text:
Title: Bajor
Subject: Cardassian, Starfleet, Prime Directive, Ro Laren, List of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episodes, Bajoran, Quark (Star Trek), Benjamin Sisko, Jadzia Dax, Dominion War
This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (February 2013)
Bajorans
Official language(s)
Bajoran
United Federation of Planets, Bajoran Provisional Government
Quadrant(s)
For the tribal area in the Swat Valley in Pakistan, see Bajaur Agency.
In the Star Trek science-fiction franchise, the Bajorans are a humanoid extraterrestrial species native to the planet Bajor. They were first introduced in the 1991 episode "Ensign Ro" of Star Trek: The Next Generation and subsequently were a pivotal element of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and also appeared in Star Trek: Voyager. The shows' writers initially depicted the Bajorans as an oppressed people who were often forced to live as refugees, whom they likened to a variety of ethnic groups, with Rick Berman, who helped to originally conceive them, comparing them to "the Palestinians, the Jews in the 1940s, the boat people from Haiti — unfortunately, the homeless and terrorism are problems [of every age]."[1] Various Bajoran characters were included in several of the Star Trek series, including Ro Laren (played by Michelle Forbes) in The Next Generation as well as a number of others in Deep Space Nine, which was set on a space station near to Bajor, and which featured Bajoran characters such as Kira Nerys (Nana Visitor) and Winn Adami (Louise Fletcher).
3 Culture and traditions
4 Homeworld
6.1 Provisional Government
6.2 Bajoran Militia
6.3 Kai
6.4 First Minister
8 Federation membership
9 Notable Bajorans
secondary or tertiary sources. (February 2013)
According to the fictional storyline of the Star Trek universe, the Bajorans are an ancient species who developed advanced technology prior to the evolution of humanity on Earth.[2] They eventually developed space-faring ships, which took them as far away as the planet of Cardassia.[3] In 2328 the Cardassian Union, which had been taken over by a military dictatorship, invaded Bajor, occupying it for fifty years, during which time they forced many Bajorans into slave labor, using them in their various mining operations. This forced many Bajorans to flee and live in refugee camps away from Cardassian domination,[4] while other Bajorans got involved in the resistance movement, organising terrorist attacks against Cardassian targets.
The Federation could not intervene in the situation, due to Prime Directive considerations; since Bajor had formally aligned itself with the Cardassians some time before, it was considered an internal matter between the Cardassian Union and a member/subject planet. This caused some resentment towards the Federation by the Bajoran people, especially when the Federation was initially invited to administer Deep Space Nine.
In 2369, the Cardassian civilian authorities ordered the military to withdraw from Bajor, after which the Bajoran provisional government invited the United Federation of Planets to set up base on the former Cardassian mining station of Terok Nor, renaming it Deep Space Nine, and requesting membership into the Federation.[5]
In 2369, when Commander (later Captain) Benjamin Sisko was assigned command of DS9, one of his instructions was to prepare Bajor for full membership into the Federation (pilot episode: "Emissary"). This was a long-running theme during the rest of the series. In 2373, with the Dominion War on the horizon, Bajor asks to be admitted to the Federation under special circumstances. Sisko, acting as Emissary of the Prophets, warned that if Bajor were to join the Federation at that time, it would mean the destruction of that world. With this warning, Bajor decided not to accept membership at that time. At the start of the Dominion War, Bajor officially declared their neutrality ("Call to Arms"), although many Bajorans joined Starfleet and, as well, a new resistance to the occupation of Deep Space Nine is formed. According to the novel series Star Trek: Titan, Bajor finally formally joined the Federation in 2376, the year after the Dominion War ended.
Like many aliens on Star Trek, the Bajorans are human-like in appearance, but have a distinctive symmetrical facial feature: ridges on the nose between the eyes. Despite their human-like appearance, there are several biological differences between the two species. During pregnancy, Bajoran women suffer from uncontrollable bouts of sneezing rather than morning sickness. Bajoran women gestate for five months, as opposed to the nine months of human women, due to high vascularization between the fetus and the mother. During childbirth they must be extremely relaxed, and they feel little or no pain during the process.
Bajoran tradition places the family name before the given name; thus, 'Kira Nerys' is properly addressed as 'Major Kira', not 'Major Nerys'. During the series, emphasis was placed on the Bajoran's spiritual life, centering around the Orbs—objects of an alien origin believed to have been sent by the Prophets (Bajor's gods), each of which possess a unique ability (such as the 'Orb of Time', which allows those viewing it to revisit past events). Nine orbs were discovered by the Bajorans over the centuries (and a tenth is discovered during the events of the TV series), however all but one were seized by the Cardassians during the Occupation.
The Bajoran people were originally divided into castes, called d'jarras, that dictated a person's place in Bajoran society; members of a lower-ranking d'jarra were expected to defer to those of a higher caste. When the Occupation began, the d'jarra system was abolished as the resistance movement encouraged all Bajorans to unite, regardless of caste. When the former Bajoran spiritual leader, Akorem Laan, attempted to reintroduce the caste system, it was rejected because it would have made Bajor ineligible for Federation membership (caste based discrimination is forbidden under Federation law).
Bajorans wear large, chained earrings and ear cuffs called d'ja pagh on their right ears, as symbols of their religious faith. Before the war against Cardassian occupation, the earring also symbolized one's d'jarra. Even after the Occupation, there were still different styles of earrings passed down through families, but they had lost their original significance. When Akorem Laan encountered Major Kira he recognized from the style of her earring that she is a member of the artisan d'jarra, even though she was a member of the military, and she explained that the different styles of earring no longer signified anything.
Class M planet
Independent, Cardassian vassal, Cardassian Union, independent, Federation Autonomous State
Bajor (/ˈbeɪdʒɔr/ or /ˈbeɪʒɔr/) is the homeworld of the Bajorans. Bajor is a Class M planet that has five moons. A Day on Bajor has 26 hours. Bajor's atmosphere has a greenish tint; as a result, oceans viewed from space will appear more green than blue.[6]
Bajor, the seventh planet in the system, orbits the star Bajor-B'hava'el in the Bajoran sector. Other inhabited planets in the Bajoran star system include Andros (Bajor VIII), a Class K planet (similar to Mars) and the fifth moon of Bajor, Jeraddo.
The Bajoran religion, also called the Way of the Prophets, is a major unifying force on the planet. This religion, unlike so many others in the galaxy, is unique in that the religious figures are in fact physical (but non-corporeal) entities, although not on the same plane of existence; see Bajoran Prophets.
The Prophets, or "Wormhole Aliens" (as they are referred to by Starfleet) exist within the wormhole between the Alpha and Gamma quadrants, the Alpha end being located within the Bajoran system. This wormhole, and home of the Prophets, is referred to as the Celestial Temple by the Bajoran people. The Prophets exist as timeless beings, with their first (known) encounter with corporeal beings (specifically, Benjamin Sisko) resulting in a long and confusing conversation as to how linear time works. Their motives remain unclear; on several occasions they proclaim their disinterest in the physical world, while at other times actively participate in the physical world, most often in the general interest of Bajor and its people.
The Prophets are also believed to be the providers of sacred objects called Orbs or "Tears of the Prophets". These Orbs exist as crystalline, hour-glass shaped, glowing objects apparently floating within their containers. Though the Orbs defy scientific analysis, they stimulate what are known as "Orb Experiences", visions and images which have a measurable effect on the nervous system of humanoids. It is debatable, however, whether the Orb Experiences are, in fact, actual experiences, or merely dreams or hallucinations. Orbs known to exist include the Orbs of Wisdom, Prophecy, Change, Time, and the Emissary. The Orb of Time has an effect on physical matter, as shown by its interactions with the Starship Defiant in the episode "Trials and Tribble-ations"(DS9). Additionally, the Orb of the Emissary seems directly tied to Benjamin Sisko, who is seen as the Prophets' Emissary to Bajor.
Another aspect of the religion is that of the Pagh (roughly translated as 'immortal soul'). If a person has followed the will of the Prophets, his Pagh is 'clean' and he will be permitted to enter the Celestial Temple and dwell with the Prophets.
Religious practices are unclear. The Bajoran religion involves regular services which are intended to teach the "Will of the Prophets". Meditation and prayer (either in groups or privately) are commonly used, but not strictly observed.
The hierarchy of the Bajoran faith has never been explained in great detail, though a certain amount is known:
Titles in the Bajoran religion include a "Prylar" (roughly equivalent to a Christian monk), "Ranjen" (a rank falling between Prylars and the next rank, and responsible for a variety of tasks), "Mylar" (priest or minister, mentioned in "Ties of Blood and Water"), "Vedek" (cardinal, bishop) and "Kai" (equivalent to the pope in Roman Catholic theology or Patriarch in the Eastern Orthodox theology). All of these ranks seem to be open both to men and women.
Vedeks, the second highest level, also make up the Vedek Assembly, the committee which is responsible for the spiritual issues of the Bajoran people. A new Kai is elected by the Vedek Assembly (loosely analogous to how the College of Cardinals elects a new pope).
The Kai is the spiritual leader. She/he has a great deal of influence on the Bajoran government despite having no official power in that way. After Kai Opaka departed in 2369, the election of a new Kai from the members of the Vedek Assembly led to the election of Kai Winn, who remained Kai until her demise in 2375.
The central figure in the Bajoran faith is known as the 'Emissary', a being believed to be sent by the Prophets to aid Bajor. Benjamin Sisko, a human Starfleet officer, filled this role when he made first contact with the beings believed by the Bajorans to be the Prophets, and the enigmatic beings spoke to him on several other occasions, either to deliver a message or fulfill a task. Although his role was never entirely clear (and Sisko himself was visibly uncomfortable with it for the first few years), the Bajorans respected and admired Sisko as their Emissary, and he carried Bajor through several hardships. In this respect, the Emissary nominally holds even more religious and secular power than the Kai or the First Minister. For example even the politically ambitious Kai Winn sought religious guidance from the Emissary, and Akorem Laan was able to single-handedly reinstate the observance of the obsolete D'Jarra caste system in 2372 when he briefly claimed the title of Emissary.
Similarly to Christianity's Lucifer, Kosst Amojan ("The Evil One") was a Prophet who was forced out of the Celestial Temple after a failed attempt to seize control, with the other Pah Wraiths. In several other incidents, the Pah Wraiths attempted to leave their physical prison (the "Caves of Fire") and return to take control of the Celestial Temple, but none of these attempts succeeded. There continues to be a minority group on Bajor who worship the Pah Wraiths as the True Prophets, but they are generally shunned as outcasts and heretics.
In another similarity to Christianity, the non-canon Deep Space Nine Relaunch novels reveal the existence of a form of 'excommunication' from the Bajoran faith: when Kira Nerys interferes in a growing civil war, despite being ordered not to do so by the Vedek Assembly, she is declared 'Attainted' and can no longer attend Bajoran services, set foot in a temple, or study from an Orb or the Bajoran sacred texts.
Provisional Government
The provisional government was set up after the occupation of Bajor by Cardassia ended in 2369. It consisted of a council of elected officials headed by the First minister and was responsible for administration of the planet and to a certain extent Deep Space 9. A three-part episode, 'Homecoming', 'The Circle', and 'The Siege', featured a story arc about the Provisional Government and its inability to resolve an explosive political revolution. In the immediate aftermath of the Cardassian withdrawal, many characters felt that the provisional government would collapse within a matter of weeks, leading to civil war (which the Cardassians might use as an excuse to return to "restore order"). Sisko managed to convince Kai Opaka to declare the support of the Bajoran religious hierarchy for the new government, which prevented it from outright collapsing. In the early seasons of the TV series the provisional government is shaky and precarious, but over time by the later seasons of the TV series it grew more stable, particularly after the election of First Minister Shakaar.
Bajoran Militia
The Bajoran Militia was the military arm of the Bajoran Provisional Government, originally made up of many former resistance fighters from the Occupation of Bajor.
The structure was comparable to that of an Earth army, with similar ranks. Bajoran officers were organized by divisional specialty, wearing different uniform colors for each (similar to Starfleet). Flag officers wear a more elaborate version of the normal duty uniform
Officers of the Militia were usually graduates of the Bajoran Military Academy, although many commissions were awarded on the basis of demonstrated skills and merit of the soldiers who were part of the resistance against the occupation.
The militia jointly operated Deep Space 9 with Starfleet. From 2369 to 2375 the station was commanded by a Starfleet command level officer and the executive officer was a Militia member. When the station's commander, Captain Sisko, disappeared in late 2375, his executive, Colonel Kira, took command.
It was said in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Rapture" that if Bajor joins the United Federation of Planets, most of the Bajoran Militia would be absorbed into Starfleet. In the non-canonical relaunch novel Unity, this happened in 2376.
Notable members of the Bajoran militia included Major Kira Nerys and Odo.
The Kai is the supreme religious leader of the Bajoran faith.
This individual could be either male or female, could be married, and could even have children. The Kai is chosen in an election held by the entire Bajoran people, though typically candidates come from the Vedek assembly of high-ranking clerics. He or she also seems to hold a fair amount of political influence on Bajor; the government is headed by a First Minister although Bajorans typically will listen to whatever the Kai says.
When Starfleet forces initially arrived at Deep Space Nine, the Kai was a woman named Opaka Sulan. She introduced Commander Sisko to an Orb or Tear of the Prophets. In time, two leading candidates emerged to succeed her. One was Vedek Winn Adami - a member of a small conservative order on Bajor who harbored anti-Federation feelings. The other was Vedek Bareil Antos, a kindly man who had a relationship with Major Kira Nerys. However, Bareil withdrew, so that Winn became the next Kai.
Bareil became a trusted advisor to Kai Winn, influencing her to adopt a more friendly stance towards the Federation and Commander Sisko, and to conclude a peace agreement with the Cardassians.
Kai Winn later tried to consolidate her hold on power after the death of the Bajoran First Minister. Her actions nearly caused a civil war. Major Kira of DS9 convinced her old friend and resistance cell leader Shakaar Edon to run for election to the post to head off a civil war. Kai Winn withdrew, and Shakaar was elected to the post of First Minister.
Later, at the beginning of the Dominion War, Captain Sisko convinced Kai Winn as well as the Council of Ministers to sign a non-aggression treaty with the Dominion. Sisko felt the time was not right for Bajor to choose sides in the war — if they did they would be destroyed.
With the end of the Dominion War in sight, Kai Winn was tempted to join with Dukat — who had been surgically altered to appear as a Bajoran — in worship with the Pah Wraiths. When she discovered who the man really was, she was devastated by having fallen for the deception. When she sought Colonel Kira's advice, Kira advised Winn that she could be redeemed if she stepped down from the post, but Winn refused.
Kai Winn turned away from the prophets, and became a tool of the Pah Wraiths. In the final moments of her life, Kai Winn turned back to the Prophets and tried to throw the Book of the Kosst-Amojan into the pit of fire. She was then consumed and killed by the Pah Wraiths, leaving the post of Kai again vacant at the end of the Deep Space Nine television series.
The First Minister of Bajor is a role analogous to Prime Minister, a separate office from the religious leader, the Kai. The First Minister is the Bajoran head of government and also serves as the head of the Chamber of Ministers, the Bajoran legislature. (A separate organization, the Vedek Assembly, serves as an advisory body to the Kai.)
Office-holders since 2370
Jaro Essa
Kalem Apren
Winn Adami (acting)
Shakaar Edon
The Bajoran written language consists of square symbols. They are fluid and are composed of thick lines. There are a large number of different symbols that can be used in any of eight rotations (normal, horizontal flipped, vertical flipped, 2 ways of diagonally flipping, 90 degree rotation, 180 degree rotation, and 270 degree rotation). This gives approximately 200 symbols in the written language. As with other forms of alien writing in Star Trek, no translation for these symbols exists. Bajoran can be written both in vertical top to bottom columns arranged right to left or in horizontal left to right lines arranged top to bottom.
Federation membership
In the Deep Space Nine premiere episode "Emissary", Captain Picard informs Benjamin Sisko that one of his tasks as commander of DS9 is to develop a continuing evaluation of Bajor for potential membership in the United Federation of Planets. In the non-canon Deep Space Nine relaunch novels, Bajor finally joins the Federation, with most of the Bajoran Militia being absorbed into Starfleet, and Kira Nerys receives the Starfleet rank of Captain.
Notable Bajorans
Kai Opaka Sulan
Kai Winn Adami
First Minister Shakaar Edon
Colonel Kira Nerys
Lieutenant Ro Laren
Li Nalas
Dr. Mora Pol
Ensign Sito Jaxa
Tora Ziyal
Leeta
Akorem Laan, 22nd century poet
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Betazoid
Cardassian
Ocampa
Romulan
Suliban
Species 8472
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Tellarite
Tholian
Tribble
Vidiian
Vorta
Xindi
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The vehicle sits on a set of ex-South Africa bogies, which are not original to the vehicle.
As suspected, the body is sitting too low on the bogies – so the body is hard in contact with the bogie side frames, which is a bad thing.
The clearance between the body and the side frames is a variable – as the vehicle is loaded, it sinks on the springs, and closes the gap.


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Tag Archives: hurried
Muslim Mob in Pakistan Wounds Christian Family
Posted on January 6, 2010 by particularkev
Assailants threaten to charge mentally ill son with 'blasphemy' if victims pursue justice.
ISLAMABAD, Pakistan, January 4 (CDN) — Infuriated by an alleged anti-Islamic comment by a mentally ill man, more than a dozen Muslims attacked his Christian family here last week, beating his 20-year-old sister unconscious and breaking her leg.
The woman's father, Aleem Mansoor, said his daughter Elishba Aleem went unconscious after being struck in the head with an iron rod in the Dec. 28 attack. Mansoor said a Muslim known as Mogal beat him and his daughter with the rod on the street in front of their apartment home after falsely accusing his 32-year old son, who suffers from schizophrenia, of blasphemy.
"Elishba shouted, 'Father look! He is going to hit you,' and she came somewhat in front and the rod hit her head," Mansoor told Compass. "She touched her head, and her hand was covered with blood."
After she fell unconscious, the assailants began striking her on her legs and back, Mansoor said.
"As soon as the mob realized that Elishba was totally unconscious, they shouted that the girl was dead and fled from the scene," he said.
Elishba Aleem had rushed down from the family's third-floor apartment in Iqbal Town, Islamabad and was attacked when she pleaded for the mob to stop beating her father, who received five stitches for a hand wound. With iron rods and cricket bats, the mob also injured Mansoor's wife Aqsa and his sister-in-law Aileen George. Another of Mansoor's sons, 24-year-old Shazir Aleem, saw the assault from the apartment and also was beaten when he hurried down.
"When Shazir's wife Sanna saw that her husband was being beaten, she rushed down with [infant daughter] Hanna in her arms and pleaded with them, 'Why are you beating my husband?'" Mansoor said. "Someone in the mob snatched Hanna from Sanna and threw her on the ground, and then those beasts began beating Sanna as well."
The baby girl escaped serious injury.
Initially the assailants had attacked Mansoor as he tried to leave home with his son Shumail Aleem, whom he intended to take to police to clear up accusations by shopkeeper Muhammad Naveed that he had spoken ill of Islam.
As Mansoor reached his car, however, about a dozen men with cricket bats and metal rods got out of a parked Suzuki van and surrounded them, he said, and within 10 minutes more than 100 angry Muslims had joined Naveed, his other brothers and his father, Mogal.
"Naveed shouted, 'Why are you people looking at these choohras [derogatory term for Christians]? Catch them and kill them,'" Mansoor said. "My wife Aqsa and sister-in-law Aileen George threw their doppatas [Indian head coverings] at Naveed's and others' feet to humbly request that they not attack us, but they refused to listen. They began beating all of us with rods and cricket bats."
Area Muslims resent that the family has a car and is well-off, Mansoor said.
"They say Christians should be suppressed and kept under a tight control," he said. "They think Christians should salute them when they pass by them."
His son Shumail has been under medical treatment for schizophrenia for more than five years, he said, and because of his condition he does not work.
"As long as Shumail takes medicine, there is no one nicer than him on the earth, but if he is not taking the medicine then he is the worst creature," Mansoor said.
Mansoor's daughter, a first-year college student, received treatment at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) and eventually regained consciousness, though she remains in intense pain. Mansoor said members of the Muslim mob ensured that she did not receive a medical-legal certificate documenting her condition.
When Mansoor told Naveed and others that he would take them to court over the attack, his Muslim adversaries said he would fail because they had paid PIMS officials 50,000 rupees (US$600) to withhold the medical report on his daughter's injuries. He said they also told him that they had paid off officers at the Shehzad Town Police Station to pressure the family to drop the case with an out-of-court settlement.
"The assistant sub-inspector, Ghulam Gilani, of Shehzad Town Police Station, called my wife and told her that if the family pursued the case of assault on us, then we would be implicated in the blasphemy case, which would have serious consequences for us," Mansoor said.
Gilani and hospital officials were not immediately available for comment.
'Blasphemy' Accusation
The comment said to have triggered the violence was uttered at a nearby general store, where Shumail Aleem had gone to buy cigarettes at about 8:30 p.m. on Dec. 28.
Dec. 28 was Islam's 10th of Muharram, or Yom-e-Ashura, when Shiite Muslims mourn the death of Hussein ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Pakistan's population is made up primarily of Sunni Muslims, who also honor the day on the claim that Moses fasted on that day to express gratitude to God for freeing the Israelites from Egypt.
At the store an elderly Christian man known as Baba Sadiq asked Shumail Aleem why movie channels were not being shown on the store's cable-fed TV.
"Shumail told him, 'Are Muslims out of their minds? Why would they show movie channels on Ashura?'" Mansoor said.
The comment apparently supported Naveed's decision to refrain from showing films on the Muslim holy day, but the shopkeeper began beating Shumail Aleem, demanding to know why he had profaned Hussein's name, Mansoor said.
Two weeks prior, Mansoor said, Naveed and his brothers had beaten a Christian boy so severely that when he bled a piece of flesh issued from his nostrils.
"Shumail had seen this all, and had protested with Naveed over this, and when he came home he was very upset over the beating and repeatedly asked his mother to go and ask Naveed about it," Mansoor said. "We think that Naveed bore a grudge because of Shumail's inquiry and protest about that beating of a Christian."
Mansoor said that after Naveed severely beat him, Shumail Aleem returned when the rest of the family was not at home, as several had taken Mansoor's 3-month-old granddaughter Hanna to the doctor. When they returned at 9:45 p.m., Mansoor said, he found several things in the house "thrown around or broken."
A neighbor told them that police and about two dozen men had come searching for Shumail Aleem – who had hid in an upper storeroom – because Naveed had accused him of blasphemy.
"We went to Naveed, who was at his shop, and inquired what had happened," Mansoor said. "He told us that Shumail had tried to steal several things from the store and also damaged several things, and worst of all that he profaned Imam Hussein. My wife told Naveed that he knew that Shumail was mentally ill so he should have waited for us, and that we would have paid the damage, but that there was no need to go to the police."
Naveed told them that whether their son was mentally ill did not matter, that he had filed a police report – which later proved to be untrue – and that they would search relentlessly for Shumail Aleem, Mansoor said.
The mob stopped pursuing members of Mansoor's family only after the intervention of Pakistan People's Party politician Malik Amir, he said, but neither police nor the hospital has cooperated with him in legal matters. An influential Muslim in the area, Raja Aftaab, is also urging the family to settle out of court, he added.
"My stance is that the entire mob that attacked us should come to our house and apologize in front of all the neighbors, and then I will start negotiations with them," he said.
Posted in Christianity, Egypt, Islam, Israel, Pakistan	| Tagged accusations, accusing, adversaries, Aileen George, Aleem Mansoor, alleged, angry, anti-Islamic, apartment, apologize, Aqsa, arms, asistant sub-inspector, asked, assailants, assault, attack, attacked, available, Baba Sadiq, baby, back, bats, beaten, beating, beats, blasphemy, bled, blood, boy, breaking, broken, brothers, buy, cable-fed, called, car, case, catch, certificate, channels, charge, choohras, Christian, Christianity, Christians, cigarettes, claim, clear, college, comment, condition, consciousness, consequences, control, cooperated, court, covered, coverings, creature, cricket, damaged, daughter, Day, death, decision, demanding, derogatory, doctor, documenting, doppatas, drop, earth, Egypt, elderly, Elishba Aleem, ensured, escaped, express, fail, falsely, family, fasted, Father, feet, fell, filed, films, fled, flesh, freeing, front, general store, Ghulam Gilani, girl, God, granddaughter, grandson, gratitude, ground, grudge, hand, Hanna Aleem, happened, head, hid, hit, Holy, home, honor, hospital, house, humbly, hurried, husband, Hussein ibn Ali, ill, Imam Hussein, immediately, implicated, Indian, infant, influential, infuriated, injured, injuries, injury, inquiry, intended, intense, intervention, Iqbal Town, iron, Islam, Islamabad, Islamic, Israelites, issued, joined, justice, kept, kill, knew, know, leave, leg, legal, legs, listen, look, looking, Malik Amir, man, matters, medical, medicene, members, mentally, metal, minds, mob, Mogal, Moses, mother, mourn, Movie, Muhammad, Muhammad Naveed, Muharram, Muslim, muslims, name, nearby, negotiations, neighbor, nicer, nostrils, officers, officials, out-of-court, paid, pain, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Pakistan Peoples Party, parked, pass, people, Persecution, piece, PIMS, pleaded, police, police station, politician, pressure, primarily, profaned, prophet, protest, protested, pursue, Raja Aftaab, realized, received, refrain, refused, regained, relentlessly, remains, report, request, resent, returned, rod, rushed, salute, Sanna, scene, schizophrenia, searching, serious, settle, settlement, severely, Shazir Aleem, Shehzad Town, Shiite, shop, shopkeeper, shouted, show, showing, shown, Shumail Aleem, Sister, sister-in-law, snatched, son, spoken, stance, start, steal, stitches, stop, stopped, store, storeroom, street, striking, struck, student, suffers, Sunni, supported, suppressed, surrounded, Suzuki, term, third-floor, threaten, threw, thrown, tight, toucjed, treatment, triggered, TV, unconscious, untrue, upper, upset, uttered, van, victims, violence, waited, well-off, wife, withold, woman, work, worst, wounds, Yom-e-Ashura | Leave a comment
Hostilities Flare in BJP-Run Madhya Pradesh, India
Anti-Christian violence, efforts to tarnish church increase in past five years.
NEW DELHI, October 14 (CDN) — Since the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power in Madhya Pradesh in December 2003, Christians in the state have suffered increased attacks and concerted efforts to tarnish their image, church leaders said.
Before the BJP took office the state recorded two or three attacks against Christians per year, they said, whereas Jabalpur Archbishop Gerald Almeida said that in the past five years 65 baseless charges of forceful conversion – commonly accompanied by mob violence – have been registered in his diocese alone.
"There are some groups who are closely monitoring the Christian movement, and these people are bent on creating problems for the Christians for the past five years," Almeida told Compass.
The state is not able to control these groups, he added. Indeed, police routinely working with Hindu extremist groups filed an average of more than three unsubstantiated complaints of "coerced" conversions each month in the past five years, according to the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Madhya Pradesh (see sidebar below).
In the first eight months of this year, Madhya Pradesh saw the third highest number of attacks against Christians and Christian institutions in the country with 11, behind Karnataka with 43 and Andhra Pradesh with 14, according to Christian advocacy organizations.
The Rev. Anand Muttungal, spokesman for the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Madhya Pradesh, said growing attacks on Christians were a symptom of fear among Hindu extremists that the Catholic Church's influence is spreading.
"The Church as an organization is doing very well in many fields," Muttungal said. "It causes those fundamentalists to worry. It could be one of the main reasons for the continuous attacks on Christians."
Madhya Pradesh has a Christian population of 170,381, only 0.3 percent of the total in the state, according to the 2001 census. The state's history of religious intolerance runs deep, with an "anti-conversion" law passed in 1968 that has serves as a pretext for harassing Christians.
Igniting anti-Christian violence shortly after the BJP came to power was an incident in Jhabua district, where the body of a 9-year-old girl called Sujata was found in one of the Christian schools on Jan. 11, 2004. Although a non-Christian confessed to the crime, Hindu extremists used the event to justify various attacks against the Christian community.
Abuses became so rampant in 2005 and 2006 that the National Commission for Minorities (NCM) sent a fact-finding team to Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh in June 2006. Investigators found that Hindu extremists had frequently invoked the state's anti-conversion law as a means to incite mobs against Christians and to get Christians arrested without evidence.
Jabalpur Archbishop Almeida cited cases chronicled by the NCM such as the arrest under the anti-conversion law of two local women who were merely distributing gospel tracts in March 2006. Almeida also cited the NCM report on the jailing of four pastors in January 2006 for alleged "forceful conversion" after Hindu extremists from the Bajrang Dal dragged them to a Hindu temple and forced them to deny Christ.
Catholic Church records show that in 2007, a 70-year-old woman identified only as Mrs. Godwin was arrested along with another woman on charges of forceful conversion; they too were only distributing religious literature, a right they had under the nation's constitution.
Christian leaders said one aim of such abuses of the state's anti-conversion law is to tarnish the image of Christians by showing them as lawbreakers. Hate propaganda and spurious allegations against Christians continue unabated in the state, church leaders said.
The customary practice in India and especially in Madhya Pradesh, they said, is for Hindu extremists to raise false allegations on the slimmest of pretexts and get police to make hurried arrests.
Political Machinery
After the NCM report in 2006 first documented the violence, the Madhya Pradesh political machinery's influence became evident when State Minorities Commission Chairman Anwar Mohammed Khan asserted that reports of Hindu extremists attacking Christians in the state were "baseless."
Khan told Frontline magazine that extremists had not targeted Christians. The magazine also quoted state Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chauhan as saying the BJP government was greatly concerned about "unethical conversions" – presumably of Hindus to Christianity.
The magazine criticized the state Minorities Commission for speaking "the same language as the Bajrang Dal and the state chief minister," thereby failing its mandate to defend minorities.
This year the commission tried to increase state control over church activities, unofficially recommending that the government enact a law to set up a board to manage church properties such as schools, colleges, hospitals and charities. The Christian community strongly protested, and the state withdrew the proposal.
Leo Cornelio, archbishop of Bhopal, said the Minorities Commission recommendation "shows beyond doubt that it is disloyal to minorities" and "loyal to the government," according to the Indian Catholic.
The battle over state control of church properties is not over. Muttungal told Compass that the Minorities Commission has started to collect details of church properties through the Education Department. It is certain, he said, that this will lead to a legal battle involving the Education Department, Minorities Commission and the Catholic Church.
Police Collusion Seen in 'Forced Conversion' Complaints
NEW DELHI, October 14 (Compass Direct News) – Hindu extremist groups in collusion with the state police filed an average of more than three baseless complaints of "coerced" conversions per month in the past five years – shortly after the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power – according to the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Madhya Pradesh.
"I have gathered information from all the districts of the state, according to which the number of [forced or fraudulent] conversion complaints against Christians in the last five years is over 180," the Rev. Anand Muttungal, spokesman for the state's Catholic body, told Compass.
Muttungal said he asked the Madhya Pradesh State Crime Records Bureau, a body under the state interior ministry that monitors criminal complaints, about the number of forced conversion complaints in the last five years, and the state agency put the number wrongly at fewer than 35.
Muttungal also said most of the complaints were filed by third parties – not the supposed "victims" – who were unable to produce any unlawfully converted people to support their allegations. He added that the complainants were mainly members of the Hindu extremist Bajrang Dal, youth wing of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (World Hindu Council or VHP).
"In Jabalpur, the complaints were lodged mainly by the Hindu Dharam Sena [Hindu Religion Army]," he said.
Most recently, the leader of the Hindu Dharam Sena on Sept. 27 got police to interrogate, without cause, a Catholic group traveling through Jabalpur. The Rev. Anto Mundamany of the Carmelite of Mary Immaculate order said the inspector-in-charge of the Civil Lines police station and four other policemen came to the Carmel Niketan center, where the group had stopped for dinner. Police interrogated him and the 45 Catholic visitors about their religious identity, he said, to determine whether the visitors were Hindus whom the priests and nuns at the center might be forcibly trying to convert.
Journalists accompanied the police, and the following day local newspapers reported on the incident, portraying the Christians as inherently suspect.
"Although the police left after making sure that all the participants who had arrived for an inter-parish tour were Christians, the newspapers made no mention of that fact," Mundamany said.
The local daily Dainik Bhaskar reported that Yogesh Agarwal, head of the Hindu Dharam Sena, had informed police about a supposed "conversion plot" by the Catholic order.
"There can be little doubt that the police are party to this disturbing trend," Muttungal said.
The incidence of anti-Christian attacks is the highest in the state in Jabalpur – local Christians say the city witnessed at least three attacks every month until recently, mainly by Agarwal and his cohorts. Although numerous criminal complaints are pending against Agarwal, he remains at large.
A Christian requesting anonymity said police officers personally act on his complaints against Christian workers.
A June 2006 report by the National Commission for Minorities (NCM) found that Hindu nationalist groups in Madhya Pradesh had frequently invoked the state's anti-conversion law as a pretext to incite mobs against Christians. The NCM report also pointed at police collusion in the attacks.
"The life of Christians has become miserable at the hands of miscreants in connivance with the police," the NCM said in its report. "There are allegations that when atrocities were committed on Christians, the police remained mere spectators, and in certain cases they did not even register their complaints."
The NCM is an independent body created by Parliament in 1993 to monitor and safeguard the rights of minorities.
Muttungal said the Catholic Bishops' Conference would approach the state high court with the facts it has gathered to prove police involvement in complaints against Christians.
Most complaints against Christians are registered under Section 3 of the Madhya Pradesh "Freedom of Religion Act" of 1968, popularly known as an anti-conversion law. The section states, "No person shall convert or attempt to convert, either directly or otherwise, any person from one religious faith to another by the use of force or by inducement or by any fraudulent means nor shall any person abet any such conversion."
Offenses under the anti-conversion law are "cognizable," meaning police are empowered to register a complaint, investigate and arrest for up to 24 hours, without a warrant, anyone accused of forced conversion.
Police also use Sections 153A and 295A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) to arrest Christians. Section 153A refers to "promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony." Section 295A concerns "deliberate and malicious acts to outrage religious feelings." These IPC crimes are also cognizable.
Posted in Christianity, Hinduism, India	| Tagged 1968, 1993, 2001, 2006, abet, abuses, accompanied, accused, act, activities, advocacy, aim, allegations, alleged, Anand Muttungal, Andhra Pradesh, anonymity, anti-Christian, anti-conversion, Anto Mundamany, Anwar Mohammed Khan, Archbishop, arrested, arrived, atrocities, attacking, attacks, average, Bajrang Dal, baseless, battle, bent, beyond, Bharatiya Janata Party, Bhopal, BJP, board, body, Carmel Niketan Center, Carmelite of Mary Immaculate, cases, Catholic Bishops Conference, cause, census, center, certain, chairman, charges, charities, Chhattisgarh, Chief Minister, Christ, Christian, Christianity, Christians, chronicled, church, Civil Lines, closely, coerced, cognizable, cohorts, collect, colleges, collusion, commission, committed, commonly, community, complainants, concerted, confessed, connivance, constitution, continuous, control, conversion, country, creating, crime, criminal, criticized, customary, daily, Dainik Bhaskar, Day, deep, defend, deliberate, deny, details, determine, different, dinner, diocese, disloyal, distributing, district, disturbing, documented, doubt, dragged, Education Department, efforts, empowered, enact, enmity, event, evidence, evident, extremist, fact, fact-finding, facts, failing, false, fear, feelings, fields, filed, first, flare, following, forced, forceful, found, fraudulent, freedom of religion, frequently, frontline, fundamentalists, gathered, Gerald Almeida, girl, Godwin, gospel, government, grounds, groups, growing, harassing, harmony, hate, head, high court, Hindu, Hindu Dharam Sena, Hindu Religious Army, Hinduism, Hindus, History, hospitals, hostilities, hurried, identified, identity, igniting, image, incident, increase, independent, India, Indian Catholic, Indian Penal Code, influence, informed, inherently, inspector-in-charge, institutions, inter-parish, Interior Ministry, interrogate, interrogated, intolerance, investigators, invoked, involvement, IPC, Jabalpur, jailing, Jhabua, journalists, justify, Karnataka, language, large, law, lawbreakers, leaders, legal, Leo Cornelio, life, literature, local, lodged, machinery, Madhya Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh State Crime Records Bureau, magazine, main, mainly, maintenance, malicious, manage, mandate, meaning, means, members, mention, minorities, miscreants, miserable, mob, monitoring, monitors, movement, Mrs, nation, National Commission for Minorities, nationalist, NCM, New Delhi, newspapers, non-Christian, nuns, offenses, officers, order, organizations, outrage, Parliament, participants, party, passed, pastors, pending, people, Persecution, personally, plot, pointed, police, police station, policemen, political, portraying, power, practice, prejudicial, pretext, pretexts, priests, problems, produce, promoting, propaganda, properties, proposal, protested, prove, quoted, raise, rampant, reasons, recommending, records, register, registered, religion, religious, remains, requesting, Rev, right, Roman Catholic, Roman Catholicism, Roman Catholics, routinely, safeguard, schools, seen, serves, Shivraj Singh Chauhan, show, slimmest, speaking, spectators, spokesman, spreading, spurious, state, stopped, strongly, suffered, Sujata, supposed, suspect, symptom, targeted, tarnish, team, temple, third parties, tour, tracts, traveling, trend, unabated, unable, unethical, unlawfully, unsubstantiated, various, VHP, victims, violence, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, visitors, warrant, wing, withdrew, without, witnessed, woman, women, workers, working, World Hindu Council, worry, wrongly, Yogesh Agarwal, youth | Leave a comment
Islamic Groups Shut Down Worship of Church in Indonesia
Under pressure from Islamists, local officials order halt to services in home.
JAKARTA, Indonesia, October 5 (CDN) — Several Islamic organizations have pressed officials in a sub-district near Indonesia's capital city to forbid Jakarta Christian Baptist Church to worship in a house, resulting in an order to cease services.
The Islamic Defenders Front (FPI), the Betawi Forum Group, and political party Hizbut Tahrir have told officials in Sepatan sub-district, Tangerang district, near Jakarta that worship activities cannot be conducted in a residence. The house belongs to the Rev. Bedali Hulu.
Both District Officer Ismet Iskandar and a sub-district officer support the closure and have ordered Hulu to use his home only as a residence, the pastor said. The sub-district officer, who goes by the single name of Rusdy, has sent a notice ordering an end to all worship at the house.
"But they have not put forth a solution," Hulu said. "For a long time we have suggested that we build a place of worship, but there has been no response from the local government."
On Sept. 27 a large crowd came to the house and demanded a stop to the Sunday worship service, Hulu said. Visibly frightened and anxious, the congregation hurried through the service.
An Islamic throng also came to the house on Sept. 13, with hundreds barging in and forcing the congregation out, Hulu said. Worship did not take place that day.
In another incident on the night of Sept. 19, unknown persons burned a vehicle belonging to the church. Hulu said the car was parked in front of his house. The next day Hulu reported the incident to police, who promised to catch the culprit, though at press time no one had been arrested.
Security forces, however, were able to maintain peace the next day when a mob showed up at the house, Hulu said; worship took place free of incident.
Church members feel terrorized by the mobs, the pastor said, but the nearest house of worship is several miles away, and many congregants do not have access to transportation. The Sepatan church has been serving worshippers, mostly day laborers, in Pisangan village since 2005.
"In the beginning we approached religious and community leaders and asked for permission to worship," Hulu said. "They had no objections."
Hulu established the church in June 2005 and held services in his home until December 2006 without objection from neighbors. He had obtained written permission from a local official to hold the services, and the church was registered with Religious Affairs authorities.
When the church planned to hold a Christmas celebration in December 2006, however, FPI members began an extended intimidation campaign with the express goal of ending "illegal" Christian activity in the village.
A Joint Ministerial Decree promulgated in 1969 and revised in 2006 requires a congregation of at least 90 adult members, the permission of at least 60 neighbors and a permit from local authorities to establish a place of worship. Church leaders say it is virtually impossible to obtain a permit under these terms.
The Rev. Wilhelmus Latumahina, head of the Fellowship of Pentecostal Churches of Banten Province, said that for years different groups have requested permission to build places of worship in Sepatan sub-district, with no response from officials.
He added that if the government closes a church, it is obligated to provide a solution.
Hulu said he would like to negotiate a solution. The pastor said he has tried repeatedly to meet with Sub-district Officer Rusdy but has been told that the official was not in the office.
Outside Agitators
Hulu said outside Islamists have incited local people to oppose the church.
Two years ago Islamists succeeded in closing the church, and Hulu was temporarily forced from the area. On Nov. 4, 2007, as children attended Sunday school at the church, a group of around 10 FPI members arrived and broke up the meeting. On Nov. 19 of that year, several FPI associates sent a letter to Hulu warning him and his family to leave the village within six days or the extremists would chase them out.
Hulu left temporarily on the advice of police, but his wife and mother-in-law were allowed to remain.
When Hulu filed another police report, the police summoned him to a meeting at the home of FPI leader Habib Muhammad Assegaf. While Hulu and his wife met with Assegaf, a church member sent a text message informing them that a small mob had attacked the church, breaking windows and taking church property. The mob also forced Hulu's mother-in-law to leave the building.
Hulu reported this incident to district police in Tangerang, who informed him that he could either return to Pisangan village and cease all religious activity, or pursue the matter through legal channels. Weary of the constant pressure, Hulu filed an official complaint.
A Pisangan FPI leader who goes by the single name of Ocit then demanded that Hulu withdraw his complaint or else FPI members would raid the homes of individual church members.
Tensions were subsequently resolved through dialogue facilitated by a member of the Tangerang Parliament, Hanie Lawrence, and worship was permitted to resume. A number of radical Muslim organizations, however, have now resumed the fight to close the church.
Agus Andrianto, police chief of Tangerang district, said his forces are doing everything possible to maintain peace in Sepatan.
"It is our job to curb excesses," he said. "We don't want anything to get out of hand."
Posted in Christianity, Indonesia, Islam, Islamic Defender' Front	| Tagged 1969, 2005, 2006, access, activities, activity, adult, advice, agitators, Agus Andrianto, allowed, anxious, area, arrested, associates, attacked, attended, authorities, Baptist Church, barging, Bedali Hulu, belonging, Betawi Forum Group, breaking, build, burned, cannot, capital, car, catch, cease, channels, chase, children, Christian, Christianity, Christians, church, city, closes, closing, closure, complaint, congregants, congregation, constant, crowd, culprit, curb, day-laborers, demanded, dialogue, different, district, District Officer, end, establish, established, excesses, facilitated, family, feel, Fellowship of Pentecostal Churches of Banten Province, fight, filed, forbid, forces, forcing, FPI, free, frightened, front, government, groups, Habib Muhammad Assegaf, halt, Hanie Lawrence, head, Hizbut Tahrir, hold, home, house, hurried, impossible, incident, incited, individual, Indonesia, informing, Islam, Islamic, Islamic Defenders' Front, Islamists, Ismet Iskandar, Jakarta, Jakarta Christian, job, Joint Ministerial Decree, large, leaders, leave, legal, letter, local, maintain, matter, meet, meeting, members, mob, mobs, mother-in-law, Muslim, muslims, name, negotiate, neighbors, notice, objection, obligated, obtained, Ocit, office, officials, oppose, order, organizations, outside, parked, Parliament, party, Pastor, peace, people, permission, permit, permitted, Persecution, persons, Pisangan, place, police, Police Chief, political, possible, press time, pressed, pressure, promised, promulgated, property, provide, pursue, radical, raid, registered, religious, Religious Affairs, remain, repeatedly, report, requested, requires, residence, resolved, response, resulting, resume, Rev, revised, Rusdy, security, Sepatan, services, serving, shut-down, single, small, solution, stop, sub-district, sub-district officer, subsequently, succeeded, suggested, summoned, Sunday, Sunday School, support, taking, Tangerang, temporarily, tensions, terms, terrorized, text message, throng, transportation, tried, unknown, vehicle, village, virtually, visibly, warning, weary, Wilhelmus Latumahina, windows, withdraw, worship, worshippers, written | Leave a comment


The Australian dollar came under pressure in afternoon trade yesterday taking considerable losses against most of the major currencies. Rates for GBP AUD have climbed higher breaking over 1.79 for the pair which has created a good opportunity for those clients looking to buy Australian dollars with pounds.
The weakness in the Aussie has stemmed from events in the US rather than negative data down under. The new economic adviser to US President Donald Trump has signalled he is in favour of a strong US dollar whilst also signalling that he is preparing for another round of tariffs which will target Chinese exports.
The prospect of a trade war appears to be looking more likely on the back of these comments and the commodity currencies including the Australian dollar are likely to be impacted upon badly. The Canadian dollar in particular has come under substantial pressure on the back of protectionist policies and the Aussie may have further to fall. Clients looking to buy Australian dollars in these coming weeks could see some even better opportunities to purchase with a move higher to 1.80 for the GBP AUD pair looking likely. Whilst the steel and aluminium tariffs imposed so far have had little real market reaction any other measures could see the Australian dollar come under renewed pressure.
The dollar had until recently been supported following upbeat trade data from China which is normally seen as a vote of confidence for the Aussie but the comments from US economic adviser Larry Kudlow. Australia's largest export market is China and so when the Chinese economy is performing well it is generally a good sign that global economic growth is being seen and Australian exports are on the up. Any perceived slowdown in economic growth is likely to result in a rocky ride for the Aussie going forward.


Join us March 9th from 5:30 PM-9:30 PM for our "Bass Bugs and Brews Movie Night" at Tupps Brewery in McKinney, Texas. We know how important fly tying is to our sport, and in Texas bass dominate much of the state's water. What better way to start off this year's Texas Fly Fishing & Brew Festival than by tying bass bugs and drinking great Texas Beer? Fly tyers (and non fly tyers) are welcome to attend our kickoff event, and bring any tying supplies they choose, along with their vice and tie from 5:30-7:30. At 7:30 we'll have a brief welcome from Dave Klausmeyer, Editor and Chief of Fly Tyer Magazine which is celebrating its 40th Anniversary this year. After Dave speaks, we'll be showing the latest IF4 movie and you can get a sneak peek by clicking here.
While this event is open to all members of the public, it is a ticketed event. Admission is $15 in advance and $20 at the door (if available). This event is sponsored by Fly Tyer in coordination with the TFFBF, and Tupps Brewery and the first 150 attendees will receive a free issue of Fly Tyer. If all that fly tying makes you hungry, don't worry food trucks will be on hand, and other fun activities as well as free raffles which is all part of the mix of this year's TFBF. A portion of all proceeds will go to benefit Project Healing Waters programs in Texas. To order tickets click here.
If available, tickets will also be for sale at the door on the day of the event.


text:
Stoll v. State
762 So. 2d 870 (2000)
Florida Supreme Court
Julie Stoll told her friend Dana Martin that Julie's husband, Michael Stoll, had threatened to kill her several times and that Julie knew he would eventually do so. Julie also told Martin that if anything ever happened to her, Martin should tell the police that Michael either did it himself or had someone do it. A month later, Julie had bruises. Julie told Martin that the bruises were from Michael and that she was afraid he was going to kill her. Two months later, Julie was killed. Michael and a man living with the Stolls, Christopher Stewart, were charged with Julie's murder. At trial, Stewart testified that Michael had directed him to kill Julie and that Stewart had complied. Michael denied telling Stewart to kill Julie but admitted that he had helped Stewart after the murder. Michael also testified that he thought he had a happy marriage. The trial court did not allow Martin to testify about Julie's out-of-court statements on direct examination, but it did eventually allow Martin to testify about Julie's statements on rebuttal. Michael was convicted of premeditated murder and sentenced to death. Michael appealed.
Holding and Reasoning (Per curiam)
Rule 803(3) of the Federal Rules of Evidence
Hearsay rule
Federal Rule of Evidence 801(c)
Federal Rule of Evidence 803
Hearsay Exceptions I
Hearsay Exceptions II
Rule Against Hearsay


text:
Q: How to specify a typed variable when you don't know the type I have this extension method for my BusinessObject class:
public static class Extensions
{
    public static T Clone<T>(this T obj)
        where T: BusinessObject<T>, new()
    {
        T newObj = new T();
        var props = newObj.Properties;

        foreach (var p in props)
            newObj.Properties[p.Name].SetValue(newObj, obj.Properties[p.Name].GetValue(obj));

        return newObj;
    }
}

The contents of that method work great, but I have a non-generic BusinessObject class and a generic counterpart.  A lot of my code passes around an instance of a generic version of the object inside a non-generic variable (please don't ask me 20 questions about why).  I haven't had a problem until now because when I call this extension method it expects a generic version.
The code that calls the Clone method uses a BusinessObject variable that contains an instance of a BusinessObject variable.  How can I cast the variable to what it actually is?  In other words:
Customer cust = new Customer();   // Customer derives from BusinessObject<Customer>
var CustomerClone = cust.Clone(); // This works

BusinessObject obj = cust;
var clone = obj.Clone(); // This doesn't work

Now of course in this example I know that 'obj' is a Customer, but in my actual method I don't know that as it could be any number of derived types.  I can find out what the derived type is easily enough by simply using GetType(), but how do I cast the variable to that type at runtime?

A: In your case, I would say "lose the T" - you aren't using for anything important that can't be done in other  ways (Activator.CreateInstance, for example). You could offer two APIs - one generic, one non-generic, to allow for convenient casting. For example:
BusinessObject newObj = (BusinessObject)Activator.CreateInstance(obj.GetType());

It is also quite key because the T you want is not actually the declaration T, but the concrete T. Meaning: if you have a SuperCustomer : Customer, but place it in a Customer variable, and then call Clone, you want to get a new SuperCustomer. T, however, would be Customer. Using GetType() would be far more reliable.
Another useful trick here is dynamic, which is a sneaky way of flipping from non-generic to generic. Consider:
dynamic foo = 123;
Bar(foo);

void Bar<T>(T bar) {
   Console.WriteLine(typeof(T));
}

will write System.Int32. It has flipped to the correct T on the fly, despite only really knowing about object at the compiler (dynamic is implemented mostly as object, with some fancy bits).
However, to emphasise - I wouldn't use that here: I would just have:
public static BusinessObject Clone(this BusinessObject obj)
{
    BusinessObject newObj = (BusinessObject)
          Activator.CreateInstance(obj.GetType());
    var props = newObj.Properties;

    foreach (var p in props)
        newObj.Properties[p.Name].SetValue(newObj,
          obj.Properties[p.Name].GetValue(obj));

    return newObj;
}

with dynamic as my fallback strategy if I really needed the generics.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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By 2050, Africa will have a youth population of over 800 million, with an additional 400 million jobs set to be needed by 2035 for youth across the continent.
Nigerian Economic Summit: Heifer Nigeria to aid Nigerian agri-transformation by empowering youths
With agriculture already accounting for an estimated 35% of employment in Nigeria, the sector is ripe for innovation and has the potential to be one of the largest domestic employers, meeting local demands and increasing productivity across the agricultural sector.
Against this backdrop, Heifer Nigeria in collaboration with Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) is organizing a side event on October 26, 2021, at the Nigerian Economic Summit (NES #27) to convene and interact with key stakeholders on the role of youth and technology in the transformation and future of Nigeria's agricultural sector.
The event themed: "Youth and Technology: The Future of Africa's Agriculture" is in line with the NES 27 theme: "Securing Our Future: The Fierce Urgency of Now". The event will be held October 25-26 at Transcorp Hilton, Abuja.
Rufus Idris, Country Director, Heifer Nigeria said, "Youth are the future of agriculture in Africa, and they can bring the much-needed innovation that will enable African farmers to feed the continent's growing population in the years ahead. Leveraging technology and modern practices will create a pathway for Nigeria to increase productivity and competitiveness of the agricultural sector to curb food insecurity and poverty. Heifer International is committed to supporting a business ecosystem that enables youths to drive innovation in the sector, growing their incomes through sustainable and scalable food, and farming practices."
For more than 47 years, Heifer International has been working side by side with smallholder farmers in Africa, supporting them to reach a sustainable living income. Investing in infrastructure, facilitating access to finance, supporting ground up innovation and building social capital are central to Heifer's approach, ensuring that smallholder farmers are able to benefit from agricultural value chains.
Heifer International's programs in Nigeria aim to assist more than one million farmers and mainly youth to reach a sustainable living income by year 2030 through strategic private and public sector partnerships, unlocking demand and market opportunities, leveraging finance across priority value chains, and leveraging innovation and emerging agricultural technologies to reach transformational scale.
A recent Heifer survey across 11 countries revealed that while there is a wide range of agritech innovations that could propel Nigerian farmers to profitability, only 23% of youth engaged in agriculture are using any form of agricultural technology. The report reveals the need for new investments to stimulate access to innovations to encourage African youth who are turning away from the agriculture to reconsider opportunities in the sector, especially given the need to generate jobs and repair food systems already affected by the pandemic.
The NES side event is an interactive hybrid program that will bring together multi-stakeholder including youth innovators, incubators, farmers and agribusinesses, government agencies and donors to support the development and scale-up of innovative solutions capable of transforming Nigeria's agricultural sector and strengthening food security.
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President Muhammadu Buhari has assured that with expansion in rice farming, prices of food would be more affordable for all.


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It's possible to ease arthritis pain and stiffness without medication, but it takes some work.
Here are some steps you can take to reduce your reliance on medication to control symptoms and stay functional.
For mild wear-and-tear osteoarthritis, an occasional dose of an over-the-counter pain reliever may be all you need to control the pain and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis and keep living your life as you please.
But as osteoarthritis progresses from mild to moderate to severe, the doses required to control pain can start to escalate without any promise of slowing down the underlying damage to joint cartilage. Men start looking for ways to cope with osteo-arthritis without more pills.
"They already have a medication list, and they are not looking to add to it," says Dr. Robert Shmerling, associate professor of medicine at Harvard-affiliated Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
There are some things men with osteoarthritis can do to reduce reliance on medication, starting with maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and giving physical therapy a try—especially for osteoarthritis in the weight-bearing joints of the knees and hips.
Other options, like acupuncture and ultrasound treatment, are not backed as strongly by research. But these, too, may be worth a try. "For moderate to severe osteoarthritis, pain medications don't always do the trick," Dr. Shmerling says. "Even a small benefit could be worth pursuing, because we don't have great alternatives."
Keeping trim is one of the best things anyone with knee or hip osteoarthritis can do. "For people who are overweight or obese and have osteoarthritis, even modest weight loss reduces symptoms," Dr. Shmerling says.
Men with osteoarthritis in the hips or knees are advised to exercise regularly. This both improves general aerobic fitness and stretches and strengthens the muscles that support an arthritic joint. Doing so reduces pain and stiffness and improves daily functioning. The evidence for the benefit of exercise is strongest for knee arthritis, but less so for hip arthritis.
Research suggests that regular exercise could even slow the progression of osteoarthritis if you start exercising early in the course of the disease—before the joints have sustained more damage and cartilage loss.
Even if exercising is painful, you still benefit. "If people can find something they can do and can tolerate it, we urge them to do it," Dr. Shmerling says. "It's not just a matter of reducing pain. You don't want a stiff joint to get stiffer, so moving is always better than not moving."
For those with milder osteoarthritis, brisk walking or even light jogging are good options. Men with more advanced or painful osteoarthritis in the knees and hips can swim, do water aerobics, and bike to get exercise without putting as much weight on ailing joints. "Also consider cross training—for example, walking one day and biking the next—so you won't get bored and you'll be more likely to stick with it," Dr. Shmerling says.
Treatment guidelines for osteoarthritis endorse physical therapy. That means going to a clinic regularly to work with a physical therapist. Especially if you have severe arthritis, a physical therapist can help to design an appropriate exercise program that strengthens the knee without causing excessive pain and swelling. For example, men with osteoarthritis behind the kneecap would be advised to avoid deep knee bends and other moves that require pronounced flexing of the joint.
Some physical therapists offer additional services, such as ultrasound and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), to ease pain.
If done properly, ultrasound and TENS are not likely to cause any harm, although their effectiveness is not well established.
In ultrasound therapy, the physiotherapist uses a blunt wand to deliver high-frequency sound energy into the affected joint. This produces soothing warmth, but research has not clearly shown that ultrasound treatments reduce pain and stiffness or improve day-to-day functioning.
With TENS, you use pairs of stick-on electrodes to deliver low-voltage electrical pulses across the painful area of the joint. It's not clear how TENS works; it may block or scramble pain signals, act directly on the joint tissues, or both. Some research suggests TENS provides temporary relief during painful flare-ups.
Anyone with a credit card and an Internet connection can order a TENS device online. If you do so, ask your doctor or physical therapist for advice on how to use it safely.
Some research shows that acupuncture helps to relieve osteoarthritis knee pain.
Acupuncture has grown in popularity as a treatment for osteoarthritis. Some good-quality research shows that acupuncture may add pain relief on top of medication and physical therapy. It may require a month or two of weekly treatments to find out if it works for you. The typical cost of acupuncture ranges from $65 to $125 per session. Private insurers often don't pay for it, nor do Medicare or Medicaid.
Performed by a reputable and experienced practitioner, acupuncture is safe. "I don't refer a lot of patients for acupuncture, but I certainly don't discourage it," Dr. Shmerling says.
Many people with osteoarthritis look to dietary supplements as either an alternative or an add-on to conventional treatment. The most popular osteoarthritis supplements contain glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, substances naturally present in cartilage. People take this supplement in the hope of reducing pain or slowing down joint deterioration, but several well-designed clinical trials—mostly targeting knee osteoarthritis—do not strongly support these benefits.
As with any dietary supplement, limited regulation enables unscrupulous companies to distribute products that don't contain the active ingredients they claim. When you buy joint health supplements, understand you may not be getting what you are paying for.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol and numerous other brands) does not control pain effectively for everyone with osteoarthritis, but it's worth a try before you reach for a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). "Give it a few weeks, and if it doesn't work, stop taking it," Dr. Shmerling says.
Acetaminophen reduces pain but not swelling; NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve), treat both pain and inflammation. However, NSAIDs can harm the lining of the stomach and intestines. This is why most treatment guidelines recommend acetaminophen as the "try-this-first" pain reliever for arthritis.
Acetaminophen can harm the liver in high enough doses, so you need to be mindful of how much you take. For healthy adults, the FDA has set the maximum daily dose at 4,000 milligrams (mg). However, the trend has been to cut this back to 3,000 mg to create an extra margin of safety. People who have liver disease or who drink alcohol regularly should cut the maximum daily dose to 2,500 mg or less.
And don't forget that many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies also contain significant amounts of acetaminophen. These should be included in your daily tally.
Ask the doctor: I fractured my hip three years ago, but my leg still hurts when I exercise. Should I stop exercising?


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Climatology & Meteorology
10 Worst Hurricanes in United States History
Kim Bryan
I'm a Tennessee-based freelance writer with a passion for true crime, a thirst for knowledge, and an obsession with lists.
Hurricanes are tropical cyclones formed from rapidly rotating storm system with a low pressure center. The season for hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico is considered to be June 1st until November 30th of each year.
Hurricanes can be anything from a mild inconvenience to a living nightmare for those in its path. The following are ten hurricanes which turned into the latter.
Great Galveston Hurricane | Source
1. The Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900
Indisputably, the Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900 was the deadliest hurricane to hit the nation's shores. The storm made landfall on September 8 as a Category 4 storm with 143 miles per hour winds.
The people of Galveston had no warning they were in the direct line of the storm until the evening before the hurricane hit the island-city with 15 feet waves. These powerful storm surges knocked building off their foundation and destroyed more than 3,600 homes. The estimated costs of damages by today's standards was more than $496 million. An estimated 8,000 lives were lost to this deadly storm.
2. Okeechobee Hurricane of 1928
The Okeechobee Hurricane, also known as San Felipe Segundo hurricane, is Puerto Rico's deadliest hurricane in their history but was beat out by Galveston in America.
Quick Facts!
In 1953 an international plan to name hurricanes by a phonetic alphabet in favor of a new international phonetic alphabet was abandoned. That same year, the U.S. began using female names for storms.
Okeechobee landed as a Category 4 storm in West Palm Beach during the early hours of September 17 powered by winds as high as 146 miles per hour. More than 2,500 lives were lost and an estimated $342 million (by today's standards) in damages.
The storm weakened significantly after unleashing it's wrath on southern Florida and traveled up the eastern seaboard. When it was over, Okeechobee had claimed 4,079 men, women, and children and caused $1.3 billion (today's scale) in damages.
3. Hurricane Katrina of 2005
Hurricane Katrina landed in New Orleans, Louisiana, as a Category 5 storm. As the storm had traveled across Florida, it has slowed and weakened; however, fueled by the warm air of the Gulf, the storm came back with a vengeance. As 175 miles per hours winds hit New Orleans, 16 feet storm surges would beat against the city's levees before moving on to reign chaos among the other Gulf Coast cities in Mississippi and Alabama.
Those levees would become a great point of contention following the storm's aftermath. Allegations of lack of maintenance and misappropriation of funds would be addressed by politicians with an agenda and debated by the talking heads of the mainstream media.
As the blaming and bickering ensued, stunned Americans watched the death total rise to more than 1,800 men, women, and children and causing an estimated $134 billion (2016 USD) in damages.
4. Chenière Caminada Hurricane of 1893
Located in what is today Jefferson Parrish, the island of Chenière Caminada was devastated by the 135 mile per hour winds and 16 feet high storm surges during the early morning of October 2, 1893. Homes and business were destroyed and 779 of the town's 1500 residents were killed in the storm.
After destroying Chenière Caminada, the storm moved on to wreck havoc on the other Gulf Coast states of Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. When the storm dissipated on October 5, two thousand were dead and there was an estimated $118 million (2016 USD) in damages.
5. Sea Islands Hurricane of 1893
The second deadliest of three devastating hurricanes to hit America's coastline during the 1893 season was the Sea Island Hurricane which made landfall in Savannah, Georgia on August 27, 1893 with 120 miles per hour winds. Storm surges as high as 18 feet were recorded.
Many residents of Sea Island, an outlying island near the Georgia-South Carolina border, had anticipated a severe storm and had evacuated the island. Still the storm claimed the lives of an estimated 2,000 people. Property damages were estimated at more than $25 million (2016 USD).
6. Georgia/South Carolina Hurricane of 1881
Making its landfall during mid-tide on Tybee Island on August 27, 1881, this hurricane is classified as only a Category 2 storm but the sixth deadliest hurricane in America.
August 27 was a Saturday and many people had taken the ferries from Savannah to Tybee Island to enjoy the beaches. However, by noon, the waters had become too rough for the ferries to operate leaving many stranded on the island as there was no road to the mainland.
At times, the winds rushed over Tybee Island at 135 miles per hour, tearing off roofs and ripping chimneys from homes before moving with fury north to Charleston, South Carolina. When the storm finally dissipated, an estimated 700 would be dead and the damages in the millions.
Hurricane Audrey | Source
7. Hurricane Audrey of 1957
Hurricane Audrey made her one and only landfall on the Texas-Louisiana border but her reach would be quite extensive.
The storm first disrupted offshore drilling and then tore through coastal towns in Texas and Louisiana with 125 mile per hours wind and 12 feet high surges before spawning two tornadoes which brought destruction further inland.
When Hurricane Audrey finally dissipated four days later, the damages totaled an estimated $147 million (1957 USD) and claimed the lives of at least 416 people.
8. Great Labor Day Hurricane of 1935
The 1935 Labor Day hurricane was the first of only three Category 5 hurricanes to make landfall in the U.S.
10 Worst U.S. Hurricanes
1900 Great Galveston Hurricane
1928 OkeeChobee Hurricane
2005 Hurricane Katrina
1893 Chenière Caminada Hurricane
1893 Sea Islands Hurricane
1881 Georgia/South Carolina Hurricane
1967 Hurricane Audrey
1935 Great Labor Day Hurricane
1856 Last Island Hurricane
1926 Great Miami Hurricane
The Great Labor Day Hurricane swept into the Florida Keys with 185 miles per hour winds and surges up to 20 feet high. This brutal storm destroyed almost every building in its path between the towns of Marathon and Tavernier. The town of Islamorada was obliterated before the storm went on to damage parts of Georgia and South Carolina.
When the storm was finally over, at least 408 people had died as a result and damages were estimated to be over $6 million (1935 USD).
9. Last Island Hurricane of 1856
As Last Island Hurricane passed over Isle Dernière, Louisiana before making landfall in New Iberia, it demolished homes, businesses, and even a full capacity hotel of vacationers.
Winds are recorded as being as much as 150 miles per hour with storm surges of up to 12 feet high. In the aftermath of the storm, it was revealed more than 200 people had died. Of those, 198 were vacationers on the island who had been unable to evacuate because the storm had pushed the Star, a ship which served as the only means of transportation back to the mainland, onto the beach where it remained for the duration of the storm.
10. Great Miami Hurricane of 1926
As a pre-cursor to the Great Depression came the 1926 MIami Hurricane that destroyed much of the greater Miami area and the Bahamas making it the costliest hurricane in United States history. The estimated cost of damages of this hurricane by 2016 standards is more than $165 billion.
Once again the warm Gulf waters only served to strengthen the storm, raising its status from a Category 3 to a Category 4 before it slammed into south Florida. The storm then turned westward to Alabama and Mississippi. Although the damage was not as extensive as that in the Miami area, it was devastating nonetheless. It is estimated more than 500 people perished in this storm.
© 2016 Kim Bryan
The Costliest, Deadliest, and Most Intense Hurricanes in History
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The 10 Most Deadly Late Season Hurricanes
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Types of Hurricanes: Understanding Categories
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4 Natural Phenomena I Witnessed After Hurricanes
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What Are the Effects of a Tsunami?
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The Growing Industry of Cloud Seeding
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Environmental Problems of Modern Cities
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deeess
What about the famous 1938 hurricane? I actually knew a few old-timers that lived through that horrible monster. They told the scariest stories about the ocean tidal wave, how when it was building it took all the water out of the bay and then flooded town upon town for miles and miles east, west, north and south.
Brandon Little
Hurricane Andrew in 1992 was worst than all of those, South Florida was better prepare than new Orleans was...
You are forgetting Hurricane Camille 1969 .
Hurricane Katrina should be number one
Thanks used this for a big sumative.
i needed this for class work, its very sad for all of those deaths
thats sad
this is so sad but there in a better place so u shouldn't worry
gfghnj
john your right
Thank u I needed this for my homework
It's so sad to see so many deaths
3 years ago from alausa
Genetics & Evolution


Sandwich selections feature freshly-baked breads, fine meats and cheeses and crisp vegetables. Homemade soups, healthy salads and fresh bakery treats round out the box lunch menu, while breakfast offerings range from pastries and fruit to gourmet eggs and seasoned potatoes.
Our corporate and business catering menu features delicious sandwich buffet platters, seasonal fruit and vegetable trays, fresh party salads, hot tender pot roast, our popular baked potato bar and selections of dessert and pastry trays.
Make your holidays special with a delicious meal featuring roasted turkey, Virginia Baked Ham, tender pot roast, mashed potatoes and gravy, steamed vegetables, stuffing, and much more.


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Kate Beckinsale >
Beckinsale 'Proud' Wiseman And Sheen Get Along
By Staff Writer in Music / Festivals on 23 June 2008
Follow Kate Beckinsale
Kate Beckinsale Len Wiseman Michael Sheen
Picture: Kate Beckinsale takes her daughter for a horse ride in Malibu before running out of gas on the highway Los Angeles, California - 22.06.08
Actress Kate Beckinsale has praised her husband Len Wiseman and the father of her child Michael Sheen for not letting their pride interfere with the welfare of her daughter LILY.
The English beauty had Lily in 1999 while she was in a relationship with her Underworld co-star Sheen - but she ended their longterm romance in 2003 after falling for the vampire film's director Wiseman.
Beckinsale and Wiseman married a year later (04) and they now live in Los Angeles with nine-year-old Lily.
And the 34-year-old is glad both she and Wiseman have remained on good terms with Sheen, because it means her daughter can enjoy the best of both worlds with her parents.
She tells Britain's OK! magazine, "I've been very lucky to have two marvellous men in Len and Michael, they've got no awkward feelings about parenting Lily and working things out.
"It's so sad when adults can't find it in themselves to get along for the sake of a child. I'm very proud of both of them that they haven't let any potential awkwardness or strangeness affect our little family. I kknow some women who aren't so fortunate and whose children suffer as a result."
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Q: Web view doesn't show HTML I'm trying to show some HTML on a JavaFx Pane but the HTML doesn't show. What could I be doing wrong?
The HTML:

Sample Text

An extract from the Controller Class:
Pane webView = new Pane();
WebView browser = new WebView();
browser.setMaxWidth(116);
browser.setMaxHeight(95);
WebEngine engine = browser.getEngine();
String urlPage = "/WakiliProject/sampleWebView.html";
engine.load(urlPage);
webView.getChildren().add(browser);

A: You need to convert the html to a URL before it can be passed to the WebEngine.
Please add the following lines in your controller
URL url = getClass().getResource("/WakiliProject/sampleWebView.html");
engine.load(url.toExternalForm());


Need Some Goals? Visit Your HubTool This Week!
Back in January we released some improvements to the HubTool that included visual tweaks and a more conveniently-located summary box. At the same time, we also introduced a feature that was only rolled out to 10% of Hubbers. Though still in beta form, we will be making this feature available to the community as a whole this week.
The Need Some Goals box responds to the content of your Hub in real time, providing helpful feedback and giving you some insights into how you might add more depth and media to your Hub. As you add more words, photos, and other capsules to your Hub, various icons in the box get checked off. The box also features written tips, quick links to Learning Center guides, and a display of your Hub's current word count (something many, many Hubbers have been asking for).
The numbers of words, images, and capsules we recommend are based on data we have regarding our top performing Hubs. You can learn more about how our research drove the design of this feature in the Learning Center.
Hi Simone, I just published a new hub, and found the new features very helpful. I am new on HubPages, and my latest hub might be the best so far.
Change the "?" symbol to "Cp" of "C" for capsules => ? is a bit obscure!
Thanks for letting us know the "?" is not clear enough, John Anderson. We can look into improving that.
We actually prefer that people use multiple Text Capsules over one Text Capsule with a bunch of H2 subheadings, so we probably won't change that, but thanks also for the suggestion!
Oh, just calling it a checklist sounds good. Thanks Sally!!
I think that this extra tool is very helpful. Thanks!
Awesome tool! Very helpful when editing existing hubs as well as writing new ones.
Simone, congratulations! This is really a great feature. I've already adapted a few of my hubs according to your specs and the improvements are amazing. Thanks!
Overall, I think the "Need Some Goals?" feature is great. I had never thought about the titles under my screenshots, photos & other images. When I was prompted by "Need Some Goals?" to use these titles to draw in readers, I went back through the hub I was writing and used richer and more appealing language. I'm going to go back through all my hubs and spice up the titles. Thanks for the great tip!
I am so happy to hear it is making a difference for you, Marian Cates!


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Home › (PRE-ORDER) A Woman of Endurance: A Novel
(PRE-ORDER) A Woman of Endurance: A Novel
Click here to be notified by email when (PRE-ORDER) A Woman of Endurance: A Novel becomes available.
by Dahlma Llanos-Figueroa
Combining the haunting power of Toni Morrison's Beloved with the evocative atmosphere of Phillippa Gregory's A Respectable Trade, Dahlma Llanos-Figueroa's groundbreaking novel illuminates a little discussed aspect of history—the Puerto Rican Atlantic Slave Trade—witnessed through the experiences of Pola, an African captive used as a breeder to bear more slaves.
A Woman of Endurance, set in nineteenth-century Puerto Rican plantation society, follows Pola, a deeply spiritual African woman who is captured and later sold for the purpose of breeding future slaves. The resulting babies are taken from her as soon as they are born. Pola loses the faith that has guided her and becomes embittered and defensive. The dehumanizing violence of her life almost destroys her. But this is not a novel of defeat but rather one of survival, regeneration, and reclamation of common humanity.
Readers are invited to join Pola in her journey to healing. From the sadistic barbarity of her first experiences, she moves on to receive compassion and support from a revitalizing new community. Along the way, she learns to recognize and embrace the many faces of love—a mother's love, a daughter's love, a sister's love, a love of community, and the self-love that she must recover before she can offer herself to another. It is ultimately, a novel of the triumph of the human spirit even under the most brutal of conditions.