Information For Parents | Art First, Inc.
To insure quality instruction and individual attention for each student, classes will be kept small. Therefore, space is limited. Early registration is suggested.
Summer Registration Fee: $25.00 per child. (Non-refundable).
Camp fees include tuition and a materials fee.
Refunds are given if the request is made 15 days prior to the scheduled date of the class or classes for which the child is registered. A $25 administration fee will be withheld for each program withdrawal. Refunds for withdrawal less than 15 days prior to the scheduled program date will be issued only if the slot is filled. Due to the involved nature of our camps, if a child misses a camp, the camp fee is forfeited without a refund.
Payment: We accept cash or personal checks and money orders made payable to Art First, Inc. For your convenience we also accept popular credit and debit cards. Payment in full is required to guarantee a spot in class.
Late Fees: Parents who pick up their children after 11:40 a.m., 3:10 p.m. and 5:40 p.m. will be charged $1 per minute for each minute after a 10 minute grace period.
Lunch : Children attending both AM and PM camps during the week are invited to stay for lunch with the teachers (11:30-12:30) at no extra charge. Please provide a nut free lunch and drink for each day your child plans to stay.
If space is available, a child who is registered for only one camp per day may sign up for lunch on a specific day. The lunch sign up fee is $5.
Snacks: Breaks are taken during each camp. Send your child with a snack (nut free) and a drink for each morning and afternoon break.
PLEASE SEND PRODUCTS IN ORIGINAL WRAPPERS SO WE MAY VERIFY INGREDIENTS.
Homemade Items: Please send an ingredient list. Text messages or a picture of ingredients are welcomed and appreciated.
Please browse this list of the many alternatives to snacks containing nuts.
Medical and emergency contact information, and permission to participate forms, must be provided on the first day of camp at the time of the child's arrival. Links to these forms will be sent to you with your registration confirmation email. In addition, a health/immunization record (a copy from a physician or certified nurse practitioner) is required for each student. Students may not participate without immunizations or the above required forms.
Beforecare is available in the morning from 7:30-9:00 a.m. The charge is $30/week/child or $10/day/child.
Aftercare is available from 3:00-5:30 p.m. The fee is $50/week/child or $15/day/child. Children may bring a (nut free) snack for aftercare.
Art supplies, books, resources, games, drawing supplies and creative staff will be provided to the children who stay during the extended hours.
Beforecare and Aftercare fees are due at registration. These fees will be refunded if the request is made 15 days prior to the scheduled date of the class or classes for which the child is registered.
This is an exploratory art program. The children will sculpt, squish, roll, glue and may get messy. Please let them enjoy the experience by sending them in clothes that will be improved by paint smears and blobs.
Join our staff as a Teaching Assistant. This is a great opportunity for community service hours or senior projects. Applicants must be 15 years or older. This is a volunteer position and your hours will be logged. All necessary paperwork will be filled out to document your service. Join the team! Art First would love to have you!


text:
Features / Press Releases
Mosconi Cup: How the Teams are picked
by Paul · August 4, 2009
4th August
MATCHROOM SPORT can announce the composition of both sides to take part in the 2009 PartyCasino.net Mosconi Cup hosted by the online poker giant, which takes place from 10-13 December at the MGM Grand, Las Vegas.
Each team is composed of five players and Team Europe shall be made up of the following:
1. The No.1 ranked player on the Euro Tour at conclusion of Dutch Open on 19 September.
2. Any player ranked in the ET Top 16 at conclusion of Dutch Open on 19 September.
4. Any player
The first three players will be announced after the Dutch Open and the other two at the conclusion of the US Open on the 25th October. Players 2-5 will be selected by Matchroom Sport.
Team USA will be made up of the following five players:
1. The No.1 ranked player on the BCA Points List at the conclusion of the US Open on 25th October.
5. The winner of a 'Mosconi Cup Idol' public vote.
Players 1 & 2 will be announced at the close of the US Open, while players 3 & 4 will be announced in September. Players 3 & 4 will be selected by Matchroom Sport.
Since Team USA's comprehensive defeats in '07 and '08, there has plenty of spirited debate as to who should play in order to help turn the tide for Team USA.
On that basis, Matchroom Sport will be using a public vote to select the final member of the American team. Taking place on www.matchroompool.com , a short list will be compiled and will then be thrown open to a public vote!
Further details of this will follow.
Luke Riches, Matchroom Sport: luke.riches@matchroom.com, +44 7785 395688
www.matchroompool.com
Notes: Matchroom Sport are one of the world's leading producers of televised sport and are responsible for over 1,100 hours of original programming across a range of nine sports. Based in the UK and chaired by charismatic founder Barry Hearn, the Mosconi Cup is one of a stable of pool events that include the World Cup of Pool and the World Pool Masters.
The 2009 Mosconi Cup is sponsored by PartyCasino.net, the world's leading online casino. Tables are supplied by Brunswick Billiards, cloth by Iwan Simonis, Super Aramith balls by Saluc and the Official Cue is Predator.
DOOMSDAY FOR THE DUCHESS
2018 WPA Artistic Pool Division Masters Championship
Championship LLC announced today they have become the Exclusive Distributor of Silver Cup Chalk.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD) supports a range of development-oriented postgraduate study programmes at German Universities which aim at providing academically educated young professionals from developing and newly industrialised countries with further specialized studies.
The Development-Related Postgraduate Courses scholarships offer foreign graduates from all disciplines and with at least two years' professional experience the chance to take a postgraduate or Master's degree at a state or state-recognised German university, and in exceptional cases to take a doctoral degree, and to obtain a university qualification (Master's/PhD) in Germany.
If you have no private financial resources or cannot obtain a scholarship from your government, company or an international organisation, you may apply for DAAD Postgraduate Scholarship. Applicants from developing countries are encouraged to apply.
It is important to carefully read the 2018/2019 Programme Brochure, and also visit the official website (link to it is below) for complete information and to download the DAAD scholarship application form.
Application deadlines depend on chosen study programme; please check scholarship brochure or the website of your chosen study programme as deadlines may vary from university to university. As a general rule, however, most of the deadline will fall in between August to October 2017. A few will extend to January-April 2018.
If you want us to provide you with more updates and information about DAAD Postgraduate Scholarship, kindly provide us with your Phone number and Email Address in the comment section below. Don't forget to visit this site www.firstcalljob.com.ng for your latest update…..we will Update you regularly. We conclude you have benefited from this article if yes, please use our share button below to inform your friends and relatives about this article via Facebook, Whatsapp or Twitter. God bless you as you do so.


Most "self-ruffling yarns" begin as sort of a tube which needs to be flattened out as you are working, so you can find the holes which will be your "yarn".
Each type of Ribbon Yarn is a little bit different ranging from large to fine mesh, as well as railroad, lace and fabric. But the all have holes along one edge that you can insert your hook in to loop them together.
Each type also requires different techniques for yarning over (which will be shown in along with each pattern).
When working with any Ruffle yarns, always turn your work in the same direction at the end of each row, creating a spiral of ruffles on both sides of your work. Alternately, you could turn your work back and forth at the end of each row, causing your ruffles to all fall on the same side of your work.
Good timing! I bought two skeins of ruffle yarn to make scarves for a couple of friends - was going to knit both, but I might try crocheting one of the scarves.
Love your tip on turning the same way after each row - I usually don't pay attention to which way I turn things. This time I will!
Awesomesauce. I thought just before the holidays was a good time to post these. Which kind of yarn do you have? I'll be posting pics of how I crochet with each kind.


text:
El difosgeno es un compuesto químico de fórmula ClCO2CCl3. Este líquido incoloro es un importante reactivo en la síntesis de los compuestos orgánicos. El difosgeno está relacionado con el fosgeno, pero es más fácil de manipular gracias a su forma líquida habitual, mientras que el segundo se presenta en condiciones ambientales en forma de gas.

Producción y usos
El difosgeno se produce mediante la creación de radicales libres de cloro en cloroformato de metilo mediante una lámpara ultravioleta

El difosgeno se convierte en fosgeno al calentarse, o mediante catálisis usando carbón vegetal. Por ello, es útil en reacciones que empleen fosgeno. Por ejemplo, se usa para convertir aminas en isocianatos, aminas secundarias en cloruros carbonados, ácidos carboxílicos en cloruros acílicos y formamida en isocianida. El difosgeno sirve también como fuente para dos tipos de fosgeno:

2 RNH2 + ClCO2CCl3 → 2 RNCO + 4 HCl

Al mezclarse con α-aminoácidos el difosgeno genera isocianatos de cloruro, OCNCHRCOCl, o bien anhídridos de ácido N-carboxi-amino, dependiendo de las condiciones ambientales.

En un ambiente húmedo se hidroliza, liberando HCl.

El difosgeno ha sustituido al fosgeno en algunas reacciones industriales a gran escala, como la producción de (di-)isocianatos a partir de aminas, ya que es más seguro de manipular y almacenar que este.

Uso militar
El difosgeno fue desarrollado originalmente para su uso en guerra química, pocos meses después del fosgeno. Los alemanes lo usaron como gas venenoso en proyectiles de artillería durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. El primer uso registrado en combate fue en mayo de 1916. Los vapores de difosgeno podían destruir los filtros de carbono de las máscaras de gas usadas en esa fecha.

Seguridad
El difosgeno tiene una presión de vapor relativamente alta, de 10 mmHg (1.3 kPa) a 20 °C, y se descompone en fosgeno alrededor de los 300 °C. La exposición al difosgeno es similar en peligrosidad a la del fosgeno.

Notas y referencias

Véase también
Fosgeno
Trifosgeno

Enlaces externos
medical care guide en Inglés.
NATO guide, includes treatment advice en Inglés.
material safety data sheet (PDF, for phosgene and diphosgene treated as one). en Inglés.

Organoclorados
Agentes pulmonares

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
using System;

namespace Aoite.Serialization
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Popular with locals, tourists and businesses our eyecatching celebration cakes are perfect for birthdays and celebrations and can be personalised with an iced message for free. All are baked with the finest local ingredients, with vegan and non-gluten options available.
We strive to create the most innovative and tastiest products using the finest locally sourced ingredients. Whether it be a birthday party, new baby, hen party, or just because you've had a rubbish Monday, our baked goods not only look divine but taste delicious too and put a massive smile on anyones face. We've been catering to Edinburgh folks cake requirements since 2011 and have been awarded the winner of the "Best Cake in Scotland" 2014/15 2015/16 and 2017/18! We believe the proof of the pudding truly is in the eating!
Our cakes and baked goods are available to order online for delivery within the city bypass and Musselburgh. Alternatively they can be collected from one of our shops or wholesale partners.
We can gift wrap your box in blue ribbon and add candles or a card with a personalised message. To avoid disappointment we recommend ordering 2 days in advance. Same day ordering is available (call us on 0131 5566224) for cupcakes if ordered before 12pm and they've not already been gobbled up.


We've gone through a lot in the past 6 years as a Navy family. But one of the biggest hurdles we faced was the process of actually joining. While my husband, Ben's, name is the one on the dotted line, the decision to join affected our whole family. So let me share what became our New Adventure to become a military family as we started thinking about the Navy.
I met my husband my first year of college, and we started officially dating in May of 2001. Ben had been pursuing a rescue swimming opportunity in the Coast Guard at the time, which he turned down after our relationship became serious. I could barely handle my older brothers being in the Army, let alone my future husband, and I had let him know without knowing any of his military aspirations. He proposed in April of 2003, and we said our "I do's" on May 22, 2004.
We were living in WI when things really started to change, although it's amazing to see how many factors prior to that were preparation for what is about to come. We had some things happen that made us wish we were near family more than ever. And when Ben was laid off from a promising career, it seemed like the perfect time to head back East.
Living with my family was an adjustment, but exciting to be around those we care about and who care about us, too. Ben was able to coach soccer and I could substitute teach at the same school where I spent K-12 while continuing to work on my bachelor's degree online. We also were able to celebrate birthdays and holidays and be around for my younger brother's senior year of high school! There are so many reasons why we were happy to be there, but it came with difficult times too.
Like many, it had been a difficult time to find work. We were grateful when Ben was able to start working for a satellite television company. Not exactly what he wanted (or had degrees for!), but we were glad to have something. He was working for them a couple weeks when they decided to send him for a 2-week training class about 2 1/2 hours away.
Since the time we moved back to NY, we had been church-hopping, trying to find a church we could call "home." We still hadn't decided on a church at that point, so Ben and I attended a service where the Pastor discussed refinement. This was the Sunday before he would leave for training. The pastor encouraged those in attendance to pray for the Holy Spirit to open our eyes to anything we were holding back from God. At this point I honestly didn't think there was anything I was holding onto, but I decided to follow the advice and pray it anyway while Ben was away the coming week.
During the first week of his training, I was reminded of the times in the past that I couldn't even bear the idea of Ben even thinking about joining the military. It just kept popping back in my mind. I was shown how I was guilty of not trusting God 100%, as if to tell Him that I knew better when it came to this area.
This revelation scared me in more than one way. It showed me a level of complacency that I needed to break down, and let me see that I needed to deal with the "what if" concerning my husband and the military. I decided to focus on my relationship with God first, and a true desire to trust Him completely.
The second week Ben was away was focused on furthering my trust in God to the area of the military. Who am I to tell God what He can and can't do?? If God called Ben (and me) to the military, it would be because He had a plan for us, right? And He never has bad plans. And we'll never truly be happy unless we're following Him and HIS plans for us.
Proverbs 16:9 says, "In his heart a man plans his course, but the LORD determines his steps." I know two weeks doesn't seem like a long time for a major turn-around, but at the end of those 14 days I was at peace about the idea. I came to the realization that if God called us in that direction, I'd be okay with it. Surrender.
You'd think that with that sort of learning experience I would want to share it right away. Well, the truth is that I was so excited to have Ben home again after the time apart that it was somewhat hidden in my mind.
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Leaving our life in God's hands is one of the hardest things to do. It goes against all of our natural instinct – yet it is the most powerful way to show Him we are willing to be his servant. Beautiful story!
So true! Thank you for your comment, Lori!
I like this! It's so hard to just let Him lead the way, isn't it?! But, when I do, I feel less stressed and more at peace with everything that is going on!
Yes! I just need to get out of His way.
I loved reading about your adventure! Such a beautiful story and message!
What an inspiring story and great message!
I'm a Navy wife, 4yo Mom, musician, and unsweetened iced tea-oholic (is that a word?), obsessed with my Boston Terrier. I write on topics of faith, family, grief & loss, and home.
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text:
Shakespeare – Amitabh Vikram Dwivedi
Illustration by Shristi Singh
He was appointed to a women's college in the state of Rajasthan during a time when being virtue-less was in vogue among the young and the old, and virtue- a quality which was accounted for only when someone remained happy without a boyfriend or a girlfriend. This happiness was ultimately the misfortune of a person though, and the sufferer was dumped in the category of an outcast, and slighted consequently.
Krishna had joined the college during such a time, in the month of November. He was still doing his research, and his interactions with girls were limited to his lectures. A highly educated man, he considered himself British (being a specialist in modern English translation theory and all that), though the girls in his class had already tagged him charcoal-black. Still, Krishna managed to ensure a fine balance between the two poles of virtue in his fleshy world.
Priya was one of his student who met him after every lecture to clarify her doubts. Her intentions were actually twofold: it was not only to clear her doubts but also to scout for a boyfriend. She needed to remove her weak spot- of being in the college without a boyfriend. Last Wednesday she became so embarrassed when her friend Shruti announced in front of the whole class: "Do you know that Priya has no boyfriend?"
Priya knew that she wouldn't survive these pending three years without the cocktails of love. She was determined to become a beloved of 'the lovable Professor'.
Twenty-eight year old Krishna was a six-foot tall, reasonable guy. He had an athletic body, and even though his skin was on the darker side, Priya found him to be a nice blend of lover-material.
Most of the time Priya's eyes remained settled on Krishna's face, particularly at the point where his cheek-bone and the chin met. This made her go -"Oh my gosh".
That day, like any other, she followed Krishna after his lecture.
"Professor!" Priya called.
Due to the distance between the two, Krishna hardly heard her. He was walking without a care in the world, and stopped only when Dr. Suman gestured violently. He turned around and found Priya standing there.
"Oh Priya"-Krishna said, smiling.
Priya had a question ready: "Professor, who was Shakespeare's dark lady?"
Krishna was not ready for this pop. He composed himself and then spoke, keeping his voice low. "It would be wrong to assume that she was female considering the fact that women did not participate in theater at the time. I hope you are getting me," said Krishna. Priya nodded her head in affirmation.
"And the rest we will discuss in the class", Krishna said and moved hastily towards the library.
He contemplated the idea of homosexuality for a while- about how the ancient idea of homosexuality was up long before the modern concept was born in cinema. But everything was fair in love, and anybody could love anybody. He shrugged it off.
Back home, Priya was regretting her query. In between her plan to captivate him with innocence had come the unattractive topic of homosexuality. She felt angry and betrayed because her intelligence had jettisoned her when she needed it the most. Further, she was rather frustrated by the thought that a God of Romanticism could be homosexual. She uttered unconsciously: "Tomorrow is another day." She bit the corner of her lower lip and made herself smile.
Krishna got four books issued from the library and returned to his flat in the university premise. He did not go for lunch in the canteen as he was not hungry. As soon as he entered the flat he poured himself some milk and gulped it down. A message in his mobile inbox drew his attention; it was Priya's message: "Professor, you are so sweet today to answer my query. Your way of dealing complex topics is good."
Krishna read her name at the end of the message, and realized her ploy. Though he had witnessed many a love affair between student and teacher in his university days he did not know how it would play out in his case, and particularly when he had joined only two months back.
"This girl is getting crazy," he thought for a moment and dropped the mobile on his bed. Then he plopped down on a chair in the balcony.
Next day at nine o' clock Krishna went for his class and found Priya sitting in the first bench. He contemplated her last message for a moment, and then expelled it from his mind. He would talk to Priya after the lecture. That day's lecture was based on Greek gods and homosexuality. Krishna narrated the famous love story of Apollo and Hyacinth, and then he focused his lecture on the importance of participating in the act of love, and then on gender roles. The ten minutes he spent dictating from the book titled 'Greek Myth'. After one paragraph he stopped and started pondering over a point: "Whether you do right or wrong just take care of your references, and you are correct."
The bell rang and he walked out of class in his usual stride. He expected Priya to badger him, and a call to follow him but nothing of sort happened today.
Krishna felt a familiar vibration in the pocket of his trousers. It was his mobile. He took it out to find that Priya had messaged him. "Sir, your lecture was impressive …but I don't have any doubts today." He turned around and looked at the direction of the lecture hall. Priya raised her hand and made her presence visible. Krishna, in reply, kept his lips pursed, and nodded his head a couple of times.
Priya was an averagely tall, thin girl. Her sort of a thin face does not usually get someone's attention; but she had limpid shining eyes. Her long neck made her look taller than she really was. Her hair, graciously long, hung down her back till her narrow waist. She wore glasses that made her look more assiduous. And she was a regular in Krishna's lecture.
The next lecture was at 11 o' clock. Krishna had missed his breakfast and so he headed towards the canteen. The usual small groups of girls were already there. Dr. Suman and Dr. Mahsewari were also sitting in one of the corner tables. Dr. Suman was a senior professor and she had helped arrange his accommodation when he had joined.
"Oh ma'am, you are here only," said Krishna upon seeing her.
"Yes, join us," replied Dr. Suman, smiling.
Krishna gestured that he would sit apart. He ordered one sandwich and a coffee. After a while Priya came in with a woman's purposeful complicity, placing her books against her bosom. He tried to ignore her but she put her books down on the same table where he was sitting. When Krishna looked at her she started grinning. In a way this place was more comfortable for Krishna to have a talk with her. She ordered a samosa and a coffee too.
"I hope you are doing well in other subjects too,"Krishna started the conversation.
"Yes professor," replied Priya.
"Nowadays you are sending me messages?", enquired Krishna.
Priya was spinning her pen between her fingers, and hearing this she lost her grip and dropped it. The canteen boy delivered her order.
"Actually…," Priya took a sip of coffee and said.
"Yes, I am listening, " said Krishna.
"Ok," Priya released a puff of air from her mouth.
"To be frank…I have a liking for you." She cleared the matter in a single sentence.
Krishna was not surprised. He leaned back in his chair and stared at her. His two colleagues were leaving the canteen. He entertained himself with a thought: "the fever of love is like cold in winter."
He was indecisive, and yet quite confident, not hesitating to think that she was following a line of thought that had no space for logic and reason. But he followed his experience and said, "But you are a good student and nothing more than that to me, and you should understand my point."
Priya was not ready to accommodate this dismissal. She circled her finger over the cup and said, "Then the equation goes: I am your student and you are my boyfriend."
Krishna nodded his disagreement. He looked at his mobile and said, "Look, I have a class now; I need to go."
He got up, paid the bill for two, and moved to the class.
Priya took his mobile and typed him a message: "I will follow you, sweetheart…"
Krishna's next lecture was on dialogue and meaning. He was moving towards the library after the lecture, and was ruminating over the wonderful faculty of arbitrariness in language- where what we say is not always what we mean.
Dr. Suman found him walking idly and waved at him. He smiled and looked at her.
"Hey! Krishna, why don't you take your lunch with me today?," Dr. Suman proposed an offer.
Krishna was fed up with the bland taste of canteen food, and moreover he had been planning to have a chat with her. He accepted her offer happily.
"We will make a move at 1:30 pm," said Dr. Suman with an emphasis on the time.
"Ok," said Krishna, and he softly whispered, "By the way you are wearing a wonderful perfume today."
Dr. Suman smiled in reply.
She was forty-five years old, medium height, medium build, with a round pleasant face and short, black hair. Krishna always found her to a sharp-minded woman who made him feel pleasant. Her husband passed away a couple of years back, and her son and a daughter were studying in New Delhi.
Krishna looked at the mobile and found that there was a message from Priya. Language is like mathematics, he thought, where there are so many ways to reach a single solution. But in this case, between him and Priya, there needed to be a different equation.
After lunch, they prattled idly until he realized it was 4 pm. He bade her farewell, and hired an auto-rickshaw for his flat. Gradually, the conversation in the canteen started distracting his mind.
The next day was wintry. Krishna reached the college at ten as he had no class in the morning. He spent some time in the staff-room, and then stood outside. The sun was shining brightly, its rays lighting up the soft dust drifting in the air. He held his face up to the sun and took a deep breath. In the meantime he didn't sense it when Priya came and stood close to him.
"Hi professor", Priya said chirpily.
"Oh hi!", Krishna shook his head, and said.
"How are you?" said Priya. "I am good," Krishna said carefully.
"Why do you like me?," he asked Krishna.
"Every girl wants a boyfriend; it is a cool thing, and you are so cute," Priya made a sincere expression.
"I understand, "said Krishna.
Sometimes an illusion becomes an essential part of life. The human act of loving is similar to a chimera, he thought. He remembered his university days, about how he turned down the various proposals of his girlfriends. For that he suffered an unjust accusation of being insensitive and cruel. Now those girls are happily married. He dithered for a moment, and said, "Priya, you are a wonderful person, but…"
"And I am mature and young too,"Priya said in a confident tone.
Krishna thought for a moment and said: "I am busy with my research and Shakespeare is not easy to grasp, I hope you understand."
"Oh yes Shakespeare!", Priya said playing with her hair.
"Yes, and Shakespeare is my first love, " said Krishna.
Priya bit her lower lip and made a humming sound. She recalled his previous lectures, and things like Greek gods, homosexuality, Shakespeare- and now Krishna started coming involuntarily in her mind.
"I got your point, professor. I should not impose my love on you. Moreover, you are not my type," said Priya.
"Exactly," Krishna smiled.
After she left, Krishna wondered how she got his point so easily.
Amitabh Vikram Dwivedi is an assistant professor of linguistics in the School of Languages and Literature at Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Jammu and Kashmir, India. His research interests include language documentation, writing descriptive grammars, and the preservation of rare and endangered languages in South Asia. He has contributed articles to many English journals.
One thought on "Shakespeare – Amitabh Vikram Dwivedi"
Kundan kumar says:
I was thinking about some sort of love in the end.


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text:
<?php
if ( ! defined( 'ABSPATH' ) ) {
	exit;
} // Exit if accessed directly

// function to test credentials
function wtt_oauth_test( $auth = false, $context = '' ) {
	if ( ! $auth ) {
		return ( wtt_oauth_credentials_to_hash() == get_option( 'wtt_oauth_hash' ) );
	} else {
		$return = ( wtt_oauth_credentials_to_hash( $auth ) == wpt_get_user_verification( $auth ) );
		if ( ! $return && $context != 'verify' ) {
			return ( wtt_oauth_credentials_to_hash() == get_option( 'wtt_oauth_hash' ) );
		} else {
			return $return;
		}
	}
}

function wpt_get_user_verification( $auth ) {
	if ( get_option( 'jd_individual_twitter_users' ) != '1' ) {
		return false;
	} else {
		$auth = get_user_meta( $auth, 'wtt_oauth_hash', true );

		return $auth;
	}
}

// function to make connection
function wtt_oauth_connection( $auth = false ) {
	if ( ! $auth ) {
		$ack = get_option( 'app_consumer_key' );
		$acs = get_option( 'app_consumer_secret' );
		$ot  = get_option( 'oauth_token' );
		$ots = get_option( 'oauth_token_secret' );
	} else {
		$ack = get_user_meta( $auth, 'app_consumer_key', true );
		$acs = get_user_meta( $auth, 'app_consumer_secret', true );
		$ot  = get_user_meta( $auth, 'oauth_token', true );
		$ots = get_user_meta( $auth, 'oauth_token_secret', true );
	}
	if ( ! empty( $ack ) && ! empty( $acs ) && ! empty( $ot ) && ! empty( $ots ) ) {
		require_once( plugin_dir_path( __FILE__ ) . 'wpt_twitter_oauth.php' );
		$connection            = new jd_TwitterOAuth( $ack, $acs, $ot, $ots );
		$connection->useragent = get_option( 'blogname' ) . ' ' . home_url();

		return $connection;
	} else {
		return false;
	}
}

// convert credentials to md5 hash
function wtt_oauth_credentials_to_hash( $auth = false ) {
	if ( ! $auth ) {
		$hash = md5( get_option( 'app_consumer_key' ) . get_option( 'app_consumer_secret' ) . get_option( 'oauth_token' ) . get_option( 'oauth_token_secret' ) );
	} else {
		$hash = md5( get_user_meta( $auth, 'app_consumer_key', true ) . get_user_meta( $auth, 'app_consumer_secret', true ) . get_user_meta( $auth, 'oauth_token', true ) . get_user_meta( $auth, 'oauth_token_secret', true ) );
	}

	return $hash;
}

// response to settings updates
function jd_update_oauth_settings( $auth = false, $post = false ) {
	if ( isset( $post['oauth_settings'] ) ) {
		switch ( $post['oauth_settings'] ) {
			case 'wtt_oauth_test':
				if ( ! wp_verify_nonce( $post['_wpnonce'], 'wp-to-twitter-nonce' ) && ! $auth ) {
					wp_die( 'Oops, please try again.' );
				}
				if ( ! empty( $post['wtt_app_consumer_key'] )
				     && ! empty( $post['wtt_app_consumer_secret'] )
				     && ! empty( $post['wtt_oauth_token'] )
				     && ! empty( $post['wtt_oauth_token_secret'] )
				) {
					$ack = trim( $post['wtt_app_consumer_key'] );
					$acs = trim( $post['wtt_app_consumer_secret'] );
					$ot  = trim( $post['wtt_oauth_token'] );
					$ots = trim( $post['wtt_oauth_token_secret'] );
					if ( ! $auth ) {
						update_option( 'app_consumer_key', $ack );
						update_option( 'app_consumer_secret', $acs );
						update_option( 'oauth_token', $ot );
						update_option( 'oauth_token_secret', $ots );
					} else {
						update_user_meta( $auth, 'app_consumer_key', $ack );
						update_user_meta( $auth, 'app_consumer_secret', $acs );
						update_user_meta( $auth, 'oauth_token', $ot );
						update_user_meta( $auth, 'oauth_token_secret', $ots );
					}
					$message = 'failed';
					if ( $connection = wtt_oauth_connection( $auth ) ) {
						$data = $connection->get( 'https://api.twitter.com/1.1/account/verify_credentials.json' );
						if ( $connection->http_code != '200' ) {
							$data  = json_decode( $data );
							$code  = "" . $data->errors[0]->code . "";
							$error = $data->errors[0]->message;
							update_option( 'wpt_error', "$code: $error" );
						} else {
							delete_option( 'wpt_error' );
						}
						if ( $connection->http_code == '200' ) {
							$error_information = '';
							$decode            = json_decode( $data );
							if ( ! $auth ) {
								update_option( 'wtt_twitter_username', stripslashes( $decode->screen_name ) );
							} else {
								update_user_meta( $auth, 'wtt_twitter_username', stripslashes( $decode->screen_name ) );
							}
							$oauth_hash = wtt_oauth_credentials_to_hash( $auth );
							if ( ! $auth ) {
								update_option( 'wtt_oauth_hash', $oauth_hash );
							} else {
								update_user_meta( $auth, 'wtt_oauth_hash', $oauth_hash );
							}
							$message = 'success';
							delete_option( 'wpt_curl_error' );
						} else if ( $connection->http_code == 0 ) {
							$error_information = __( "WP to Twitter was unable to establish a connection to Twitter.", 'wp-to-twitter' );
							update_option( 'wpt_curl_error', "$error_information" );
						} else {
							$error_information = array(
								"http_code" => $connection->http_code,
								"status"    => $connection->http_header['status']
							);
							$error_code        = __( "Twitter response: http_code $error_information[http_code] - $error_information[status]", 'wp-to-twitter' );
							update_option( 'wpt_curl_error', $error_code );
						}
						if ( get_option( 'wp_debug_oauth' ) == '1' ) {
							echo "
Summary Connection Response:
";
							print_r( $error_information );
							echo "
Account Verification Data:
";
							print_r( $data );
							echo "
Full Connection Response:
";
							print_r( $connection );
							echo "
";
						}
					}
				} else {
					$message = "nodata";
				}
				if ( $message == 'failed' && ( time() < strtotime( $connection->http_header['date'] ) - 300 || time() > strtotime( $connection->http_header['date'] ) + 300 ) ) {
					$message = 'nosync';
				}

				return $message;
				break;
			case 'wtt_twitter_disconnect':
				if ( ! wp_verify_nonce( $post['_wpnonce'], 'wp-to-twitter-nonce' ) && ! $auth ) {
					wp_die( 'Oops, please try again.' );
				}
				if ( ! $auth ) {
					update_option( 'app_consumer_key', '' );
					update_option( 'app_consumer_secret', '' );
					update_option( 'oauth_token', '' );
					update_option( 'oauth_token_secret', '' );
					update_option( 'wtt_twitter_username', '' );
				} else {
					delete_user_meta( $auth, 'app_consumer_key' );
					delete_user_meta( $auth, 'app_consumer_secret' );
					delete_user_meta( $auth, 'oauth_token' );
					delete_user_meta( $auth, 'oauth_token_secret' );
					delete_user_meta( $auth, 'wtt_twitter_username' );
				}
				$message = "cleared";

				return $message;
				break;
		}
	}

	return '';
}

// connect or disconnect form
function wtt_connect_oauth( $auth = false ) {
	if ( ! $auth ) {
		echo '
';
		echo '
';
	}
	$server_time = date( DATE_COOKIE );
	$response    = wp_remote_get( "https://twitter.com/", array( 'timeout' => 1, 'redirection' => 1 ) );
	if ( is_wp_error( $response ) ) {
		$warning = '';
		$error   = $response->errors;
		if ( is_array( $error ) ) {
			$warning = "
";
			foreach ( $error as $k => $e ) {
				foreach ( $e as $v ) {
					$warning .= "
" . $v . "
";
				}
			}
			$warning .= "
";
		}
		$ssl    = __( "Connection Problems? If you're getting an SSL related error, you'll need to contact your host.", 'wp-to-twitter' );
		$date   = __( "There was an error querying Twitter's servers", 'wp-to-twitter' );
		$errors = "
" . $ssl . "
" . $warning;
	} else {
		$date   = date( DATE_COOKIE, strtotime( $response['headers']['date'] ) );
		$errors = '';
	}
	$class = ( $auth ) ? 'wpt-profile' : 'wpt-settings';
	$form  = ( ! $auth ) ? '<form action="" method="post">' : '';
	$nonce = ( ! $auth ) ? wp_nonce_field( 'wp-to-twitter-nonce', '_wpnonce', true, false ) . wp_referer_field( false ) . '</form>' : '';

	if ( ! wtt_oauth_test( $auth, 'verify' ) ) {

		// show notification to authenticate with OAuth. No longer global; settings only.
		if ( ! wpt_check_oauth() ) {
			$admin_url = ( is_plugin_active( 'wp-tweets-pro/wpt-pro-functions.php' ) ) ? admin_url( 'admin.php?page=wp-tweets-pro' ) : admin_url( 'options-general.php?page=wp-to-twitter/wp-to-twitter.php' );
			$message   = sprintf( __( "Twitter requires authentication by OAuth. You will need to update your settings to complete installation of WP to Twitter.", 'wp-to-twitter' ), $admin_url );
			echo "

$message

";
		}

		$ack = ( ! $auth ) ? esc_attr( get_option( 'app_consumer_key' ) ) : esc_attr( get_user_meta( $auth, 'app_consumer_key', true ) );
		$acs = ( ! $auth ) ? esc_attr( get_option( 'app_consumer_secret' ) ) : esc_attr( get_user_meta( $auth, 'app_consumer_secret', true ) );
		$ot  = ( ! $auth ) ? esc_attr( get_option( 'oauth_token' ) ) : esc_attr( get_user_meta( $auth, 'oauth_token', true ) );
		$ots = ( ! $auth ) ? esc_attr( get_option( 'oauth_token_secret' ) ) : esc_attr( get_user_meta( $auth, 'oauth_token_secret', true ) );

		$submit = ( ! $auth ) ? '
<input type="submit" name="submit" class="button-primary" value="' . __( 'Connect to Twitter', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '" />
' : '';
		print( '

Click to toggle

' . __( 'Connect to Twitter', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

' . __( 'WP to Twitter Set-up', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

' . __( 'Your server time:', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . ' ' . $server_time . ' ' . __( "Twitter's time:" ) . ' ' . $date . '. ' . __( 'If these timestamps are not within 5 minutes of each other, your server will not connect to Twitter.', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

			' . $errors . '

' . __( 'Your server timezone (should be UTC,GMT,Europe/London or equivalent):', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . ' ' . date_default_timezone_get() . '

' . __( '1. Register this site as an application on ', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '' . __( 'Twitter\'s application registration page', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

' . __( 'If you\'re not currently logged in to Twitter, log-in to the account you want associated with this site', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

' . __( 'Your application name cannot include the word "Twitter."', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

' . __( 'Your Application Description can be anything.', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

' . __( 'The WebSite and Callback URL should be ', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '' . get_bloginfo( 'url' ) . '

' . __( 'Agree to the Developer Rules of the Road and continue.', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

' . __( '2. Switch to the "Permissions" tab in Twitter apps', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

' . __( 'Select "Read and Write" for the Application Type', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

' . __( 'Update the application settings', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

' . __( '3. Switch to the API Keys tab and regenerate your API keys, then create your access token.', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

' . __( 'Copy your API key and API secret from the top section.', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

' . __( 'Copy your Access token and Access token secret from the bottom section.', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

			' . $form . '
				<fieldset class="options">

						' . __( 'API Key', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '
						<input type="text" size="45" name="wtt_app_consumer_key" id="wtt_app_consumer_key" value="' . $ack . '" />

						' . __( 'API Secret', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '
						<input type="text" size="45" name="wtt_app_consumer_secret" id="wtt_app_consumer_secret" value="' . $acs . '" />

' . __( '4. Copy and paste your Access Token and Access Token Secret into the fields below', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

' . __( 'If the Access level for your Access Token is not "Read and write", you must return to step 2 and generate a new Access Token.', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

						' . __( 'Access Token', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '
						<input type="text" size="45" name="wtt_oauth_token" id="wtt_oauth_token" value="' . $ot . '" />

						' . __( 'Access Token Secret', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '
						<input type="text" size="45" name="wtt_oauth_token_secret" id="wtt_oauth_token_secret" value="' . $ots . '" />

				</fieldset>
				' . $submit . '
				<input type="hidden" name="oauth_settings" value="wtt_oauth_test" class="hidden" style="display: none;" />
				' . $nonce . '

				' );
	} else if ( wtt_oauth_test( $auth ) ) {
		$ack   = ( ! $auth ) ? esc_attr( get_option( 'app_consumer_key' ) ) : esc_attr( get_user_meta( $auth, 'app_consumer_key', true ) );
		$acs   = ( ! $auth ) ? esc_attr( get_option( 'app_consumer_secret' ) ) : esc_attr( get_user_meta( $auth, 'app_consumer_secret', true ) );
		$ot    = ( ! $auth ) ? esc_attr( get_option( 'oauth_token' ) ) : esc_attr( get_user_meta( $auth, 'oauth_token', true ) );
		$ots   = ( ! $auth ) ? esc_attr( get_option( 'oauth_token_secret' ) ) : esc_attr( get_user_meta( $auth, 'oauth_token_secret', true ) );
		$uname = ( ! $auth ) ? esc_attr( get_option( 'wtt_twitter_username' ) ) : esc_attr( get_user_meta( $auth, 'wtt_twitter_username', true ) );
		$nonce = ( ! $auth ) ? wp_nonce_field( 'wp-to-twitter-nonce', '_wpnonce', true, false ) . wp_referer_field( false ) . '</form>' : '';
		if ( ! $auth ) {
			$submit = '
					<input type="submit" name="submit" class="button-primary" value="' . __( 'Disconnect Your WordPress and Twitter Account', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '" />
					<input type="hidden" name="oauth_settings" value="wtt_twitter_disconnect" class="hidden" />
				';
		} else {
			$submit = '<input type="checkbox" name="oauth_settings" value="wtt_twitter_disconnect" id="disconnect" /> ' . __( 'Disconnect your WordPress and Twitter Account', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '';
		}
		if ( ! is_wp_error( $response ) ) {
			$diff = ( abs( time() - strtotime( $response['headers']['date'] ) ) > 300 ) ? '
 ' . __( 'Your time stamps are more than 5 minutes apart. Your server could lose its connection with Twitter.', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '
' : '';
		} else {
			$diff = __( 'WP to Twitter could not contact Twitter\'s remote server. Here is the error triggered: ', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . $errors;
		}

		print( '

Click to toggle

' . __( 'Disconnect from Twitter', 'wp-to-twitter' ) . '

			' . $form . '

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text:
Electronic Components and Parts Search
Semiconductor Information
Thyristor
Home Sensors
MT29F2G08ABAEAH4-IT:E Datasheets| Micron Technology| PDF| Price| In Stock
XC5VSX95T-2FF1136C Datasheets| Xilinx Inc.| PDF| Price| In Stock
Deep Analysis of Infrared Sensor
By Kynix Semiconductor, What is infrared sensor, infrared radiation, priciple, types, application, prospect
Ⅰ. Introduction
Any object in the universe can produce infrared radiation as long as its temperature exceeds zero. In fact, like visible light, its radiation can be refracted and reflected, which leads to infrared technology. Infrared detector is widely used in military and civil fields because of its unique advantages. In military, infrared detection is used for guidance, fire control tracking, alert, target detection, weapon thermal sight, ship navigation, etc.; in civil field, it is widely used in industrial equipment monitoring, safety monitoring, disaster relief, remote sensing, traffic management, medical diagnosis technology, etc.
With the development of science and technology, the proportion of automatic control and automatic detection in people's daily life and industrial control is more and more heavy, which makes people's life more and more comfortable and the efficiency of industrial production more and more high. The sensor is an important component of the automatic control, and an important component of the information acquisition system. Through the sensor, the feeling or response is measured and converted into a signal suitable for transmission or detection (generally electrical signal), and then the computer or circuit equipment is used to process the signal from the sensor to achieve the function of automatic control.Because the response time of the sensor is generally short, the real-time control of industrial production can be carried out through the computer system. Infrared sensor is a common type of sensor. Because infrared sensor is a kind of sensor to detect infrared radiation, and any object in nature will radiate infrared energy as long as its stability is higher than absolute zero, so infrared sensor is called a very practical type of sensor. Many practical sensor modules can be designed by using infrared sensor, such as infrared temperature measurement Instrument, infrared imager, infrared human detection alarm, automatic door control system, etc.
Ⅱ. What is infrared sensor?
Infrared sensor is a sensor which uses the physical properties of infrared to measure. Infrared light, also known as infrared light, has the properties of reflection, refraction, scattering, interference, absorption, etc. It is a kind of invisible light, its spectrum is located outside red in visible light, so it is called infrared.
In engineering, the position (band) of infrared ray in electromagnetic spectrum is divided into four bands: near infrared band, mid infrared band, far infrared band and extremely far infrared band. Any substance can radiate infrared ray, as long as it has a certain temperature (higher than absolute zero).
Ⅲ. How does infrared sensor work?
First of all, let's learn about infrared light. Infrared light is a part of the solar spectrum. The biggest characteristic of infrared light is its photothermal effect and radiant heat. It is the largest photothermal effect area in the spectrum. An invisible light, like all electromagnetic waves, having the properties of reflection, refraction, scattering, interference, absorption, etc. The propagation speed of infrared light in vacuum is 300000 km / s. The transmission of infrared light in the medium will produce attenuation, and the transmission attenuation in the metal is very large, but the infrared radiation can pass through most semiconductors and some plastics, and most liquids absorb the infrared radiation very much.
Different gases have different absorption levels, and the atmosphere has different absorption bands for different wavelengths of infrared light. The results show that the infrared light with the wavelength of 1-5 μ m and 8-14 μ m has a relatively large "transparency". That is to say, these wavelengths of infrared light can penetrate the atmosphere well. Any object in nature, as long as its temperature is above absolute zero, can produce infrared radiation. The photothermal effect of infrared light is different for different objects, and the intensity of heat energy is also different. For example, blackbody (an object that can fully absorb the infrared radiation projected on its surface), mirror body(an object that can fully reflect the infrared radiation), transparent body(an object that can fully penetrate the infrared radiation) and gray body (an object that can partially reflect or absorb the infrared radiation) will produce different photothermal effects.
Strictly speaking, there are no blackbody, mirror body and transparent body in nature, and most of the objects belong to gray body. These characteristics are the important theoretical basis for the application of infrared radiation technology in military and scientific research projects such as satellite remote sensing and infrared tracking.
The physical essence of infrared radiation is thermal radiation. The higher the temperature of an object, the more infrared it radiates, the stronger the energy of the infrared radiation. It is found that the thermal effect of various monochromatic light in the solar spectrum increases gradually from violet light to red light, and the largest thermal effect occurs in the frequency range of infrared radiation, so people call infrared radiation as thermal radiation or thermal ray.
Ⅳ. The basic law of infrared radiation
① Kirchhoff's Law: at a certain temperature, the ratio of the radiation flux W per unit area of the ground object to the absorption rate is a constant for any object, and is equal to the radiation flux w of blackbody of the same area at that temperature. At a given temperature, the emissivity of the object = the absorptivity (the same band); the higher the absorptivity, the higher the emissivity.
The thermal radiation intensity of the ground object is directly proportional to the fourth power of the temperature, so the small temperature difference of the ground object will cause the obvious change of the infrared radiation energy. This feature constitutes the theoretical basis of infrared remote sensing.
② Boltzmann's Law: that is, the total radiation flux of blackbody increases rapidly with the increase of temperature, which is proportional to the fourth power of temperature. Therefore, a small change in temperature will cause a great change in radiation flux density. It is the theoretical basis of measuring temperature with infrared device.
③ Wien displacement law: with the increase of temperature, the peak wavelength corresponding to the maximum radiation value moves to the short wave direction.
Ⅴ. The working principle of infrared sensor
The working principle of infrared sensor is not complicated. The entities of each part of a typical sensor system are as follows:
1. Target to be tested: the infrared system can be set according to the infrared radiation characteristics of the target to be tested.
2. Atmospheric attenuation: when the infrared radiation of the target to be measured passes through the earth's atmosphere, the infrared radiation from the infrared source will be attenuated due to the scattering and absorption of gas molecules, various gases and various colloidal particles.
3. Optical receiver: it receives part of the infrared radiation of the target and transmits it to the infrared sensor. Equivalent to radar antenna, usually objective lens.
4. Radiation modulator: it can modulate the changed radiation light from the target to be tested, provide the target orientation information, and filter out large-area interference signals. Also known as modulation disk and chopper, it has a variety of structures.
5. Infrared detector: This is the core of the infrared system. It is a sensor that uses the physical effect of the interaction between infrared radiation and matter to detect infrared radiation. In most cases, it uses the electrical effect of the interaction. These detectors can be divided into two types: photon detector and heat sensitive detector.
6. Detector Cooler: because some detectors must work at low temperature, the corresponding system must have refrigeration equipment. After refrigeration, the equipment can shorten the response time and improve the detection sensitivity.
7. Signal processing system: amplify and filter the detected signals, and extract information from these signals. Then, this kind of information is transformed into the required format, and finally transmitted to the control equipment or display.
8. Display device: This is the terminal device of infrared device. Commonly used displays include oscilloscopes, picture tubes, infrared sensitive materials, indicating instruments and recorders.
According to the above process, the infrared system can complete the corresponding physical quantity measurement. The core of infrared system is infrared detector. According to the different detection mechanism, it can be divided into two categories: thermal detector and photon detector.
The thermal detector absorbs all the radiant energy of all kinds of incident wavelengths. It is an infrared sensor with no choice for infrared light wave. The common photon effects of photon detectors are external photoelectric effect, internal photoelectric effect (photovoltaic effect, photoconductive effect) and photoelectromagnetic effect. The thermal detector uses the radiation heat effect to make the temperature rise after the detector receives the radiation energy, and then the temperature dependent performance of the detector changes. Radiation can be detected by detecting a change in one of the properties. In most cases, radiation is detected by thermoelectric changes. When the element receives radiation and causes the physical change of non electric quantity, the corresponding electric quantity change can be measured after appropriate transformation.
The response time of thermal detector to infrared radiation is much longer than that of photodetector. The response time of the former is generally more than MS, while that of the latter is only ns. Thermal detectors do not need to be cooled, most photon detectors need to be cooled.
Ⅵ. Types of infrared sensors
Common infrared sensors can be divided into thermal sensors and photon sensors.
1. Thermal sensor
The thermal sensor uses the incident infrared radiation to change the temperature of the sensor, and then make the relevant physical parameters change accordingly. The infrared radiation absorbed by the infrared sensor is determined by measuring the changes of the relevant physical parameters.
The main advantage of the thermal detector is that it has a wide band, can work at room temperature and is easy to use. However, the thermal sensor has a long response time and low sensitivity, which is generally used in low frequency modulation.
The main types of thermal sensors are: thermal sensor type, thermocouple type, gaolai pneumatic type and heat release electric type.
① Thermistor sensor
The thermistor is made of manganese, nickel and cobalt oxides. The thermistor is usually made into thin sheet. When the infrared radiation irradiates the thermistor, its temperature increases and the resistance decreases. By measuring the change of the thermistor value, we can know the intensity of the incident infrared radiation, thus we can judge the temperature of the object generating the infrared radiation.
② Thermocouple sensor
Thermocouples are made of two materials with great difference in thermal power. When infrared radiation reaches the contact of the closed circuit composed of these two metal materials, the contact temperature increases. The other contact which is not irradiated by infrared radiation is at a lower temperature, at this time, the temperature difference current will be generated in the closed circuit. At the same time, thermoelectric potential is generated in the loop, and the magnitude of thermoelectric potential reflects the strength of infrared radiation absorbed by the contact. The infrared sensor made of thermoelectric potential is called thermocouple infrared sensor. Because of its large time constant, long corresponding time and poor dynamic characteristics, the modulation frequency should be limited below 10Hz.
③ Lai pneumatic sensor
After absorbing the infrared radiation, the temperature and volume of the gas are increased to reflect the intensity of the infrared radiation. It has an air chamber connected to a flexible sheet by a small pipe. One side of the back pipe of the sheet is a reflector. The front of the gas chamber is attached with an absorption mode, which is a thin film with low heat capacity. The infrared radiation is incident on the absorption mode through the window, and the absorption mode transmits the absorbed heat energy to the gas, which makes the gas temperature and pressure increase, so that the flexible mirror moves. On the other side of the chamber, a beam of visible light is focused on the flexible mirror through the grating light bar, and the grating image reflected by the flexible mirror is projected onto the photoelectric cell through the grating light bar. When the flexible mirror moves due to the change of pressure, the relative displacement between the grating image and the grating light bar will change the amount of light falling on the photocell, and the output signal of the photocell will also change, which reflects the intensity of the in out infrared radiation. This sensor is characterized by high sensitivity and stable performance. But the response time is long, the structure is complex and the intensity is poor, so it is only suitable for laboratory use.
④ Pyroelectric sensor
Pyroelectric sensor is a kind of thermal crystal or ferroelectric with polarization phenomenon. The polarization intensity (charge per unit area) of ferroelectrics is related to temperature. When infrared radiation irradiates the surface of the polarized ferroelectric sheet, the temperature of the sheet increases, the polarization intensity decreases, and the surface charge decreases, which is equivalent to releasing part of the charge, so it is called pyroelectric sensor. If the load resistor is connected to a ferroelectric sheet, an electrical signal output is generated on the load resistor. The size of the output signal depends on the speed of the temperature change of the chip, which reflects the intensity of the incident infrared radiation. It can be seen that the voltage response rate of pyroelectric infrared sensor is directly proportional to the change rate of incident radiation. When the constant infrared radiation irradiates on the pyroelectric sensor, the sensor has no electrical signal output. Only when the temperature of ferroelectrics is in the process of change can the electrical signal be output. Therefore, it is necessary to modulate the infrared radiation (or chopping light) so that the constant radiation becomes the alternating radiation, which constantly causes the temperature change of the sensor, so as to generate pyroelectric and output the alternating signal.
2. Photon sensor
The photon sensor uses some semiconductor materials to produce photon effect under the illumination of incident light, which changes the electrical properties of materials. By measuring the change of electrical properties, we can know the intensity of infrared radiation. The infrared sensors made by photon effect are called photon sensors. The main characteristics of photon sensor are high sensitivity, fast response speed and high response frequency, but generally it must work at low temperature and the detection band is narrow.
According to the working principle of photon sensor, it can be divided into internal photoelectric sensor and external photoelectric sensor. The latter is divided into photoconductive sensor, photovoltaic sensor and magnetoelectric sensor.
① External photoelectric sensor
When the light radiates on the surface of some materials, if the photon energy of the incident light is large enough, the electrons of the materials can escape from the surface. This phenomenon is called external photoelectric effect or photoelectron emission effect. Photodiode, photomultiplier tube and so on belong to this type of electronic sensor. Its response speed is relatively fast, generally only a few nanoseconds. However, electron escape requires a large amount of photon energy, which is only suitable for near-infrared radiation or visible light.
② Photoconductive sensor
When infrared radiation irradiates on the surface of some semiconductor materials, some electrons and holes in the semiconductor materials can change from the original non-conductive bound state to the conductive free state, which increases the conductivity of the semiconductor. This phenomenon is called photoconductivity phenomenon. The sensors made of photoconductive phenomena are called photoconductive sensors. For example, lead sulfide, lead selenide, indium antimonide, mercury telluride and other materials can be used to make photoconductive sensors. When using photoconductive sensor, we need to cool and add a certain bias voltage, otherwise the response rate will be reduced, the noise will be large, the response band will be narrow, and the infrared sensor will be damaged.
③ Photovoltaic sensor
When the infrared radiation irradiates on the PN junction of some semiconductor materials, the free electrons move to the N-region under the action of the electric field in the junction. If the PN junction is open, an additional potential will be generated at both ends of the PN junction, which is called the photogenerated electromotive force. The sensors or PN junction sensors based on this effect are usually made of materials such as indium arsenide, indium antimonide, mercury telluride, lead tin telluride, etc.
④ Magnetoelectric sensor
When the infrared radiation irradiates on the surface of some semiconductor materials, some electrons and holes in the semiconductor materials will diffuse to the interior. If the diffusion is affected by a strong magnetic field, the electrons and holes will each deviate to one side, resulting in an open circuit voltage. This phenomenon is called the optical magnetoelectric effect. The infrared sensor made of this effect is called magnetoelectric sensor.
The response band is about 7 μ m, the time constant is small, the response speed is fast, there is no bias, the internal resistance is very low, the noise is small, and it has good stability and reliability. However, its sensitivity is low and it is difficult to make low noise preamplifier, which affects its use.
Ⅶ. Application and Prospect of infrared sensor
(1) The application of infrared sensor is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1. Infrared radiometer: used for radiation and spectral radiation measurement.
2. Search and tracking system: used to search and track infrared target, determine its spatial position and track its motion.
3. Thermal imaging system: it can form the infrared radiation distribution image of the whole target.
4. Infrared ranging system: to measure the distance between objects. (it uses the non-proliferation principle of infrared propagation, because the refractive index of infrared is very small when it passes through other substances, so infrared will be considered in long-distance distance distance rangefinders.)
5. Communication system: infrared communication as a way of wireless communication.
6. Hybrid system: refers to two or more combinations of the above systems.
Infrared sensor applications can be used for non-contact temperature measurement, gas composition analysis, nondestructive testing, thermal image detection, infrared remote sensing and military target reconnaissance, search, tracking and communication. With the development of modern science and technology, the application prospect of infrared sensor will be more broad. In the future, the performance and sensitivity of infrared sensor will be improved greatly.
(2) Development trend
1. Intellectualization: at present, the infrared sensor is mainly used in combination with peripheral equipment. The built-in microprocessor of the intelligent sensor can realize the two-way communication between the sensor and the control unit. It has the advantages of miniaturization, digital communication, simple maintenance, etc., and it can work independently as a module.
2. Miniaturization: an inevitable trend of sensor miniaturization. Now in application, because of the volume problem of infrared sensor, its use degree is far worse than that of thermoelectric corner. Therefore, whether the infrared sensor is miniaturized and portable or not can't be ignored.
3. High sensitivity and high performance: in medicine, the infrared sensor has been widely used for the measurement of human body temperature, but it can not replace the existing temperature measurement method due to its low accuracy. Therefore, the high sensitivity and high performance of infrared sensor is the inevitable trend of its future development.
Ⅷ. Summary
Although there are many deficiencies in the current infrared sensor, the infrared sensor has played a huge role in the modern production practice. With the improvement of detection equipment and other parts of the technology, the infrared sensor can have more performance and better sensitivity, and will have a broader application range.
Capacitive Touch Sensing of Sensors
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Warm hints: This article contains about 4000 words and reading time is about 18 mins.IntroductionIn order to obtain information from the outside world, people must resort to the sensory organs.And by ...
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SummarySupplier of in the field sensor systems, First Sensor has announced its new piezoresistive low differential pressure sensors of the HTD series with measuring ranges from 1 mbar to 7 bar. T...
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Introduction:Temperature, as one of the seven basic quantities of the international unit system, is a variety of sensors for measuring temperature. The temperature sensor is the core part of the tempe...
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SummaryThe photoelectric sensor is the sensor which USES the photoelectric element as the detecting element. It first converts the measured changes into light signals, and then USES the photoelectric ...
Sections Ⅰ. Introduction Ⅱ. What is infrared sensor? Ⅲ. How does infrared sensor work? Ⅳ. The basic law of infrared radiation Ⅴ. The working principle of infrared sensor Ⅵ. Types of infrared sensors Ⅶ. Application and Prospect of infrared sensor Ⅷ. Summary
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Does the Sensa Diet Really Work?
This weight-loss plan promises results without dieting or exercise. Is it too good to be true?
What if you could lose 30 pounds in six months – more than a pound a week – without dieting or exercising? All you have to do is pepper your food with a special powder.
That's the claim of Sensa, an appetite suppressant that hit the market a few years ago and has recently been advertised on TV. But do you buy it? And would you spend $354 for a six-month supply?
The proof: The Sensa FAQs state that Hirsch conducted a study of 1,436 people, who lost an average of 30.5 pounds in six months using Sensa – and were not asked to change their diet or exercise routine.
"Maltodextrin (Derived from Corn from the USA)": This food additive can be found in lots of processed foods, in which it may be used for texture or flavor (it's a little sweet) or simply as a filler. The body quickly breaks it down as glucose, or sugar.
"Tricalcium Phosphate": This food additive is a mineral commonly used as an anticaking agent.
"Silica": Also known as silicon dioxide – and sand – this food additive is commonly used to help powdered foods flow without clumping. Health magazine named it among the 18 Most Sickening Food Ingredients.
"Natural and Artificial Flavors": The Food and Drug Administration does not require manufacturers to list exact flavorings (they can just say "flavors"), and Hirsch has chosen to keep his secret: "The exact combinations of the Sensa blends are proprietary and patent-pending," says the Sensa FAQs. But whatever it is, Sensa can't contain much of it: Because this ingredient is listed last, it means Sensa contains less of it than any other ingredient.
The proof: The Sensa website conveniently omitted the fact that Hirsch's study was not published in any peer-reviewed journals, which essentially means the scientific community doesn't recognize it as valid.
Lastly, Sensa has been around a few years. If it worked as well as promised, you probably would have heard about it from someone besides celebrity spokespeople.
Sensa is a great illustration of a principle we cite often: If something sounds too good to be true, it probably is. Especially given what we now know about Sensa, it's more logical that the product is marketing malarkey rather than a miracle discovery.
That may not be what you wanted to hear, but hey, at least you won't blow $354 coming to the same conclusion.
Karla Bowsher worked in health care for 10 years before going into journalism. She covers health, consumer, and retail issues. If you have a comment, suggestion, or question, leave a comment or contact her at [email protected].


text:
Archives: Reviews
The Italian Job (Concert Review: St George's Bristol)
Written by Iconic on 20th January 2018 . Posted in Reviews.
Tell anyone you're attending an evening entitled The Italian Job and you might expect an impish, mildly predictable reference in a mock-Cockney accent about 'blowing the bloody doors off'. This Italian Job, however, was of a completely different kind, being as it was a concert of music written by Italian composers of the Baroque era – all performed exquisitely by La Serenissima at St George's in Bristol on Wednesday 23 November 2016.
It's pretty damned hard to go wrong with a sparklingly impressive line-up of legendary composing virtuosos, and the evening consisted of first-rate interpretations of music by the period's titanic, formidable masters. Vivaldi – check. Tartini – check. Torelli – check. Caldara – check – Albinoni – check. Corelli – check. A pure and simple case of exemplary Baroque 'n roll. And La Serenissima nailed absolutely every single piece – and, for that matter, every single note – they played.
During the period, Italy was well known and held in great esteem for its consummate string playing. The concert took that as its springboard but extended those string-based compositional inflections and nuances to include pieces that utilized winds and brass, which music of the age very often did when written for and played during special religious feast days.
Under the watchful eye, precise cues and graceful nods of violinist/director Adrian Chandler – whose playing was as stunningly fastidious as it was shimmeringly iridescent – the rest of the ensemble reacted to his masterful guidance with a slew of incredible performances. Sinfonias and concertos penned by 17th and 18th century Italian icons were brought dazzlingly to life.
Familiar pieces were given a fresh, gleaming sheen; works you thought you knew were performed with such technical bravura and instrumental acuity, it was as if you were hearing them for the first time – which, with Caldara's sinfonia, may well have been the case, as that's believed not to have been performed in recent times.
From melancholy adagios to sprightly dances to jaunty, giddy oscillations and arpeggios, every beat, every rhythm, every cadence, every ounce of feeling and emotion was rendered and exemplified with complete, irresistible passion, intensity, and an adroit appreciation and understanding of the towering masterworks. Stately, noble, regal, peppy, triumphant, sorrowful, elegiac, triumphant. For an hour and forty-five minutes, the ensemble continually excelled themselves.
Bristol Post, November 2017
'Vivaldi in Venice' (Audience testimonials)
'Truly outstanding. La Serenissima's devotion to their performances was amazing'
'To hear The Four Seasons, performed in such a fresh and magical manner was a continuous joy and source of surprise'
'La Serenissima we thought were outstanding. We were in the presence of greatness'
Martin Randall Travel, Vivaldi in Venice Festival, November 2017
'The Italian Job' (CD Review)
Written by Iconic on 22nd August 2017 . Posted in Reviews.
'The English, historical-instrument, Baroque ensemble La Serenissima (the term was a nickname for the city of Venice) has specialized in somewhat scholarly recordings that nevertheless retain considerable general appeal, and the group does it again with this release. The program offers some lesser-known composers, and some lesser-known pieces by famous composers like the tiny and fascinating Concerto alla rustica for two oboes, bassoon, strings, and continuo, RV 151. What ties the program together formally is that it covers a range of Italian cities that were becoming cultural centers as they declined in political power: not only Venice (Vivaldi, Albinoni, Caldara), but also Padua (Tartini), Bologna (Torelli), and Rome (Corelli). There are several works by composers known only for one or two big hits, and these are especially rewarding. Sample the opening movement of Tartini's Violin Concerto E major, DS 51, with its unusual phrase construction and daringly chromatic cadenza passage: it has the exotic quality for which Tartini became famous, but it does not rely on sheer virtuosity. That work is played by leader Adrian Chandler himself, but he also chooses pieces for a large variety of other solo instruments: the Italian Baroque was about more than the violin. Each work on the album has something to recommend it, and collectively the performances may make up the best album of 2017 whose booklet includes footnotes.'
James Manheim – All Music, June 2017
The Four Seasons (concert review)
'Adrian Chandler's ensemble revives a unique version of The Four Seasons and presents an avant-garde approach that would have awed Hendrix'
The Guardian, February 2016
Vivaldi – The Four Seasons (CD review)
'La Serenissima's fresh approach grows out of The Four Seasons itself. Listeners that usually find the ritornello that launches Autumn a touch twee will be diverted by the energising thrum of the guitar… If the sheer sweep and vivacity captivates, details are just as telling. The appoggiatura Chandler applies to the end of his first solo entry in Winter plumbs the chill of the grave, and in the perky Largo he delivers an object lesson in how to decorate the music meaningfully. Two concertos showcasing Peter Whelan's playfully agile bassoon are paired with two rare concertos for a specially constructed three-string 'violino in tromba marina' lending a touch of raucous exoticism.'
BBC Music Magazine, Concerto Choice, Double 5 star review, Christmas Issue, 2015:
The Four Seasons (CD review)
'Adrian Chandler and his period-instrument ensemble La Serenissima have become well-known through numerous recordings on Avie, and they celebrate their 21st anniversary with this release. There are quite extensive notes in the booklet and Chandler has created a new edition of The Four Seasons based on the only surviving manuscript of these works. While there is plenty of scholarly grounding to this interpretation it is the performance which brings the music to life, something which very much happens here. These concertos are played in period style, but aside from crisply rhythmic style and transparent sonorities there is much in Adrian Chandler's solo playing alone which will make you want to hear this recording again and again. There is quite a good deal of folk-like style in the performance with little added ornaments, a free and rhapsodic narrative touch where possible, and a general spirit of well-prepared lawlessness that is quite refreshing. Ensemble and soloist find the beauty in the music but one has the impression that this is not their prime objective – nor is it the taking of the performance to pictorial extremes. Yes, the canvas is richly laden with seasonal atmosphere, sparkling weather and the usual animals and characters, but the essence of these performances is that they are massively entertaining on every level. The virtuoso wonders of the soloist are equalled and imitated by the ensemble, and the two sometimes seem locked in a life and death struggle, as in the final Presto of Summer. The sheer joy of musicianship on display here draws us in and keeps us fully engrossed.'
Musicweb International, November 2015:
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text:
Q: How to save a Dataframe into an excel sheet without deleting the other sheets? I've seen other responses but I don't think they work for my specific issue.
I have an excel sheet with 3 sheets.
first sheet has
Name             Dept
John Smith       candy
Diana Princ      candy
Tyler Perry      candy
Perry Plat       wood
Jerry Springer   clothes
Calvin Klein     clothes
Mary Poppins     clothes
Ivan Evans       clothes
Lincoln Tun      warehouse
Oliver Twist     kitchen
Herman Sherman   kitchen

second sheet is:
Depts Responded
candy
wood
clothes
warehouse
kitchen

Third sheet is:
Depts Not Responded
chocolate
vanilla
computers

I want to update my spreadsheet with Python, such as adding chocolate to the Depts Responded sheet.
So far my code is like this:
from openpyxl import load_workbook
import pandas as pd
import os, csv, sys

excel_data = 'file.xlsx'

responded = ['candy', 'wood', 'clothes', 'warehouse', 'kitchen','chocolate']
not_responded = ['vanilla', 'computers']

test_nr = pd.DataFrame(not_responded)
test_r = pd.DataFrame(responded)

test_r = notemp_df.rename({0: 'Depts Responded'}, axis=1)
test_nr = empty_df.rename({0: 'Depts Not Responded'}, axis=1)

test_nr = test_nr.reset_index(drop=True)
test_r = test_r.reset_index(drop=True)

# create excel writer object
writer = pd.ExcelWriter(excel_data)
test_nr.to_excel(writer, 'Departments Not Responded')
test_r.to_excel(writer, 'Departments Responded')

# save the excel file
writer.save()
writer.close()

But when I run this, it deletes the first sheet, and only writes the second and third sheet like this:
Depts Responded
0 candy
1 wood
2 clothes
3 warehouse
4 kitchen
5 chocolate

Depts Not Responded
0 vanilla
1 computers

So that part is working, but I'm losing the first sheet.
Is there a way to only edit those sheets and not erase the first one?
And also removed the index numbers of the new data.

Thanks to one of the responses below by Redox, I dug more into openpyxl and found an answer that worked for me. As the data is just an example based off my real data. Here is my working code:
from openpyxl import load_workbook
import openpyxl
import pandas as pd
import os, csv, sys

def delete(sheet):
    while(sheet.max_row > 1):
        sheet.delete_rows(2)
    return

excel_data = 'file.xlsx'

responded = ['candy', 'wood', 'clothes', 'warehouse', 'kitchen','chocolate']
not_responded = ['vanilla', 'computers']

test_nr = pd.DataFrame(not_responded)
test_r = pd.DataFrame(responded)

test_r = notemp_df.rename({0: 'Depts Responded'}, axis=1)
test_nr = empty_df.rename({0: 'Depts Not Responded'}, axis=1)

test_nr = test_nr.reset_index(drop=True)
test_r = test_r.reset_index(drop=True)

workbook = openpyxl.load_workbook(excel_data)
ws = workbook['Depts Not Responded'] # Go to the required worksheet
delete(ws)

max1 = ws.max_row
for row, entry in enumerate(not_responded, start=1):
   ws.cell(row=row+max1, column=1, value=entry)

workbook.save('output.xlsx') #Save it back

wt = workbook['Depts Responded'] # Go to the required worksheet
delete(wt)

max2 = wt.max_row
for row, entry in enumerate(responded, start=1):
   wt.cell(row=row+max2, column=1, value=entry)

workbook.save('output.xlsx') #Save it back

A: If what you are trying to do is add a new entry(row) to an existing sheet, the simplest and correct way would be to open the existing file, get to the right worksheet/tab, get to the last row with data and add the row to the row below that. With opwnpyxl.load_workbook(), you can do that.
As you might be adding entries on a daily basis, it is not a good idea to have all the data in the python list and rewrite the same each time. Your code is actually creating new tabs with all the data from scratch each time you run it.
In the below example, I have the file you mentioned (filex.xlsx) with 3 worksheets (Sheet1/2/3) and the data as per the question. The below code will open this workbook and append 'chocolate' to Sheet2 at the bottom of the list. It will NOT remove/replace any existing data.
import openpyxl

workbook = openpyxl.load_workbook('file.xlsx') #Open the file
ws = workbook['Sheet2']   # Go to the required worksheet
ws.cell(row=ws.max_row+1, column=1).value = 'chocolate' #Add the value to cell - max_row is the last row with data in it....
workbook.save('output.xlsx') #Save it back

Output after running above code

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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