MORRISON JA: I agree with the reasons of Bowskill J and the orders her Honour proposes.
PHILIPPIDES JA: I agree with the orders proposed by Bowskill J for the reasons given by her Honour.
BOWSKILL J: The appellant (as lessor) and the respondent (as lessee) entered into a lease of commercial premises in Rockhampton. The original term commenced on 1 November 2012, for a period of five years. The lease provided for two options of five years each. Following a purported exercise of the first option, on or about 29 August 2017 the parties entered into an agreement for a further lease. They are agreed on that. But there is a dispute about the rent that is payable.
The respondent contends that a market rent review process applies to the new lease, and says the appellant has never properly invoked that process by giving the requisite notice. The respondent commenced the proceeding in the District Court, seeking declarations to that effect. Central to the respondent's position in the court below was that the option under the lease had been exercised. Although that occurred out of time, the respondent contended the appellant had waived the time limit.
The appellant contends that no market rent review process applies, because the parties agreed to a new lease "at the current rate [of rent] with no increase". In the District Court, the appellant cross-applied for a declaration as to the binding effect of the agreement it contends was made, and specific performance of that agreement. Central to the appellant's position in the court below was that the option had not been exercised; rather, the parties had entered into a new agreement for a further lease.
For reasons given on 11 April 2018, the learned primary judge allowed the respondent's application and dismissed the appellant's cross-application. A declaration was made that the appellant had not given the respondent a valid notice setting out reviewed market rent pursuant to clause 8.1 of the lease between the parties made on 23 November 2012.
the learned primary judge ought to have found that a binding agreement between the appellant and the respondent was formed by the exchange of correspondence detailed in paragraphs  to  of the Reasons (which will be outlined below).
In relation to the second ground, the respondent contends that if there was no "waiver" of the time limit for the exercise of the option to renew the lease, the decision of the District Court should be affirmed in any event on the basis that the parties agreed to enter into a new lease as if the respondent had effectively exercised the option.
The original lease commenced on 1 November 2012, for a five year term. The expiry date was 31 October 2017. The rent was $80,000 per annum plus GST.
The lease provided, in clause 7, for an annual CPI rent increase.
"8.1 We shall review the rent based on the current market rent, at each market review date in Item 10. In the period from ninety (90) days before to ninety (90) days after each market review date, we must endeavour to give you a notice setting out the reviewed rent. However, even if we are late in giving you our notice, we will not lose the right to review the rent.
8.2 You must pay us the reviewed rent from the market review date. Until we give you a notice under clause 8.1, you must pay us the old rent, and any adjustment is calculated from the market review date.
8.3 If you dispute the reviewed rent, and the dispute cannot be resolved by negotiation between you and us, the procedure in clause 9 must be followed.
"9.1 If you dispute the reviewed rent, within one (1) month after receipt of our notice to you pursuant to clause 8.1 you may give us a notice requiring the reviewed rent to be determined by a specialist valuer. If you give us a notice under this clause 9.1 a specialist valuer is to be appointed (either by agreement between you and us, or to be nominated by the President of the Queensland Institute of Valuers or its successor organisation) to determine the current market rent and you must pay the rent as determined.
9.2 The specialist valuer must act as an independent expert and not as an arbitrator, and must make and give his determination in accordance with recognised professional valuation standards for commercial offices. You and we must share the specialist valuer's costs equally.
The "market review dates" at item 10 of the reference schedule were: "On commencement of any new term entered into as a consequence of the exercise of any option".
"42.1 If Item 13 provides for an option to renew, then you may give us a notice asking us to give you a new lease for the option period specified in Item 13. Your notice will not be effective unless it is given to us at least three (3) months before the expiry date but no more than six (6) months before the expiry date.
42.2 If you give us a notice under clause 42.1, we must give you a further lease for the option period as long as there is no unremedied breach of this lease as at the time of your notice and as at the expiry date.
42.3 The further lease shall contain identical terms as this lease, but it shall not contain this clause unless Item 13 provides for a further option period or unless we agree. The further lease may contain any other terms that you and we agree to. You and the guarantor must execute the further lease and return it to us within fourteen (14) days after we provide to you the further lease.
42.4 The rent to be paid by you during the further lease will be determined by treating the option period as a continuation of the term of this lease, and applying clauses 5, 6, 7 and 8.
Under clause 42.1, to be effective a notice of exercise of the option had to be given no later than three months prior to the expiry date (so by 31 July 2017). No such notice was given.
"As you would be aware your 5 year option is due on the 01st November 2017.
It is not in issue that each of Ms McClymont and Ms Dimitrievski had the requisite authority to bind their respective principals.
"Thank you for advising that WIN would like to exercise their 5 year option due 1st November 2017.
The Owner is offering the new 5 year term at the current rate with no increase.
As a further gesture of good will he will forego the next review in 2018.
Rent would increase as per lease on the 01 November 2019.
"12. Prior to sending the notice contained in my letter dated 28 August 2017 to Ms Dimitrievski of WIN TV, I had requested that one of the Knight Frank principal's (sic), Mr Neale Crow, review rental information that was available to Knight Frank to ascertain details of comparable rents being paid for fully fitted out and furnished commercial office space in Rockhampton. Those enquiries failed to identify any such comparable commercial office space as the lease of a fully fitted out and furnished commercial is uncommon. After discussions with Tony Feitelson [the Managing Director of the appellant] and in accordance with his instructions, I forwarded the proposed rent offer for the new term as detailed in the notice dated 28 August 2017.
providing for deletion of clause 60 and replacement of clause 62 in relation to a car parking fee.
The respondent was asked to sign that amendment document, and return it to the appellant's solicitor for the appellant to sign. That did not occur.
"Hoping you can have another look at the offer we have been given for the space we currently occupy at East Street in Rockhampton.
As a market review we have been offered the same rental at just over $90,000 for 331m2 ($272/m2).
"I have reviewed your lease and as per Clauses 8.3, 8.4 and 9.1 you had 1 month from our advice (28/08/17) to dispute the rent.
You originally confirmed acceptance on the 29/08/17, lease documents have now been prepared for signing.
"I understand this and would have to check dates of correspondence, but believe we have been good tenants and I would like the landlord to review in light of the listings I have found rent seems to be extremely high in comparison to what he is offering as a 'Market Rent Review'.
"I have passed on your request for the Owner to reconsider the rent review.
What followed next, on the material, was a letter from the respondent's solicitor on 15 December 2017, stating its position that the appellant's agent's letter of 28 August 2017 did not constitute a valid or effectual notice of reviewed rent for the purposes of clause 8.1 of the lease, and inviting the appellant to provide such a notice.
"We act on behalf of Tripplea Pty Ltd, the owner of 34 East Street. We have been provided with a copy of the Lease for part of the 6th floor of the building in which your client WIN Television Qld Pty Ltd is the tenant.
We note that the Lease contains an option period of 5 years commencing on 1 November, 2017 and expiring on 31 October, 2023.
Your client exercised the option to renew the lease. Our client's agent by letter dated 28 August 2017 clearly set out the reviewed rent in accordance with clause 8.1 of the lease by proposing a rental of 'the current rate with no increase'.
The respondent commenced the proceeding below, seeking a declaration that the appellant had not given a valid notice setting out reviewed rent for the purposes of clause 8.1 of the lease. Shortly before the hearing, the appellant filed its cross-application, seeking a declaration that a valid and binding agreement for a lease at the current rent had been entered into on 29 August 2017, and an order for specific performance of it. In its submissions before the District Court, on the hearing of the applications, the appellant argued, in the alternative to its primary contention, that its letter of 28 August 2017 did constitute an effective notice of reviewed rent (that is, the position articulated in its solicitor's correspondence of 22 December 2017).
The learned primary judge accepted the respondent's argument that, by the appellant's correspondence of 8 August 2017, the appellant had "apparently waived the time limit which required notice of the exercise of option under clause 42.1 to be at least three months before the expiry date"; but said that "[i]n any event, by letter dated 28 August 2017, [the appellant] confirmed the exercise of the option".
The learned primary judge rejected the appellant's primary contention, saying that he was "not persuaded on the material before me as to an express agreement as to the rent payable in the new term" and that "[f]urther all of the documents seem to have been done in anticipation of exercising an option".
As already noted, his Honour was not satisfied the appellant had given a valid notice setting out reviewed rent. Accordingly, his Honour granted the declaratory relief sought by the respondent before him; and dismissed the appellant's cross-application.
In practical terms, the consequence of this is that there has been found to be a valid agreement for a further lease between the parties, to which clause 8 (market rent reviews) applied and applies, from the commencement of the new term on 1 November 2017, which is still to be invoked, in the first instance by the appellant (lessor) giving the requisite notice of reviewed rent under clause 8.1.
What is the proper characterisation of the agreement for lease between the parties?
The characterisation of the agreement between the parties as a result of the correspondence exchanged in August 2017 depends, in one respect at least, upon the correct legal characterisation of the option.
There have been divergent views expressed about this, going back at least as far as 1910 in Goldsbrough Mort & Co Ltd v Quinn (1910) 10 CLR 674. It is an "academic riddle" that an ensuing over 100 years of judicial analysis has not seemingly resolved. In some cases, the characterisation matters; in others it does not. For reasons I will explain, this is a case in the latter category. For that reason, and because there was no substantive argument on this appeal about it, the riddle will remain unresolved.
The competing views are demonstrated by reference to two appellate decisions, one from Queensland and one from New South Wales.
"On the basis of the reasoning of Gibbs J [in Laybutt v Amoco Australia Pty Ltd (1974) 132 CLR 57 at 76] I would consider that the view may properly be taken that cl 15(a) amounts to a conditional agreement to grant a lease for a further three years and gave the appellants the right, provided that they performed stipulated conditions, to become lessees for such further term… the only condition which is relevant is that relating to the time for giving notice in writing of their intention to exercise the option of renewal.
No concluded view on the characterisation issue was expressed in Traywinds, with the result being the same whether there was waiver of the time stipulation under an irrevocable offer, or the coming into existence of a fresh agreement upon acceptance of a counter-offer (the offer to exercise the option out of time).
In Queensland (and elsewhere) there are subsequent lines of authority supporting both views.
Duncan Properties was followed by White J in Re Copperart Pty Ltd (1995) 16 ACSR 351 at 356-357, by Margaret Wilson J in Glenlaton Investments Pty Ltd v Weemah Park Pty Ltd  QSC 445 at - and by Mullins J in JV Pub Group Pty Ltd v Red Carpet Real Estate Pty Ltd  QSC 232 at  and .
Most recently, in Grepo v Jam-Cal Bundaberg Pty Ltd  QCA 131 the Court of Appeal (Holmes JA, as her Honour then was, Morrison JA and Douglas J agreeing) referred to the competing characterisations, but found it unnecessary to decide between them as it would not affect the outcome (see at -).
In any event, having regard to the principles referred to above, as to the requirement for the conditions of an option to be strictly complied with, once the time for performance of the stipulated condition(s) for exercise of the option has passed (whether on the irrevocable offer or conditional contract analysis), there is nothing to waive. In this case, the first correspondence from the appellant was dated 8 August 2017, which was after the time for exercise of the option.
What followed, in the exchange of correspondence between the parties, was not an exercise of the option per se but was a negotiation, in accordance with the elementary rules of offer and acceptance, for a renewal of the lease.
What were the terms of the agreement for renewal of the lease?
The only dispute concerns the rent payable under the new lease, commencing on 1 November 2017: was it, as the appellant contends, the "current rate" of rental which the respondent was paying at that time, without reference to any market review; or was it, as the respondent contends, to be determined by reference to a market review process under clause 8 of the lease.
As the course of correspondence set out above demonstrates, this was not a case in which there was simply a purported exercise of the option by the lessee, out of time, which amounted to a counter-offer, upon acceptance of which by the lessor there came into existence the very same agreement that would have been formed as if the option had properly been exercised. In that respect, it is factually distinguishable from Duncan Properties (at 104) and JV Pub Group Pty Ltd v Red Carpet Real Estate Pty Ltd (at , ,  and ).
In this case, the respondent's agent's email of 10 August 2017 did not constitute a counter offer. It was in the nature of an invitation to treat, advising that "we would like to stay in the premises for an additional 5 years", and asking the lessor's agent to "let me know the new lease terms".
The offer came from the appellant's agent in the letter of 28 August 2017. That offer was unequivocally accepted by the respondent, an acceptance which was communicated on 29 August 2017.
The question is, what did the parties agree in terms of rent? More particularly, the question is whether a market rent review was or was not a term of the renewed lease from its commencement.
The parties are commercial entities, lessor and lessee respectively under a lease of commercial premises which had been in force since 1 November 2012, and was due to expire on 31 October 2017.
The provisions of the lease – including the provision for market rent review on the commencement of a new term entered into as a consequence of the exercise of the option (clause 8 and item 10 of the reference schedule).
Further to (b), time was not of the essence of the market rent review process; it could be instigated 90 days after commencement of the new term, or even later (clause 8.1).
Although the respondent had failed to exercise the option to renew in the time specified, both parties were proceeding on the basis that in agreeing to renew the lease, they were doing so by way of exercise of the option.
The correspondence exchanged between the parties, by their agents, on 28 and 29 August 2017 did not contain all the terms agreed between them; the entirety of their agreement had to be informed by reference to the terms of the lease itself.
Whilst the "amendment" to the lease document provided by the appellant's agent to the respondent's agent, for signing, provided for a rental figure (the current rent) to be included in item 6 of the reference schedule (by reference to clause 4, the general obligation to pay rent), it did not record any amendment to item 10, nor the deletion or any amendment of clause 8.
The respondent relies on subsequent conduct, both of the appellant's agent, and its solicitor, to support its construction. The general principle is that it is not legitimate to use as an aid in the construction of a contract anything which the parties said or did after it was made. However, a distinction is sometimes drawn between proof of a term and the meaning of a term. Evidence of subsequent conduct may be admissible on the former question, particularly where the contract is not wholly in writing, but not the latter.
Another variation on the rule is that evidence of subsequent conduct may be relevant and therefore admissible in another way, namely as an admission. The relevant principles are discussed in Johnston v Brightstars Holding Company Pty Ltd  NSWCA 150 at - and - per Beazley P, at - per Basten JA (Gleeson JA agreeing at ).
"121 … where [post-contractual statements] provides evidence of facts, the assertion of which is against the interests of one party, it may be admissible as an admission by that party. However, to the extent that the evidence reveals an opinion as to a question of law rather than fact, the admission may be irrelevant or valueless. (The relevant authorities were collected by Campbell JA in Masterton Homes Pty Ltd v Palm Assets Pty Ltd  NSWCA 234; 261 ALR 382 and in Lym International Pty Ltd v Marcolongo  NSWCA 303.) Alternatively, the evidence may establish contextual facts in existence at the time the contract was executed.
123 The conclusion reached by the trial judge was based primarily on the post-settlement conduct of the parties, which, he held, demonstrated that, over a period of some six months, the appellants acted on the basis that they had a continuing obligation to pay $170,000.
The issue in this case is not whether the parties entered into an agreement, but as to whether the terms of that agreement were as contended by the appellant or the respondent. That is a question of fact.
It is apparent from the appellant's agent's email of 17 October 2017 that the appellant considered that the market rent review process applied to the agreement for a new lease and, further, that it had been instigated by the appellant, in its letter of 28 August 2017, nominating the "current rent" as the reviewed rent for the purposes of clause 8.1.
That is reinforced by the appellant's solicitor's letter of 22 December 2017, which states that the appellant's agent's letter of 28 August 2017 "clearly set out the reviewed rent in accordance with clause 8.1 of the lease by proposing a rental of 'the current rate with no increase'".
In the circumstances, taking into account the objective framework of facts, together with the appellant's admissions, in the email and letter just referred to, I consider the preferable construction is that contended for by the respondent, that the parties agreed to a further lease of the premises, at the current rent, subject to the operation of the market review process provided for in clause 8.
Although that conclusion is reached through a subtly different process of reasoning to that undertaken by the learned primary judge (and, it should be noted, by reference to authorities not provided to his Honour), the effect of the conclusion is the same.
The appellant considered it had validly and effectively instigated the market review process, by its letter of 28 August 2017. The learned primary judge found to the contrary, and there has been no appeal from that conclusion.
It follows that the appeal ought to be dismissed, with costs.
 WIN Television Qld Pty Ltd v Tripplea Pty Ltd  QDC 58 (the Reasons).
 A further ground, that the learned primary judge erred in failing to provide adequate reasons, was not pressed at the hearing, and so it is unnecessary to deal with that.
 AR 97 (Ms McClymont's affidavit at ).
 Reasons at , , , -26].
 In which Griffith CJ (at 678-9) and O'Connor J (at 685) were of the view that an option is a conditional contract, not an irrevocable offer, but Isaacs J (at 691) considered the true characterisation of an option is as an irrevocable offer.
 Lontav Pty Ltd v Pineross Custodial Services Pty Ltd  VSC 485; (2011) V ConvR 54-805 at  per Dixon J.
 Gibbs J gives some examples in Laybutt v Amoco Australia Pty Ltd (1974) 132 CLR 57 (the authority often cited in support of the conditional contract characterisation) at 72 and 75; another example is David Deane & Associates Pty Ltd v Bonnyview Pty Ltd (2005) Q ConvR 54-630.
 For example, Grepo v Jam-Cal Bundaberg Pty Ltd  QCA 131; (2015) Q ConvR 34-829 at .
 Although the appellant contended the learned primary judge erred in concluding there had been a waiver by the appellant of the time limit for exercise of the option, that was not the focus of its primary argument on the appeal; and the respondent did not strongly argue against that, in any event, having regard to Duncan Properties Pty Ltd v Hunter  1 Qd R 101, and subsequent decisions following it (cases which were not referred to the learned primary judge): respondent's written submissions at - and T 1-27.
 Referring also to United Scientific Holdings v Burnley Borough Council  AC 904 at 928-929, which in turn adopted Lord Denning MR's analysis in United Dominions Trust (Commercial) Ltd v Eagle Aircraft Services Ltd. His Honour was referred to Traywinds, but found it "not of great help" to the resolution of the case before him (see at 106).
 Referring to Phillips Fox (A Firm) v Westgold Resources NL  WASCA 85 and Quadling v Robinson (1976) 137 CLR 192 at 200-201.
 (1974) 132 CLR 57 at 71-76.
  QCA 270 (see particularly at - in the reasons of Keane JA, with whom McMurdo P and Williams JA agreed).
  Qd R 498 at 507.
 See also Wilbow Corporation Pty Ltd v Mailli  1 Qd R 574 at 575 per Douglas J and Osaka Enterprises Pty Ltd v Seaview Pacific Pty Ltd  QSC 112; (2010) Q ConvR 54-734 at  per McMurdo J.
 Placing the agreement in the first of the classes identified in Masters v Cameron (1954) 91 CLR 353 at 360.
 Pacific Carriers Ltd v BNP Paribas (2004) 218 CLR 451 at ; Electricity Generation Corporation v Woodside Energy Ltd (2014) 251 CLR 640 at ; Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd v Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd (2015) 256 CLR 104 at -; Ecosse Property Holdings Pty Ltd v Gee Dee Nominees Pty Ltd (2017) 343 ALR 58 at ,  and .
 Agricultural and Rural Finance Pty Ltd v Gardiner (2008) 238 CLR 570 at .
 Cf Winks v WH Heck & Sons Pty Ltd  1 Qd R 226 at 238 per Thomas J; Masterton Homes Pty Ltd v Palm Assets Pty Ltd (2009) 261 ALR 382 at  per Campbell JA. See also NC Seddon and RA Bigwood, Cheshire & Fifoot Law of Contract (LexisNexis, 11th ed, 2017) at [10.16].
 Johnston v Brightstars Holding Company Pty Ltd at  and .
Primary Judgment  QDC 58 11 Apr 2018 Declaration respondent had not given a valid notice for reviewed rent pursuant to a lease; respondent's application for declaration there existed a valid lease and specific performance of that lease dismissed: Jarro DCJ.
Appeal Determined (QCA)  QCA 246 28 Sep 2018 Appeal dismissed: Morrison and Philippides JJA and Bowskill J.


text:
Q: Is it valid to derive a mean from categorical data? I am working on a study to quantify average working hours for doctors. However, when I leave it empty for respondents to fill up, it remains unfilled.
Changing it into categories as above yield better responses. (categories of working hours; 1 to 10, 11 to 20, 21 to 30)
Now is it possible for me to derive a mean from these categorical data?
n1 x midpoint of category 1 + n2 x midpoint category 2 ..... divide by total n

A: No, I would not consider that to be valid. The problem is that the mean of the true values in each category is not likely to be the midpoint. For example, there are probably many more people who would answer 10 hours than one hour - so the average hours worked will be more than 5.5, but you are assuming that the mean is 5.5. Hence your estimate will be biased.
What you could do is consider it to be a scale with a weird non-linear transformation - saying something like "On a scale where 1 = 1 to 10, 2 = 11-20 ... the mean score was 1.8."
But if you only have three categories, you can just say "22% of people worked 1-10 hours, 43% worked 11-20 hours ..." Unless there's a very good reason that you need a mean, I would do that.

A: It's somewhat misleading to just lump this in with ordinal data; I'd called it "binned data" though formally it's interval-censored data (and there are a variety of other terms that might be used).
You can certainly talk about the population mean (since the underlying scale really does have a mean) and how to estimate it, bringing in what is understood about the underlying variable to help figure out ways to estimate it well from the bin-counts and bin-boundaries.
While it's common to use the mid-point in such cases it's not always the best possible option. However, one can get some idea of how biased that might be under some set of assumptions so it's possible to get a sense of whether it really matters all that much.
Where the underlying density is decreasing, the correct "midpoint" to use would be left of half way, and if the underlying density is increasing, the correct "midpoint" to use would be right of half way.
If you can come up with a plausible distributional model for the underlying variable, the mean can be estimated from the binned data via maximum likelihood (for example).
Even in the absence of any model at all, one can place limits on the mean, since the lowest the mean can be is when all the values are at the low end of each interval and highest when they're all up at the high end of each interval. [Even if the upper category is seemingly open-ended, there's still likely an effective upper bound on hours worked. e.g. it's simply impossible to work 25 hours in a day or 169 hours in a week, even if you never need to eat or sleep. Likely there's some other substantially lower bound beyond which nobody can go for one reason or another.]

A: Possible? Yes, as you've shown.
Valid? Depends on what you mean. It's an estimate, and estimates can be biased.
Consider the case where half the respondents give you exact measurements (e.g. 22 hours) and then half give you a binned estimate (e.g. 21-30 hours). If you calculate the average binned estimate as you showed above

n1 x midpoint of category 1 + n2 x midpoint category 2 ..... divide by total n

then you could add that number with the mean exact measurement, divide by 2, and get an estimate of the average working hours.
Or maybe you want to give more weight to the mean exact measurement, and so you could do a weighted average of the two means to estimate the average working hours.
A third estimator could look like this: Bin the exact measurements into the three categories, and then find the deviation of the empirical average within a bin from the midpoint of that bin. (e.g. with exact hours observed as 22, 24, and 23, the average within the bin is 23, which deviates from 25.5 by 2.5). Then, you may choose to use the empirical average within the bin (instead of the midpoint of the bin) in order to calculate the average work hours from the observations that had measurement in categories/bins:

n1 x empirical average (from observations with exact measurements) within bin 1 + n2 x empirical average within bin 1 ..... divide by total n

Another estimator could take a parametric assumption and/or Bayesian framework to estimate the average from the obervations with binned measurements.
There are plenty of estimators. Theory of statistics can show that some may "work better" than others. If you're a frequentist you'll probably want one with 95% asymptotic coverage. Those estimators would probably be the "most valid".
As another answer points out, your proposed method is likely to be biased, and so maybe not as "valid" as you would like. Reporting the percent of observations in each bin, however, is a very good way of explaining your data. if you feel strongly above giving an estimate of the overall mean, you could do so, but be sure to be clear that you used a midpoint-calculation statistic like your proposed method, and perhaps state that your estimate is not very precise.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Look here for Lincoln Cemetery Society's Action Plan for restoration and preservation of this property: Here are some bullet points... A detailed plan in PDF will be available soon! Find out how you can Get Involved!
Besides the never ending mowing and weeding of the 8.82 acre property. Here is a list of the top 10 objectives right now!
Of The Historic Lincoln Cemetery proposal originally submitted by Lincoln Cemetery Society in March 2017 to Pinellas County Commissioner Justice with regard to pending $90,000 grant earmarked for Lincoln Cemetery. Resubmitted March 29, 2018 for consideration in upcoming board meeting.


This episode of the Potential Psychology Podcast is for the men and boys - and the parents and partners of men and boys.
That's my guest, Dr Michael Carr-Gregg, talking about the mental health and well being of our young people - the topic of this episode's podcast discussion.
We are turning our attention to kids and young people for our next couple of episodes of the podcast and in this episode I'm talking to psychologist Rachel Colla from Merakai about helping our kids to find a sense of hope and purpose.
Merakai is an educational consultancy that helps schools and organisations to lead the way in wellbeing and performance. Rachel is the Director. She is also a speaker, facilitator, Lecturer at The University of Melbourne's Centre for Positive Psychology and mum to four girls.
Rachel is passionate about helping us all to achieve optimal wellbeing and happiness in our lives in order to be better parents, friends, colleagues and members of our community and this passion shines through in our conversation.
We all eat but have you given much thought to why you eat what you eat? Or when you eat? Or how you eat? Have you thought about your relationship with food?
My guest today has a specialist interest in eating psychology and the intersection between nutrition and mental health. She's fascinated by our relationship with food and eating and she works with her clients to uncover what helps and hinders them when it comes to what they eat and the impact that this has on their emotional and physical wellbeing.
We all know what we're supposed to do achieve our study, work and life goals but we rarely do it, do we? Instead we procrastinate and worry, waste time and stress ourselves out.
My guests today are co-authors of a new book, 'The Rubber Brain: A toolkit for optimising your study, work and life!' and we're talking about the emotional and motivational factors that cause us to stumble when we're pursuing our goals.
This episode is one for the new parents and parents to be.
My guest is clinical psychologist and parenting expert Nadene van der Linden. We're chatting about the psychological transition that we make when we move from non-parent to parent. What are the challenges? Why is it harder for some of us than others? And how can we best prepare ourselves?
Join us as we get a little personal about parenting.
My guest today is on a mission to disrupt education and spread well being throughout schools, organisations and our community.
Andrea Downie is co-founder of Project Thrive, an Australian consultancy firm that collaborates with its clients, co-creating school and work environments that help us all to live and work at our best. She and her colleagues fuse positive psychology, education, sociology, anthropology, wellness and leadership in their - and from my experience in this interview, I bet they laugh a lot too!


text:
Capitalize fields of study?
Do I say "I study computer science," or "I study Computer Science"? Similarly, "I really liked that computer science course," vs. "I really liked that Computer Science course."
ClaudiuClaudiu
Below user Robusto's foregoing answer, user Clément requests sources which I provide here:
An Internet search yielded this which then recommended this by the University of Sussex:
(c) The names of languages are always written with a capital letter. Be careful about this; it's a very common mistake.
Juliet speaks English, French, Italian and Portuguese.
I need to work on my Spanish irregular verbs.
Among the major languages of India are Hindi, Gujarati and Tamil.
These days, few students study Latin and Greek.
Note, however, that names of disciplines and school subjects are not capitalized unless they happen to be the names of languages:
I'm doing A-levels in history, geography and English.
Newton made important contributions to physics and mathematics.
She is studying French literature.
The University of Ottawa's writing guide:
Subject areas and disciplines
Subject areas like biology, sociology, engineering, women's studies and psychology are common nouns and don't normally take a capital letter.
The University of Ottawa has programs in an array of disciplines, from mathematics and medicine to chemistry and criminology.
The same applies to broader areas:
Professor Doesitall has published extensively in the humanities, pure and applied sciences and arts.
NOTE: Capitalize the first letter in disciplines and subject areas only:
in an official academic unit title:
School of Psychology; Department of Theatre, etc.
on a diploma or certificate:
…so and so has met all of the requirements of the Master's in Linguistics
and in lists of official degree titles:
The Department of Social Sciences offers these degrees: Honours Bachelor of Social Science; Master's in Sociology…
The University College London's Style guide for student recruitment communications:
References to organisations should begin with a lower-case letter unless the title is given in full. For example: 'The Department of Mathematics offers several degree programmes. Staff in the department specialise in...'
Only use initial capitalisation for job roles when singular e.g. 'Students will be assigned a Personal Tutor. All tutors...'
Academic subjects begin with a lower-case letter unless part of a title. For example: 'If you are interested in studying mathematics at UCL, a GCE A level in Mathematics is required.'
The Boston College's style guide:
Departments, offices, majors
Academic subjects are lowercase, except when you are describing a subject that is also a language, culture, or religion.
She is a psychology major and English minor.
He works in the psychology department and the Germanic studies department.
The formal names of departments, offices, programs, and institutions should be capitalized; on a second or general/informal reference, lowercase.
He works in the Department of Psychology.
She works in the Office of Marketing Communications.
You can pick up an application at the admissions office.
Wrzlprmft
Greek - Area 51 ProposalGreek - Area 51 Proposal
It depends. If you are referring to the title of a course or a major field of study, in a formal sense, then capitalize it.
I took Computer Science 101, which was a survey course.
Otherwise, just leave it uncapitalized.
I'm interested in studying computer science.
answered Dec 5 '10 at 1:42
RobustoRobusto
do you have any source for that, or is it just by usage that you figured it out ? – Clément Jun 15 '14 at 8:26
protected by tchrist♦ Mar 1 '15 at 18:48
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged capitalization or ask your own question.
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When do I capitalize?
capitalize the field study "language arts"
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Most girls would kill to spend months traveling around Europe after college graduation with no responsibility, no parents, and no-limit credit cards. Kelsey Summers is no exception. She's having the time of her life…or that's what she keeps telling herself.
Cora Carmack is a twenty-something writer who likes to write about twenty-something characters. She's done a multitude of things in her life– boring jobs (like working retail), Fun jobs (like working in a theater), stressful jobs (like teaching), and dream jobs (like writing). She enjoys placing her characters in the most awkward situations possible, and then trying to help them get a boyfriend out of it. Awkward people need love, too. Her first book, LOSING IT, is a New York Times and USA Today bestseller.
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text:
Best of SB Nation NBA
De'Anthony Melton's time is now
De'Anthony Melton's defensive prowess could be huge for the Memphis Grizzlies in the bubble.
By Parker.Fleming@PAKA_FLOCKA Jul 20, 2020, 8:08am CDT
Share All sharing options for: De'Anthony Melton's time is now
Photo by Joe Murphy/NBAE via Getty Images
De'Anthony Melton has been one of the Memphis Grizzlies' most impactful players this season. Since permanently joining the rotation on December 9th, the Grizzlies are 26-17, playing at the pace of a 50-win team (60.5 winning percentage). The Grizzlies are also 11.1 points better with Melton on the floor than off it, per Cleaning the Glass. They perform at the level of a 57-win team with him on the court, compared to a 29-win team without him.
When looking at the top Grizzly trios that played 200 or more minutes together, Melton is in the top 4, and they obliterate people:
melton with trios
nba.com/stats
It's safe to say De'Anthony Melton is good for this team.
The Memphis Grizzlies will be facing off against elite scoring combo guards such as Donovan Mitchell, CJ McCollum, and Jrue Holiday, and this would be a prime time for a young player to prove their chops as a defensive stopper.
"Obviously, we know the task at hand and the great competition we'll be going against," Coach Taylor Jenkins said, when asked about facing off against these players. "I love it. I think our guys are fired up. They recognize the great team challenges we're going to be facing these 8 games, the great individual matchups you were talking about."
While Jenkins expressed confidence in anyone on this team guarding anybody on the opposing team, it's really De'Antony Melton's opportunity to cement himself as one of the NBA best young perimeter defenders.
Nelson Chenault-USA TODAY Sports
"In the case of De'Anthony, he's shown over the course of the season his ability to be an impact player, especially on the defensive end." Jenkins continued, "he's definitely a guy that we rely on heavily, but when you look at our wing contention and our wing depth, most of these guys are competitors to begin with, but also have these strengths on the defensive end that are going to be big difference-makers for us knowing that we're going to have great competition to go up against."
At 6'3" with nearly a 6'9" wingspan, measurements similar to "The Grindfather" Tony Allen, he has the tools to be a terrorizing backcourt defender. The stats back it up as well. In his first season, he posted the highest steal percentage, among rookies that played at least 900 minutes, since Rajon Rondo in 2004-05. This season, he ranks 8th among all guards in DBPM (+1.8), and he's also in the 97th percentile in steal percentage (2.4%). Among players that have played at least 35 games this season, he ranks 7th in deflections per 36 minutes at 4.5.
When it comes to defending guys like Mitchell, Holiday, and McCollum, Melton may be the best option. Dillon Brooks could be baited into foul trouble, they need to save energy for Ja Morant to run the offense, and Justise Winslow will face more 3s and 4s.
Though Melton hasn't seen much time against Mitchell, McCollum, or Holiday — only 3 field goal attempts and 5 minutes total combined — he's experienced success against similar, or better, offensive players.
When guarding Devin Booker, Buddy Hield, and James Harden (3 of the 4 players with the most field goals against Melton), he's held them to 36.7% shooting on 30 shot attempts. Granted, there are plenty of variables that tie into these head-to-head numbers, but it proves that Melton can hold his own against elite scoring guards.
Dale Zanine-USA TODAY Sports
De'Anthony Melton uses his long wingspan, low center of gravity, and quick hands to pester ball-handlers on the perimeter. He just always has a knack for getting his hands on the ball.
In pick-and-roll situations, Melton does a great job of staying on his man and creating plays on defense. Against Chris Paul, one of the all-time greatest pick-and-roll players, Melton sticks with him and is able to break up the play by poking the ball out of his hands when going downhill.
In the same game, Dennis Schroder tried to get Melton caught in a cycle with shifty ball-handling and a double-screen from Nerlens Noel. However, Melton maintains excellent patience and balance, using his quick feet and hands to come away with a knock-away.
Melton's activity in on-ball defensive situations is impressive. Though he's caught behind the ball-handler here, he manages to stick on Brandon Clarke's man for a quick second, before bursting to the corner to return to his man and come away with the steal.
Donovan Mitchell is a frequent pick-and-roll player, as nearly half of his plays come there. In addition, he, Holiday, and McCollum are all live-dribble threats as deft pull-up shooters and playmakers. It's going to be imperative for Melton to experience this kind of defensive success in the bubble.
The reason De'Anthony Melton has the moniker of "Mr. Do Something" is because he makes stuff happen on both ends of the court.
One of the most intriguing aspects of his defensive play is how it transitions into offense. He's a vital part of the Grizzlies' transition offense, as they score 135.2 points per 100 transition plays with Melton on the floor — this is in the 93rd percentile, per Cleaning the Glass. Off steals, they generate 144.3 points per 100 plays, which ranks in the 78th percentile.
Melton's part in the Grizzlies' transition success is not only attributed to his defense, but also his playmaking and how he runs the floor upon a steal or rebound.
Coach Jenkins this past week praised how Melton plays off instincts. Here, once he knocks the ball away from Barton, he notices a teammate nearby, allowing Melton to dart down the lane for an outlet pass and layup.
He also does a great job finding his teammates, when leaking out in transition. After the deflection, he bolts to receive an outlet pass, then finds Grayson Allen in stride for the jam.
Utilizing De'Anthony Melton as a perimeter is crucial. Not only is he an effective individual and team defender, but his defense also leads to superb fast break offense.
In the case of De'Anthony, he's shown over the course of the season his ability to be an impact player, especially on the defensive end.
De'Anthony Melton will have eyes on him in the Orlando bubble.
He has a hive on NBA Twitter, as there are a few people that think he'll "devour" the Lakers backcourt — much to the dismay of Laker fans. When pegging a surprise player for each bubble team, ESPN's Tim MacMahon said it'd be Melton for the Grizzlies. He's also entering a summer where he'll hit restricted free agency, where other SB Nation blogs would give him a 4-year, $50M offer sheet.
The Grizzlies are entering this scenario with everyone overlooking them in favor of Zion Willamson the New Orleans Pelicans and Damian Lillard the Portland Trail Blazers. However, the incumbent Grizzlies still hold a nice lead for the 8th seed, which would give them a huge advantage in a potential play-in. For them to succeed in the 8-game slate and a potential play-in, they'll need Melton to show out defensively against the NBA's elite guards.
And there's no reason to doubt that he can't rise to the occasion.
"Melt's going to be big for us and someone that we know that's going to go out and make a big difference too," Coach Jenkins said.
All season long, De'Anthony Melton has been a huge difference-maker for this team. With his defensive instincts and overall impact, Melton could really break out in the Orlando bubble.
Stats and clips found on nba.com/stats and basketball-reference.
For more Grizzlies talk, subscribe to the Grizzly Bear Blues podcast network on Google Podcasts, Apple Podcasts, Stitcher, Spotify, and IHeart. Follow Grizzly Bear Blues on Twitter and Instagram.


text:
"""proyecto_DAI URL Configuration

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  url(r'^$', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  url(r'^$', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1. Add an import:  from blog import urls as blog_urls
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  url(r'^blog/', include(blog_urls))
"""
from django.conf.urls import include, patterns, url
from django.contrib import admin
from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static
from django.contrib.staticfiles.urls import staticfiles_urlpatterns

# Create a new class that redirects the user to the index page, if successful at logging

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
    url(r'^', include('app.urls')),
]

if not settings.DEBUG:
        urlpatterns += static(settings.STATIC_URL, document_root=settings.STATIC_ROOT)
urlpatterns += staticfiles_urlpatterns()
urlpatterns += patterns('',
        (r'^static/(?P<path>.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve', {'document_root': settings.STATIC_ROOT}),
    )
if settings.DEBUG:
    urlpatterns += patterns(
        'django.views.static',
        (r'^media/(?P<path>.*)',
        'serve',
        {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT}), )

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Jacobian for different variables A differential equation might be defined as
sys <- function(t, y, p, u) {
  dy <- numeric(2)
  u <- u(t)

  dy[1] = p$a*(1 + p$b*(y[2] - 1)/(p$c + y[2] - 1) - u*y[1])
  dy[2] = u*y[1] - y[2]
  list(dy)
}

Let's furthermore assume that the steady states (equilibria) are known. Now, is there a way to calculate the Jacobian matrix of the right hand side of with respect to x?
I know that I could define
f <- function(y){
  c(
    p$a*(1 + p$b*(y[2] - 1)/(p$c + y[2] - 1) - u*y[1]),
    u*y[1] - y[2]
    )
}

and calculate the Jacobian with
Jx <- jacobian(f, c(1,1))

wherein jacobian comes from the pracma package. But isn't there an easier way without that intermediate step? It might also help if one could call f within sys, e.g.
sys <- function(t, y, p, u) {
  dy <- numeric(2)
  u <- u(t)

  dy[1] = f(y)[1]
  dy[2] = f(y)[2]
  list(dy)
}

And lastly, might there also be a way to calculate the Jacobian w.r.t. to u?
Thanks a lot!

A: There is a solution with the R package rootSolve.
For this, your function definition has to be a little bit different, but (in my opinion) more convenient. I don't know your exact parameters p or your function u, so I made a minimal example:
library(rootSolve)
sys <- function(t, y, parms) {
  with(as.list(c(y,parms)),{

  dy = a*(1 + b*(z - 1)/(c + z - 1) - 1*y)
  dz = 1*y - z
  return(list(c(dy, dz)))
  })
}

parms <- list(a = 1, b = 1, c= 2)

rootSolve::jacobian.full(y = c(y = 1, z = 1), func = sys, parms = parms)

In the function jacobian.fully() you can use your steady state results, I just picked random results. The definition of sys uses the standard definition for ODEs in the package deSolve, an excellent package for solving ODEs.
The result is a normal Jacobian matrix.
So with this definition you can run solving algorithms for your equations, e.g.
library(deSolve)
ode <- deSolve::ode(y = c(y = 1, z = 0),
           times = seq(1,100),
           func = sys,
           parms = parms)
plot(ode)

I hope this helps you a little bit!
Regards,
J_F


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text:
ITALY: Ferrari boom amid economic gloom
By Chris Wright | 9 November 2011
Ferrari has posted record revenues for the first nine months of the year and, while the rest of the industry ponders a gloomy economic situation, the Italian supercar maker reckons that all the indicators point to a "truly exceptional year" in the company's history.
Revenues reached a record EUR1.6bn, an increase of 18.9%, with 5,165 cars delivered through the global dealer network, up 12%.
Industrial cash flow was also in the fast lane and, in the space of nine months, reached a level unprecedented in Ferrari history: EUR240m was generated in the period even after the company increased its investment and research and development by more than 5% to EUR211m.
The company said it continues to invest heavily in services for employees, such as medical checks for families, free school books, summer camps, loans and mortgages at reduced rates.
At the end of September Ferrari recorded trading profit of EUR212m, up 11%.
The board agreed to Sergio Pininfarina's decision to step down for personal reasons and co-opted Richard Keith Palmer, CFO of Fiat SpA and CFO of Chrysler, to take his place.
Sales grew in the US by 14.5% to 1,436 deliveries and Ferrari exceeded the 500-car mark for the first time in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong which makes the greater China region the company's second largest market worldwide.
Germany grew 15% to 503 cars and the UK was up 21% with 384.
Brand activities have also had a positive effect on finances and there are now 50 Ferrari stores worldwide while licensing continues to add high profile companies to its list of partners, such as the agreement signed with Hublot for high end watches.
Ferrari.com is now available in seven languages including Chinese, the online store continues to grow as does the number of social network subscribers: the brand's Facebook page now has 5.5m friends.
Interiors maker moving in to supply FCA's new Detroit plant
Interiors supplier Dakkota Integrated Systems is to build a plant in Detroit supplying Fiat-Chrysler Automobiles on the 'brownfield' site of a shuttered high school, and will prioritise city residents for jobs there.
Fiat Professional to plug (in) the Ducato in 2020
FCA Canada sales down 4% in June 2019
FCA Canada reported June 2019 sales of 21,566 vehicles. "June sales year-over-year saw solid increases from both the Ram and Jeep brands," FCA Canada president and CEO Reid Bigland said. "The highly-anticipated Jeep Gladiator pickup...
FCA appoints new chief operating officer of Maserati
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced two moves in its leadership team. Davide Grasso, former chief executive officer (CEO) of NIKE's Converse, joins FCA and is named chief operating officer (COO) of Maserati. Grasso also is appointed to the...
FCA US sales up 2% in June 2019
FCA US reported its best June in 14 years as total sales climbed 2% to 206,083 vehicles, driven by Ram pickup trucks which had its highest month of sales since the brand was detached from Dodge and launched as a standalone division in 2009. Sales...
Auto and mobility industry pen first safety rules for self-driving cars
Emphasising safety by design, 11 industry leaders across the automotive and automated driving technology spectrum published "Safety First for Automated Driving," (SaFAD), a non-binding organised framework for the development, testing and...
Fiat-Chrysler announces ZF transmission deal
FCA launches in-car commerce platform
UK: ASEAN set to be world's eighth largest auto market by 2015 - F&S
VIETNAM: Sales weaken in October


text:
Q: Enforce strict check for optional properties in typescript I want to make it so that "foo" does not accept "bar" since there is a chance that property "c" is present in "bar" (see example below).
type a = {a : number, b: number}; // create mode form values
type b = {a: number, b: number, id: number}; // edit mode form values

type c = {a: number, b: number, c?: number}; // values received from database
const bar: c = {a: 12, b: 10, c: 15};

const foo: a | b = bar; // does not throw compile error
// const foo: a | b = {a: 12, b: 10, c: 15}; // shows error
// const foo: a | b = {a: 12, b: 10, c: 15} as c; // no error

I came across this bug when i wanted to send "foo" to the server but the server does not accept value of {..., c: 15} that was assigned to "foo". What should i do here?
Edit - For future readers, this issue has not been solved yet. Here is the link to an ongoing discussion https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/12936


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The skin around your eyes is exceptionally fine and delicate and this Plant Serum is specifically formulated for this area, where conventional creams are too heavy.
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text:
A Canadian Standoff 28 Dec 2021 19:36 28 Dec 2021 19:36 3
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text:
Searching on tags: ['quality'] clear, displaying 10 of 35 results
Fertility Tradeoffs
Kristin Crouse | Published Tue Nov 5 04:36:42 2019 | Last modified Sun Mar 22 09:45:14 2020
Fertility Tradeoffs is a NetLogo model that illustrates the emergencent tradeoffs between the quality and quantity of offspring. Often, we associate high fitness with maximizing the number of offspring. However, under certain circumstances, it pays instead to optimize the number of offspring, having fewer offspring than is possible. When the number of offspring is reduced, more energy can be invested in each offspring, which can have fitness benefits.
parental investment human demographic tranistion fertility tradeoffs
Pollution-development Tradeoffs in Nigeria--an Agent-based Model
Christopher Thron | Published Thu Jun 3 16:08:21 2021
Like many developing countries, Nigeria is faced with a number of tradeoffs that pit rapid economic development against environmental preservation. Environmentally sustainable, "green" economic development is slower, more costly, and more difficult than unrestricted, unregulated economic growth. The mathematical model that we develop in this code suggests that widespread public awareness of environmental issues is insufficient to prevent the tendency towards sacrificing the environment for the sake of growth. Even if people have an understanding of negative impacts and always choose to act in their own self-interest, they may still act collectively in such a way as to bring down the quality of life for the entire society. We conclude that additional actions must be taken besides raising public awareness of the environmental problem.
Open Peer Review Model
Federico Bianchi | Published Mon May 24 16:54:39 2021
This is an agent-based model of a population of scientists alternatively authoring or reviewing manuscripts submitted to a scholarly journal for peer review. Peer-review evaluation can be either 'confidential', i.e. the identity of authors and reviewers is not disclosed, or 'open', i.e. authors' identity is disclosed to reviewers. The quality of the submitted manuscripts vary according to their authors' resources, which vary according to the number of publications. Reviewers can assess the assigned manuscript's quality either reliably of unreliably according to varying behavioural assumptions, i.e. direct/indirect reciprocation of past outcome as authors, or deference towards higher-status authors.
sociology of science peer review evaluation quality science
Cooling in simulated annealing using Metropolis' algorithm (version a & b)
José Ignacio Santos Martín María Pereda Virginia Ahedo García José Manuel Galán Ordax | Published Mon Mar 15 15:29:00 2021
Netlogo model that shows how the cooling process determines the quality of a solution in simulated annealing using Metropolis algorithm.
simulated annealing Metropolis algorithm
Demography, Industry and Residential Choice (DIReC) model
Jiaqi Ge | Published Wed Sep 4 12:33:05 2019
The integrated and spatially-explicit ABM, called DIReC (Demography, Industry and Residential Choice), has been developed for Aberdeen City and the surrounding Aberdeenshire (Ge, Polhill, Craig, & Liu, 2018). The model includes demographic (individual and household) models, housing infrastructure and occupancy, neighbourhood quality and evolution, employment and labour market, business relocation, industrial structure, income distribution and macroeconomic indicators. DIReC includes a detailed spatial housing model, basing preference models on house attributes and multi-dimensional neighbourhood qualities (education, crime, employment etc.).
The dynamic ABM simulates the interactions between individuals, households, the labour market, businesses and services, neighbourhoods and economic structures. It is empirically grounded using multiple data sources, such as income and gender-age distribution across industries, neighbourhood attributes, business locations, and housing transactions. It has been used to study the impact of economic shocks and structural changes, such as the crash of oil price in 2014 (the Aberdeen economy heavily relies on the gas and oil sector) and the city's transition from resource-based to a green economy (Ge, Polhill, Craig, & Liu, 2018).
demography agent-based computational economics residential choice agent-based model
The PRIF Model
Davide Secchi | Published Fri Nov 8 13:45:51 2019
This model takes into consideration Peer Reviewing under the influence of Impact Factor (PRIF) and it has the purpose to explore whether the infamous metric affects assessment of papers under review. The idea is to consider to types of reviewers, those who are agnostic towards IF (IU1) and those that believe that it is a measure of journal (and article) quality (IU2). This perception is somehow reflected in the evaluation, because the perceived scientific value of a paper becomes a function of the journal in which an article has been submitted. Various mechanisms to update reviewer preferences are also implemented.
peer review socially-based decision making decision making impact factor individual decision making agent-based model
ALABAMA-ABM
Bartosz Bartkowski Michael Strauch | Published Wed Mar 4 09:08:10 2020
A simple model that aims to demonstrate the influence of agri-environmental payments on land-use patterns in a virtual landscape. The landscape consists of grassland (which can be managed extensively or intensively) and a river. Agri-environmental payments are provided for extensive management of grassland. Additionally, there are boni for (a) extensive grassland in proximity of the river; and (b) clusters ("agglomerations") of extensive grassland. The farmers, who own randomly distributed grassland patches, make decisions either on the basis of simple income maximization or they maximize only up to an income threshold beyond which they seize making changes in management. The resulting landscape pattern is evaluated by means of three simple models for (a) agricultural yield, (b) habitat/biodiversity and (c) water quality. The latter two correspond to the two boni. The model has been developed within a small project called Aligning Agent-Based Modelling with Multi-Objective Land-Use Allocation (ALABAMA).
Farmers agricultural landscape environmental policy NetLogo
A network agent-based model of ethnocentrism and intergroup cooperation
Ross Gore | Published Sun Oct 27 19:16:04 2019
We present a network agent-based model of ethnocentrism and intergroup cooperation in which agents from two groups (majority and minority) change their communality (feeling of group solidarity), cooperation strategy and social ties, depending on a barrier of "likeness" (affinity). Our purpose was to study the model's capability for describing how the mechanisms of preexisting markers (or "tags") that can work as cues for inducing in-group bias, imitation, and reaction to non-cooperating agents, lead to ethnocentrism or intergroup cooperation and influence the formation of the network of mixed ties between agents of different groups. We explored the model's behavior via four experiments in which we studied the combined effects of "likeness," relative size of the minority group, degree of connectivity of the social network, game difficulty (strength) and relative frequencies of strategy revision and structural adaptation. The parameters that have a stronger influence on the emerging dominant strategies and the formation of mixed ties in the social network are the group-tag barrier, the frequency with which agents react to adverse partners, and the game difficulty. The relative size of the minority group also plays a role in increasing the percentage of mixed ties in the social network. This is consistent with the intergroup ties being dependent on the "arena" of contact (with progressively stronger barriers from e.g. workmates to close relatives), and with measures that hinder intergroup contact also hindering mutual cooperation.
cooperation intergroup ethnocentrism game theory agent-based model
00b SimEvo_V5.08 NetLogo
Garvin Boyle | Published Sat Oct 5 08:29:38 2019
In 1985 Dr Michael Palmiter, a high school teacher, first built a very innovative agent-based model called "Simulated Evolution" which he used for teaching the dynamics of evolution. In his model, students can see the visual effects of evolution as it proceeds right in front of their eyes. Using his schema, small linear changes in the agent's genotype have an exponential effect on the agent's phenotype. Natural selection therefore happens quickly and effectively. I have used his approach to managing the evolution of competing agents in a variety of models that I have used to study the fundamental dynamics of sustainable economic systems. For example, here is a brief list of some of my models that use "Palmiter Genes":
- ModEco - Palmiter genes are used to encode negotiation strategies for setting prices;
- PSoup - Palmiter genes are used to control both motion and metabolic evolution;
- TpLab - Palmiter genes are used to study the evolution of belief systems;
- EffLab - Palmiter genes are used to study Jevon's Paradox, EROI and other things.
Entropy in Agent-Based Models sustainability science Evolving Agent-Based Models Simulated Evolution biophysical economics


Woodman | "Management Systems For The Woodworking Industry"
Woodman is designed for manufacturers of purpose made, timber and panel products. Pre made designs allow fast quoting of even some of the most complicated joinery designs. It is ideal for manufacturers of "one off" items or batches of purpose made products by providing detailed material and labour information for quotations and production orders.
Developed into the NZ designs within "Woodman" includes the NZS4211 engineering and product parts. At both estimating and production stage the engineering needs to be calculated. Costing and pricing without taking into account increased mullion size or door thicknesses would be a loss making exercise.
Woodman New Zealand. Michael Bangs who started using the system in the UK in the mid 1980's found Woodman allowed him and his father to put the pricing information in a format where there was consistency in pricing and importantly finding the desired profit margins required to sustain a business.
NZS4211 Compliant "WOODMAN" Contact Us!
Woodman Estimating uses materials and labour data together with overhead and profit rates to build up product costs and calculate selling prices. These are stored as estimates which can be recalled and reused as required. A priced, illustrated quotation with customer sign-off and personalised accompanying letter is produced.
One-off products can be built up by entering the material codes, quantities, sizes and labour times in accordance with the specification. Data can be entered in whatever form the estimator finds most convenient.
Woodman Production generates production jobs and associated production documentation. Orders are processed either by copying items from estimates and modifying item specifications if necessary or by entering data directly.
One–off products can be built up on a component by component basis entering material codes, quantities, sizes and labour times in accordance with the specification.


text:
Las Vegas CVA Appoints Katja Spitz for Irish Market
Ian Bloomfield
Personnel changes at Las Vegas CVA see Kelly Sawyer move to look after the airline side and Katja Spitz, International Market Manager, now includes UK and Ireland in her portfolio.
Katja was born in Sweden and spent her formative years there. After moving to the USA she ended up in Las Vegas and has been with the CVA for nine years.
Katja Spitz, International Market Manager, UK and Ireland
On her first ever visit to Ireland, Katja, along with Tryphavana Cross, Country Manager, told Irish Travel Trade News of the two new hotels, Asian-themed Resort World and The Drew, that will join the 150,000 rooms available in Las Vegas. This figure is expected to raise to 155,000 in 2020.
Two other properties being renovated at present are The Palms, where rooms and the nightclub are being modernised, and The Park MGM, where the top four floors, which will be known as The Nomad, will be top of the range in every way.
Sport is becoming a major attraction in Las Vegas with Ice Hockey – in the desert? – attracting huge crowds. The Vegas Golden Nights team reached the final of the Stanley Cup, the major team tournament in ice hockey in their first season.
2021 will see American Football arrive with the LV Raiders moving into their new 65,000-seat purpose-built stadium. The stadium will also be suitable for other sports, including soccer and rugby.
Related ItemsFeatured2Katja SpitzKelly SawyerLas Vegas CVATryphavana Cross
ITTN's Great Value Travel Deals – 16th April 2019
Visit USA Roadshow Comes to The Clarence in Dublin


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NURSING ACTIVITIES IN SELF-CARE AND REHABILITATION OF PATIENT VICTIM OF STROKE: A CASE REPORT
Introduction: The brain is a seriously complex organ that controls and modulates bodily functions. However, it can be affected by vascular alterations, such as a stroke, which is characterized by the total or partial decrease of blood flow in a certain region of the brain, constituting one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The present study brings to the systematization of nursing care to a patient with sequelae of stroke. Objective: To describe the nursing interventions performed to a patient with a stroke sequelae during the period of the Nursing course at the Federal University of Pernambuco. Methods: An exploratory study of the case report, developed based on the steps of the nursing process, considering the results of laboratory tests and chart analysis, during the period of hospitalization in a public hospital in the city of Vitória de Santo Antão, in the period of May 2018. Results: In view of the clinical findings and after the history and elaboration of the nursing diagnoses were found, a nursing care plan was carried out with subsequent nursing interventions such as: checking of vital signs, cephalocaudal physical examination, daily dressing on pressure lesions, guidelines to the companion as to the importance of moving the decubitus, preserving the raised limbs on the bed, keeping the patient's skin always hydrated, performing limb movements, intolerance of the patient. It was possible to perceive an improvement of the general picture of the client in question, after the nursing interventions were put into practice. Conclusion: It is concluded that nursing interventions, in the promotion of self-care and rehabilitation capacity, corroborate in the reduction of damages and disabilities, promoting a better quality of life for the patient with stroke sequelae and awareness of family members in the importance such care.
Issues Behind Choosing Alternative Measures to Cancer Care & Cure
Regardless of extraordinary development, regular therapy misses the mark in cancer the board. There are two noteworthy obstacles in anticancer drug development: dose-limiting poisonous symptoms that diminish either drug viability or the QoL of patients and convoluted drug development forms that are exorbitant and tedious. Cancer patients are progressively searching out alternative medicine and may be hesitant to uncover its utilization to their oncology treatment doctors. Be that as it may, there is constrained accessible data on examples of use and viability of alternative medicine for patients with cancer. The cost of delivering cancer treatment is estimated to rise globally with a projected total spending of $458 billion by 2030 [1]. However, the financial burden stems from employment loss, cost of care even when patients don't require chemotherapy, out of pocket costs' opportunity costs of informal care time and can continue long after the death of the patient. As adjuvant therapy, numerous conventional medicines demonstrated adequacy against mind, head and neck, skin, bosom, liver, pancreas, kidney, bladder, prostate, colon and blood cancers. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are still generally customary methodologies for treatment of patients harboring propelled cancer. Customary chemotherapy likewise connected with neuropathic pain, fatigue and sleep aggravation, anxiety and depression, mouth sores, nausea and vomiting, early satiety, alopecia, bone and muscle squandering. Worldwide, some 60%-80% people depend on alternative medicines, which is also true for nearly 40% to 70% European, 50% Italian, 40% Korean, 30% British and up to 87% of Australian cancer patients [2]. Use of unapproved/unlabeled/wrong herbal treatment is not uncommon and also drug interactions reported phyto-therapeutics in oncology. Futile medicine use reported in one-fifth of terminally ill cancer patients (statins and antidementia drugs in nearly 100% cases, antihypertensives and bisphosphonates in nearly 30% cases) [3,4]. So, Proper and up-to-date knowledge is necessary in using alternative treatment…
Analysis on the Growth Path of Silk Road Story and Creative Industry
Exploring the growth path of Silk Road story and creative industry focuses on three dimensions: industrial thought, business model and product modality. The ideological construction path of Silk Road story and creative industry includes interpreting the culture of creative industry, positioning the goals of creative industry and reflecting the values of creative industry. The business model innovation path of Silk Road story and creative indu0stry focuses on the business model innovation the value appreciation of the whole industrial chain. The growth path of Silk Road story creative products should first focus on the classification and creation of creative products, then determine the development and design path of products.
EFFICIENCY OF DAA ON HCV-INFECTED KIDNEY TRANSPLANT PATIENTS AT CHO RAY HOSPITAL – VIETNAM
Purposes:To evaluate the efficiency of DAA (Direct Antiviral Agent), in particular sofosbuvir, ledipasvir in Hepatitis C treatment for patients with kidney transplants. Take note in the side effects and drug interactions during the treatment processes. Method:Intervention, prospective, cohort, case studies, non-randomized, open on to all kidney transplant cases with chronic Hepatitis C tested positive HCV RNA (+); the patients from the cases above had agreed to be the research's subjects from 11/2015 to 8/2018 at Cho Ray hospital. Two regimens Sofosbuvir/Ribavirin and Sofosbuvir/Ledipasvir have been used for treatments, which depend on HCV genotype and liver cirrhosis levels. Results:In 440 patients who had been observed after kidney transplants, 44 cases anti HCV (+), 29 cases HCV RNA(+) and 4 cases HBV/HCV Confection. There were 15 cases with chronic Hepatitis C participated in study. Males made up 66.6% of the group with the average age 49± 7.06 yrs. There were 6.7% of them not taking full-course treatments. 80% of the patients were infected with only C virus, while 20% of the patients were co-infected with B and C virus. 40% of them had histories of previous blood transfusions. The ratio of patients with elevated liver enzymes was 33.3%. Genotype 1 (a and b) was 33.3%, genotype 2 was 6.7%, genotype 6 was 53.3% and 6.7% unidentifiable genotype. There were 2 cases which were treated with Sofosbuvir/Ribavirin regimen and 13 cases which were treated with Sofosbuvir/Ledipasvir regimen. Rapid virologic response (RVR) is 100%. Sustained virologic response (SVR) within 12 weeks and 24 weeks is 100%. Relapse ratio 0%. In regimen using Sofosbuvir / Ledipasvir, the side effects are mild and transient, including skin irritation, digestive disorders which account for 7.7%. In regimen using Sofosbuvir / Ribavirin, side effects including severe anemia, fatigue, loss of appetite related to Ribavirin occur in 50% of cases…
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CLINICAL REACTION FROM THE USE OF THE PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING: EXPERIENCE REPORT OF THE UFPE MEDICAL CLINIC LEAGUE
Introduction: Medical knowledge has evolved greatly over time, both in relation to the pathophysiological knowledge of diseases, as the available therapeutic and prophetic arsenal. Despite this, clinical practice is still very much dependent on the medical ability to make a correct diagnosis and, from this, define the best conduct. In this scenario, medical schools have the challenge of facilitating the acquisition of this competence by students, as it is one of the greatest attributes to be developed during the medical course. Objectives: To describe the relevance of the mentoring activities of the medical clinic academic league (LACM-UFPE) for medical education. Methodology: We found 657 articles published from 2013 to 2018, in Portuguese and English. The Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) used were Problem-Based Learning and Education, Medical to search the PubMed database. Of this total, 7 articles fit the objectives of this study, serving as the basis for its composition. Results: The process of constructing clinical reasoning has been the focus of numerous investigations, which gave rise to two theoretical approaches: procedural and structural theory. LACM-UFPE uses the structural method, that is, it believes that the clinical reasoning depends on the acquired knowledge, which produces diagnostic hypotheses. Biomedical knowledge would be stored in memory composing this structural basis and thus the diagnostic competence would be determined by the professional's ability to process these structures in memory. In Problem-Based Learning (PBL), used in LACM-UFPE tutorials, learning starts from problems or situations that aim to generate doubts, imbalances or intellectual disturbances. This method contains strong practical motivation and cognitive stimulation to generate creative solutions. The elaboration of good problems is fundamental in PBL. The problem is a tool that the teacher uses to motivate the student to retrieve knowledge stored in memory, instigate scientific doubts, integrate knowledge and direct the study. When applied,…
STORYTELLING EXTENSION PROJECT AT THE HOSPITAL: DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCES
Background: Colleges and universities have invested in extension projects as a learning scenario focused on the training of citizen professionals, who are more involved and engaged in their training process. These projects allow participating students the contact and experience with the social reality and development of competencies that favor a better professional performance in real scenarios. Methodology: Experience report. Results and discussion: The project arose from the desire of students and tutors of the courses of Psychology, Pharmacy and Medicine, who realized the need to offer a storytelling activity that enabled the minimization of the effects brought about by hospitalization, offering leisure and cultural activity to patients, as well as the development of competence for the students involved. This project happened in distinct wards of a reference hospital in Recife, Pernambuco. It has made it possible for students to exercise their role as citizens by offering a humanized strategy by telling stories to patients in different age groups. In addition, it enabled the development of professional competence such as: planning and decision making, at the time that will be decided what to do each trip to the wards, the books that will be taken; interpersonal communication, when they need to approach the patient, family and nursing professionals, when they will tell the story; problem solving, when unexpected situations arise, such as refusal to participate, or unexpected cries; autonomy, when directed the actual account and creativity when narrating history and arouse the interest of patients, ethical attitude, approach to the participants and ability to work in a team. Project tutors were mediators of this process through monthly follow-up meetings. Conclusion: This project in the hospital space led to the development of skills in students, who at first did not realize it. It was evident that these students assumed the role of…
ACTIONS AND EXTENSIONIST ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF LANGUAGE E COGNITION: EXPERIENCE REPORT
Introduction: an interdisciplinarity has proved to be a necessary path to be followed by every health and/or education professional. Therefore, speech therapist needs to be integrated to several areas, such as: Psychology, Occupational therapy, Psychopedagogy, Linguistics, Neuropsychology. The Institution of "Ligas Acadêmicas", recently, in Brazilian universities has become rather a way to reach and build together with the students and society a very important look interprofessional and multidisciplinary for the professional formation of these students. Objectives: present extensionist actions and activities in the field of language and cognition developed by an academic league during its first year. Methodology: Descriptive study, type of experience report, developed in an interdisciplinary perspective. The "Liga Acadêmica de Linguagem e Cognição" (LALIC) developed action and extension activities with the external community and academics of a private and a public university. The public was comprised of elementary school students from public schools, professors, students of Speech Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Psychology and Pedagogy. Campaign actions, conventional forums, mini-courses / workshops, meetings with members of the league and scientific events were carried out. Results: The campaign conducted on the International Stuttering Day that happened in schools and the university as lectures and activities of health education with the topic: "Gagueira não tem graça, tem tratamento!» (Stuttering do not have fun, has treatment!) Two Conversation Forums were organized, one related to Dyslexia Week and the other about the importance of phonology for linguistic development. The league also organized workshops on Therapeutic Resources and Sensory Integration, as well as mini courses on ABNT References and Production of Experience Reports. For its members, LALIC held several meetings in order to address topics such as: Cognitive decline, Language and language conceptions, Language acquisition in Prematurity and Language Disorders. Subsequently, the Symposium on Early Stimulation in Down Syndrome brought together teachers and academics…
HEALTH MEETING BETWEEN UNIVERSITY AND SCHOOL: EXPERIENCE REPORT
Introduction: From May 2016 to May 2018, was developed in the city of Arapiraca/Alagoas, the Education Program at Work for Health GraduaSUS, through the interinstitutional partnership between the Federal University of Alagoas Arapiraca campus and the Municipal Health Secretariat of Arapiraca/Alagoas. The extension project encourages active interaction between their involved (preceptors, students, users and tutors) in such a way that community links were built beyond the physical space of the classroom, and the Basic Health Unit, broadening the learning scenarios and health care, based in interpersonal relationships, where mutual learning was valued. Exercising this reasoning, was organized a Fair of Professions in high school one of the territories of operation of the project. Because the typical curiosity that permeates the adolescent phase, we discussed about health care in dynamic context, conducting the assimilation of this knowledge with guidance on the professional choice. Objectives: Promoting health education; create opportunities to teens, decision-making processes more aware about possible professional choice. Methods: This is a case studies, where the courses members (Nursing, Physical Education, Biological Sciences and Social Service) organized exhibition tents at the gym of the school, in order to exchange experiences, bringing the daily experience of students applications practices of University know ledge, in addition to the possibilities of professional performance of different of different areas. The Nursing group with use of posters built the history of nursing, until the clarification regarding the care carried out in each phase of life (childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age), and the practical demonstrations: measurement of vital signs, first aid, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Results: Teenagers expressed more doubts than expected, probably because they are in the school environment. The use of active learning methodology and use of accessible language to by the group at the time of the exchange of experience, made it possible…
PROFILE OF USERS OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN STREET SITUATIONS IN A POPULATION OF ALAGOAS
Introduction: the consumption of illicit drugs is a public health problem. Objective: the aim of this study is to identify the profile of street drug users in the city of Arapiraca. Methodology: users were recruited in welcoming communities and at the Special Reference Center for Population in Street Situation (POP Center). A sociodemographic questionnaire was used to provide access to the users profile. All the participants signed the Informed Consent Term (TCLE). Statistical analysis was performed using the Stastistics Package for Social Science (SSPS) version 21. Results: a total of 12 users participated in the study, the age group most affected was between 36 and 45 years. The majority of users were male. Regarding ethnicity, marital status and schooling, 50% declared themselves mixed race, 83.3% were single and 50% had incomplete elementary education. Conclusions: some studies have shown that street users are predominantly male and that this predominance may be related to cultural issues. Further studies with this theme are necessary to better assess the profile of users of psychoactive substances nationwide.
IMPULSIVITY IN COCAINE/CRACK USERS IN THE CITY OF ARAPIRACA IN ALAGOAS
Introduction: Currently drug use is as a major problem of global public health, given the diversity of aspects involved in drug abuse, psychoactive substances exert impacts on users, families and community, contributing to damage to the physical and mental health, as well as the socio-economic vulnerability and legal problems. Objective: Analyze the degree of cocaine / crack users behavior in Cozy Communities and the Reference Center for Population Homeless (POP Center) located in Arapiraca city in Alagoas. Methodology: This is a research with a quantitative approach, performed in Cozy Communities and POP Center, which are distributed in the city of Arapiraca. The instrument used for the production of data was made by means of structured interviews conducted in the period May to July 2018, in its physical space of the institutions, listing the sociodemographic profile and Impulsiveness Scale – BIS 11. For impulsive behavior grade analysis was used to impulsiveness scale – 11 BIS, based on "Ernst Barratt model, which is considered as one of the most important in impulsive behavior explanation". Results: The results obtained, the overall score obtained an average of 2.38 were found for each partial average score of the three subdomains impulsiveness, the resulting average motor impulsivity: 2.24 to attentional impulsivity: 2.51 and impulsivity not planning: 2.34. Conclusion: This study shows the importance of impulsivity associated with the pattern of use of psychoactive substances.
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