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The Glossary of Terms is an organized list of terms commonly used to talk about election results and races, voting methods, and FairVote's electoral reforms among others.
Principles of Democracy
Proportional Representation Fair Representation
Descriptive Representation Substantive Representation
Virtual Representation Actual Representation
Majority Winner Plurality Winner
Winner-Take-All
Election Terms
Spoiler Effect Vote Splitting
Wasted Votes Bullet Voting
Strategic Voting Sincere Voting
Election Administration Terms
Voting System Ballot Image Data
Direct Recording Electronic Voting Machine (DRE) Cast Vote Record (CVR)
Optical Scan Spoiled Ballot
Invalid Votes Residual Votes
Overvote Undervote
Ranked Choice Voting Terms
Active Ballot Inactive Ballot
Active Candidate Inactive Candidate
Ranking Round
Duplicate Ranking Skipped Ranking
Threshold Surplus Votes
Approval Voting Block Voting
Sequential Ranked Choice Voting Borda Count
Bucklin Voting Closed List Proportional Representation
Condorcet Voting Contingent Voting
Cumulative Voting Free List Proportional Representation
Fusion Voting Limited Voting
List Proportional Representation Mixed-Member Proportional Representation (MMP)
Numbered Posts Open List Proportional Representation
Parallel Voting Method Ranked Choice Voting (RCV)
Score Voting Single Choice Plurality Voting
Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV) Single Transferable Vote (STV)
"STAR" Voting Two-Round System
Primary Election Methods
Open Primary Closed Primary
Semi-Closed Primary Caucus
Blanket Primary Louisiana Primary
Top-Two Primary
Terms Specific to Individual Voting Methods
Droop Quota Hare Quota
D'hondt Formula Random Method for Reallocation
Meeks Method for Reallocation Gregory Method for Reallocation
Compensatory Seats Condorcet Winner
Evaluative Criteria
Arrow's Impossibility Theorem Non-Dictatorship
Unrestricted Domain Pareto Efficiency
Social Ordering Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives
Bayesian Regret Condorcet Criterion
Favorite Betrayal Criterion Independence of Clones Criterion
Later-No-Harm Criterion Majority Criterion
Mutual Majority Criterion Monotonicity Criterion
Electoral College Terms
Elector Faithless Elector
National Popular Vote National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC)
Safe State Swing State
Districting Terms
District At Large
District Magnitude Single-Winner District
Multi-Winner District Community of Interest
Compactness Competitiveness
Contiguity Cracking
Packing Gerrymandering
One Person, One Vote
Voting Rights Terms
Candidate of Choice Racially Polarized Voting
Voting Rights Act (VRA) Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA)
Active Ballot: A ballot which counts toward an active candidate in the current round of counting. Compare to Inactive Ballot.
Active Candidate: A candidate who has not been eliminated during a round-by-round instant runoff count. In a count which lasts multiple rounds, the number of active candidates will decrease with each round. Also known as Continuing Candidate. Compare to Inactive Candidate.
Actual Representation: The idea that constituents have voted for the officials who represent them. Compare to Virtual Representation.
Approval Voting: A voting method in which voters can vote for, or approve of, as many candidates as they wish. Each candidate approved receives one vote and the candidate with the most votes wins. The winner need not garner a majority of the votes.
Arrow's Impossibility Theorem: An economic theorem showing that there is no method that can convert the ranked preferences of individuals into a community-wide ranking while also meeting a specified set of conditions. The conditions are Non-Dictatorship, Pareto Efficiency, Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives, Social Ordering, and Unrestricted Domain.
At Large: A type of electoral jurisdiction where representatives are elected from the whole political region, such as a whole city, county, state, or nation.
Ballot Image Data: An electronically produced record of all votes cast by a single voter.
Bayesian Regret: The average difference in social utility between the chosen candidate and the best candidate.
Blanket Primary: A blanket primary is a primary election which includes all candidates for an office, regardless of respective political party. Each voter votes for one candidate. The single candidate with the most votes from each political party advances to the general election. Also known as a Jungle Primary.
Block Voting: A Winner-Take-All voting method used in Multi-Winner Districts in which electors have as many votes as there are candidates to be elected. Voting can be either candidate-centered or party-centered. Counting is identical to a plurality system, with the candidates with the highest vote totals winning the seats. Also known as Bloc Voting, Multi-Winner Plurality, and sometimes referred to as At-Large Voting, typically in VRA lawsuits.
Sequential Ranked Choice Voting: A winner-take-all ranked choice voting method for Multi-Winner elections. Votes are counted as a sequential series of single-winner ranked choice voting contests. After one seat has been awarded, the elected candidate is removed from consideration, all ballots are returned to full value, and a new single-winner ranked choice voting count occurs. This process repeats until all seats have been filled. Unlike the Single Transferable Vote (STV), this form of ranked choice voting is not a method for obtaining Proportional Representation. Instead, it is a "majoritarian" method, meaning a single cohesive majority has the power to elect every seat. Sometimes called Instant Runoffs, Majoritarian Ranked Choice Voting, or Block Preferential Voting.
Borda Count: A voting method in which voters rank candidates in order of choice for Single-Winner races. Voters rank candidates and the rankings are converted into points. Candidates receive the most points for being ranked first, fewer points for being ranked second, and so on, with the specific point values varying in different implementations. For example, in an election with five candidates, a first ranked candidate might receive five points, a second ranked office seeker four and so on. The candidate with the most points wins.
Bucklin Voting: A voting method in which voters rank candidates in order of choice for Single-Winner races. If no candidate earns a majority of first choices, all second choices are added to all first choices. Unlike Ranked Choice Voting--in which every voter has one choice in each round, with their votes only transferring in the case of their preferred candidate's elimination--under Bucklin voting, if there is no majority in the first round, a ballot can be simultaneously counted for the voter's first, second, etc. choices until a candidate achieves a majority.
Bullet Voting: A vote in which the voter has selected only one candidate, despite the option to indicate a preference for more than one candidate. Voters may bullet vote strategically (in block voting systems), in a misguided attempt to vote strategically (in the case of Ranked Choice Voting) or because the voter lacks the desire to evaluate more than one candidate on the ballot.
Candidate of Choice: The candidate favored by a like-minded group of racial minority voters in a district. The Voting Rights Act requires that certain minority groups be given enough numbers in a district so that the minority group has the ability to elect their own candidate of choice without being continually outvoted by racial/ethnic majorities, provided such a group would otherwise have their ability to elect a candidate diluted by a Winner-Take-All election method or by an unfair districting plan.
Cast Vote Record (CVR): A record of the contest selections produced by a single voter. The term Cast Vote Record or CVR is sometimes also used to refer to a compilation of all individual voters' selections.
Caucus: A caucus is a meeting of supporters or members of a specific political party or movement. Some states use in-person caucuses to allocate delegates for presidential elections, rather than party primaries. The word caucus can also sometimes refer to a group of like-minded people, such as the Congressional Black Caucus.
Closed List Proportional Representation: A form of List Proportional Representation in which electors vote for a political party, and seats are awarded to individuals based exclusively on the list provided by the political party.
Closed Primary: A is a primary election only available to voters registered with a particular political party. In jurisdictions with closed primaries, independent or unaffiliated voters are excluded from participating in the party nomination contests. Compare to Open Primary and Semi-Closed Primary.
Community of Interest: A group of residents who have common political interests that do not necessarily coincide with the boundaries of a political subdivision.
Compactness: Minimizing the distance between all parts of a district. Examples of compact shapes include a circle, square or hexagon. Compactness can be measured in different ways, including area dispersion or perimeter.
Compensatory Seats: The party list seats in a Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP) system awarded to parties based on their proportion of the national vote. These seats are designed to correct the often disproportionate results of plurality elections.
Competitiveness: A measure of the partisan balance in a district. A highly competitive district would have a relatively even partisan balance, making competition between the two major parties more intense. When used as a criterion in districting, it typically seeks to avoid the creation of "safe districts" for a particular party.
Condorcet Criterion: One of the criteria used to evaluate voting methods. The Condorcet criterion is satisfied if, when there exists a candidate who would defeat every other candidate in a head-to-head election, that candidate always wins. Such a candidate is known as a Concordet Winner.
Condorcet Voting: An election method in which voters rank candidates in order of choice, and that elects the candidate who wins every pairing of head-to-head (or "pairwise") elections against each of the other candidates, if such a candidate exists. A candidate with this property is known as the Condorcet Winner. If no Condorcet winner exists, then some back-up procedure is used to identify a winner.
Condorcet Winner: The candidate who would defeat every other candidate in a head-to-head or pairwise election.
Contiguity: A measure of whether a district is within one continuous boundary and whose parts all touch one another. Contiguity is the most common requirement for districting and is the norm everywhere, but some districts stretch the limits of this requirement by connecting different landmasses through water or having two parts of a district intersect at a single point which takes up no area.
Contingent Voting: A voting method in which voters rank candidates in order of choice for Single-Winner races. Contingent voting is similar to Ranked Choice Voting but the count is limited to two rounds. If there is no majority winner in the first round, the top two vote-getters advance to a final round, rather than a series of one-by-one elimination rounds. Also known as Supplementary Voting.
Cracking: The practice of spreading voters of a particular type among multiple districts in order to deny them a sufficiently large voting bloc in any particular district.
Cumulative Voting: A Semi-Proportional voting method used in Multi-Winner elections. Voters have a number of votes equal to the number of seats to be filled and may allocate their votes among the candidates in any way they see fit, including giving multiple votes to a single candidate or spreading their votes among multiple candidates. Cumulative Voting is used in some U.S. jurisdictions, imposed as a result of Voting Rights Act (VRA) lawsuits.
D'hondt Formula: A "highest average" method used to award seats in a List Proportional Representation system. The available seats are awarded one at a time to the party with the largest average number of votes as determined by dividing the number of votes the party won by the number of seats the party has been awarded plus one. Each time a party wins a seat, the divisor for that party increases by one, which thus reduces its chances of winning the next seat. The first seat is awarded to the party with the largest absolute number of votes, since, no seats having been allocated, the average vote total as determined by the formula will be largest for this party. Also known as the Jefferson Method.
Descriptive Representation: The idea that a body of elected representatives should reflect the descriptive identities, such as such as race, ethnicity, age, gender, and so on, of the populations they represent. Compare with Substantive Representation.
Direct Recording Electronic Voting Machine (DRE): A voting device in which votes are cast and stored entirely electronically.
District: The geographical regions into which a city, state, or country is divided for election purposes. Single-Winner Districts elect one member of the legislature whereas Multi-Winner Districts elect two or more.
District Magnitude: The number of candidates to be elected in each district. Single-Winner Districts elect one member of the legislature whereas Multi-Winner Districts elect two or more.
Droop Quota: The threshold of votes required to win one seat under certain forms of Proportional Representation, including most implementations of the Single Transferable Vote (STV). The formula for the threshold is the sum of one and the quotient of the total number of votes cast and the sum of one and the number of seats to be elected. For one to be elected, the threshold is 50% + 1; for two it is 33.3% + 1; for three it is 25% + 1; and so on.
Duplicate Ranking: An instance in which a voter assigns multiple rankings to a single candidate in a ranked voting method. For example, a ballot on which the same candidate is ranked as both first and second choice contains a duplicate ranking.
Election Audits: A review conducted after polls close for the purpose of determining whether the votes were counted accurately (a results audit) or whether proper procedures were followed (a process audit), or both. One type of audit is a risk-limiting audit (RLA) in which a portion of ballots are manually checked against official election results to determine whether ballots were tallied correctly. Another type of audit is a Bayesian audit which uses Bayesian principles to estimate the probability that the election outcome is correct.
Elector: A member of the electoral college. Each presidential candidate chooses a slate of electors in each state. When voters vote in the presidential election, they are choosing which electors will vote for president and vice president in their state. If selected, the electors cast a vote for president and a vote for vice president in their state in December.
Evaluative Criteria: A voting method criterion refers to whether a voting method can behave in a certain way. Evaluative criteria are used as one way to compare various voting methods.
Fair Representation: The principle that a legislature should reflect all of the voters who elect them. Like-minded voters should be able to elect representatives in proportion to their number. Fair Representation voting methods include Proportional Representation methods as well as Semi-Proportional Representation methods such as Cumulative Voting and Limited Voting. Compare with Winner-Take-All.
Faithless Elector: An elector who does not vote for their pledged candidate.
Favorite Betrayal Criterion: One of the criteria used to evaluate voting methods. The favorite betrayal criterion is satisfied if there is no situation in which a voter could obtain a more preferred outcome by not voting for their sincere favorite as their top choice.
Free List Proportional Representation: A form of List Proportional Representation similar to Open List PR, but instead of having just one vote for one candidate in a list, a voter has as many votes as there are seats to be filled to distribute among candidates as they see fit, including candidates from different lists. In this way, it is similar to Cumulative Voting. Also known as Panachage.
Fusion Voting: Any voting method in which more than one political party can nominate a common candidate. In "aggregated" fusion, each candidate appears on the ballot with all nominating parties listed. In "disaggregated" fusion, each political party's list of nominees appears on its own line, and candidates nominated by multiple parties will appear on multiple party lines.
Gerrymandering: The manipulation of district boundary lines in order to advantage or disadvantage a candidate or political group. Gerrymandering can be used to create a district that is favorable to an incumbent, advantage a party or political group to receive more seats than its proportion of the vote, or to conversely disenfranchise a group or party by weakening or dividing that subset of the electorate. Partisan Gerrymandering and Racial Gerrymandering are two specific types of gerrymandering.
Gregory Method for Reallocation: A method of Surplus Vote Transfer under the Single-Transferable Vote (STV) in which ballots are transferred fractionally. When a candidate wins a seat, votes for that candidate are re-weighted, multiplying their current weight by the quotient of their surplus vote divided by their total vote. The voting method using Gregory reallocation is known as the Inclusive Weighted Gregory Method.
Hare Quota: The threshold of votes required to win one seat under certain forms of Proportional Representation. The quota is ascertained by dividing the total vote by the number of seats. Compare to Droop Quota which requires the number of votes to be divided by the number of seats plus one. The Hare quota tends to exaggerate the representation of smaller blocs of voters, even sometimes resulting in a minority voting bloc winning a majority of seats, and for that reason it has largely been displaced by other thresholds.
Inactive Ballot: A ballot which does not count toward an Active Candidate in the current round of counting. Ballots become inactive if all validly ranked candidates have become inactive during the count. This can happen due to a voter's choice not to rank all candidates, a limit on the number of rankings imposed by a jurisdiction, or an error which disqualifies the ballot. Also known as an exhausted ballot. Compare to Active Ballot.
Inactive Candidate: A candidate who has been eliminated during the round-by-round instant runoff count. Compare to Active Candidate.
Independence of Clones Criterion: One of the criteria used to evaluate voting methods. The independence of clones criterion is satisfied if an otherwise winning candidate is not caused to lose by introducing an identical candidate.
Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives Criterion: One of the conditions included in Arrow's Impossibility Theorem. The independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion is satisfied if adding an additional non-winning candidate to a contest can never change the winner.
Invalid Votes: Cast ballots that are unable to be included in the vote total due to accidental or deliberate errors on the ballot.
Later-No-Harm Criterion: One of the criteria used to evaluate voting methods. The later-no-harm criterion is satisfied if expressing support for a second or later choice candidate cannot cause a more favored candidate to lose.
Limited Voting: A Semi-Proportional voting method used in Multi-Winner elections. Voters have fewer votes than the number of seats to be filled, but sometimes more than one vote. Counting is identical to a plurality election, with the candidates with the highest vote totals winning the seats. When voters have only one vote, it is also known as the Single Vote method or the Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV).
List Proportional Representation: A form of Proportional Representation used in Multi-Winner elections. Each party submits lists of candidates to be elected and voters vote for the party. Seats are allocated to each party in proportion to the share received in the jurisdiction or district. Party lists of candidates can be Open, Closed, or Free. List proportional representation is also known as Party List Proportional, List Systems, or List PR.
Louisiana Primary: The common term for the Louisiana general election for local, state, and congressional offices. It is similar to a Top-Two Primary, with candidates competing regardless of political party, but is a general election rather than a primary election. The candidate who receives a majority is elected. If no candidate wins a majority, a runoff election is held between the top two candidates. This system is also used for U.S. Senate special elections in Mississippi and Texas, and special elections for partisan offices in Georgia. Also known as the Cajun primary and jungle primary.
Majority Criterion: One of the criteria used to evaluate voting methods. The majority criterion is satisfied if, when there exists a candidate who is the preferred by more than half of voters, that candidate always wins. A stricter version of the majority criterion is the mutual majority criterion.
Majority Winner: A term for a candidate who earns more than 50% of votes. Voting methods which require majority support mean that a candidate must earn the votes of greater than 50% of voters in order to win. Compare with Plurality Winner.
Meeks Method for Reallocation: A method of Surplus Vote Transfer under the Single-Transferable Vote (STV) in which ballots are transferred fractionally. The Meeks method is similar to the Gregory Method except that it uses iterative approximation to re-calculate weightings after each round. This accounts for ballots which are partially transferred to a candidate who has already won a seat in a previous round.
Mixed-Member Proportional Representation (MMP): A hybrid electoral method in which some legislative seats are elected from Single-Winner Districts using Winner-Take-All rules and additional "compensatory" seats are awarded to underrepresented parties in order to achieve Proportional Representation overall. MMP combines geographic representation with proportional representation of ideological interests. The "Districts Plus" model in FairVote's reform library is a form of MMP.
Monotonicity Criterion: One of the criteria used to evaluate voting methods. The monotonicity criterion is satisfied if (1) giving greater support for a candidate can never hurt that candidate, and (2) giving less support for a candidate can never benefit that candidate.
Multi-Winner District: A district from which more than one member is elected. Also known as a multi-member district or a multi-seat district. Compare to Single-Winner District.
Mutual Majority Criterion: One of the criteria used to evaluate voting methods. The mutual majority criterion is a stricter version of the majority criterion. It is satisfied if, when there exists a subset of candidates, such as all candidates from one political party, such that a majority of voters prefer every member of that group to all other candidates, the voting method must always elect a member of that group.
National Popular Vote: The total of all votes cast for president across all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and sometimes also including other American territories. The national popular vote outcome does not determine who is elected president, and the winner of the national popular vote has not been elected president on five separate occasions.
National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC): An agreement which stipulates that all participating states will award their electoral votes to whichever presidential candidate wins the National Popular Vote in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The compact is set to go into effect only after states controlling a majority of electoral votes have enacted it. As of 2020, the NPVIC has not gone into effect.
Non-Dictatorship: One of the conditions included in Arrow's Impossibility Theorem. The voting method must consider the wishes of multiple voters.
Numbered Posts: A method of conducting Multi-Winner elections by dividing them into separate Single-Winner elections, all elected At-Large. Some numbered posts require that the candidate be a resident of a particular geographical area.
One Person, One Vote: A constitutional principle based on Article I, Section 2 and the 14th Amendment which holds that each voter should have the same effective voting power as each other voter. If a jurisdiction uses districts, those districts must have an approximately equal number of persons per representative elected in each district.
Open List Proportional Representation: A form of List Proportional Representation in which electors can express a preference for the order of candidates within a party list, as well as voting for the party. The "Open Ticket" model in FairVote's reform library is a form of open list PR.
Open Primary:A primary election in which a separate primary election is held for each political party, but voters may participate in any such primary regardless of their party registration.
Optical Scan: An electronic voting system which reads marked paper ballots and tabulates the results.
Overvote:A vote in which the voter has indicated a preference for more than the maximum number of selections allowed. Under Ranked Choice Voting, this means the voter has ranked more than one candidate at the same ranking order.
Packing: The practice of concentrating voters of one type into a single electoral district in order to reduce their influence in other districts.
Parallel Voting Method: A hybrid electoral method in which some legislative seats are elected from Single-Winner Districts using Winner-Take-All rules and the remainder from List Proportional Representation methods. Unlike Mixed-Member Proportional, proportionality is confined to the party lists seats, rather than applying to the legislative chamber overall.
Pareto Efficiency: One of the conditions included in Arrow's Impossibility Theorem. If every individual prefers a certain option to another, then so must the resulting societal preference order.
Plurality Winner: A term for the candidate who got more votes than any other competing candidates. In elections with more than two candidates, a plurality winner may have less than 50% of the votes. In the Single-Choice Plurality voting method, such a candidate is the winner. Compare with Majority Winner.
Proportional Representation: A group of voting methods used in many democracies whose major goal is to ensure that parties and political groups are allocated seats in legislative bodies in proportion to their share of the vote. For example, a party receiving 30% of the national vote should receive approximately 30% of the seats in the national legislature.
Racially Polarized Voting: Circumstances where the voting preferences of a particular racial or ethnic group consistently vary from the preferences of other groups. If racially polarized voting can be demonstrated in a jurisdiction, and if the relevant minority group is sufficiently large and geographically cohesive enough to elect a candidate of choice in a Single-Winner District, it may be illegal for the jurisdiction to dilute that group's ability to elect a Candidate of Choice by using a Winner-Take-All At-Large election method or an unfair districting plan.
Random Method for Reallocation: A method of Surplus Vote Transfer in which ballots to be transferred are chosen randomly. Compare to fractional methods of transfer such as the Gregory Method and the Meeks Method.
Ranked Choice Voting: Ranked choice voting is a way to ensure elections are fair for all voters. It allows voters the option to rank candidates in order of preference: one, two, three, and so forth.
If your vote cannot help your top choice win, your vote counts for your next choice.
In races where voters select one winner, if a candidate receives more than half of the first choices, that candidate wins, just like in any other election. However, if there is no majority winner after counting first choices, the race is decided by an "instant runoff." The candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voters who picked that candidate as 'number 1' will have their votes count for their next choice. This process continues until there's a majority winner or a candidate won with more than half of the vote.
Single-winner RCV is also known as instant runoff voting, the alternative vote, and preferential majority voting.
Multi-winner RCV is also known as single transferable vote (STV), proportional representation, the Hare system, and choice voting. Modified systems of multi-winner RCV include bottoms-up RCV, "vote for w" RCV, and sequential ranked choice voting.
Ranking: The number assigned by a voter to a candidate to express the voter's choice for that candidate. The number "1" is the highest ranking order, followed by "2" and then "3" and so on.
Reserved Seats: Seats in which some criterion such as religion, ethnicity, language, gender etc. is a requirement for election. Gender Quotas are a type of reserved seats used around the world to ensure legislative representation for women. Reserved seats are sometimes known as set-aside seats.
Residual Votes: Total number of votes that cannot be counted for a specific contest. There are multiple types of residual votes, including Overvotes and Undervotes.
Round: An instance of the sequence of voting tabulation in a Ranked Choice Voting (RCV) election.
Safe State: A state in which voters are known to favor one political party by such a margin that it can be reliably predicted in advance of the presidential election which slate of Electors will be chosen. Compare to Swing State.
Score Voting: A voting method for Single-Winner Districts in which voters award each candidate a "score." Voters' scores are then either summed or averaged together for each candidate. The candidate with the highest total score wins. Also known as range voting.
Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA): A part of the Voting Rights Act which prohibits states and other jurisdictions from maintaining voting laws, standards or practices that abridge the right to vote on the basis of race or language group. When a law has the effect of denying the right to vote or the opportunity to elect candidates to a group on the basis of their race, ethnicity, or language minority status, then a lawsuit may be brought under Section 2 to change that law. Voting methods which have been adopted in response to VRA lawsuits include Single Transferable Vote (STV), Cumulative Voting, and Limited Voting.
Semi-Closed Primary: A primary election in which a separate primary election is held for each political party, and the primary is open either to voters registered with that party or to unaffiliated voters, who may choose which semi-closed primary they participate in.
Semi-Proportional Voting Methods: Electoral systems that are not Winner-Take-All, but do not guarantee Proportional Representation. Semi-proportional systems generally produce electoral results that are between the proportionality of full representation systems and the disproportionality of winner-take-all systems. These methods include Cumulative Voting and Limited Voting.
Sincere Voting: Votes cast by voters for their most preferred candidate. Compare with Strategic Voting in which voters select a candidate other than their first preference in order to best pursue their political interests.
Single Choice Plurality Voting: A voting method used in Single-Winner elections in which the candidate with the most votes wins, without necessarily receiving a majority of votes. It is the most common system used in countries descended from the British and French Empires, including the United States and Canada. Certain jurisdictions couple the use of single-choice plurality with runoff elections if no winner attains the majority of votes in the initial election, known as a Two Round System. Also known as plurality voting and first-past-the-post (FPTP).
Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV): A Multi-Winner voting method in which each voter may vote for one candidate and the candidate with the highest number of votes is the winner. It is the multi-winner form of Single-Choice Plurality Voting.
Single Transferable Vote (STV):A Multi-Winner ranked choice voting method whose goal is Proportional Representation. Candidates who meet the threshold of votes to be elected see their surplus votes transferred to other candidates. For information on how votes are reallocated, see Random Reallocation, Gregory Method for Reallocation, and Meeks Method for Reallocation. Single transferable vote is also known as STV, the Hare system, and choice voting.
Single-Winner District: A district from which only one member is elected. Also known as a single-member district or a single-seat district. Compare to Multi-Winner District.
Skipped Ranking: In a ranked voting method, an instance in which a voter has left at least one ranking order unassigned but ranks a candidate at a subsequent ranking order. For example, a ballot which contained a valid ranking for first choice and for third choice, but not for second choice, is a ballot containing a skipped ranking.
Social Ordering: One of the conditions included in Arrow's Impossibility Theorem. Each individual should be able to order the choices in any way and indicate ties.
Spoiled Ballot: A ballot that has been marked or altered in a way that prevents it from being counted.
Spoiler Effect: A phenomenon in Single-Choice Plurality elections in which a head-to-head race between two viable candidates would lead to one candidate winning, but in which the presence of a third, non-viable candidate divides that winner's support, causing the other viable candidate to win with a plurality vote instead. A general term for the phenomenon when two similar candidates divide their base of support is Vote Splitting.
STAR Voting: A form of Score Voting which relies on two rounds of tallies to determine a winner. Instead of electing the candidate with the highest score, STAR voting first identifies the two candidates with the two highest scores. It then assigns each of those candidates one vote per ballot that scores them higher than the other, and the candidate with the greater number of votes in the second round wins the election. STAR is an acronym for "Score Then Automatic Runoff".
Strategic Voting: Occurs when a voter votes for a candidate other than their preferred choice to prevent an unwanted outcome. For example, in a Single-Choice Plurality election, there is often a strong incentive for supporters of a minor party to throw their vote to a larger party with a greater chance of victory; this prevents a party or candidate the voter dislikes from winning. Compare with Sincere Voting.
Substantive Representation: The tendency of elected legislators to advocate on behalf of the values and interests of certain groups. Compare with Descriptive Representation.
Surplus Votes:The number of votes a candidate receives beyond the minimum needed in order to receive a seat in a Single Transferable Vote (STV) election. These extra votes are transfered to voters' next choice candidates. Surplus votes can be transferred as whole ballots using Random Reallocation or using fractional transfer methods such as the Gregory Method for Reallocation or the Meeks Method for Reallocation.
Swing State:A state for whom the outcome of a presidential election is difficult to predict because the margin is expected to be narrow. Swing states are sometimes known as "purple states" because they are not uniformly red (Republican) or blue (Democractic). Compare with Safe State.
Threshold: The minimum number of votes needed to win a seat under various Multi-Winner voting methods. In Single Transferable Vote (STV), the threshold is the fewest votes that only the winning number of candidates can obtain, typically calculated using the Droop Quota. In List Proportional Representation, the threshold is the minimum needed for a party to win any seats and is known as the threshold of exclusion.
Top-Two Primary: A top-two primary is a primary election in which all candidates appear on the same ballot and the top two vote-getters advance to the general election, regardless of their political party. Consequently, it is possible for two candidates from the same political party to win in a top-two primary and compete against each other in the general election.
Two-Round Sytem: A number of Winner-Take-All methods in which a second election is held following a preliminary or primary election. In some cases, the second election is contingent upon no candidate receiving a majority in the first election. In other cases, such as California's top-two primary system, the second election is held regardless of whether a candidate received a majority in the first election. Also known as runoff elections.
Undervote: A vote in which the voter has selected fewer candidates than allowed or has skipped voting for the office entirely. Under Ranked Choice Voting (RCV), this term ordinarily means the voter has skipped voting for the office entirely, but it is sometimes also used to refer to an unused ranking on a ballot.
Unrestricted Domain: One of the conditions included in Arrow's Impossibility Theorem. The voting method must account for all individual preferences.
Virtual Representation: The idea that constituents are represented by officials they did not vote for. For example, a Democratic voter in a safe Republican district is still virtually represented by Democrats elected elsewhere, even if they cannot vote for those Democrats. Compare to Actual Representation.
Vote Splitting: A phenomenon in plurality elections in which candidates with similar characteristics divide their supporters between themselves, potentially preventing any of them from earning enough votes to win the election. Vote Splitting can lead to the Spoiler Effect.
Voting Rights Act (VRA): A federal law protecting the right of voters to vote and their opportunity to elect candidates from discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, or language minority status. When a law has the effect of denying the right to vote or the opportunity to elect candidates to a group on the basis of their race, ethnicity, or language minority status, then a lawsuit may be brought under Section 2 to change that law. Voting methods which have been adopted in response to VRA lawsuits include Single Transferable Vote (STV), Cumulative Voting, and Limited Voting.
Voting System: Equipment, materials, and documentation used to conduct elections, including to capture votes, count votes, and generate reports. Some people refer to voting methods like ranked choice voting (RCV) as voting systems, but methods like RCV are better understood as voting methods or electoral systems.
Wasted Votes: A term used to describe votes that are not useful in the election of the winning candidate or party. There are two sources of wasted votes: votes cast for candidates who are not elected, and votes cast for elected candidates who earned more votes than they needed to win.
Winner-Take-All: The principle that a legislature should reflect only a single group of voters, usually the majority group. Rather than like-minded voters being able to elect representatives in proportion to their number, one group of voters can elect all representatives while other groups elect none. Compare to Fair Representation.


text:
Q: Toggle all stencil.js components of the same kind when clicked I am creating a toolbar, that will be used for text editing.
Each item in the toolbar is being created with this code:
import {Component, h, Prop, Event, EventEmitter} from '@stencil/core';

@Component({
  tag: 'spa-toolbar-item',
  styleUrl: 'spa-toolbar-item.scss',
})

export class spaToolbarItem {
  @Prop({reflectToAttr: true, mutable: true}) toggle: boolean = false;
  @Prop({reflectToAttr: true}) type: string;
  @Event() onToggle: EventEmitter;

  toggleComponent(): void {
    this.toggle = !this.toggle;
    this.onToggle.emit({visible: this.toggle});
  }

  render() {
    return [
      <button onClick={() => this.toggleComponent()}>
        <slot/>
      </button>,

        {this.type == 'font'
          ?

            Arial
            Georgia
            Palatino
            Tahoma
            Times New Roman
            Helvetica
            Courier New
            Lucida Sans Typewriter
            Verdana

          : null}

    ]
  }
}

This works as expected, however, I want all other dropdown menus to close when one item is clicked, so basically 'this.toggle' needs to be applied for all non-active dropdowns. How do I do that?

A: So the idea is to apply addEventListener on your document and also on the component itself (the Host - dropdown). For that you can use a lifecyclehook like componentdidload.
import {Component, h, Prop, Event, EventEmitter} from '@stencil/core';

@Component({
  tag: 'spa-toolbar-item',
  styleUrl: 'spa-toolbar-item.scss',
})

export class spaToolbarItem {
  @Prop({reflectToAttr: true, mutable: true}) toggle: boolean = false;
  @Prop({reflectToAttr: true}) type: string;
  @Event() onToggle: EventEmitter;

private hostElement;
private buttonElement;
  closeDropdown(){
    this.toggle = false;
  }
  toggleComponent(): void {
    this.toggle = !this.toggle;
    this.onToggle.emit({visible: this.toggle});
  }

render() {
 return
 <Host ref={(el) => this.hostElement = el}>
   //everything you had before in the return value
 </Host>
}

 componentDidLoad(){
  document.addEventListener("click", ()=>{this.clickManager("document");}, true)
  this.hostElement.addEventListener("click", ()=>{this.clickManager("dropdown");}, true)
 }

 private clickManager(identifier){
   if(identifier == "dropdown"){
     //the clicked dropdown -> active dropdown
     this.toggleComponent();
     return;
   }
   //all non active Dropdowns
   this.closeDropdown();
 }

}

As you can see we have two events that are calling the clickManager. The first one is the document and the second one is the dropdown you clicked on. Of course you have to remove the onclick event on the button but this code doesn't work as expected. Now you can decide what happens if you click in the dropdown and what happens with all the dropdowns that are non active.
That is the basic concept feel free to adapt and change if required.

A: Thanks Christian, I ended up using this solution underneath.
import {Component, h, Prop, Host, Element} from '@stencil/core';

@Component({
  tag: 'spa-toolbar-item',
  styleUrl: 'spa-toolbar-item.scss',
})

export class spaToolbarItem {
  @Prop({reflectToAttr: true, mutable: true}) isOpen: string = 'false';
  @Prop({reflectToAttr: true}) type: string;
  @Element() el: HTMLElement;

  openDropdown() {
    function closeDropdown() {
      let dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('spa-toolbar-item[is-open]');
      dropdowns.forEach(item => {
        item.setAttribute('is-open', 'false')
      });
    }

    if (this.el.getAttribute('is-open') == 'true') {
      closeDropdown();
      return
    }

    if (this.el.getAttribute('is-open') == 'false') {
      closeDropdown();
      this.el.setAttribute('is-open', 'true')
    }
  }

  render() {
    return (
      <Host>
        <button onClick={this.openDropdown.bind(this)}>
          <slot/>
        </button>

          {this.type == 'font'
            ?

              Arial
              Georgia
              Palatino
              Tahoma
              Times New Roman
              Helvetica
              Courier New
              Lucida Sans Typewriter
              Verdana

            : null}

      </Host>
    )
  }
}

A: what you can do with pure javascript is, iterate throught all the elements with the class is-active, and set the properties of toggle of each one to 0 (or whatever the way you're doing it)
example:
new Array(document.getElementsByClassName('is-active')).forEach(function(e){/*Set toggle property to 0*/});

what this do is, search for all the elements with the is-active,iterate throught them, and set a function, in this function the parameter e is equal to the current element, you can set your property there.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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This guide outlines reasons why you might want to consider investing in a franchise or franchising out your own business if you have one.
Franchises offer a middle ground between running your own business and working for someone as an employee.
This means franchises can be an ideal opportunity for people who want the freedom of being their own boss, without the risk and hard work of having to set up their own company from scratch.
The best franchises should have clear benefits for both the franchisor and the franchisee.
One of the toughest challenges is coming up with a business which will work and be profitable. With franchises, the business is already up and running and the idea has been tried and tested in other areas. Of course, there are no guarantees that your franchise will be successful, but it is less of a risk. It is also a good option for someone who wants to work for themselves but hasn't had that 'lightbulb' moment identifying a gap in the market or an innovative new product.
Good franchisors will offer you lots of support and guidance to help you get up and running and make your start-up business a success. You will be given a framework to work within so you will not be going it alone.
You will be expected to pay certain fees and royalties but these will often be less than the cost of starting up your own business from scratch.
If you are buying a franchise in a well-known company which is based in many areas of the UK, marketing will be less challenging than if you are launching a start-up business which no one has heard of. The company may have a national website which directs customers to their local franchise. A well-recognised name will help you win new customers and give them confidence in your business.
If you are an entrepreneur with a successful business that has the potential to be rolled out to other geographic areas, you may wish to speed up your business growth by becoming a franchisor.
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You will need to take time working out all the details before you franchise your company, but once you have got started, it offers the opportunity to expand rapidly. The only limit to your business growth is the time needed to recruit and train franchisees.


text:
Google Play system updates April: new Play Pass features
The April Google Play system updates for Android phones will bring new Play Pass and Play Points features, ways to discover apps, and more.
In recent months, Google has begun offering release notes for new features and changes to what it calls the "Google System." This encompasses updates to the Google Play Store and Google Play Services, as well as minor updates to your phone itself via "Google Play system updates." Rather than offer individual release notes for each aspect, Google wraps them all together in one spot as new features/tweaks often involve updates from a mixture of the three.
The easiest way to check whether you need to update Google Play Services on your phone is to follow a direct link to the app's Play Store listing and update from there, if available. To update the Play Store, tap your avatar in the corner, then "Settings." Under the "About" section, you'll see an option to "Update Play Store." Meanwhile, Google Play system updates can be found through the Settings app, under About phone > Android version > Google Play system update.
So far, for April 2022's Google Play updates, there doesn't seem to be too much in the way of interesting new features. The few standouts, which will need to be investigated, include new features for Play Pass and Play Points, along with some new ways to discover apps through the Play Store.
It's possible that the Play Points improvements may have already rolled out for some, with the rewards program recently allowing some customers to apply their points directly to a purchase rather than buying credits in 100-point intervals.
In order to see the benefits of these improvements, you'll need to ensure that your device has the Google Play system update for April, version 22.12 of Play Services, and version 29.9 of the Play Store, all of which should begin rolling out on April 1.
Google Play updates for April 2022
Critical Fixes
[Auto, Phone, Tablet, TV, Wear OS] Bug fixes for security & privacy, and system management & diagnostics related services.
Improvements to Play-as-you-download feature to let gamers start playing mobile games while the app download continues to reduce waiting times.
New Features to help you discover the Apps & Games you love.
Optimizations allowing faster and more reliable download and installation.
New features to the Play Pass and Play Points programs.
Enhancements to Google Play Billing.
Continuous improvements to Play Protect to keep your device safe.
Various performance optimizations, bug fixes and improvements to security, stability and accessibility.
Updates to system management services that improve device connectivity, network usage, stability, security and updatability.
New developer features for Google and third party app developers to support ads, accessibility, analytics & diagnostics and machine learning & AI, and security & privacy related developer services in their apps.
Check out 9to5Google on YouTube for more news:
Will Smith and ex-wife Sheree Zampino pose with his Academy Award following 'epic night'
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Police find body of missing Winslow woman
by BDN staff reports September 23, 2018 September 24, 2018
Winslow police are looking for a 35-year-old woman, who was reported missing Sunday. Credit: Courtesy of Winslow Police Department
Winslow police on Monday found the body of a 35-year-old woman, who was reported missing Sunday.
At 10:09 a.m., a Maine warden located the body of Rainne Andrews who died from an apparent suicide.
Police are investigating Andrews' death.
To reach a suicide prevention hotline, call 888-568-1112 or 800-273-TALK (8255), or visit www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org.
Follow the Bangor Daily News on Facebook for the latest Maine news.


I got 100%, 33 right out of 33 questions, on this test. That's better than typical people average, which in turn is better than elected officials average. I thought I'd miss one, as it looked like a trick question, but what probably happened is it was and I just answered opposite that.
But these two quizzes aren't designed to reflect that, except possibly when taken together.
You're a bit Republican and probably more conservative than you realize.
If you're still voting Democrat, maybe it's time that you stop.
You're a bit Democrat, and probably more liberal than you realize.
If you're still voting Republican, maybe it's time that you stop.
Blogthings: We'll Tell You The Truth… Someone Has To!


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text:
SpellBlast - Of Gold And Guns
Genre: Folk Metal, Power Metal - Publicerad: 2018-03-30 20:00:00
A show of hands for those who can say they've ever given SpellBlast more than a few minutes of attention in one sitting. The air is now emptier'n a prairie at high noon or some other mumbo jumbo with western words in it, because no one has done that. The Italian band has always been that standard folk power metal band that's been unable to reach the levels of the likes of Elvenking in their folksier tunes, while their power metal antics have been shadowed by giants such as Rhapsody and Orden Ogan; songs about battle and glory blended with ye olde folk melodies out of the textbook. Apparently that's about to change as they change the focus of their most recent outing, Of Gold And Guns, to the American wild west. It goes without saying that such a transformation needs to be felt in the overall sound; there has to be touches of Americana strewn across the runtime, while retaining the band's original sound.Orden Ogan accomplished this on their latest album, giving it a distinct western flair. SpellBlast does not.
The sound isn't as refined as it'd need, and the occasional banjo strumming doesn't sell the illusion when vocalist Dest Ring sounds as far from an outlaw gunslinger as possible. His Italian accent is thicker'n gravy and his style decidedly European. A 'yee-haw' or two here and there doesn't help either. Most of the tracks are named after historical figures from the American mid to late 19th century, such as Wyatt Earp, Jesse James and Sitting Bull, and the songs, moving quickly from one figure to another instead of building on some lore throughout, feel about as deep as the paragraph of a Wikipedia entry, which is sad when there is plenty of interesting events from the era to make interesting music about. There are a few exceptions, though the effect is nowhere near as big as it needs to be; Sitting Bull has a neat intro and a rhythm section that (albeit fairly stagnant) conjures the right setting, but then the entire song is so anti-climactic that after four minutes you're just left there wondering where the song went, because it certainly wasn't anywhere exciting.
And that's how you can basically describe every single song on the album (and let's not even get into the suck fest that is the closing ballad Wanted Dead Or Alive). Ring's vocals toward the would-be zenith of each song just sound bored and the epic guitars or orchestrations are totally absent. The detriment of this album is that it's so dull, grey and middle of the road that it's almost unbelievable. The would-be mid tempo rompers end up just slowly plodding and the attempts at faster numbers just feel derivative and sub standard. There is no emotion behind a single note, everything's just phoned in. A few enjoyable tracks and neat melodic pieces can be found, but that's about it, and far from enough to make the entire 45 minutes worthwhile. Goblins In Deadwood has a neat saloon-y sound and a cheesy flair, with piano trilling and delivers with a smile and a fresh sounding rhythm section. It's the best track on here, and even it is a decent song at best. Of Gold And Guns just isn't a good album. A song or two could be called acceptable for what they are, but won't be good for anything more than an occasional future replay. The rest will have you slidin' away slicker'n slime on a doorknob.
Standout tracks: Jesse James, Goblins In Deadwood
SpellBlast - Wyatt Earp


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There's been recent proof of concept for street artists soliciting crypto donations through QR codes. Pascal Boyart, a French graffiti artist known for murals that contain hidden crypto prizes for those savvy enough to find them, posted on Reddit that he earned one full bitcoin two days ago (currently worth close to $4,000) for his piece titled "Liberté Guidant le Peuple," painted this year in Paris.
The bitcoin adds to the total 0.14 bitcoin, five Bitcoin Cash, and 1.25 Litecoin (together worth roughly $1,400, at time of publication) that the artist says he's received since posting three murals with QR donation codes around Paris in the past year.
"I couldn't imagine receiving so much," Boyart told us via Telegram of the bitcoin he was given two days ago. Boyart doesn't know the identity of his benefactor, and this is the first time he's gotten such a hefty chunk of coin from a single anonymous tipper. The bitcoin tips Boyart usually receives for his public art have hovered between a few cents and several dollars. On his website, Boyart counts influences like Pieter Bruegel, Jackson Pollack, and Georges Seurat, none of whom were ever paid for their art with bitcoin.
Boyart's pieces incorporate bitcoin through more than just a QR code. His work is part of a new trend of artists offering bitcoin prizes through their paintings. Beginning with Marguerite deCourcelle in 2014, crypto-inclined painters have snuck puzzles into their works that, when solved, unlock a certain amount of bitcoin for the decoder. "Liberté Guidant le Peuple" contained 0.26 hidden bitcoin, which Boyart placed there in honor of the tenth anniversary of bitcoin's genesis block. He provided the public key and invited viewers to discover the private one to receive what is now worth about $1,044.
It appears that somebody solved the puzzle about a week after the challenge was posted. Cracking the code meant finding 12 recovery words for the keys to the wallet containing the promised bitcoin. The process did not look easy and revealed a message related to France's populist Yellow Vests movement, containing the words: "banker usury lie people fight hope union citizen lead triumph yellow horizon." The bitcoin prize was provided by sponsor Alistair Milne, who once described himself as a "certified bitcoin professional" on his personal blog.
Though Boyart's website notes that he is the "first mural painter to affix a Bitcoin QR code to his paintings for donations," at least one other street artist interested in cryptocurrency has been soliciting donations through QR codes for some time (though, to be fair, he's not a mural painter). He goes by the name Cryptograffiti and has been getting micropayments this way for his crypto-related public art since 2011. His street art largely consists of corporate-looking images that subtly include the bitcoin symbol, often placed on or near ATMs belonging to banks like Chase and HSBC.
Publicly posting a QR code doesn't come without hazards. There's always the concern that someone could "hijack" your code, as one Redditor puts it, by painting over it with a QR code that leads to their personal wallet address. Boyart attempts to get around this by painting his website URL under the QR code, so people wishing to donate money can verify his address on the site. It's not a perfect solution, but if someone is going to take the time to donate a significant amount of cryptocurrency, you'd think they'd check to make sure it's going to the desired recipient.
"It makes me happy to see the support from the community," wrote Boyart. He who appears to have immediately withdrawn the one BTC from his wallet.
This post has been updated to include the sponsor of the hidden bitcoin on Boyart's mural.


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Homepredictionspreston north end vs tottenham hotspur 28 01 2023
Preston vs. Tottenham Prediction, Tips & Stats
George Green
Thu 26 Jan 2023 13.31
Preston vs. Tottenham Betting Tip
HARRY KANE TO SCORE FIRST @ 9/4
home+135
Results display the percentage of matches that have been Won or Drawn in the last 5 matches in all major Competitions and International Friendlies
Results display the percentage of matches that have been BTTS in the last 5 matches in all major Competitions and International Friendlies
Results display the percentage of matches that have been Over 2.5 Goals in the last 5 matches in all major Competitions and International Friendlies
For our Preston vs. Tottenham prediction, we're going for a 2-0 win for the away side.
Preston North End are looking for a massive Premier League scalp in the FA Cup as they welcome Tottenham Hotspur to Deepdale in the fourth round this weekend.
Preston North End reached the fourth round of the FA Cup by beating Huddersfield Town 3-1 in the third round.
Preston are having a solid season in the Championship as they currently sit in 11th place, just two points outside of the play-off spots.
They enter this game in very good form, too, having won three of their last four matches in all competitions, the most recent of which was a 2-1 win away at Birmingham City at the weekend.
Their home form, however, is a fairly significant concern ahead of this game having won one and lost four of their last five matches on home soil in all competitions.
Preston last reached the fifth round of this competition in the 2014/15 season, so they'll be looking for a landmark victory here.
A good cup run could do wonders for Preston's season as they attempt to force their way through a competitive field in the play-off race in the Championship. Winning here will be very, very difficult but we've seen more surprising things in this competition.
Tottenham Hotspur reached the fourth round of the FA Cup by beating Portsmouth 1-0 in the third round.
Spurs are having a fairly underwhelming season under Antonio Conte as they sit 5th in the Premier League table will a number of key individuals having very sub par seasons.
Heung-min Son, usually ever reliable, has been a shadow of himself having scored just six times in twenty-six games this season for Spurs. His dip in form has been near fatal to their chances this season as he was such an irreplaceable contributor.
He's not the only underperforming culprit, mind, but one man who has not been below par is Harry Kane, with the England man having notches eighteen goals and three assists in twenty-nine games for Spurs.
Tottenham's form has been mixed of late having won three and lost two of their last five matches in all competitions, with their most recent game a 1-0 win away at Fulham.
The FA Cup may well be Tottenham's best shot at a trophy this season so they should field a strong lineup here. They're a far cry from being anything close to unbeatable but despite Preston's good form this is a game they should win with relative comfort.
Don't forget to check out the rest of our previews, tips and offers for this weekend's action.
Preston Team News
Preston's absentee list is lengthy with Benjamin Whiteman, Emil Riis, Brad Potts and Sean Maguire all out injured, while Troy Parrott and Liam Delap are both ineligible.
Tottenham Team News
Lucas Moura is out for Spurs while Bryan Gil is a doubt.
New signing Arnaut Danjuma will be hoping to make his debut in some capacity.
Latest match predictions - https://footyaccumulators.com/predictions
Football tips - https://footyaccumulators.com/football-tips
Football accumulator tips - https://footyaccumulators.com/football-tips/accumulators
Football bet of the day - https://footyaccumulators.com/football-tips/bet-of-the-day
World Cup betting tips - https://footyaccumulators.com/world-cup


Google Labs has quietly debuted Shared Spaces, using Google Wave technology to let users quickly create a space with collaborative gadgets and a chat box inside.
As soon as it's open to the general public, it will be simple and quick to create a space, grab a gadget from the gallery of 50 that already exist, and then paste the Space's URL into a chat window, e-mail message, tweet or any other content-sharing platform.
Google didn't say when this semi-closed Shared Spaces beta will be available for everyone, but it's nice to know that there is yet another form in which Google Wave will still continue to exist.