenix Children's.
Horne says doctors told her Donovan's brain started to swell and bleed which ultimately led to Donovan's death just a day later on November 12.
She says if it weren't for getting COVID, he'd still be here today.
Because Horne was dealing with her own bout with COVID, she never got to say goodbye to her son.
"I didn't get a chance to say goodbye, I didn't get a chance to touch him, none of that," Horne said.
Horne, nor Donovan had gotten the vaccine.
Horne said she was talking with Donovan's doctor about getting vaccinated, but they ran out of time. She now plans to get the vaccine.
Like many 13-year-olds, Horne describes her son as compassionate, a good older brother to his one sister. He always wore his mask everywhere he went to protect himself and others. He loved WWE wrestling and being "goofy," says his mom.
Teresita Horne
"I would want him to know I love him, beyond.. beyond anything," said Horne.
Horne says her son Donovan was a happy teenager who aspired to one day be an executive but, in the meantime, he enjoyed being 13.
"I want him to know that, please watch over your sister. keep her safe," Horne said. "I'm always here for him."
A letter went out to parents of Liberty Elementary School Wednesday saying in part "Counselors will be available today and tomorrow for any child who would benefit from spending additional time with someone."
A GoFundMe account has been set up to help with funeral expenses.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Self: 90% silk 10% lurexLining: 100% poly. Hand wash cold. Fully lined. Silk georgette fabric with metallic fil coupe. Surplice ruched front. Hidden side zipper closure. Imported. LCDE-WD255. LAD153 H18. LAcademie has mastered the art of elegant, sophisticated dressing with chic and polished pieces complete with stylish details. These contemporary pieces are effortlessly easy to style with your favorite denim or classic heels.
Self: 95% poly 5% elastaneLining: 100% poly. Dry clean only. Fully lined. Adjustable shoulder straps. Cut-out sides with elastic straps and button accents. Metallized fabric. HURR-WD92. HOD21 H17.
Self: 60% cupro 40% rayonLining: 100% poly. Dry clean only. Fully lined. Adjustable shoulder straps. Side ladder cut-outs with decorative buttons. Hidden back zipper closure. HURR-WD13. NEDR29 U17.
Yumi Kim Giselle Maxi Dress - 100% poly. Hand wash cold. Partially lined. Surplice neckline. Adjustable waist tie. Hidden back zipper closure.
Baccio Couture Giselle - Painted Short Dress.
Sand cotton Giselle dress from MARCHA featuring a round neck, a belted silhouette, a mid-length, a sleeveless design and a concealed rear zip fastening.
Yumi Kim Giselle Maxi Dress - Yumi kim giselle maxi dress.


Boston Mayor Marty Walsh announced this week the winners of Boston Living With Water. Back in February, I wrote about the finalists chosen to address three sites particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels: the Prince Building, Fort Point Channel and Morrissey Boulevard.
Each winning team receives a $13,000 prize, funded by the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management and the Barr Foundation.
"Resilient Linkages," led by Boston team NBBJ, also received $5,000 and an honorable mention. The winners' work and information regarding coastal flooding will be on display in Boston Society of Architects' BSA Space through June 2015.


text:
9054 Hippocastanum eller 1991 YO är en asteroid i huvudbältet som upptäcktes den 30 december 1991 av den belgiske astronomen Eric W. Elst vid Haute-Provence-observatoriet. Den är uppkallad efter Hästkastanjesläktet.

Den tillhör asteroidgruppen Eunomia.

Referenser

Huvudbältesasteroider
Eunomia-asteroider
Småplaneter namngivna efter växter
Astronomiska upptäckter av EW Elst
Astronomiska upptäckter 1991


text:
package org.deuce.benchmark.stmbench7.correctness.invariants;

import org.deuce.benchmark.stmbench7.annotations.Immutable;
import org.deuce.benchmark.stmbench7.annotations.ThreadLocal;
import org.deuce.benchmark.stmbench7.core.Manual;
import org.deuce.benchmark.stmbench7.core.Module;

/**
 * Test of invariants of a manual.
 */
@Immutable
@ThreadLocal
public class ManualTest extends InvariantTest {

	public static void checkInvariants(Manual manual, Module module) {
		int id = manual.getId();
		if(id != 1) reportError(manual, id, "id", 1, id);

		String title = manual.getTitle(),
			titleShouldBe = "Manual for module #1";
		if(! title.equals(titleShouldBe))
			reportError(manual, id, "title", titleShouldBe, title);

		if(!manual.startsWith('I') && !manual.startsWith('i'))
			reportError(manual, id, "text (prefix)", "'I' || 'i'", manual.getText().substring(0, 7) + " ...");

		if(manual.startsWith('I') && manual.countOccurences('i') > 0)
			reportError(manual, id, "text starts from 'I' but contains 'i'");

		if(manual.startsWith('i') && manual.countOccurences('I') > 0)
			reportError(manual, id, "text starts from 'i' but contains 'I'");

		if(manual.getModule() != module)
			reportError(manual, id, "invalid connection to Module");
	}
}


text:
The School of Industrial Engineering is a center of the University of Vigo where industrial engineering studies are taught. It is established in two locations, one in the city center of Vigo, (province of Pontevedra), Spain, and another one on the campus of Vigo.

History
The School of Industrial Engineering arises from the integration of the two facilities of the University of Vigo within the industrial engineering field: the School of Technical Industrial Engineering and Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers.

The School of Industrial Engineering of Vigo was founded more than 110 years ago. Since its creation in 1901 several name and curriculum changes underwent: it was born with the Industry Collegename, later it was renamed to School of Industrial Experts with the degrees of industrial experts in mechanics, industrial chemistry and electricity. In 1971, it became the School of Industrial Engineering with the academic title of Industrial Engineering, with specialties in Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Chemistry, and with a studies duration of three years. In 1988, the specialty of Industrial Electronics and Automation joined. In 2000, the Industrial Engineering specialty Electricity (two escalations) of specialty Industrial Mechanical Engineering (four majors) of Industrial Engineering Industrial Chemistry (two escalations) and Engineering Industrial Electronics Industrial technical specialty (two escalations) were implemented in the curricula.

The School of Industrial Engineering of Vigo was born in 1976 with the specialties of Electronics and Automatics, with a degree duration of six years. Subsequently, provision was expanded with the specialties of Industrial Organization, Electrical and Mechanical. During 2001 curriculum were modified and it was transformed to a five-year academic degree with majors of Mechanics, Construction and Facilities, Industrial Design & Manufacturing, Electricity and Automation and Electronics. In addition, the School implanted two second-cycle degrees: Industrial Engineering and Engineering in Automation and Industrial Electronics.

In October 2009, both schools began the process of convergence in a single center in order to improve and integrate the management and the degrees academic activities. In April 2010, the creation of the School of Industrial Engineering was approved by the Governing Council of the University of Vigo. Finally, in February 2011, removal of the old schools and the creation of the new school is published in the Diario Oficial de Galicia.

In 2010–2011 academic year the new curriculum adapted to the European Higher Education Area began teaching. With more than 4,400 students enrolled and 350 teachers it is one of biggest schools in the Galician university system.

References

University of Vigo
Vigo


text:
Stories from Tuesday, April 10, 2007
Student heads to Missouri Scholars Academy (Local News ~ 04/10/07)
By Crystal D. Hancock Nevada Daily Mail After much dedication and hard work in her studies, Nevada High School sophomore student Melissa DeCocq has been selected to participate in the Missouri Scholars Academy, which is held on the campus of the University of Missouri, Columbia from June 11 to July 1, this summer. DeCocq was chosen as one of approximately 330 youth to attend the academy class, which will provide educational experiences and enrichment opportunities for the students...
WAGS pet therapy workshop to take place on May 12 (Local News ~ 04/10/07)
By Crystal D. Hancock Nevada Daily Mail The Delta Foundation along with the University of Missouri Extension will be hosting a pet therapy workshop May 12 from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. at a location to be announced closer to date. Individuals and their pets may assist with reading programs and visit area nursing homes and senior care facilities. Delta pet therapy evaluations may be performed by appointment only on May 19...
NHS singers soon to perform in Branson (Local News ~ 04/10/07)
By Steve Moyer Nevada Daily Mail Two of Nevada High School's choirs will be going to Branson, for events slated to occur a week apart. First, the Soundsational Singers will be going to the Fame World Cup April 13 and 14; then the Treble Effects will go to the Fame Invitational April 21...
ESL classes available at Nevada R-5 schools (Local News ~ 04/10/07)
By Nancy Malcom Nevada Daily Mail Julie Kibble, assistant principal at Truman Elementary School, is the ESL coordinator for the Nevada R-5 School District. She also keeps numbers and makes educational provisions for students considered by federal guidelines as homeless (not living in permanent housing) or migrant, (those with families moving with crops) although this area has no one in those classifications at this time...
Traveling exhibit tells of German civilian internment (Local News ~ 04/10/07)
Nevada Daily Mail Some disappeared under the cover of night, while others were taken during raids on their place of employment. About a third were kidnapped by U.S. agents in other countries and brought here by force. None had a lawyer, or were charged with, tried for or convicted of a war-related crime. Many were imprisoned for the duration of that global war, and for years after it ended...
Elizabeth Ann Nicholas (Obituary ~ 04/10/07)
Elizabeth Ann Nicholas, age 86, of Greenbrier, Ark., formerly of Nevada, Mo., died Friday, April 6, 2007. She was born in Malvern, Iowa, on Dec. 26, 1920, to the late Clyde and Minnie Reynolds Barger. Elizabeth attended Secretarial College in Omaha, Neb., and then went to work for Richardson Motors in Nevada, where she was employed for 30 years before her retirement. ...
Dorothy Jane Good (Obituary ~ 04/10/07)
Dorothy Jane Good, 67, of Horton, Kan., formerly of Nevada, Mo., passed away on April 6, 2007, at the Tri-County Manor in Horton. She was born on July 24, 1939, in Nevada, the daughter of Arthur and Katherine Street Smith. On Nov. 16, 1974, she married Bennie L. Good in Nevada, he preceded her in death...
Donald L. Crites Sr. (Obituary ~ 04/10/07)
Donald L. Crites Sr., age 82, of Joplin, Mo., passed away Saturday, April 7, 2007, at St. John's Regional Medical Center following a short illness. Don was born April 3, 1925, in Nevada, Mo., to the late Brutis C. and Sarah (Newport) Crites. Don married Dora Carver on Aug. 17, 1950, in West Plains, Mo., she survives...
Easter is a time of reflection Dear editor: Easter and the spring season is a good time to think about the issue of separation of church and state. When you closely study the founding fathers and early America, the issue is not that hard to understand. The outcome of such a study also reveals that the separation issue is not what the atheists and agnostics make it out to be...
The Way it Was (Editorial ~ 04/10/07)
100 Years Ago Moore Opera House Burned! A thousand heroes faced burning flames and blinding smoke and two thousand more formed a reserve force ready to respond if called upon to assist in fighting the destructive fire which wrought great destruction within the Moore's Opera House building and which for some time threatened the entire block. ...
Tiger golfers smoke Lamar, El Do (High School Sports ~ 04/10/07)
Nevada Daily Mail LAMAR -- The Nevada Tigers took advantage of the par-35 Lamar Country Club course Monday, posting their best 9-hole total of the season in a triangular with Lamar and El Dorado Springs. The Tigers shot 158 as a team, 27 strokes better than El Dorado Springs and 44 shots below Lamar's 202...
NHS tennis falls to Wildcats (High School Sports ~ 04/10/07)
Nevada Daily Mail NEOSHO -- The Nevada Tigers couldn't keep up with the Neosho Wildcats in Southwest Conference tennis action Monday. Neosho won 7-2, as Nevada's only victories came in No. 1 singles and No. 1 doubles. Ryan Kimbrough, Nevada's No. 1 singles player, was the Tigers' biggest bright spot, beating Justin Fox 8-4. Kimbrough then teamed with Jake Holmes to beat Chad Dwyer and James Carter in No. 1 doubles, 8-2...
Pit wrestlers place in K.C., Mac County (High School Sports ~ 04/10/07)
Nevada Daily Mail The Nevada Tiger Pit wrestling club had members in two different tournaments this weekend. There were four wrestlers at the Brute-Adidas National Tournament in Kansas City, where Spenser Daniels placed second in his class of 31 wrestlers...
Tiger baseball splits with Parsons, Kan. (High School Sports ~ 04/10/07)
Nevada Daily Mail PARSONS, Kan. -- After falling to Monett in the fifth place game of the Bill O'Dell tournament Saturday in Carthage, the Tigers bounced back to split with the Parsons Vikings in a doubleheader Monday. Parsons won the first game 6-4, but Nevada rebounded to take the second game 7-4...


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Home News luke shaw set return man united training next month
Luke Shaw set to return to Man United training next month
Manchester United fans will be delighted with the news that their injured left-back Luke Shaw is ready to start training next month.
The 20-year-old full-back suffered a double fracture in his right leg against PSV back in September and was expected to be out for the season.
However, the England international has been completely focused on his rehabilitation and could return to action earlier than expected. Shaw could be back playing for Manchester United before the end of the season according to the Telegraph.
Furthermore, if Manchester United manage to reach the finals of UEFA Europa League, Shaw will be eligible to play in it, provided he recovers in time. This also means that Shaw's Euro 2016 dreams are very much alive at the moment.
The former Southampton defender started the season very well and was one of Manchester United's best players in the first two months of the season. Losing him has been a major blow for Louis Van Gaal, who has had to field a makeshift back four quite a few times this season.
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Handel splits the text into 4, creating 4 separate musical motifs: I. John Proctor is the only member in the town's assembly who resists the attempts of the rich to gain more wealth on the expense of the poor farmers, thus incurring the wrath of deputy governor Danforth. Jennens used a compilation of extracts from the King James Bible, and from the Psalms included in the Book of Common Prayer. It is intended that you read along with your part as you learn it. Presentation and development of the latter two motifs Bar 43-73 3. To provide a better website experience, spinditty.
It gives the impression of a firm statement, because it is repeated like this. Throughout the whole piece vocal lines are often doubled with instruments, but it is usually at a different octave. An oratorio is a large musical composition for orchestras and choirs. If you have Harmony Assistant or Melody Assistant by Myriad the Warning: all the files on this page are 1M-6M each most are about 2M. Troubles are removed in love, when sin is pardoned.
And each man will sit under his own vine and under his own fig tree, with no one to frighten him. He then developed them is various ways. Christ is the good Shepherd; he shows tender care for young converts, weak believers, and those of a sorrowful spirit. Success followed and in 1710 he returned to Hanover to be appointed Kapellmeister to the Elector. There are also a few short monophonic parts as well though.
The first vocal entry in the piece is homophonic, and is sung by the altos. Motif B: 'Shall be revealed. This piece has been performed in many orchestras and is known worldwide. The words were taken from the Bible and tell of the birth, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. . His family was not musically inclined, but Handel was attracted to music and opera at a young age.
The liberetto is taken from the bible and tells the birth, death and resurrection of Jesus. The chorus in Messiah are powerful and contribute to the drama of the story. Proctor's sternly puritanical wife, Elizabeth, is sick and has not shared his bed for months, and he was seduced by his maid, Abigail. For who are we that you should grumble against us? May we know our Shepherd's voice, and follow him, proving ourselves his sheep. At age twenty-one he accepted an invitation to Italy, where he spent more than three years in Florence, Rome, Naples and Venice. And may the Lord prepare our hearts by the teaching of his word and the convictions of his Spirit, that high and proud thoughts may be brought down, good desires planted, crooked and rugged tempers made straight and softened, and every hinderance removed, that we may be ready for his will on earth, and prepared for his heavenly kingdom. The reason it is repeated.
By 1754 Handel was afflicted by the onset of blindness, and in 1755 turned over the direction of Messiah to his pupil, J. The century in which 'and the glory of the lord' was written in, was the 17th century. The second feature is a stepwise scale. This was a relatively sparse orchestra for a large scale work because the first performance of Messiah was to be in Dublin and Handel did not know what instruments would be available to him. By his word he requires no more service, and by his providence he inflicts no more trouble, than he will strengthen them for. For example in bars 11-14 there is homophonic melody.
These motives are throughout the whole piece of music. Eventually he had an opera of his own produced. Messiah premiered in Dublin in 1742 and was very well received. And afterward, I will pour out My Spirit on all people. All flesh shall see it together.
Towards the end of his life his sight failed and he died in 1759 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. And what will all the titles and possessions of a dying sinner avail, when they leave him under condemnation! The prophet had some reference to the return of the Jews from Babylon. Subsequently, Handel went on to add parts for oboes and bassoon, although they are not given solo roles but rather double existing string parts and in places the voice parts too. The key is A major with modulations to the dominant key of E major and dominant key of B major. Aria The aria is essentially a solo song which often reflects on a mood or emotion.


Sung Jae-ki (Koreek: 성재기; Hanja:成在基, 11ves a vis Gwyngala 1967 - 26ves a vis Gortheren 2013) a veu gweythresor a wiryon tus gorthfemynyst in Soth-Corea. Ev a omladhas 2013.
Diwettha chanj an folen ma a veu an 7 Meurth 2019, dhe 07:44.


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Q: Insert extra row in a loop if a specific requirement is met Quite new to programming in general and especially in VBA. I am trying to build a code that adds a blank row if a specific requirement is met in a cell i.e. if a cell in column B is blank. My data input varies in size so cannot define a specific range I suppose.
The data looks like this:

So far my code looks like this but this it only adds blank rows in the top as soon as column b is empty.
For i = 1 To k
  If out.Range("B16").Cells(i, 1) = "" Then
   out.Rows(i).Insert shift:=xlShiftUp
End If
Next i

What my code basically does is that it adds a bunch of lines up top atm so it moves the table 6-7 rows down.

A: Assuming the table data like this:

Need to insert entire row if a cell in column B is blank.
So the table become something like this :

The code:
Sub test123()
Set x = Range("B16")
Do Until x.Offset(1, 0).End(xlToRight).Value = "" And x.Offset(1, 0).End(xlToLeft).Value = ""
If x.Value = "" Then
If x.End(xlToRight).Value <> "" Or x.End(xlToLeft).Value <> "" Then
x.EntireRow.Insert
'x.Offset(-1, 0).Interior.Color = vbGreen
End If
End If
Set x = x.Offset(1, 0)
Loop
End Sub

The condition to insert entire row are :
 1. if there is a blank cell in column B
 2. to the end-left or to the end-right of this blank cell has value.
The code will stop if to the end-left and to the end-right of this blank cell has no value
That's if I'm not mistaken to get what you mean.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Three BU Law grads working at the ACLU look to move beyond the bipartisan FIRST STEP Act on criminal justice reform issues at the state and federal levels.
From left to right: Joshua Tom ('08), Somil Trivedi ('09), and Jared Keenan ('08)
A few weeks before Jared Keenan ('08) was scheduled to start his new job as a staff attorney at the ACLU in Arizona, his boss asked him if he would join a call for the organization's nationwide Campaign for Smart Justice, a multiyear effort to reduce the prison population in the United States and combat racial disparities in the criminal justice system. She mentioned that someone named Somil from the ACLU's national office would be participating.
"Somil Trivedi?" Keenan asked.
Sure enough, his former Boston University School of Law classmate, a 2009 graduate and a senior staff attorney at the ACLU's Criminal Law Reform Project in Washington, DC, was on the line. Both Trivedi and Keenan, who ran in the same circle of friends at BU Law, had been hired to work on the Campaign for Smart Justice but neither knew about the other's position. And before too long, they had reacquainted with a third classmate and friend working on criminal justice issues at the ACLU: Joshua Tom ('08), legal director of the organization's Mississippi affiliate.
Keenan, Trivedi, and Tom each joined the ACLU in 2016 or 2017 after establishing their careers in different ways: Trivedi worked as a senior associate at WilmerHale in New York and as a trial attorney at the US Department of Justice; Keenan served as a public defender in Massachusetts and Arizona; and Tom spent several years as an associate at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom.
They joined the nonprofit at a critical moment in US history. Decades of reliance on punitive criminal justice measures have caused the country's jail and prison population to soar. The United States is home to less than 5 percent of the world's population but nearly 25 percent of all people who are incarcerated globally. But there is a growing, bipartisan consensus that reforms are necessary, as evidenced by the FIRST STEP Act, passed in December 2018 by a Congress otherwise divided mostly along partisan lines.
"I am on the whole optimistic about our chances for getting real, lasting reform because criminal justice reform has been embraced across the ideological spectrum," Trivedi says. "Conservatives, libertarians, liberals, progressives—sometimes for our own reasons, sometimes for the same reasons—agree the state exerts far too much destructive control over people's lives via the criminal justice system."
Keenan concurs.
"It is actually kind of a hopeful time," he says. "Newer politicians in both parties are waking up to the financial costs—but often, more importantly, also to the human costs"—of bad policies.
That alignment has made for some "strange bedfellows," Trivedi notes. As part of his work nationally, Trivedi has led the ACLU in joining amicus briefs with organizations ranging from the libertarian Cato Institute to the Christian conservative Alliance Defending Freedom, the Second Amendment Foundation, and the Koch brothers–funded Americans for Prosperity.
In 2018, those groups and others joined forces in an amicus brief asking the US Supreme Court to revisit its rulings on "qualified immunity," a precedent that protects police, prosecutors, and other government officials from liability under Title 42, Section 1983 of the US Code even when they have violated someone's constitutional rights. The brief came in the case of Almighty Supreme Born Allah v. Milling, in which an inmate claimed prison officials denied him his due process rights by holding him in pretrial solitary confinement based on a questionable demerit from a previous incarceration. Although a federal trial court ruled in the inmate's favor, the decision was overturned by the Second US Circuit Court of Appeals, which cited the doctrine of qualified immunity.
The doctrine "enables public officials who violate federal law to sidestep their legal obligations to the victims of their misconduct," the parties wrote in their brief. "In so doing, the doctrine undermines the public's trust in those officials—law enforcement in particular—making on-the-ground policing more difficult and dangerous for all officers, including that vast majority who endeavor to uphold their constitutional obligations. Neither the text nor the history of Section 1983 compels this perverse outcome."
The goal of the Campaign for Smart Justice is to reform the criminal justice system from the inside out, including through sentencing and bail reform. In some cases, Trivedi points out, that means the ACLU is working with law enforcement agencies and government attorneys that the organization traditionally might have sued.
"The notion that we can end mass incarceration and tackle systemic racism from within the system has really caught fire," he says.
In 2018, the Arizona State Legislature passed a bill to require two county attorneys' offices to collect and publish data on their prosecutions, including demographics, charging information, guilty pleas, trials, and prison sentences. The 18-month pilot project began in January. The ACLU in Arizona had supported an earlier version of the bill, which died in committee.
Prosecutors have "generally been very reluctant to share anything with anybody," Keenan says. "We're hopeful that if two rural counties can collect and make data publicly available, then every county in the state can do it."
In a February 2019 report called "Unlocking the Black Box," the ACLU argues that prosecutorial transparency is an "essential step" to ending mass incarceration and racial inequities in the criminal justice system because it will enable people to hold prosecutors accountable and implement necessary reforms.
Of course, just because some law enforcement agencies and prosecutors are partnering with rights groups like the ACLU that doesn't mean lawsuits are off the table.
In May, Trivedi and Keenan teamed up on an ACLU lawsuit that claims the elected county attorney in Maricopa County, Arizona, violated open records law by failing to respond in a timely manner to a request for information about that office's operations.
And, in Mississippi, Tom's ACLU affiliate has sued the Madison County Sheriff's Department, which the ACLU claims unconstitutionally targets Black people and communities for law enforcement activities, including stops, searches, and arrests. The ACLU cites data showing that African Americans make up only 38 percent of Madison County's population but accounted for 77 percent of all arrests made by the department between 2012 and 2017.
"This is a county that has had a long history of racially discriminatory policing that goes back to at least the Civil Rights Movement," Tom says. "If we can get a favorable result there, I'll be very proud of the work we've done."
The three BU Law graduates were each drawn to their work in part through their unique personal experiences. Trivedi grew up in the Midwest and South and saw firsthand some of the racial and socioeconomic inequities that drove the Civil Rights Movement and still fuel mass incarceration. Keenan was arrested a few times as a teenager and felt he was unfairly targeted because he hung out with a group of kids that identified as "punk rock." And Tom's parents—Chinese Americans born in Arkansas and Mississippi—went to segregated schools as children (they each went to schools for white children that did not allow African Americans, although other districts had separate schools for whites, African Americans, and Asian Americans).
But the three attorneys also share a common formative experience: exposure to social justice issues and constitutional law concepts at BU. Both Trivedi and Tom say Professor Tracey Maclin's constitutional law course played a major role in influencing their career paths.
Listen to Somil Trivedi on the Proud to BU podcast
"Walking into his class on day one changed my entire life and perspective on the law," Trivedi said in a recent Proud to BU alumni podcast.
"He was quite the force of nature," Tom agrees. Keenan says his experience working in the public defender's office and a legal aid nonprofit organization in New Orleans as a student—during a spring break and his 2L summer—impacted his career path. So did his then-girlfriend, now-wife Grace Guisewite ('09), who knew she wanted to be a public defender and helped convince Keenan that he did, too.
Before that, he says, "I actually wasn't really sure what I wanted to do other than the general idea of public interest law."
Guisewite, who works as a public defender appeals attorney in Maricopa County, and Trivedi were friends and classmates. And Trivedi's now-wife, Shanta Trivedi ('08), a clinical teaching fellow at the University of Baltimore School of Law, was one of Tom's close friends and has also, with her students, worked with the ACLU of Arizona on an amicus brief in support of a Mexican father seeking the return of his son from foster care in Arizona.
"Not only have we now been reunited under the same umbrella, but we all work on criminal justice issues together," Trivedi said in the podcast of himself, Keenan, and Tom. "It really underscores how BU Law creates public-minded lawyers."
Despite the emerging unity on opportunities for criminal justice reform, the three agree the challenges are still great.
"The reform movement is unevenly distributed," Trivedi says. "The Campaign for Smart Justice is active in all 50 states, working at the state and local levels to change policy and to bring lawsuits and to win elections, because we're not there. This work is long-haul."
Reported by Rebecca Beyer
Cover illustration by Taylor Callery, photos by William Widmer, Jimell Greene, and Brandon Sullivan
This feature originally appeared in The Record, BU Law's alumni magazine. Read the full issue here.
A Broken System: The FIRST STEP Act is a move toward criminal justice reform, but BU Law faculty say true change needs to go much further
Bringing Light to the Inside: Claire Shubik-Richards ('01)
Criminal Law Clinical Program Confronts the Opioid Crisis
In Defense of Immigrants: V Starrett ('12)
A Wider View of Justice: Students in the BU Law Prosecutor Clinic learn the power of prosecutorial discretion
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Posted 2 months ago on Monday, December 2nd, 2019 in Alumni News, BU Law News
Tagged: ACLU, Class of 2008, Class of 2009, Criminal Law, Jared Keenan, Joshua Tom, Somil Trivedi, The Record F19
BU Law News
Theory and Practice in the US Criminal System
BU Law students pair externships with doctrine for a broad view of the US criminal system.
Making an Impact in Healthcare and Law
BU Law alumni at New York's largest healthcare provider focus on diverse areas of law to serve their community.
LAW Reviews: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, Title VII, and the Supreme Court
Employment law expert Professor Michael Harper takes up the three US Supreme Court cases dealing with discrimination against LGBTQIA+ employees.
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23 Jan Transactional Law Series: Life Sciences, Sponsored by Goodwin
23 Jan Networking 101, Sponsored by Morgan Lewis
24 Jan AJLM Symposium
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30 Jan Transactional Law Series: Fund Formation, Sponsored by Kirkland & Ellis
BU Law in the Media
Daniela Caruso Named New Director of the Center for the Study of Europe
Daniela Caruso featured in BU Today.
States and Cities are Banning Hair Discrimination. Here's How that's Affecting Schools
Angela Onwuachi-Willig and Sean Kealy quoted in Chalkbeat.org.
How Will Automation Impact Middle-Class Jobs?
James Bessen interviewed on The Brookings Cafeteria Podcast.
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Heart attacks happen when the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked. This can happen when you have a blood clot. A lack of blood to the heart can seriously damage the heart muscle, which can be life-threatening. It's vital anyone who has a heart attack receives immediate medical attention, so knowing the symptoms is essential. There are various symptoms of a heart attack and not everyone experiences the same ones, so it's worth knowing all the different potential signs.
The most obvious sign someone is having a heart attack is chest pain. This usually involves a sensation of pressure, tightness or squeezing in the centre of the chest.
Sometimes the pain can Travel from the chest to other parts of the body, such as the arms, jaw, neck, back and abdomen.
The NHS states that usually the left arm is affected, although it can affect both arms.
It's important to note that while chest pain during a heart attack is often severe, some people may only experience minor pain.
Minor pain associated with a heart attack has sometimes been compared to a feeling of indigestion.
In some cases, there may not be any chest pain at all. This is especially true in the case of the elderly and people with diabetes.
Other symptoms of a heart attack include feeling lightheaded or dizzy, sweating and shortness of breath.
Feeling or being sick, coughing or wheezing, and experiencing an overwhelming sense of anxiety – similar to a panic attack – are also signs of a heart attack.
"It's the overall pattern of symptoms that helps to determine whether you are having a heart attack," said the NHS.
If you think you or someone else is having a heart attack, the NHS urges calling an ambulance immediately.
While waiting for the ambulance to arrive, the person having the suspected heart attack should rest in order to avoid unnecessary strain on the heart.
If aspirin is easily available and the person in question isn't allergic to it, they should slowly chew one tablet.
Aspirin helps to thin the blood and restore the blood supply to the heart.
If you think you may be having a heart attack and you are alone, don't get up and look for aspirin yourself if it is not readily available, as this will cause further strain on your heart.


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Take-Two Talks Financials
September 10, 2004 Frank-Provo — No Comments
Take-Two held a conference call and sent out a press release detailing their financial results for the previous quarter and nine months ending July 31, 2004. FYI, Take-Two is also the parent company of Rockstar Games, Gathering, and Global-Star Interactive.
We've done our best to summarize, but Take-Two had a lot to say. In a nutshell, they're making plenty of money so you don't need to worry about them. Here are some highlights.
Net sales for the third quarter ended July 31, 2004 were $160.9 million, compared to $152.1 million for last year's third quarter. Net loss for the quarter was $14.4 million, compared to net income of $5.7 million last year.
Net sales for the nine months ended July 31, 2004 were $689.7 million, compared to $756.1 million for the same period a year ago, a period which included significant sales of Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, Midnight Club 2, and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City for PC. Net income of $2.7 million compared to $71.9 million in the comparable period the year before, with diluted net income per share of $0.06 compared to $1.68.
Working capital was approximately $351 million at July 31, 2004, as compared with approximately $296 million at the same time a year ago. The Company had approximately $198 million in cash as of July 31, 2004, as compared to $226 million in cash at July 31, 2003.
Rockstar's new title Red Dead Revolver, released in late April for PlayStation 2 and Xbox, was a significant contributor to third quarter results. Red Dead Revolver was the top-performing product in Take-Two's publishing business this quarter and was a top ten title in the United States in May, June, and July according to NPD Group. Rockstar's Grand Theft Auto: Vice City was released in Japan for the PlayStation 2 and PC in late May, under a license agreement with Capcom Co., Ltd. According to Media Create Co., Ltd., the PlayStation 2 title has sold over 400,000 copies as of the week ended August 29, 2004, making it one of the most successful debuts of a Western video game in Japan.
Global Star launched ESPN NFL 2K5 for both the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in North America at the end of July, the first title released under the co-publishing and exclusive distribution agreement with Sega Corporation for the ESPN Videogames sports titles. Global Star also shipped Army Men: Sarge's War and Dragon Tales.
To streamline Take-Two's publishing operations, the Company is reorganizing its publishing business into two labels: Rockstar Games and Global Star Software. Rockstar will continue to focus on premium priced, groundbreaking entertainment, while Global Star's portfolio will be significantly broadened. In addition to publishing the ESPN Videogames sports line and all value priced titles, Global Star will publish both premium and value priced licensed properties, as well as the products that were formerly under the Company's Gathering label.
Take-Two has an extensive product lineup planned this holiday season, beginning in the fourth quarter. Rockstar will introduce Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, the next iteration in the globally successful franchise which has sold over 32 million units. Developed by world-class designers Rockstar North, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas will be available exclusively for the PlayStation 2 and is expected to be in stores in North America on October 26, 2004 and in Europe on October 29, 2004. Rockstar also plans to release an extension of the Grand Theft Auto franchise for the Game Boy Advance in late October.
Global Star's fourth quarter line-up leads with ESPN NHL 2K5 for both the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, which is in North American retail stores now. Later this quarter Global Star will release ESPN NBA 2K5, also for PlayStation 2 and Xbox. Other fourth quarter releases include Conflict: Vietnam, the next game in the successful Conflict series, to be distributed in North America on the PlayStation 2, Xbox and PC; Kohan II: Kings of War for PC; Robotech: Invasion and Outlaw Golf 2 for PlayStation 2 and Xbox; and a Game Boy Advance title based on Cartoon Network's hit series Codename: Kids Next Door. Gathering's product lineup for the fourth quarter includes Wings of War for the Xbox and PC; and The Guy Game for PlayStation 2 and Xbox, which are all in retail stores now; and Vietcong: Purple Haze for PlayStation 2 and Xbox.
Midnight Club 3: DUB Edition, the third installment in the multi-million unit selling Midnight Club racing franchise, is planned for release on PlayStation 2 and Xbox in January 2005. The Warriors, a new title based on the Paramount Pictures feature film, is scheduled for launch on PlayStation 2 in April 2005. Additional products planned for fiscal 2005 from Rockstar Games include Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas for PC in the third quarter. Rockstar also plans to release Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas in Japan in fiscal 2005.
Global Star's fiscal 2005 lineup includes the full line of ESPN Videogames sports titles, beginning with ESPN College Hoops in the first quarter, followed by ESPN Major League Baseball in the second quarter.
Other products planned for fiscal 2005 release by Global Star include Charlie and the Chocolate Factory for PC, PS2, Xbox, and Game Boy Advance; Close Combat: First to Fight for Xbox and PC; Dora The Explorer: Super Star Adventures for Game Boy Advance; Stronghold 2 for PC; Ford Mustang: 40th Anniversary Edition for PlayStation 2 and Xbox; a deluxe version of Outlaw Volleyball for the PlayStation 2 featuring new content and enhancements to the franchise; and console versions of Codename: Kids Next Door, Spy vs. Spy, Motocross Mania 3 and Outlaw Tennis.


I am coming to you today with a Trader Joe's grocery haul! I have a couple of new items and also a few that I find myself buying over and over which means… They are awesome!
Before I get into the haul I do want to talk to you a little. I have been so off of my blogging game! I have really taken this summer to reflect and relax. I haven't posted much at all, and that kind of makes me feel guilty. I feel guilty because I love this blog, and I love that you come here to read it so I want to keep it up for the both of us.
Produce: I got our favorite gold potatoes as well as the little Persian cucumbers. My husband and I love eating these cucumbers sliced up with lime and sea salt!
Pantry: I really wanted to try the Ezekiel tortillas because I always hate wheat tortillas, but I heard these were good! I liked them! I used them to make quesadillas and also a wrap… They definitely taste heathy.
We also tried the chocolate granola bars. The bars were good, but they were a little too sweet for us! The chocolate coating is really thick, and they are not the healthiest.
Lastly, I got marinara and olive oil.
Refrigerated: I picked up my fave orange juice. New items were: feta, spicy hummus and Greek yogurt with honey. I really liked the hummus and feta, but I didn't really care for the yogurt because it was too thick for my liking. Also, the flavor was just a little off for me.
Frozen: Tommy loves this chicken fried rice, like a lot! We've bought it many times. I also got peas and the super sweet organic corn.
Frozen breakfast: I loved the blueberry waffles, quick and easy to make in the toaster. Tommy really liked the hash browns. They are also so easy to make in the toaster oven.
Frozen Protein: These fish sticks are the bomb. I bake them in the oven like the directions say, but then I also broil them on both sides so they get super crunchy.
I really enjoyed the Quinoa Cowboy veggie burgers. I am usually a big fan of veggie burgers. Frozen fruit: Trader Joe's is my favorite place to buy frozen fruit for smoothies! The fruit is always good and they have such good prices. Some of this fruit may have gone into sangria instead of smoothies. Shhhh! Just sayin.
Flowers: Having fresh flowers at home just feels good. I picked up these pretty flowers for like $3 or $4. The little yellow ones remind me of our wedding, and they burlap mason jar is from one of our wedding center pieces!
Hope you enjoyed this TJ haul. They are always fun to do. As always… If you want to share your favorite TJ items with me let me know in the comments. I love trying new items!
I love Trader Joe's! On my last run (Sunday), I spent $143. I cannot get out of there for less than $100. That's partially because I only go around every 4-6 weeks, but also because I just keep throwing more and more stuff into my cart. Try the dark chocolate covered almonds with sea salt and sugar. Seriously……they are ah-mazing.
Yes, it is so easy to throw items into the cart at Trader Joes! Lol. I usually go once or twice a month. I will have to try those almonds!! I recently started buying the little pack of dark chocolate peanut butter cups, and they are also amazing!!!!!! The bag is only 99 cents and it has about 6 individually wrapped cups. I will eat 1 or 2 a day until they are gone… They are so delicious!
I love their croutons, sriracha and garlic bbq sauce, and ceaser dressing.
I love their croutons too, they are so fancy! Lol I have to try the garlic BBQ sauce. Thank you for the recommendation!