text:
New Poverty Numbers Call for a New Poverty Agenda
November 15, 2012; Source: CBS Radio
The Census Bureau just released new numbers on poverty conditions in the U.S. and the conditions aren't good. The 2011 Supplemental Poverty Measure puts the number of Americans living below the federal poverty level in 2011 at 49.7 million. To put that in context, that's roughly equivalent to the entire population of South Africa or South Korea and substantially more than the populations of Spain or Poland. We have an entire nation's worth of people within the U.S. living on incomes of less than $23,050 for a family of four. And one out of every four black people in the U.S. is living below the poverty level. Writing for the Washington Post, Dylan Matthews pronounced the supplemental poverty figures "grim."
With programs such as the earned income tax credit, child tax credits, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (food stamps) on the chopping block for budget cuts due to sequestration, the nation of America's poor may be in danger of growing substantially. Matthews suggests that the programs that have the biggest effect on reducing poverty are Social Security followed by refundable tax credits such as the Earned Income Tax Credit and child care tax credits, then food stamps, unemployment insurance, and housing subsidies.
In other words, without these programs, the numbers of poor people would be millions higher. The Republican-controlled House of Representatives has passed legislation that would end some of these tax credits and other programs that typically benefit poor people. According to Timothy Smeeding, a University of Wisconsin-Madison poverty economist, "We're seeing a very slow recovery, with increases in poverty among workers due to more new jobs which are low-wage…As a whole, the safety net is holding many people up."
Writing for the Center for American Progress, Melissa Boteach covered roughly the same information as CBS, the Associated Press, and the Washington Post but suggested that the potential congressional failure to act before the nation plunges off the fiscal cliff "would only exacerbate the number of families in poverty and make it harder for a family to transition into the middle class." Earlier in her article, Boteach referred to these programs as "policies providing pathways into the middle class, which is America's engine of economic growth." In her conclusion, she explains that these policies "work in keeping families out of poverty and giving low-income families and their children the opportunity to enter the middle class and pursue the American Dream."
We don't mean to disparage Boteach's otherwise fine work, but we are surprised that even anti-poverty advocates have to bring such middle class/American Dream language into their arguments, as though they have to lug the precepts of American exceptionalism wherever they go just like politicians. As Smeeding notes, the safety net programs Boteach describes are geared to prevent poor people from sinking even deeper into the distress of poverty. Though they often fall short, these programs are meant to prevent people from going hungry and homeless.
Boteach is right that the nation desperately needs safety net programs. But it needs anti-poverty programs involving public employment jobs, new housing construction, health care reform, and comprehensive community development to propel poor communities into conditions in which a middle class status is achievable. The nation desperately needs to protect safety net programs against the fiscal cliff, but it also needs to put resources and efforts into programs that provide more than a net. This is the anti-poverty agenda that we failed to hear from many candidates during the election campaign. It is the agenda that much of the nonprofit sector hopes the president will initiate following his second inauguration—once he protects the safety net from sequestration.—Rick Cohen
Anatomy of a Failed Co-op: Lessons from Greensboro's Renaissance Community Cooperative
The Ballad of the RCC, or "Nice Try. Now Try Again."
By Marnie Thompson, Sohnie Black and Ed Whitfield
Nonprofit Human Services Must Demand the Respect They Deserve
Indian Country Devastated by Ongoing Government Shutdown
By Sheela Nimishakavi


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After the initial Workplace Development Training Program, we stay in weekly contact with the new Supervisor/Manager for three months, assisting them as they implement their new Skill Sets and make their Teams more effective, more efficient, more productive, and more profitable under their leadership.


We run residentials abroad for all sorts of reasons, not least that we like being in the sun! Being away from home, in unfamiliar surroundings, accentuates the feeling of retreat and opens the senses wide to new experiences and ideas.
It also offers joyful and enriching opportunities to share in a group and make new connections. A central feature of these residential workshops is time to explore personal experiences through reflective and creative writing.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using ThScoreFileConverter.Core.Helpers;
using ThScoreFileConverter.Core.Models.Th145;
using ThScoreFileConverter.Core.Tests.UnitTesting;
using ThScoreFileConverter.Models.Th145;
using ThScoreFileConverter.Tests.UnitTesting;
using SQOT = ThScoreFileConverter.Squirrel.SQObjectType;

namespace ThScoreFileConverter.Tests.Models.Th145;

[TestClass]
public class AllScoreDataTests
{
    internal struct Properties
    {
        public int storyProgress;
        public Dictionary<Chara, Levels> storyClearFlags;
        public int endingCount;
        public int ending2Count;
        public bool isEnabledStageTanuki1;
        public bool isEnabledStageTanuki2;
        public bool isEnabledStageKokoro;
        public bool isEnabledSt27;
        public bool isEnabledSt28;
        public bool isPlayableMamizou;
        public bool isPlayableKokoro;
        public Dictionary<int, bool> bgmFlags;
        public Dictionary<Level, Dictionary<Chara, int>> clearRanks;
        public Dictionary<Level, Dictionary<Chara, int>> clearTimes;
    }

    internal static Properties MakeValidProperties()
    {
        var charas = EnumHelper<Chara>.Enumerable;
        var levels = EnumHelper<Level>.Enumerable;

        return new Properties()
        {
            storyProgress = 1,
            storyClearFlags = charas.ToDictionary(
                chara => chara, chara => TestUtils.Cast<Levels>(30 - (int)chara)),
            endingCount = 2,
            ending2Count = 3,
            isEnabledStageTanuki1 = true,
            isEnabledStageTanuki2 = true,
            isEnabledStageKokoro = false,
            isEnabledSt27 = false,
            isEnabledSt28 = false,
            isPlayableMamizou = true,
            isPlayableKokoro = false,
            bgmFlags = Enumerable.Range(1, 10).ToDictionary(id => id, id => id % 2 == 0),
            clearRanks = levels.ToDictionary(
                level => level, level => charas.ToDictionary(
                    chara => chara, chara => ((int)level * 100) + (int)chara)),
            clearTimes = levels.ToDictionary(
                level => level, level => charas.ToDictionary(
                    chara => chara, chara => ((int)chara * 100) + (int)level)),
        };
    }

    internal static byte[] MakeByteArray(in Properties properties)
    {
        return Array.Empty<byte>()
            // .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Table))
            .Concat(SquirrelHelper.MakeByteArray(
                "story_progress", properties.storyProgress,
                "story_clear", properties.storyClearFlags.Select(pair => (int)pair.Value).ToArray(),
                "ed_count", properties.endingCount,
                "ed2_count", properties.ending2Count,
                "enable_stage_tanuki1", properties.isEnabledStageTanuki1,
                "enable_stage_tanuki2", properties.isEnabledStageTanuki2,
                "enable_stage_kokoro", properties.isEnabledStageKokoro,
                "enable_st27", properties.isEnabledSt27,
                "enable_st28", properties.isEnabledSt28,
                "enable_mamizou", properties.isPlayableMamizou,
                "enable_kokoro", properties.isPlayableKokoro,
                "enable_bgm", properties.bgmFlags,
                "clear_rank", properties.clearRanks.Select(
                    perLevelPair => perLevelPair.Value.Select(
                        perCharaPair => perCharaPair.Value).ToArray()).ToArray(),
                "clear_time", properties.clearTimes.Select(
                    perLevelPair => perLevelPair.Value.Select(
                        perCharaPair => perCharaPair.Value).ToArray()).ToArray()))
            .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Null))
            .ToArray();
    }

    internal static void Validate(in Properties expected, in AllScoreData actual)
    {
        Assert.AreEqual(expected.storyProgress, actual.StoryProgress);
        CollectionAssert.That.AreEqual(expected.storyClearFlags.Keys, actual.StoryClearFlags.Keys);
        CollectionAssert.That.AreEqual(expected.storyClearFlags.Values, actual.StoryClearFlags.Values);
        Assert.AreEqual(expected.endingCount, actual.EndingCount);
        Assert.AreEqual(expected.ending2Count, actual.Ending2Count);
        Assert.AreEqual(expected.isEnabledStageTanuki1, actual.IsEnabledStageTanuki1);
        Assert.AreEqual(expected.isEnabledStageTanuki2, actual.IsEnabledStageTanuki2);
        Assert.AreEqual(expected.isEnabledStageKokoro, actual.IsEnabledStageKokoro);
        Assert.AreEqual(expected.isEnabledSt27, actual.IsEnabledSt27);
        Assert.AreEqual(expected.isEnabledSt28, actual.IsEnabledSt28);
        Assert.AreEqual(expected.isPlayableMamizou, actual.IsPlayableMamizou);
        Assert.AreEqual(expected.isPlayableKokoro, actual.IsPlayableKokoro);
        CollectionAssert.That.AreEqual(expected.bgmFlags.Keys, actual.BgmFlags.Keys);
        CollectionAssert.That.AreEqual(expected.bgmFlags.Values, actual.BgmFlags.Values);
        CollectionAssert.That.AreEqual(expected.clearRanks.Keys, actual.ClearRanks.Keys);

        foreach (var pair in expected.clearRanks)
        {
            CollectionAssert.That.AreEqual(pair.Value.Keys, actual.ClearRanks[pair.Key].Keys);
            CollectionAssert.That.AreEqual(pair.Value.Values, actual.ClearRanks[pair.Key].Values);
        }

        CollectionAssert.That.AreEqual(expected.clearTimes.Keys, actual.ClearTimes.Keys);

        foreach (var pair in expected.clearTimes)
        {
            CollectionAssert.That.AreEqual(pair.Value.Keys, actual.ClearTimes[pair.Key].Keys);
            CollectionAssert.That.AreEqual(pair.Value.Values, actual.ClearTimes[pair.Key].Values);
        }
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void AllScoreDataTest()
    {
        var allScoreData = new AllScoreData();

        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.StoryProgress);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.StoryClearFlags.Count);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.EndingCount);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.Ending2Count);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.IsEnabledStageTanuki1);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.IsEnabledStageTanuki2);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.IsEnabledStageKokoro);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.IsPlayableMamizou);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.IsPlayableKokoro);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.BgmFlags.Count);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.ClearRanks.Count);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.ClearTimes.Count);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void ReadFromTest()
    {
        var properties = MakeValidProperties();

        var allScoreData = TestUtils.Create<AllScoreData>(MakeByteArray(properties));

        Validate(properties, allScoreData);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void ReadFromTestEmpty()
    {
        _ = Assert.ThrowsException<EndOfStreamException>(
            () => TestUtils.Create<AllScoreData>(Array.Empty<byte>()));
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void ReadFromTestNoKey()
    {
        var allScoreData = TestUtils.Create<AllScoreData>(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Null));

        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.StoryProgress);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.StoryClearFlags.Count);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.EndingCount);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.Ending2Count);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.IsEnabledStageTanuki1);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.IsEnabledStageTanuki2);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.IsEnabledStageKokoro);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.IsEnabledSt27);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.IsEnabledSt28);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.IsPlayableMamizou);
        Assert.AreEqual(default, allScoreData.IsPlayableKokoro);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.BgmFlags.Count);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.ClearRanks.Count);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.ClearTimes.Count);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void ReadFromTestNoTables()
    {
        var storyProgressValue = 1;

        var allScoreData = TestUtils.Create<AllScoreData>(Array.Empty<byte>()
            // .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Table)
            .Concat(SquirrelHelper.MakeByteArray("story_progress", storyProgressValue))
            .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Null))
            .ToArray());

        Assert.AreEqual(storyProgressValue, allScoreData.StoryProgress);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.StoryClearFlags.Count);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.BgmFlags.Count);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.ClearRanks.Count);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.ClearTimes.Count);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void ReadFromTestInvalidStoryClear()
    {
        var allScoreData = TestUtils.Create<AllScoreData>(Array.Empty<byte>()
            // .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Table)
            .Concat(SquirrelHelper.MakeByteArray("story_clear", 1))
            .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Null))
            .ToArray());

        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.StoryClearFlags.Count);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void ReadFromTestInvalidStoryClearValue()
    {
        var allScoreData = TestUtils.Create<AllScoreData>(Array.Empty<byte>()
            // .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Table)
            .Concat(SquirrelHelper.MakeByteArray("story_clear", new float[] { 123f }))
            .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Null))
            .ToArray());

        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.StoryClearFlags.Count);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void ReadFromTestInvalidEnableBgm()
    {
        var allScoreData = TestUtils.Create<AllScoreData>(Array.Empty<byte>()
            // .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Table)
            .Concat(SquirrelHelper.MakeByteArray("enable_bgm", 1))
            .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Null))
            .ToArray());

        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.BgmFlags.Count);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void ReadFromTestInvalidClearRank()
    {
        var allScoreData = TestUtils.Create<AllScoreData>(Array.Empty<byte>()
            // .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Table)
            .Concat(SquirrelHelper.MakeByteArray("clear_rank", 1))
            .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Null))
            .ToArray());

        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.ClearRanks.Count);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void ReadFromTestInvalidClearRankValuePerLevel()
    {
        var allScoreData = TestUtils.Create<AllScoreData>(Array.Empty<byte>()
            // .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Table)
            .Concat(SquirrelHelper.MakeByteArray("clear_rank", new float[] { 123f }))
            .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Null))
            .ToArray());

        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.ClearRanks.Count);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void ReadFromTestInvalidClearRankValuePerChara()
    {
        var allScoreData = TestUtils.Create<AllScoreData>(Array.Empty<byte>()
            // .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Table)
            .Concat(SquirrelHelper.MakeByteArray("clear_rank", new float[][] { new float[] { 123f } }))
            .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Null))
            .ToArray());

        Assert.AreEqual(1, allScoreData.ClearRanks.Count);
        Assert.IsNotNull(allScoreData.ClearRanks.First().Value);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.ClearRanks.First().Value.Count);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void ReadFromTestInvalidClearTime()
    {
        var allScoreData = TestUtils.Create<AllScoreData>(Array.Empty<byte>()
            // .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Table)
            .Concat(SquirrelHelper.MakeByteArray("clear_time", 1))
            .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Null))
            .ToArray());

        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.ClearTimes.Count);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void ReadFromTestInvalidClearTimeValuePerLevel()
    {
        var allScoreData = TestUtils.Create<AllScoreData>(Array.Empty<byte>()
            // .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Table)
            .Concat(SquirrelHelper.MakeByteArray("clear_time", new float[] { 123f }))
            .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Null))
            .ToArray());

        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.ClearTimes.Count);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    public void ReadFromTestInvalidClearTimeValuePerChara()
    {
        var allScoreData = TestUtils.Create<AllScoreData>(Array.Empty<byte>()
            // .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Table)
            .Concat(SquirrelHelper.MakeByteArray("clear_time", new float[][] { new float[] { 123f } }))
            .Concat(TestUtils.MakeByteArray((int)SQOT.Null))
            .ToArray());

        Assert.AreEqual(1, allScoreData.ClearTimes.Count);
        Assert.IsNotNull(allScoreData.ClearTimes.First().Value);
        Assert.AreEqual(0, allScoreData.ClearTimes.First().Value.Count);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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emotional needs and relations. We all are so stuck up in our daily routines and are so scared of change that we monotonously follow the same dull and boring set of work every day.
But every once in a while, everyone needs a break to cherish your relationship with your partners. For all those who are in need of a romantic getaway to relax and enjoy with your special one, then don't worry as you have to do no research to find a good place for you. We have done that job to save your time. We have shortlisted 7 Romantic Getaways in India to take up with your Partner. Have a look!
which can be found in India from the name- Khajjiar.
Goa is often seen as a teenage place where people come to let their hair down and enjoy themselves but this place has a lot to itself than just amazing nightlife. Walking on the beach, hearing the sound of crashing waves and watching the beautiful sunset and sunrise together, what can be more romantic than this? Moreover, the stay in huts on the South Goa beach being isolated provides you the privacy that you crave for.
complete package for a romantic weekend.
Do you like the idea of waking up to a view of the mesmerizing snow-capped mountains and the beautiful green grasslands being cuddled up in the arms of your partner? If yes, then Shimla is the place for you as it not only offers you gorgeous views and cool breeze but also a lot of peace and calmness that contrasts your noisy city life. Almost anything and everything is romantic when in Shimla.
the royal city of Udaipur is your destination. With its sparkling lakes, beautiful flora and fauna, vibrant markets and sumptuous dreamy palaces have a unique aura and magic which further uplifts the emotion of romance. Also known as, the "Venice of the East", when in Udaipur take a boat ride in the famous Lake Pichola followed with candle-lit dinner on lakeside seating restaurants and enjoy the royal treatment along with your special person.
Maharajas' Express and have an unforgettable Memory.
enjoys the privilege of experiencing monsoons throughout the year.
Fascinating views forming the background of your long drive along with your sweetheart, a slight drizzle tracing your windowpanes with a cup of tea does this not sound like a perfect date plan to you?
backwaters, captivating green and lush lagoons. Alleppey is the most romantic city of Kerala. Stay at a boathouse that smoothly glides over the sparkling clear water with the views of beautiful paddy fields and hillocks in the background. Couples must visit this place for spending some romantic time amidst the most alluring panorama of the mother-nature. Though it is gorgeous throughout the year but the months from November to February the charm of the place is truly breath-taking.
of the Bollywood romantic movies, Gulmarg is known as the best place to woo your sweetheart. Take up a trek on the Outer Circle Walk around the KashmirValley to create memorable memories. Also, a perfect idea to spend a long quality time which will surely ignite a spark of romance between two lovers. Gulmarg Gondola experience and the ski attempt on the snowy white slopes at Gulmarg just act as a catalyst in your love.
places for you and your special one!
Although presently the most common among youth, still adventure is a wide field in itself. From land, water, and air to subcategories in all of them. Surf, dive, climb every mountain, hop on a bicycle or be the engine mama, just chase your fear every time. If you love adventure based vacations you can also go for trekking, read this article about trekking on Adventure Nation.
Places: Goa, Kerala, Uttarakhand, Chennai and the list is long.
Turn your mantra of 'live for eating' to 'travel for eating'. Spice up yourself with the sample of flavors wherever you go or get some new cooking lessons. Taste the culture of places you travel.
Places: Delhi, Kerala, Goa, Rajasthan, Lucknow.
Enlighten your soul with the story a place holds through the mythology you believe in. The trip like these will teach you more and strengthen your trust through the positive energy such places provide.
Places: Varanasi, Amritsar, Ajmer, Tirupati, Tawang.
Open your mind, not books and pack your bag can also be said if you love history and archaeological facts. Sites, ruins, culture can leave you amazed. Then museum is a plus to a place. Travel and return with facts full.
Places: Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka, Bihar.
Wellness holiday will help you today and in future too. Yoga, massage or spa-related trips can be on your list for the holiday if you don't get much time to take care of yourself in your busy working life. Take a healthy off and learn new techniques of staying fit.


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Modern psychological research shows that a child's cognitive development and patterns of behavior begin to form very early on. The acclaimed Swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget, showed that soon after birth, a baby begins to learn through observation, adopting mental concepts from the environment. The incoming sensory data that the child receives, even as a toddler, has a major effect on his development. Later on, the child only continues developing and perfecting what he had absorbed from his surroundings during the early years.
In light of this, just imagine how sophisticated we must be in order to give our children the right examples, literally from the age of zero. On the other hand, how can we give them positive examples when even the children's entertainment industry feeds them countless negative values and images?
To cite just one example, here is the latest description of Tom and Jerry, as it appears on the Cartoon Network website: "Tenacious cat Tom is forever on the tail of his elusive nemesis, Jerry the mouse, and no tricks, traps or cast-iron frying pans will stop him in his timeless pursuit." And that, dear parents, is what our toddlers learn from.
But apparently, our children are not the only victims of their environment. Society doesn't ask any of us, "What would you like to want?"—it rather dictates to us what to want, from dawn to dusk. Whether it's Coca Cola, Nike, iPod or Benz—"you just gotta have it!" But when it comes to our children's education, it's up to us, the parents, to choose the values and patterns of behavior that will influence our children.
Take a look at the games our children play or the movies they watch. Chances are, you'd be hard pressed to find even one cartoon that doesn't use elements of violence, scorn and degradation. There will always be someone who suffers—and someone who enjoys it. Systematically, the cartoons' plots revolve around the pleasure derived from deriding and abusing one or more of the characters.
On the other hand, think of the oldies—they, at least, had a touch of goodness. So what happened? Let's go back to our beloved Tom and Jerry: They started off with the tiny, likeable mouse struggling to escape the big, bad cat, who was always eventually punished for trying to pick on the harmless creature. But over the years, along with the scriptwriters' steadily growing egos, the little mouse also gained some nerve. Today, he's a real snake, plotting how to best snare the sleepy, silly cat, and revels in making that cat suffer! Anything less than that is already boring for the mouse, and for us, too.
The fact is that this is how we were created—as self centered creatures. However, today, nature demands that we grow up. Even as we keep encouraging our egoistic tendencies, reality is forcing us to realize that we are all part of one, big, integrated whole, and we have to start acting like it. Otherwise, we won't survive the 21st century.
For millennia, Kabbalists have been telling us that Nature's higher law is one of love, reciprocity and unity. But even more vital for us to know is that this law of Nature treats us the same way we treat our children: When they are young, it's OK for them to make mistakes, but when they grow bigger, they have to learn how to play by the rules.
So today, let's do ourselves a favor and start changing our values, if not for ourselves, at least for our children.


A careful renovation saves this Victorian home in Melbourne from losing its historical charm.
In 2014, Steph Hegerty and her husband purchased a Victorian on Liscard Street in the Melbourne suburb of Elsternwick. The house had been so badly remodeled in the 1970s that most of its historical details were no longer visible, so the couple renovated it into a contemporary residence that's now available for purchase through NOKK, a new property platform that brings more stock and transparency to the real estate market.
"Except for the hallway arch and pressed metal ceilings, most of the house's original charm had been erased. But we were still able to see the potential in the house. We had always wanted to take on the challenge of a renovation project, so we thought this was the perfect opportunity," says Hegerty.
The renovation demolished the entire back half of the house and added a new extension. The team stripped the original Victorian front section down to the walls.
The couple reintroduced Victorian architectural details such as a bullnose veranda roof, lacework, and window moldings.
"The floor came out, the roof came off, but aesthetically, the biggest changes were to the windows," says Hergerty, who removed the old aluminum windows and installed beautiful timber sash windows to improve the look of the facade.
One of Hegerty's key goals was to bring as much natural light into the south-facing aspect as possible.
She accomplished this by adding a 13-foot-long highlight window that keeps the main living areas bright throughout the day.
Most of the furnishings are from from Globe West.
Hergerty says she's always dreamed of renovating a Victorian or Edwardian house, and turning it into a modern and relaxed family home. "We have two young kids, so the floor plan needed to be really practical," she says.
The bedroom before the renovation.
Cool blues, grays and blacks give a home an elegant, calming vibe.
To jazz up the master bedroom, Hegerty and her husband chose cabinetry with a matte, denim-blue Laminex finish.
"It wasn't until we started the renovation that we were able to determine the state of original house. The brickwork structure of the house, which was set upon bluestone footings, was rock solid, but we ended up having to replace the trusses, which was quite a hefty variation. We also didn't know the state of the plaster in the front half of the house until we stripped all the paint off the walls, so we had to decide as we went along," says Hegerty.
One of the four bedrooms in the house.
The home's entryway is bright white, with subtle Victorian accents.
Though Hegerty and her husband are rookie renovators, they report that the remodel went pretty smoothly. The biggest challenge for them was working through the uncertainty of which parts of the house to retain, and which to change.
The simple and elegant new kitchen.
The open-plan kitchen features durable Neolith benchtops, a smoked glass backsplash, and cabinetry with a carbon-colored timber veneer.
Engineered oak boards make up the flooring in all areas of the house except for the four bedrooms and three bathrooms.
The couple used Phoenix tapware, tiles and marble benchtops in the wet areas of all the bathrooms.
Have your own renovation to share? Read our submissions guidelines and tell us your story!


Moving in and moving out is stressful enough without worrying about the clean up before/after. Let us take care of it for you so you can stress LESS!
This is an especially useful service for individuals who rent or lease their home, apartment, or even just a rented room. Landlords and property management companies often have strict guidelines and requirements for when individuals move out, and they often incorporate exorbitant fees for homes, apartments or rooms left improperly cleaned. These fees can even be charged in addition to an unreturned security deposit.
It is important to review your lease or rental agreement to completely understand the language used for what is asked of you when you leave the home, apartment or room. Being busied with moving all of your things, it can be hard to properly clean. And a landlord or property management company looking to make money will meticulously check your home, apartment or room to find ways to charge you further cleaning fees.
o Appliances: All appliances will be disassembled and each piece cleaned. After cleaned, disinfected, and polished (on metal appliances) the appliance will be securely reassembled and dusted to be positive all contaminants are removed.
o Fixtures: All fixtures, drawer handles/pulls, vents, and knobs will be cleaned and polished to put on the finishing touches making the space look perfect. Lightbulbs replaced.
o Toilet/Showers/Sinks: Steam cleaned and disinfected. Any scuffs or imperfections tended to.
o Fixtures: All fixtures disassembled and reassembled. Cleaned, disinfected, and polished. Lightbulbs replaced.
o Mirrors: Mirrors dusted and cleaned. Streak free guaranteed!
o Fans/Fixtures: Fans thoroughly cleaned all mechanisms cleaned and in special cases lightbulbs replaced.
o Hard Wood- Dusted and cleaned with our 100% natural solution. Optional polishing with extra fee.
o Vinyl – After suing the hard floor setting on a vacuum we will use a specialized cleaner to lift all dirt and grime. Any stains will also be addressed. Floor will be hand dried again to avoid causing any major problems in the floor.
o Other Materials: During the pre-screening we will determine the proper care for the floor in your home.
o Wall Paper: There are so many types of wallpaper that covering cleaning all of them on this website would be impossible. So, during the prescreening process we will determine the best way to clean your walls to avoid damage.
o Paint: All walls will be spot/scuff treated then washed with a mild cleaner and hand dried. After dried and an anti-static treatment applied to walls to keeps dust and dirt from sticking to the walls in the space. Landlords and property management companies will often charge fees to repaint walls, when in actuality all the need is to be properly cleaned.
o Tile: Tile will be thoroughly dusted then, the grout will be scrubbed and any spots/scuff tended to. After those steps the tile will be hand washed and dried.
o Other Materials: If the walls in the space are not listed don't be discouraged to call and ask if we can provide specialized services for NO extra fee!


Veolia's MPPE® unit will be used to treat the gas/condensate produced water stream on the Ichthys LNG Project's floating production storage and offloading facility (FPSO). The MPPE® unit will remove dissolved and dispersed toxic constituents like aromatic (BTEX), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oil, resulting in a Zero Harmful Discharge to the environment.
Inpex Corporation is a global oil and gas exploration and production company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. For more information, visit www.inpex.com.
In 2015, the Veolia group supplied 100 million people with drinking water and 63 million people with wastewater service, produced 63 million megawatt hours of energy and converted 42.9 million metric tons of waste into new materials and energy. Veolia Environnement (listed on Paris Euronext: VIE) recorded consolidated revenue of €25B ($30.3B) in 2015. For more information, visit www.veolia.com.


Apollo 3.0: Fresh off the injection press! the Apollo 3.0 is the third Porsche inspired shroud to join the Apollo family. With excellent projector coverage, great looks, and perfect integration with our 110mm LED halos, they're already a hit! Now available with a stellar piano black finish that accents its design, the Apollo 3.0 fits well in a wide variety of retrofits on vehicles with round reflectors. Whether you're working on a car or a truck with big headlights, consider the Apollo 3.0 as a solid choice.
In Comparison: Don't make the mistake of thinking all shrouds are created equal. Even though less expensive alternatives may be available elsewhere: Morimoto shrouds are made from the highest quality plastic and have by far the most durable painted finishes. The cheap-o's out there are flimsy enough to deform from the heat just a 35W HID bulb, and their coating easily flakes off.


This year, Pearson will be the headline sponsor of the 38th COBIS Annual Conference. The event will take place at the InterContinental London O2 in Greenwich, London, 11-13 May 2019.
The COBIS Annual Conference is for Heads, Governors, Proprietors and Senior Leaders from schools around the world including COBIS member and non-member schools. Last year's conference was attended by more than 700 delegates, exhibitors, speakers and guests.


The problem with having no job (apart from the not having a job bit) is having loads of time on your hands & a Macbook with connection to the internet in your hands. This means lots of browsing & spontaneously deciding that my life will not be worth living for without the item that I'm coveting.
This is my current list .... my name is Nicola & I'm a shopaholic!
A Bag Pouch - Totally unnecessary thing to have but I figure I spend ages trying to find everything in my handbag so a pouch within my bag will all my necessities in will help with the quality of my life. I currently have 2 on my radar, one is from Mulberry & is about £80 which I think is reasonable & the other is from Chloe & will be a gift with purchase of a Chloe fragrance from The Perfume Shop this month! .... I think I want them both!
A Watch - I also have made it my mission to get a reasonably priced watch that I don't mind wearing everyday, I was going to get a Rose Gold Michael Kors one but when I tried it on it looked a little silly on me so my search has been continuing and I decided to look at ToyWatch and can't decide whether I like the standard one or the more fancy one!
Link to Goose's Glitter images from her site!
My Nails - As you all probably know I do love my nail polish but the last few months I've been too busy to think about taking care of them & keeping them manicured by painting them 3 or 4 times a week so I've been going with the easy option of using press on nails, then painting them & having the same shade on for a week. Now I've removed them I'm getting so excited about having the Shellac system & their equivalents from other brands to get my nails stronger & I have had a rather large shopping spree of new nail polish colours to use when my nails are nice & strong! The above pics are my inspiration I aim to create a black tipped manicure!!
French Toast - I found the recipe from Lolasayswhat & I've had it like 4 times since, such a great breakfast, it's actually not THAT bad for you, bread = carbs, egg = protein, milk = Calcium (I use semi skimmed) & don't have sugar in my tea & don't have any really during the day so this is allowed! I also don't use butter to fry it in because there's never any in my house, the modification I've done is sprinkle the sugar on the fried toast & then kept it in the pan & it caramelises! Amazing!!
Hope you're all having a lovely week so far, mine has been spent with my nose pressed against my Macbook & playing Mario of course ... I really need a job!! :) Thanks for reading & let me know if you know anything in my obsessions that I NEED to have & what your current obsessions are!
and those nails are gorgeous!
Awwww French Toast!!!! You've made me so hungry now. Nom nom nom! I'm obsessed with Tyrells sweet and salted popcorn at the moment...it's amazing!!!
love the bag pouch, especially the Chloe one, it's gorgeous!


text:
Q: OptaPlanner: How to display your datasets on the graph I'm looking at the code for OptaPlanner, and I am having trouble understanding how I can pass in my own data(that can display on the graph for Project Job Scheduling). I read the documentation which said that there are solver objects and I can pass data into them, however I can't find anything in the documentation regarding how to display the xml example files on the charts.
Is there another way to do this without creating my own XML file?

A: That display is part of optaplanner-examples, so it's an example to inspire you and customize to your needs, it's not an end user application. The UI of that example uses JFreeChart, see that code here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: c# Create datatable based off an existing linq table class I was wondering if there is a way to create a datatable based on a linq to sql table class.
I'm already creating these classes as I don't use dbml files and have to manually define my tables.
[TABLE(Name = "TableA")]
class TableA
{
[Column] public string Name;
[Column] public string surName;
[Column] public string concatName;
[Column] public int ID;
}

Now after I do my linq to sql query, I have to manually define the datatable to write to:
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
dt.Columns.Add("Name"), typeof(string));
dt.Columns.Add("Surname"), typeof(string));
dt.Columns.Add("concatName"), typeof(string));
dt.Columns.Add("ID"), typeof(int);

How can I skip this?  Is there a way to just create my datatable based off the query result, or the already created class?
I've read many things about CopyToDataTable, but can't seem to swing it.


1) Which of the following is NOT a network flow model?
2) Which of the following models determines the path through the network that connects all the points?
20) In a maximal flow problem, the right-hand side of the flow balance constraints equals 1.
21) The starting node of the shortest path problem has a supply value of -1.
22) The objective function of an assignment problem may be either maximization or minimization.
23) In a maximal flow problem, all the net flows are typically zeros.
24) Every node in a network flow problem has a decision variable associated with it.
25) In a maximal flow problem, the flow capacity on the dummy arc connecting the destination node to the source node should be set to a very large value.
26) An assignment model has three jobs and four machines. This problem would be referred to as a balanced assignment problem.


text:
#ifndef OBJECT3D_H
#define OBJECT3D_H

#include "Vector.h"

/**
 * La classe è astratta e rappresenta un generico oggetto visualizzabile
 * nello spazio, al contrario di Entity3D non è collegato con il Modello.
 * Come in Entity invece è presente il flag \p exists che indica
 * se questa entità debba essere rimossa dal gioco o meno.
 */
class Object3D {
    public:
	/**
	 * Il Costruttore richiede una posizione nello spazio.
	 *
	 * \param _x la posizione x;
	 * \param _y la posizione y;
	 * \param _z la posizione z;
	 */
	Object3D(float _x, float _y, float _z);

	/**
	 * Ogni sottoclasse concreta di Entity3D deve implementare il metodo
	 * per la visualizzazione, per questo il metodo è astratto.
	 */
	virtual void draw() = 0;

	/**
	 * Restituisce lo stato di esistenza dell'entità.
	 *
	 * \return lo stato.
	 */
	bool getExists();

	/**
	 * Il Distruttore.
	 */
        virtual ~Object3D();

    protected:

	/**
	 * Il puntatore al vettore posizione.
	 */
    	Vector* pPosition;

	/**
	 * Il tempo di creazione.
	 */
	float	creationTime;

	/**
	 * Rappresenta lo stato dell'entità. Se è a \p false l'entità
	 * sarà rimossa il prima possibile.
	 */
	bool	exists;
};

#endif


When it comes to weight loss, most people look for easy fixes that can help them achieve their goals in the shortest time possible. While losing weight is highly recommended if you are overweight, it is important that you do it in the safest way.
Losing weight too fast poses a lot of health concerns. This is because one is forced to follow unhealthy diets and exercise routines. It is, therefore, very important for you to take note of the amount of weight you lose weekly. Embarking on an extreme fitness plan can jeopardize your health. It definitely took you years to gain that weight, so losing it cannot be done as fast as you imagine. It takes time, dedication and proper dietary and exercise planning to get it done.
The amount of fat you have in your body is directly proportional to the Leptin hormone. This hormone is monitored by the part of the brain known as the hypothalamus. Leptin is responsible for your appetite, fat burning and also plays a part in regulating metabolism. When you shed weight too fast, you also suffer from a significant drop in the levels of the Leptin hormone. In turn, this triggers the starvation response in your body.
The starvation response causes a decrease in the amount of energy generated by your body. This is done by lowering your metabolic rate and increasing your hunger sensation. When your body is in starvation mode, your muscles are broken down to produce energy. As it breaks down the muscles for energy, it preserves fat deposits in the body in case there is another food restriction in the future. This causes you to lose muscle mass and gain fat mass. This is why you find that you gain more weight later after losing it too fast.
Losing one or two pounds per week is what is considered as healthy. This still requires a lot of work to be accomplished. You are required to cut on calories, increase daily physical activities and take up exercising. When you try to lose too much weight each week, you lack the needed time to adjust to your crash diet. This puts a lot of strain on your body, which can be dangerous.
When trying to lose a lot of weight over a short period of time, you find that you starve yourself to get it done. When losing 2 pounds a week, you are required to consume 1000 calories less each day. If you want to lose 4 pounds a week, you have to consume 2000 calories less each day. Cutting off too many calories from your diet has negative effects on your metabolism. This can be bad for your health. It could also mean that you are probably not consuming enough to get your daily nutritional requirements.
For you to be able to lose weight as fast as you want, you need to combine your crash diet program with a lot of exercise. Since you are cutting too many calories from your diet, your body is not able to generate enough energy to facilitate your exercises. Without proper exercising, you stand to lose muscle mass and gain fat. This leads to weight gain soon after taking up the crash diet.
If you are on a diet and suddenly you're always tired, you may be doing it all wrong. It is possible that your diet does not give your body the calories and nutrients it needs. This leads to fatigue and weakness. With time, you can find that you do not have the energy to do tasks you once did effortlessly. If you lose more than 2 pounds per week, you will find yourself struggling with fatigue and laziness. Dizziness is also a good indication of not getting enough calories from your diet.
For women, a good indicator of unhealthy weight loss is disruption of your normal menstrual flow pattern. This is caused by low calories and nutrients in your diet. Skipping meals and unusual dieting can cause too much weight loss in a short span of time. This will disrupt your hormones and affect your menstrual flow.
If you notice that your face looks drawn or gaunt, it might be because you're losing weight unhealthily. Your body is losing fat and water mass but is not developing muscles. This causes the skin to draw back and develop wrinkle lines.
Just because you're losing weight does not mean that it is healthy. If you find that you suddenly have saggy skin, it can mean you're losing too fast. This deprives your body the chance to develop muscles and retain them since most of the muscles are broken down to produce energy.
Losing hair is connected to unhealthy weight loss. This is because, when losing weight too fast, you also lose a lot of water from your body. This can cause hair loss. Also, unhealthy eating habits deprive your scalp of the nutrients it needs to encourage the growth of healthy and strong hair.
If you find that you are always cold and always have to stay covered up, it is possible you're losing too much weight too fast. When you lose weight, you lose fat. which acts as the body's insulation. Losing too much fat also affects your body's metabolism, affecting your body's ability to generate body heat.


text:
De World Open - voorheen ook de Professional Players Tournament, LG Cup en Grand Prix genaamd - is een professioneel snookertoernooi en een van de toernooien die meetellen voor de officiële ranking. Het werd in 1982 voor het eerst gehouden en werd meteen een rankingtoernooi. Ray Reardon versloeg Jimmy White in de finale van die eerste versie. Het toernooi heeft in het verleden verschillende sponsors gehad.

Het toernooi wordt sinds 2006 gespeeld in Aberdeen. Er werd tussentijds ook een nieuw competitieformaat ingevoerd: in 2006 en 2007 bestond de eerste ronde uit een groepsfase, de eerste twee uit elke groep plaatsten zich voor de tweede ronde, vanwaar opnieuw knock-outwedstrijden werden gespeeld. In 2008 werd teruggekeerd naar het gewone knock-outsysteem zoals bij de andere rankingtoernooien.

Erelijst

Snookertoernooi in het Verenigd Koninkrijk
Sportevenement in Schotland
Aberdeen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
link: https://vimeo.co
image_path: /img/static-site-services/vimeo.png
name: Vimeo
category: Embeddable Content
---


We've researched the best available deals for Constilac. Save on Constilac today! Browse the free discounts and coupons below to reduce the price of Constilac at your local pharmacy. To claim your free Constilac discount, view the available manufacturer coupons or patient assistance programs below or use the free buying group coupon to get a discount on Constilac today. This coupon is reusable and can get you up to 75% off the price of your prescriptions in your local pharmacy.


Nokia was nailed with absolutely with design and build quality with recent launches and successor of 6.1 plus that launched few months back in India at 15,999 Lets we get to look design and Specs. write down here.
at the front we have nominal small size notch Nokia claiming its an pure display screen technology with a right hand side power ON/OFF button and volume rocker. at left side Nokia added and sim tray with Dedicated SD slot. at bottom we have nominal USB type C port for charging with speaker grills. at top 3.5MM audio jack at top for Headphones, earphones and Mic. their the interesting thing at back dual Camera, LED flash light with Rear fingerprint module interestingly colors launches are Gross MID Night Blue, Gloss Steel and at Build Quality is Glass back. with 84% glass body at back it fills hand classy and premium just like Samsung and Other.
phone covers with a Qualcomm Snapdragon chip set its based on 14 Nano-meter. with an CPU of 1.8gHz an Octa core Chip with adreno 509 for gaming. Phone has only Two memory option – 3 GB RAM and 32 GB Storage and 4 GB RAM and 64 GB storage, but at least it has Micro SD card upto 400 gigs of storage. its power pack with 3060 mAh battery. hick it last upto 1 days and SOT of 4 to 5 hrs. full Nokia runs with android 9.0 Pie Stock android with android One Program. Promises upto 2 year of update on time.
Nokia comes with Zeiss Lens an Dual Rear camera of 12 MP with F/1.8 and 5MP for Depth sensing with F/2.4 and cover PDAF, panorama, HDR. video recording up-to 30 fps in Full HD and 2160p in 30 fps. Dual tone LED Flash.
Front camera with 8 MP F/2.0 with bokeh shot and ETC. video recording at 30fps.
You can purchase a phone from mobile retail outlets in India and on Nokia's online store. The Nokia 7.1 is priced at Rs 19,999.
The Nokia 7.1 has an offer to Airtel prepaid customers with 1TB of 4G data on eligible plans starting Rs. 199 and Airtel postpaid customers can enjoy additional data of 120GB along with three months of Netflix subscription and one year of Amazon Prime subscription on plans starting Rs. 499.


text:
Barium Springs
During the Victorian Era, into the early years of the twentieth century, natural springs were a draw for health conscious citizens. Various mineral springs throughout the Carolina's, and other states, were turned into resorts areas, complete with cottages and hotels for visitors to stay and take advantage of the health benefits of the springs. In 1891, the Barium Springs Orphanage in Iredell County, North Carolina was opened in one of these abandoned hotels.
When Jennie Lenora McSwain Davis died, her youngest child was sent to live with her uncle and his wife in Albemarle, North Carolina. Her husband remarried, but when he died just a few years later, his young pregnant bride returned to her parents home and 4 of J.T.'s and Lenora's children were sent to the Barium Springs Home for children. The oldest son Ray, was 18 upon the death of his father, and stayed in Vass with his older half-brother Dewey. Dewey would later to move to Durham, but Ray remained on his father's farm and raised his family there. In 1932, the middle four, Christine, Maxine, Woot and Esau, were between 15 and 6 years old. They were here during the 30's and into the 1940's and may possibly be among these children in the photos.
By the 1940 census, the girls had graduated from Barium Springs and had went to Winston-Salem, North Carolina to work in the cigarette factories, which was a growing industry. Christine would marry that year to a young man from Tennessee, Harvey Joy Cantrell. Woot and Esau would join the military when they came of age.
Old Hotel at Barium Springs turned into a school and orphanage.
ame:
Wootgen Davis
Estimated Birth Year:
Birthplace:
Relation to Head of House:
Home in 1940:
Fallstown, Iredell, North Carolina
Charlotte Highway Number 21
Inferred Residence in 1935:
Aberdeen, Moore, North Carolina
Residence in 1935:
Sheet Number:
Neighbors:
View others on page
Esan Davis
The Civil War ,and the years of struggle afterwards, had produced a large population of orphaned and unwanted children. The years from 1870 to the 1920's were known as the 'Golden Age' of the the Orphanage Movement, when concerned citizens came together with government and religious organizations to provide homes and care for these poor, homeless children. In North Carolina, 16 schools were started, most of them by religious organizations or charitable groups. Among these were the Thomasville Baptist Children's Home, the Masonic Orphanage in Oxford, and two Methodist Homes, one in Raleigh and another in Winston-Salem. The home at Barium Springs was started by the Presbyterians.
The home originally began in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1883 a Presbyterian Ladies group started a home for orphaned and abandoned children. Five years later, they asked the Synod to take over the running of the home. Jethro Rumple, a minister from Salisbury, headed the new commission as Chairman. He is known as the "Father" of Barium Springs and served as its chief promoter and organizer. The board then purchased an empty Resort Hotel from Davidson College in Barium Springs. There were several natural springs in the area, but the site of this one particular set was said to have a heavy fill of this mineral. In the winter of 1891, the Superintendent of the school arrived with twelve children from the Charlotte area.
The old Hotel would soon burn down, but then using insurance money, the Presbyterians were able to build a brand new orphanage. Within two decades, it would expand to 8 buildings.
I am glad the Orphanage was available to the Davis children, but also saddened that they were split up from the older and younger ones, and sorry that a relative was not able to take them in.
Labels: Barium Springs, Esau Davis, Iredell County, Jennie Lenora McSwain Davis, John Teeter Davis, Orphanage movement, Presbyterian church in North Carolina, William Woot Davis
My grandfather was Esaw Davis. He met my grandmother ( Mary Isenhour) at Barium when they were both residents. They married, had 3 ( Julie, Lugene, Jefferson) children, and spent the rest of their lives in Florida.
The Estate of Gideon Green Burris
Little Girls from Saint Martin
Another Mystery Solved
A New Branch on the Family Tree
The Kinneys of Healing Springs
Mary Louise
The Steele Creek Blog: Byrum's General Store Closi...
The Last Breathe of Lenora
Edna Williams Hudson
The War Record of Frederick Fincher Starnes
It's All About the Dirt.
Out of the Mouths of Moms: Part One
The Dry Well
Babies in Boots
Two Girls, Unidentified Photo
The Battle of the Six Black Hogs Part II
Six Black Hogs
Sunday Black Sheep: Drunken Duncan
Jaspar: The Family Tree of John Teeter Davis
The Mysterious siblings of the Davis Twins.
What I know about Nezzie
The Davis Twins
Ghosts of Lives Past
George Dewey Davis: Newspaper Obituary and Death...
Tracking John T.
Dancing the Happy Dance
Hello Dollie: The search for Dollie Burris Burris
Clear Springs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Novella Review: Alien Apocalypse: Genesis
Posted On : July 20, 2012 Published By : Adam Shaftoe
Alien Apocalypse: Genesis is the third release in UK author Dean Giles' series of alien invasion novellas. The second published story, Alien Apocalypse: The Hunger is actually prequel to the first story Alien Apocalypse: The Storm. The Storm, which I had the pleasure of reviewing when it first came out, introduces readers to the series' protagonist Leon Weber, an ex-convict sentenced to four years in prison when he inadvertently killed the man who had just murdered his wife. Two weeks before Leon's release, a comet burns up in the Earth's atmosphere. Unfortunately for humanity, the comet housed an alien plant that quickly takes seed on Earth and begins Terraforming our world and all animal life there upon. Genesis begins immediately where The Storm ends; Leon and his son Elliot are intent on finding a way to weaponize a stockpile of crude oil, seemingly the only thing that kills the alien plant.
When I first reviewed The Storm, I likened the efficiency of the plant invasion to that of the Martians in H.G. Wells' War of the Worlds. This story, which sees father and son walking down stretches of abandoned roads in the south of England amid widespread environmental destruction, echoes a science fiction take on Cormac McCarthy's The Road. Thankfully, Giles' work is not nearly as gloomy or pessimistic as that of Mr. McCarthy's.
Where an argument could be made that The Storm is perhaps too heavy in its world building, Genesis offers much more in the way of a focused narrative. Scenes alternate between Leon's first person narration and that of the other worldly consciousness that is driving the invasion. For the first time in this series, Leon is at a disadvantage compared to the reader. While I initially thought that the alien perspective tipped a bit too much of the author's hand with respect to the series' eventual endgame, I can not deny that the extra knowledge, on my part, added something special to the overall experience. Toward the end of Genesis I almost caught myself yelling at Leon for not figuring out what I already deduced. That sort of reader-character engagement is worth an extra scant paragraph or two of exposition.
Despite being titled Alien Apocalypse, Genesis explores themes a reader would expect to find contained within a standard human apocalypse. In a scene that once again finds common ground with The Road, Elliot insists on leaving a group of thugs with some food after their failed attempt to rob him and Leon. When the father-son team discover survivors that appear to be slavers it is Elliot who insists on a rescue mission, while Leon is content to move on and leave the people to their fate.
There's a moral absolutism to the child character that is annoying to the point where I want him to get dissolved by the green alien moss. Yet Elliot's altruism is a necessary tool in stripping away some of the lustre in Leon's nature. In fact, Leon takes a few distinct steps toward being an anti-hero within Genesis. Even though keeping Elliot safe is at the forefront of Leon's actions, he's not beyond threatening, almost bullying, behaviour when provoked to anger. When a rescued slave offers herself sexually to Leon, his moralizing about respect for his dead wife's memory melts away just a little too quickly. Leon proudly reflects that he will never become a user of people, but he is at the very least an opportunist. The personality shift is, however, necessary to maintaining the story's integrity. Without some pliability in his personal morality, Leon would be little more than a super heroic caricature. With the exception of The Avengers, aliens and super heroes don't often mix.
Problems with Alien Apocalypse: Genesis emerge not in the story, but in its narration. While Giles has created a fantastic story, he is at times guilty of playing "show and tell" with his readers. In one particular scene Leon and Elliot are arguing over a course of action. Built on strong dialogue and scant narrative details, the father-son animosity is palpable. But where the paragraph should end it goes on to point out that Elliot was getting sarcastic with his father, despite the lad's obvious attitude. This game of "show and tell", which I think speaks more toward the author's concerns for clarity rather than a presumption about the audience's ability to grasp the context of a situation, happens periodically throughout the novella. It's not a deal breaker, but it is noticeable.
As a 19,000 word novella, Alien Apocalypse: Genesis is priced quite well at $2 USD. While there are some obvious motifs in play from the likes of Cormac McCarthy and Jack Finney, Genesis is a well paced and creative despite some shortcomings in the prose.
Alien Apocalypse: Genesis is written by Dean Giles. It is available as an e-book from TWB Press.
Posted in: Lit ReviewsTagged : Alien Invasion,Cormac McCarthy,Fiction Friday,H.G. Wells,Novellas,TWB Press
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I have a stoopit question I fear, but after googling… I have an iPhone with Agenda. I run my business on a Windows 10 laptop & 1Pad. Is there a Windows version for my desktop? To me, this piece is critical.
There isn't one I'm afraid, nor will there be one in the immediate future, I'm afraid. We are not ruling out doing a Windows version in the future. Just not right now, because we already have a lot to do for iOS and macOS.
Bummer. It would have been great. Any suggestions for a good app on windows?
Alas, I'm not a windows user myself so can't be of much help I'm afraid.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{C}{hannel} polarization, proposed by Arikan, is a method of constructing codes that can achieve the capacity of symmetric binary-input discrete memoryless channels (B-DMCs) \cite{arikan2009channel}. Polar codes, which are constructed using channel polarization, have the advantage of low encoding and decoding complexity. Hence, polar codes are very competitive among capacity-approaching codes such as turbo codes and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and very recently, polar codes were adopted in the 5G standard. Arikan proposed a heuristic construction method of polar codes that can achieve the capacity of the binary erasure channel (BEC) only \cite{arikan2008performance}, but alternative construction methods such as density evolution (DE) or Gaussian approximation (GA) based constructions have been proposed to design polar codes specifically for other B-DMCs and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels \cite{mori2009performance, trifonov2012efficient} with better performance than that achieved by the heuristic method.
\par Most literature on polar codes focuses on the AWGN channel, but there are many applications such as the power-line channel (PLC) and underwater acoustic channels where the received signal is impaired by non-Gaussian impulsive noise. The occurrence of impulsive noise leads to a heavy-tailed probability density function (pdf) for the noise at the receiver, thus the assumption that the noise has a Gaussian distribution is no longer valid. The Bernoulli-Gaussian model, Middleton Class A and B model and symmetric $\alpha$-stable (S$\alpha$S) distributions \cite{ middleton1999non, tsihrintzis1995performance} have been used to approximate the pdf of impulsive noise. In particular, Middleton Class A noise has been investigated by a number of publications, such as \cite{haring2002performance}. It is well-known that orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is very suitable for the transmission over impulsive noise since the impulses are suppressed after demodulation by spreading them over a large number of carriers. Moreover, with non-linear operations such as clipping or blanking, the effect of impulsive noise can be further reduced \cite{zhidkov2008analysis}.

\par To improve the performance of the system, error correcting codes such as convolutional codes, LDPC codes and turbo codes can be used. And the coded performance on impulsive noise channels has been investigated in many literature \cite{tseng2013robust, mei2017performance}. In particular, LDPC codes have been adopted in the G.hn/G.9960 standard for PLC. Recently, polar codes have been employed to mitigate impulsive noise and shown comparable performance to LDPC codes but with lower complexity \cite{jin2015performance,jin2015performance11,hadi2016polar}. However, the polar codes used in the literature were only constructed using the unoptimized heuristic construction method which leads to a sub-optimal performance. Moreover, after a comprehensive literature review, it appears that the theoretical performance of polar codes has not been studied, which will be addressed in this paper. DE-based construction methods are presented for single-carrier and OFDM systems with impulsive noise. For the single-carrier system, the exact block error probability (BLEP) is derived, but for the OFDM system, only an estimation of the BLEP is given as it is not feasible to derive the exact BLEP.

\section{Background}
\subsection{Channel Model}
We first consider a polar-coded system where the $k$-th received signal $y_{k}$ can be expressed as
\begin{equation}
y_{k}=x_{k}+z_{k},
\end{equation}
where $x_{k}$ is the transmitted signal employing binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and $x_{k}\in\left\lbrace +1, -1\right\rbrace $, $z_{k}$ is the impulsive noise which is represented by the Middleton Class A noise model. For the real channel, the pdf of $z_{k}$ is given as
\begin{equation} \label{pdf_real}
p_{ZR}(z)=\exp{(-A)}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\frac{A^{m}}{m!\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_{m}^{2}}}\exp{\left( -\frac{z^{2}}{2\sigma_{m}^{2}}\right) },
\end{equation}
where $A$ ($A\leq 1$) is the impulsive index which represents the density of impulses in an observation period. The variance $\sigma_{m}^{2}$ is defined as $\sigma_{m}^{2}=\sigma_{g}^{2}\left( \frac{m}{A\Gamma}+1   \right)$,
where $\sigma_{g}^{2}$ is the variance of background Gaussian noise and $\Gamma$ is the background-to-impulsive noise power ratio. For the complex channel, the probability density function (pdf) of $z_{k}$ is defined as
\begin{equation}\label{pdf_com}
p_{Z}(z)=\exp{(-A)}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\frac{A^{m}}{m!2\pi\sigma_{m}^{2}}\exp{\left( -\frac{|z|^{2}}{2\sigma_{m}^{2}}\right) }.
\end{equation}

\subsection{Polar Coding}
Channel polarization is a method to construct capacity-approaching codes for symmetric binary-input discrete memoryless channels (B-DMCs). As the length of the codeword $N$ ($N=2^{n}$, $n=1,2,...$) approaches infinity, the polarized channels tend to two extremes: noiseless channels and channels with full noise \cite{arikan2009channel}.
By transmitting information bits on noiseless channels and frozen bits on pure noise channels, polar codes can achieve channel capacity under a successive cancellation (SC) decoder.
\par A binary polar code can be specified by $(N,K,\mathcal{I})$, where $K$ is the message length and $\mathcal{I}\subseteq \left\lbrace 1,2,\cdots, N \right\rbrace $ represents the set of indices of the information bits transmitted. Let $\textbf{u}_{1}^{N}=(u_{1},u_{2},\cdots,u_{N})$ and $\textbf{u}_{i}^{j}=(u_{i},u_{i+1},\cdots,u_{j})$ is a subvector of $\textbf{u}_{1}^{N}$. The codeword $\textbf{c}_{1}^{N}=\textbf{u}_{1}^{N} \textbf{G}_{N}$. We note that the frozen bits are transmitted as zeros and known to both the encoder and the decoder. The generator matrix $\textbf{G}_{N}=\textbf{B}_{N}\textbf{F}_{2}^{\otimes n}$, where $\textbf{B}_{N}$ is the bit-reversal permutation matrix and $\textbf{F}_{2}^{\otimes n}$ is the $n$-th Kronecker power of $\textbf{F}_{2}=
\left[ \begin{matrix}
1 & 0\\
1 & 1 \\
\end{matrix}\right].
$
To decode polar codes, a low complexity SC decoding is used \cite{arikan2009channel}. We denote the $i$-th bit channel as $W_{N}^{(i)}$ with transition probability $p(y_{i}|x_{i})$. In SC decoding, the hard decision of the frozen bits results in a zero. The information bits are decoded sequentially using maximum likelihood (ML) decoding of the bit channel $W_{N}^{i}$. The decoder calculates the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) of the $i$-th bit as
\begin{equation} \label{LLR}
L_{N}^{(i)}(\textbf{y}_{1}^{N},\hat{\textbf{u}}_{1}^{i-1})=\log\frac{p(\textbf{y}_{1}^{N},\hat{\textbf{u}}_{1}^{i-1}|0)}{p(\textbf{y}_{1}^{N},\hat{\textbf{u}}_{1}^{i-1}|1)},
\end{equation}
where $\textbf{y}_{1}^{N}$ is the received sequence with $\textbf{y}_{1}^{N}=(y_{1},y_{2},\cdots,y_{N})$ and $\hat{\textbf{u}}_{1}^{i-1}$ denotes the estimated vector of $\textbf{u}_{1}^{i-1}$. We note that $L_{N}^{(i)}(\textbf{y}_{1}^{N},\hat{\textbf{u}}_{1}^{i-1})$ can be recursively calculated by transforming the update rule in \cite{arikan2009channel} to the log-domain. For information bits, the decision of the $i$-th bit is given as
\begin{equation} \label{decision}
    \hat{u}_{i}=
   \begin{cases}
   0, &\mbox{if $L_{N}^{(i)}(\textbf{y}_{1}^{N},\hat{\textbf{u}}_{1}^{i-1})>0,$}\\
   1, &\mbox{otherwise.}
   \end{cases}
\end{equation}

\section{Construction and Performance of Polar codes in Single-carrier system with impulsive noise}
In this section, two construction methods for Middleton Class A noise channels will be presented. The first code construction method is based on channel polarization using the Bhattacharyya parameter, $Z(W_{N}^{i})$, for the $i$-th channel. $Z(W_{N}^{i})$ gives an upper bound on the error probability with ML decision and is defined as
\begin{equation}
Z(W_{N}^{(i)})=\sum_{\textbf{y}_{1}^{N},\textbf{u}_{1}^{i-1}}\sqrt{p(\textbf{y}_{1}^{N},\hat{\textbf{u}}_{1}^{i-1}|0)p(\textbf{y}_{1}^{N},\hat{\textbf{u}}_{1}^{i-1}|1)},
\end{equation}
where $Z(W_{N}^{i})$ for the binary erasure channel (BEC) can be calculated using simple recursion as Eq.4 in \cite{arikan2008performance} and $Z(W_{1}^{(1)})$ is initialised to $1/2$. Then, the bit channels with the $K$ smallest $Z(W_{N}^{(i)})$ are chosen to be the noiseless channels. For Middleton Class A noise channels, $Z(W_{1}^{(1)})$ can be calculated as
\begin{align} \label{recursion}\nonumber
Z(W_{1}^{(1)})&=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\sqrt{P(y|x=1)P(y|x=-1)}dy \\ \nonumber
&=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\sqrt{\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\alpha_{m}\exp{\left( -\frac{(y-1)^{2}}{2\sigma_{m}^{2}}\right) }}\times \\
&\qquad \qquad\sqrt{\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\alpha_{m}\exp{\left( -\frac{(y+1)^{2}}{2\sigma_{m}^{2}}\right) }}dy,
\end{align}
where $\alpha_{m}=\exp(-A)\frac{A^{m}}{m!\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_{m}^{2}}}$. For BEC channel, $Z(W_{1}^{(1)})$ is initialized to $1/2$ which corresponds to 0.05 dB according to \eqref{recursion}, but this may not be the best design-SNR for Middleton Class A noise. Hence the optimized design-SNR should be obtained by simulations. Moreover, $Z(W_{N}^{(i)})$ of Middleton Class A channels is difficult to calculate. To give a tight bound on the BLEP and design better polar codes than those constructed from the heuristic method, a DE-based construction method proposed in \cite{mori2009performance} is used.
\par To enable DE analysis, first we can prove that the Middleton Class A noise channel is symmetric, as shown below:
\begin{align} \nonumber
P(y|x=1) &= \exp{(-A)}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\frac{A^{m}}{m!\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_{m}^{2}}}\exp{\left( -\frac{(y-1)^{2}}{2\sigma_{m}^{2}}\right) } \\
&= P(-y|x=-1).
\end{align}

Then, according to \cite{richardson2008modern}, the pdf of the LLR values for any binary memoryless symmetric channel (BMSC) is also symmetric, which enable us to perform DE. Let us denote $a_{N}^{(i)}(y)$ as the pdf of $L_{N}^{(i)}(\textbf{y}_{1}^{N},\textbf{u}_{1}^{i-1})$ when the all-zero codeword is transmitted. The DE of the LLR update in SC decoding is given as
\begin{align} \label{DE} \nonumber
a_{N}^{(2i-1)}(y)&=a_{N/2}^{(i)}(y)\boxtimes a_{N/2}^{(i)}(y), \\
a_{N}^{(2i)}(y)&=a_{N/2}^{(i)}(y)\star a_{N/2}^{(i)}(y),
\end{align}
where $\boxtimes$ and $\star$ denote the convolution in the check and variable node domain, respectively \cite{richardson2008modern}.
The error probability of the $i$-th bit channel is given as
\begin{equation}
P_e^{(i)}= \lim_{ \epsilon\rightarrow +0}\left( \int_{-\infty}^{ -\epsilon}d_{N}^{(i)}(x)dx+\frac{1}{2}\int_{- \epsilon}^{+ \epsilon}d_{N}^{(i)}(x)dx \right)  .
\end{equation}
 $a_{1}^{(1)}(y)$ is the pdf of the initial LLRs $L(y)$ with
\begin{equation} \label{initial}
L(y)=\log\frac{\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\frac{A^{m}}{m!\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_{m}^{2}}}\exp{\left( -\frac{(y-1)^{2}}{2\sigma_{m}^{2}}\right) }}{\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\frac{A^{m}}{m!\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_{m}^{2}}}\exp{\left( -\frac{(y+1)^{2}}{2\sigma_{m}^{2}}\right) }}.
\end{equation}
However, the pdf of \eqref{initial} cannot be evaluated in analytic form and a histogram method is used to find the pdf.

After DE, the error probability $P_e^{(i)}$ of the decoder for the $i$-th bit channel can be obtained. Then, the DE-based construction method chooses the $K$ channels with smallest $P_e^{(i)}$ to transmit information. With knowledge of $P_e^{(i)}$, the upper bound on BLEP of polar codes is given as \cite{mori2009performance2}
\begin{equation} \label{PB}
P_{B} \approx 1-\prod_{i\in\mathcal{I}}\left( 1-P_e^{(i)} \right)\leq
\sum_{i\in\mathcal{I}}P_e^{(i)}.
 \end{equation}

\section{Asymptotic block-error probability of Polar codes with OFDM on impulsive noise channels}
In this section, we consider the performance of polar codes with OFDM. In a polar-coded OFDM system with $N$ sub-carriers, assuming perfect synchronization and an ideal channel, the received signal $y(k)$ is
\begin{equation} \label{OFDM_receive}
y_k=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum^{N-1}_{n=0}x_{n}\exp\left(j\frac{2\pi nk}{N}\right)+z_k, \quad k=0,1,\cdots,N-1.
\end{equation}
At the receiver, $x_n$ is recovered by performing an $N$-point discrete Fourier transform (DFT) on the received signal as follows:
\begin{align} \nonumber
Y_{k}&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum^{N-1}_{n=0}y_{n}\exp\left(-j\frac{2\pi nk}{N}\right) \\
&=x_{k}+Z_{k}, \quad k=0,1,\cdots,N-1,
\end{align}
where
\begin{equation} \label{fre_Z}
Z_{k}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\sum^{N-1}_{n=0}z_n\exp\left(-j\frac{2\pi nk}{N}\right),\quad k=0,1,\cdots,N-1.
\end{equation}
Unlike the single-carrier system, the DFT spreads the impulsive noise on all sub-carriers in the frequency domain. According to the Central Limit Theorem, $Z_{k}$ can be approximated as a Gaussian random variable if $N$ is large. Hence, the mean and variance of $Z_{k}$ are given as $\mu_{Z}=\mu_{z}=0$ and $ \sigma_{Z}^{2}=N(\sigma_{z}/\sqrt{N})^{2}=\sigma_{z}^{2}$, respectively. The variance $\sigma_{z}^{2}$ of Middleton Class A noise is calculated as
\begin{align} \nonumber
\sigma_{z}^{2}=\int z^{2}p_{Z}(z)dz =\frac{\exp(-A)\sigma_{g}^{2}}{\Gamma}\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\frac{A^{m}}{m!}\left( \frac{m}{A}+\Gamma\right).
\end{align}

This is the benefit of multi-carrier modulation in impulsive noise since each sub-channel can be regarded as an AWGN channel. Based on this Gaussian assumption, the pdf of the initial LLR can be given in closed-form as
\begin{equation} \label{ini}
a_{1}^{(1)}(y)=\sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{z}^{2}}{8\pi}}\exp\left(-\frac{\left( y-\frac{2}{\sigma_{z}^2} \right)^{2}\sigma_{z}^{2}  }{8} \right).
\end{equation}
\par Following the updated equations of DE, the error probability of the decoder can be obtained. Hence the BLEP of polar codes with OFDM can be obtained by using \eqref{PB}. We note that this BLEP is an approximation of the exact BLEP since we assume $Z_{k}$ is Gaussian distributed. The construction of polar codes with OFDM on Middleton Class A noise channels is similar to AWGN channels due to the Gaussian assumption of each sub-band. Unlike the single-carrier system, we cannot obtain the optimal LLRs for decoding when using OFDM and therefore the performance is not optimal. However, to reduce the total energy of impulsive noises and further improve the performance, we consider two different non-linear operations called blanking and clipping that can be applied to the received signal $y_{k}$ in \eqref{OFDM_receive} before the OFDM demodulator to help mitigate the impulsive noise. These non-linear operations are given as \cite{zhidkov2008analysis}
\begin{equation} \label{hp_sf}
    y_{k}^{b}=
   \begin{cases}
   y_k, &\mbox{$|y_k|<T$}\\
   0, &\mbox{$|y_k|\geq T$}
   \end{cases},
   \qquad
    y_{k}^{c}=
   \begin{cases}
   y_k, &\mbox{$|y_k|<T$}\\
   Te^{j\arg(y_{k})}, &\mbox{$|y_k|\geq T$}
   \end{cases} ,  \nonumber
\end{equation}
where $k=0,1,\cdots,N-1$. $y_{k}^{c}$ and $y_{k}^{c}$ are the output of the blanking and clipping non-linearity, respectively and $T$ is the clipping threshold. The performance of polar codes in the single-carrier system and OFDM system will now be compared in the next section.

\section{Results}

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=2.3in,width=3.2in]{DE_Heuristic.eps}
\caption{Performance of heuristic and DE-based construction methods for the single-carrier system, with $N=1024$ and $\Gamma=0.1, A = 0.1$}
\label{heu_DE}
\end{figure}

In this section, the theoretical and simulated performance of polar codes for single-carrier and OFDM systems on Middleton Class A noise channels is presented. The parameters of the noise are set to be $\Gamma=0.1$ and $\Gamma=0.3$, $A = 0.1$ which represent strong and moderate impulsive noise. The polar codes we employed are half rate and $N=256, 512, 1024, 4096$.

As shown in Fig. \ref{heu_DE}, the performance of DE construction and heuristic method is compared for different code length in single-carrier system. We note that the design-SNR of heuristic method has already been optimized by experiments. It is shown that the performance of the DE-based construction is better than the heuristic method, which achieves 0.5 dB gain for $N=1024$ at $\text{FER}=10^{-4}$ and greatly lowers the error floor for $N=256$. In addition, the derived theoretical BLEP in \eqref{PB} accurately predicts the simulated performance. Furthermore, we observe that when the block length is short ($N=256$), a severe error floor is present even with optimal LLR values. In Fig. \ref{OFDM}, the performance of polar codes with OFDM are presented. By assuming the received signal after OFDM demodulation is Gaussian, our estimation becomes more accurate as codeword length increases. When $N=4096$, the gap between the estimation and simulated performance is only 0.2 dB at $\text{FER}=10^{-4}$. In Fig. \ref{OFDM_nonlinear}, the performance of the single-carrier and OFDM systems are compared. As shown in Fig. \ref{OFDM_nonlinear}, when the codeword length is not sufficiently long ($N=512$), the polar codes in the single-carrier system exhibit an error floor. However, there is no error floor with OFDM since the impulsive noise is suppressed and spread over all sub-carriers. Interestingly, it is observed that the waterfall performance of OFDM is much worse than single-carrier system since the energy of the impulses is very high. The performance of OFDM can be significantly improved when the clipping or blanking operation is employed and it is shown that the performance is better than the single-carrier system at the low error rate region.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=2.3in,width=3.2in]{OFDM_dif_length.eps}
\caption{Performance of polar codes using OFDM, with block length $N=256,1024,2048$ and $\Gamma=0.3, A = 0.1$}
\label{OFDM}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=2.2in,width=3.2in]{OFDM_non_linear.eps}
\caption{Performance comparison of polar codes of single-carrier and OFDM systems, with block length $N=512$ and $\Gamma=0.3, A = 0.1$}
\label{OFDM_nonlinear}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we have investigated two construction methods for polar codes on impulsive noise channels and presented their theoretical performance on these channels. For single carrier modulation, the optimal design-SNR using the heuristic construction method was found for polar codes on Middleton Class A impulsive noise channels and the BLEP performance was evaluated. However, we showed that our DE-based method exhibits a slight performance gain over the heuristic method. With OFDM, an accurate BLEP estimation is not feasible but it was shown that by treating each sub-channel as Gaussian, the performance of polar codes can be well estimated and this becomes more accurate as the block length increases. When the block length is 4096 bits, the gap between estimated and simulated performance is only 0.2 dB. Finally, for the single-carrier system, when the block length is short, a severe error floor is present, but by using OFDM the error floor is eliminated since the impulsive noise is spread over all sub-carriers. Moreover, OFDM with simple non-linear operations can further improve the performance, which demonstrates the advantages of employing OFDM in combination with polar codes to mitigate the effects of impulsive noise.

\small
\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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It's notable that he was very critical of European leaders, NATO allies, claiming that they had to be dragged kicking and screaming to their share of defense expenditure for example, and yet spoke quite warmly of people like President Xi from China.


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text:
Q: Redirect router on after login I am trying to figure out how to redirect my react app to proper page after it has been authenticated through the login.
Here is my App.js file with the routed (without imports):
ReactDOM.render((
<Provider store={store}>
    <Router history={history}>
        <Switch>
            <PrivateRoute path="/test" component={Test} />
            <Route path="/login" component={Login}  />
            <PrivateRoute path="/" render={() =>
Welcome
} />
        </Switch>
    </Router>
</Provider>
), document.getElementById('root'));

I am using PrivateRoute component to make sure private routes get authenticated:
class PrivateRoute extends Route {
render() {
    const { component: Component, isAuthenticated } = this.props;

    let propsCopy = Object.assign({}, this.props);
    delete propsCopy.component;
    delete propsCopy.isAuthenticated;
    return (
        isAuthenticated
        ? <Component {...propsCopy} />
        : <Redirect to={{
            pathname: LOGIN_PATH,
            state: { from: this.props.location }
        }} />
    );
}
}

/**
 * Maps properties from Redux store to this component.
 * @param {Object} state Redux object
 * @return {Object} mapper properties
 */
function mapStateToProps(state) {
// pull out auth element from Redux store state
const { auth } = state;
// extract authenticated element from auth object
const { isAuthenticated } = auth;

return {
    isAuthenticated
}
}

export default connect(mapStateToProps)(PrivateRoute);

My Login component that get redirected to (simplified for the sake of the example:
class LoginForm extends Component {

    constructor() {
        super();

        this.state = {
            email: '',
            password: '',
        }

        this.handleFormSubmit = this.handleFormSubmit.bind(this);

    }

    handleFormSubmit(event) {
        //event.preventDefault();

        const validation = this.validator.validate(this.state);
        this.setState({ validation });
        this.submitted = true;

        if (validation.isValid) {
            // submit form here
            this.props.loginUser({
                    email: this.state.email,
                    password: this.state.password
                });
        }
    }

    render() {

        return (

            // My login FROM code here
        )

    }
}

function mapStateToProps(state) {
    return {
        isFetching: state.auth.isFetching,
        loginError: state.auth.loginError,
        isAuthenticated: state.auth.isAuthenticated
    };
}

function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch, props, state) {
    return {
        loginUser: (credentials) => {
            dispatch(loginUser(credentials));
        },
    };
}

export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(LoginForm);

Right now it works where it redirects to the LoginForm component if isAuthenticated is false. I can submit the login form to my login service and receive a success response and set isAuthenticated.
My question is how to I redirect to the original route? Where is redirection normally done? I'm assuming it's never done in the reducer so it would have to be done in the LoginForm component right?
I know there are a lot of resources discuss this whole login flow but I can't find one that deals with this issue(which surprised me). Everyone redirects to a specific page ('/', '/home' etc) but how do i capture and redirect to the original route.

A: The PrivateRoute component is storing the previous route in from when a redirect occurs due to isAuthenticated being false. This can be used in LoginForm to redirect the user when isAuthenticated is true. Just extract from from this.props.location.state and use that in combination with Redirect component from react-router-dom. If you log this.props.location.state.from you will see the property pathname containing the string route path that the user attempted to get to in an unauthenticated state, which can be used to redirect them once authentication is successful.
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import { connect } from 'react-redux';
import { Redirect, withRouter } from 'react-router-dom';

class LoginForm extends Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);

    this.state = {
      email: '',
      password: '',
    }

    this.handleFormSubmit = this.handleFormSubmit.bind(this);
  }

  handleFormSubmit(event) {
    event.preventDefault();

    const validation = this.validator.validate(this.state);
    this.setState({ validation });
    this.submitted = true;

    if (validation.isValid) {
      // submit form here
      this.props.loginUser({
        email: this.state.email,
        password: this.state.password
      });
    }
  }

  render() {
    const { from } = this.props.location.state || { from: { pathname: "/" } };
    const { isAuthenticated } = this.props;

    if (isAuthenticated) {
      return <Redirect to={from} />;
    }

    return (
      {* login from code *}
    );
  }
}

function mapStateToProps(state) {
  return {
    isFetching: state.auth.isFetching,
    loginError: state.auth.loginError,
    isAuthenticated: state.auth.isAuthenticated
  };
}

function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch, props, state) {
  return {
    loginUser: (credentials) => {
      dispatch(loginUser(credentials));
    },
  };
}

export default withRouter(connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(LoginForm));

You may need to update your PrivateRoute component is well to ensure it returns a Route, this would be in line with react-router-dom example:
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import { connect } from 'react-redux';
import { Redirect, withRouter } from 'react-router-dom';

const PrivateRoute = ({ component: Component, ...rest }) => (
  <Route {...rest} render={props =>
    rest.isAuthenticated ? (
      <Component {...props} />
    ) : (
      <Redirect
        to={{
          pathname: LOGIN_PATH,
          state: { from: props.location }
        }}
      />
    )
  }
  />
);

const mapStateToProps = ({ auth: { isAuthenticated } }) => ({ isAuthenticated });

export default withRouter(connect(mapStateToProps)(PrivateRoute));

I've created a simplified StackBlitz demonstrating the functionality in action.
Hopefully that helps!

A: @Alexander and @bos570 first of all I really appreciate the way you've done this. There are better approaches to this but here is an implementation to build it in controlled way:
In your index.js:
import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';

import './styles.scss'; // it depends what styles you're using css,scss,jss
import App from './App';

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('app'));

In your App.js:
class App extends Component {

  state = {
    isAuthenticated: false,
  };

componentDidMount(){
//call authentication API here
// setState isAuthentication to true upon authentication success

}

render(){
return(
      <Provider store={store}>
        <BrowserRouter>{isAuthenticated ? <Routes /> : <Login />}</BrowserRouter>
      </Provider>
)}

Your Routes.js will have all routes in a Switch and It will keep showing loading screen unless API response gives success. and you re-route to a basic Login page.
Even If you've done code splitting It would not download any bundles from network except main.bundle.js upon authentication failure.
I see people when people use Redux like jack of all trades in programming. I know you future implementation for  authentication will give you an refreshToken that's what Authentication API does for us. You can store it in localStorage and You need to do this if someone refresh the browser at any instant you can't keep it in redux as we know redux will lose state upon browser refresh so here localStorage comes into the play. Use it wisely I would really like to have conversion with both of you how can we make it more better.
I hope this would be helpful for you. and Maybe redux will be used side by side for Authentication. I have had a great time while implementing auth in an app.
Cheers
EDITED keep it as it you've done. But we need to know at which point, you need redux, localStorage, Context API


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