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History of Medicine Blog
Dispatches from the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Duke University
URL: https://blogs.library.duke.edu/rubenstein
Updated: 1 min 27 sec ago
Applications Now Accepted for the 2020-2021 Travel Grant Program
The David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library is now accepting applications for our 2020-2021 travel grants. If you are a researcher, artist, or activist who would like to use sources from the Rubenstein Library's research centers for your work, this means you!
The Sallie Bingham Center for Women's History and Culture, the John Hope Franklin Research Center for African and African American History and Culture, the John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising & Marketing History, the History of Medicine Collections, and the Human Rights Archive will each award up to $1,500 per recipient ($2,000 for international applicants to the Human Rights Archive) to fund travel and other expenses related to visiting the Rubenstein Library. The Rubenstein Library also awards up to $1,500 for individuals who would benefit from access to our gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender history collections through the Harry H. Harkins, Jr. T'73 Travel Grant.
The grants are open to undergraduate and graduate students, faculty, independent scholars, artists, and activists who live more than 100 miles from Durham, North Carolina, and whose research projects would benefit from access to collections held by one of the centers listed above.
More details—and the grant application—may be found on our grants website. Applications must be submitted no later than 5:00 PM EST on January 31, 2020. Recipients will be announced in March 2020.
The post Applications Now Accepted for the 2020-2021 Travel Grant Program appeared first on The Devil's Tale.
Trent History of Medicine Lecture Series Event, Nov. 19: Education of American Surgeons, 1900-1960
Post contributed by Rachel Ingold, Curator, History of Medicine Collections.
Time: Noon (12 p.m.)
Location: Holsti-Anderson Family Assembly Room (Room 153), Rubenstein Library
Contact: Rachel Ingold, rachel.ingold@duke.edu, (919)684-8549
Please join us Tuesday, November 19 at noon for our next Trent History of Medicine Lecture Series. Justin Barr, M.D., Ph.D., will present Creating a Profession: The Education of American Surgeons, 1900-1960.
In 1900, anyone with a medical degree could declare themselves a surgeon and operate on patients. By 1960, American surgeons had to complete rigorous, uniform, and regulated training called residency. Influenced by war, supported by the federal government, and driven by professional organizations, the transformation of residencies over these decades from extraordinary, unique experiences to mandated, standardized education helped create a unified profession of surgery that continues to influence health care in this country.
Dr. Barr is currently a general surgery resident and an instructor in the Department of History at Duke University.
All are welcome to attend. Light lunch will be served.
Sponsored by the History of Medicine Collections in the Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
The post Trent History of Medicine Lecture Series Event, Nov. 19: Education of American Surgeons, 1900-1960 appeared first on The Devil's Tale.
Medicine and Magic in North Carolina
Post contributed by Steph Crowell, Trent History of Medicine Intern.
Frank Clyde Brown was an English professor at Trinity College in 1909. Although, to call him just an English professor is a bit of a disservice- he was also the chairman of the English department, the University Marshal, the Comptroller of the University… he wore many hats while he was here. But, most importantly for today, he was an avid folklorist throughout his career.
He was so interested in North Carolina and Appalachian folklore that he helped to begin the North Carolina Folklore Society. Although busy with his many university roles, he still found the time to roam about North Carolina (or send his students to do so) and collect people's stories and beliefs. The resulting collection of all these research materials, the Frank Clyde Brown Papers, 1912-1974, is absolutely massive. Alongside the huge print collection, there is a digitized collection of audio performances Brown collected during the course of his research- the physical wax cylinders and discs that they come from are still in the collection to be seen, but the only way to listen to them is through Duke's Digital Repository.
But, in the spirit of the season, I took a look at box 45 of the print collection. Folk medicine is a wonderful and often strange portion of the history of medicine, and I quickly found that this collection reflected that idea. In this particular box are folders full of small pieces of paper that have bits of folk knowledge printed on them, as well as the source of that knowledge, be it a person or a book.
3:B:Z(8)-3:B:Z(16), Frank Clyde Brown papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University. Click to enlarge.
As you can see, some of these cures may not be quite what you expect. You couldn't expect that washing your face with cool water may help alleviate a headache, but water that runs north? Why is that significant? Do beetles really only have two drops of blood in their bodies?
The thing that's most interesting about this box is how the materials transition from folk medicine cures of diseases and insect bites into the supernatural. Some of these cures could arguably be called magical, but conceptually they still have to do with curing something wrong with the body- but what about spiritual health? What bad omens are out there that could impact my health? How do I know if he loves me or not? How can I get an edge on my exam tomorrow?
4:A-4:C, Frank Clyde Brown papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University. Click to enlarge.
In a context where the supernatural is accepted and has an effect on one's personal health, it also stands to reason that one should be afraid of witches. Someone who has the power to bedevil you against your will, curse you with bad luck, make you sick? Because of this fear, the next few folders that follow the common sense cures and the charms are things to directly deal with witches. There are counter-spells, ways of identifying witches, and, most importantly, ways to keep them as far away from you as possible.
It can be difficult these days to think that medicine can or should be magical, but in the spirit of the season I would invite you to try. These materials are available to you to look at with many more cures and curses, all you have to do is register and request and we'll be happy to retrieve them for you.
A note about the collection: if you're looking at the collection, just keep in mind that these papers directly quote real people; as such, there are a handful of these items that contain racial slurs and some other outdated language that we find offensive today.
Staff recommendations from the collection:
If you're someone who's more into stories, we would recommend checking out this paper on Witches in Old Salem, this one on vampires, or this one about werewolves.
Honorable mentions for Halloween:
The inspiration for the movie Poltergeist, Ruysch's dancing skeletons and anatomical sketches, and some of our materials about the famous Lizzie Borden Case, which you can read about here.
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The Minor Horrors of War (1915)
Post contributed by Steph Crowell, Trent Intern for the History of Medicine Collections.
In the spirit of the season, and in preparation for Screamfest VI here at the Rubenstein, we've been combing through our collections for all things creepy and unsettling. The History of Medicine has plenty of these things to go around, from medical instruments and artifacts to anatomical flap books to scary stories submitted to Duke's old parapsychology lab (which includes the original material for the movie Poltergeist!), and much more. Being so spoiled for choice, we thought it best to ease into the festivities with some small, humble, yet significant contributors to the history of medicine: insects.
One might expect something called The Minor Horrors of War to contain stories related to the horrors of battle, the horrors of field medicine, or something equally gruesome, but this little volume takes a different direction: it talks about the how different arthropods and annelids may cause and treat illnesses for soldiers in the field. It covers lice, bedbugs, flies, mites, moths, and, leeches.
Frontispiece and title page
The wonderful thing about this book is the author's ability to break up the technical entomological information he provides with easy-to-understand and frequently witty prose. For example, in the flies section of the book there is a particularly gruesome section on the impact of the Congo-floor-maggot, blow-flies, and others responsible for myiasis ("the presence of… larvae in the living body… as well as the disorders… caused thereby." pp. 81). He ends this section a kind of silver lining to the discussion and says that we have "at least discovered the reason why Beelzebub was called the 'Lord of the Flies'" (86).
Throughout the book, as you can probably tell by the images so far, are figures depicting many of the creatures being discussed. Throughout, you can see all these different kinds of creatures in varying degrees of magnification depending on the needs of the author. As shown below with a couple pictures of mites, this magnification can range from birds-eye views of different phases of an insect's development to an incredible zoom-in that can more clearly show the reader each individual extremity and wrinkly that may be found on the insect's body.
Finally, onto leeching. Leeching is perhaps one of the most famous uses of invertebrates in medicine (you can read a little about why that is the case here), and leeches are the creature that this author spends the most time describing. Unfortunately, you won't find many images of a leeching session in progress but, just like in the rest of the book, there are many illustrations on the fine details of the leech itself. Despite the author's claim that leeches are "undoubtedly degenerate earth worms" (124), he spends a great deal of time describing both medicinal leeches and exotic leeches (pictured below).
If you have some time, particularly this month, we would highly recommend stopping by for a little while and taking a look at this book. You can find the catalog record here. It's as easy as hitting the green request button on the page- just remember to give us a couple of days' notice of your visit so we can be sure we have time to get it ready for you.
Don't forget to keep an eye out for news and announcements related to Screamfest VI. It's on the 30th this year, so be sure to leave some room in your schedule to come take a break with us! If you have any questions, as always feel free to drop by or contact us any time.
The insect folk– a more pleasant depiction of various kinds of insects. Dating back to 1903, this book was created to appeal to children and depicts friendlier versions of friendlier insects, such as dragonflies and crickets.
A natural history of the most remarkable quadrupeds– Like the previous book, this is more of juvenile-friendly account of certain creatures. It extends beyond insects to cover other animals like birds, reptiles, and more.
A short discourse concerning pestilential contagion– this could be a drier bit of reading, but if you're interested in how insects who spread disease such as the plague were dealt with in the public health sphere, this could be a book for you.
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Why Do We Trust Doctors?
Post contributed by Laura Smith, a Doctoral Candidate, History Department at the University of Arkansas. She is a 2019-2020 History of Medicine Collections travel grant recipient.
This question was the starting point for my dissertation research, and it has guided every research trip I have taken in my quest to understand how medical education functioned in the 1800s. The answer? It depends on the time period. In the 19th century, this wasn't a question easy to answer. People didn't always trust doctors, and they didn't really start until medical schools began to provide enough clinical experience for their graduates to consistently produce better health outcomes for patients. I came to Duke to better understand the evolution of clinical experience in medical schools of the 1800s. These pictures trace that history.
Frederick Augustus Davisson went to Lexington, KY in the 1830s on his journey to becoming a physician. He took classes at Transylvania medical school from its most notable professors, Drs. Caldwell and Dudley, men whose publications and work in their communities initially gave Transylvania a decent reputation as far as medical schools went in this era. Davisson took good notes. He recorded the books that were suggested for him to read, books popular at the time.
Davisson's entry of medical books recommended to him.
His notes also reflect that medical knowledge in the 1800s was experimental, controversial, and personal as his writings reflect the differing opinions of his professors. "Dr. Dudley thinks his own plan better than any" for treating the retention of fluid in the genitals as it is "far more certain less painful and greatly more expeditious." Dudley used a knife to drain fluid as opposed to a needle, explaining the benefits of each to his students.
Davisson's notes describing Dr. Dudley's approach to a procedure.
The idea that medical knowledge was not solidified but debated in this era hints that a major challenge to the authority of doctors was surprisingly the slander of other physicians and schools. When Dr. James Conquest Cross, a professor at Transylvania, released a pamphlet on why Louisville, KY needed a medical school, many wondered how another school could be necessary when Lexington already had Transylvania so nearby. In the pamphlet, Cross argued that Transylvania's school offered no actual experience in hospitals, no dissections, and therefore practiced antiquated medicine. Students improved with the advice of practicing physician-instructors, but nothing compared with the experience of practicing medicine themselves. Questioning the merit of Transylvania, Cross asked, "Who has ever seen a human body opened before the medical class, for pathological purposes? Which of her numerous alumni ever made, a pathological dissection under the eyes of one of her teachers? Of that individual we confess, we are just as ignorant as we are of the inhabitants of the moon." Until Transylvania aligned with a teaching hospital like a school at Louisville would, it could not graduate credible physicians. The Rubenstein Library's collections show rebuttal from Transylvania, however. The medical class of 1834 defended their professors, argued they had dissecting experience, and claimed Cross invented lies because of disappointment about being refused a higher position on the faculty. If it's difficult for us to know who to believe in this debate, it was even more difficult for the public watching this conflict unfold.
Statement from the medical students at Transylvania University defending their professors.
In the end, Louisville did build a medical school. Louisville Medical Institute wooed students with the promise of study in a working hospital, and Duke's papers from Courtney J. Clark give a rare glimpse into what that early clinical experience looked like. Clark traveled from Alabama to take courses at the Louisville Medical Institute in the same era that Davisson went to Kentucky, and while Clark had similar lecture experience from Kentucky physicians, he also had notes from real cases he studied that Davisson did not. As Clark observed patients in the Louisville Marine Hospital, he learned from his practice, but his work and the work of the LMI faculty also benefitted the poor of the community who could receive low-cost medical care. Clark recorded the prescriptions and health plans of other physicians while closely monitoring the success of patients. When most medical history books praise the progressive teaching methods of Northern schools, these notes show that the medical schools of the US South made clear attempts to give experience while attempting to foster positive relationships with their communities.
Clark's notes describing his examination of a patient.
This comparison between two Kentucky medical schools through the notebooks of students shed light on how division within the medical community hurt physician trust. Rifts between schools like that between the cities of Lexington and Kentucky turned into ugly and public spectacles partly because for-profit schools competed so intensely for students and prestige. Ironically, long-lasting feuds between schools presented the public with a feeling that doctors could not be trusted as they could not even come to agreement among themselves, and in this way, doctors in the 1800s eroded their own medical authority.
So why do we trust doctors now? We trust doctors because most of us have agreed to trust science and evidence-based conclusions. We trust doctors when they time and again heal us. But perhaps, we also trust doctors because they appear unified, a surprisingly recent development in medical history offering a cautionary tale useful in our own professional and public divisions. Yes, even in 2019.
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Tobacco Ephemera: The Effects of Public Health Education on Tobacco Advertising
In 2019, it can be difficult to imagine living in a world where people were allowed to smoke on airplanes, in restaurants, or even in hospitals. Duke itself is doing its part to participate in the history of tobacco regulation these days, declaring that on July 1, 2020, Duke will be one among many universities to finally be a smoke-free campus. If this is news to you, I'm happy to say that the folks at Duke Health have put together an FAQ (and a countdown to July 1).
Because this is such a significant event in Duke's own history of medicine, we decided to take a look in the Rubenstein's stacks to see exactly what we had on the subject of tobacco. Below is one of our findings: trading cards.
Yes, trading cards. This set of champion dog trading cards from Ardath Tobacco Company in Great Britain dates back to 1934 and contains twenty-five unique, award-winning dogs. Each card has a colored picture of the featured dog on the front, as well as text telling the avid collector the name of the dog, the breed, and the owners.
Champion Dogs, 1934, 1-5 (front), Terence Mitchell Collection of Tobacco-Related Ephemera, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.
On the back are more detailed, informal anatomical diagrams of the dogs pointing out their trademark features. A favorite is No. 3, the cocker spaniel, whose eyes are described as "full, not prominent, bright and merry" (pictured below). Also included on the back are the card numbers and branding.
Champion Dogs, 1934, 1-5 (back), Terence Mitchell Collection of Tobacco-Related Ephemera, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University.
The collection that houses these cards is massive- it contains multiple sets of trading cards, collectible fabrics, pins, cartons and packs of cigarettes. If you're curious about the specifics, check out the collection guide. It can be intimidating to look at given the volume of items listed, but Terence Mitchell, the collector, was conscious of this and organized everything by type and topic. As far as trading cards go, there are assorted animals, famous people, famous art pieces, pirates, pieces of architecture, and much more all from a variety of companies in the United States and Great Britain.
The cards served a functional purpose in both the packaging of cigarettes and their marketing. According to the Museum of Obsolete Media, packaging for cigarettes was a bit flimsy from the 19th to early 20th century so these cards were inserted to help it keep its shape. As time went on, however, and the cards began to diversify, people began to be drawn to them because they provided a unique way to see images from around the world that would have been impossible for the average person to afford to go see. It was exciting, enticing, and, most of all, cheap.
These days, because of regulations and public awareness of the negative health impact that tobacco products have on the human body, the age of tobacco trading cards has passed. Companies are forced to be clear about these dangers in their ads, on their packaging, anywhere they might be engaging the public. In a relatively short period of time, this has profoundly affected the way we view tobacco and evaluate the extent to which we will tolerate it in public spaces.
Less than a hundred years after these trading cards were printed, the FDA is still finding its legs in legislating what kinds of warnings should be included on tobacco products. Warnings have been mandatory for only a few years now (to check out all of the FDA's requirements, check here) and are still in flux.
As these things continue to happen, it can be a comfort to be able to see for oneself exactly why these regulations and initiatives have to be put in place to begin with. This collection of ephemera is available for Researchers to view in the Rubenstein's reading room. If you're interested but not sure how that process works, here's a link to our FAQ, or feel free to contact us to ask any questions you may have!
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"Physogs:" Hard to Say and to Play
Post contributed by Taylor de Klerk, Josiah Charles Trent History of Medicine Intern
Rubenstein Library researchers take their work seriously, and we do, too. But sometimes their research includes playing games, and when that's the case we're more than happy to oblige!
Original storage for game
We recently played "Physogs: The Novel Card Game," a board game from the 1940s about physiognomy, the practice of determining an individual's character based on their facial features. The game is based on sociologist Jacques Penry's Character from the Face, which guides readers through using distinctive facial features as a means of identifying personality traits. Represented here as a fun game, the popularization of physiognomic practice added fuel to an already steady 20th century fire of stereotyping based on physical appearance.
To play the game, players each hold four cards and take turns drawing cards from a central pile then discarding cards into another pile in an effort to try to make their face, nose, and mouth cards match with a descriptive text card. The first player who thinks their face is accurate shouts "physogs!" just like in Bingo.
Cards in game play History of Medicine curator Rachel Ingold tallies her score
After someone says "physogs," each player compares the cards they hold to the key book, which determines points awarded. We played a few rounds and quickly learned that we're very good at earning negative points. With subjective descriptions of nose types like "Well proportioned. Very finely textured skin," and "Long, narrow ridge. Crude or bony appearance," and "Broad, crude and bulbous," it's challenging to try to match the words to the pictures. And that's just one facial feature!
It was also immediately apparent that all facial features represented the same skin tone: white. Additionally, many descriptors are written in a heavily gendered and sexist tone, all of which we found unsurprising for a game from the 1940s. For example, a "pleasant and cheerful" woman should be paired with "full, smiling lips, showing the teeth. Dimple at corner of mouth." Meanwhile an "excitable and impetuous" man should be paired with lips that are "very wide and large. Lips are full yet flat in appearance, with a downward curve in centre." These personalities are not absolutely equivalent, but give a good sense of the gendered descriptions of relatively similar characteristics.
Physogs game setup Comparison of a constructed face with the game's key book
Our Physogs game experience made for an interesting Friday afternoon with the added benefit of helping a scholar conduct her research and understand the game in practice. Physiognomy's historical use for judging people based on their looks prompted lively conversations about the 1940s-era facial descriptions and their incorporation in a game. Though physiognomy may sound like fun and games, this "science" was often appropriated for stereotyping by race or gender. Some used this practice to make conclusions about mental intelligence and criminal behavior based on one's physical appearance, and it's important to bear those historical uses in mind when interacting with these materials.
If you'd like to learn more about "Physogs: The Novel Card Game" or Jacques Penry's Character from the Face, we encourage visitors to visit the Rubenstein Library online or in person. For more of the Library's holdings about physiognomy, click here.
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Announcing our 2019-2020 Travel Grant Recipients
The Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library is pleased to announce the recipients of the 2019-2020 travel grants! Our research centers annually award travel grants to students, scholars, and independent researchers through a competitive application process. Congratulations to this year's recipients:
Sallie Bingham Center for Women's History and Culture (Mary Lily Research Grants):
Emily Fleischer, Artist: Artistic project will include a series of drawings based on historic needlework that create a narrative about the lives of American women before 1920
Charlie Jeffries, Faculty, University of East Anglia: Your Best American Girl: Construction of Adolescent Sexualities in the US Culture Wars
Laura Kenner, Doctoral Candidate, Harvard University, History of Art and Architecture Department: Text, Sex, and Video: New York City's Downtown/Underground Scene (1973-1996)
Nell Lake, Doctoral Candidate, Brown University, American Studies Department: Research for dissertation that will link 20th century moral discourse around care and domestic labor with 20th century politics of women's work
Jessica Lapp, Doctoral Candidate, University of Toronto, Faculty of Information: The Provenance of Protest: An Exploration of Feminist Activist Archiving
Kaja Marczewska, Research Fellow, Coventry University, Centre for Postdigital Cultures: Distribute-it-Yourself: Judy Hogan and the History of North American Small Press in Circulation (1960s-1990s)
Jennifer Withrow, Doctoral Candidate, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Economics Department: Three Essays on Labor and Marriage Markets: Farm Crisis and Rural-to-Urban Migration in the United States, 1920-1940
John Hope Franklin Center for African and African American History and Culture:
Selena Doss, Faculty, Western Kentucky University, History Department: Involuntary Privilege: Black Southerners and Territorial Separatism, 1783-1904
Jacqueline Fewkes, Faculty, Florida Atlantic University, Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College and Anthropology: American Mosques: An Ethnohistory of Space, Memory, and Muslim-American Community
John Harris, Faculty, Erskine College, Department of History: Pirates of New York: The United States and the Final Era of the Illegal Slave Trade, 1850-1867
Martina Schaefer, Doctoral Candidate, Vanderbilt University, Department of History: Black Power and Afro-Caribbean Religions: The Spiritual and Cultural Trajectory of Black Empowerment, 1966-1998
Kali Tambree, Doctoral Candidate, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Sociology: Study of enslaved Africans and death on slave ships en route to the Americas
Charles Weisenberger, Doctoral Candidate, University of Massachusetts Amherst, History Department: The Telfair Family and the Antebellum One Percent: Slavery in the Early United States, 1735-1875
John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising, and Marketing History:
Sarah Arnold, Faculty, Maynooth University, Department of Media: Television, Technology and Gender: New Platforms and New Audiences
Mark Bartholomew, Faculty, University of Buffalo, School of Law: "Advertising Outrage and its Legal Regulation"
Rachel Kirby, Doctoral Candidate, Boston University, American and New England Studies: Study of visual representation of Southern agricultural products
Shayan Lallani, Doctoral Candidate, University of Ottowa, Department of History: Cultural Globalization in the Caribbean: Dining and the American Middle-Class Turn in Cruise Ship Tourism, 1920-2016
Adam Mack, Faculty, School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Liberal Arts Department: Limitless: Supermarkets and the Dilemma of Choice
Brent Malin, Faculty, Pittsburgh University, Department of Communications: Ordinary and Necessary: A History of the American Tax Deduction for Advertising
James McElroy, Doctoral Candidate, University of Minnesota, Department of History: Racial Segregation and Market Segregation: The Late-Twentieth Century History of the American City Supermarket, 1960-1990
Emily Morgan, Faculty, Iowa State University, Department of Visual Culture: Imagining Animal Industry: Visualizing the American Meatpacking Trade, 1890-1980
Robert Terrell, Faculty, Syracuse University, Department of History: The People's Drink: The Politics and Culture of German Beer in the Twentieth Century
Emily Westkaemper, Faculty, James Madison University, Department of History: Career Women: Image and Reality in U.S. Popular Culture, 1940-2000
History of Medicine Collections:
Matthew Barrett, Doctoral Candidate, Queen's University, History Department: Conduct Unbecoming an Officer and a Doctor: Medical Attitudes toward Homosexuality and the Court-Martial of Dr. Percy E. Ryberg
Kelly ODonnell, Faculty, Thomas Jefferson University, College of Humanities and Sciences: Study of the role doctors' wives played in the medical profession, recasting the history of American health care by focusing on the women behind the "great men" of medicine
Laura Smith, Doctoral Candidate, University of Arkansas, History Department: Southern Doctors from Southern Communities: Medical Education and Professionalization in the Nineteenth-Century South
Human Rights Archive (Marshall T. Meyer Research Travel Grants):
Meghan Gibbons, Independent Researcher: Nationalism and Maternal Protest in the US, El Salvador, and Argentina
Gabrielle Girard, Doctoral Candidate, Princeton University, History Department: Modeling Democracy: The Global History of an Argentine Human Rights Experiment, 1978-1991
Michael Jones, Doctoral Candidate, Tulane University, Department of Political Science: Blood & Peace in the Hills of Africa: Post-conflict Institutions in Comparison
Zachary Norman, Faculty, University of Utah, Department of Art & Art History: "Researching Images of Incarceration: Developing Visual Art & Studies Courses to be Taught Inside"
Mira Rai Waits, Faculty, Appalachian State University, Department of Art: Colonial Carcerality: The Birth of the Modern Prison in India
Harry H. Harkins T'73 Travel Grants for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History:
Jonathan Coleman, Independent Researcher: Anywhere, Together: A Queer History of Kentucky
Benjamin Serby, Doctoral Candidate, Columbia University, History Department: Gay Liberation and the Politics of the Self in Postwar America
Photographic Research Grants, Co-Sponsored by the Archive of Documentary Arts and the History of Medicine Collections:
Rachel Fein-Smolinski, Faculty, Syracuse University, Department of Transmedia: "Sex Lives of Animals Without Backbones: A Study of the Aesthetics of Pain and Courage Within the Western Healthcare System"
We look forward to working with you all!
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Developing a Code of Ethics for Rubenstein Library Instruction Sessions
So far this academic year, Rubenstein librarians have taught 132 class sessions (though we won't finalize these numbers until the end of the spring semester). You'd think that'd be enough to fill our time, but we've also been meeting monthly to discuss our individual teaching practices and how to improve our students' experiences in our class sessions. We want to inspire confident special collections researchers for life!
Through our discussions, we realized that we often returned to couple of key points about archives and primary source research in our class sessions. We'd broach those points on an ad hoc basis as they arose in classes, but we wondered if starting our class sessions off with a shared understanding of those points would be useful, reassuring, and perhaps even empowering for our students.
We've followed the development of codes of ethics for different spaces and organizations within (and beyond) our profession and thought that model might also work for us. Early this semester, we drafted and began implementing what we're calling our approach to classes at the Rubenstein Library. ("Code of ethics" seemed so heady that it might have the unfortunate effect of tamping down student engagement.) Here is what we developed:
Explore and be curious! Our class sessions are interactive, hands-on opportunities to look at lots of materials, so take advantage of this time. Challenge yourself to look (even briefly) at items that don't initially catch your interest—you might be surprised at what you discover.
Our class sessions seek to be inclusive, offering multiple perspectives, viewpoints, or lived experiences, but may not include the voices of every population for a number of reasons. Let's talk in class about the voices that aren't being presented.
The background, experience, and knowledge you bring to this class session are valuable. There isn't one right interpretation of a historical document. Please listen carefully and treat everyone's responses respectfully.
The material you encounter in this session has the potential to be uncomfortable or upsetting. Be kind to yourself and recognize your limits. You can look at something else or even step out of the room to take a break.
When working with historical documents, you may encounter racist, oppressive, or outdated language in the documents themselves or in the archival record. When we discuss these items, we will want to use terms that reflect the ways these communities describe themselves today.
Later this month, we'll come together as a group of instructors to talk about how we've been able to incorporate the code into our class sessions—but informal reports suggest it's been useful! Our practice has generally been to give students two to three minutes to individually read over the code (presented on a slide) and then talk as a class about any questions they might have and how the individual points in the code might come up in the class session.
A Rubenstein librarian teaches our new instruction code of ethics in a recent class session.
We see this as a living document that we'll continue to refine and add to as needed. So please do let us know what you think and feel free to borrow or adapt our instruction code of ethics for your own class sessions!
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Event: Why Did the United States Medical School Admissions Quota for Jews End?
Why Did the United States Medical School Admissions Quota for Jews End?
Date: Thursday, April 11
Location: Holsti-Anderson Family Assembly Room, Room 153, Rubenstein Library
Please join the History of Medicine Collections for our next Trent History of Medicine Lecture Series event. Edward C. Halperin, M.D., M.A. will present "Why Did the United States Medical School Admissions Quota for Jews End?" At the end of World War II anti-Semitic medical school admissions quotas were deeply entrenched in the United States. Twenty-five years later they were gone. Why did that happen and what are the implications for the current controversy regarding alleged quotas directed against Asian-Americans?
Dr. Halperin is Chancellor/Chief Executive Officer of the New York Medical College, Valhalla NY.
All are welcome and encouraged to attend. No registration is needed. A light reception will follow.
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The Newest Negroes: Black Doctors and the Desegregation of Harlem Hospital, 1919-1935
Date: Tuesday, March 26
Please join the History of Medicine Collections for our next Trent History of Medicine Lecture Series event. Adam Biggs will present "The Newest Negroes: Black Doctors and the Desegregation of Harlem Hospital, 1919-1935."
Professor Biggs's lecture will focus on the desegregation of Harlem Hospital, highlighting the conflicts an tensions that took shape as black doctors sought to merge their professional goals with the larger cause of racial improvement. Adam Biggs is faculty at the University of South Carolina Lancaster where he teaches African American Studies and US History. His research examines black doctors and their efforts to address the problem of race in early 20th century America.
All are welcome and encouraged to attend.
We thank our friends at the Bullitt History of Medicine Club at UNC-Chapel Hill for co-sponsorship.
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Gilded Age Cures for Soldiers Suffering from Opiate Addiction
Post contributed by Jonathan S. Jones, historian and PhD candidate at Binghamton University
In the Civil War's wake, thousands of veterans became addicted to medicinal opiates. Hypodermic morphine injections and opium pills were standard remedies in the Civil War era for amputations, sickness, and depression, and they often lead to addiction. Take, for example, the case of A.W. Henley, a Confederate veteran, who recalled in 1878 that, "In the army, I had to use opiates for a complication of painful diseases." The medicine soon "fastened its iron grip on my very vitals, and held me enchained and enslaved for near fifteen years."[i]
Historians have long recognized the causative link between Civil War medical care and the high rate of opiate addiction among veterans. However, although we know that doctors were in many ways the originators of the postwar addiction epidemic, we know surprisingly little the about the medical response to the crisis. Did American doctors ignore the opiate addiction among veterans, or did physicians seek to help veterans suffering from addiction? And if so, what did those efforts look like?
These are questions I seek to answer in my dissertation, "A Mind Prostrate": Opiate Addiction in the Civil War's Aftermath." My research benefited greatly from a History of Medicine Collections Travel Grant, awarded by the Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. The History of Medicine Collections at the Rubenstein Library includes several manuscripts and rare items that suggest answers to elusive questions about the medical responses to Civil War veterans' opiate addiction.
Physicians fell under a wave of criticism after the Civil War for causing opiate addiction crisis. Veterans and observers in the media accused doctors of overprescribing opiates to ailing old soldiers and other patients, resulting in widespread opiate addiction. This criticism posed a problem for physicians—so-called "regular" doctors—because it undermined their precarious position in the hyper-competitive Gilded Age medical marketplace. Physicians had been struggling to out-compete alternative healing sects and "quacks" for decades. Being labeled the culprits for the crisis only weakened the regulars' footing in this struggle.
CHANGING PRESCRIBING PATTERNS
In response to this professional crisis, some physicians advocated for a move away from prescribing medicinal opiates. During the 1870s and 1880s, ex-military surgeons, in particular, exhorted their colleagues in medical journals and scientific studies to prescribe fewer opiates, to substitute the drugs with supposedly less-addictive painkillers, and even to refrain from prescribing opiates altogether. As the ex-Union surgeon Joseph Woodward surmised in 1879, "The more I learn of the behavior of such cases [of overprescribing] under treatment, the more I am inclined to advice that opiates should be as far as possible avoided."[ii] Such proposals were truly radical, considering that opiates were the most commonly prescribed medicines of the nineteenth century up to that point.
But did physicians heed these warnings? Were radical proposals merely hypothetical, or did physicians implement them in practice? To answer these questions necessitates the close analysis of late nineteenth century clinical records. I was fortunate enough to stumble across one such record in the History of Medicine Collections at the Rubenstein Library, a rare casebook from the Philadelphia Orthopaedic Hospital and Infirmary for Nervous Diseases, professional home of the physician Silas Weir Mitchell.
Casebook from the Philadelphia Orthopaedic Hospital and Infirmary for Nervous Diseases, professional home of the physician Silas Weir Mitchell.
An eminent neurologist, Mitchell was one of the most vocal members of the anti-opiate camp. Mitchell—whose infamous "rest cure" inspired the feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman to write The Yellow Wallpaper, a feminist critique of Mitchell's methods—was a prolific writer. In many of his medical works, he railed against the habit-forming potential of medicinal opiates and doctors' role in facilitating opiate addiction. As Mitchell explained in an 1883 work about pain management, "often, in my experience, the opium habit is learned during an illness of limited duration, and for the consequences of which there is always some one to be blamed." He blamed doctors who were "weak, or too tender, or too prone to escape trouble by the easy help of some pain-lulling agent" for causing their patients to develop opiate addiction.[iii] Doctors must refrain from prescribing opiates empathetically, Mitchell warned, lest the medical profession continue to be blamed for the opiate addiction crisis.
Accordingly, Mitchell's clinical records confirm that he stopped prescribing opiates to chronic pain patients, those at greatest risk for addiction, in his own clinic. Mitchell's clinic, the Philadelphia Orthopaedic Hospital, was the cutting edge of American neurology in the late nineteenth century. Doctors working there alongside Mitchell specialized in treating chronic nervous pains, headaches, and other symptoms classified under the diagnostic category of neuralgia. During the previous decades, most of these individuals would have been treated with opiates. Indeed, Mitchell prescribed opiates heavily during the Civil War, witnessing the genesis of opiate addiction in several of his patients. Yet by the 1880s, Mitchell reversed course. The clinic's casebook reveals Mitchell did not prescribe opiates to a single patient among the 62 individuals for which he recorded clinical notes between 1887 and 1900. Other physicians, I suspect, mirrored Mitchell's increasingly conservative approach to prescribing opiates during the Gilded Age.
But physicians like Mitchell were not alone in responding to the Gilded Age opiate epidemic. Ailing Americans could choose from a vast spectrum of treatments and healers to remedy their medical woes during late nineteenth century. Unlike today, regular physicians were often outcompeted by alternative healers during the Gilded Age. So-called "quacks"—at least, that is what physicians dubbed them—often impinged on physicians' customer bases.
Dozens of entrepreneurial healers spotted new commercial opportunities amidst the rising rates of opiate addiction. They invented and marketed a diverse array of treatments for opiate addiction between the late 1860s and the turn of the twentieth century. John Jennings Moorman, the proprietor of a nineteenth century West Virginia hot springs resort, exemplified this trend. I encountered a rare copy of Moorman's 1880 advertising pamphlet for his White Sulphur Springs resort in the Rubenstein Library. Founded in the late 1830s, Moorman marketed his exceedingly popular hot springs as a cure for a diverse spectrum of diseases during the antebellum years, from rheumatism to neuralgia, jaundice, scurvy, and others.
Front cover of Dr. J. J. Moorman's pamphlet about the curative properties of White Sulphur Springs in West Virginia, 1880.
Always looking to expand his enterprise, Moorman perceived an opportunity in the rising rates of opiate addiction after the Civil War. Naturally, he expanded his operation to cater to opiate addicted customers desperate for a cure. Moorman began marketing White Sulphur Springs as a treatment for "opium eating" in 1880. Prior versions of Moorman's marketing material do not include references to opiate addiction.[iv]
Page from Dr. J. J. Moorman's pamphlet: White Sulphur Springs, with the analysis of its waters, the diseases to which they are applicable, and some account of society and its amusements at the Springs, 1880.
As Silas Weir Mitchell's casebook and John Jennings Moorman's advertising pamphlet indicate, Gilded Age medical practitioners responded to the opiate addiction crisis in diverse ways, from prescribing fewer opiates to marketing hot springs therapy for addiction. The rare medical manuscripts held by the History of Medicine Collections at the Rubenstein Library thus made significant contributions to my research, unlocking answers to elusive questions about the various medical responses to Civil War veterans' opiate addiction.
[i] Basil M. Woolley, The Opium Habit and its Cure (Atlanta: Atlanta Constitution Printer, 1879), 30.
[ii] Joseph Woodward, The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, Pt. II, vol. I (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1879), 750.)
[iii] S. Weir Mitchell, Doctor and Patient (Philadelphia: Lippincott Company, 1888), 93.
[iv] J.J. Moorman, White Sulphur Springs, with the analysis of its waters, the diseases to which they are applicable, and some account of society and its amusements at the Springs (Baltimore: The Sun Book and Job Printing Office, 1880), 25-26.
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Records of Births and Deaths in a 19th Century Small Town
Post contributed by Taylor de Klerk, Josiah Charles Trent Intern for the History of Medicine Collections
A pair of books, nearly identical in appearance, live on the shelves of the Rubenstein Library. Both are beautifully bound and were clearly well-maintained by their original owner, Dr. Charles Brayton, who used them throughout his 19th century career. Despite their outward similarities, these books are almost exact opposites. Brayton kept one volume to document the births he attended and the other to record deaths in the same community: Stonington, Connecticut.
As a practicing physician from the 1870s to the early 1900s, Brayton provided care for many members of this community, which numbered around 6,000 to 8,000 at various points in his career. These books give us a sense of what life in 19th century New England was like, thanks to Brayton's thorough records.
Each volume documents different types of information. The "List of Births" included the date (and sometimes time) of each birth, the child's name and gender, the parents' names and ages, and the baby's surname. Dr. Brayton also sometimes described the parents' race, where they were originally from, and any significant details about the birth. The timeline for this volume extends so far that it includes some instances where the babies Dr. Brayton had delivered later grew up and he delivered their children as well.
Entry for birth of Theodora "Dora" Sylvia, July 3, 1877
Tracing new mothers back to their own births happens on several occasions, including for Theodora "Dora" Sylvia Holland. Dr. Brayton delivered Dora at 10:15pm on July 3rd, 1877. His notes indicate that this is Theodora A. Daveny Sylvia's fifth labor, but there are no anecdotes or records of complications. Reading through his notes from the decades that followed, Dora's name reoccurs several times. Dr. Brayton delivered six of her children! Dora's first adult occurrence in this book (after her own birth of course) was in 1896 for her second labor. Mrs. Dora Sylvia Holland gave birth to a baby boy at 5:50pm on May 11, 1896.
Entry for birth of John T. Holland, Jr., May 11, 1896 Entry for death of William Hyde, M.D., September 25, 1873
Conversely, Brayton's "Record of Deaths" lists the date of each individual's death, their name, approximate age (if he knew), and reason of death. For some individuals, he also included their relation to other community members and their place of birth. On some occasions Brayton included even more information, such as a narrative of the events leading up to the death.
This is the case for Dr. William Hyde, who died of consumption at 64 years old after spending nearly half of his life with the disease. Dr. Brayton describes Hyde as "a good friend to me and my preceptor in the study of medicine." Brayton undoubtedly experienced a strong reaction to the passing of his teacher. Brayton's record goes on to eulogize Hyde by listing his family and accomplishments, though unfortunately none of his five children lived longer than Hyde himself.
Records like these shed light into the practices of those that lived centuries ago. We use these books and others to help Duke medical students and undergraduates understand the historical context of the practices that they learn about in their coursework. Dr. Brayton's records help us see the ways of life in 19th century small-town Connecticut, even if just through the lens of one man's professional career.
Dr. Brayton's List of Births and Record of Deaths are available to view in the Rubenstein Library's reading room. Click here for more information about using our collections.
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The Sallie Bingham Center for Women's History and Culture, the John Hope Franklin Research Center for African and African American History and Culture, the John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising & Marketing History, the History of Medicine Collections, the Human Rights Archive, and the Archive of Documentary Arts, will each award up to $1,500 per recipient ($2,000 for international applicants to the Human Rights Archive) to fund travel and other expenses related to visiting the Rubenstein Library. The Rubenstein Library also awards up to $1,500 for individuals who would benefit from access to our gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender history collections through the Harry H. Harkins, Jr. T'73 Travel Grant.
Exhibit and Symposium: Arabic Medicine Conquers Latin Europe, 1050-1300: Methods and Motives
From Unidentified Persian text on human anatomy, between 1500 and 1699
Please join us on November 1 and 2 for Arabic Medicine Conquers Latin Europe, 1050-1300: Methods and Motives, a symposium held at Duke University.
Thursday, Nov. 1, 2018, 5:00pm
Holsti-Anderson Family Assembly Room, Rubenstein Library Room 153
5:00PM: Exhibit tour
With curators Sean Swanick and Rachel Ingold
5:30PM: Keynote lecture
Cristina Alvarez Millán of the UNED (Madrid), "Arabic Medicine in the World of Classical Islam: Growth & Achievement"
Reception to follow
Friday, Nov. 2, 2018, 10 a.m.- 3 p.m.,
Carpenter Conference Room, Rubenstein Library Room 249
10AM-3PM Symposium featuring:
Eliza Glaze (Coastal Carolina University)
Francis Newton (Duke)
Michael McVaugh (UNC – Chapel Hill)
Joseph Shatzmiller (Duke)
The event coincides with an exhibit, Translation and Transmission an Intellectual Pursuit in the Middle Ages: Selections from the History of Medicine Collection on display in the Josiah Charles Trent History of Medicine Room from October 16, 2018 – February 2, 2019.
Avicenna. Libri V. canonis medicinae … Arabice nunc primum impressi. Romae : Typ. Medica, 1593.
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Understanding the Eye through Pictures
Post contributed by Wenrui Zhao, a Ph.D. candidate in the History Department at Columbia University and a History of Medicine Collections travel grant recipient
What did people know about the anatomy of our eyes and the causes of eye diseases in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? How did they understand vision and think about the sense of sight? My dissertation "Dissecting Sight: Eye Surgery and Vision in Early Modern Europe" tries to answer these questions. Thanks to a generous History of Medicine travel grant, I could consult the wonderful collections at the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library to support my project.
The absolute highlight of my visit is the book Ophthalmodouleia, das ist Augendienst by the German surgeon Georg Bartisch, published in 1583 in Dresden. It is one of the earliest publications on eye diseases and eye surgery, and is written in vernacular German. Bartisch was a man of modest upbringing who never received university medical training, yet he was appointed oculist to the Elector of Saxony late in his life.
Bartisch's treatise is about the mechanism of seeing, but also enacts an experience of seeing. The most striking feature of this book is the great number of finely-executed illustrations alongside the texts. These woodcuts depict various subjects related to ocular disorders and surgical techniques. The Rubenstein Library has one of the very few hand-colored copies of this treatise. While I have already seen this edition in black and white elsewhere, examining this beautiful hand-colored copy was a very different experience and brought new insights.
Two sets of the illustrations are movable flaps, representing the internal structure of the head and the anatomy of the eye respectively. The red blood vessels, light brown iris, and the meticulous shading and cross-hatching help distinguish different parts of the eye. They evoke the ocular surgical procedure, and prompt the readers to ponder their own faculty of vision when they lift these sheets layer by layer.
Some of the images representing surgical tools were even heightened by gold and silver, such as this pair of scissors, thereby accentuating their intricate and elegant design.
Bartisch's Ophthalmodouleia represents an emergent interest in the anatomy and physiology of the eye from the late sixteenth century. It also serves as a great example of how medical knowledge could be visualized and communicated at that time.
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What You Can Do Yourself: Home Health Guides in the History of Medicine
"Methods of Applying Water" from New Curative Treatments of Disease… vol. 1, (1901) Fig. 1 – Exercising in a cold bath, Fig. 2 – Nasal douche, Fig. 3 – Foot bath, Fig. 4 – Head bath
What is that rash? What should you do if you have a snakebite? Are carrots really good for one's health? What does chicken pox look like?
Long before WebMD and other online tools existed, popular medicine guides were created and consulted to answer such questions. In the United States, there is a long tradition of such home health guides designed to help the common person diagnose and treat illnesses. These guides, often physician-approved and authored, included ways to prevent illness and injury while offering instructions and remedies.
Home health guides offered laypeople (assuming they could read) information on a range of topics: basic anatomy, symptoms of illnesses, exercises for good health, "cures" by water or electricity, sexual education, and much more. These popular medicine guides continued well into the twentieth century with works like Our Bodies, Our Selves. Such works are still printed today in the digital age.
An exhibit featuring a sample of these popular medicine guides from our History of Medicine Collections is currently on display. You can visit the exhibit What You Can Do Yourself: Home Health Guides in the History of Medicine in the Josiah Charles Trent History of Medicine Room from July 24 – October 13, 2018.
Health Knowledge : A Thorough and Concise Knowledge of the Prevention, Causes, and Treatments of Disease, Simplified for Home Use, vol. 2, (1921).
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Nature's Remedy: "All Druggists Sell the Dainty 25 Cents Box"
Post contributed by Erin Rutherford, Josiah Charles Trent History of Medicine Intern, 2017-2018
In early 1900s America, an individual seeking relief from myriad ailments could choose from myriad purported treatments. When looking to cure "indigestion, bad breath, loss of appetite, sick headache, and rheumatism,"[1] one could turn to an array of syrups, lozenges, tonics, or tablets. One such product, extremely popular for several decades, was Nature's Remedy.
The man behind Nature's Remedy, Augustus Henry Lewis, began his pharmaceutical career as a pharmacist in Bolivar, Missouri. Teaming up with his nephew James Howe, Lewis moved his company to St. Louis in 1901, soon becoming the A.H. Lewis Medicine Co.
Nature's Remedy patent medicine tin. History of Medicine Artifacts Collection, 1550-1980s. Beyer Family Collection Artifacts, 18th century-circa 1935. Received from Dr. and Mrs. Emil C. Beyer. Box 8, Item hbeyer0031.
Tin boxes filled with Nature's Remedy churned out of the factory. By 1906, the business had grown so much that it moved into "a handsome new building at the corner of Fourth and Spruce Streets."[2]
Identifier MM0227 Mother Nature – as Health's Guardian. 1923. Medicine and Madison Avenue, Digital Collection. John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising & Marketing History
Advertising campaigns described Nature's Remedy as "Mother Nature in a pleasant, helpful form – all vegetable and a skillful blend of her own plan of insuring health."[3] Slightly more descriptive circulars referred to the product as a vegetable preparation that "act[ed] on the stomach, liver, kidneys, and bowels."[4] Marketing was so rigorous that the company enlisted a composer to produce a tune to popularize Nature's Remedy. The first chorus from the 1928 sheet music, purchased to be played at home on a ukulele or banjo, reads as follows: "No matter whether you have wealth, Just as long as you have health, You 'feel like a million!' If you just wear a great big smile, You are in the latest style, You 'feel like a million' But when you wear a frown, And your health is run down, You feel bad, you look sad, At the whole world you are mad! And then you follow nature's course, Banish all of that remorse, You 'feel like a million!'"[5]
Item ID AAA7481, Nature's Remedy digestive aid tablets, Dentyne gum, Doran's Coffee, Loveland (4 advertisements). Foster & Keisler (Placement Company). Outdoor Advertising Association of America (OAAA) Archives, 1885-1990s. [1900s-1910s].
Item ID BBB4564, Wheat, Cigarettes, Gasene Naphita Soap, Natures Remedy Tablets, Fatima Cigarettes, Fatima Cigarettes, Adams Black Jack Chewing Gum, unknown, Holsum Bread (9 advertisements). Foster & Keisler (Placement Company). Outdoor Advertising Association of America (OAAA) Archives, 1885-1990s. Undated.
What ingredients did these tablets contain? A chemical analysis conducted on the product in 1923 by the Journal of the American Medical Association showed the presence of burdock, juniper berries, sarsaparilla, mandrake, rhubarb, dandelion, prickly ash, aloes, cascara, and Belladonna root.[6] A write up in JAMA went on to delicately allude to its effects: "The manufacturers of these tablets direct the purchaser to take one every night for a week. They very kindly allow the sufferer (from the effect of the tablets) a few days to recuperate and then suggest that the week of torment be repeated and if this is survived, another few days of rest is allowed before another round of torture and so on 'until the bowels become strong enough to do their work.'"[7]
Whether of the belief that the product was a nostrum, a placebo, a bonafide cure, or a temporary comfort, the list of contents – and Mr. Clark's description – make the purpose of the pill clear: It was a cathartic mixture, a purgative, a laxative.
Although some may read the remedy itself as cause for a sour stomach, there is something rather kismet in this tale. Under the full leadership of Mr. Howe, the same "handsome" factory went on to manufacture one of America's leading brands of antacid tablets.
[1] A.H. Clark, "Nature's Remedy Tablets," JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, March 1919. Quoted in American Medical Association, Propaganda Department, Miscellaneous Nostrums, 5th edition (Chicago: American Medical Association, 1923), 63.
[2] "A. H. Lewis Medicine Co. Outgrew Its Building," The Pharmaceutical Era (35), 6 (1906), 639.
[3] Identifier MM0227 Mother Nature – as Health's Guardian. 1923. Medicine and Madison Avenue, Digital Collection, John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising & Marketing History. Retrieved from https://repository.duke.edu/dc/mma/MM0227
[4] American Medical Association, Propaganda Department, Miscellaneous Nostrums, 63.
[5] Waldon, W. Feel Like a Million. St. Louis, Mo.: A. H. Lewis Medicine Co., 1928. Print.
[7] Ibid., 65.
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Scanning the History of Medicine: Manikin Style
Post contributed by Rachel Ingold, Curator of the History of Medicine Collections
Ivory maniken in the History of Medicine Collection.
An engineer, conservator, and curator walk into a small space; a small space with a micro CT chamber surrounded by rooms that glow red with biohazards signs. What are they doing? Where could they be?
First a bit of background. The History of Medicine Collections here in the Rubenstein Library has a large collection of ivory anatomical manikins. In total, we have 22 ivory manikins, part of the Josiah Charles Trent Collection that was gifted to the University in 1956.
Scan of ivory maniken produced by Duke's Micro CT scanner.
To say these ivory anatomical manikins are cool is an understatement. They are truly fascinating and beautiful. And a bit mysterious. Scholars are not entirely clear on why they were created or their intent, which likely evolved over time. The delicate figures in our holdings average about eight inches in length and were probably initially used for instructional purposes, to help medical students learn human anatomy. But how easy were they to use? Did the didactic intent fall by the wayside as these turned into collectibles? We speculate these were carved in the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries, but we're not entirely sure.
With so much interest in the ivory anatomical manikins and so much to learn, we considered what it would take to digitize these to share with a wider audience. Last April, we began to scan these items using Micro CT scanning in Duke's Shared Materials Imaging Facility (SMiF) – a magical space with lots of heavy equipment (and some rooms that glow red – although not the room where these are scanned).
Scanning the ivory manikins has been a true team effort with much assistance from our friends in Conservation and Justin Gladman, an engineer working in SMiF. We hope to complete scanning by the summer and turn to focusing on processing and uploading files to a site for the world to see. And yes, once this is done, they can be 3D printed. !!!! Stay tuned as we continue to move forward with our project. You can read more on Duke Today and the Preservation Underground Blog.
Scan of ivory maniken.
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May 23rd: The Menopause Monologues
Plate II, "Structure of Womb and Ovaries" from The Viavi Gynecological Plates: Designed to Educate Mothers and Daughters Concerning Diseases of the Uterine Organs by Hartland Law. The Viavi Press, 1891.
Date: Wednesday, May 23, 2018
Location: Holsti-Anderson Family Assembly Room, Rubenstein Library 153
Contact: Rachel Ingold, rachel.ingold@duke.edu,
RSVP or share via Facebook (optional)
You are cordially invited to a dramatic reading of excerpts from pertinent texts that will bring to life the voices of women and men, past and present, whose perspectives on menopause range from "the historical to the hysterical." In addition to the readings, individuals are also encouraged to share their own stories and experiences of "the change."
The reading complements an exhibit, The Change of Life: Menopause and Our Changing Perspectives, on display through July 14 in the Josiah Charles Trent History of Medicine Room.
Co-sponsored by the History of Medicine Collections and the Sallie Bingham Center for Women's History and Culture.
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I have been working on a visualization project for a client this week. I'm surprised how fast the project has come together. Using wall styles allowed me to texture all the walls together. Plant image props and furniture have made it fast to populate the scene.
I used a lot of floors because the site is completely flat. The easy way the get the polygon for the floors is to use the 2D polygon tool with the second mode, the paintpot. It was so fast to create all the floors.


Sear the pork chops first, then bake them in this creamed cabbage and bacon sauce for maximum flavor. Stick to one ovenproof pot.
1. Preheat oven to 400 degrees. Set a large heavy roasting pan across two burners over high heat; add oil and heat. Season pork with salt and pepper; brown on one side, 3 to 5 minutes. Flip and cook 1 minute more. Transfer to a plate.
This was a delicious recipe. I had no curdled milk and am surprised some others did. I only use 2% milk and true tablespoons of flour. The sauce came perfect. The pork chops were moist and tender. This would be great paired with some noodles. Next time .
So it wasn't a beautiful dish but the flavor was fantastic. I've made pork loin cooked in milk before and the milk protein does always seem to "curdle" a bit. In some sauces you can hit it with an immersion blender etc. but that would destroy the lovely cabbage texture in this dish! A great use of all of the cabbage coming from my CSA!
The flavor was good but the milk looked curdled so it didn't look very appetizing.
Just finished eating this recipe. It was delicious and super flavorful! Win!
I have made this a number of times! We love it!!! I always add a couple honey crisp apples prior to popping it in the oven...yum! I serve with mashed potatoes. Comfort food overload!
In a family of picky eaters, everyone ate this one (some skipped the cabbage). The recipe calls for a season of salt and pepper right before transferring to the oven. I skipped this step for fear of over salting with the bacon. I should have followed the recipe, because the sauce needed it.
Yummy comfort food! I substituted very thick (~2") boneless chops and just cooked longer. I might use less cabbage next time.


text:
Ms. Mosley of Kansas and Oklahoma - Andrew Sarewitz
At a recent dinner of relative strangers, someone put a question to the group for discussion. "Growing up, who was a singular, unforgettable influence?" Being lucky, there were many for me to choose from. I surprised myself by my answer.
Through Facebook, I tried to reach her grandson, Glen. I took a chance and wrote via Messenger that "I had known a woman named Lena Mosley" and was wondering if he was her grandson. I wasn't looking to strike up a friendship or even spend time reminiscing. A year later, he responded. Yes, Lena was his grandmother. That's all he said. I didn't pursue it further.
I knew almost nothing about Glen. I didn't know his parents' names, though it is Glen's father who is Lena's child, so I was fairly secure that he too went by the last name of Mosley. He spent his early years in the New York City vicinity. Typical of a proud grandmother, Lena had bragged about how smart and special Glen was; far advanced, even as a toddler.
It's odd to say, but I'm not sure how long I actually knew Lena. My childhood memories are a mixed duffle of truths and accidental revisionist history. I remember Ella — though I don't know her last name — and the young and vivacious Anne Thomas. They worked for my parents before Lena came to us. And my brother Dan reminded me that after Lena, a woman named Martha came to clean my parents' house.
It wasn't until I attended college that a friend of mine questioned why I, as a child, addressed adults who worked for my family by their first names. I didn't have an answer and hadn't thought of it as being disrespectful, let alone racist, at the time. I addressed a good deal of my parents' friends by their first names as well. But I had been invited to be familiar.
I was raised in a Jewish household, but by the time I came along (I'm the youngest), there was no religious structure enforced and I had no desire to go there. Lena was a practicing Seventh Day Adventist. She told me her beliefs were the closest Christian ideology to Judaism, with the obvious difference of their accepting Jesus Christ's resurrection.
I vaguely remember when my mother was interviewing prospective women to clean our house. She previously had help 5 days a week. Now she was looking for part time cleaning. With my two eldest siblings off to college and the brother right above me close to high school graduation, there was no longer a "need" to hire a full time employee. Three days would do.
Of the women I saw my mother talk with, only one was white.
At the time she was hired, Lena was in her 50's. She was African American, living with her Golden Retriever-mix, Brandy, in Newark, New Jersey, in a newly constructed and state subsidized area of Newark. I had a warped and fearful image of Newark. After the summer riots in 1967, I assumed that everyone living in that city was not only poor, but lived in squalor.
My mother had left her career to raise four children in the 1950's and '60's. When she felt I was old enough, she went to work for the National Multiple Sclerosis Society of Montclair. Still coming home for lunch while at elementary school, I would eat three days a week with Lena. Though she was offered whatever was in our refrigerator, Lena brought her own lunch. She was a vegetarian. In general, I only seemed to like tuna fish and egg salad sandwiches. And grilled cheese pressed in a waffle iron, sans the perforated grids. "Smush" sandwiches, as I called them. Our home had an L shaped, Formica counter in the kitchen that doubled as a green house for Mom's African Violets. On either side of the "L," were two high back, swivel chairs completing a nook for plating small meals. Though we had a breakfast room off the kitchen, this is where we tended to have lunch when only one or two persons were eating.
A completely separate sepia memory was finding my father sitting in the dark, at the kitchen counter, gorging on cold baked beans out of a can, when he sometimes came home from work late at night.
Lena was, in my opinion, of a different era. The term "African American" wasn't coined yet, and I don't think she would have approved of it. Though the word "black" was the accepted term used by the mid-1960's, Lena still referred to herself as Negro. It was important to her to acknowledge that she was a Southwestern woman. Her childhood and formative years were spent in Kansas and Oklahoma. Not the Midwest, like Indiana and Iowa or the South like the
Carolinas. She was from the American Southwest. She repeatedly made that clear to me.
Physically, Lena was striking. Beautiful, though I'm guessing that back in the 1970's, we thought 60 was old. She was thin and quite tall, dark skinned with chiseled cheeks, donning a selection of wigs of various cuts and colors. At that age, as a white boy, I had no understanding of black hair, let alone wigs. She was quite proud of them, telling me which ones she liked best, often not wearing her "good" hair to clean. Occasionally she did, if she had somewhere special to go directly after work. I was dying to see Lena's own hair, which I knew — because she told me — was cut very short and now was entirely gray. My impulse was to snatch her wig off, so I could see her natural hair. Thank God I wasn't stupid enough to do such a selfish thing. I still break out in a sweat thinking what could have happened between us had I performed such an ignorant act.
From a time before I was born, there had always been a black woman in our house. These women were not nannies. They were house keepers who sometimes looked after children. During one of the interview processes, Mom spoke with an elegant woman dressed in a knitted suit and pearls. When I asked about her, Mom said she was not looking to take care of children, even occasionally. When I whined that I liked her, Mom told me it was the woman's choice not to accept the position.
Lena came to work for my parents.
Lena's dog Brandy, had been a gift from her previous employer. Brandy's owner moved away and asked Lena to take Brandy, which she gladly did. One day, Brandy was stolen from her front yard. Lena told me in unsentimental cadence that she would never get another pet again. I know that losing Brandy was heartbreaking for her. It's one of the only times I remember Lena unconsciously revealing an undertow of vulnerability masked beneath her unflappable demeanor.
One of the pieces I didn't accept about Lena's beliefs was her denial of evolution. Even as a young man, I was surprised that such a smart person was steeped in what I call religious ignorance. She told me a story of being on a Greyhound bus in the American south. She defiantly said to her traveling neighbor, "if there was such a thing as evolution, wouldn't we see people changing?" She then added in the telling, "he had nothing to say to that!" Neither did
On rare occasions, Lena talked about "Mosley." That's how she referred to her long gone husband. They divorced or he passed away. I cannot remember which. He was the father of Glen's father. I don't think Lena had other children. Lena had some Native American blood in her veins, though I can't tell you how far back those origins ran or from where or which Nation they were attached. Her grandmother had been a slave until freed in the 1860's. I believe Lena spent some time in Texas, but I can't depend on my memories to verify that as fact. Nor do I know how, when or why she came to the Northeast.
When I went off to college, my mother decided she didn't need three days of housekeeping help anymore. To throw in my opinion on the subject, Lena was nearing an age where cleaning a multistoried home was not fair. I don't know if Lena financially needed to work or whether it was something she preferred to do. I can't imagine cleaning other people's homes was particularly rewarding.
When I returned from college for winter break, Lena said my mother only needed someone once a week. I knew what that meant. Lena told me in the entrance to my parents' home, by the kitchen, where she and I used to eat lunch together. I can't tell you exactly why, but I began to cry. Lena said, "Andrew, it's time. Even if your mother hadn't made this decision, it's time for me to move on."
I don't talk about Lena very much. First of all, I think there is something I view as elitist about a privileged white child writing about his relationship with his family's black maid. It's one thing if a story is unraveled through the experience of the working woman, but the contextual memories seem almost two dimensional when I am drawing Lena's character. Like I'm not showing her as complete. Yet to not acknowledge the importance of Lena Mosley in my life feels borderline irresponsible: allowing fear of how I'll be branded to stop me from unveiling long ago remembrances.
Had Lena been born at a later time with different opportunities, I'm certain she wouldn't have been mopping a white family's kitchen floor. But there was no lack of self worth in Lena's presence. No evidence shown to me anyway. Her delight was contagious when telling me her son graduated from Columbia University, married and gave her a grandson. Glen. Lena's joy and pride.
I have always had women of color in my life. I don't know what, if anything, that means. And I don't deny it began with the women who were hired to clean my parents' home. I am someone who is always aware of differences in individuals. Be it looks, beliefs, color, personality, sexuality. I'd like to think I don't judge anyone by their skin or behavior.
I don't know where Lena went after leaving us. If she took another job or was able to retire. If she stayed at her home in Newark, or moved. And though I am sure she is no longer alive, I wonder how long she lived. She told me her grandfather survived to be over 100.
When fortunate, there are positive influences in a young person's growth. By factor or conscious intent. At home or away. For me, I'm not sure where Lena falls within those borders. I believe she genuinely loved me. And I adored her. Decades later, I hold memories of someone very different from me, who by circumstance, was thrown into the world in which I was born. Intentional or not, Lena Mosley was an important part of my pre and adolescent years. If there was any judgment, I never felt it. I never felt anything but the treasured brilliance of her love.
Andrew Sarewitz has written several short stories as well as scripts for various media. Mr. Sarewitz is a recipient of the 2021 City Artists Corp Grant for Writing. His play, Madame Andrèe (based on the life of Nancy Wake, the White Mouse), garnered First Prize from Stage to Screen New Playwrights in San Jose, CA, opening the festival in August, 2019. Produced with a multi-cultural cast and crew. His play Five Men, Four Beds advanced to the Second Round at the 2019 Austin Film Festival Competition. Andrew's script, The White House is a Finalist in the 2019 Pitch Now Screenplay Competition.
1st Place Short Story Winner: 100 Acre Escape - Veronica Brown
No-Shows at a Proper Christian Burial - Josh Mcdonald
Short Story Contest Winner: Promise Me This - Maddie Cowan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Controlling the ego is a good gesture!
Islam for Beginners 29 Apr 2020
Tarawih refleksi diri © Leo Lintang | Dreamstime.com
The concept of 'ego' in Islam is more complicated than what a cursory look reveals. It revolves around the Quranic term 'nafs'. Literally, it means one's 'self'. Very close to the term 'ego' but not quite the same thing. Nafs is one's 'individual soul' with one's individual inclinations. Those inclinations may be righteous and sinful, depending on the prompts which nafs gets. The prompts provided by the ego.
The word 'ego' comes from Latin where it means 'I'. It is the part of nafs that looks after the soul's individual interests. Putting these before the Will of Allah is dangerous, for man is fickle and loses way completely without God's guidance. Yet the treatment of this 'I' for benefit is more than simply stifling it.
Many scholars postulate killing the ego, waging a war on it and stomping it out mercilessly. But can this really be done? Our ego is part of our being, it was inserted into humans by Allah at Creation, it was His will and His decree. It is meant to be one of the many tests which Allah has in store for the faithful. But ego can be good for you as long as you keep it in control.
It is generally understood as arrogant pride. The one described by George Harrison as 'I, Me, Mine'. But in its proper sense 'ego' is simply 'I'. While this 'I' can be arrogant, it can also be a positive driving force. There is one condition, though. It is submission to Allah in anything you do. The ego becomes deadly when it is allowed to believe that it has its own powers in this world, that it is the source of one's achievements and thus needs not refer to God on any matters at all. Such escalation of the ego is the working of the devil.
Once allowed to even consider this possibility, the nafs becomes slave to him and pray to him. This cannot be allowed to happen.
This needs to be stemmed at the bud by prayer and repentance. Allah the Almighty alone is the source of any achievements of man. He gives both the opportunity to realize them and power to go through with them. Submission to Him is what makes anything in this world possible. Once that is taken care of, the rest of the ego story shall take on a more promising edge.
As personal pride in its positive sense ego can be the driving force for distinction. Distinction in your own name is a sin but distinction in the name of Allah is a good deed. The Golden Age of Islam had many a testimony of that. The egos of scholars like Ibn Sina and Biruni and many others craved to distinguish themselves in learning and Allah responded to their yearning by giving them knowledge. They distinguished themselves in the name of Allah and in the name of proclaiming His Glory and Wisdom.
This same gift will be given to anyone who chooses to bend down his ego to God and pray for his craving for distinction to be satisfied. The true challenge of the ego part of nafs is to stay the Lord's humble servant. And that is what the true believer's ego ought to be aiming at, the ego of "those who have believed and whose hearts are assured by the remembrance of Allah . Unquestionably, by the remembrance of Allah hearts are assured." (13:28)
Food Contributor 05 Jan Nurollah: Arguably the 'first celebrity chef' of the world
Dua Contributor 05 Jan Some Dua to get rid of anxiety and frustration
History Contributor 05 Jan The children of the Prophet (saw)
History Contributor 04 Jan The wives of the Prophet (saw) at a glance
Islam Contributor 01 Jan Adultery and fornication: Two abominable sins in Islam
Islam for Beginners Contributor 10 Jan Giving gifts: Are there any prohibitions in Islam?
Islam for Beginners Contributor 30 Dec 10 Important Sunnah that we should seriously follow
Islam for Beginners Contributor 27 Dec Principles of Islam: What we need to know
Philosophy Contributor 26 Dec Why gratefulness helps people to be happy?
Education Contributor 15 Jan 2021 Motivation and achievements: 7 ways to chase them
Philosophy Contributor 13 Jan 2021 Post Covid 19: 4 steps to follow for a Muslim
Psychology Contributor 06 Jan 2021 We all need a bright ray of hope
Today's Focus
Philosophy Contributor 03 Jan 2021 The right way to respond to the bad words
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LIVE IT TO BELIEVE IT IN THE RIVIERA NAYARIT: 9th Wind Festival 2018
The biggest kiteboarding event in the Americas returns to the Riviera Nayarit from May 18-20, 2018, with the participation of the best riders in the world.
The Riviera Nayarit will once again shine brightly as one of the top destinations for kiteboarding from May 18-20 when it hosts the ninth consecutive Wind Festival at Marítima beach in Nuevo Vallarta.
Kiteboarding, also known as kitesurfing or flysurfing, is a combination of two passions: surfing and skydiving, and can be identified by its colorful kites and the impressive maneuvers of the riders.
The Wind Festival is considered one of the top 20 tournaments of its kind in the world and is also one the top five in Mexico, thanks to Banderas Bay's excellent natural conditions, not to mention the Riviera Nayarit's connectivity and tourism infrastructure.
Festival director Alejandro Ochoa shared that it all started in 2011, spurred by the Mexican Kiteboard Association's initiative to create a place in Mexico to promote the sport. They chose the beach at Bucerías and it quickly surpassed the Organizing Committee's expectations thanks to its huge turnout, not only of participants but also of spectators.
By 2016, he added, it was on the list of 100 "musts" in Mexico in the "Moments and Events" category. By its 8th year—2017—it had already broken participation records with 250 registered riders.
Three hundred competitors from different areas in Mexico and the world are expected to attend this ninth edition, plus approximately 5,000 spectators and 100 representatives from different media.
For his part, Marc Murphy, Director of the Riviera Nayarit Convention and Visitors Bureau (CVB) and the Bahía de Banderas Hotel and Motel Association (AHMBB), commented the Wind Festival not only hosts a sport that's becoming increasingly important on an international level, but it's also a tourism attraction that generates an important economic benefit for the Destination, while setting an example with its harmonious coexistence with nature.
The 2018 Wind Festival includes all the Kite categories and styles: Freestyle, Downwind, Slalom, Big Air, Long Distance and a Wind Foil Regatta.
Friday 18: Qualifying rounds for Freestyle Pro; qualifying rounds for Old School Freestyle; qualifying rounds for Women's Freestyle; qualifying rounds for Big Air.
Saturday 19: 1st Round Freestyle Pro; 1st Round Old School Freestyle; Downwind; Slalom; Final Women's Freestyle.
Sunday 20: Long Distance Regatta; Freestyle Pro Finals; Old School Freestyle Finals; Big Air Finals.
The 2018 Wind Festival is affiliated with the International Kiteboarding Association (IKA), the Mexican Sail Federation (FDV), and the Mexican Kiteboard Association.
#FestivalDelViento #RivieraNayarit events festivals Media NEWS Nuevo Vallarta


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Voters in British Columbia Decisively Rejected Candidates Pushing Anti-LGBTQ Policies in Local Elections
Candidates backed by anti-SOGI social conservative groups suffered crushing losses across the province
Voters in British Columbia just sent a clear and decisive message to a slate of candidates who ran on an anti-LGBTQ platform.
Municipal candidates running against British Columbia's Sexual Orientation and Gender Identification initiative (SOGI 123), failed to win a majority anywhere in BC following local elections last weekend.
SOGI 123 is an educational program, designed to protect LGBTQ youth from homophobic and transphobic bullying, that has recently been a target for social conservative groups in the province.
In the end, less than a quarter of all anti-SOGI candidates endorsed by the hardline social conservative group Culture Guard managed to win a seat.
A week before local elections, Culture Guard and another social conservative group called Canadian Council for Faith and Family released a list of over 100 anti-SOGI candidates.
Some of the candidates endorsed by Culture Guard were not happy about it. A number of candidates, including the incumbent mayor of Abbotsford Henry Braun, were quick to denounce the group's opposition to LGBTQ rights.
There are nearly 100 candidates for school board, council, mayor and park board on here being promoted by two anti-SOGI groups. Several sitting mayors are on the list. Mayors of Chilliwack, Abbotsford and Langley Township are also on a list by Culture Guard. @NEWS1130 #SOGI pic.twitter.com/Qy4kN5bxlF
— Lauren Boothby (@laurby) October 15, 2018
Candidates who welcomed Culture Guard's support did particularly poorly on election day. Surrey City Council candidate Nicholas Loberg, who said he was "honoured" to be endorsed by the social conservative group, finished in 37th place with 0.6% of the vote.
Culture Guard's preferred candidates also failed to win a majority on any city council or school board anywhere in the province.
There are signs the group's efforts only served to rally British Columbians to take a stronger stand on LGBTQ policies. After PressProgress reported on Burnaby school board candidate Laura-Lynn Tyler Thompson's support for gay and transgender conversion therapy, 12 municipal candidates added their names to a letter calling for a provincial ban on the pseudoscientific practice.
The petition, launched by newly elected Victoria school trustee Ryan Painter, was signed by a number of mayoral, city council and school board candidates including Kennedy Stewart, Vancouver's mayor-elect.
Yesterday I learned that candidate for Mayor of Vancouver @kennedystewart signed on to our calling on the province to ban conversion therapy. @jjhorgan, I hope you'll respond and ban this horrific practice. #SOGI123 #bcpoli #cdnpoli https://t.co/6XtDjtOPMV
— Ryan Painter (@votepainter) October 17, 2018
Meanwhile, pro-SOGI candidates across BC retained or gained seats.
In Richmond, Ken Hamaguchi and Sandra Nixon, both supporters of the anti-bullying initiative, won the highest numbers of votes in their district, giving Richmond's school board a strong pro-SOGI majority.
I'm a parent who is committed to defending every parent's right to send their child to a school where they will be safe from bullying & discrimination, and accepted & respected for who they are. #DiversityandInclusion #SOGI #sd38 #rmdelxn
— Sandra Nixon for Board of Education Trustee (@sanixon) October 19, 2018
However, televangelist Laura-Lynn Tyler Thompson, who publicly campaigned with Culture Guard and recently called SOGI "a sex activist curriculum" (SOGI is actually not a curriculum, but an optional learning resource), finished third from last place in Burnaby, where she was running for trustee.
SOGI 123 SIT OUT OF SCHOOL – APRIL 23rd
Announcing a rally in front of the Parliament Buildings in Victoria, British Columbia on April 23rd at 12 noon to protest the sex activist curriculum, SOGI 123, in… https://t.co/pxj8yOPlY2
— Laura Lynn Thompson (@LauraLynnTT) April 12, 2018
Unfortunately, voters in Chilliwack re-elected anti-SOGI trustee Barry Neufeld, who peddles anti-Semitic conspiracy theories and misogynistic junk science – but on the bright side, they did deliver a majority to pro-SOGI trustees.
Incumbent trustee Dan Coulter, who last year spoke out in support of the anti-bullying initiative, topped the polls with 10,700 votes, joined by three pro-SOGI newcomers on the seven-member board.
Newly elected pro-SOGI trustee Willow Reichelt promised voters in Chilliwack that she would "work hard to make sure our schools are safe and inclusive for all students, parents and staff members."
Thank you to everyone who voted for me for school trustee ❤ I will work hard to make sure our schools are safe and inclusive for all students, parents and staff members.
— Willow Reichelt (@WillowReichelt) October 22, 2018
The BC Liberal MLA for Chilliwack Laurie Throness, who spoke previously in support of both Neufeld and opposition to SOGI in general, called for "healing" and "gentle speech" between the opposing sides.
Sixth, a wise ancient proverb says: "There is one who speaks rashly like the thrusts of a sword, but the tongue of the wise brings healing." It's time for healing, for gentle speech; time to spend the next 4 years, not at war, but together crafting policy that works for everyone.
— Laurie Throness (@LaurieThroness) October 21, 2018
Humbled by the results, Neufeld also appears to be trying out a gentler tone.
In a Facebook post addressing "those persons who currently identify as Lesbian, Gay, Transgender, Queer, Two Spirited or whatever," Neufeld stressed they have "nothing to fear from me or my colleagues," adding: "WE DO NOT HATE YOU!"
"We understand that that the ideology of gender fluidity is comforting to you when you suffer from so much cognitive dissonance," Neufeld continued, adding he understands "you are losing your mind."
"We actually love you," Neufeld said, "but love must be tempered with truth."
Neufeld concluded by asking his LGBTQ constituents to carefully read the "waiver forms" and think twice before "making irreversible decisions that you may regret for the rest of your life."
Barry Neufeld British Columbia Culture Guard Laura-Lynn Tyler Thompson LGBTQ Rights


On my August 21st post I said that if you did not sell or hedge your positions, not to worry you would get a 2nd chance. We are in the midst of that 2nd chance in my opinion. In the short term we could go back up near the highs. I urge you to use this opportunity to sell or hedge your positions.
I also mentioned that I believe that we are already in a recession. The technical definition of a recession is 2 consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth. The real economy shows signs prior to the GDP releases. The last 2 jobs reports have been awful and then revised even lower the following month. The jobs numbers show a labor force participation rate of 62.4% which is the lowest in nearly 40 years. This number is more important than the unemployment rate. It shows that an alarming number of people are dropping out of the work force because of extended unemployment and no ability to find a higher paying job so they are forced to not work or to work part time.
The Q3 GDP number will be released on October 29th. The street is expecting 2.5%. It will be interesting to see what the number comes in at. My guess is far below 2.5%. Could this be the 1st negative GDP quarter to start the official recession? It's possible but I doubt it. My guess is much lower than expected and then possibly Q4 being negative followed by Q1 2016 as a negative as well.


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The font that is used to draw the label for each major tic position of a chart-axis in a chart-widget. The value should be a font object (see make-font-ex). The default value is the font returned by (make-font-ex nil "Arial" 12).
This property is used only when the draw-major-labels property of the chart-axis is true.


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Oficina G3 é uma banda brasileira de rock criada em 1987 por Juninho Afram, Wagner García e Walter Lopes. Alcançou relevância nacional através de três integrantes, nomeadamente Afram, Duca Tambasco e Jean Carllos, os três membros mais antigos do conjunto.

Membros atuais
Juninho Afram
Atividade: 1987–presente
Instrumentos: Guitarra, violão, vocais
Contribuições na banda: Todos álbuns do Oficina G3
Juninho Afram é o fundador da banda, líder e o único membro da formação inicial. Desempenhou nos vocais da banda, seja como vocal principal ou secundário em praticamente todos os álbuns.

Duca Tambasco
Atividade: 1994–presente
Instrumentos: Baixo, vocais
Contribuições na banda: Todos álbuns do Oficina G3 desde Nada é Tão Novo, Nada é Tão Velho (1993)
Integrante desde 1994, é responsável pelo baixo e raramente fornece vocais principais.

Jean Carllos
Atividade: 1995–presente
Instrumentos: teclado, piano, vocais
Contribuições na banda: Todos álbuns do Oficina G3 desde Indiferença (1996)
Tocou em todos os discos desde Indiferença. Entrou no grupo por convite de Walter Lopes e atuou nos vocais da banda em alguns álbuns

Ex-membros
Túlio Régis
Atividade: 1987–1991
Instrumentos: Vocal
Contribuições na banda: Ao Vivo (1990)
Foi o primeiro vocalista do grupo, juntamente com Luciano Manga. Saiu por problemas pessoais.

Wagner García
Atividade: 1987–1993
Instrumentos: Baixo
Contribuições na banda: Todos os álbuns até Nada é Tão Novo, Nada é Tão Velho (1993)
Atuando no baixo da banda até 1993. Foi um dos fundadores da banda e designer dos primeiros álbuns.

Luciano Manga
Atividade: 1987–1997
Instrumentos: Vocal
Contribuições na banda: Todos álbuns até Indiferença (1996)
Foi o principal vocalista da Oficina G3 durante cerca de dez anos. Precisou deixar a banda por sua atividade pastoral fixa. Colocou, em seu lugar, o cantor PG.

Walter Lopes
Atividade: 1987–2002
Instrumentos: Bateria e vocal
Contribuições na banda: Todos álbuns até Humanos (2002)
Um dos fundadores da Oficina G3, também era vocalista esporádico e responsável pela apresentação do grupo em alguns shows. Embora O Tempo tenha sido o último trabalho como membro efetivo, Humanos tem uma faixa-bônus com sua participação.

PG
Atividade: 1997–2003
Instrumentos: Vocal e violão
Contribuições na banda: De Acústico (1998) até Humanos (2002)
Indicado por Luciano Manga, foi o principal vocalista da banda até 2003, quando saiu para ser pastor, e posteriormente seguir em carreira solo.

Alexandre Aposan
Atividade: 2006–2014
Instrumentos: Bateria
Contribuições na banda: De Elektracustika (2007) até Histórias e Bicicletas (Reflexões, Encontros e Esperança) (2013)
Embora tenha sido efetivado integrante em 2011, Aposan tocava com a Oficina G3 desde 2006, gravando dois discos. Saiu em 2014 por problemas contratuais com a gravadora.

Mauro Henrique
Atividade: 2008-2020
Instrumentos: Vocais e as vezes violão
Ingressou na Banda em 2008 tendo participado dos álbuns Depois da Guerra e Histórias e Bicicletas.

Linha do tempo

Oficina G3

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia