text:
European Concepts and American Realities
by Carola Hein
Migration has shaped cities for many centuries and in multiple ways: Newcomers transform local infrastructure and the built environment in general through their need for housing, trading and storage spaces, and worship and leisure locations. Emigrés leave traces of their former presence there too, and their departures occasionally make room for new migrants to fill. Beyond these direct effects of migrants on the city, there is a whole range of indirect influences. Perhaps most notably, professional architects and planners carry knowledge with them on their permanent or temporary migrations, and they are eager to implement these theories and methods of planning, whether in new settings or in their home cities. Analyzing these professional migrations provides further insights into the multiple facets and forms of migration and their impact on the creation of local urban forms and practices.
While the numbers of such professionals are small, their impact can be huge, as they translate their ideas into master plans or buildings that affect entire cities. Such transfers of architectural and planning concepts have occurred through colonization, industrialization, globalization, and rising mobility. What ideas planners take with them, however, depends on planners' cultural preferences and their search for what could be useful for development at home. As German modernists, such as Walter Gropius, examined American industrial architecture, they translated their finding into icons of the modern movement such as the Bauhaus of 1926; at the same time, young American architects studied in Paris, using neo-classicist architecture such as the Opera by Charles Garnier to design American buildings such as the San Francisco War Memorial Opera House (Arthur Brown, 1932).
The destruction of cities also induces international exchanges. Disasters may call for international experts to travel. More importantly, however, wars, particularly the two world wars saw extensive voluntary and involuntary migration, including that of leading architects and planning professionals before, during and after the conflict. These individuals influenced both power structures in countries that participated in the conflict as well as neutral ones. The dissolution of the German Bauhaus under the Nazis in the early 1930s and the consequent global emigration of planning professionals to countries around the world spread modernist ideas that came to be used in the urban transformation during the postwar period. Extensive post-war travel of planning professionals as consultants, on study tours or for conferences on post-war rebuilding after World War II went hand in hand with the migration of large groups of population. Transformed global power structures in the postwar period shaped post war rebuilding in war-destroyed countries and urban renewal in others.
Maurice Rotival and his Global Network: French Training, South American Work and Urban Renewal in the US
Many European migrant planners settled for the long term in new locations and started to rethink their new homes, adapting their skills and convictions to local conditions. How they pursued their careers depended on political, economic, social, cultural and other conditions in their new home. For example, architects (including Walter Gropius, who came permanently to the US in 1937) found it easier to integrate themselves into their US profession than their colleagues in urban planning (such as Martin Wagner who came in 1938 with the help of Walter Gropius). While architects had multiple opportunities to practice, urban planners felt the absence of comprehensive frameworks and planning controls that existed in Europe and that provided an important basis for the planning profession.
Among the planners whose ideas most strongly shaped postwar American cities were many Europeans, including well-known architects with a strong interest in urban planning: Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, Jose Luis Sert and Constantin Doxiadis. They had all left Europe for different reasons and were following different trajectories, but they all influenced American post-war discussions, and shaped buildings and cities in North and South America and beyond, while continued to influence European debates. Coming from different European schools of thoughts, they continued their discussions in the US, pitching, for example, German preferences against French doctrines.
The French-born planner and Paris-educated urbanist Maurice Rotival (1892-1980) came to the US via Algiers and Caracas (on Rotival s.a. (Hein, 2002b, Hein, 2002a). He did his first work in urban design when the destruction of the First World War provoked strong calls for urban planning. Like many of his colleagues, Rotival had been trained as a pilot in World War I and made sketches of enemy positions. This activity trained him to survey regions and cities from the air, which he continued to do throughout his career. War more generally afforded planners new travel opportunities and new technologies, altering their visions of cities and their attitude towards large-scale demolition and rebuilding.
The new distance between planners and their object of research, and the appearance of the expert planner, concurred with the advent of new means of visual representation. Social cartography and anonymous mapping techniques brought about the development of zoning and large-scale urban renewal. (Söderström, 1996) The war period set the stage for European rebuilding after World War II and postwar American urban renewal. Rotival himself likened the role of the planner to that of a military person, stating "the planner makes war against chaos and unhealthy conditions with time being a major factor for a valid intervention." (1)
Rotival considered planning an apolitical science, a means to stabilize society, promote democracy, and protect against communism—a concept that would resonate with post-war American ideas. Urban transformation and the transmission of planning ideas accompany economic growth in many cases and are often major functions of economic development. In the 1930s, at about the same time that the CIAM (the International Congress of Modern Architects) debated new urban development principles, Rotival received an invitation to plan the transformation of Caracas. Rotival conceived that city as a future central point of inter-American exchange. Typical of his planning approach was the integration of public and private activity: The public sector would build the main infrastructure, and, following the ideas of laissez-faire politics, private investors were to enlarge minor streets. Such an approach might have appealed particularly to American clients who poured into the newly oil-rich country.
Caracas served as a hub for an exchange between expatriates. Here Rotival became acquainted with the Rockefeller family, whose members were pursuing Standard Oil interests, and their architect Wallace Harrison. They helped him secure a professorship at Yale, which he started in 1939. In the surrounding city of New Haven, Rotival had the chance to apply and refine his regional and urban planning principles.
The US, with a new awareness of central planning needs and possibilities in the 1940s, was ready for a planner like Rotival. Meanwhile Rotival was ready to reframe his doctrine to fit the ideas and needs of US postwar urban renewal. The municipality of New Haven approached Rotival in 1940 to develop a comprehensive plan for the city. This desire to revitalize the center corresponded with Rotival's doctrine of bringing high-speed infrastructure to the heart of the city. He presented his first proposal for New Haven in 1941. Local officials criticized its gratuitous monumentality.
In 1942, the City Planning Commission adopted his second plan as the official master plan for New Haven. The functional elements of the first plan – ensuring high-speed traffic access to the center of New Haven, and establishing commercial and administrative functions in the core -- were maintained in the second plan. In contrast to the earlier version, however, Rotival preserved the traditional urban layout, while adapting it to new needs. By 1943, New Haven had fixed the main urban and architectural elements for the transformation of New Haven, as well as future infrastructure and zoning. As in Caracas, civic leaders and business organizations were supposed to cooperate in carrying out the plan. (With his suggestion that the inner city have highway access, he introduced a new concept - contrary to the beliefs of the CIAM followers, such as the emigrant Germans in the Harvard circle - which Eisenhower applied at the national level in the 1950s and 60s.)
But the funding necessary to implement this plan came only with the federal Housing Acts of 1949 and 1954. These acts invented "urban renewal" to replace what planners considered to be inner-city slum areas, and allowed local leaders to transform city centers for civic, cultural and commercial purposes using extensive, war-like, destruction. Because it already had the 1942 master plan drawn up, New Haven was able to tackle its urban renewal very early and the city became a model for urban renewal in North America in the post-war period.
While interested in the improvement of the living conditions of all citizens, the leading elites who carried out the New Haven plan understood citizen participation as collaboration between the local elites in the public and the private sector. In Rotival's eyes, planning was a tool for the elite, aimed at creating a stable system; he did not, however, take general popular intervention into account. It is thus not surprising that his era came to an end with the onset of citizen movements in the 1960s and 70s. Now anti-capitalist activists, such as Maurice Culot, advocated that planning involve all citizens, a conceptual difference shown by a comparison of their two articles on participation published in 1976 in the French magazine Urbanisme. (2)
By the 1940s, Rotival had worked in two very different cities and planning contexts and his work had shifted from the monumentality of the Caracas plan and the first New Haven design to the functionalism of the second New Haven plan. While the projects for the two cities differ in their design attitude, Rotival's status as a major advisor to the elite was the same, and his conceptual attitude shows continuity. And all of his plans were based on ideas that had originated in Europe. Even though the USA was not directly touched by the war, the urban renewal methods used after the 1949 Housing Act resemble large-scale demolition and zoning approach of planning and reconstruction in Europe.
By the late 1950s, Rotival had established himself as a major player in American planning and was receiving invitations to work in France. The radical transformation that he and other planners proposed for cities in the US and Europe included elements of urban design, minimal historic preservation, and limited citizen participation that have roots in both continents and therewith stand as examples of transatlantic crossings.
Short-term migration and European inspired plans: Edmund Bacon and James Marshall Miller
American planners had long looked to Europe for ideas that could be useful in regard to their goals for American urban form. Post-war American planners continued that practice. For their goal, the transformation of American cities, they looked to post-war rebuilding in Europe as well as to particular European planning practices, such as the central role given to planners. Their American counterparts pursued similar goals within cities dominated by 19th century built form, promoting a radical destruction that had to precede renewal, as a necessary byproduct of their effort to adapt. They did not only look towards postwar European reconstruction, but also to historical planners and planning processes that are more embedded in the European culture and history.
The Philadelphia-born and raised planner Edmund Bacon (1910-2005) referenced European designs and the great names of European urban planning in his plans for Society Hill, Penn Center, and Market East in Philadelphia between 1947 and 1970. Bacon admired Pope Sixtus V (1585-90) for his reshaping of Rome and William Penn and Thomas Holme for their plan of Philadelphia (1682) and seemingly wished to have a similar position of power to apply his own ideas to Philadelphia. He did head the Philadelphia City Planning Commission from 1949 to 1970, and described these projects as preface to the presentation of his own planning principles in his book "Design of Cities." He particularly emphasized the need for a top-down "organizing concept," or a "design idea" that can inspire consensus and provide a focal point for development (instead of waiting for and responding to private piece-meal initiatives). Bacon not only drew on European ideas, but worked with his friend, the German emigrant Oscar Stonorov, exemplifying the close ties of American planning to European practice.
In 1951, the groundbreaking for Penn Center, one of his major projects, started with a five-year old girl, a descendent of William Penn, waving a Geiger counter over a box and provoking a small explosion with a mushroom cloud and "atomic fallout"—a reference to Hiroshima and a macabre image of migration of ideas. This inaugurated urban renewal in Philadelphia with a clear reference to war-destroyed Europe and Japan with a focus not on destruction but on the opportunities presented for rebuilding. (3) Meanwhile Time Magazine highlighted the "bombed-out look" of Manhattan featuring it opposite of Philadelphia's Society Hill project. (4) Federal policies mandating postwar rebuilding and urban renewal gave extensive powers to politicians and the business sector, who would not otherwise have had the necessary funding for these interventions.
While many of these projects appear dull today, the work of these planners inspired astounding synergy and set in motion a renewal that anticipated the future and breathed new life into decaying American downtowns. They preserved some old structures as part of a process of "creative destruction" that adapted the old to modern requirements. Their designs formed the framework of our contemporary cities with their urban highways, office districts, and pedestrian precincts.
Another key figure in the American-European exchange of the 1950s was James Marshall Miller, whose planning principles integrated European ideas and American concepts. (on Miller s.a. (Hein, 2004) Miller had worked in the office of Clarence S. Stein and Henry Wright, who designed the plan for Radburn, New Jersey (1928), the "city for the motor age," and Greenbelt, Maryland, one of three planned "green" cities of the 1930s, where Stein served as consultant, and apparently Miller had been inspired by both of these designs. These plans were aimed at a very homogenous population and did not consider differences in needs of mobility and space (for example, according to age or gender). In 1958, Miller organized the First International Seminar for Urban Renewal, held in The Hague, which brought together experts from the United States and various European countries to discuss aspects of the urban renewal process. Each participant submitted a detailed report about the legal and administrative framework for planning and renewal in their native country. These reports were later published under the title New Life for Cities Around the World: International Handbook on Urban Renewal. (5) Central to the conference debates was the need to adapt traditional urban centers to modern activities. Participants felt that the preservation of existing buildings was a waste of money and that only a few buildings should be retained as historical documentation.(6)
Such postwar conversations between Americans and Europeans highlight the ways in which American planners approached urban renewal: In the absence of war-destroyed cities, American decision makers used a war-like approach—including the assumption of broad decision-making powers, financing, a rapidity of realization—that continued American war-time efforts and resembled the rebuilding of war-destroyed cities in Europe and Japan.
As politicians and planners sought new ways to handle the physical, economic, and social challenges of big cities, to adapt cities to the automobile-age and the economic needs of modern society, and to provide healthy and functional living spaces for most people, including the migrants that came to the US after World War II. They looked at war destruction in Europe and Japan as an opportunity and accepted the radical and war-like demolition of large areas of American cities that preceded renewal, as a necessary aspect of planning. To achieve this extensive rebuilding they referred to and relied upon pre-war discussions, some of which had been brought to the US by European planners who had had come emigrated to the United States to stay.
Short-term and long-term migration of planners, study trips, conferences, and changes in the location of architect's practices and their teaching, have shaped architectural and urban form since the emergence of the planning profession in the late 19th century. Political affinities and economic networks as well as cultural preferences have played a role in the shifting prominence of specific migrations. As relationships changed between nations—in the 20th century for example through world wars, the cold war, and the creation of the European Communities, as well as the emergence of the United States as the most important economic player—professional networks and migratory flows transformed and shifted.
We can see that the personal interests of a particular professional influence what they try to implement while migrating. Particular personal histories, preferences, and the imagined form of the "Other" furthermore inform the exchange of ideas. Work by Europeans in the US, collaborations between immigrants and native-born Americans, American visions based on European discussions—these different types of transatlantic learning reflect as much of what is happening on the other side, as what is happening on the planner's home front. Architects readily use foreign examples to inspire and underscore their viewpoints in their own cultures or in their new homes.
(1) Rotival, M.E.H. & Ass., Aménagement de la région du Nord, Reconnaissance 1 région du nord, région économique n• 1, Paris 1962, p. 3
(2) Culot, Maurice, "Bruxelles: Le terrain d'un combat anti-capitaliste", in: Urbanisme 153/154, 1976, p. 122-3
(3) Rotival, Maurice, "Etats-Unis: La participation -- Acte de planification", in: Urbanisme 153/154, 1976, p. 124-5
(4) Doug Hassebroek (1999). Philadelphia's postwar moment Perspecta, 30, 84-91. (1964). The City: Under the Knife, or All For Their Own Good. Time, 84, 60-75. p.60.
(5) J. Marshall Miller, ed., New Life for Cities Around the World: International Handbook on Urban Renewal (New York: Books International, 1959).
(6) See: Miller, J. Marshall, Cities-eternal or disposable, n.d. (1958), Hein Archives.
(1964). The City: Under the Knife, or All For Their Own Good. Time, 84, 60-75.
Doug Hassebroek (1999). Philadelphia's postwar moment Perspecta, 30, 84-91.
Carola Hein (2002a). Maurice Rotival: French Planning on a World-Scale (Part I). Planning Perspectives, 17, 247-265.
Carola Hein (2002b). Maurice Rotival: French Planning on a World-Scale (Part II). Planning Perspectives, 17, 325-344.
Carola Hein (2004). The Capital of Europe. Architecture and Urban Planning for the European Union, Westport (CT), Greenwood/Praeger.
Ola Söderström (1996). Paper Cities: Visual Thinking in Urban Planning. Ecumene, 3, 249-281.
Carola Hein is Professor at Bryn Mawr College (Pennsylvania) in the Growth and Structure of Cities Department. Her current research interests include transmission of architectural and urban ideas along international networks, focusing specifically on port cities and the global architecture of oil. With an Alexander von Humboldt fellowship she investigated large-scale urban transformation in Hamburg in international context between 1842 and 2008. Her books include: The Capital of Europe (2004), European Brussels. Whose capital? Whose city? (2006), Brussels: Perspectives on a European Capital (2007), Rebuilding Urban Japan after 1945 (2003), and Cities, Autonomy and Decentralisation in Japan. (2006).
Carola Hein is Professor at Bryn Mawr College (Pennsylvania) in the Growth and Structure of Cities Department. Her current research interests include transmission of architectural and urban ideas along international networks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
'Stone Junction'
Sandra Bouza.
A voice of power and passion.
Songs that touch your heart and fuel your soul.
A performer to remember.
"There's something in the vocals of Canadian singer/songwriter Bouza that puts a spell on me. I mean, of course there's that huge amount of skill and the impressive range in which she sings, but that's not it. There's more. There's the huge amount of passion packed in between the lyrics, there's passion you can feel while she sings, there's that playful approach where it feels like her voice is 'dancing' with the backing guitar/bass and the laid back drums. Practically everything falls in place with her performance." ~ KMS Reviews
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3 Goats and Bubbles
There were four goats who all died on the same day and went up to the Pearly Gates. To get into Heaven, they had to tell their name and the last thing they did on Earth.
Well, the first goat walked up and said, "My name is Baa, and I blew bubbles," so he was told he could go on in.
Then the next goat came up and said, "My name is Baa Baa, and I blew bubbles," so he was told he too could go on in.
Then the third goat came up and said, "My name is Baa Baa Baa, and I blew bubbles." Annoyed now, the gatekeeper said he could go on in.
Finally, the last goat walked up, and the Gatekeeper said, "Let me guess. Your name is Baa Baa Baa Baa, and you blew bubbles."
And the goat said, "No, my name is Bubbles and I…"
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Mom and Dad were trying to console Susie, whose dog had recently died.
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Micro Market Permit Application (Web Form)
1. Page 1 - Instructions for Submission This section is complete This section is incomplete
2. Page 2 - Contact Information This section is complete This section is incomplete
3. Page 3 - Permit Questionnaire This section is complete This section is incomplete
4. Page 5 - Review Notice This section is complete This section is incomplete
5. Page 6 - Review Disclosures This section is complete This section is incomplete
6. Page 7 - Review and Sign This section is complete This section is incomplete
Page 1 - Instructions for Submission
Micro Market Permit Application
If you need assistance, please contact us or visit one of our locations.
Follow all instructions below to avoid delays in the application review process.
1. Fill out and submit your application .
2. Our office will review the application, assess fees, and coordinate an onsite inspection.
3. Once qualified for a permit, pay permit fees (online, in person, over the phone, fax, or by mail).
Checklist for review
Complete Application (please indicate n/a, if not applicable rather than leaving empty boxes on the application)
Proposed Menu(s)
Proposed Layout
Cut Sheets/schematics of all equipment to be installed; including any custom built equipment
Shared Restroom/Mop Sink Agreement (if applicable)
Micro Market Guidance
Page 2 - Contact Information
Business Information (Name on Establishment)
Business Owner Information (Responsible Party)
Entity Type*
Sole Proprietorship (Must show lawful presence)
If Other, please describe:
Owner/Corporation*
Mailing/Billing Information
If same as above, please check box.
Inspection or Plan Review Response Contact
Inspection Contact Name
Page 3 - Permit Questionnaire
Reference Plan #:
Please provide the permit # if the same owner and equipment was previously approved.
How many locations are being applied for with this application?
List of all locations where micro markets will be located.
Please provide address and specific location where market is located (e.g. floor, suite, room, etc.), location contact name and email, and mop sink location. Please upload to the cloud drive (instructions below) if file size exceeds 20MB.
Proposed menu/items provided in machines
Please provide menu(s). Please upload to the cloud drive (instructions below) if file size exceeds 20MB.
Equipment cut sheets/schematics
Please provide equipment cut sheets for all equipment to be installed. Please upload to the cloud drive (instructions below) if file size exceeds 20MB.
Electronic Delivery of Plans/Supporting Documentation
I will deliver hard copy.
Deliver hard copy to the Department if not able to attach here or in the cloud drive (instructions provided below). Please provide the layout and plumbing/finish schedule for all projects involving construction/review. Please be advised that the documents must be legible to avoid delays in the review process.
Plan Review Cloud Drive
Link to the cloud
Please use this link to upload files for plan review (layout).
Instructions for uploading files to the cloud:
Please ensure you follow instructions to ensure application is processed and reviewed without delay.
Page 5 - Review Notice
ARS § 11-1604. Prohibited acts by county and employees; enforcement; notice
A county shall not base a licensing decision in whole or in part on a licensing requirement or condition that is not specifically authorized by statute, rule, ordinance or delegation agreement. A general grant of authority does not constitute a basis for imposing a licensing requirement or condition unless the authority specifically authorizes the requirement or condition.
Unless specifically authorized, a county shall avoid duplication of other laws that do not enhance regulatory clarity and shall avoid dual permitting to the maximum extent practicable.
This section does not prohibit county flexibility to issue licenses or adopt ordinances or codes.
A county shall not request or initiate discussions with a person about waiving that person's rights.
THIS SECTION MAY BE ENFORCED IN A PRIVATE CIVIL ACTION AND RELIEF MAY BE AWARDED AGAINST A COUNTY. THE COURT MAY AWARD REASONABLE ATTORNEY FEES, DAMAGES AND ALL FEES ASSOCIATED WITH THE LICENSE APPLICATION TO A PARTY THAT PREVAILS IN AN ACTION AGAINST A COUNTY FOR A VIOLATION OF THIS SECTION.
A COUNTY EMPLOYEE MAY NOT INTENTIONALLY OR KNOWINGLY VIOLATE THIS SECTION. A VIOLATION OF THIS SECTION IS CAUSE FOR DISCIPINARY ACTION OR DISMISSAL PURSUANT TO THE COUNTY'S ADOPTED PERSONNEL POLICY.
THIS SECTION DOES NOT ABROGATE THE IMMUNITY PROVIDED BY SECTION 12-820.1 OR 12-820.02.
Page 6 - Review Disclosures
No persons shall commence construction unless the required plans have been approved. It shall be the full responsibility of said person that construction is done in conformance with the approved plans and specifications.
The approval of plans and specifications shall lapse and become invalid one year from the date of approval unless a substantial portion of the work described in the plans and specifications has commenced by such anniversary date. An approval of plans and specifications can be renewed for one year if an application for renewal is submitted within 180 days prior to expiration and a fee equal to one-half (1/2) of the flat fee or initial plan review fee is paid. The approval will be effective for one year from the date of expiration.
Should it be necessary or desirable to make any material change in the approved plans and specifications, revised plans and specifications shall be submitted to the department for review, and approval shall be obtained before the work affected by the change is undertaken. Once submitted, the plans will be review for compliance with the Maricopa County Environmental Health code (MCEHC). A response letter will be drafted and delivered to the applicant using the method indicated on the application. The letter will indicate items of noncompliance that need to be addressed during the construction of the establishment.
Approval of these plans and specifications by this Regulatory Authority does not indicate compliance with any other code, law or regulation that may be required--federal, state, or local. It further does not constitute endorsement or acceptance of the completed establishment (structure or equipment). A pre-operational inspection of the establishment with equipment in place and operating will be necessary to determine if it complies with the Maricopa County Environmental Health Code governing establishments.
A "grandfather" clause or provision is not provided for in Maricopa County Environmental Health Code. All establishments under new ownership, newly built, or remodeled shall meet current construction, equipment, facility, and operational regulations as adopted and provided for in the Maricopa County Environmental Health Code, guidelines, and procedures, and policy statements. A permit shall not be issued to a facility for which a permit is required, and shall not be allowed to operate until the applicant demonstrates to the Department full compliance with applicable provisions of the Maricopa County Environmental Health Code. Any construction, alteration, or addition shall be made in accordance with specifications approved by the Department. The owner, operator, or authorized agent shall certify in writing that the establishment will comply with these regulations. On-site inspections of the facilities and premises with equipment in place and operating will be necessary to determine compliance with the Maricopa County Environmental Health Code.
Delivery of Inspection Reports
Pursuant to A.R.S. § 41-1009, the Department may enter your establishment to conduct inspections. You have the right to receive a copy of the Department's inspection report at the time of the inspection, within thirty (30) days after the inspection, or as otherwise provided by federal law. I agree that the Department may send me a copy of its inspection report by e-mail or by facsimile transmission to the e-mail or fax number provided under the Business Ownership Information provided above. It is the responsibility of the permit holder to update the Department if there is a change in contact information.
Disclosure Acknowledgement*
I have reviewed the notice and disclosures.
Page 7 - Review and Sign
I hereby certify that the above information is correct, agree to comply with the Maricopa County Environmental Health Code, agree to allow the regulatory authority access to the establishment as specified under § 8-402.11 and to the records specified under §§ 3-203.12 and 5-205.13 and Subparagraph 8-201.14(D)(6), and I fully understand that any deviation from the above without prior permission from the Maricopa County Environmental Services Department may nullify final approval. By checking the check box and typing your name you have digitally signed this application.
Application Acknowledgement*
I agree the application is true and correct.
Arizona law, A.R.S. § 11-1605(I), allows Maricopa County Environmental Services Department (MCESD) and the applicant for a license to mutually agree to extend the plan review time frame by 50 percent of the substantive time frame and overall time frame. MCESD will agree to any applicant's request for an 50 percent extension of the substantive review time frame and overall time frame when box is checked and signed below.
Licensing Time Frame Extension Acknowledgement
I agree to the 50 percent extension.
Electronic Signature Agreement
By checking the "I agree" box below, you agree and acknowledge that 1) your application will not be signed in the sense of a traditional paper document, 2) by signing in this alternate manner, you authorize your electronic signature to be valid and binding upon you to the same force and effect as a handwritten signature, and 3) you may still be required to provide a traditional signature at a later date.
Information entered on this form will be retained by Maricopa Environmental Services Department and is a record as defined by Arizona law. This form will be provided without redaction in response to a public record request unless any of the information is exempt from release under Arizona law.
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Although there were more people who felt that cryptography and coding is important in their lives, for every 3 people, at least 1felt that cryptography and coding is not important. This is a significant number of people and it shows that there are still many people who are unaware of the importance of cryptography and coding in their daily lives.
Cryptography and coding is very important to our daily lives because without them, the world would be potentially dangerous. For example, computers require heavy amounts of data to be transmitted and any interference by a hacker will result in disastrous consequences. Emails are also encrypted, otherwise unwanted people will be reading private email messages that are sent out. Cryptography and coding make our daily lives easier and give us privacy. The results show that we tend to take cryptography and coding for granted, or that people are ill-informed about the workings behind many electronics. We should not take them for granted because cryptography and coding make our lives better and give us assurance and privacy. We will also have to inform more people about how coding and cryptography are used.
Most of the people do not use cryptography to encode their messages. It tells us that they do not feel the need to encode their messages before sending them to someone else. However, 17 out of 60 had encoded their messages. This showed that a significant number of people realise the usefulness of cryptography as they made use of cryptography to hide their messages. At the same time, it also showed that these people trusted cryptography to hide their messages. One of those who took the survey said that he used it to pass messages to people but hid the content to prevent others from seeing the real message. We felt that people used cryptography because of its convenience.
Most people felt that working adults are more affected by codes and cryptography. It shows that people tend to have a perception that codes and cryptography will affect those who are working. In fact, codes and cryptography affect everyone in their daily lives. Teenagers do not know they are affected, because they do not really engage in the coding processes when they use electronics such as computers. Without cryptography, the world would not be safe. Not having coding and cryptography round will affect everyone ultimately. It also shows that people are taking codes and cryptography for granted.
Most people are aware that those working in the fields of computers and military will tend to be affected by cryptography and codes more. This is true, as both fields of occupation require heavy amounts of data to be encrypted before transmission. Computers encrypt email messages to prevent others from viewing the contents. They also use error correcting codes to correct any wrong data being transmitted. During World War 1, the Germans used the Enigma to encode their messages, sending them safely to the troops situated in different parts of Europe . However, the British broke the codes and the Germans lost. Thus codes also play an important role in deciding the winner in a war. It shows that the public is aware that such jobs rely heavily on cryptography and codes.
Most of the public relate "secret messages" to coding. However, that is not a very accurate way of saying it, because coding simply means translating human languages into something else for computers or others to understand. However, cryptography (part of coding) is hiding a message so that only specific people can understand it. Thus, we can inform the public about the misunderstanding between these two phrases in our project.
Quite a number of people chose "computer coding". That is a correct usage of the word coding. We translate our language into something which the computers can understand. Coding had a very important role in technology. Without it, there would be no internet pages, and in fact no computers as all actions we perform on computers require the computers to understand our human language.
Also, around the same number of people chose "warfare". Once again, during warfare, countries try to make their messages secret, thus coding is not really a very appropriate word to use. But it is true that messages are translated during war to make it hard for enemies to decrypt/decode. Many people know about that maybe because of the famous codes like Morse code.
Most people (48%) chose "sometimes". This shows that the public do know some applications of coding and cryptography, but do not really think that it is very important.
However, quite a number of people (23%) also chose "almost none of the time". This shows that there is quite a large percentage of the public who do not believe that coding and cryptography is applied to their life much, only a little bit. However, around the same percentage (22%) of people chose "most of the time" which make known that the knowledge of the public is very uneven.
4 people (7%) chose "all of the time". Only this small amount of people realised the important role coding and cryptography play. Many do not realise this, possibly because they never thought of how many things around them work. However, no one chose "none at all", maybe because they know some uses of them, or did not want to choose the extreme.
From the results, we can see that the public do know that coding and cryptography is used widely in credit cards, HTML codes, computer programming and bar codes. Most people recognize that the credit card numbers are used to check the validity of that card, and the bar code is used to check the products sold in that specific store. Of course, credit cards and the many products sold cannot be left "un-coded", or else others can easily withdraw money from the credit cards, or take those products out of the store without being noticed. Also, many people know a lot about computers now, and know that coding is used to translate human language so that the computer can actually recognize it, and either show something or perform an action. HTML codes and computer programming are also linked to WebPages. Without those codes, the computer would not know what a webmaster wants on his webpage as computers do not understand human language.
An average amount of people know about coding used in emails, maybe because they have read about it. Emails are encrypted before they are sent. However, only around 32 or 33 people know about coding and cryptography being applied in NRIC and ISBN. So, we have to concentrate more on those and let the public know more about those, how they are used, and how does coding and cryptography come in. They do not know that cryptography is used in NRIC, maybe because they do not know that the last letter actually plays an important role in checking the validity of the NRIC. Some people told us that they do not know what ISBN was, so they do not know how the ISBN is used a lot in handling/ordering/borrowing of books.
From the results, we can see that most of the public knows about HTML code, Morse code and programming language. HTML and programming language may be because many of us nowadays do a lot of work on computers and we know that those weird "sentences" we enter into the computers are translated from human language for computers to understand. Many know about the Morse code, as it is famous due to its usage during wartime.
Some people know about the binary code as some mathematics enrichment magazines had taught about those, and also, some teachers taught them about the binary code. Also, some people know about it as it used in the computer to translate human language.
However, not many people know about the relatively simple code, Julius Caesar substitution. Perhaps they do not know of the complicated name.
All the other codes listed were not very well-known either, thus we have to do more research on them and publicize them to let the public know about those codes.
Some other codes mentioned were: Flash Actionscript, Diffie-Hellman key exchange, AES, DES, and Triple-DES.
The data from the survey tells us that most people do not know what error correcting codes are and their important roles in our lives. Error correcting codes actually play very important roles in our daily lives. They make sure that during transmission of data from one place to another; the data will not be corrupted even upon being hit by interference. Error correcting codes are everywhere in our lives such as in computers and CDs. For example, if there is a slight scratch on the CD, the error correcting codes will make sure that the data is not lost or corrupted. Error correcting codes are important in our high technology life and will continue to be more important as there will be more data transmission required in the future. One of the reasons given by the public for not knowing about error correcting codes was that they were still students and do not need to know about error correcting codes. However, everyone should know what error correcting codes are and we need to create awareness amongst them about such important codes.
The results show that most people do not think that coding is important to their occupations. However, we are being affected by codes in our lives, directly and indirectly. As most of the people taking the survey are teenagers, they may think that coding has nothing to do with them. However, coding affects such people indirectly. For example, teenagers often use computers for their projects nowadays and computers are one of the objects that make use of coding extensively. Coding is needed in computers because the computers cannot understand human language, thus the need for coding.
From the results, we can tell that people think that they know quite a bit about coding. However, from the previous survey questions' results, we can say that these people only know how these codes work but do not know how they apply in real life. The RSA algorithm is a very famous encoding system, yet not many people know how they are applied in real life. Therefore, an encoding system that is not applied in real life is useless. We should help to make the public more aware of how these codes are applied in real life.
From the results, we can see that not many people know much about codes. This can be seen as out of 60, around 48 people do not know about one of the codes given in the options. So, overall there is around slightly over one third of the people who knew about the codes with very few people knowing a lot of those codes, thus we would like to inform the public more about each code.
Caesar substitution is the most known code, with 47 people not knowing it. This could be because that it is one of the easiest code around which only involves shifting a letter three places back. However, quite a number of people do not know it. This could be because they do not know the actual name of the code.
52 people do not know anything about Quantum cryptography, so it is the least known. We think this is because quantum is a new theory, so most people do not know much about it. In fact, this theory is not used very much and not many people had actually heard about it.
Playfair, enigma and transposition have 48 to 49 votes of 1. This few coding systems are quite averagely known because of its usage in wars.
The results show that about quite a number people do not know about coding and cryptography at all. Of those who know, most of them get their knowledge of one or more fact(s) about coding and cryptography from books and the internet (websites). There are books which talk about coding and cryptography. Also, it could have been books which involved solving several encoded messages to for example crack a mystery. Many people stumble upon good websites on the internet which happened to talk about coding and cryptography. For example, http://www.howstuffworks.com is a good site to actually uncover lots of information provided.
Family and friends are also people who can tell you random knowledge regarding coding and cryptography from what they read or learnt. Teachers in schools play another role in "giving" knowledge regarding coding. Several subjects are directly linked to coding, including computer studies and mathematics. There are also many other stuff all around us which are somewhat involved with coding and cryptography, like newspapers, movies, workshops and probably many others stuff.
Thus, we want to let those who do not know about coding and cryptography learn about how to know them more.


I didn't go into labor with my son with any real expectation. I had a birth plan that requested minimal interventions, but I was determined to be flexible to the occasion. After more than a day of laboring, I was given one bully of a nurse who turned the birth of my child into a torture session rather than a beautiful event. I'm pretty sure it isn't normal to bargain with the hospital staff for them to give you a sip of water if you can only push your baby out. There was pitocin, epidurals (that got turned off before the pitocin got turned on), an oxygen mask, threatened c-sections, nurses telling me to stop screaming, hep-locks ripped out of my hand and an unmedicated episiotomy that caused months of physical and psycological damage. At first, I was just happy to have a healthy baby but after a few months went by I began to realize the lasting emotional effects of such a traumatic birth.
In the amazing way that I believe only God can work, I sold some items on craigslist to a woman who happened to be a doula. Being as it is her profession and passion to talk about birth, we ended up discussing my birth story. She told me about meetings held monthly throughout the valley of women interested in birth and in the birthing profession (doulas, childbirth educators, midwives, lactation consultants). She suggested it might be healing to go hear what people had to say. I didn't plan on going as I didn't know anyone, but when I mapquested the address, I realized the house the meeting was held in was literally the neighbor behind me! Certainly this was fate. I went to the meeting and low and behold, the topic of the evening was birth stories. I shared mine and was saddened to learn it wasn't the worst story in the room. What was inspiring though was a new mom that sat across from me. Her labor was just as long and also included vomiting. The difference was that she had two doulas with her at the hospital. She had these people reminding her what her wishes had been before she was exhausted and nearly two days into labor. In the end, she had a totally unmedicated birth and felt amazing afterward!
The more I talked to these women and researched, the more I felt as though my downfall had been in getting the epidural. As I read about labor patterns I realized that I had probably gotten the epidural during transition, the hardest part of labor. Once the meds trickled through my body, my body shut down. I didn't progress for 12 hours, until I gave in to pitocin. That made sense! I don't take drugs (prescription or otherwise) because I don't tolerate most of them well, especially pain killers, because I panic….so my body went into panic mode when I stopped feeling the contractions and therefore, I quit laboring! I will always wonder how quickly or slowly my labor would have progressed had I not intervened.
With each meeting I came home to my husband revived and energized and not quite so fearful of having another baby. We had previously discussed our son being an only child. Labor had been traumatic not only for me and baby, but my husband and mother who had been there as well. My husband brought up homebirth first. I initially pushed the idea aside…but not out of the way. I had yet to decide, if I did have another baby, if I just wanted to make sure no one ever turned my epidural off or if I just didn't want one at all.
In total, it took about 6 months of meetings, books, documentaries (watch the Business of Being Born!) and online research and we decided that yes, we wanted another baby and we both believed it to be more free of interventions, complications and far more comfortable if we did it within the loving walls of our own home.
The national cesarean rate at nearly 40% seemed outrageous to us and thinking back on our situation that could have easily turned that way, it appeared to be a rate based more on convenience for doctors, hospital staff (and a lot of time, moms!) than out of necessity. (Disclaimer: There ARE valid, medical reasons for a small percentage of surgical births and I am grateful it is an option) From the moment I walked through the doors, everything was prepping me for surgery…no food, no water, hep-lock. Fortunately, even though women getting induced (I did go into labor naturally but they induced when labor stopped) are twice as likely to end up birthing by c-section, I was spared major surgery. I feel like by planning to have my baby at home, if I do end up in the hospital at least I know there is a valid reason and it is not out of impatience of labor progression. In the last 60 years our country has medicalized the natural process of birthing healthy babies to healthy moms, treating woman as though they are sick.
My mom came into town on the 2nd of December, 2010 as baby's "due" date was the 5th. On the 1st (39 weeks and 5 days, the exact date at which her brother arrived) I began having contractions. They were irregular, 5-10 min apart for oh, about 20 hours. Yes, 20 hours. Well, fast forward a week and still no baby. Just lots of contractions on the road to nowhere. My mom was due to leave on the 11th, but decided not to chance it and switched her flight to leave a few days later. By the 9th, contractions were picking up again and they seemed "different" somehow and I debated whether to have my midwife come out or not. I ended up in tears on the phone with her because I just couldn't decide if this was "real" or not and definitely didn't want to waste her time. Up until about 39 weeks I had been good and patient and not at all ready for baby to arrive. It was the contractions tricking me day in and day out that started to wear on me to the point where I finally decided I WAS ready and needed baby here pronto. Well, after hearing my tears, my sweet midwife arrived at my door with a brownie and ice cream. We also decided to check my cervix (until this point we had done no checks) and I was dilated to a 2…we felt comfortable with everyone getting some sleep and checking in the next morning.
Well, by 3 am the contractions had picked up enough that I felt ready to call in the team. My girlfriends had all had very brief second labors and I wasn't taking any chances that my support would not be here!
Like my labor with my son, I vomited. Unlike that labor, I was encouraged to eat (which I did not want to do) and drink (which they forced me to do) and they held peppermint oil under my nose to stave off the worst of the sickness. My doula reminded me at one point to just focus on the contraction at hand, not to worry about the ones to come. I didn't say anything but inwardly I thought, "There's going to be ANOTHER contraction?!" I had all the intentions in the world of studying hypnobabies (a self hypnosis technique to help with relaxation during labor) but never found the time to complete the program. I guess I picked up enough of it though because in between contractions I would drift off into a deep rest. It wasn't quite sleep, but it helped.
The funny part of all this is that 5 feet away, our son was sound asleep in our bed. When he awoke at 7am to a room full of people he was completely unphased. He said hello to everyone and then went to find my mom who kept him busy all morning. Occasionally I heard him in the other room and later found out that my mom had told him I was "singing" and so he also decided to "sing" to baby to come out.
My midwife asked me to get up from the bed because clearly my labor progressed faster when I stood. I went into the bathroom and at one point was holding onto the faucet thinking how mad my husband would be if I pulled it off because I remember how expensive and hard to install it was. Eventually, I somehow ended up on all fours. Apparently I made a different sound because all of a sudden my midwife, who had been in another room, was there asking if I wanted to have my baby in front of the toilet. I had been getting SLAMMED the last few minutes with contractions and couldn't see an end in sight, so I really didn't know why she was asking me that, but I logically said, "Well, THAT doesn't seem sanitary!" At this point I still had not lost my plug nor had my water broken. On all fours, though, I was involuntarily pushing at the end of the contractions and could feel a strange bulging which I assumed was my bag of waters.
I got into the tub and on the second contraction there was a POP and my water broke. Then my midwife started giving my husband directions on how to catch the baby…I remember thinking, REALLY? NOW? I had worked so hard for so long, though I refused to look at the clock, but was somehow surprised that it would actually be over soon. I pushed for 10 min and yelled, "COME ON BABY!" and out came my 8lb 12oz baby girl at 12:15 pm. My husband caught her (he did not even look "down there" when my son was born), actually describing her to me as she came out, telling me she had hair and that he was touching her nose. Everyone told me I should try to look…but I couldn't because I was clinging to the side of the tub with everyone behind me and I was afraid to let go in fear I couldn't get my balance, mental or physical, back again. As soon as she was out we called my mom and son in, who said, "Hi baby!" He was so excited!
Holding my baby in my arms for the first time washed away any tiredness I had. What an amazing rush! The moments after a home birth are like nothing I experienced in the hospital. No mayhem, no bright lights. More importantly, I was never made to feel scared or threatened with a c-section if things didn't progress on an abstract timeline. Lying in my bed, I suddenly looked down and said, "I have a BABY!" I gazed into my baby's eyes and she gazed back and I was so overwhelmed that I began to cry…shortly followed by my midwife, her assistant and my mother. It was truly one of the best moments of my life and my husband remembers catching her as his, too.
If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant I highly recommend watching The Business of Being Born and reading Ina May's Guide to Childbirth.
Happy fifth birthday, my sweet baby girl!


MOSCOW, June 17 (RIA Novosti) - Russia's Black Sea Fleet will not take part in any joint naval exercise that could involve Georgian warships, a senior Russian military official said on Wednesday.
"We [Russia] will not take part in any exercise jointly with the Georgian Navy - this is out of the question," said Vladimir Popovkin, a deputy defense minister.
Russia is part of the Black Sea Naval Cooperation Task Group (Blackseafor), which also includes Turkey, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Romania and Georgia.


Want to get your Idaho driver license? Aceable's Idaho Permit Test Prep can help you ace the permit exam. This drivers ed course will teach you the rules of the road whenever and wherever you want. You'll get 20 levels of interactive lessons and unlimited practice tests designed to prepare you for the Idaho written knowledge exam.
Important: This is NOT a state-approved driver education course. Idaho license applicants who are under 17 years old must take an approved driver education course. Aceable's Idaho Permit Test Prep is a mobile study aid. It's the perfect course for busy adults and a great study tool for teens.
Get your paperwork together. Bring the following to the DMV driver licensing office: ID showing your full name and date of birth, Social Security card, proof of your Idaho address, Verification of School Compliance (VOC form), and your parent or guardian. Find examples of acceptable documents here.
You can apply for a Driver Training Instruction Permit when you're at least 14 and a half years old. You will take the vision screening at a driver licensing office. Bring payment for the state fee, which is $21.50.
Complete a state-approved drivers ed course. It should include 30 hours of classroom or online instruction, 6 hours of in-car observation, and 6 hours of behind-the-wheel practice with a driver training instructor. You need to have your permit before you can practice driving.
Start your Supervised Instruction Period (SIP). Carry your Supervised Instruction Permit for 6 months while you get 50 hours of behind-the-wheel practice with a licensed adult who is 21 or older. Make sure 10 of your practice hours are at night. Drive safely. If you break any traffic laws during your SIP, your permit will be canceled and you'll have to reapply.
Pass the written knowledge and road skills tests to get your Intermediate Driver License. You will need to have your parent's consent and obey the license restrictions if you're under 17. You must also pay the state's testing and licensing fees.
Once you've had your driver license for at least 6 months (without any violations), you will earn full driving privileges. Congrats!
Get your paperwork together. You'll need to bring the following to your local driver licensing office: proof of your identity and age, proof of your Idaho residency, and Social Security number. Find examples of acceptable documents here. If you're 17 years old, you must also bring proof of school attendance and your parent or guardian.
Pass the vision screening to get an Instruction Permit. There will be testing and licensing fees.
Practice driving under the supervision of a qualified adult.
Pass a written knowledge test and behind-the-wheel driving test to earn your driver license. Congrats!


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1A12芯片有多强? 能让麒麟980和骁龙845黯然失色; 2独吞iPhone芯片肥单, 台积电已甩Intel半条街; 3低调的芯片公司: 年出货3亿片是华为3倍, 性能之王. It consists of six inverters which perform logical invert action. I/ 02H datasheet cross reference, circuit application notes in pdf format. You can datasheet PDF files download. Flag for inappropriate content. 7404 - Hex Inverter ( Logic IC ) Manual , Data, Replacement, Schematic, Equivalent, Circuit, Pinout, Sheet Application notes. Download as PDF TXT read online from Scribd.
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该多功能报警器由电源电路、 有害气体检测电路。 防盗报警器件、 天亮" 小闹钟" 器件和声光报警器件组成, 如图所示。 电源电路由电源变压器T、 整流二极管VD1~ VD4、 滤波电容器C1和稳压二极管VD8组成。 有害气体检测电路由.


The author discusses the significance of international economic diplomacy in the U.S. foreign policy. He highlights the important role of the State Department and its diplomat in helping create the dynamic global economy. He also discusses the need to transform the international financial system for the recovery of the global economy.
Considers the debate over United States financial assistance to Russia between President Bill Clinton's administration and Congress following allegations of money laundering in Russia.
Takes a look at United States President Bill Clinton's use of global economics rather than military force to secure national security. The example of China entering the global economic community.
Reports the first day of talks between the US and North Korean negotiators held on May 21, 1995.
Presents editorial excerpts regarding the implementation of the Dayton agreement as negotiator Richard Holbrooke returned to Bosnia.


Worship services for the DeLancey, Hamden and West Delhi churches during the month of February will be held in DeLancey church at 11 a.m. with the Rev. Connie Stone.
I welcome news from folks on what they have been doing. Give me a call: 607-746-6860 or email lshepard@delhitel.net.
On the passing of Richard Baldauf we extend condolences to his wife Marlene, his children and all his relatives and friends.
I had a call from David Stevenson of Harpersfield the other day. He called to tell me he enjoys my cookie jar recipes. He has tried some of the recipes and takes the cookies over to Mountainside Care Center in Margaretville for his wife Sandy and the other patients. I enjoyed my chat with David because back in the year 1954 David and I were members of the Delaware Academy graduating class. I also like hearing from people who read my column and like what they read. Thanks David and cheers to your wife, Sandy.
On Thursday, Jan. 24, Brayden Eckert turned 10 years old. His mother Lynn Schriver, sister Kyla, Aunt Savannah Wake, cousins Madison and Riley Wake and Uncle Wayne Shepard gathered at Grandma Shepard's home to help him enjoy his birthday cake. Brayden also shared cupcakes with his friends at school and he was happy with his special day.
We're very sorry to learn of the passing of Ruth Kelsey. Our sympathy is extended to Ruth's relatives and friends. Ruth can be well-remembered from long ago when she helped her husband Russ in the Fraser post office and gas station and then in the little ice cream shoppe and restaurant in the same location. It was a great place to get a nice meal along with the great soft ice cream.
Sympathy to the family of long-time Delhi resident Bill Vetter on his passing.
Condolences to all the family and friends of Helen Roach on her passing.
Some New York state history: From 1754 -1763 The French and Indian War, a fierce contest to gain control of the New World (New York), changed the course of history. The British and American colonists fought against the French and Canadians, with Native American allies on both sides. By uniting the colonies and building their military strength and confidence, this war set the stage for the American Revolution. In 1765, New York City hosted the first Colonial Congress, a conference called to discuss the King of England's Stamp Act. The Revolutionary War - 1775-1783: On May 10, 1775, Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold and 83 Green Mountain Boys, surprised the sleeping British garrison at Fort Ticonderoga and took the fort, called the Key to a Continent, without firing a shot. This was the first American victory of the Revolutionary War. In 1776, after serving as a colony of Great Britain for more than a century, New York declared its independence on July 4, becoming one of the original 13 states of the Federal Union.
Grandma's cookie jar recipe: Oatmeal Sandwich Cookies. 1 1/2 cups shortening, 2 2/3 cups packed brown sugar, 4 eggs, 2 tsp. vanilla, 2 1/4 cups flour, 2 tsp. cinnamon, 1 1/2 tsps. baking soda, 1 tsp. salt, 1/2 tsp. nutmeg, 4 cups old fashion oats. In bowl, cream shortening and brown sugar. Add eggs one at a time, beating well after each. Beat in vanilla. Add rest of ingredients and mix well. Drop by rounded teaspoonfuls, 2" in apart onto lightly greased cookie sheets. Bake at 350 for 10-12 minutes or until golden brown. Let cool. For filling, in a mixing bowl cream 3/4 cup shortening, 3 cups conf. sugar and 1 jar (7 oz.) marshmallow cream. Add enough milk (1 to 3 Tblsp.) to achieve spreading consistency. Spread filling on the bottom of half of the cookies and then top with the other half.
From the 1932 cookbook: Making Gravies, flour will dissolve immediately and mix in smooth and quickly if you put it into hot fat or butter. In making gravy mix the flour into hot drippings, then add water and stir while you bring it to the boil and allow it to boil a few minutes. If you do that you will have no lumps and no flour taste. Where you have a watery gravy to thicken don't try sifting the flour into that hot watery liquid because you cannot stop it lumping if you do. Do this instead: Melt some butter, dissolve your flour in the butter and then dissolve that with a little cold water. Now you can pour that mixture into the hot watery gravy and all you have to do is stir as you pour it and you will have no lumps. Be sure to season your gravy with salt and pepper and perhaps a very little Worcestershire sauce. In making gravy for roast beef, for instance, never roast the beef with any water in the pan. When you take the roast out of the roasting pan pour most of the hot drippings or fat into a crock, leaving only about a tablespoonful in the pan. Into this hot fat stir your flour and mix so that there are no lumps and then add water and boil for 2 or 3 minutes. The juices which have been browned on the bottom of the roasting pan will dissolve and flavor and color your gravy. Don't forget to season it.
My thoughts of the week: I have noticed our daylight is beginning to get longer now. As far as our weather has been this week, we have had a little bit of everything. Snow, cold, a little warming with rain which caused the river to come up and overflow and cause ice jams and caused a few roads to be closed. We were glad at this point that it turned colder again to slow the river water and ice jams down before it caused real flooding problems. Valentines Day Feb. 14, don't forget guys to buy your wife, sweetheart or loved one a box of chocolates or flowers to celebrate this special day.
A cute saying: May God grant you always, A sunbeam to warm you, a moonbeam to charm you, a sheltering angel so nothing can harm you. Laughter to cheer you. Faithful friends near you. And whenever you pray, Heaven to hear you.
Helpful Hint: An interesting way to make deviled eggs: To avoid the mess to transfer deviled egg filling from a mixing bowl to a pastry bag. Mix the hard cooked yolks and seasonings directly in a zipper lock bag. After adding the ingredients, seal the bag and run your rolling pin back and forth over the bag to thoroughly combine the ingredients. When this is done snip the corner off the bag and pipe the filling into the whites.


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Home » How emails could help you quit smoking
How emails could help you quit smoking
KEYWORDS smoking cessation / tobacco use
Smokers who received frequent, tailored emails with quitting tips, motivational messages, and social support had cessation rates rivaling that of the most effective medication available for cessation, according to a new American Cancer Society (ACS) study. The study appears in Tobacco Control.
Phone counseling is good, but...
New communication technologies have the potential to provide more cheaply the same kinds of social and other support that have previously proven effective in tobacco cessation. Telephone counselling has been shown to be effective for treating tobacco dependence, but its reach is low. Other modalities using internet and smartphone technologies to deliver evidence-based cessation treatment at the population level have begun to expand and have shown promise.
Why emails?
For the new research, authors studied the use of email, which has the advantage of being read daily or near-daily by most individuals. Email can also provide substantial content within the email, eliminating the need to access a specific website, and with the popularity of mobile phones and tablets, can be read on the go. Emails can also be tailored to address unique characteristics of the recipient.
To explore whether emails could be effective in cessation, researchers led by J. Lee Westmaas, Ph.D., strategic director of tobacco control research at the ACS, recruited 1,070 smokers who were planning to quit. They were randomly assigned to receive one of three email protocols: 27 tailored cessation emails; 3 to 4 tailored emails with links to downloadable booklets; or a single non-tailored email. All emails included links to quitting resources. To measure success, abstinence was assessed one, three, and six months post-enrollment by asking whether participants had smoked in the previous seven days.
Across all three follow-up times, the mean abstinence rate was highest for smokers getting the custom emails (34%), followed by receiving three or four emails (30.8%), and a single email (25.8%). Results were independent of baseline cigarettes per day, interest in quitting, whether there was a fellow smoker in household, and the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or varenicline, a drug also approved for smoking cessation.
"The overall quit rate for the main intervention group is about equivalent to the abstinence rates achieved by the most effective medication for cessation," said Dr. Westmaas. "It appears that the personalization in the emails and their frequency –initially every day then tapering off—gave people the assurance that someone cared about them, and wanted them to succeed. They were receiving daily or nearly-daily guidance about how to deal with issues that come up in their quit attempt, made possible by a relatively simple computer tailoring algorithm."
Dr. Westmaas believes the program can be adapted to target particular groups that show disparities in smoking and the health effects of smoking, and plans to conduct a pilot study to help guide an intervention aimed at low socioeconomic status smokers, a group with higher smoking rates.
Article: Randomised controlled trial of stand-alone tailored emails for smoking cessation, Westmaas JL, Bontemps-Jones J, Hendricks PS., et al. Tob Control Published Online First: May 18, 2017. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053056
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The partnership between SIDI and Team KATUSHA ALPECIN is set to continue. The team is getting ready to take on the new season, and the group held its official presentation on Friday evening at the Canyon general headquarters in Koblenz Germany. In front of an impressive crowd made up of sponsors and media, the team's General Manager, José Azevedo, outlined all the latest news regarding riders and staff, as well as their plans for 2019.
For the fourth year in a row the team riders will be supplied with SIDI shoes. They will be specially outfitted with the SHOT model, a light and performing shoe featuring the finest technology, quality and design from the top line of SIDI's road collection. A special graphic that perfectly matches the squad's colour scheme has been added to the shoes for Team KATUSHA ALPECIN. Following tradition, during the 2019 season SIDI will make this model available to the public in a limited edition with special packaging. The socks and shoe cover worn by team members will also be branded SIDI. Furthermore, even the leisure sneakers the riders use will be from SIDI as well. The Maser company brand will also appear on the riders' racing uniforms and on the team's vehicles.
"This has been a very important partnership for SIDI. Team KATUSHA ALPECIN is part of the World Tour and has been a part of the greater cycling scene for more than 10 years, developing a project with an ever increasing international bent. There are riders from 14 different countries, with a good mix between young riders and more established athletes. We hope that in 2019 the team can stand out and impress on all fronts, especially in the major stage races; I'm thinking of riders like Ilnur Zakarin when the road starts to climb and Marcel Kittel for the sprints, but also in the one day classics. Furthermore, for SIDI our partnerships with professional athletes have always turned out to be essential. Performance at the highest level provides a crucial test. This allows us to get significant feedback on the items they use, in order to always bring the best products to the market," explains Rosella Signori, who manages SIDI side by side with her father Dino, founder and owner of the company.
KATUSHA ALPECIN team roster for 2019: Enrico Battaglin (ITA), Jenthe Biermans (BEL), Ian Boswell (USA), Steff Cras (BEL), Jens Debusschere (BEL), Alex Dowsett (GB), Matteo Fabbro (ITA), José Gonçalves (POR), Ruben Guerreiro (POR), Nathan Haas (AUS), Marco Haller (AUT), Reto Hollenstein (SUI), Marcel Kittel (GER), Pavel Kochetkov (RUS), Viacheslav Kuznetsov (RUS), Daniel Navarro (SPA), Nils Politt (GER), Simon Špilak (SLO), Dmitry Strakhov (RUS), Mads Würtz Schmidt (DEN), Willie Smit (SA), Harry Tanfield (GB), Rick Zabel (GER), Ilnur Zakarin (RUS).


Athletics is one of the foundations of the high school experience. At Westminster High School we offer a number of athletic teams that compete in the Goldenwest League. Each student interested in participation in sports at WHS will need to complete Athletic Clearance and a Pre-Participation Physical Evaluation. Both are necessary to try out for and to participate on a team.
Academic Requirements: Grades will be verified by the Athletic Office. A student must have at least a 2.0 GPA and pass at least four, five-unit classes for a total of 20 units in the most recent grading period. All students, with the exception of seniors, must be enrolled in at least 6 subjects.
These are the sports offered at Westminster High School. Please contact the coach listed next to the sport if you are interested in trying out and playing for Westminster High School. You may also contact our Athletic Director, Eric Albright, at (714) 893-1381, extension 4285 if you have any questions.


text:
import os
from collections import defaultdict

def extract_data_from_interop_dump(run_dump):
  """
  A function for extracting data from interop dump
  InterOp dump can be created using the dumptext command

  :param run_dump: A dump csv file
  :returns: A defaultdict object containing all the data
  """
  try:
    if not os.path.exists(run_dump):
      raise IOError('File {0} not found'.format(run_dump))
    data = defaultdict(list)
    header = None
    data_header = None
    with open(run_dump,'r') as fp:
      for line in fp:
        line = line.strip()
        if line.startswith('#'):
          if line.startswith('# Version') or \
             line.startswith('# Column Count') or \
             line.startswith('# Bin Count') or \
             line.startswith('# Channel Count'):
            pass
          else:
            header = line.strip('# ').split(',')[0]
        else:
          if header is not None:
            if 'Lane' in line.split(','):
              data_header = line.split(',')
              continue
            if data_header is not None:
              data[header].\
                append(dict(zip(data_header,line.split(','))))
    return data
  except Exception as e:
    raise ValueError(
            'Failed to extract data from dump {0}, error: {1}'.\
              format(run_dump,e))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Garrison commander at Firozpur, the concentration point of British forward movement preparatory to the first Anglo-Sikh war, was born on 6 January 1783 at Tarvin, Cheshire, England. He joined the 10th Bengal Native Infantry in August 1800 and served in the campaigns under Lord Lake in 1804-05, and at the reduction of Java in 1811.
In 1841, he was promoted major-general. At the outbreak of the first Anglo-Sikh war in 1845 he was in command of the Firozpur division. He had 7,500 troops and 35 guns at Firozpur, when, in December 1845, two divisions of the Sikh army under Tej Sindh laid siege to it. Although Firozpur lay isolated and vulnerable, the siege was not pressed with any seriousness. The Sikh commanders having encircled it in a bold sweeping move made no attempt to capture it, with the result that, after the battle of Mudki (18 December 1845), Littler was able to move out with all his men and guns and, three days later, effecting junction with the main British army under Lord Gough, his troops took part in the battle of Ferozeshah (21 December 1845).
After the first Anglo-Sikh war, Littler was put in command of the occupation troops at Lahore. He opposed evacuation of Lahore as the date stipulated in the Agreement of 11 March 1846 for the withdrawal of British troops drew close. He wrote on 31 August to Lord Hardinge putting forth the view that the British occupation force was needed for public safety. He made out the point that the Sikh Darbar was incapable of maintaining its integrity without British support. A ruse was played on the Darbar. Littler threw out a hint to the Darbar that the troops would leave soon, and a few regiments were kept ready for a fictitious move across the Sutlej to Firozpur. It was then given out that Wazir Lal Singh and other chiefs had solicited the prolongation of occupation to support the government.
Sir John Littler left the Punjab in January 1848 to become the military member of the Governor-General's council and Major-General Whish replaced him at Lahore. He returned home with the rank of Lieutenant-General in 1851. He died on 18 February 1856.


At the Chamber of Commerce's Annual Breakfast Meetings, students were honored with scholarship awards from the Robert DiBona Scholarship Fund and the Simon Youth Foundation.
The 2018-19 edition of the Chamber Community Guidebook has arrived!
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Spend time perfecting your swing at the Barmera Golf course, or enjoy a meal at the Barmera Hotel.
Relax on the sunny shores of Lake Bonney, or join in the action water skiing, kite-surfing or learning to sail.
The name Barmera came from the Aboriginal word Barmeedjie meaning Lake. The lake itself was named after Charles Bonney who saw it on the first overland trek from Sydney to Adelaide in 1838.
Throughout the year, the town comes alive for many festivals and events. The Barmera Main Street Markets, open on the first Sunday of most months, are worth visiting to buy local produce, arts and crafts.
In 1964, Barmera received notoriety when the world-renowned speed record breaker Donald Campbell and his dedicated team attempted to break the World Water Speed Record, reaching speeds of up to 216mph on Lake Bonney.
Lake Bonney is extremely popular with yachting enthusiasts, water skiers, windsurfers and kite-surfers, as well as having some excellent safe swimming areas for the family. Canoeists and other boaters will enjoy superb fishing and sightseeing, and the adjoining wetlands abound with wildlife.
FLAVOURS of the RIVERLAND home of Backyard Bread is the place to be for gourmet regional food. They offer popular handmade bread bites and a delicious range of gourmet spreads, you will find a range of flavours which proudly exhibit the region's pristine, fresh produce. The Cafe features a wide range of regional gourmet food and produce to showcase the Riverland's diverse flavours.
For those after an action holiday, there's also the beautiful Barmera Golf Course for a round of golf, a free playground and skate-park adjacent to the lake and the Barmera Playspace is a great adventure to keep the kids entertained.
In June each year, the town hosts the South Australian Country Music Festival & Awards attended by country music lovers from all over Australia. Visitors can also get a country music fix throughout the year by visiting Rocky's Country Music Hall of Fame. Don't miss the "Big Guitar" and the "Hands of Fame", displaying the hand prints of famous International and Australian artists such as Slim Dusty, Smokey Dawson, Reg Lindsay and Buddy Williams, along with over 150 other noted local entertainers.
Located on the north side of Lake Bonney, Napper's Ruins was once a hotel built for former workers of Cobdogla Station. The Lake Bonney Hotel consisted of 11 rooms that included a well-stocked bar and an eating room that could cater for 12 people – this room was occasionally used as a dance space. Interpretive information is now located around the site and is an interesting place to visit.
Discover the history of the town and its charming between-war architecture on the Barmera Heritage Walk – visit the Barmera Visitor Information Centre for details.


Each year, in addition to the Newest FCIL Member and Spirit of the FCIL Awards, and the FCIL-SIS Reynolds & Flores Publication Award, we also honor an FCIL-SIS member who has made outstanding contributions to the Section in any number of the following areas: outstanding leadership in the Section, at meetings, and committee work; special and notable service to the Section; participation in Section educational programs and public-speaking activities; mentoring activities that encourage others in the Section; activities that encourage others to join the section. This year, we are proud to recognize and grant the Daniel L. Wade FCIL-SIS Outstanding Service Award to our colleague, James Hart!
Jim is the Senior Reference Librarian with the Robert S. Marx Law Library at the University of Cincinnati Law School. Prior to joining Marx Law Library, he held positions at San Diego State University and Southeast Missouri State. Currently, he is responsible for providing reference and research assistance to all library patrons, he offers particular expertise in the areas of foreign and international law research, and he teaches in the Legal Research course.
Among his interests are International Legal Research and Writing and International Human Rights, as evidenced by his publication titled "The European Human Rights System" originally published in the Law Library Journal and subsequently reprinted in the February 2011 issue of GlobaLex and again updated in June 2015. Jim is a long time member of various professional associations both regionally, nationally, and internationally. He has presented at local, regional, and national conferences and has been responsible for organizing, coordinating, and participating in a number of excellent programs at the AALL Annual Meeting, which we all had an opportunity to enjoy, including Piercing the Veil of Sovereignty: The Sources of International Human Rights Law in 2012, Translation Tools for the Law Librarian in 2013, and Designing Subject Guides that Make the Effect You Want in 2015.
He has been an active member of the FCIL-SIS and has served on various committees including the FCIL-SIS Schaffer Grant for Foreign Law Librarian Fundraising Committee, the Internships and International Exchanges Committee, the Nominations Committee, and the Strategic Planning Committee. Most recently he has been chairing the FCIL-SIS Electronic Resources Interest Group. In this position, he has spearheaded the much needed update of our Jumpstart pages (no easy task) and he is responsible for securing two excellent speakers at this year FCIL-SIS Standing Committees Joint Meeting – Mr. Ismael Raboud from the ICRC who spoke to us about the ICRC Customary International Humanitarian Law Database, and Mr. Steve Perkins of Library of Congress who spoke to us about the LOC's Indigenous Law Portal. Jim is always full of ideas, energy, and yes-attitude – and we are lucky to have him. Congratulations!
Each year, in addition to the Newest FCIL Member and Spirit of the FCIL Awards, we also give out the Reynolds and Flores Award ("The Thomas H. Reynolds and Arturo A. Flores FCIL-SIS Publication Award"). This Award is named after the authors of the Foreign Law Guide, a source that we all gratefully consult on daily basis. This award recognizes an FCIL-SIS member(s) who have significantly contributed to the professional development of their AALL colleagues during any given year. The publication may be print, digital, or an electronic initiative which in turn may include journal articles, treatises, symposia papers, digitization projects, websites, databases, and e-books – to name a few. This year, we are honored to recognize our colleague – Professor Emeritus Timothy G. Kearley.
Timothy Kearley was the Director of the Law Library and Centennial Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Wyoming. Before coming to the University of Wyoming, he was the FCIL Librarian and Associate Director of the Law Library at the University of Illinois College of Law and then Director of the Law Library and Professor of Law at Louisiana State University Law Center. Professor Kearley was instrumental in creating the FCIL-SIS and served as its Chair in 1989/90.
Among Prof. Kearly's interests is undoubtedly the fascinating field of Roman law, which extends to his publications, including the Blume's Annotated Justinian Code Website, which he edited. Further, his article "Justice Fred H. Blume and the Translation of Justinian's Codex" will appear in Cambridge's The Codex of Justinian: A New Annotated Translation, to be published this coming fall.
For this contribution, which greatly enhances the professional knowledge of law librarians in the area of Roman law and legal history, we congratulate Prof. Kearley on receiving the FCIL-SIS Reynolds & Flores Publication Award!
For those of you who have not had a chance to hear him speak at this year program titled "Roman Law, Roman Order, and Restatements", keep an eye out for the AALL recording.
Each year the FCIL-SIS is proud to recognize its colleagues for their contributions to our profession. First, during our annual business meeting, one of our all-stars – Dan Wade – bestows the Newest FCIL Librarian Award on the 'newest' FCIL librarian member among us. This year, we are happy to recognize and welcome Janet Kearny, Cataloging and Reference Librarian and Assistant Professor at Loyola University College of Law in New Orleans, Louisiana. Janet is a graduate of Tulane University Law School and is admitted to the Louisiana Bar. She focuses on legal research and technology, teaching research skills and ensuring access to electronic resources. Her research interests are in foreign and comparative law with a focus in civil law systems, the UK, and the EU. Janet is active in the New Orleans Association of Law Librarians and a Masters student in Library and Information Science.
Next, the current FCIL-SIS Chair recognizes colleagues – whose work furthers the FCIL-SIS mission, serves the entire membership, and inspires others to act – with the Spirit of the FCIL-SIS Award. This year we were happy to recognize three wonderful colleagues in this category: Sherry Leysen, Evelyn Ma, and Alyson Drake.
Sherry Leysen is the Research and Instruction Librarian for Faculty at Chapman University Fowler School of Law in California. Prior to coming to Fowler School of Law, she was a reference librarian at the Gallagher Law Library at the University of Washington Law School and the Rains Law Library at Loyola Law School in Los Angeles. At Chapman, Sherry offers reference services to all patrons and participates in teaching legal research. She has published in Legal Reference Quarterly, Law Library Journal, and in AALL Spectrum. Sherry has been an active member of many of the FCIL interest groups and most recently she served on and chaired the FCIL Schaffer Grant for Foreign Law Librarian Selection Committee. She has made sure our recipients have a steady liaison when they arrive in the United States. Her commitment to the spirit of this grant is evident and will be a great inspiration as she joins the FCIL Schaffer Grant Fundraising Committee. We thank her for her excellent service and continuous commitment to the overall mission of the FCIL-SIS.
Evelyn Ma is the Reference Librarian for Foreign and International Law and Lecturer in Legal Research at the Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. She has spoken domestically and internationally (i.e. 2009 Beijing Conference) and published in Law Library Journal on the Issues and Trends of Collection Development of East Asian Law in the US in 2013. Evelyn has been a long time leader of the FCIL Asian Law Interest Group ensuring continuous education opportunities for the group. She herself also presented on issues of access to Asia related resources, East Asian databases and open access materials, and ASEAN Integration on number of occasions. She embodies the FCIL spirit and we are pleased to thank her for her continuous service and never-ending enthusiasm.
Alyson Drake is the Reference and Student Services Librarian at the Texas Tech University School of Law, where she also serves as the default FCIL librarian. Prior to joining Texas Tech, she worked at the University of South Carolina where she taught a variety of legal research classes. Alyson currently chairs the European Law Interest Group and she is stepping up to become co-chair of the Publicity Committee with Susan. Alyson is an active member of CARLIG (Customary and Religious Law Interest Group) and a frequent contributor to DipLawMatic Dialogues blog. She is an example of FCIL librarian without having the official title who fully embodies the spirit of the FCIL as evidenced by her dedicated service.


The project consisted of 52 modules to create 65 one-bedroom apartments at 630 square feet each.
Using Champion's modular construction, the modules were delivered to the site, four units at a time. The units were set in 11 days and the building was open for occupancy only six months later.
Champion modular construction provides affordable, green two-story townhomes for families in Renton, Washington.