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'I'm so happy': Carlo Cudicini raves about 22-year-old Chelsea FC star
Carlo Cudicini has been highly impressed by Trevoh Chalobah's performances for Chelsea FC so far this season
By Martin Caparrotta
Friday 24 December 2021, 00:15 UK
Chelsea FC manager Thomas Tuchel (Photo: Screengrab / BT Sport)
Carlo Cudicini has singled out Trevoh Chalobah as Chelsea FC's standout player of the season so far.
The 22-year-old defender has been earning lots of praise for his performances for Thomas Tuchel's men this season in what has been something of a breakthrough campaign so far for the youngster.
Chalobah has found himself as a more regular fixture in the Blues team this season, with the defender having featured in 11 of Chelsea FC's 18 games in the Premier League this term.
He has scored a total of three goals in 17 games in all competitions for Tuchel's side and has shown plenty of promise with his impressive performances.
Chalobah played the full 90 minutes as he helped Chelsea FC to book their spot in the League Cup semi-finals on Wednesday night with a 2-0 victory away to Brentford.
Mason Mount has also been in fine form for the Blues so far this term but former Chelsea FC goalkeeper Cudicini reckons that Chalobah has been the south west London side's standout performer.
Speaking in an interview quoted by Metro, Cudicini said: "For sure, Mason Mount is also doing extremely well; he was in and out of the team early on in the season but he's a pivotal part of things right now.
"I have to say because he was part of our development phase, Trevoh Chalobah has been my standout player of the season so far for Chelsea.
"He's done extremely well and I'm so happy to see him performing so well for the first-team.
"He was a late addition in the pre-season squad this summer and I've been working closely with him over the past two years so I'm extremely proud to see him doing so well.
"It's difficult to say exactly what's going wrong at the moment for Chelsea.
"One thing that's clear is that we've struggled to keep as many clean sheets as we did at the beginning of the season.
"It's something the team has been able to build their recent success on, and – the Wolves game aside – they've been conceding quite a few goals lately.
"So that's a reason things haven't gone well of late, but it could also be that there are just so many games at this time of the year and we've been hit with some injuries in important positions."
Chalobah was rewarded for his fine form with a new contract earlier in the season, with the Sierra Leone-born defender committing himself to the south west London side until at least 2026.
Speaking back in November, Blues boss Thomas Tuchel revealed his delight at the way Chalobah has been performing.
"His consistency [has impressed me]," said Tuchel. "He can produce the same performances in different games at this young age. It's a new challenge for him to be now a regular player for Chelsea.
"He was very strong in pre-season, showed no nerves in the pre-season games and when it came to the first start, he played in Super Cup. That was impressive because he did what he did in the friendlies. This is what I like a lot about him.
"He's doing his thing and he is not affected in the moment by too much praise or by the pressure that can arise with spectators.
"He can still and needs to improve in his things. The level he can provide is very high, I'm super happy. He is a calm guy, very focused and knows what he wants."
Chelsea FC will travel to Aston Villa in their next Premier League game on Boxing Day.
MORE: Latest Chelsea FC news and views
Antonio Conte sends warning to Chelsea FC ahead of Tottenham cup clash
Arsenal may lose talented 22-year-old in January transfer window – report


text:
require 'spec_helper'

describe Money::Exchange do

  describe "#convert" do
    before(:all) do
      @exchange = Money::Exchange.new
    end

    it "converts money" do
      converted = @exchange.convert(Money.new(2.01, "usd"), "eur")
      expect(converted).to eq(Money.new(1.56576789, "eur"))
    end

    it "throws exception if there is no such currency" do
      expect{@exchange.convert(Money.new(2.01, "xxx"), "eur")}.to raise_error(Money::Exchange::InvalidCurrency)
      expect{@exchange.convert(Money.new(2.01, "usd"), "xxx")}.to raise_error(Money::Exchange::InvalidCurrency)
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


America's history, democracy, economy and social infrastructure are undeniably stronger today because of the contributions of Black males past and present, in their roles as fathers, husbands and sons to philanthropists and veterans. There are over two million Black males in the U.S. with a college degree, many of whom have made significant contributions in business, science, education and the arts. There should never be a lack of clarity about the contributions that Black males have made to our country and communities. Yet in the face of these contributions, there still remain systemic challenges that create outcomes far below those we should desire for any person.
Over the past months following the tragic deaths of several Black males across the country, advocates from across the globe and all walks of life have come together to remind Americans that "Black Lives Matter." This has been inspirational and reaffirming, yet it also calls to question whether states and communities are willing to address the issues that declaratively make Black lives matter while they are living, or will we only affirm that after they die?
Black Lives Matter, this fifth edition of the Schott 50-State Report on Public Education and Black Males, highlights many of the systemic opportunities and challenges that exist in states and localities relative to creating the climate where outcomes indicate all lives matter. Black Lives Matter provides a national overview of the state of Black and Latino male students, a state-level analysis highlighting high-performing and low-performing states, and a local analysis of school districts with more than 10,000 Black males enrolled. These school districts warrant particular attention since they are charged with the education of over 1.2 million Black male students (approximately 30% of the total Black male student population) and 1.1 million Latino male students (approximately 18% of the total Latino male student population).
This report is intended to draw public attention to the serious reality of a danger that does not instantly end young Black males' lives but one that creates a practically insurmountable chasm of denied educational opportunities that consigns them to poverty and limited chances to succeed in life.
This report is intended to draw public attention to the serious reality of a danger that does not instantly end young Black males' lives but one that creates a practically insurmountable chasm of denied educational opportunities that consigns them to poverty and limited chances to succeed in life. That danger is the unconscionable opportunity gap that underlies the disparities in graduation rates, suspensions and education. The Schott Foundation is hopeful that this defining "Black Lives Matter" moment catalyzes and strengthens a movement with clearly articulated actions that are powerful enough to enact the systemic changes in policies and practices needed to build healthier living and learning ecosystems where the outcomes support the affirmation that all lives matter, regardless of race or ethnicity, and where all students have an opportunity to learn and to succeed.
If issues impacting girls of color, who are also often the victims of systemic challenges, are not addressed we not only lose tremendous assets in our communities and nation, we lose a sense of our humanity.
Finally, although this report historically focuses on Black males (and state level data on Latino males), we highlight in each edition the systemic disparities that are identifiable by race, ethnicity or socio-economic status impact all. As such, if issues impacting girls of color, who are also often the victims of systemic challenges, are not addressed we not only lose tremendous assets in our communities and nation, we lose a sense of our humanity. To that end, Schott supported the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies and the African American Policy Forum efforts to highlight these issues in their joint report entitled, Black Girls Matter: Pushed-out, Overpoliced and Underprotected. Furthermore, a new Southern Education Foundation research bulletin, A New Majority, indicates that for the first time the majority of students in the public schools are eligible for free and reduced price lunch, a proxy for student poverty rates. This means that if states and our nation are going to prosper we must find ways to improve the educational supports necessary for students with fewer resources—which research shows require more than just traditional academic supports, but health and socio-emotional supports as well. It means that addressing social climate issues in a sustainable way matters.
Since Black lives matter, more than one in eight grants in philanthropy should be dedicated to social justice. Since Black lives matter, a larger percentage of philanthropic resources must be dedicated to addressing issues that matter in providing all students an opportunity to learn. Since Black lives matter, ensuring that states and localities prioritize supporting young people over penalizing them matters. Since Black lives matter, tracking positive outcome data disaggregated by race matters.
Simply stated, we release this report to challenge systems and advocates alike to take action beyond articulating the narrative of "Black Lives Matter." We urge action steps to track what matters, support what matters, and provide a healthy living and learning climate and an opportunity to learn for all who matter.


As a result of the recent tummult in Washington DC married couples are avoiding getting divorced in fear that their health coverage will also get terminated. The health care uncertainty in Washington, D.C. is causing some separating couples to press pause on their divorces, financial planners and divorce attorneys say.
Indeed, some couples have put their divorces on ice until there's more clarity out of Washington, D.C . For some, that means staying married and entering into a post-nuptial agreement that leaves them legally together but spells out the separation of assets and terms of a possible future divorce. For others, that means finalizing divorce papers but holding off on sending them to the courts for processing. A decade ago, it was common for couples to get a legal separation instead of a divorce if they wanted a spouse to retain coverage. But that avenue has largely closed, as companies no longer allow a legally separated spouse to stay on their employer plan, says Andrew Vaughn, a Chicago divorce attorney and founder of NuVorce.
Because this country is one of the only developed nations where coverage is tied to employment and, often, marital status, health insurance has always been a factor in American divorces. Even before President Donald Trump's election last November threatened the future of the ACA, couples with a non-working spouse in the midst of chemotherapy tended to stick together for fear of upending treatment, says John Slowiaczek, president of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers.


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Apple Watch Series 8 May Not Include Body Temperature, Blood Pressure, Glucose Sensors: Report
January 14, 2022 by 0 Comments
Apple Watch Series 8 is expected to arrive later this year, as an update to the company's Apple Watch Series 7 smartwatch. The Cupertino company was previously believed to be working on adding support for measuring body temperature in its upcoming Watch Series 8 smartwatch, according to reports. However, a recent newsletter by Bloomberg's Mark Gurman suggests that the body temperature feature will not make it to this year's Apple Watch Series 8. Meanwhile, support for checking blood glucose levels and monitoring blood pressure levels is expected to arrive in later generations of Apple's smartwatch.
In his weekly Power On newsletter, Gurman stated that users should not expect body temperature sensing, along with blood glucose and blood pressure tracking on the successor to the Apple Watch Series 7. "Body temperature was on this year's roadmap, but chatter about it has slowed down recently. Blood pressure is at least two to three years away, while I wouldn't be surprised if glucose monitoring doesn't land until later in the second half of the decade," Gurman notes in the newsletter.
Gurman was not the only one to predict that Apple would bring body temperature monitoring to the Apple Watch Series 8 last year. Apple market analyst Ming-Chi Kuo had also suggested that Apple was working on a temperature monitoring feature, while the Wall Street Journal, which also predicts upcoming Apple features, had hinted that Apple could add the feature in the next smartwatch generation. Temperature monitoring could be used for better sleep monitoring, as well as for fertility tracking, as suggested by the Wall Street Journal.
Meanwhile, Apple Watch owners will no longer be able to book Uber rides from the watchOS app, which was first launched in 2015, according to a report by MacRumors. The company appears to have dropped support for the app last month, and users are shown a message asking them to switch to the Uber mobile app on their iPhone. However, the app itself was still listed on the App Store at the time of publishing this story. The company's support page has now been updated to state that the Apple Watch app is no longer supported.
This week on Orbital, the Gadgets 360 podcast, we discuss iPhone 13, new iPad and iPad mini, and Apple Watch Series 7 — and what they mean to the Indian market. Orbital is available on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify, Amazon Music and wherever you get your podcasts.
Catch the latest from the Consumer Electronics Show on Gadgets 360, at our CES 2022 hub.
This article was originally published by Ndtv.com. Read the original article here.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Like it or not muttrimony and different pet events and ceremonies are on the increase. The URI error is attributable to the fallacious username and password being entered for PetFinder username or Petfinder Password in the Sync App. They're nice with youngsters, cats, and canine. Please take the time to research which breed can be greatest for you & your family. Also, as soon as you are accepted, you may be contacted as quickly as a canine arrives that fits your's and the dog's specifications.
You could want to return to the Sync App website to obtain the applying once more, contact the Developer, or test for software status and issues. Send us particular examples of pets that are lacking out of your admin pet list or have not been removed from your admin pet record. Selections of our rescued dogs' placements should be made based mostly on the applicant we consider would be the greatest long-term fit for every dog.
When the video has been seen a million instances, 20 selected Petfinder shelter members will every obtain a $10,000 grant from the Petfinder Foundation to assist continue to rework the lives of the pets of their care. Verify that your contact info is correct and add a recent image of your missing canine, cat, or other pet. Thus in 1998 the website expanded to incorporate shelters from across the United States, and whilst Jared stayed on in his radiology work, Betsy quit as an city forester to run the company full time.
Your donations assist provide meals, shelter, and medical care to the Pits and different canines that come into our rescue. While we do our greatest to update the supply of our adoptable pets on these sites, we won't guarantee that specific animals listed on our website will nonetheless be accessible by the point you go to our shelter. Be sure you have been setup to use the Sync App (check your Animals > Exports web page).
Stay implies real time (or at least near it; live TELEVISION has a 7 second delay; actually reside GPStrackers (which I haven't been able to find for pets) usually have 1, 5, and 10 second delay settings). The lists contains all pets' identify, description and pictures uploaded to Petfinder. Do your pets and pictures appear there? You'll have to create a Petfinder user title that has entry to only one Petfinder account.


This is modification of another post I made in another thread. Sorry for sort of doubling up - we have one day before we leave now.
We will be going from Chetumal to Nuevo Laredo on the central route. And would like suggestions for hotels along the way for our family.
Our basic plan is to leave Chetumal, stop for the night in Minatitlan (Stay for night at City Express), the next night stop in San Luis Potosi and then cross at Nuevo Laredo the following afternoon or if we don't make it that far, stay for the night in Saltillo.
Does anyone have any recommendations for specific places to stay in and San Luis Potosi and possibly Saltillo or does anyone have input that we should know about? Keep in mind that we are traveling with our five kids.
Thanks everyone her who has helped with their input on the best route to travel! We really appreciate it!
They have a new City Express in San Luis Potosí at the glorietta where Av. Carranza and Himno National meet in front of the Hospital General and the university [UASLP]. This is in the west end of town.
Thanks Alan - Easy to get to? Never been through San Luis Potosi. Always been down the Western route.
No it is not as easy as the hotels on the Mx 57 coming into SLP from the south [ Zona Hoteleria] but with a Google Map look see you could figure out an easy route on the freeway called Las Puentes. It is 3 blocks from the exit on the freeway marked Zona Universitaria. 1 block further on the lateral and turn right on Dr. Manuel Nara where the huge flag is for 2 more blocks on that street running alongside the universtity.
Just a quick update: Tonight we are staying at Hoteles Zar in San Luis Potosi. Coming from the South, it was super easy to find. As soon as you come in you head to Centro. Go under the first bridge and you can see the sign in the distance to the right on a frontage rd. Super easy off and it looks like super easy on. Very nice family hotel with a restaurant. Wifi in the rooms. Couldn't ask for better rates.
Note: I am only adding the link so people can check for them selves if they may like the hotel. We are just happy customers (after a 14 hour drive today with five kids....). We are not associated with the hotel at all.
Stayed at a hotel in Villahermosa last night also after leaving Southern Belize yesterday morning. Can't remember the name - and would not likely have posted about it anyway - but it was a place to stay for the night and they did accommodate our family.
Thanks for the information but what about their charges.


An unrivalled rigger, never short of ideas, incapable of saying 'no' and always wearing a smile. Could garlic, which João truly loves (no, really…), be a key to his success and to his outlook? It's a side to him that will raise a smile for those that know him, but perhaps the little allium does actually play a positive role in the way that he believes it does!
From an early age aboard his father's boat, João learned the art of navigation and sailing. He made his debut in dinghy racing with his brother, then keelboats, before windsurfing as part of the D'Orelhas Sailing Team.
With deck officer training in the Merchant Navy completed, our favourite Portuguese then spent eight years moving between tankers and tugs, deepening his knowledge of the sea, the oceans, weather, naval architecture, fluid mechanics, material strength and, above, all teamwork.
In 1989 the appeal of regattas took over and so João was decommissioned, going on to crew in three round the world races, several crossings of the Atlantic and a multitude of other offshore races as a professional sailor.
It was in 1999 with the project of the Maxi One-Design circuit and on the large monohull, AlinghiMax, that João made his debut with Alinghi, staying with the team ever since. As the team's rigger he was involved in the construction and development of Alinghi "Black" (the 41 ft-long catamarans), the Corel 45 in 2000, and the three America's Cup campaigns of 2003, 2007 and 2010.
With his colleague, David, João accompanies the team to every stage of the GC32 and the D35 Trophy, providing them with his unrivalled know-how.


The Brassfield Buzz: What a Performance!
Brassfield's Drama Club gave an outstanding performance this week. The Holiday Program was so much fun! Congratulations to Ms. Kardas, Ms. Nixon, Ms. Wike, and all of the Brassfield boys and girls on a fabulous show! It was a hit!


Every year we work at Bright Inventions on many mobile and web development projects. It is a challenge to build a good quality software in an agile way and at the same time solve all potential problems and keep your workflow under control, but we do that. In fact, we manage to do that thanks to applying some important rules. Check below what makes our work bright and effective.
We have a team consisting of great talented developers who create good code, but it is always better when two pairs of eyes look at it than one. We always try to make all our Pull Requests to be reviewed by other members of the team. In fact, we believe that the whole team works for the success of the project and at the same time is responsible for making it better and better.
We like working together and we take advantage of that not only while doing code review, but also in pair programming. And pair programming is like an instant code review. Two programmers from our team are working on the same task and on the same machine swapping their roles. It is a great opportunity to come up with new fresh ideas and find some solutions much faster than while working alone. We also do not get stuck with a problem for a long time and we catch errors faster. The fact that two experienced developers are engaged in the task at the same time makes our work really efficient and reduces the probability of making mistakes. It may also speed up some urgent tasks on the sprint.
What is more, pair programming is extremely practical and useful for our new employees. While onboarding new staff a more experienced developer can pair with a trainee to effectively and fluently share knowledge connected either with a project or generally programming skills.
We are great advocates of Continuous integration (CI). Our code is integrated into a shared repository several times a day. By a regular integration, we can detect errors quickly and make sure that every push is in a good state. If the commit fails to move to the next step, we can immediately find a problem and fix it. Thanks to the frequent integration we can spend more time on building features instead of debugging.
We believe that Test Driven Development is a good way of providing high-quality software. Applying TDD methodology makes creating maintainable readable code and reducing bugs much easier. At first, we always try to write unit tests to check particular segments and then the code itself. It prevents us from creating unnecessary code and helps to specify precise features that should be implemented in the project. And even if TDD takes at first much time and effort from us, over the time this process results in great benefits for our clients.
SOLID consists of five principles in one: single responsibility, open-closed, Liskov substitution, interface segregation and dependency inversion. These principles help us to write clean elegant code which is easy to modify, maintain and test, which in fact has a great impact on the final success of a project and then extending it. Writing clean code in the beginning means that we do not have to invest so much time to add new features and modify it later.
As project management tools we use mainly either JIRA or Trello depending on our clients' preferences. It lets us run our projects smoothly and effectively with Agile methodology in mind. I would say we are super agile in managing our workflow. We have all the tasks open and visible so that our clients could see what we are working on and can give us up-to-date comments.
To track the time and current workflow we use Mite. It is important for us to know how much time we spend on a given task or a project, especially considering the fact we use mainly the time and material model and our clients are charged only for developers' service. Apart from that we have our own private file in which we can see what kind of projects are assigned to particular people and how long they take part in them. It facilitates our planning process a lot.
Fluent and transparent communication is something that we value and take care of in every phase of a project. It is extremely important that our clients know how the development process is evolving. To successfully manage the workflow and keep our clients informed we send them daily or weekly updates to let them know what we accomplish each iteration and what is planned to do next. A long-distance between us and our clients is not a problem. We communicate via phone, Slack, Skype or email and it is a standard part of our job. We also have dedicated Slack channels integrated with Jira, Trello, Github, Hangouts or others.
Creating a set of rules that everybody in our team is following has a great impact on our daily workflow, but first of all it significantly improves our development process. Applying each and every rule we are able to avoid many errors and misunderstandings. We spend our time effectively and make the most of it. At Bright Inventions we believe that it is worth taking the time to write quality code and build the things right. And that is the kind of service we always want to provide to our clients.
Rules of Bright Development was published on June 11, 2018 .


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← Manipur facing its worst-ever fuel crisis due to economic blockade
Family: 7-year-old shot by police was asleep →
Police call for calm, as Waterford residents continue protest over woman's killing
RESIDENTS of Waterford in Portmore, St Catherine, yesterday continued their protest over the alleged police killing of a woman in the community, as head of the Area Five Police Superintendent Newton Amos called on them to remain calm until a post-mortem is completed.
"We are expediting the post-mortem to know who killed the woman," Amos told a group of residents during a visit to the community yesterday afternoon.
"If it was the police's gun that killed her, then I personally will return and our statement will be clear that it is so," he said.
"If the post-mortem is done and you still not getting anything from the police, then that is the time you need to make noise, 'cause then it would be proven without a shadow of a doubt that this is how it went," he added.
Forty-five-year-old Josephine Brown was shot dead in an alleged shoot-out between gunmen and the police Wednesday night.
According to the police, Brown — an employee of the Jamaica Biscuit Company — was struck as they engaged armed thugs, including an alleged wanted man, in the community.
The lawmen reported that the thugs fled, leaving behind an AK 47 assault rifle and a Ranger shotgun.
However, their account of the incident was challenged by residents, who said that Brown was at a crowded party when she was shot, and demanded that the weapons allegedly seized from the scene be displayed in the media.
Brown's death sparked a series of fiery roadblocks in the community and up to late yesterday afternoon, police officers — using bulldozers — were still clearing debris that was used to block the Dyke and other roads in and around the community. It was not clear, however, whether any of the detainees were charged.
This entry was posted in resistance and tagged jamaica, just another police murder, social tension. Bookmark the permalink.


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This young resort, opened in 2013, is situated at the north end of Little Corn Island overlooking a stunning turquoise sea and the island's best reef and beach. Little Corn is the less developed of the two Corn Islands, with a rather wild feeling and no roads. Accessing the resort requires a flight from Managua to Big Corn Island followed by a 30-minute to three-hour boat trip, depending on sea conditions.
Want to read the full Yemaya Island Hideaway & Spa travel42 Hotel Review?


What have Motion Graphics and Animation in common?
Before we reveal what makes them different, we should first look into what makes them similar. In the end, this is what makes people confuse them.
The worlds of motion design and animation rely on visual images in motion and have a purpose to convey a message.
Many designers would say that the line dividing them is oftentimes invisible and difficult to define, if we understand the term animation as simply a way of giving life to shapes and objects by putting them in motion.
A lot of confusion comes from this basic understanding, which is broad and does not provide a lot of specificities.
Furthermore, motion graphics designers and animators use similar tools in their work, which adds to the confusion. They use software such as Photoshop, Adobe After Effects, or Cinema 4D, to mention a few, and also adhere to the same creative principles.
This is how Jared Flynn, a motion graphics designer, explains the conundrum he finds himself in when trying to explain what he does.
Now that we know what makes motion graphics and animation so similar, it is time to look into how these two disciplines differ.
Motion graphics can be defined as a subcategory of animation. It is animation but in a more narrow sense, as it deals primarily with geometric forms and elements that come from graphic design.
They often include different shapes, compositions, typography, or a logo to which designers add movement.
Video animation in comparison is a much broader term that is not limited to a certain set of elements and objects, but often includes figures, landscapes, and other visuals taken from our surroundings.
Another main difference between motion graphics and animation is the purpose. Motion graphics is more linked to the field of design and often has a different function than animation.
It is a shorter visual form commonly used in advertising and communication to present, sell a service or a product. It is also used in the forms of animated logos, outros and video branding.
Animation often has a purpose to entertain only, and can be more emotionally engaging than motion graphics. However, this does not mean that it cannot be used for any of the abovementioned functions. Therefore, animation has a broader application than motion graphics.
Finally, animation relies on narrative and engaging stories, while motion graphics tries to achieve the same engaging effect just through the basic visual elements such as colors, space, and typography.
So here you have it – a short guide through the differences between motion graphics and animation.
Check out our animation templates here!


I'm finding that as a mama, a chef, a teacher, I'm always looking for ease....and for many of us that literally means "open can, pour in pot, heat, eat". What we forget is that it takes time to drive out to the store, get the can, bring it home...and many times it's actually just easier to make a huge pot of something, freeze leftovers, and have your "higher self" remember to defrost it in the morning to eat for supper. That saves you a trip to the store and only takes the 15 seconds it takes for you to get said frozen item out on the counter before you leave for work.
So, enter hummus. For many years, I used to buy it. And then I'd get frustrated when we ran out since we had to do without, and then again, drive to the store on the prescribed shopping day, buy the hummus, bring it home, and sometimes, (ugh) sometimes it wasn't even GOOD...it had foreign ingredients and an air pocket which would lead to spoiling of the entire batch. Then, you'd have to drive BACK to the store, give them the container, get your refund, and then drive back. What a waste of time, and moreover, what a lack of inspiration and trust in your own abilities to make the best lip-smaking humus you've ever had! That's right, I said it - you're a hummus goddess in the making, and you didn't even know it.
But hold your horses - before we even go there, you must understand batch cooking since it will save your life.
6. And have your family hug you for the culinary goddess you are.
1. Take 3-4 cups of dried chickpeas, and cover with 2 inches of water, let sit overnight.
2. In the morning drain and rinse.
4. Place cover on top, secure in place, and raise pressure until the knob lifts (although this depends on your machine).
5. Lower flame to medium-low and cook for 29 minutes.
6. Turn off the stove and walk away, letting the pressure lower naturally.
Enter in two amazing recipes with the batch you just made. Make sure once the chickpeas cool, you drain them but retain the cooking water for later. You can discard the Kombu.
Combine all ingredients together in a food processor and process well, adding just a little bit of chickpea water to smooth out into your desired consistency. Taste for seasonings and texture, and then pour into an airtight container and refrigerate. Serve with pumpkin seed oil (optional), pumpkin seeds and crudités.
Combine all ingredients in an 8x8 baking vessel and stir well, making sure all beans are coated in the seasoning mixture, and bake at 350 degrees for roughly 35 minutes.
Once cool, throw in 1 cup chopped fresh parsley, and serve.
Maybe you've heard of this new phenomenon involving jackfruit, imbibing it in glorious barbecue sauce, on a whole wheat bun with some creamy and crunchy cole slaw.... I wanted to take a stab at it, but there were so many recipes to use and I didn't want to be disappointed, so I went with one of the best online chefs around: Minimalist Baker. You can find her recipe here.
These are some reflections on making the pulled pork that I thought might be helpful....In essence, you pop open the can, rinse the jackfruit pieces, sprinkle them in spices Minimalist Baker recommends, sauté them in some oil to brown, add in the barbecue sauce and simmer for about 20 minutes. Pull the fibers apart with two forks and Voila...vegan barbecue pulled pork that not only tastes but looks like the real thing. Easy peasy.
Since I had bought 6 cans of jackfruit, I felt like I could experiment a little bit. When you first pull out the jackfruit from the brine, it looks almost like pineapple triangles, with a soft outside and a harder inner core. Minimalist Baker suggests that you cut that core out and only use the soft shred-like outside of the fruit. I did this the first time and certainly it was very easy to use a fork to separate all the fine fibers so it looked like legitimate pork, but I wasn't as keen on having to throw out all of those little hard triangles...I thought maybe there could be a better way?
Second time through the recipe, I cut the hard bits off, and added them to the pot (and they were hard to chew). So finally, I realized why she mentioned to throw them out ~ it required effort to chew!
Third time I made the pulled pork was perfect: I sliced off the hard bits but then sliced them super small so they were easier to chew. Nothing was discarded, and the pulled pork came out great. Highly recommend this version!
I really enjoyed having leftover pulled pork salads too (I like them even better on a roll)...super filling, with veggies, rice, and avocado.
Who doesn't love creamy, robust risotto with savory mushrooms, sweet peas, and herbs? Give me a plate! But if you've read my blog by now, you know I love low-glycemic foods so that I don't fall asleep after a meal. This meal is packed with fiber and that prized "umami" flavor from mushrooms (which literally means "deliciousness"), sweetness from caremelized onions and peas, a little kick from your favorite herbs.
The pasta itself is the brilliant part: it's low glycemic rice called "Miracle Rice", which is gluten free, soy free, and has zero calories. It's also made from....get this...konjac flour, which has also been used as a vegan gelatin, completely plant based, and doesn't spike blood sugar (but if you're checking blood sugar, be sure to check this one anyway as results are individual). Konjac is a root and has been used in Asian countries for over 2000 years! It's also high in soluble fiber, which we all need, and they absorb the flavors of your dish (so on their own, they're pretty tasteless).
Now, I want you to know that I'm not big on low-calorie foods in general, the processed kinds. I want food that's filling, whole, real and genuine. But I find that risotto rice is white, has a high carb content, and can spike blood sugars if you don't watch it. Who wants that? This is the best of both worlds: have your risotto and eat it too.
You do need to read the package instructions to know how to prepare the rice. Initially when you open the bag, they smell a bit funky. That's totally normal, and the following procedure will take care of the smell. Rinse rice well, then soak in a bowl of boiling water for 2-4 minutes. Rinse again, and add in to the recipe below.
Heat a skillet and add in coconut oil, onion and salt. Sauté over medium heat until the onions sweat and release some water (sometimes I do this with the lid on to help it along). Add in the mushrooms and allow them to release their juices, a few minutes, covered, over medium heat. Once the mushrooms are soft, add in the peas, rice, and rosemary. Cover and heat through over medium low heat, a few minutes. Season with black pepper, and enjoy.
We all know that mama knows best, but honestly, I think MY mama knows best...she's offered wholesome, clean eating and recipes from the time I was a little tot, and I attribute my health journey to my upbringing. These green beans are her own recipe, and are a favorite in our household. No matter how often I make it, I swear hers still tastes the best.
Best part is that these are hearty, low-glycemic, full of fiber, and super easy to make. Also, how sweet is this? She gave me the following recipe, and at the end, she wrote "...and love is a must". Of course it is. That's why hers are the best.
Heat a heavy pot (preferably cast iron) over low heat. Add the oil, onion and salt and stir. Cover and let the mixture soften, about 5 minutes or so. Add in the beans and water. Add a little black pepper, and cover. Cook on medium until done (bite one and test it). Then add in the tomato sauce. At the end, finish with the parsley.....And love is a must.
I remember the first time I had puttanesca. I was lucky enough to grow up with an Italian best friend named Alessandra. She was and still is one of the best cooks I know, and her family was practically my second family growing up. One day, a long time ago, she made me the fastest pasta I've ever had and nearly dropped to my knees, it was so good. She explained it as Puttanesca, and it described a quick sauce that the prostitutes would make when they were short on time. Probably the funniest thing I've ever hear, but a sauce I'd remember forever.
These days, there's not much pasta in my house, but if there is, it's usually black bean pasta, gluten free and low glycemic. I especially love this brand because it only contains black beans and water. Simple! You can also substitute zucchini noodles for a light meal. I had some olives, garlic, fresh tomatoes, basil, chili flakes, good olive oil, (and some kale for a boost) and I got to work.
1 cup black bean pasta, cooked per package directions.
In a skillet, heat the olive oil over medium and sauté the garlic with a bit of salt. Watch it closely so it doesn't burn. Add in the tomatoes, olives, and chili flakes. Cover and simmer a few minutes, until they get juicy and they soften a bit. Throw in the kale to wilt, then add in the pasta. Cover again and bring to a simmer, just to heat through. When done, season with black pepper, to taste and enjoy.
This is simplicity at its best: seasoned black bean pasta (which happens to be low in carbohydrates and high in protein), lightly steamed kale, a chunky lemony artichoke tapenade, and gloriously sweet cherry tomatoes. It takes just minutes to prepare, and it is quite filling, which is really all you need when you're ravenous. And I was.
I'm always looking for alternatives to regular pasta. Although pasta is one of my favorite foods (actually, all food is my favorite!), I'm religious about upping the nutrition wherever I can. Black Bean pasta (Found here) is soy free, organic and made just with beans and water. How easy is that? If you're looking for something silky smooth, this isn't it: black bean pasta is hearty, dark and rich has a naturally al dente taste, with a rustic bite.
The artichoke heart tapenade is surprisingly simple but complex in texture and flavor: hints of garlic, fresh lemon rind, and a creaminess that is easy to love.
You can easily make this even more robust by adding in more mediterranean flavors: olives, sundried tomatoes, basil...feel free to play.
This recipe may look like it has a lot of moving parts, but honestly it's quite easy if you time things right: Two pots on the stove (one for the pasta, the other for the kale) and make your tapenade at the same time. For me, it came together in about 15 minutes.
1/2 package Black Bean Spaghetti Pasta, cooked according to package instructions. After draining, lightly season with salt and black pepper.
In a food processor, combine the artichoke hearts, garlic, lemon, a few pinches of ground black pepper, and sea salt. Pulse lightly so the texture remains chunky. Taste to check seasoning, and leave aside.
chili flakes (optional if you like the heat): I didn't add them but will next time.
Toss the kale with lemon and olive oil and season to taste with salt (and chili flakes). Leave aside.
1/2 cup sliced cherry tomatoes.


text:
Research | Volume 44, Article 23, 12 Jan 2023 | 10.11604/pamj.2023.44.23.31643
Determinants of maternal and household social inequalities of dental caries among Senegalese children in the Department of Pikine
Serigne Ndame Dieng, Aïda Kanouté, Sylvie Azogui-Levi, Pierre Lombrail
Corresponding author: Serigne Ndame Dieng, Public Health Service, Institute of Odontology and Stomatology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
Received: 16 Sep 2021 - Accepted: 18 Dec 2022 - Published: 12 Jan 2023
Domain: Epidemiology,Health promotion,Public health
Keywords: Dental caries, children, social determinant, mother, household
©Serigne Ndame Dieng et al. Pan African Medical Journal (ISSN: 1937-8688). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Cite this article: Serigne Ndame Dieng et al. Determinants of maternal and household social inequalities of dental caries among Senegalese children in the Department of Pikine. Pan African Medical Journal. 2023;44:23. [doi: 10.11604/pamj.2023.44.23.31643]
Available online at: https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/44/23/full
Home | Volume 44 | Article number 23
Serigne Ndame Dieng1,&, Aïda Kanouté1, Sylvie Azogui-Levy2, Pierre Lombrail3
1Public Health Service, Institute of Odontology and Stomatology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal, 2Training and Research Unit (UFR) of Odontology, University of Paris 7, Paris, France, 3Laboratory of Education and Promotion of Health (LEPS), University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris City, Bobigny, France
Serigne Ndame Dieng, Public Health Service, Institute of Odontology and Stomatology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal,
Introduction: the problematic of social Inequalities in oral health remains a global concern; it constitutes evidence of social injustice. The present work aims to study the determinants of maternal and household social inequalities of children´s dental caries in Pikine.
Methods: cross-sectional epidemiological survey has been conducted in the department of Pikine, Senegal on 315 children aged 3 to 9 and their mothers. The clinical data on children´s caries have been obtained by clinical examination and the socio-economic data by a questionnaire submitted to mothers. Pearson chi-square and trend tests as well as a logistic model were used in the data analysis.
Results: the prevalence of dental caries in children was 64.8% and the mixed decayed, filled, missing (DFM) index was 2.5 (±2.7). The trend test showed significant inequalities in the prevalence of dental caries according to level of studies (p<0.001), profession (p<0.010) and contacts frequency (p<0.001) of mothers; the level of wealth (p<0.001) and structure (p<0.005) of households. According to the logistic regression model, the level of secondary or university education [OR (IC 95%) = 0.59 (0.33'>OR (IC 95%) = 0.59 (0.33-0.93)] or social network dynamism [OR (IC 95%) = 0.32(0.15'>OR (IC 95%) = 0.32(0.15-0.67)] of mothers; as well as wealthy families [OR (IC 95%) = 0.23(0.08'>OR (IC 95%) = 0.23(0.08-0.64) were associated to fewer risks of dental caries among children.
Conclusion: some socio-economic characteristics of the mother and the household social conditions are identified as determinants of dental caries social inequalities in Children. Proportionate universalism may be a good approach to reduce this problematic in Pikine.
The problematic of social inequalities in health (SIH) remains a global concern because it constitutes evidence of social injustice [1]. The SIH, are in terms of health, the consequences of the way in which resources and constraints are unfairly allocated to the population [2,3]. The higher somebody´s social position is, the less they have constraints and the more resources they get, the better their health is [4,5]. In the field of oral health, this ascertainment can be testified in the fact that there is a social gradient of dental caries in the population [6,7], especially among kids. Indeed, Folayan et al. reported in 2021 that Nigerians adolescents of higher socio-economic status had significantly lower prevalence of caries than those of lower status (OR=0.40; IC à 95% 0.17, 0.91) [6]. In these last years, several theoretical models had been conceptualized in order to explain the mechanisms through which the social determinants have affected oral health, particularly that of children [7-9]. Fisher-Owens and et al. proposed a model showing a multidimensional approach in which the influences are not isolated, but they are rather in intricate and hierarchical interactions. They stated that the influential factors of children´s oral health are individual, family and community order [10]. Children live in families and the families are integrated into the communities. Therefore, the risk of oral disease of a child can neither be isolated from the risk of the family disease nor from that of the community [11].
The family environment is significantly associated with onset of social inequalities of children´s dental caries. Family social conditions put the child in some positions of unequal vulnerability as far as oral diseases are concerned [12]. That is the same case for the individual characteristics of family members and particularly of the mother, which are linked to children´s oral health status [7,13]. In many Sub-Saharan African countries, the households face the social precarity with its implications in oral health [14]. This situation makes it difficult to access healthcare and prevention services, especially fluoride products. The World Health Organization (WHO) associated this high prevalence of children´s caries in Africa to the weaknesses of care offer and inaccessibility of fluoridated products [15]. The social precarity exposes also the populations, especially the children to an unchecked, unbalanced and a sugary food [16]. Joury et al. reported a frequency of consumption of sweet food higher in poor groups among Syrian´s children [17]. Besides, the level of knowledge of mothers can be an explanatory factor to inequalities in children tooth decays [18]. The literature suggests a linear link between mothers´ oral health knowledge and attitude and the risk of children´s dental caries [19]. In Senegal, from small portions of data, social inequalities of caries have been observed among children. A prevalence of 78% of tooth decay and 55% have been found in preschool children aged 3 to 6 and living respectively in the suburbs and in residential districts of Dakar [20]. Responses that essentially oriented to therapeutic care have so far failed to reduce SIH. The social determinant's of health approach can be explored as a complement to the curative response. It consists of taking action upstream through public policies on modifiable social health factors. The emphasis should be laid on the central role of the mother and family social conditions. To do this, documenting the family and maternal determinants of children´s oral health becomes relevant; these determinants would be associated with the risk of the occurrence of social inequalities in children's caries. The objective of this work is to determine maternal and family determinants of social inequalities of children´s dental caries in Pikine.
Place, type and study population: a cross-sectional epidemiological survey has been conducted from February to May 2015 in Pikine, one of the departments of Dakar. Pikine has 3 districts and 16 municipalities and is the most populated department of Senegal [21]. It is located in periphery (suburb) of Dakar and is confronted to social precarity [22]. The study population was constituted of children aged between 3 and 9 years old and their mothers. Children were included when they were residents of one of the selected municipalities for at least a year and when they had lived with their mothers since their birth. As for the mothers, they should accept their participation in the study and that of the child by signing a free and clear consent. The non-inclusion of children and their mothers was linked to the fact that they were carrying a disability or any other illness that could make data collection impossible.
Sampling and study variables: a multiple-stage sampling clustered was implemented. First, 9 municipalities of 16 had been drawn with at least half of the municipalities per districts. Secondly, houses to be investigated had been identified within the selected municipalities. From a sociological center, the turned bottle method had allowed to specify the direction to be chosen to start the investigation. The first chosen right-hand house constitutes the first one to be inquired. A three steps leap of houses had permitted to identify the following ones. Two houses in addition had been chosen at random in each house and two children of different mothers in addition in each house. The so-called "exploratory" method defined by the WHO for field investigation [23] had allowed defining the size sample. It suggests selecting 20 to 50 subjects by site according to the gravity of the illness. Based on a 68% prevalence of children´s caries in Pikine (20), the subjects´ number by site was estimated to 35. The sample size was thus: N= 35 x 9 =315 children, exactly of 315 peers´ children-mothers. The "dental caries" variable reflects any clinically cavity observable lesion. It has been evaluated from two indicators: prevalence (P) and the DMF /df (number of decayed, missing and filled teeth). This average index, written into lowercase (df where d=decayed, f= filled), is destined for temporary teeth, into uppercase (DMF where D= decayed, M=missing and O= filled) for permanent teeth [23]. Social characteristics of the mother have been approached by the following variables. The level of education which corresponds to the attended cycle, is categorized into illiterate or primary/secondary or university. Paid occupation is binary: yes/no; the profession is defined according to three categories: worker/intermediary profession/manager. The social networking corresponds to the mother´s social interactions with those around them. It is assessed in number of contacts (density) and the contacts' frequency (dynamism) [24,25]. The contacts number called then "social support" is divided into modalities from a median of 5 contacts into: weak support/strong support. The frequency is divided into three categories: less than once a month/ at least once a month/at least once a week. The age of the mother is given into years then categorized into two modalities according to the median age: at least 35 years old/ 35 years old at most. The level of wealth, the structure and density of the housing are the variables proxies of the housing social conditions. The level of wealth has been rated by establishing a list of the family assets. This list has been compared to a list of defined basic assets by referring to the indicators used in the poverty monitoring reports in Senegal. It distinguishes the level of wealth of the households: poor, average, wealth. The household structure is defined by the link of parenthood between household members and formed around the couple or a parent and their children [26]. It can be a nuclear, extended or reconstituted family. A nuclear family is composed of the couple with or without their children, an extended family is the nuclear family and other people with or without family relationships, and the reconstituted family is constituted of a married couple, children who are not from the couple and possibly other members. The density is defined by the relation between the number of family members and the available accommodating rooms for the family. It is binary: less dense/dense.
Data collection: the data have been collected by two examiners and one principal investigator (all dentists) who are calibrated to WHO standards [23]. The examiners´ inter-concordance estimated by the Kappa test on a sample of 20 persons from another city of the suburb of Dakar was 87.2%. The data on children´s dental caries were collected by a clinical examination at home with their mother´s presence. The mothers had given information through a questionnaire on their socio-economic characteristics and those of the households. The questionnaires have been administered into Wolof or French. The research was authorized by the National Ethical Committee for Health Research (NECHR) of the Senegalese ministry of health and social action under the reference 00050MSAS/DPRS/CNERS.
Analysis plan: the data was entered in Excel and analyzed with STATA 13. The descriptive analysis has been realized with percentages for the qualitative variables and with averages for the quantitative variables with their scattering parameters. A bivariate analysis with Pearson´s Chi-square test permitted to appreciate the strength of the relationship between each variable and tooth decay. The Chi-square trend test was used to verify the distribution of the prevalence between modalities of the variables. A logistic regression model was built to analyze the association between dental caries and the variables after adjustment, this association was expressed in OR with their confidence range of 95%. Age being a potential confounding factor, it has been integrated into the model in order to control it. The categories with the lowest sociologically rank were chosen as reference and the p-value fixed at 0.05.
The sample consisted of 315 children aged 3 to 9 and their mothers aged 20 to 51. The children´s average age was 5±7 years old and that of their mothers 34±7years of age. They were in the majority literate (63.8%) but 31.7% only reached a secondary or university level. Fifty-two percent of the mothers (52%) had a paid occupation. Among these, 53.1% were workers and 21.9% managers. Regarding the social networking, more than once a week, 41.9% of mothers were in contact with those around them. Households were poor (54.6%) and extended type (64.4%). The median occupancy density was of 3 persons per room (with extremes of 1 to 7) and 65.7% of households had dwellings considered "dense" (Table 1). The prevalence of dental caries in Children was 64.8% and the combined DMF index of 2.5±2.7. In bivariate analysis, the prevalence was significantly unequal according to level of studies (p<0.001), profession (p<0.027) and contacts frequency (p<0.001) of mothers; the level of wealth (p<0.001) and structure (p<0.21) of the household as well as the density of housing (p<0.027). The trend test was significant for the same variables (Figure 1, Figure 2). The logistic regression model (Table 2) showed a significantly protective association against childhood caries if the mothers had a secondary or university studies level [OR (IC95%) =0.59(0.33-0.93)], a contact frequency of at least once a week [OR (IC 95%) =0.32(0.15-0.67) and they belonged to a wealthy family [OR (95%)=0.23(0.08-0.64)].
This study mainly, suggests, the existence of dental caries disparities among the Pikine´s children associated with the specific characteristics of mothers and to social conditions of life in their households. Precisely, it noticed a significant upward trend of the children dental caries prevalence with the mother´s lower studies level and social network dynamism, as well as with the low wealth level or the size family population. The study presents strengths and limitations. Among the strengths, clinical data was obtained by children´s examination. The sample size is another strength of the study which is sufficiently powerful to discriminate the population according to the studied parameters. The study also shows some limitations that do not affect the result's credibility. The main limits of the study are its cross-sectional design that is not adapted to the comparison. Another limitation is the estimation of the level of wealth which is rather subjective. Our results are in agreement with previous research [27-29]. The mother´s socio-economic characteristics, approximate by studies level, profession and social network have an indirect effect on the risk of decay in children. Indeed, an abundant literature has previously proved the inverse relation between the prevalence of children´s dental caries and the mother´s studies level [30-32]. There are mediation ways through which the mother´s studies level has impact on children´s caries disparities. Among these, the level of knowledge and attitude of mother toward dental health are determinant [33]. A high level of studies contributes to the improvement of knowledge in oral health [34], oral health literacy and a positive attitude of mothers [35]; such factors predict a low prevalence of children´s dental caries [36]. In the context of Pikine, this conclusion can be explained by the low rate of schooling in the women which is more pronounced in disadvantaged lower classes.
A trend test showed a significant increasing of the prevalence of children´s caries, conversely, in the professional status of mothers. The professional status is a proxy for incomes level. The workers have fewer incomes than managers with potential implications on oral health inequalities among children [37]. In contrast to these results, a study in Eastern Saudi-Arabia reported a higher risk of dental caries among children whose mothers had a higher professional status. They associate this finding with the mothers´ lack of time to take care of the children´s oral health [38]. This explanation does not apply in the Senegalese context, in particular in the suburbs, where the children are taken care of within the framework of the family by stepmothers, aunts among others. Children do not suffer from lack of care because of the work of their mothers. The study showed an association between the mothers´ social network and social inequalities in children´s dental caries. The more active the mothers´ social network is, the more the prevalence of children´ tooth decay decreases. The social network contribution in oral health is to provide informational and emotional resources [39]. A recent study by Burgette et al. found a significant association between social supports (approached by social interactions) perceived by mothers and children´s dental caries [40]. Lida and Rozier reported that mothers who had higher social capital had children with better oral health [41]. Both social support and social, as understood in previous studies, integrate the notion of social network in its dimension of intensity of social interactions. Active social network constitutes for mothers a place of exchange and sharing information and knowledge. The members can be informed of the existence of a preventive oral health program for children. They can also further expand their oral health knowledge [40,42].
However, in the popular neighborhoods of Pikine, many women gather into networks of solidarity, "informal" entrepreneurship, and very active cultural or religious organizations. The mothers´ individual characteristics are fitted in the family social context. In this study, the family social context is characterized by the material resources (or wealth) and the household structure. The results of a logistic regression model suggest a gradient of prevalence of children´s dental caries according to wealth level and family structure. The trend in the risk of children´s dental caries is decreasing from poor households to wealth households and from extended-type households to nuclear ones. Previous studies had shown an association between higher prevalence of children´s dental caries and material conditions of precarious family as well as high household overcrowding [30,43]. Costa et al. argue that incomes which doesn´t cover the family needs into hygienically oral and dental products were predictive to severe caries diseases [44]. On the other hand, children whose families have at their disposal enough incomes were less at risk to develop dental diseases [45]. This observation can be explained by the materialist theory of health social inequalities. It suggests that people from a lower socioeconomically status, especially children, are more sensitive to many factors of risks to illnesses, such as inadequate food and lack of resources [46]. The National agency of statistics and demography of Senegal reported that the households in the department of Pikine were the poorest ones of Dakar and the feeling of social welfare of women was among the weakest [26]. Therefore, this precariousness can lead parents to a hedging on available weak incomes which is generally made to the detriment of oral health.
The results also suggest the existence of a gradient in the prevalence of caries according to the family structure. The prevalence is low in nuclear families compared to extended families. Extended families have generally more members than nuclear ones. Previous studies had underlined that financial and social pressures associated with family size (large family) often have a negative impact on children´s oral health [47]. Indeed, the difficult social situation of households in Pikine can make it impossible for them to satisfy the needs of all members with its emotional consequences on mothers. This state of fact can favor a failure to control risk behaviors or preventive attitudes towards children's caries. We therefore consider the limit on wealth evaluation to be minor, because to assess household poverty, the government uses, as we have done in this study, the asset list system. It should be noted that the estimation of the level of wealth is difficult in our skies where there is a modesty among the populations to speak about money. Pikine from which these results are taken is a suburb of Dakar characterized by overcrowding, a deficit of basic social services and difficult social conditions. This social reality is similar to many rural areas and suburbs of a lot of cities in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, these results are generalizable in these places. However, in residential areas, reality does not allow such results to be taken into account in the development of public health actions. This study offers evidence to aid policy decisions in the direction of reducing inequality and social injustice.
The results of this study highlighted the extent of social inequalities in oral health in children, at an age when the actions of health promotion have more likely to bring positive results. It puts into perspective the possibilities of intervention in a proportionate universalism approach. It consists of offering some basic operations to all children/families and according to the needs relating to risks and the social precariousness, proposing additional interventions by weighting the intensity. It will be about encouraging the set-up of local or national social policies such the strengthening basic social services, extending health risk coverage among others. The turning to profit of a dynamic network of community workers which has been successful in maternal health is important to be explored for the benefit of target groups.
What is known about this topic
Theoretical framework of the individual and family determinants of children's dental caries;
The association between social conditions of households and oral health of children.
Although the social inequalities of dental caries are studied in children, they are very little related to maternal characteristics in sub-Saharan Africa; so, the study brings, among other new knowledge: the impact of mothers' individual characteristics on social inequalities in dental caries in a precarious context;
The relationship of the ways of socialization, especially social network or social support, with the occurrence or maintenance of dental caries social inequalities of children in a country with limited resources;
Maternal social determinants of social inequalities in dental caries in Senegalese children.
This manuscript is drawn from the results of a postgraduate doctoral thesis that was defended in September 2019 at the University of Paris 13. This thesis was supervised with great scientific rigor by Pierre Lombrail and Sylvie Azogui-Levy; their valuable corrections to the writing of this article, and this in the different parts of this one; as for Aïda Kanouté: his contribution concerns the drafting of the article, in particular in the methodology. She also had a critical contribution on the discussion part. All the authors have read and agreed to the final manuscript.
Table 1: distribution of mothers and households´ characteristics
Table 2: distribution of children´s dental caries prevalence and logistical model
Figure 1: trends of dental caries prevalence in children by maternal characteristics
Figure 2: (A, B) trends of dental caries prevalence in children by household characteristics
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Serigne Ndame Dieng
Aïda Kanouté
Sylvie Azogui-Levi
Pierre Lombrail
Social determinant
Table 1: distribution of mothers and households' characteristics
Table 2: distribution of children's dental caries prevalence and logistical model
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text:
Rasskasow ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Nikolai Olegowitsch Rasskasow (* 1998), russischer Fußballspieler
 Roman Wladimirowitsch Rasskasow (* 1979), russischer Geher

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We have created a 2019 ranking of the best colleges in Michigan that offer Landscaping And Groundskeeping degrees to help you find a school that fits your needs. Each school's ranking is based on the compilation of our data from reliable government sources, student surveys, college graduate interviews, and editorial review. In addition, you can view our entire list of all 8 Landscaping And Groundskeeping schools located within Michigan. We also provide reviews, facts, and questions and answers for schools on our site and offer you access to get valuable information from colleges and universities today.
Michigan State University offers 1 Landscaping And Groundskeeping Degree program. It's a large public university in a small city. In 2015, 16 students graduated in the study area of Landscaping And Groundskeeping with students earning 16 Certificates degrees.
Oakland Community College offers 3 Landscaping And Groundskeeping Degree programs. It's a very large public college in a large suburb. In 2015, 24 students graduated in the study area of Landscaping And Groundskeeping with students earning 14 Certificates degrees, and 10 Associate's degrees.
Grand Rapids Community College offers 1 Landscaping And Groundskeeping Degree program. It's a large public college in a mid sized city. In 2015, 1 students graduated in the study area of Landscaping And Groundskeeping with students earning 1 Associate's degree.
St Clair County Community College offers 1 Landscaping And Groundskeeping Degree program. It's a medium sized public college in a small suburb.
Michigan Career and Technical Institute offers 1 Landscaping And Groundskeeping Degree program. It's a public school in a far away rural. In 2015, 32 students graduated in the study area of Landscaping And Groundskeeping with students earning 32 Certificates degrees.
Lake Michigan College offers 0 Landscaping And Groundskeeping Degree programs. It's a small public university in a outlying rural.
Northwestern Michigan College offers 1 Landscaping And Groundskeeping Degree program. It's a small public university in a remote town. In 2015, 1 students graduated in the study area of Landscaping And Groundskeeping with students earning 1 Associate's degree.
Montcalm Community College offers 1 Landscaping And Groundskeeping Degree program. It's a small public college in a far away rural.
What Landscaping And Groundskeeping degree programs were earned in Michigan?


At Last! An Original songs for Fathers! Everyone in the family will Love it.
This will make a wonderful gift, or just to bless your husband.
Great to listen to. I know you are going to love it.
Order your "Carry Me" MP3 single from the album "Richest Man On Earth" for your dad, husband, or friend today.
Charlie Barrett is at it again! The producer responsible for the heart warming music of Serene and Pearl is finishing up the first Above Rubies CD just for dads. Expect to be blessed and encouraged when this project is released early in 2009. Contact AR for details on how to purchase the latest offering from the talented trio of fathers featured on this CD!
Click the button below to add the CARRY ME - Music Single from RICHEST MAN ON EARTH, Songs for Fathers - Downloadable MP3 Format to your wish list.


text:
Kelly Clarkson to ride as celebrity grand marshal in Endymion
Clarkson to perform at Endymion Ball
Pop star Kelly Clarkson will ride as celebrity grand marshal when the Krewe of Endymion parade rolls on the Saturday before Mardi Gras in 2013.Clarkson was the first winner of the Fox reality show "American Idol" in 2002. Her hits include "A Moment Like This" and "Because of You."She'll perform at Endymion's ball at the Superdome after the parade.Clarkson may be upstaged at the Feb. 9 parade by a float organizers bill as the largest and most elaborate in Carnival history.The super float will be 330 feet long and carry more than 200 riders. Its design focuses on Pontchartrain Beach, the amusement park that entertained generations on the New Orleans lakefront before closing in 1983.Mardi Gras is Feb. 12.
Pop star Kelly Clarkson will ride as celebrity grand marshal when the Krewe of Endymion parade rolls on the Saturday before Mardi Gras in 2013.
Clarkson was the first winner of the Fox reality show "American Idol" in 2002. Her hits include "A Moment Like This" and "Because of You."
She'll perform at Endymion's ball at the Superdome after the parade.
Clarkson may be upstaged at the Feb. 9 parade by a float organizers bill as the largest and most elaborate in Carnival history.
The super float will be 330 feet long and carry more than 200 riders. Its design focuses on Pontchartrain Beach, the amusement park that entertained generations on the New Orleans lakefront before closing in 1983.
Mardi Gras is Feb. 12.


Justine Henin had a real battle before getting past compatriot Yanina Wickmayer.
(CNN) -- Former world number one Justine Henin won an all-Belgian clash with Yanina Wickmayer to reach the quarterfinals of the Australian Open on a day in which second and third seeds Dinara Safina and Svetlana Kuznetsova fell by the wayside.
Henin was tested to the limit by last year's surprise U.S. Open semifinalist Wickmayer before going through 7-6 1-6 6-3 but her two Russian rivals were not so fortunate.
Second seed Safina, beaten in last year's final by Serena Williams, suffered a worrying recurrence of an old back injury as she retired trailing 4-5 in the first set to compatriot Maria Kirilenko.
Earlier on Sunday, Kuznetsova was overpowered by fellow Russian Nadia Petrova, who won 6-3 3-6 6-1, having routed Kim Clijsters in the third round.
Meanwhile, Zheng Jie became the first Chinese player to make the last eight of the Australian Open by beating Ukraine's Alona Bondarenko 7-6 6-4.
Henin, in the second tournament of her comeback, savored her hard fought triumph against the dangerous Wickmayer, who looked favorite after sweeping through the second set.
But the greater experience of 27-year-old Henin proved the difference in the decider.
"It's, yeah, magical out there the way I feel," Henin told reporters.
"I feel so happy on the court -- I feel it's my place."
But she faces an awesome task in the quarters against Petrova, who is in the form of her life, claiming the decider against French Open champion Kuznetsova with a run of six straight games after being broken in the opening game.
Zheng will face unseeded Kirilenko, who put out former champion Maria Sharapova in the first round.


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Music enthusiasts globally have been on quite the journey with Hungarian born, Shane 54. As a well-accomplished producer, DJ and performer, the output from this icon is polished and cultivated. Encompassing a signature sound with elements of trance, house and progressive waves throughout both in the studio and to the masses from the console, Shane 54 has been awakened, delivering electronic music in all its richness.


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DISCLAIMER: The sales figures stated above are our client's personal sales figures. Please understand their results are not even remotely typical, we are not implying you'll duplicate them (or do anything for that matter). In fact, if you do nothing, you can expect nothing. We use these references for example purpose only. Your results will vary and depend on many factors… including but not limited to your background, experience, and work ethic. All business entails risk as well as massive and consistent effort and action. If you're not willing to accept that, please DO NOT APPLY FOR OUR PROGRAM.
After the application page you may see an invitation to book a call with us. On that call, if you determine you'd like our help (and we feel you're a good fit for our program), we will make you an offer to work with us. There is absolutely no obligation to do so, and you obviously do not have to take advantage of that invitation. Either way, our goal is to deliver massive value to you during the call so you know what's working out there right now for the most successful gym owners. This call is 100% free.


Evidently I am the only supply of neckwear wearing at the new job. My casual Friday experience was what I thought it would be -- nothing special. Except that I was continually asked where my tie was. Several people nearly demanded that I continue to conglomerate. They did not actually say "conglomerate", of course, but that's how I heard it.
Today's conglomeration is all new. I actually started with the shirt this time, sort of. When I picked up the suit earlier in the week I had this purple (They call it lavendar) in mind but I didn't have a tie that I thought would work. I found a similarly colored shirt and the salesman showed me this tie. It has a light gold background with darker gold squiggly lines. What's difficult to make out in the picture are the dots that are different shades of purple. It's a regular Jos A Bank brand.
The suit is a new Jos A Bank Signature. It's a medium gray solid. I had been looking for just such a suit for quite some time so when it went on sale at 50% off, I couldn't resist. Then when it was totalled up at the register, it turned out that it was really about one third the original price. SoI bought another blue suit that should make its debut tomorrow.
After looking at the picture, I'm really going to have to figure out a better way to take the pictures. The flash washes out a lot of the color and textures of the dress shirts. Sometimes the ties too.
This tie is one of the better looking ties. The pattern, colors, and texture, definitely a power tie. Only thing I would have changed is the dress shirt. I would have worn a baby blue with light sheen material. Other than that awesome look.


There are two stories that may go a long way in explaining who I am and why I write what I write. Or at least, they provide as much of a reason as I've been able to find, and it seems fair to blame them for my preoccupation with daring deeds and grand adventures. In any case, I find them enjoyable enough to be worth retelling. Perhaps you will too.
Both happened long enough ago that I'm no longer certain how old I was. That particular detail is lost in the fog, so I'll just have to make do and say that I was old enough to enjoy a good story, but young enough that I had not yet discovered most of the ones that have since influenced me the most. So, something less than ten.
At this point, my mom figured it was high time I was introduced to a certain short, feisty, blue-and-white droid. Our family spent the rest of the afternoon watching A New Hope, and I've spent the rest of my life wishing I had a light saber. Thus was my introduction to Star Wars and science fiction in general.
My other memory is of a road trip and a book read aloud in the car. We were on our way to visit some relatives, and though a quick search suggests that it probably took us less than two hours to get there*, as a kid it felt a great deal longer than that. Or rather, it would have had my dad not been reading The Hobbit to us. It's difficult to be bored when Gollum is in the front seat playing riddles in the dark.
That was the day I fell in love with Middle Earth. You can imagine my joy, then, when I found out that there was a whole trilogy besides set in the same world. My heart was still broken at Khazad Dum, of course, and my first reading of The Fellowship of the Ring took far longer than it should have, but that's a different story. I can still say that that car trip is what kindled a deep and abiding appreciation for Tolkien and his work.
Since those days, my love of all kinds of fantasy and science fiction has only grown. I've seen The Princess Bride and Star Trek and Firefly. I've read The Chronicles of Narnia through at least twice. The Last Unicorn enchanted me- both the book and the movie. Hugh Howey's Silo Saga and Pierce Brown's Red Rising trilogy both kept me up way too late on multiple occasions. All these and a hundred others are all stuck in my head and spilling over into my own imaginings, making them richer and far better than they would be otherwise. I owe a debt to all of these and more, but it all started when my parents introduced me to Star Wars and The Hobbit, which is why those two worlds will always be particularly special to me.
* That is, assuming I remember our destination correctly. If it was farther away, then I've underestimated how good my Dad is at reading out loud for extended periods of time, and I already knew he was good.


Song of The Week time. This week is Taylor Bennett's 'Favorite Drink'. Bennett is almost always referred to as "Chance The Rapper's younger brother", both rightfully and wrongfully so, as what Chance has done is so remarkable, but Taylor is now most certainly deserving of recognition in his own right. He premiered his debut album 'Broad Shoulders' on Rolling Stone this week. It's an impressive project with lots of notable Chicago features, including Chance.
'Favorite Drink' features fellow Chicago MC's King Louie and Joey Purp. It's a fun song.


Description of Artwork: İzmir Photography Art Association (İFOD) members called for its members to contribute to an exhibition titled "Aykırı" (Contrary). Photographs were submitted by 48 artists, with 33 images eventually selected and put on display at the İzmir Art Center at Kültürpark on January 3.
Among the photographs that caused controversy were two headscarfed women kissing each other, two men kissing each other, and a headscarfed woman wearing a bikini.
The next day, officials from the İzmir Metropolitan Municipality removed the three photographs in question from the exhibition.
Results of Incident: The organizers canceled the event after accusing municipal officials of censorship for removing three contentious photographs from the show. "We cannot accept this censorship," İFOD Chairman Beynan Özdemir said.
Members of İFOD gathered in front of the gallery on January 11 and demonstrated their disapproval by removing the other photos from the exhibit. "Because of groundless and provocative news in some press organs, the İzmir Municipality censored the exhibit. Without informing İFOD, it removed three photos from the exhibit and closed them in a room. Officials said that they would not let these photos be displayed anymore," Özdemir said.
Barış Barlas, who took the photo of the two men kissing each other during a trip to Mexico said: "It is a real photo. This may be contrary to us but is accepted abroad.
This page was last modified on 17 January 2012, at 10:28.


text:
import {NgModule} from "@angular/core";
import {JigsawMobileListLiteModule} from "jigsaw/mobile_public_api";
import {JigsawDemoDescriptionModule} from "app/for-internal/description/demo-description";
import {ListLiteLineEllipsisDemoComponent} from "./demo.component";

import {JigsawMobileHeaderModule} from "jigsaw/mobile_public_api";

@NgModule({
    imports: [
        JigsawMobileListLiteModule, JigsawDemoDescriptionModule
    , JigsawMobileHeaderModule],
    declarations: [ListLiteLineEllipsisDemoComponent],
    exports: [ListLiteLineEllipsisDemoComponent]
})
export class ListLiteLineEllipsisDemoModule {
}