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Grade 8 Summer Info
Eighth Grade Supplies & Summer Reading
Unity School Summer Reading Program – 2020
Students Entering Grade Eight
Dear Rising Eighth Grader,
It's time to think about summer reading! We are going on a trip "Around the World in 60 days".
This year the incoming 8th grade students are required to read one specific book (Facing the Lion: Growing Up Maasai On the African Savanna by Joseph Lemasolai Lekuton) and two from the list below.
The required book that you all will read is Facing the Lion: Growing Up Maasai On the African Savanna by Joseph Lemasolai Lekuton.
This memoir of a young Maasai boy tells the story of Lekuton who grows up as part of a nomadic tribe in Kenya. The story sheds light on the Maasai culture and life on the savanna. Lekuton comes from a family of nomadic cow-herders, and Kenyan law required each family to send one child to school. Lekuton was the chosen child, and school opened up his world. He works to preserve his Maasai heritage while taking advantage of the opportunities that education brings his way.
Please read Facing the Lion: Growing Up Maasai On the African Savanna by Joseph Lemasolai Lekuton toward the end of the summer.
When you have completed the book, you must take a Reading Counts Quiz online by Friday, September 4, 2020. You can access this through the Unity School webpage under Academics/Media Center. Please use your username (first initial last name) and your Super Password. https://h100000927.education.scholastic.com/slms/studentaccess
When school begins in August, be prepared to discuss this book.
Please choose two more books from the possibilities listed below and read them. Background information has been provided on which to base your choices.
You must take a Reading Counts Quiz online on these two books by Friday, September 4, 2020.
You must write an 8-10 sentence review for each book. Be sure to have a good topic sentence about whether you recommend the book or not, at least three details from the story to back up your opinion and a concluding sentence. These are due by Friday, September 4, 2020
Enjoy your reading. Read as much as you can, and I will see you in August. If you have any problems or questions, please email me at theinonen@unityschool.com or Mrs. Ferguson at bferguson@unityschool.com.
Have a safe and fun summer,
Ms. Heinonen
Unity School Summer Reading Program- 2020
Students Entering Grade 8
Dear Parents and Students,
The following books are recommended for summer reading. Titles are chosen for their applicability to the curriculum, their recognition in journals, and in some cases, because of awards they have received. Students are encouraged to read as many books on the list as they choose; however, they must read the required title as well as two other books of their choice before the start of the school year. Students may NOT choose a book they have already read, either in class or for another book report. Enjoy reading and have a wonderful summer!
Please note these are suggested books based on published lists for middle school students and have not been reviewed for content. Parents need to use their own discretion when students are choosing books.
Chanda's Secret by Allan Stratton (Annick Press, 2004) (Young Adult Content)
Sixteen-year-old Chanda, living in the small fictional race-segregated city of Bonang in sub-Saharan Africa, must confront the tragic consequences and stigma associated with her family's encounter with HIV/AIDS. (1980-90s).
The Year of Impossible Goodbyes by Sook Nyul Choi (Dell Press: New York, 1991)
This book is about a young teen, Sookan, and her younger brother and extended family who together bravely face harsh treatment by the occupying Japanese military in North Korea during WWII. When the war ends in 1945, Communist Russian troops offer liberation from Japanese rule, but little relief from daily hardship, leaving escape to South Korea the only hope as a family.
The Stone Goddess by Mingfong Ho (Republished: Demco Media, 2005).
As a young teen from a middle class urban family in Phnom Penh, groomed to be a Classical Cambodian dancer, Nakiri is forced into the rural villages and rice fields of Cambodia to work as a peasant laborer when dictator Pol Pot takes power in the 1970s. Nakiri's journey takes her from a slave labor rice camp to a Thai refugee camp, and finally to America as an immigrant after she loses her father and sister to the "killing fields" of Pol Pot.
Chinese Cinderella: The True Story of an Unwanted Daughter by Adeline Yen Mah.
Chinese Cinderella is the perfect title for Adeline Yen Mah's memoir of her childhood growing up in China during the 1940s as she endures life ruled by a cruel stepmother.
The Breadwinner by Deborah Ellis (Canada: Groundwood Books, 2000).
Set in the early years of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, this book is about what a twelve-year-old girl, Parvana, must do when the Taliban takes her western educated father. Since girls are not allowed in public, she disguises herself as a boy to become the "breadwinner" and support her mother, two sisters, and baby brother.
Parvana's Journey (sequel to The Breadwinner) by Deborah Ellis (Canada: Groundwood Books, 2003).
After her father's death, 13-year-old Parvana, disguised as a boy, wanders alone through later 20th century war-torn Afghanistan, looking for her mother and siblings who had disappeared in the tumult of the Taliban takeover. Early in her journey, Parvana comes across three other children seeking refuge at a Pakistani refugee camp. A bittersweet ending offers hope for Parvana and her family. This sequel to The Breadwinner easily stands alone but I would recommend you read The Breadwinner first if you have not already done so.
Elephant Run by Roland Smith.
In 1941, Nick is sent to live with his father on a plantation in Burma to escape the war in London. Soon after, the Japanese invasion of Burma begins, and his father is imprisoned. Nick and his new friend Mya are used as slaves. They decide to escape into the jungle with the help of a dangerous elephant, Hannibal.
Between Shades of Gray by Ruth Sepetys (Philomel Books: New York, 2011)
In 1941, fifteen-year-old Lina's life is changed forever when Soviet secret police barge violently into her home, deporting her, her mother, and her younger brother to Siberia.
The Book Thief by Markus Zusak (Alfred Knopf: New York, 2006)
A foster teen living outside of Munich during WWII, Liesel Meminger, faces Death–the narrator of the story–and is saved by books, which she steals, falls in love with and shares with neighbors and a Jewish man hidden in her basement in Nazi Germany.
The Apothecary by Maile Meloy.
Janie Scott's family has just moved from Los Angeles to London where she meets Benjamin Burrows, the son of a mysterious apothecary. When Ben's father is kidnapped, Janie and Ben must use the apothecary's magical book, The Pharmacopoeia, to find him and save the world.
The Dreamer by Pam Munoz Ryan.
This fictional biography is the story of a shy Chilean boy who grows up feeling and seeing poetry all around him. The story illustrates how the poetry of Pablo Neruda was shaped by his domineering father as well as the beauty of nature.
Before We Were Free by Julia Alvarez ( Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 2002)
Living in the Dominican Republic in 1960, twelve-year-old Anita de la Torre must defend her freedom in the face of her Tío Toni being "disappeared" and her remaining family being terrorized because of their suspected opposition to dictator De Trujillo's government.
In the Time of the Butterflies by Julia Alvarez (Algonquin Books: North Carolina, 1994)
Based on the true story of the murder of three young sisters who led opposition to Dictator Trujillo's government in the Dominican Republic in 1960, the novel moves from the point of view of each of the murdered sisters as young girls, woven together by the voice of one surviving sister, Dede.
Esperanza Rising by Pam Munoz Ryan (Scholastic Inc.: New York, 2000).
Esperanza Ortega is a wealthy Mexican girl who, with her family, must suddenly leave post-revolutionary Mexico behind and flee to the United States.
She and her mother end up as migrant farm workers in California and struggle to adapt and survive in the United States during the Depression Era of the 1930s.
Shooting Kabul by N.H. Senzai (Simon and Schuster: New York, 2010).
Escaping from Taliban-controlled Afghanistan in the summer of 2001, young teen Fadi and his family immigrate to the San Francisco Bay Area, where Fadi schemes to return to the Pakistani refugee camp where he accidentally lost grip of his little sister Miriam's hand, resulting in her accidentally being left behind.
Under The Mesquite by Guadalupe Garcia McCall.
When her mom is diagnosed with cancer, Lupita struggles to maintain her life as a Mexican-American high school student and budding actress, while also caring for her younger siblings. Written in verse, this is an unforgettable story about family bonds, the healing power of words, and the strength it takes to face overwhelming loss.
Inside Out and Back Again by Lai, Thanhla .
Ha and her family flee Vietnam and resettle in Alabama. There she struggles with grammar, customs, dress (she wears a flannel nightgown to school, for example), and also cruel rejection from mean classmates. Based on the author's experiences as a child refugee, this National Book Award and 2012 Newbery Honor winner is both humorous and heartbreaking.
Eighth Grade Supplies


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Home Uncategorized I Heart a Sugar Daddy
I Heart a Sugar Daddy
Confessions of an unabashed gold digger
Christine Van Dusen
"Can we line up and slap you?" That was the reaction I got from my closest friends when I told them about my new adventure in online dating. They were appalled.
Now, at first glance my profile reveals nothing slap-worthy: "I'm considerate and sweet yet independent and am looking for the same. I'm open-minded . . . I take good care of myself mentally and physically and try to focus on the good in life."
It's the site itself, and what it stands for, that has inspired such disgust from my friends and led me to keep all this a secret from my family, and to stay anonymous here. The dating site is called sugardaddyforme.com, and it connects wealthy men with women who want to be financially cared for. I know what it sounds like, and why my friends were so grossed out: It seems seedy, like prostitution.
On some level I agree with the doubters, because I've always thought it was shallow to want someone with money. If you'd told me five years ago I'd be doing this, I would have laughed in your face. I would've imagined nothing but gender role stereotypes and gross expectations on both sides. I'm the kind of person who has always been fiercely independent and paid her own way.
But I'm also the kind of person who is broke, and tired of it. I grew up with no money, the daughter of a fire-and-brimstone Pentecostal preacher who put my needs second to those of his flock. We were a family of five who got by on $20,000 a year, eating government cheese. I went to college on a grant and eventually cofounded a fairly successful business in Atlanta. Despite that success, my financial situation has never improved much. I still can't really afford to go to the doctor or the dentist, and when I'm thirsty at the gas station, I do some silent accounting to decide whether I should buy a fountain soda. Unfortunately, the men I've dated over the years have been just as strapped as me. One guy had legal issues, and we'd fight all the time about them. I'd want to talk about it, and he'd run out. It drove me up the wall and made me insecure, but I kept trying. Another lied to me, mostly about whether he was spending time with an ex-girlfriend. I'd give him the benefit of a doubt, even going to therapy with him so we could work out those differences. But he kept lying about who he was, and eventually I just had to walk away.
So I found myself, at thirty-five, single and exhausted and yearning for something casual and simple and comfortable. That's when I heard about sugardaddyforme.com and signed up on a lark. The offers came fast. One guy invited me for a weekend away in Chicago. Another, a fifty-something retiree, said he wanted to go on a date but never followed up. Eventually I connected with a guy I'll call Kevin. In the photos on his profile he was hot: a young-looking forty-something with bulging biceps visible through the sleeves of his button-down shirt. He was a rich executive in Atlanta, and we started by e-mailing and then talking on the phone. We both wanted something casual but very honest, and he said he wanted to pamper me.
We planned to meet for our first date at my house, but he changed his mind and asked me to meet at the Best Buy parking lot on Moreland Avenue. Sitting in my beat-up car, waiting for him to pull into the lot, I didn't feel scared. I was excited to be trying on a new persona and dipping a toe into a mysterious dating practice far outside my comfort zone of hipster bars, galleries, and setups by friends.
When he pulled up I realized why he wanted to meet here instead of on my narrow street: He was driving a gigantic blue Hummer. He threw open the door. The stereo was blaring Lil Wayne, and as soon as I hopped in he handed me a blunt. "Let's skip all the awkward small talk," he said, flashing a great smile. "Let's pretend like we've known each other forever. So how was your day?"
I was at ease immediately. We talked about our professional roles, his at a big-name corporation and mine at my small business. I was attracted to him, and appreciated that he understood what I wanted: fun and financial support. No apologies.
Then the bubble burst: He told me he was married with kids. He explained that he and his wife had an "arrangement": She knew he was unhappy, and she stuck around for the financial stability; divorce was unnecessary. I felt really uneasy about this at first—it clashed with my formerly staunch sisters-watch-out-for-each-other stance—but I admired that they were being real with each other and not faking it like a lot of married people do. A lot of the so-called rules for happiness don't work out in the real world. I could relate to a woman who wanted the security of the marriage but liked an open arrangement. So I moved past it.
We spent most of the night at a club in Midtown where he was a VIP, and he held my hand and it felt good to be his arm candy. Maybe I was role-playing, and maybe it was cheesy when he called me "baby" and "honey" and fed me Patrón shots, but I liked it. When he dropped me off at my car at the end of the night, he insisted that I call and check in on my way home. He wanted to make sure I was safe. I liked this. So many of my boyfriends had never really seemed to care that much. It was nice to be coddled and protected.
It was after this first date that I decided to tell my closest friends during a dinner party. And really, I understood their misgivings. It makes sense that you might assume that with this kind of dating, the "sugar baby" should expect to offer sex. That it's a transaction, and that sex is the return on the sugar daddy's investment. I don't view it that way. I don't know if I'd have a different take if, say, my date had given me a diamond necklace or a wad of cash. But let's be real here: All dating is transactional. Maybe the guy expects just closeness or gratitude, but maybe he expects sex. The transaction just isn't discussed explicitly, because that's not romantic. But with sugar daddy dating, there's no coy behavior or uncertain terms. Everything is out on the table.
This explanation doesn't placate some of my friends. None would admit during the dinner that they, too, fantasize about being taken care of and being involved in something simple and straightforward. Though later, one-on-one, a few told me that they do—they were just too ashamed to admit it to the group.
But not long after telling them I was happy as a sugar baby, I met someone outside the site, in the normal world. And wouldn't you know it, he's the best guy I've ever gone out with. He's hot, a manly man who works with his hands. He's also artistic, and we have an amazing intellectual and spiritual connection. He's caring and considerate, and every time we get together he brings me a thoughtful gift, usually something he's made.
But I'm not ready for this kind of connection. And I've realized that even though he's the best guy I've met so far, I have higher standards. I can and should shoot for the moon. Every small detail about a guy matters now, and I can't excuse things that don't measure up to my expectations.
In this case, the greatest guy in the world is broke. So I cut it off, telling him I wasn't ready for a relationship, not telling him why he wasn't right and who else I've been seeing, and how I meet them. He said he'd wait, but I have to move on. —Anonymous, as told to Christine Van Dusen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Rev. Sir Charles Dilke,  (21 February 1937 – 14 November 2022) was a British baronet and priest of the London Oratory.

Life
Charles John Wentworth Dilke was born in London in 1937, to Sir John Dilke, 5th Bt. and Sheila Seeds, daughter of the future ambassador to the Soviet Union Sir William Seeds.

Dilke studied at  Ashdown House followed by Winchester College and King's College, Cambridge for a degree in architecture. It was at Cambridge that Dilke, previously having shown few signs of religiosity, began to attend chapel services and fell under the influence of the then Roman Catholic chaplain Monsignor Alfred Gilbey, leading to his conversion.

London Oratory
On the advice of Gilby, Dilke entered the London Oratory shortly after graduating from Cambridge, where he would spend the next 56 years as a priest and serve from 1981 to 1987 as a provost. He was ordained in 1966, after studying at Rome's Beda College during the Second Vatican Council.

Dilke retained some of his family's ancestral non-traditionalism – his election as provost was said to be celebrated by the liberal-minded members of his community – and was not in sympathy with the fogeyish element that congregated about the Brompton Oratory. Indeed, upon hearing the news from Rome of the white smoke signaling a new pontiff, he once remarked "Popes come. Then they die, and another one is elected", before continuing to play his recorder.

From 2004, Dilke was a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and even wrote an unpublished novel about the oratory set in outer space.

Oratory School
In the 1980s Dilke was instrumental to the survival of the London Oratory School, when the Westminster Archdiocese proposed discontinuing the school's sixth form to be absorbed into a consolidated college with others across the city. As chairman of the board of governors, Father Charles lent steadfast support to the "visionary educationalist" headmaster John McIntosh, who thought him "the most supportive chairman of governors in his 30 years as head." Dilke protested to  Archbishop Cardinal Basil Hume, a Benedictine monk of Ampleforth Abbey, that he would no more accept the closure than would Hume of his own college, and pointing out the diocese did not have jurisdiction over the oratory (a verdict confirmed after a diocesan appeal to Rome).

Death
In 2022, Dilke broke a hip after tripping on a Turkish rug during an All Soul's Day celebration. He died shortly thereafter.

Family
Dilke acceded to the Dilke Baronetcy on the death of his father in 1998, inheriting a title first granted by personal act of Queen Victoria to his great great grandfather  Charles Wentworth Dilke, an organizer of the Great Exhibition of 1851.

Even in Dilke's youth the family retained a connection to its most infamous forbear. Virginia Crawford, the MPs wife whose testimony in a divorce case precipitated the second baronet's public disgrace in 1886, became a Catholic under the influence of Cardinal Manning as well as a friend of the family who as "Auntie Nia" dandled the younger Dilke on her knee as a baby.

On his death the baronetcy was inherited by his brother Timothy, a retired rheumatologist.

References

1937 births
2022 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Oratorians
Roman Catholic priests

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Study Finds Antibiotics Relieve Ear Infections in Kids Younger Than 2
Media Relations Policies
Antibiotics are an effective treatment for young children with acute middle ear infections, according to a clinical trial at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC. The findings add important new evidence to the best treatment for ear infections and could have major implications on treatment guidelines in the United States.
Results of the study are published in the Jan. 13 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
The researchers found that in children ages 6 months to 2 years with acute otitis media (AOM), or middle ear infection, treatment with antibiotics for 10 days reduced the severity and duration of the infections more effectively than placebo, according to principal investigator Alejandro Hoberman, M.D., chief of the Division of General Academic Pediatrics and vice chair of Clinical Research at Children's Hospital. Children in the study who received antibiotics also were less likely to have evidence of clinical failure (persistent signs of acute infection) that required further treatment, Dr. Hoberman said.
"Based on these findings, there is strong evidence in favor of treating children younger than 2 years of age with antibiotics, irrespective of the severity of the ear infection," said Dr. Hoberman, also a professor of pediatrics in the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. "To some degree, this is contrary to current clinical guidelines, which include an option for watchful waiting rather than prompt treatment for young children with apparently mild symptoms. We expect our study to have an impact on treatment guidelines for the United States that currently are being revised."
For children with mild symptoms and for whom diagnosis of AOM is uncertain, a watchful waiting strategy is included in current U.S. guidelines jointly developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Watchful waiting also is included in Canadian guidelines without reference to diagnostic certainty, and has been applied in some European countries for many years, according to Dr. Hoberman.
"However, these recommendations are based on studies with many important limitations, most notably, a lack of strict diagnostic criteria," he said. "In other words, many of the children studied merely may have had fluid in the middle ear instead of an actual ear infection. Other limitations were the inclusion of few very young children, in whom the infection tends to be more stubborn, and the use of antibiotics that had a limited effectiveness or were given in doses that were ineffective."
Dr. Hoberman's study randomly assigned 291 children between 6 months and 2 years of age to receive either the antibiotic amoxicillin-clavulanate or a placebo for 10 days.
An improvement in symptoms occurred earlier in children who received antibiotics. Mean symptom scores over the first seven days were lower at each time point in the antibiotic group than in the placebo group. Larger differences between children receiving the antibiotic and children receiving the placebo were observed in rates of clinical failure: 4 percent vs. 23 percent on day four or five; and 16 percent vs. 51 percent on days 10 to 12.
The key to optimal management of AOM remains an accurate diagnosis, according to Dr. Hoberman.
"Young children with a certain diagnosis of AOM are more likely to recover when treated with an appropriate antibiotic, and their symptoms will subside more quickly," he said. "Provided the diagnosis of AOM in children younger than 2 years of age is certain, we favor treatment with antibiotics."
This study was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health.
For more information about Dr. Hoberman's research, visit www.chp.edu.
Marc Lukasiak, 412-692-7919, marc.lukasiak@chp.edu
Anita Srikameswaran, 412 578-9193, SrikamAV@upmc.edu
New Webcam System at UPMC Connects Families with Newborns in Intensive Care Units at Children's and Magee
Children's Community Pediatrics Expands in Erie, Pa.


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Approval Tests and Standards for Air-Purifying Particulate Respirators
by the Health and Human Services Department on 04/14/2020.
The Department of Health and Human Service (HHS) is publishing this interim final rule to update the regulatory requirements used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to test and approve air-purifying particulate respirators for use in the ongoing public health...
Cheeses and Related Cheese Products; Proposal To Permit the Use of Ultrafiltered Milk; Reopening the Comment Period
by the Food and Drug Administration on 04/15/2020.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or we) is reopening the comment period for the proposed rule, published in the Federal Register of October 19, 2005, entitled ``Cheeses and Related Cheese Products; Proposal to Permit the Use of Ultrafiltered Milk.'' The proposed rule would amend our regulations to provide for the use of fluid ultrafiltered...
Proposed Flood Hazard Determinations
by the Federal Emergency Management Agency on 05/12/2020.
On April 22, 2020, FEMA published in the Federal Register a proposed flood hazard determination notice that contained an erroneous table. This notice provides corrections to that table, to be used in lieu of the information published at 78 FR 22436-22438. The table provided here represents the proposed flood hazard determinations and communities...
Comments are requested on proposed flood hazard determinations, which may include additions or modifications of any Base Flood Elevation (BFE), base flood depth, Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) boundary or zone designation, or regulatory floodway on the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), and where applicable, in the supporting Flood Insurance...
Mitigation Strategies to Protect Food Against Intentional Adulteration; Draft Guidance for Industry; Extension of the Comment Period
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA, we, or the Agency) is extending the comment period for the notice of availability that appeared in the Federal Register of February 14, 2020, entitled ``Mitigation Strategies to Protect Food Against Intentional Adulteration; Draft Guidance for Industry.'' This supplemental draft guidance document, when...
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The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is proposing to amend and update its VA Acquisition Regulation (VAAR) in phased increments to revise or remove any policy superseded by changes in the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), to remove any procedural guidance internal to VA into the VA Acquisition Manual (VAAM), and to incorporate any new...
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PHMSA is seeking comments on proposed amendments to the Federal Pipeline Safety Regulations that are intended to ease regulatory burdens on the construction, maintenance and operation of gas transmission, distribution, and gathering pipeline systems. The amendments in this proposal are based on PHMSA's considered review of public comments,...
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In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, this notice announces the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service's intention to request an extension of approval of an information collection associated with the regulations to prevent the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza, all subtypes, and Newcastle disease into the...
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In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, this notice announces the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service's intention to request a revision to and extension of approval of an information collection associated with the export of animals and animal products from the United States.


Feb 28, 2008 At the time of our first long distance cruise in 1984, across the Gulf of Mexico from New Orleans to the Yucatan Peninsula, the only form of electronic navigation was Loran. It was not always reliable, and was subject to significant errors, especially close to land where you need the most accuracy. Because it utilized shore-based stations to send out its signals, its range was limited – by the time we reached the Yucatan (600 miles south of New Orleans), the signal was intermittent, and shortly thereafter we lost it. From then on, we relied on traditional navigation and piloting techniques (primarily a hand-bearing compass for inshore work). Loran was, nevertheless a startling advance over the sextant, which I carried and knew how to use in those days.
A year or two later we installed a first generation satellite-based navigation receiver, a forerunner of GPS. It had more-or-less worldwide coverage, but with very few satellites you had to wait a considerable time to get a fix, sometimes hours. Every once in a while it was wildly erroneous (it put us in the Indian Ocean on one occasion), and in fact it seemed to get increasingly inaccurate over a period of time, and then snap back to accurate fixes. It took me months to correlate this with the occasions on which we ran our engine (not so common in those days as it is now), and to realize that the longer we ran the engine, the more inaccurate the fixes. I eventually concluded that we had a defective cranking battery and that every time this was switched into the boat's circuits it had some strange effect on the satnav's internal clock, fractionally slowing it down to produce increasingly out-of-whack fixes.
In 1987 we were crossing the Mona Passage from the Dominican Republic to Puerto Rico. The satnav chose this time to go 11 hours without a fix which I needed to judge the strength of the current through the passage. This was the last time I used a sextant in earnest. I finally took the sextant off the boat in 2004.
The early GPS units began to make it into civilian markets in the late 80's, but were horrendously expensive. The cheapest, a Magellan, retailed at over $4,000. We held off until the price dropped below $1,000, and then took the plunge. We sailed to Belize, Guatemala and Honduras, where the last widespread survey work was done in 1844. While we were there, two cruising boats were destroyed on the Belize reefs at night because the owners were using this new-fangled satellite-based navigation thinking they could take fixes off the GPS and plot them directly on charts that did not support that level of accuracy (at that time, some of the Belize reefs were charted at up to half a mile out).
The GPS accuracy was, in any case, no better than 30 meters, and sometimes much worse (we got the occasional fix a mile or more out). This was because the US Defense Department, which controls the system, was deliberately programming errors into the civilian signal. This was known as Selective Availability. It introduced a degree of uncertainty that forced a cautious navigator to back up the satellite-based system with traditional techniques. On one memorable occasion in Cuba, this saved us from putting our boat on a reef.
In 1991 we were in Belize, making a chart of a narrow channel. All of a sudden, we got spot-on accuracy from the GPS. We couldn't understand it until we tuned in the BBC world service and discovered the Americans had attacked Iraq (the first Iraq war). The US army didn't have enough GPS units programmed to receive the accurate military signal and so bought units in the civilian marketplace and temporarily suspended Selective Availability to give these units military-grade accuracy. Selective Availability was eventually ended by President Clinton, although it can be reinstated any time the US Defense Department so decides (freedom from the US Defense Department is the strongest argument for the independent European Galileo system).
Nowadays, of course, we have GPS with Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) or equivalent corrections that consistently delivers 2 meter accuracy on a constant basis – a higher level of accuracy than that used to produce almost all paper and electronic charts.
What an incredible technological achievement this has been. Like almost all modern sailors, I use it to full advantage. But I also recognize that it has taken something away from the sailing experience. There is no longer that mingled sense of apprehension, and then delight, when making a landfall after a long passage and discovering that you are where you thought you were (or at least, pretty close).


One of the most prominent queries that we get is this one: "how much do surrogates make in Burnett WI?" Of course, anyone who is willing to devote at least 9 months of their lives to aiding someone else become a parent is someone that has the right to compensation. Most US surrogates, and almost all surrogates in Burnett WI get payment for their very worthwhile services. This is a service that offer up, and just like if you were to spend 9 months performing plumbing work, building software, or teaching someone, you deserve sufficient compensation.
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One of the biggest parts of how much surrogates make in Burnett WI is just that– what your home state is and where you reside. There are particular parts of the world and even the country where a surrogate will make more. This has to do with many different things– clinical care, how much work you need to do, and many pieces.
It is no secret that specific cities, like Burnett WI, may be a more desirable choice for many people who are looking to be a surrogate. This is because they not only tend to compensate a little more, but because they take better care of their surrogates. You want to balance the amount of money that you will get with the way that you are managed and how much risk is in the situation for you– and not just physically.
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Off the Page: The Harvard Press Author Forum
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Presidential rhetoric in historical perspective
PARTICIPATING AUTHOR: BRYAN GARSTEN
Bryan Garsten is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, and author of Saving Persuasion: A Defense of Rhetoric and Judgment (Harvard University Press 2007). It has won the 2005 Thomas J. Wilson Prize of Harvard University Press and the 2006 First Book Award from the Foundations of Political Theory Section of the American Political Science Association.
When President Andrew Johnson was brought before the Senate on impeachment charges in 1868, one of the official accusations against him was that he did "openly and publicly and before divers assemblages of citizens of the United States…make and declare, with a loud voice, certain intemperate, inflammatory and scandalous harangue…amid the cries, jeers and laughter of the multitudes then assembled in hearing…" Johnson had gone on tour around the country for more than two weeks, giving speeches to crowd after crowd in an effort to gain popular support for his Reconstruction policies, and--astonishing as it may seem--this is part of what he was impeached for.
True, Johnson also had a reputation for being drunk during public appearances (including his own inauguration), and he sometimes used language inappropriate for a president when talking about his foes in Congress. But these improprieties were not his fundamental crime. The basic impropriety motivating this particular article of impeachment was that he stooped to address crowds directly in the first place, that he had reduced himself to the demeaning position of trying to whip up enthusiasm for his preferred policies by the ethically dubious practice of holding popular rallies. In Johnson's time, making a speech to a crowd on policy questions was thought to be contrary to the dignity proper to the office of the presidency. Sitting presidents avoided doing this, and so did candidates for the presidency.
But who could imagine a presidential campaign today without public rallies and popular rhetoric? And who would think of impeaching a president for giving impassioned speeches and trying to whip up support for his programs? Public norms and expectations about this have changed, as Jeffrey Tulis's essential book The Rhetorical Presidency reveals.
The political culture of the early republic was shaped by men who were deeply suspicious of popular rhetoric. The framers of the Constitution were steeped in the early modern philosophical tradition that I explore in my book Saving Persuasion, and they designed many of the structures of our government with an eye to minimizing the influence that charismatic, powerful speakers could have on policy. Even the basic plan to create a large country filled with different states was defended as a means of resisting demagogues: "The influence of factious leaders may kindle a flame within their particular States," wrote James Madison, "but will be unable to spread a general conflagration through the other States."
Today we have a different name for such a "general conflagration"--we call it a "movement" and we generally welcome it. The prospect of many young people being drawn into politics fills most of us with hope rather than dread, and we treat the arrival of a powerful and eloquent speaker as an occasion for celebration. Is this simply because we are more democratic than the founders, less prone to worry about the dangers of over-enthusiastic mobs?
In part, yes; but there is something more: We have also become accustomed to the idea of a very powerful presidency.
The reason that presidents address us directly is that it permits them to claim a mandate that they can use against the other branches of government. Andrew Johnson's speaking tour, Teddy Roosevelt's "bully pulpit," Woodrow Wilson's campaign to ratify the League of Nations, the civil rights leaders' speeches of the 1960s, and Ronald Reagan's work as a "great communicator" were all efforts to circumvent legislative opposition to their policies by appealing over the heads of the legislators directly to "the people." In allowing themselves to be addressed in this way, the people willingly participated in this strategy of presidential self-aggrandizement.
The alliance between the people and the presidency has often had the salutary effect of pushing much-needed change through a system too prone to gridlock, but it has also brought us back to a mode of politics that would have been familiar, in its broad outlines at least, to early modern subjects of the British crown, or even to those living under princes in Renaissance Italy. When Machiavelli recommended that princes put their faith in the people, he did so partly because history had already shown that alliances between princes or kings and the people were a good way for monarchs to consolidate their authority and outmaneuver their rivals in the nobility.
And it must be admitted that there is something monarchical about the popular style of presidential politics today. The tours around the country that candidates and presidents take to shore up support resemble in some ways the King's Progresses in early modern Britain; the intrigue that is stirred by first families today resembles nothing more than court gossip; and the propensity to put family members of past presidents into the presidency has certainly not diminished in the time since popular campaigning became acceptable. Democratic peoples seem to like subjecting themselves to monarchical figures and families.
More substantively, many of us fall into the habit of discussing presidential elections as if our choice of candidate were a choice of what policies will be enacted--as if whoever is elected will merely wave his or her hand and give the orders--as if the rest of our government were just a mere formality. Our language too often suggests that we regard the chief executive not as just one of the three branches of government, but as that government's head. If campaign rhetoric today draws us closer to the candidates in one sense, it also signals our acceptance of their seeming sovereignty. Is there something submissive in our willingness to occupy the role of an audience?
The speeches and rallies that we take for granted in today's presidential campaigns help to cement the powerful alliance between the people and the president. No one can ignore the benefit that this alliance has brought to the executive branch, which today enjoys more power and latitude than ever before. The question we should keep our eye on is whether the alliance continues to benefit the people.
March 14, 2008 in Bryan Garsten | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Tags: A Defense of Rhetoric and Judgment, Bryan Garsten, Harvard University Press, political rhetoric, Presidential campaign, presidential politics, presidential speeches
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Prince Edward Island > Opinion
EDITORIAL: NDP seeks momentum
Party needs momentum to re-assert itself as the party of change and social conscience.
SaltWire Network | Posted: April 4, 2018, 10:05 a.m. | Updated: April 4, 2018, 10:05 a.m. | 3 Min Read
P.E.I. NDP leadership candidates Margaret Andrade, left, Susan MacVittie and Joe Byrne are joined by moderator Dr. Herb Dickieson as they discuss issues that affect Islanders at a March 29 debate in Summerside. - Katie Smith
To say this weekend's annual meeting and leadership convention are critical to the future of the NDP on P.E.I. would be a massive understatement. The party needs momentum – and lots of it.
It needs momentum to help the new leader access the spotlight at the legislature – which opens Thursday. It needs momentum to earn respect outside the rails of the house and have criticism and questions treated seriously. It needs momentum to attract quality candidates, new members and financial support in preparation for the next provincial election.
In short, it needs momentum to re-assert itself as the party of change and social conscience. That position has been usurped the past three years by the resurgent Greens under leader Peter Bevan-Baker, a party which now has two members in the legislature.
The party is fortunate to have three candidates vying for the leadership, adding to delegate and general interest. The convention has attracted national leader Jagmeet Singh who will take part in two meet-and-greet events and then address party faithful later Saturday.
Candidates Margaret Andrade and Susan MacVittie would likely be among the first to admit that the early favourite is Joe Byrne. Mr. Byrne performed strongly in the last federal election in the face of a Liberal tide which rolled across Atlantic Canada. He also carried the NDP banner in the previous federal election, has been involved in the party here for over 20 years and was the first to enter the race in mid-January.
But upsets happen and favourites have lost before – that's why we have elections. Mr. Singh knows all about upsets, defeating several well-known federal and provincial party members to win the national leadership.
Andrade and MacVittie deserve credit for entering the race and taking part in useful debates across the province. They helped energize this leadership campaign, even though at times the debates resembled love-ins more than fiery exchanges.
The two women are relative newcomers to P.E.I. and lack a recognition factor but both are far from being political newcomers. Andrade ran federally for the NDP during the 2015 election in Ontario while MacVittie worked for a federal MP in B.C., and since coming to P.E.I., has since been active with the party's provincial council.
When he declared his intentions three months ago, Mr. Byrne said his priorities were access to services in rural P.E.I., food security, poverty and affordable housing. They became priorities for all three candidates during the debates but also joining the mix were a guaranteed basic income, women's equality, Indigenous rights, climate change, a carbon free economy, healthcare and renewable energy – all priorities near and dear to NDP hearts.
The new leader will face many challenges ahead as the NDP prepares for a tough four-party race in the next election. But one thing is certain - the leader and party will remain true to the quest for social justice.
And finally, the NDP needs convention momentum to regain its traditional third-party primacy. It needs to reassure party stalwarts and send a message that the NDP is back.
Op-ed Disclaimer
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High Court orders trespassers to leave building opposite Met Office
Members of group, who claim to be 'dangerously under-housed', say they have left site
Fri, May 10, 2019, 19:16 Updated: Fri, May 10, 2019, 19:29
Ms Justice Leonie Reynolds granted the orders after expressing concern about health, safety and insurance issues. Photograph Nick Bradshaw
The High Court has ordered people trespassing on a former car showroom building opposite the Met Office in Glasnevin, Dublin, to leave.
Sanderly Holdings sought the orders against "persons unknown trespassing on the lands and buildings" at the Glasnevin Hill property, formerly used by the Glasnevin Motor Group.
Sanderly has applied for permission to build a mixed used residential/retail development at the property.
The court heard a number of people appear to be living in some of the buildings and have put locks on doors and a gate.
On Friday, Ms Justice Leonie Reynolds granted the orders after expressing concern about health, safety and insurance issues. These created an urgency which could only be met by granting the orders, she said. She put a stay on the orders until 5pm Friday to give the occupants a chance to leave.
Sanderly director, Bryan Lawlor, in an affidavit, said he learned of the trespass on April 30th last.
He went to the property where he told a man with a north American accent he was a director of the company and he was trespassing. The man remained inside the locked gate.
The man replied it had been vacant for some time "that he had therefore taken it over and he was now the owner of the site".
Mr Lawlor asked him to identify himself but he refused. The man was clean and well dressed and did not appear to be homeless, he said.
Mr Lawlor also saw a woman and three other individuals, including two on the roof. They were dressed in black and a black flag was flying from the building.
He rang the gardaí and they told him officers would call but there followed two occasions when Mr Lawlor was unable to meet gardaí when they did attend.
Mr Lawlor was also informed that lights were on in the building which has given rise to concerns about where electricity was being sourced from.
Ms Justice Reynolds ordered the notices be placed on the building and under the door and returned the case to next week.
'Under-housed'
In a statement to The Irish Times, the squatters described themselves as a "group of friends who for a collection of different reasons have found ourselves currently dangerously under-housed".
On Friday evening one member of the squatters group said they had vacated the building, in accordance with the court order.
Squatting was the "very last option available" for people searching for affordable housing, but also had a "long history" of being used for a political purpose, the statement said.
"Occupying neglected properties makes a strong point about social housing, it makes a point about whose city this is, and it makes a point against development and gentrification," it continued.
"Inherently squatting is a grassroots action against gentrification and homelessness," which also provided a vision of a life beyond the "straightjacket" of capitalism.


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New equations to calculate reference evapotranspiration with less climate data
September 8, 2016 Mehdi Khiadani (ECU) and Simon Walker (OzEWEX) Leave a comment
The FAO-method is commonly used to estimate evapotranspiration in Australia, but new research proposes two alternative methods that require less data.
Droughts resulting from global climate changes have severe implications on water management, balancing, and irrigation scheduling in Australia and in many countries around the world. Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in not only a key component of hydrologic cycles, it is also a vital parameter for decision making. Its estimation employs simple empirical formulas to complex physically-based methods; however the FAO56 Penman-Monteith is universally recommended.
New research, published in Water Resources Management, suggests the shortcoming of this approach is its dependence on climate variables such as air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation which are seldom available from many meteorological stations. The team of researchers from Edith Cowan University note that where data from meteorological stations is limited, methods that require fewer datasets are absolutely necessary.
According to Dr. Mehdi Khiadani, part of the research team from ECU "a wide variety of alternative methods have been formulated and validated in different geographical locations but no one method is globally acceptable. The objective of this research was to either simplify existing formula or develop new equations for Australia that are less reliant on climate data."
The development of new equations was based on climatic data for an area covering more than 500 000 km2 in the Pilbara region of Western Australia while validation used data from other parts of the country. Classified as arid-topical climate, the Pilbara has two distinct seasons; mild winter (May to September) and hot summer (October to April). On average the maximum daily temperature exceeds 40 °C in summer with a minimum of about 25 °C and an annual average rainfall of 330 mm which is extremely variable. Eight weather stations located in Western Australia (within the study area) were used to develop and calibrate proposed equations. Testing and validation of these equations was based on data from weather stations located in other Australian states. Daily climatic data including air temperature, relative humidity was obtained for this study from the Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology for January 2001 to December 2011, a total of 10 years.
In Australia, the FAO56 Penman-Monteith is the most prevalent method for estimating ET0 and values for different regions are available from the Scientific Information for Land Owners (SILO). Other equations such as Hargreaves-Samani, Thornthwaite, Hamon, Mc Guinness-Bordne, Irmak and Jensen-Haise are popular methods in other parts of the world. In this study, proposed equations were developed based on the surface polynomial regression technique and improved using the Modified Honey-Bee Mating Optimization (MHBMO) algorithm. In an effort to reduce the number of input parameters, only the mean and maximum daily air temperature, extra-terrestrial radiation, and relative humidity were used in formulating new equations.
Statistical parameters such as mean squared error, root mean square error, reduction of error and coefficient of determination (R2) were used to assess the performance of the methods. Results indicated that the two developed equations predicted values of ET0 determined using the FAO56 Penman Monteith method with R2 = 0.942 and 0.959. These values were further improved to R2 = 0.968 and 0.974, respectively, after applying the MHBMO algorithm. Moreover, these improved equations best predicted values of ET0 in comparison with the six popular methods mentioned earlier. The best of the six popular methods was the Hargreaves-Samani with R2 = 0.967. An attempt to calibrate the Hargreaves-Samani approach using the MHBMO algorithm showed no further improvement in the prediction of ET0.
The overall recommendation made by the researchers was that the MHBMO modified versions of the developed equations are endorsed as a simpler approach to estimating ET0 for various regions in Australia.
Article: 'Developing Equations for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration in Australia', Matin Ahooghalandari, Mehdi Khiadani and Mina Esmi Jahromi, Water Resources Management, doi: 10.1007/s11269-016-1386-7
tagged with ecohydrology, Edith Cowan University, Featured


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Nupserha flavonotum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1915.

Subspecies
 Nupserha flavonotum occidentalis Breuning, 1961
 Nupserha flavonotum flavonotum (Aurivillius, 1915)

References

flavonotum
Beetles described in 1915


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The Pullman Moscow Regional Airport will close next year from Sept. 8 to Oct. 10 in the heart of the Cougar football season.
The Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport will be closed for construction in the middle of football season next year from Sept. 8 to Oct. 10.
Football season typically starts around late August or early September. An average of 4,000 passengers fly out of Pullman every September, according to a report by The Lewiston Tribune.
The closure is needed in order for construction workers to complete the construction project, which will create a larger separation between the taxiway and runway, said Tony Bean, Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport executive director.
"We're trying to give people as much time as possible to prepare," he said.
There will also be a new runway raised several feet to avoid issues with the fog and move its alignment away from Moscow Mountain, according to The Lewiston Tribune. The construction project would cost about $89 million to $119 million.
Bean said the Federal Aviation Administration needed two years to plan a procedure when building a new runway. The hard deadline for the construction is Oct. 10, which is when the runway must be ready, he said.
Runway closures have occurred for the last two years in order to minimize a long closure for next year, he said.
Students, athletes and travelers would have to fly into the Spokane International or Lewiston-Nez Perce County Regional Airport in the meantime.


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Jermell Charlo made boxing history on Saturday after scoring an eighth-round knockout of John Jackson in Las Vegas to claim the vacant World Boxing Council super-welterweight title.
Charlo joins twin brother Jermall Charlo as a reigning world champion in the 154-pound (69.8kg) category — the first time twin siblings have owned world titles in the same weight division.
The 26-year-old Jermell Charlo was trailing on all three judges scorecards after the first seven rounds against the skillful Jackson, but unleashed a brutal series of punches to score a knockout in the eighth round.
Charlo, who had caught Jackson flush on the chin with a left hook in the fifth round, connected with another stinging blow to his opponent's head early in the eighth round.
A stunned Jackson appeared dazed by the shot, and turned away from Charlo, who moved in for the kill, sending his opponent crashing into the ropes with a two powerful left hooks to the head.
Referee Tony Weeks halted the fight to prevent Jackson suffering further punishment.
"It's history, we did it," a delighted Charlo said.
"I'm waiting on my brother next," added Charlo, who improved to 28-0 with 13 knockouts.
Jermall Charlo, 23-0 with 18 knockouts, is to fight on the same card later Saturday.
Charlo defends his defends his International Boxing Federation crown against former champion Austin Trout.