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Dirk Kutscher
Archive for the 'Posts' Category
Protocol Design and Socioeconomic Realities
(PDF version)
The Internet & Web as a whole qualify as wildly successful technologies, each of which empowered by wildly successful protocols per RFC 5218's definition [1]. As the Internet & Web became critical infrastructure and business platforms, most of the originally articulated design goals and features such as global reach, permissionless innovation, accessibility etc. [5] got overshadowed by the trade-offs that they incur. For example, global reach —intended as enabling global connectivity — can also imply global reach for infiltration, regime change and infrastructure attacks by state actors. Permissionless innovation — motivated by the intention to overcome the lack of innovation options in traditional telephone networks — has also led us to permissionless surveillance and mass-manipulation-based business models that have been characterized as detrimental from a societal perspective.
Most of these developments cannot be directly ascribed to Internet technologies alone. For example, most user surveillance and data extraction technologies are actually based on web protocol mechanisms and particular web protocol design decisions. While it has been documented that some of these technology and standards developments have been motivated by particular economic interests [2], it is unclear whether different Internet design decisions could have led to a different, "better" outcome. Fundamentally, economic drivers in different societies (and on a global scale) cannot be controlled through technology and standards development alone.
This memo is thus rather focused on specific protocol design and evolution questions, specifically on the question how technical design decisions relate to socio-economic effects, and aims at providing input for future design discussions, leveraging experience from 50 years of Internet evolution, 30 years of Web evolution, observations from economic realities, and from years of Future Internet research.
IP Service Model
The IP service model was clearly designed to provide a minimal layer over different link layer technologies to enable inter-networking at low implementation cost [3]. Starting off as an experiment, looking for feasible initial deployment strategies, this was clearly a reasonable approach. The IP service model of packet-switched end-to-end best-effort communication between hosts (host interfaces) over a network of networks, was implemented by:
an addressing scheme that allows specifying source and destination host (interface) addresses in a topologically structured address space; and
minimal per-hop behavior (stateless forwarding of individual packets).
The minimal model implied punting many functions to other layers, encapsulation, and/or "management" services (transport, dealing with names, security). Multicast was not excluded by the architecture, but also not very well supported, so that IP Multicast (and the required inter-domain multicast routing protocols) did not find much deployment outside well-controlled local domains (for example, telco IP TV).
The resulting system of end-to-end transport over a minimal packet forwarding service has served many applications and system implementations. However, over time, technical application as well as business requirements have led to additional infrastructure, extensions and new way of using Internet technologies, for example:
in-network transport performance optimization to provide better control loop localization in mobile networks;
massive CDN infrastructure to provide more scalable popular content distribution;
(need for) access control, authorization based on IP and transport layer identifiers;
user-tracking based on IP and transport layer identifiers; and
usage of DNS for localization, destination rewriting, and user tracking.
It can be argued that some of these approaches and developments have also led to some of the centralization/consolidation issues that are discussed today – especially with respect to CDN that is essentially inevitable for any large-scale content distribution (both static and live content). Looking at the original designs, the later understood commercial needs and the outcome today, one could ask the question, how would a different Internet service model and different network capabilities affect the tussle balance [5] between different actors and interests in the Internet?
For example, a more powerful forwarding service with more elaborate (and more complex) per-hop-behavior could employ (soft-) stateful forwarding, enabling certain forms of in-network congestion control. Some form of caching could help making services such as local retransmissions and potential data sharing at the edge a network service function, removing the need for some middleboxes.
Other systems such as the NDN/CCNx variants of ICN employ the principle of accessing named-data in the network, where each packet must be requested by INTEREST messages that are visible to forwarders. Forwarders can aggregate INTERESTs for the same data, and in conjunction with in-network storage, this can implement an implicit multicast distribution service for near-simultaneous transmissions.
In ICN, receiver-driven operation could eliminate certain DoS attack vectors, and the lack of source addresses (due to stateful forwarding) could provide some form of anonymity. The use of expressive, possibly application-relevant names could enable better visibility by the network —however potentially enabling both, more robust access control and (on the negative side) more effective hooks for censoring communication and monitoring user traffic.
This short discussion alone illustrates how certain design decisions can play out in the real world later and that even little changes in the architecture and protocol mechanisms can shift the tussle balance between actors, possibly in unintended ways. As Clark argued in [3], it is important to understand the corresponding effects or architectural changes, let alone bigger redesign efforts.
The Internet design choices at a time were motivated by certain requirements that were valid at the time — but may not all still hold today. Todays networking platforms are by far more powerful, more programmable. The main applications are totally different as are the business players and the governance structures. This process of change may continue in the future, which adds another level of difficulty for any change of architecture elements and core protocols. However, this does not mean that we should not try it.
Network Address Translation
Network Address Translation (NAT) has been criticized for impeding transport layer innovation, adding brittleness, and delaying IPv6 adoption. At the same time NAT was deemed necessary for growing the Internet eco system, for enabling local network extensions at the edge without administrative configuration. It also provides a limited form of protection against certain types of attacks. As such it addressed shortcomings of the system.
The implicit client-initiated port-forwarding (the technical reason for the limit attack protection mentioned above) is obviously blocking both unwanted and wanted communication, which makes it difficult to run servers at homes, enterprise sites etc. in a sound way (manual configuration of port forwarding still comes with limitations). This however could be seen as one of the drivers for the centralization of servers in data centers ("cloud") that is a concern in some discussions today. [4]
What does this mean for assessing and potentially evolving previous design decisions? The NAT use cases and their technical realization are connected to several trade-offs that impose non-trivial challenges for potential architecture and protocol evolution: 1) Easy extensibility at the edge vs. scalable routing; 2) Threat protection vs. decentralized nature of the system; 3) Interoperability vs. transport innovation.
In a positive light, use cases such as local communication and dynamic Internet extension at the edge (with the associated security challenges) represent interesting requirements that can help finding the right balance in the design space for future network designs.
Pervasive monitoring is an attack [7], and it is important to assess existing protocol and security frameworks with respect to changes in the way that the Internet is being used by corporations and state-level actors and to develop new protocols where needed. QUIC is encrypting transport headers in addition to application data, intending to make user tracking and other monitoring attacks harder to mount.
Economically however, the more important use case of user tracking today is the systematic surveillance of individuals on the web, i.e., through a massive network of tracking, aggregation and analytics entities [6]. Ubiquitous encryption of transport and application protocols does not prevent this at all — on the contrary, it makes it more difficult to detect, analyze, and, where needed, prevent user tracking. This does not render connection encryption useless (especially not because surveillance in the network and on web platforms complement each other through aggregation and commercial trading of personally identifying information (PII)) but it requires a careful consideration of the trade-offs.
For example, perfect protection against on-path monitoring is only effective if it covers the complete path between a user agent and the corresponding application server. This shifts the tussle balance between confidentiality and network control (enterprise firewalls, parental control etc.) significantly. Specifically for QUIC, which is intended to run in user space, i.e., without the potential for OS control, users may end up in situations where they have to trust the application service providers (who typically control the client side as well, through apps or browsers, as well parts of the CDN and network infrastructure) to transfer information without leaking PII irresponsibly.
If the Snowden revelations led to a better understanding of the nature and scope of pervasive monitoring and to best current practices for Internet protocol design, what is the adequate response to the continuous revelations of the workings and extent of the surveillance industry? What protocol mechanisms and API should we develop, and what should we rather avoid?
DNS encryption is another example that illustrates the trade-offs. Unencrypted DNS (especially with the EDNS0 client subnet option, depending on prefix length and network topology) can increase of privacy violations by on-path/intermediary monitoring.
DNS encryption can counter certain on-path monitoring attacks — but it could effectively make the privacy situation for users worse, if it is implemented by centralizing servers (so that application service providers, in addition to tracking user behaviour for one application, can now also monitor DNS communication for all applications). This has been recognized in current proposals, e.g., limiting the scope for DNS encryption to stub-to-resolver communication. While this can be enforced by architectural oversight in standards development, we do not yet know how we can enforce this in actual implementation, for example for DNS over QUIC.
Future Challenges: In-Network Computing
Recent advances in platform virtualization, link layer technologies and data plane programmability have led to a growing set of use cases where computation near users or data consuming applications is needed — for example for addressing minimal latency requirements for compute-intensive interactive applications (networked Augmented Reality, AR), for addressing privacy sensitivity (avoiding raw data copies outside a perimeter by processing data locally), and for speeding up distributed computation by putting computation at convenient places in a network topology.
In-network computing has mainly been perceived in four main variants so far: 1) Active Networking, adapting the per-hop-behavior of network elements with respect to packets in flows, 2) Edge Computing as an extension of virtual-machine (VM) based platform-as-a-service to access networks, 3) programming the data plane of SDN switches (leveraging powerful programmable switch CPUs and programming abstractions such as P4), and 4) application-layer data processing frameworks.
Active Networking has not found much deployment due to its problematic security properties and complexity. Programmable data planes can be used in data centers with uniform infrastructure, good control over the infrastructure, and the feasibility of centralized control over function placement and scheduling. Due to the still limited, packet-based programmability model, most applications today are point solutions that can demonstrate benefits for particular optimizations, however often without addressing transport protocol services or data security that would be required for most applications running in shared infrastructure today.
Edge Computing (just as traditional cloud computing) has a fairly coarse-grained (VM-based) computation-model and is hence typically deploying centralized positioning/scheduling though virtual infrastructure management (VIM) systems. Application-layer data processing such as Apache Flink on the other hand, provide attractive dataflow programming models for event-based stream processing and light-weight fault-tolerance mechanisms — however systems such as Flink are not designed for dynamic scheduling of compute functions.
Ongoing research efforts (for example in the proposed IRTF COIN RG) have started exploring this space and the potential role that future network and transport layer protocols can play. It is feasible to integrate networking and computing beyond overlays, potentially ? What would be a minimal service (like IP today) that has the potential for broad reach, permissionless innovation, and evolution paths to avoid early ossification?
Although the impact of Internet technology design decisions may be smaller than we would like to think, it is nevertheless important to assess the trade-offs in the past and the potential socio-economic effects that different decisions could have in the future. One challenge is the depth of the stack and the interactions across the stack (e.g., the perspective of CDN addressing shortcomings of the IP service layer, or the perspective of NAT and centralization). The applicability of new technology proposals therefore needs a far more thorough analysis — beyond proof-of-concepts and performance evaluations.
[1] D. Thaler, B. Aboba; What Makes for a Successful Protocol?; RFC 5218; July 2008
[2] S. Greenstein; How The Internet Became Commercial; Princeton University Press; 2017
[3] David Clark; Designing an Internet; MIT Press; October 2018
[4] Jari Arkko et al.; Considerations on Internet Consolidation and the Internet Architecture; Internet Draft https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-arkko-iab-internet-consolidation-01; March 2019
[5] Internet Society; Internet Invariants: What Really Matters; https://www.internetsociety.org/internet-invariants-what-really-matters/; February 2012
[6] Shosanna Zuboff; The Age of Surveillance Capitalism; PublicAffairs; 2019
[7] Stephen Farrell, Hannes Tschofenig; Pervasive Monitoring is an Attack; RFC 7258; May 2014
2019-06-07: fixed several typos and added clarification regarding EDNS0 client subnet (thanks to Dave Plonka)
Written by dkutscher
Posted in Blogroll,Posts
Tagged with ietf, internet
5G: It's the Network, Stupid
Current 5G network discussion are often focusing on providing more comprehensive and integrated orchestration and management functions in order to improve "end-to-end" managebility and programmability, derived from NGMN and similar requirements. While these are important challenges, this memo takes the perspective that in order to arrive at a more powerful network, it is important to understand the pain points and the reasons for certain design choices of today's networks. Understanding the drivers for traffic management systems, middleboxes, CDNs and other application-layer overlays should be taken as a basis for analyzing 5G uses cases and their requirements. In this memo, I am making the point that many of today's business needs and the ambitious 5G use cases do call for a more powerful data forwarding plane, taking ICN as an example. Features of such a forwarding plane would include better support for heterogeneous networks (access networks and whole network deployments), multi-path communication, in-network storage and implementation of operator policies. This would help to avoid overlay silos and finally simplify network management.
5G is the current title for much of the network system work in the telco industry these days. All companies, SDOs and industry fora are now working on 5G technologies. There seems to be a rough consensus on requirements and use cases, and first proposals seem to suggest that the design and the implementation will have something to do with SDN/NFV. In general, the assumptions are that 5G will be faster (thanks to better radio), larger (intended to cover more connected devices due to IoT, smart city, new markets), more flexible (network programmability), and converged (unification of mobile and fixed network access/core).
The implications for the actual system architecture and the way we will communicate in the future are not that clear. Some of the current proposals seems to suggest a network platform that is going to provide significant application support in the network. Other proposals seem to be targeted at trying to apply SDN/NFV to the design.
In this memo, I am making the point that the design of a new system architecture and the formulation of requirements for that should be based on a good understanding of the realities and problems of today's networks. I am claiming that we should use the tools we have now developed like NFV, SDN but also knowledge about efficient transport, content distribution, security to rethink network and system architecture.
I will start with a discussion of pain points in today's networks, before I address popular 5G use cases as proposed by NGMN. I am assessing a few 5G design options and formulate a constructive proposal as conclusion.
The views presented here are my own.
This is based on a recent presentation I did on this topic. If you are interested, please find the presentation material here: "Security and Transport Performance in 5G".
Today's Networks
The commercial success of today's mobile and fixed networks is clearly based on the success of the Internet and the web. Web applications are hugely popular, especially web-based video video services. It's a bit ironic that these applications are sometimes called Over-the-Top (OTT) applications (from a network operator perspective) — clearly these are the applications — there are essentially no other applications that are of interest to users (except for audio telephony which is still treated as a special application).
Current networks are largely leveraging Internet technologies (namely IP) — however we had to develop a large set of additional gear to make a useful service out of it.
For example, mobility management: Based on the "seamless connectivity" service requirement LTE employs an anchor-point-based mobility approach, implementing through tunneling (either GTP- or proxy-MIP-based). This concept lends itself to a centralized design with the usual inefficiency and scalability problems — hence people have started inventing technologies like Selected Traffic Offload when they figured out that most users actually just want to access a web resource — for which seamless IP connectivity is not necessarily required. Current work in the IETF DMM WG and in 3GPP is concerned with generalizing this principle towards decentralized mobility management.
Most extra work needs to be done on the performance side: TCP proxies, traffic management systems, application traffic optimizers, CDNs.
Figure 1 contrasts the theoretic architecture with a more typical implementation.
Figure 1: Mobile Network Performance Enhancing Functions (Copyright 2015 NEC)
The motivation for this extra functionality is as follows:
TCP proxies are tools for mobile operators for tuning network performance with respect to their requirements. TCP's end-to-end congestion control does not work so well when it has to bridge heterogeneous networks with different causes for delays and packet loss. One of the reasons it does not work so well especially in mobile networks is actually the design of the system as a virtual-circuit-like service: Significant buffering, variable latency, no AQM, no congestion notification. So as a result, you end up with proxies that manipulate the flow/generation of ACKs to trick senders etc. This is typically really helping performance — otherwise, I hope, these boxes would not be deployed, because they are also creating some problems.[Honda-2011]
Traffic management systems have a similar motivation: give operators a tool for implementing performance & capacity sharing policies. There are really different implementations of this concept, but in general, these systems typically work like this: a centralized traffic management system collects real-time and long-term load and performance-related data from base stations, routers etc. and uses that to configure policers on gateways, base stations etc. The policies may be flow-specific (e.g., to reduce current congestion contribution of specific flow) or application-type-specific (enforce specific treatment of a group of flows) etc. Surely, it does not sound like a terribly elegant or scalable approach — but it is done nevertheless because IP itself does not provide sufficient traffic management features itself, so that some of this could be done in-band. Another reason is that without AQM and ECN, such management-based approaches are perceived as the only option to have the network re-act to overload.
Application-traffic optimizers are mainly video optimizers these days. Their job is caching, pacing, transcoding of video traffic, e.g., youTube. There may be other purposes such as user behavior analytics, statistics etc. These systems are implemented as a transparent chain of traffic classifiers, load balancers and the actual application function. TCP/IP per se does not offer caching on the network/transport layer and explicit HTTP proxies have interoperability problems, so this motivates this implementation approach. Obviously, this will all become more difficult/expensive as more encryption is deployed, e.g., through HTTP/2.
Network/application server cooperation. An extended variant of traffic management is the Mobile Traffic Throughput Guidance proposal. This is about sharing base station and other relevant information to application servers outside the operator domain to enable applications (video senders) to adapt faster and more proactively. Again, this is done because of a perceived lack of corresponding network/transport layer functionality.
CDN deployment is ubiquitous these days. No major web service is deployed without it. CDNs are large-scale content distribution/management networks that provide functions such as pro-active distribution, caching, transcoding, filtering etc. There are different CDN providers, and some operators actually own or cooperate closely with CDN providers. A typical deployment is to run CDN nodes close to the operator network, e.g., in a co-location point, although there is a trend to move CDNs deeper into the network. CDNs are essentially like large-scale application-traffic optimizers. But since CDN nodes are normally on the direct path for all user traffic, they require explicit redirection which is done through DNS-based resolution of DNS names to operator (telco or DNS) CDN nodes. But as on-path application traffic optimizers, CDNs have problems with respect to encryption, i.e., they normally cannot intercept TLS communication between a user and a orign server without impersonating that server. The reason that TLS and CDN still works today is that CDN nodes today are configured with their own certificates for a certain domain (e.g., "cdn.example.com") that are linked to a valid trust chain so that users' browsers accept those certificates. While this works, it should be mentioned that this is still problematic from an e2e encryption perspective. The user actually expected an encrypted communication channel between her application and the application server on the orign server, but what she gets is merely an encrypted connection to the next CDN node.
Transport encryption will proliferate very fast due to the integration of TLS into HTTP/2 and the "always encrypt" policy in major web browsers. It will see a significant uptake once CDNs start deploying it, i.e., also as adapters to legacy HTTP/1.1 servers. As mentioned above, it will render most of the existing traffic management and application traffic optimizers useless or at least make it more expensive to use them. This is creating quite some concerns on the mobile operator side — which fuels current discussions on if and how the network, user application, and application servers should cooperate for exchanging at least some traffic management information in the presence of ubiquitous encryption (cf. IAB/GSMA MARNEW workshop). Unfortunately, according to some views at least, such management information cannot be (reliably) transferred in an IP or TCP header today, so there is discussion about creating overlay solutions with better support for signaling management and other meta information.
Summarizing, it is not surprising that we need a significant amount of gear in today's network to make them work and perform well: IP forwarding concepts and the whole network architecture were not designed for this scale of commercial deployment, for specific business needs and performance requirements.
Unfortunately, we had to hack the system to some extent to get this functionality integrated: localized congestion control loops require transparent (and brittle) TCP proxies. The lack of in-network visibility of imminent congestion on multiple bottleneck made us resort to management-based approaches, and the lack of network/transport caching as well as the lack for policy-based request forwarding gave us CDN. I did not mention much about problems, but lack of true end-to-end security in the presence of connection-based security and CDN is certainly a big one. The fact that CDN and the DNS-based cache selection is essentially only an overlay over the network shows when we try to do multipath communication in an CDN network. I could go on.
These things are really normal when systems grow over time and people learn what is needed, what did work well, what did not work so well etc. At some point, you have learned enough that you can build a new system.
5G Use Cases and Requirements
The mobile operator industry has been trying to approach the 5G topic by formulating the following use cases in the NGMN 5G White Paper:
Broadband access in dense areas ("Pervasive Video")
Broadband access everywhere ("50+ Mbps Everywhere")
Higher User mobility ("High-Speed Train")
Massive Internet of Things ("Sensor Networks")
Extreme real-time communications ("Tactile Internet")
Lifeline communications ("Natural Disaster")
Ultra-reliable communications ("E-Health Services")
Broadcast-like services ("Broadcast Services")
The NGMN White Paper does not claim this list to be exhaustive. I would add Affordable Access as another use case, i.e., along the lines of what is discussed in the Global Access to the Internet for All (GAIA) community.
Also, what is not explicitly mentioned is industry networks (also known as Industry-4.0 in some communities), i.e., the concept to 1) use Internet and virtual networking technology and platforms for factory networks and the like, and 2) to interconnect industry sites. Obviously for both cases, the challenge would be guaranteeing upper latency bounds, reliability — when running over a multiplexed network infrastructure.
Finally, I would like to add The next use case to the list, i.e., I would like to emphasize the need to keep the network open for future innovations that cannot be planned or imagined today. This has to do with permissionless innovation, avoiding in-network silos, creating a powerful general-purpose platform.
Everyone has their own interpretation when it comes to deriving requirements, but in my view the following can be inferred:
5G access will be much more heterogeneous with respect to link layer properties, bandwidth, latency, availability. For example, extremely high frequency communication such as mmWave communication is sometimes mentioned. This would offer super-high throughput and low latency, however only in very small cells. It has interesting challenges, for example, ramping up sending rates in a TCP session with peers on the Internet or managing connectivity for mobile users. Then there are very constrained networks in IoT scenarios, or cheap but low-bandwidth radios in GAIA scenarios. Finding a good network abstraction for all these different kinds of networks seems to be an interesting challenge.
Use cases such as broadband access everywhere and tactile Internet require a super low latency — especially the latter would not tolerate full path delay, so would need some local communication possibilities (e.g., through caching or edge computing).
Related to the increased heterogeneity, I also predict that mobile devices would have more simultaneous access options, i.e., they'd be able to select interface or how to use them in parallel depending on performance requirements and cost constraints.
Lifeline communication e.g., in disaster scenarios would call for a network that is able to provide useful services in the presence of fragmentation, loss of core network connectivity etc. The GreenICN project has investigated this intensively. Clearly, centralized control and gateways would not lend themselves to such scenarios.
5G Design Options
In the current design discussions I am aware of, there are few ideas that come up frequently:
Data/control plane split through SDN: this is essentially the idea to design switch capabilities and a programmable interface for enabling controllers to program GTP processing behavior. It's a straightforward idea for generalizing PDN-GW platforms, but it's clearly orthogonal to the requirements listed above.
Simplified mobile core: Accepting the fact that not all mobile applications would need perfect mobility management and seamless connectivity, one idea is to simplify the architecture in a way that it provides a layered service stack, i.e., with a minimal baseline layer that is less complicated and less costly to operate. This could actually help with performance improvement goals.
Sliced network architecture: Potentially based on the simplified mobile network idea, there are also proposals to apply virtualization to the mobile network and to offer separate slices. There are two variants to this: Multitenancy for MVNOs and Quality of Service Slicing. Multitenancy for MVNOs is relatively straightforward and is essentially about allowing MVNOs deeper access to a physical network operator's network through virtualizing most core and access network functions, including base stations.
Quality of Service Slicing: another view on slicing is to offer individual Quality-of-Service slices (like the not so frequently used QCI classes in UMTS and LTE). For example, there would be the best-effort slice, the interactive multi-media slide, the IoT slice etc. It's really like mapping traditional QoS to virtual network concepts — with similar problems: how would an operator know which slice configurations will be needed in the future? How would an applicaton or a user select slices? How would such a system correspond to network neutrality requirements — how would it maintain the permission-less innovation feature of the Internet?
(Deep) In-network caching and computing: For use cases such as "Tactile Internet", but also for more profane applications such as IoT gateways and caching in the access network, there are many ideas for moving such functions deeper into the network. Industry initiatives such as Mobile Edge Computing are pursuing this in a limited fashion today.Technically, this would be about managing IaaS and about shifting function containers to the right place in the network. More future-looking proposals are assuming arbitrary application layer compute functions in arbitrary places in the network. There are different motivations by different players: Network operators see this as an opportunity to "create value" for their networks, i.e., offering platforms that can host such functions. CDN providers see this is an opportunity to extend their platform, both in terms of reach as well as functionality (Akamai). If you extend a CDN massively you could effectively run an overlay multicast distribution network. Again, the shortcoming of the underlying network and transport layer are motivating factors for doing this as an overlay.
Network service programmability and orchestration: Extending the in-network compute concept, you could also envision a distributed programmable platform that would offer more flexible programmability than just pushing containers to specified locations. For example, a next-generation Mobile-TV provider could operate a multicast-overlay in an operator network, with functions chains for caching, transcoding etc. The distribution, run-time management etc. would then be subject to an application-independent orchestration function. This idea is also motivated by the "value creation" proposition, i.e., network operators would provide the platform and orchestration functions to application service developers/providers. (cf. SONATA project).
Silos in the Network
The last two approaches raise interesting questions as to how manageable this approach would be in the end. There are most likely many CDN providers who would want to run their functions deeper in the network. Then there are also specific applications that require some caching but would not want to use external CDNs platforms, for example video-on-demand services. As a result, you could end up with a collection of silos, each with their specific overlay as depicted in figure 2.
Figure 2: Overlay Silos (Copyright 2015 NEC)
The "deep silo" approach is also motivated by the connection-based communication and security model. Because it is not really possible to share data (while maintaining security properties such as access control rights, authenticity) in the network, we tend to build silos that are centered around the model of enabling a connection to a named server.
There is a particular risk associated with the "deep silo" approach and security. Assume a large number of virtualized CDN nodes, each of those maintaining certificates and public keys for the overall CDN service. Hardening these platforms so that none of these would eventually leak seems to be a major objective. In general, running services on massively distributed software functions deep in the network has risks like this — which makes the overall approach appear questionable in my opinion.
Centralized Control and Orchestration
The orchestration topic highlights a particular problem: the existing shortcomings of the network infrastructure with respect to its forwarding and self-management capabilities already require a worrying collection of management functions as explained in section "Today's Networks". Instead of empowering the network, removing the need for transparent middleboxes, overlays etc., we might be taking the need for network management to the extreme — by adding more overlays, more application-layer functions in the network etc.
This is exemplified by misapplying the SDN paradigm towards complete "end-to-end" network control with a network management mindset. Let me explain this: SDN (OpenFlow in particular) was once created as a programmatic interface to enterprise/campus networks that would allow implementing a consistent security policies (isolating nodes on a (virtualized) network). That was motivated by the fact that this is difficult to achieve with the traditional control plane and network management tool set. Also, as mentioned above, IP is really limited with respect to traffic management support, hooks for policy implementation etc.
With OpenFlow, a controller in a local domain is enabled to program forwarding and limited transformation rules into switches in a network so that they could be treated as a virtual switch. This can be done in well-controlled domains (enterprise/campus networks, data centers) and remove the need for some distributed control plane functions and protocols. Since larger parts of mobile networks run in data centers, this is also a valid technology for 5G — as a tool to implement network control to achieve better network flexibility and policy implementation.
What (in my opinion) does not work so well is to elevate the SDN centralized control paradigm to a mantra for network architecture by applying the centralized control concept to the Internet. For example (slightly exaggerating) creating a powerful centralized controller for controlling base station radio communication, transport network, core network, middleboxes, application servers is likely to create a complex and soon ossified system with a gigantic control overhead. Not only will you have to master the timing issues if you want to achieve fine granular control across layers, you will also have to think about domain-to-domain controller interaction ("east/west interfaces") etc. Anyone remembering "Intelligent Networks"?
Instead, it would be more productive to think about desirable forwarding plane features and proper network abstractions for that — and then use SDN to control networks in a programmatic fashion, i.e., without fine-grained re-active control and without tying network management & orchestration to network programmability.
So, what do to do about 5G? First of all, it is important to understand that "5G" is not going to be a sudden major fork-lift upgrade of the network. It is actually an innovation effort title, and we are going to see changes in phases.
Optimizing LTE system implementation through NFV and SDN is happening right now. I would also list "Data/control plane split through SDN" in this category. I would not call this core 5G work — it would not change the system architecture and interfaces — but it would be useful in a sense that we improve the infrastructure and explore the potential for more fundamental architecture changes.
Introduce modern AQM, ECN and transport protocols NOW. A lot of progress has been made in past years (Experimenting with ECN, improving fair queueing and AQM), and it's about time to get these technologies deployed, especially in the presence of ubiquitous encryption, when DPI-based traffic management has less leverage. It's really important to reduce latency further and to enable applications to respond and adapt to congestion faster. One work item here is to get the interworking of IP and link layer protocols correct. In that context, it would also be useful to rethink capacity sharing and traffic management. For example, try to learn from the (experimental) IETF ConEx effort to find ways to combine performance, smarter ways of capacity sharing than traditional TCP fairness, and incentives for applications to cooperate better — without requiring a complicated traffic management system to enforce this.
Enable competition and innovation on the network service provider side: This may sound odd first, but in order to move towards 5G, the anticipated use cases, also including GAIA-inspired services, it would be good if it was easier to start new services, not only as virtual services on top of existing networks. In that context the FCC efforts for spectrum sharing between incumbents and new players are interesting.
Avoid "Intelligent Networks-2.0". It may sound tempting to create super-powerful platforms for in-network services, APIs for service creation etc. to create a more valuable network. There may be even a case for certain applications, for example IoT gateways. But be careful when defining use case and requirements without actually talking to stake holders that are building Internet and Web Services. For example, services like youTube would best benefit from an efficient, low-latency bitpipe — not from a network service platform. The fundamental risk is that we are building a very elaborate service platform with powerful orchestration etc. that is just too complicated and costly to use, or may impede innovation by enforcing certain communication forms — so that application service providers would refrain from using it — and do everything "over-the-top". Or worse, they would start their own network services. If you don't think this is possible, I recommend taking a look at Project Fi, Google's MVNO approach. BTW, this is what happened to Intelligent Networks. Their problem was not that you could not build and operate networks that way — IN was just too inflexible for innovation, one of the factors that led to the development of SIP-based VoIP "over the top".
Innovate on the forwarding plane. In order to address the performance requirements, especially considering increased access technology heterogeneity and more flexibility with respect to network deployment options thanks to NFV and SDN, we need a more powerful forwarding plane that enables the network to better deal with local bottlenecks, multipath communication opportunities, in-network storage for local repair, data sharing and rate adaptation. This would enable us to let the network handle many important optimization itself — without requiring fine-grained control from network management. It would enable us to provide such functions in an efficient, application-independent way — without creating different silos with similar functionality that is entangled with application-specifics.
Powerful Forwarding Plane
The last point is the motivation for people to look into Information-Centric Networking (ICN) as a 5G forwarding plane. ICN is based on the notion of providing "access to named data" as the fundamental network service. Named data can be packets, Application-Data Units, chunks, or objects. Data is secured (cryptographically bound to a name and/or orign) so that is does not need connection-based security. This facilitates application-independent caching in the network and other functions that are today done in application-specific silos.
ICN routers have better visibility of performance because they can measure interface/path performance in correlation with requests names — for every hop where this is needed. This enables a forwarding plane that is powerful enough to handle challenges such as intermittent connectivity, multiple local bottlenecks, varying path performance — without adding too much complexity. Operators can configure different, powerful, forwarding strategies on individual routers, which is the key to support the different 5G use cases and heterogeneous access networks.
Especially for 5G, ICN would make mobility management much easier — in a way that it would not need the current anchor-based mobility management schemes. For example, requestor hand-over is just a matter of (re-) requesting named data on new network attachment points. ICN forwarding strategies and in-network caching would make this as seamless as today's managed mobility.
There are different specific ideas on how to make use of ICN in 5G (e.g. Cisco's). There are also other benefits such as having a unfied communication abstraction for both the mobile network part of 5G and IoT networks that would be better discussed in a separate posting. The important notion is as follows:
We have learned much about required functionality to make the Internet useful for diverse sets of commercial and non-commercial applications. For many of those we had to revert to application-layer overlays and elaborated network management support. With that knowledge we can now redesign the interplay of network layer, transport layer, and application as well as network management to build better networks.
The key question to me is to find a suitable network and forwarding plane abstraction, i.e., to define the capabilities of nodes in the network and find a good function split between forwarding plane and SDN control and network management (the latter two are two different things). The general approach for simplification should be to only do things in network management that you cannot do on the network layer. ICN is just an example of how to do design such a function split — and it illustrates the benefits.
The named data approach is a better fit to modern communication requirements. It provides object security, enables data consumption independent of the current source of the bits, which is turn a prerequisite of in-network caching, device-to-device communication and delay-tolerant communication, all of which is deemed critical for 5G. We have moved from physical circuits to TCP connections — it's now time to go one step further from telephony towards networked computing.
You might ask what this has to do with SDN and NFV. As mentioned above SDN and NFV are really network implementation approaches and infrastructure operation improvements. NFV is obviously an enabler for innovation in a sense as it enables and automates the deployment of software in the network, including ICN functions. ICN could very well be implemented with SDN.
In fact, ICN may actually enable an interesting evolution of today's OpenFlow model. In SDN for IP (take OpenFlow as an example), you have to deal with the fact that endpoint identity and next-hop forwarding information is entangled in IP addresses. Consequently, SDN applications typically implement the desired forwarding behavior through header rewriting in order to interwork with existing infrastructure (and to encode additional information in packet headers). Software-Defined ICN would rather have to do with programming Forwarding Information Bases, configuring forwarding strategies and caching policies — so a more pro-active, actual programming-like approach. IP SDN and ICN SDN could well coexists, for example in separate slices in a shared infrastructure.
Again, the important notion for 5G is to emphasize networking capabilities and abstraction — with a focus on performance, application-independence and openness to innovation. The question is not so much whether we should do that or not — but rather who is going to do it. Cisco's Paul Mankiewich, SP Mobility CTO, has expressed this as follows:
If the network operator industry fails to create an ICN-like architecture then someone like Google will and they will put it behind the SP's IP transport network.
In fact Google has many ingredients for that already: Project Fi as virtual bitpipe across service providers' networks, QUIC as a vehicle for redesigning transport and application layer protocols, Google CDN and the whole Google cloud as the infrastructure platform.
In that sense, it might not be too unreasonable to say that those who refuse to learn from the history of Intelligent Networks are doomed to repeat it.
Posted in Posts
Tagged with 5g, ICN, ietf, SDN
Privacy, Performance, Protocols: ICN Researchers meet in Prague
The IRTF Information-Centric Networking Research Group (ICNRG) had another ICN research fest with two meetings this week in Prague where IETF-93 is taking place.
ICN is an approach to evolve the Internet infrastructure to directly support information distribution by introducing uniquely named data as a core Internet principle. Data becomes independent from location, application, storage, and means of transportation, enabling in-network caching and replication. This enables the design of more robust, secure and better performing networked systems.
This week, more than 100 researchers got together to discuss recent advances in protocol development, performance optimizations, user privacy and new use cases.
One of the protocols that are developed in ICNRG is CCNx, a network protocol that provides requests (Interests) for named data and Content Object responses. The protocol semantics are specified in draft-irtf-icnrg-ccnxsemantics, and the protocol format is specified in draft-irtf-icnrg-ccnxmessages. The ICN community is currently discussing several extensions to the protocol, including support for "manifest" objects, which would facilitate the distribution of larger, chunked objects and add additional performance and flexibility to ICN systems.
Another highlight of the meeting was a presentation by Iannis Psaras from UCL on Solving the Congestion Problem using ICNPrinciples, an approach that is using Resource Pooling as a tool to manage uncertainty in congestion management.
Vasilis Sourlas (UCL) presented Information Resilience through User-Assisted Caching in Disruptive Content-Centric Networks. The corresponding paper won the IFIP 2015 best paper award and describes work from the GreenICN project. The approach relies on a modified NDN router design that features a "Satisfied Interest Table" (SIT) that enables user-assisted caching.
Bengt Ahlgren (SICS) presented on the Applicability and Tradeoffs of ICN for Efficient IoT (draft-lindgren-icnrg-efficientiot). This document outlines the tradeoffs involved in utilizing Information Centric Networking (ICN) for the Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios. It describes the contexts and applications where the IoT would benefit from ICN, and where a host-centric approach would be better. The requirements imposed by the heterogeneous nature of IoT networks are discussed (e.g., in terms of connectivity, power availability, computational and storage capacity). Design choices are then proposed for an IoT architecture to handle these requirements, while providing efficiency and scalability. An objective is to not require any IoT specific changes of the ICN architecture per se, but we do indicate some potential modifications of ICN that would improve efficiency and scalability for IoT and other applications.
Dirk Trossen (Inter Digital) presented IPoverICN – the Better IP?, a presentation of the EU-H2020 POINT project that is developing an IP over ICN system. The hypothesis of this project is that IPoverICN has the potential to run IP services better than in standard IP networks.
Mark Stapp (Cisco) presented on Private Communication in ICN. This presentation asks the question whether ICN needs better privacy protection to achieve parity with IP for user privacy in the presence of ubiquitous encryption. The discussion initiated an intensive discussion on privacy requirements for ICN that will continue in upcoming meetings.
Jan Seedorf (NEC) presented on Using ICN in Disaster Scenarios (draft-seedorf-icn-disaster/). This is a presentation of the GreenICN project and summarized some research challenges for coping with natural or human-generated, large-scale disasters. Further, the document discusses potential directions for applying Information Centric Networking (ICN) to address these challenges.
All presentations and detailed notes can be found at the ICNRG Wiki.
This summer will host a series of additional ICN events:
ACM SIGCOMM ICN 2015 Conference in San Francisco (September 30 — October 2)
NDN Community meeting at UCLA (September 28 — 29)
ICNRG Interim Meeting in Palo Alto (October 3)
Tagged with ICN, ICNRG, ietf, IRTF
The Beauty of ICN in IoT
One of the papers recenty presented at ICN-2014 described an interesting IoT implementation and corresponding experiment with CCN-Lite on the RIOT platform.
Previously, ICN has been perceived as providing conceptual benefits such as
simplified, natural APIs to developers;
increased robustness through caching;
facilitating data fusion through hop-by-hop replication;
reduced network stack layering; and
inherent auto-configuration.
The authors describe their implementation of CCN-Lite on RIOT and their approach to realize IoT communication in a 60 node testbed. The idea is to apply Reactive Optimistic Name-based Routing (RONR), i.e., an ICN name-based forwarding approach to send requests for named information in an IoT network using a hybrid flooding/unicast approach.
Some results of their comparison:
70% less ROM, 80% less RAM usage by the stack implementation (compared to a RPL/6lowpan implementation);
50% reduction of transmitted packets thanks to RONR and ICN caching.
Some pointers for further reading:
Emmanuel Baccelli, Christian Mehlis, Oliver Hahm, Thomas C. Schmidt, Matthias Wählisch; Information Centric Networking in the IoT: Experiments with NDN in the Wild; ACM ICN-2014; September 2014; [paper], [presentation]
CCN-Lite
RIOT — the friendly OS for the IoT
ACM SIGCOMM ICN-2014
Tagged with ICN, IoT
Internet Research and Engineering
Recent postings I found interesting.


text:
Arthur Miller's Death of a salesman, edited and with an introduction by Harold Bloom
The Resource Arthur Miller's Death of a salesman, edited and with an introduction by Harold Bloom
The item Arthur Miller's Death of a salesman, edited and with an introduction by Harold Bloom represents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Milton Public Library.
New York, Chelsea House Publishers, 1988
vii, 144 p.
Death of a salesman : tragic myth in the modern theater / Esther Merle Jackson
Memory and dramatic form in Death of a salesman / Peter Szondi
Point of view in Arthur Miller's Death of a salesman / Brian Parker
The articulate victims of Arthur Miller / Ruby Cohn
Arthur Miller's Death of a salesman and the American dream / William Heyen
The salesman on the stage : a study in the social influence of drama / Christopher Innes
Death of a salesman as psychomachia / D.L. Hoeveler
Willy Loman and The soul of a new machine / Richard T. Brucher
Tragic form and possibility of meaning in Death of a salesman / William Aarnes
Death of a salesman : in memoriam / C.W.E. Bigsby
Arthur Miller's Death of a salesman
edited and with an introduction by Harold Bloom
Miller, Arthur, 1915-2005, Death of a salesman
American literature -- History and criticism
PS3525.I5156
Modern critical interpretations
Bibliography: p. 133-136
Death of a salesman : tragic myth in the modern theater / Esther Merle Jackson -- Memory and dramatic form in Death of a salesman / Peter Szondi -- Point of view in Arthur Miller's Death of a salesman / Brian Parker -- The articulate victims of Arthur Miller / Ruby Cohn -- Arthur Miller's Death of a salesman and the American dream / William Heyen -- The salesman on the stage : a study in the social influence of drama / Christopher Innes -- Death of a salesman as psychomachia / D.L. Hoeveler -- Willy Loman and The soul of a new machine / Richard T. Brucher -- Tragic form and possibility of meaning in Death of a salesman / William Aarnes -- Death of a salesman : in memoriam / C.W.E. Bigsby

 Data from Arthur Miller's Death of a salesman, edited and with an introduction by Harold Bloom - Milton Public Library

Data Citation of the Item Arthur Miller's Death of a salesman, edited and with an introduction by Harold Bloom
http://link.miltonlibrary.org/portal/Arthur-Millers-Death-of-a-salesman-edited-and/zOm9hmscU_M/
http://library.link/portal/Arthur-Millers-Death-of-a-salesman-edited-and/zOm9hmscU_M/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Kinda Ibrahim Inspires Others To Reach Higher And Dream Bigger
The team leader at Twitter MENA knows how important it is to keep learning, boost her team's self-confidence and convert a vision into reality.
Kinda Ibrahim, Director of Media Partnerships, Twitter MENA
There's nothing more satisfying for Kinda Ibrahim than seeing her team members thrive. As Director of Media Partnerships for Twitter MENA she knows they can accomplish amazing things once they feel empowered and trusted. Plus, of course, she makes sure to provide the guidance and support she has been lucky to receive during her 11-year career in the digital world, which has included multiple roles. Staying resolute is another leadership approach that's important for Ibrahim, who felt it was a natural progression to work in the field after obtaining a Computer Science degree.
While catching up with Ibrahim, she divulges working out, making sure she disconnects from time to time and socialising in the evenings all help her deal with the ins and outs of rapidly changing technology. The team leader, who has also worked with Microsoft and Yahoo Maktoob, also touches on the most important hurdles we need to tackle as women and strategies that can help our climb up the career ladder.
What was your dream job when you were young?
I wanted to be a part of a leading and innovative organisation that has a real impact on the world, I always saw myself assuming leadership positions in such organisations.
How did your interest in digital media blossom?
I've been working in the digital world for the past 11 years, and having graduated with a Computer Science degree, pursuing a career in this industry seemed like a perfect fit. Since then, I've held multiple digital roles that covered web programming, data analytics, project management, advertising and currently partnerships business development.
Which different kinds of challenges have you faced while working in digital media, marketing and analytics?
I wouldn't necessarily consider it a challenge, but the industry is evolving very fast, and it's therefore important for professionals pursuing a career in digital media to keep up with new technologies and trends in consumer behaviour to offer the best solutions for their stakeholders, whether they are users, partners or customers.
Who/what helped you along the way?
I have been lucky to have received tremendous support from managers, mentors, family and friends who made this journey possible.
When did you realise that you 'made it'?
Well, I haven't.. yet. At every stage of my career I have had the satisfaction of continuous learning and growth. My current role certainly provides that and also the additional feeling of making an impact.
What do you love the most about leading a team?
Mentorship and empowerment, seeing team members grow, flourish, learn new skills and apply them. Individuals feel most satisfied when they feel they are empowered and trusted to handle projects on their own, while knowing that their leader is there to support and guide them should they need it.
Name some traits women are known to have that can make them great leaders.
The following are some traits that women and men can apply in leadership:
Persistence and determination
Sense of ownership and accountability
The desire to learn and grow
What's one leadership lesson you've learned in your career?
I've learned many lessons; one of the most important ones is staying determined.
Have a clear vision of what you want to achieve, persevere and never give up. Pass this on to your team and you will have a winning one.
In general, what are the most significant barriers for women in the region who want to attain leadership positions?
The first barrier (and this is not particular to this region only) is a self-inflicted one. I think the first step for any woman who wants to attain a leadership position is the belief that she actually can. Once she overcomes this barrier the next step is for her to develop the skill set and experiences necessary for these kinds of positions.
Another barrier is organisational readiness and willingness to make that change to have more women in leadership positions, equal pay. This requires a mindset change at the top and putting in place policies and programmes to train talented women to take the leap and get promoted to leadership positions. I take great pride in working for a company like Twitter that embraces this mindset and advocates for women around the world.
The third barrier is what is referred to as unconscious bias. This can either be women biased against themselves or men biased against women. It can be overcome by more self-awareness and bringing these biases to more awareness to create more inclusive cultures at home, schools, universities and the workplace.
Which ways do millennials have it easier or harder than the generation before them?
Millennials have the advantage of having grown up at a time where access to information is almost instant, and this equips them with very important skills such as openness and being adaptive to rapid change. These are very important advantages in order to succeed today.
Can you share some strategies that can help women achieve a more prominent role in their organisations?
Don't wait for the perfect moment to take a chance. Don't wait for the perfect opportunity otherwise it will pass you by; sometimes you really have to make the jump.
Decide on your career path and stay focused, don't try to be and do everything at once and choose your battles carefully.
Stand up for yourself and what you believe in without aggression, and make sure you have the right support system in place.
Digital media is 24/7. How do you get through those stressful moments?
Creating a healthy balance is very important. It's very important to learn how to disconnect and take time to relax. There will always be moments when there's an emergency to be attended to, but outside of these situations a healthy balance is important to improve efficiency and productivity at work.
Can you talk us through your daily routine?
Once I wake up, I read the news. I tune in to Twitter to find the latest regional and international news. I aim to get my workout done early, so I can start my workday fresh. A typical day at work involves partner meetings, internal meetings with cross-functional teams, as well as calls with global teams. In the evening, I often spend time with friends watching movies and going to restaurants and cafes.
Twitter enables any voice to instantly echo around the world. What else do you love about the digital platform?
It is first and foremost the first place for people to come and find out what is happening in the world on topics that matter most to them, from breaking news and entertainment to sports, politics and everyday interests.
By Roula Allam
Kinda IbrahimTwitter MENAArab Women in TechTwitter Middle EastKinda Ibrahim Interview
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text:
Address To The Dublin Brigade
Posted by SIRHM on February 8, 2019
The "Address To The Dublin Brigade" was a memo written by Oscar Traynor, after the Anti-Treaty IRA was defeated in Dublin during the Irish Civil War. Traynor had been a promising youth soccer player who joined the Irish Volunteers in 1914. He fought during the 1916 Rising and was subsequently interned in Frongoch until the end of 1916. Upon his release, he rejoined the Dublin Brigade of the Irish Volunteers and quickly rose through the ranks before being appointed as the O/C of the Dublin Brigade IRA in the wake of Dick McKee's death. Traynor planned the attack on the Custom House and oversaw the operation which, while successful in destroying the Custom House, also resulted in the capture of a large portion of the Dublin Brigade.[1]
When the Civil War broke out, Oscar Traynor sided with the Anti-Treaty forces and assumed command of the Dublin Brigade of the Anti-Treaty IRA. Traynor sought to provide relief to the men in the Four Courts, when the initial fighting began, by ordering the members of the Dublin Brigade to occupy buildings in O'Connell Street. The Free State Army was ultimately able to force Traynor and his men to retreat from their positions on 5 July 1922. Traynor fled the city and remained on the run in South County Dublin and Wicklow until he was captured in September 1922. Traynor would spend the rest of the Irish Civil War in prison and was released in January 1924.[2]
The "Address To The Dublin Brigade" was most likely written in the period between Traynor fleeing O'Connell Street in Dublin on 5 July 1922 and his arrest in September 1922. The document was written to attack the character of the Irish Free State Army and bolster the confidence of the men in the Anti-Treaty IRA to continue fighting. Traynor opens the document by stating that the Free State Army hoped "by force to compel us all to share the disgrace of their cowardly surrender." This line clearly lays out how Traynor wants the Anti-Treaty IRA men to feel about the Free State compromise with the British Government. He is likely also implying that any of the Anti-Treaty men who surrender will be considered cowards for doing so.
Traynor then turns his attention to boosting the morale of his men by first drawing attention to Cathal Brugha's noble sacrifice of staying behind to allow the brigade to escape Dublin. The concept of honor in sacrifice can be interpreted in this piece of the address and is alluded to again in the conclusion. Traynor uses the rest of the address to call his men to action. First instructing them to "revert to the tactics which made us invincible formerly," which calls on them to resume guerilla warfare. He then calls out the Republican heroes of the past rebellions to encourage the men to continue fighting for the Republic that they would have wanted. Traynor stated that the country is fighting in arms with the men of the Dublin Brigade and that by their example others have been inspired. Men across Ireland had sided with the Anti-Treaty IRA and taken up arms against the Free State, however an equal number of men had joined the Free State Army or chosen to remain neutral.
In regards to the general population, he remarked that the eyes of the people were opening to see that the Free State does not support the ideals of the Republic. Traynor's insinuation that the whole nation was behind them may have been a bit exaggerated, though, as many people were tired of the fighting, had sided with the Free State, and had supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty in hopes that it would bring peace to Ireland. Traynor concludes by stating that "sacrifices have yet to be made, tortures may have to be endured, but the glorious manner in which you have faced the onslaught of the past week raises a great hope that it is beyond the power of any man to sell this nation as a vassal state." Here Traynor again alludes to the glory found in sacrifice and praises the determination of his men to stand firm in their beliefs and continue fighting for the Republic.
It is important to note that this document was published after a major defeat, with Traynor hoping to rally his forces and provide encouragement to many who were likely feeling uneasy about carrying on the fight. The "Address to the Dublin Brigade" gives us valuable insight into the thinking of the Anti-Treaty forces, and particularly Oscar Traynor, after the Dublin Brigade was forced to retreat from Dublin City. The document also provides insight in the importance of propaganda during the Irish Revolution should be preserved for future generations to study.
1. https://www.customhousecommemoration.com/2017/06/18/oscar-traynor-soccer-star-ira-leader-honest-politician/
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Last summer, Digiday Media announced the acquisition of Tradestreaming, a new vertical that was devoted to the big story of how finance was changing with the advent of digital and technology.
Today, we're proud to announce a relaunch of our finance publication as Tearsheet. We're renewing the focus of our coverage with an area we've found has resonated with our audience: How people's relationships with money are changing, and how this affects legacy institutions in the banking, investing, payments and venture capital industries.
Will Peyton Manning Run for Senate?
How Will Fintech Change the Insurance Industry?


text:
Billy Little fonds
Little, Billy
Type of entity
Authorized form of name
Parallel form(s) of name
Standardized form(s) of name according to other rules
Other form(s) of name
Zonko
Identifiers for corporate bodies
Description area
Dates of existence
Billy Little, also known as Zonko, was born in New York City. He served in the U.S. Military from 1960-1963, then became an ardent anti-militarist. He studied poetry at State University Buffalo and was heavily influenced by the New American Poets. After moving to Vancouver, B.C., in 1971 he became a mainstay of the Vancouver poetry and bookselling scenes. He published many chapbooks, co-founded Press of the Black Flag raised, co-founded R2B2 Books with Renee Rodin, and was an organizer and performer at many anti-war rallies in Vancouver in the 1970s. He passed away on New Years Day, 2009, at his home on Hornby Island.
Functions, occupations and activities
Mandates/sources of authority
Internal structures/genealogy
General context
Relationships area
Access points area
Authority record identifier
Creaded December 15, 2015. SS
Biographical information sourced from http://www.abcbookworld.com/view_author.php?id=9494 and http://zonkod.blogspot.ca/p/about-zonko.html


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This month's Reviewer of the Month award goes to Joe Stegner, one of our most consistent contributors for the past few months. Joe has proven himself to be a dedicated reviewer, and we appreciate his (and all the other reviewers') efforts. Our Reviews section can be found here.
Good job Joe! I thought since noone said anything, might as well add some praise!
This month your gonna have some compitition though, I am gonna write at least two reviews every weekend this month... AT LEAST.
YOU DA MAN JOE!!! Beat out all the competition!


It's a critical component of nearly every website ever built. It directly affects the user experience. And most people don't think about it--until it doesn't work.
It's the information architecture, and when it's broken or not well-thought out, people visiting your website can't find what they're looking for.
Poor Information Architecture: The Causes When website navigation isn't intuitive, easy to find or missing altogether, there's usually one cause: poor planning.
There are essential steps that must be followed to make sure a website is built correctly, and one of those steps is the process of content categorization, which involves arranging elements of the website into groups or categories based on business objectives, user needs and content.
This process allows web producers, content managers and designers to work together to ensure that the global and relative navigation works with the copy, content and design. When the process is skipped--either due to a lack of understanding of the process, a lack of resources or a lack of time, the end result is broken information architecture.
Content Categorization: Where to Start There are many ways you can categorize your content, but industry-best practices focus on five areas: task, product category, user, location and date.
Websites organized by task guide users to specific activities, or tasks, that the users have come to the website to complete. They are very functional, well-organized and incredibly easy to use.
Websites organized by product category are all about information. They are structured to allow users to easily search for and find information on a wide variety of topics that are all somewhat related to one another.
Websites organized by user often have one basic layout but allow users to personalize the look and navigation so the things that are most important to them are at the top of the page.
Websites organized by date are organized in chronological order--the most recent content is the first things users see.
As you can see content categorization starts early in the design process.


The F20 Large Powder features a very soft, large fluffy brush head that is slightly pressed created for more flat sides of the face. Works best to contour or powder the face.
Obsessed with this brush! The quality is superb and the brush feels so soft against my skin!
Love the short handle, easy application for my powder and the brush is so soft!!
The Large Powder F20 brush allows an effortless coverage of powder!
Together with it's soft texture and it's size, this brush is easy to use and offers flawless coverage.
Super soft brisles. This brush is oversized but in a good way. I love the shape of the brush as it makes contouring the cheeks a breeze, 1 sweep and you're done.
I also use this brush to apply my powder obviously and sometimes my blush as it gives a more diffused and natural application.
Only problem I found with this brush is when you use it in a compact that is nearly empty the large size of the brush makes it difficult to get the product onto it. But with a compact that hasn't hit pan yet it's great.
Great brush I recommend to all.


text:
Shoutz® Launches Royal Fortunes™ Online Lottery and Games Platform in the Dominican Republic
lucionoivo July 14, 2015	 No comments
Continued expansion of Royal Fortunes platform throughout Latin America
, July 14, 2015 —
AUSTIN, Texas (July 14, 2015). Shoutz, Inc. today announced the launch of their Royal Fortunes online lottery and games platform in the Dominican Republic. Royal Fortunes offers a new, better, safer and convenient method for Dominicans to play their favorite games from their favorite lotteries, including the government sponsored Lotería Nacional, the largest and most popular lottery in the country.
Royal Fortunes is the only platform certified by the government's Minister of Finance for online sales of lottery products and other games of chance.
In addition to purchasing lottery tickets over the Internet, and on mobile devices, players who register with Royal Fortunes will be able to add funds for play and claim winnings through their player account at over 17,000 retail locations throughout the country.
Supporting the Royal Fortunes launch and helping educate players on its use, are two of the Dominican Republic's most high-profile celebrities — Jochy Santos, host of the country's number 1 rated television and radio programs, and Francisca Lachapel, co-host and reporter for Latin America's top rated morning show, Univision's Despierta America.
"Lottery players in the Dominican Republic are highly engaged, generating over $2.3 billion in annual lottery industry sales" said Frank Rash, Chief Operating Officer at Shoutz. "The Royal Fortunes platform complements the country's adoption of new technologies, which includes a 93% penetration rate of smartphones, by providing players with a safe, convenient and fun way to enjoy their favorite games."
"We are delighted to work hand in hand with Royal Fortunes to provide our players the ability to buy their favorite games on the internet and mobile devices" said Pena Tavarez, General Administrator at Lotería Nacional. "Our goal is to use the power and reach of the internet so that Lotería Nacional is more accessible and in the hands of more and more players."
In the months immediately following launch in the Dominican Republic, Shoutz will further enhance the Royal Fortunes online platform with the introduction of instant win and casino games plus integration of the company's proprietary Grand Rewards loyalty and second-chance platform and award-winning LotteryHUB™ mobile application.
In addition to the Dominican Republic and Sint Maarten, where Royal Fortunes launched in 2014, Royal Fortunes has secured lottery licenses and is preparing to begin operations in several other Latin American countries.
Shoutz, Inc. is an award-winning gaming, marketing and technology company that brings together the rewarding and fun experiences of mobile gaming with consumer engagement and loyalty programs within the retail, media and entertainment industries. With its innovative use of digital media, Shoutz gives lotteries the power to better engage their players, accurately measure their marketing efforts, and optimize their fundraising abilities. Shoutz is dedicated to driving brand engagement through digital, social and gaming programs on mobile. Shoutz's award winning mobile application, LotteryHUB™, is the official application of Powerball and Mega Millions. With offices in Austin, Texas and Leawood, Kansas, Shoutz is a member of the World Lottery Association. For more information visit www.shoutz.com.
About Royal Fortunes
Royal Fortunes is the international gaming and operations division of Shoutz, Inc. Royal Fortunes offers lottery and other games of chance to players, via internet and mobile devices.
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Parkinson's Disease has affected some very well-known personalities, including 'Back to the Future' actor Michael J Fox. But its debilitating effects in real life don't often make the news.
A collaboration by social enterprise Movement Mantra and independent theatre company Third Half Theatre is looking to change that. On World Parkinson's Day, April 11, the group will put on a play at The Junction, Alserkal Avenue, to raise awareness of the neurological disorder and the toll it takes on sufferers and their families.
Open auditions for the production are to be held at Malhaar, JLT, on February 16 and 18.
"The [yet untitled] play, an amalgamation of music, dance and theatre, celebrates the struggles and triumphs of the human spirit. It is a unique take on the disease seen through the life of my father — a PD Hero who succumbed to the disease in 2009" explained Singh.
Auditions for nine characters will be held on February 16 and 18 at Malhaar Centre for Performing Arts, JLT. Try-outs are open to all. Go to Third Half Theatre's Facebook page for details.


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Probe: Ex-Tennessee hospital worker stole $798K in supplies
Riker was fired from the hospital in November 2019, the report states.
Tommy John Riker(Maury County Sheriff's Department)
Published: Oct. 26, 2020 at 7:14 AM EDT
NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — The Tennessee comptroller's office says a former hospital worker stole at least $798,200 in medical supplies from the facility.
According to the comptroller's investigation, former Maury Regional Medical Center supply chain department system coordinator Tommy John Riker was indicted this spring on theft and money laundering charges for incidents from April 2017 through September 2019.
The investigation found Riker sold the goods online and kept the cash. The items ranged from needles to wound dressings.
The report says Riker's job duties didn't include filling supply orders, but he manipulated the hospital inventory control system to make it appear orders were filled and dispensed to staff.
The investigation found that due to issues with the previous inventory control system, officials failed to investigate until receiving a third report in July 2019.
Riker was fired from the hospital in November 2019, the report states. It is unclear if Riker has retained an attorney.
Boy charged with murder in stabbing of fellow East Tenn. 12-year-old
Coronavirus cases surpass 680,000 in Tennessee
IRS: Tax season pushed back due to COVID-19 pandemic, will begin in February
Memphis man dies after shooting at laundromat
Johnson & Johnson coronavirus vaccine generates immune response, few side effects, in early trials
Louisiana State Police makes history with 3 African-American employees in leadership positions


Meeting to be held in the Southeast region on September 4 hosted by KeyBanc.
As previously reported, Susquehanna analyst Charles Minervino downgraded NOW, Inc. to Neutral from Positive citing its inability to increase EBITDA more than expected and its relative valuation. He believes the revenue growth has not materialized as quickly as expected given its acquisitions, new customer relationships, and sharp acceleration in U.S. rig count and well completions. Minervino lowered his price target to $11 from $19 on NOW, Inc. shares.
As previously reported, Seaport Global upgraded NOW Inc to Buy from Neutral and raised its price target to $13 from $12. Analyst Walt Liptak cites a recovery for upstream O&G, increases in selling prices, efforts to optimize the branch network towards lower costs, and low valuation for the rating change.


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Chiefs' Jamaal Charles questionable for game at Steelers
Panel names 2 lawmakers expected to vote on Vegas stadium
Texans coach O'Brien confirms Watt is out for the year
BY foxsports • September 30, 2016
HOUSTON (AP) Houston Texans coach Bill O'Brien confirmed Friday that star defensive end J.J. Watt will miss the rest of the season after back surgery.
The three-time NFL Defensive Player of the Year had surgery Thursday, a day after he was placed on injured reserve.
On Friday, O'Brien answered a simple ''yes'' when asked if Watt would miss the rest of the season.
The 27-year-old Watt has started 83 straight games since he was drafted in the first round in 2011.
The four-time Pro Bowler has been a force since entering the league not only because of his pass-rushing prowess, but also because of his uncanny ability to swat down passes. He has 45 passes defended in his six-year career. He has forced 15 fumbles and recovered 13.
Online: AP NFL website: www.pro32.ap.org and Twitter www.twitter.com/AP-NFL


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