text:
Greek Foreign Ministry Deplores Use of Hagia Sophia Monument
By Athens News Agency
Eurokinissi ΠΑΡΑΙΤΗΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΥΠΕΞ Ν. ΚΟΤΖΙΑ / ΔΗΛΩΣΕΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΠΡΩΘΥΠΟΥΡΓΟΥ ΑΛ. ΤΣΙΠΡΑ (EUROKINISSI/ΓΙΩΡΓΟΣ ΚΟΝΤΑΡΙΝΗΣ) ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟ The Foreign Affairs Ministry. (Photo by Eurokinissi/ Yorgos Kontarinis)
ATHENS – The Greek Foreign Affairs Ministry deplored the use of Hagia Sophia, a UNESCO World Heritage site, as a venue for the recitation of Quranic verses on Saturday, the anniversary of the Fall of Constantinople.
In a statement, the ministry said, "Today's reading of passages from the Quran inside Hagia Sophia, a global monument protected by UNESCO as a world heritage site that has functioned as a museum since 1935, is not only an unacceptable attempt to alter the site's designation as monument, but also an affront to the religious sentiment of Christians throughout the world. This action is an insult to the international community and once again exposes Turkey, which has an obligation to respect both the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and UNESCO, of which it is a member. We once again call on Turkey to respect its international obligations and stop putting domestic expediencies ahead of its very privileged role as guardian of a monument as important as Hagia Sophia, which belongs to all of humanity."
Civil Protection Warns of Potentially Dangerous Weather Conditions This Weekend
ATHENS - The General Secretariat for Civil Protection on Friday urged the public to be particularly careful and to protect themselves against potential dangers as a result of the intense weather phenomena expected this weekend, starting late on Friday night.
Mitsotakis: The Effort to Build an Effective State Is Constant, Non-Negotiable
Greek Lawmakers to Debate Censure Motion Over Snowstorm


Creating a Spring Boot Java 8 Microservice To Read Apache Phoenix Data and providing a standard REST API with JSON results.
If you have seen my article on Microservice on Hive, this is the Phoenix version. Phoenix seems to be a better option for REST microservice. I like having HBase as my main data store, it's very performant and highly scalable for application style queries.
This microservices is a Spring Boot REST service on top of the data loaded by this NiFi data flow.
Follow this Maven build very carefully, it is very specific version.
Phoenix Query Server does not require a Connection Pool!
This class does your basic JDBC SQL queries and return.
Do you have any updated version of this program with the latest libraries and also with a secure hbase?


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January 12, 2016 5:06PM PT
Christian Bale's 'Knight of Cups' Set for U.S. Premiere at Santa Barbara Festival
By Dave McNary
Film Reporter @https://twitter.com/Variety_DMcNary	FOLLOW
Dave's Most Recent Stories
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CREDIT: Courtesy of Broad Green
The Santa Barbara International Film Festival has selected Christian Bale's "Knight of Cups" as its Centerpeice Film with a screening on Feb. 7 at the Arlington Theatre.
The showing will be the U.S. premiere for the Terrence Malick drama and will take place 364 days after the world premiere at the Berlin Film Festival. Broad Green Pictures is releasing "Knight of Cups" in the U.S. on March 4.
The film also stars Natalie Portman, Cate Blanchett, Freida Pinto, Isabel Lucas, Imogen Poots, Wes Bentley, Brian Dennehy and Teresa Palmer. Bale portrays a writer on an odyssey through the playgrounds of Los Angeles and Las Vegas as he undertakes a search for love and self.
Nicolas Gonda, Sarah Green and Ken Kao are producing. Malick's last film, "To the Wonder," starred Ben Affleck and Olga Kurylenko and grossed less than $3 million worldwide. His 2011 film, "The Tree of Life," took in more than $50 million worldwide.
Variety's Justin Chang called the film "flawed but fascinating" in his review at Berlin.
The Santa Barbara festival had already announced that it would open Feb. 3 with the U.S. premiere of "The Little Prince," directed by Mark Osborne and featuring the voices of Jeff Bridges, Rachel McAdams, Paul Rudd, Ricky Gervais, James Franco, Mackenzie Foy and Benicio Del Toro.
Xavier Giannoli's "Marguerite" will close out the festival on Feb. 13. The film, loosely inspired by the life of Florence Foster Jenkins, stars Catherine Frot.
The festival will include 52 world premieres and 53 U.S. premieres along with tributes to Johnny Depp, Michael Keaton, Mark Ruffalo, Rachel McAdams, Elizabeth Banks, Joel Edgerton, Paul Dano, Jacob Tremblay, Alicia Vikander, O'Shea Jackson Jr., Géza Röhrig, Brie Larson, Saoirse Ronan and Rooney Mara.
Santa Barbara Film Festival

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This is a seasonal project as far as the cookies and prayer vigil. Watch for information when it is time for the cookies and the prayer vigil. No cookies are needed now but this information is here because prayer is always needed for this ministry.
FUMC'S PART: WE NEED PEOPLE TO BAKE COOKIES - TOTAL OF 100 DOZEN COOKIES - YOU CAN BAKE ONE DOZEN OR MORE - SEE INSTRUCTIONS BELOW.
THERE IS A PRAYER VIGIL THAT NEEDS VOLUNTEERS TO SIGN UP FOR A BLOCK OF TIME TO PRAY FOR THE MINISTRY, THE PRISONERS, THE VOLUNTEERS.
Kairos is a Greek word meaning "a time when conditions are right for the accomplishment of a crucial action."
Kairos Prison Ministry International, Inc. (Kairos) is a Christian faith based ministry which addresses the spiritual needs of incarcerated men, women, youth, and their families.
Locally, a group of volunteers will serve residents at Northeast Correctional Complex (Mountain City, TN). There have been over 33 missions as Kairos to NECX.
The crucial action? To win some. And therefore lead residents to productive lives that serve Jesus Christ and the community in which they live. I'm blessed to serve on this mission, and FUMC has already pledged help!
1) Baking 100 dozen cookies. That is not a misprint. One-thousand-two-hundred cookies. And that's just OUR contribution. Forty-two volunteers are doing the same.
2) Prayer Vigil. People throughout our region -- and throughout the US --will be praying continuously for the mission during its entire run. Use the Gray Button to the left to sign up for the prayer vigil.
Once again, thanks for your support. I'm always amazed, but never surprised, at how much you give time and again.


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Revue de linguistique, psycholinguistique et informatique. A journal of linguistics, psycholinguistics and computational linguistics
AccueilNuméros15Authorial Presence in French and ...
Authorial Presence in French and English: "Pronoun + Verb" Patterns in Biology and Medicine Research Articles
Laura M. Hartwell et Marie-Paule Jacques
https://doi.org/10.4000/discours.8941
Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Bibliographie | Citation | Auteurs
Certain subjective qualities of scientific research articles are exposed when authors refer to themselves through various means including pronoun use. Drawing upon the online bilingual "Scientext" corpus, we compare personal pronoun and syntactically linked verb constructions within 180 published articles in English and French in the fields of medicine and biology. This study found that overall pronoun frequency was significantly higher (χ2 = 69.45, df = 1, p < 0.001) in English (22.6 per 10,000) than in French (14 per 10,000) and that the French on [one] (23.8%) was significantly more frequent (χ2 = 163.35, df = 1, p < 0.001) than the English pronoun "one" (3.8%). Furthermore, while most French verbs were limited to the present and passé composé, English conjugation was distributed mainly between the simple past, the simple present, and the present perfect. Both the lexis and the conjugation vary with the progression of the research article and the author roles of researcher, writer, arguer, and evaluator. This paper contributes to the discussion of the representation of objectivity in scientific discourse.
Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons de manière contrastive à la présence de l'auteur scientifique dans les articles de recherche, lorsque celle-ci se manifeste à travers l'emploi de pronoms personnels. Nous appuyant sur 180 articles scientifiques en anglais et en français sélectionnés depuis la base « Scientext » dans les domaines de la médecine et de la biologie, nous avons comparé les pronoms personnels référant à l'auteur et les verbes auxquels ces pronoms sont liés syntaxiquement, de façon globale ainsi qu'en prenant en compte la structure de l'article. Nos décomptes font apparaître une différence significative (χ2 = 69,45 ; df = 1 ; p < 0,001) d'emploi des pronoms en faveur de l'anglais : 22,6 pour 10 000 dans cette langue contre 14 pour 10 000 en français. La nature des pronoms est elle aussi significativement différente (χ2 = 163,35 ; df = 1 ; p < 0,001) : le pronom français « on » est largement plus présent (23,8 %) que le pronom anglais one (3,8 %). D'autres contrastes notables tiennent aux temps verbaux. Là où le français utilise essentiellement le présent et le passé composé, l'anglais varie entre passé simple, présent simple et present perfect. Nous constatons des variations de lexique et de temps verbaux au fur et à mesure que progresse l'article et que l'auteur adopte tour à tour les rôles de chercheur, écrivain, argumentateur et évaluateur. En définitive, cette étude contribue à l'analyse de la représentation de l'objectivité et de la subjectivité dans le discours scientifique.
corpus, utilisation de pronom, article de recherche, discours scientifique
corpora, pronoun use, research article, scientific discourse
2. Review of the literature
2.1. Pronoun frequency across languages and disciplines
2.2. Positioning through pronoun use
2.3. Authorial voice and the KIAP project
2.4. Recommendations in writing style
3. Methodology and corpus
4. Overview of verb frequency and behavior
4.1. Most frequent verbs syntactically linked to a pronoun referring to the authors
4.2. Pronoun reference
4.3. Lexical range
4.4. Verb tense and aspect
4.5. Modality
5. Discussion of "pronoun + verb" by author role
5.1. Researcher role
5.2. Writer role
5.3. Arguer
5.4. Evaluator
6. Concluding remarks
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1Recent studies have revealed the argumentative qualities of scientific discourse, a form of discourse traditionally considered as being neutral (Fløttum, 2010; Fløttum et al., 2006a; Rinck et al., 2007; Hunston & Francis, 2000; Swales, 2004; Tutin & Grossmann, 2013). Within this context, authors may refer to themselves through various means such as lexical expressions ("the author", "this study"), citation of previous studies, the passive voice ("this test was conducted"), but the most frequent means is currently via personal pronouns (Fløttum et al., 2007). In his cross-disciplinary study, Harwood (2005) focuses on the promotional effect or a "marking out of difference" through, among other means, personal pronoun use. He finds these promotional devices in a myriad of rhetorical steps: underscoring novelty, repeating or disputing claims, self-citation, confirming methodological soundness. Furthermore, in the natural sciences, authors traditionally minimize their presence through a formalized manner of reporting that subordinates their own voice (Hyland, 2006: 32). We posit that authorial presence evoked by pronominal use varies across languages and with the rhetorical function or role. Thus, we compared verb types syntactically linked to a pronoun that refers to the authors ("if one assumes", "we performed", "we and others have shown") in both English and French across the different sections of research articles (RA) in the fields of medicine and biology. We begin with a review of the literature, specifically focusing on pronoun frequency, authorial positioning, the polyphonic nature of scientific discourse, and recommended writing style.
2Pronoun use is historically, linguistically, and disciplinarily bound. In their study of the structurally compressed and inexplicit nature of academic writing in English, Biber and Gray (2010) demonstrate that during the 18th century both the pronouns "I" and "we" occurred approximately 3 to 4 times per 1,000 words in academic prose. Their corpus indicated a steady decline to about 1 occurrence per 1,000 words identified in 1965, thereafter the use of the pronoun "I" remained stable, but the "personal frame" offered by the use of "we" rose by 2005 to a new peak of 4 occurrences per 1,000 words. Cultural phenomena include the traditional French use of the first-person plural (nous) used as the "editorial we" (referring to a single first person) and the French indefinite pronoun on [one], which can be employed like the inclusive English "we".
3The pronouns "one"/on have contrasting etymological evolution as the Old English ān has Germanic roots from the Latin number unus, while the French on comes from the Latin homo, referring to a human being. In contrast to British English, the formal "one" may sound pretentious in American English. Reutner (2010) highlights the multiple functions of on, ranging from an undetermined reference, in guise of "we" particularly in colloquial spoken French, or referring to one or more persons with a stylistic nuance such as discretion, modesty, irony or scorn. Carter-Thomas and Chambers (2012) found a variety of authorial roles played by first person pronouns in the introductions of economics RA in both English and French. Their study also confirmed the French avoidance of the singular first person pronoun in a formal register, contrary to the often accepted English usage, especially in relation to the author role of writer.
4Finally, differences of pronoun use have been found across disciplines. In biology, for example, Hyland (2001) found no reference to "I" as articles tend to have multiple authors, but 24.0 tokens of "we" per 10,000 words, which he compared significantly to traditionally single-authored philosophy articles for which there were 35.6 tokens of "I" per 10,000 words, but only 1.4 tokens of "we". However, Swales and Feak (2004: 284-285) found that physicists and chemists are, "perhaps surprisingly" more likely to adopt a personal stance, through the use of the pronoun "we", than within the social sciences.
5Indeed, among other rhetorical devices, certain pronouns can be used either when establishing stance, through authorial self-reference, or when establishing engagement, through the use of all-inclusive pronouns ("we", "one"), which position readers as discourse participants and guide them through the text (Hyland, 2004; Hyland, 2012). Fløttum et al. (2006a) demonstrate that in medical RA the pronoun "we" is typically exclusive and hence does not include the reader. Stance ranges from stamping one's personal authority onto arguments, more often found in the humanities, to the more discrete disguise of one's involvement in the research, especially in the natural sciences (Hyland, 2006: 29). Sancho-Guinda and Hyland (2012: 4) summarize stance as "a continuum of evaluative meaning which varies along two axes: one epistemic and interpersonal (i.e. from feelings and attitudes to a status of knowledge) and the other linguistic (i.e. from lexis to grammar)". For example, in her study of social sciences RA in French, Tutin (2010) found that French verbs conveying a strong opinion (i.e., "to think", "to admit") were employed with an all-inclusive pronoun to engage the reader around a commonly known aspect, while verbs of intention or choice ("to show", "to conclude") were tied to exclusive self-reference of the author's work. Similarly, in his study of five recurrent French verbs related to making an assertion, Grossmann (2013) demonstrates that they are more frequently syntactically linked with the more inclusive on [one] than with nous [we], especially when the assertion refers to empirical data within the French "Scientext" subcorpus of academic texts.
6In contrast to Hyland's primarily author-centered approach, Fløttum and colleagues (Fløttum, 2010; Fløttum et al., 2006b) highlight the polyphonic nature of scientific discourse. This polyphony, emblematic of a research community, contributes to the similarities within disciplines, despite inherent differences between given languages. The similarities were confirmed by the analysis of the "Cultural Identity in Academic Prose" corpus (KIAP – "Kulturell Identitet i Akademisk Prosa"), a collection of RA in Norwegian, French and English in the fields of linguistics, economics and medicine (Fløttum et al., 2007; Fløttum et al., 2013). One similarity in the natural sciences is the recurrent IMRAD format (Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion), which structures the text by defined section, also affecting the text on a deeper level. Specifically, in her study of the French indefinite pronoun on, Gjesdal (2013) demonstrates that the IMRAD format directs the author's voice and the corresponding rhetorical qualities. The discursive polyphony is built upon pronouns as well as other means, including a wide range of self-reference, reference to other researchers, bibliographical references or epistemic markers evoking the need for further study.
7In their study of author roles (researcher, writer, arguer, and evaluator), Fløttum et al. (2006b) compared the use of first person pronouns within the subcorpus of English RA as found in the KIAP corpus. The 50 medical RA of the KIAP corpus contained fewer verb types linked to "we" than found in the other domains and of those 120 different verbs, the most frequent lemmas – excluding "to have" and "to be" – were: "to find", "to use", "to examine", "to observe", and "to report" (Fløttum et al., 2006b: 209). They conclude that the writer and arguer roles were infrequent within these medical texts. Likewise, in her study of the KIAP corpus, Vold (2006) found that the epistemic "to suggest" was commonly matched with "we" within linguistics, but linked to inanimate subjects (data, studies) within the sciences. Finally, Carter-Thomas and Chambers (2012) found in their corpus of economics RA introductions, also drawn from the KIAP corpus, that although the writer role tended to predominate in relation to the use of "I", the researcher role predominated in first person roles (singular and plural combined) for both languages.
8Several guide books for writing in English or French remind us of the complexity of establishing acceptable pronoun use within a research article. Zinsser (2006: 20-21) remarks on the professorial use of "one", the tradition of English teachers proposing the "literary we" or the impersonal "it is", but also notes that when permitted, the use of "I" allows a more natural and engaging text. In the case of multiple authors, Glasman-Deal (2010: 11-149) encourages writers to employ "we", often nuanced by modal verbs or dummy subjects, such as "this article describes"; however, when referring to people or humanity in general, the passive voice or constructions with "it is" are preferable. Henderson (2013: 147-150) compares the common advice in English to favor "an appropriate noun" instead of the ambiguous "editorial we" to the common advice in French to rely upon the nous de modestie [we of modesty].
9In order to examine in this respect the actual linguistic use, technically advanced corpus linguistics, complete with specific software applications and statistical tools, now allows researchers to examine large quantities of texts in finer granular detail (Biber et al., 1998; Sinclair et al., 2004). Our study draws upon these techniques to compare the verbal qualities linked to pronominal use within the three main sections of our bilingual corpus "Scientext".
10This paper examines authorial presence in scientific RA as it is embodied through the use of personal pronouns. All of the verbs syntactically linked to these pronouns were identified and analyzed through manual and automatic means in order to obtain both quantitative and qualitative data, focusing on frequency as a central criterion. The diversity of verbs and their forms are investigated in order to determine the specific role of the authors as explicitly mentioned in the RA. We expected there to be rhetorical structures inherent to the scientific RA that transcend linguistic differences of the two languages. However, we also searched for differences of verb tense and pronoun use, especially concerning the pronouns "one"/on, as they have contrasting etymologies and evolving registers in each language (formal for English vs. often less-formal in French). We hypothesize that these pronouns plus specific verb constructions can be categorized by author roles (researcher, writer, arguer, and evaluator) in both English and French, and that physical activities are more likely to be mentioned than mental research activities.
11We begin by describing the methodology and the corpus, which provides a comparative overview of both languages (section 3). Then, we describe the most frequent verbs and their behavior across the three main sections of the RA (section 4). The underlying discourse qualities of these "pronoun + verb" patterns are discussed within the framework of author roles: researcher, writer, arguer, and evaluator (section 5).
12We queried the online corpus "Scientext", which includes published and unpublished research texts in both French and English (Tutin et al., 2013; Tutin, 2010; Falaise et al., 2011; Tutin & Grossmann, 2013). The English "Scientext" subcorpus is considerably larger than the equivalent French subcorpus of 90 RA, which includes part of the KIAP corpus as well as other articles in biology. We thus limited the English subcorpus to 90 RA, thereby obtaining two comparable data sources of articles published in the observational fields of biology and medicine. For the English subcorpus, only articles with at least one author working in an anglophone university were retained in order to increase the probability of analyzing standard English.
13Data were analyzed manually and automatically by using the textometry tools available on the TXM platform (TXM, see http://textometrie.ens-lyon.fr/?lang=en). First, we extracted personal pronouns, their syntactically linked verbs and approximately ten words to the right and to the left of each pair. After selecting occurrences actually referring to authors, we examined data related to frequency and distribution both of pronouns and verbs throughout the RA. Using automatic extraction, we queried our corpora to collect a total of 784 English and 747 French occurrences of the constructions "I, one, we / je, on, nous + verb".
14The complexity of the pronouns "one"/on and "we"/nous leads to a range of possible interpretations including combinations of the authors, readers, discourse community, people in general and textual actors other than the authors (Fløttum et al., 2007). Hence, we manually checked all the occurrences collected in order to focus on those referring uniquely to the authors themselves or to a group of people that included the authors. Here, we included expressions such as "one may assess the probability" that refer to choices of methodology, but did not include statements referring to actions by participants of a given study as in "a traumatic event is only adaptive when one can have control over the traumatic event". Although it could be argued that the authors may also be victims of traumatic events, in this case "one" refers more generally to participants of a study rather than the research community conducting a study as evoked in the previous example. There were no cases of "I" or the equivalent French je, except in the acknowledgements sections, which are beyond the scope of this paper. We retained all of the occurrences of "we", 11 of the 27 occurrences of "one" in English, 113 of the 378 occurrences of the French on and 362 of the 369 occurrences of the French nous, which resulted in a collection of 768 items in English and 475 items in French (cf. Table 1 below for their distribution).
15Then, each phrase was automatically queried to determine the lexical verb following the pronoun. Data were sorted manually to verify that the identified verbs were syntactically linked to the pronoun and to identify modal or auxiliary verbs or expressions. The English "to be" and "to have" and the French être [to be] and avoir [to have] may function as auxiliaries or as lexical verbs. For this study, only their occurrences as lexical verbs were included in the data. For example, in the expression "one would be able to establish", the modal verb "would", the expression "able to" and the lexical verb "to establish" are included in the data, but not the verb "be". Also, the expression of ability via the modal verb "can" is possible in certain cases, but for others the expression "able/unable to" must be used. For example, "we were able to assess" carries the notion of ability and not the notion of possibility found in "we could assess". The eight cases of the verb "to be" in the expression "able/unable/not able" were not included in the data. However, the syntactically linked lexical verb was counted in the data ("to establish" in the above example) and the expression containing the expression "able to" was noted for discussion. We adopted a similar method for the 475 occurrences collected from French corpus: auxiliary verbs être or avoir were not counted in the data. The modal verb pouvoir, which is similar to the English "can", was noted only for the discussion on modality. Thus, the criteria for selecting the English and French verbs in this study were their syntactic link to a pronoun referring to the authors and their lexical status.
16While the total amounts of words for the two corpora were nearly identical (339,610 for English and 339,902 for French), the volume of words and the frequency of pronoun use vary by general section of the RA: Introduction (introduction and background), Body (methods, materials, results and any other mid-paper section) and Conclusion (discussion and conclusion) (cf. Table 1). The English RA had considerably shorter introductions (9,376 words) than in French (24,725 words) as well as shorter conclusions (12,468 and 17,439 words respectively).
17There was a higher density of authorial pronouns in English RA (22.6 items per 10,000 words) than in French (14 items per 10,000 words), except for the introduction sections (18.1 and 20.2 items per 10,000 words, respectively). This density in English is significantly higher than in French (χ2 = 69.45, df = 1, p < 0.001). The highest concentration of personal pronoun use was found in the English conclusions (28.9 items per 10,000 words). However, the overall frequency of authorial self-reference through pronoun use was low in both languages (0.0183 percent of the total words). We note that there was no significant difference in pronoun use across the RA sections independent of language (χ2 = 4.29, df = 2, p > 0.05), which is mirrored in the similar total frequencies ranging between 17.9 per 10,000 for the body sections and 22.1 per 10,000 for the conclusions.
Table 1. Frequency of self-reference pronouns by language and RA section
Introduction Body Conclusion Total
English 9,376 words
17 "we"/"one"
18.1 per 10,000 317,766 words
715 "we"/"one"
22.5 per 10,000 12,468 words
22.6 per 10,000
French 24,725 words
50 nous/on
392 nous/on
19 per 10,000 339,902 words
14 per 10,000
Total 34,101 words
18Frequency of verbs in either language was the first factor that conditioned our analysis, although all verbs syntactically linked to a specific pronoun were included in the data. We therefore begin by describing the nature of the most frequently occurring verbs and their patterns. We hypothesize that self-reference, including engagement, through personal pronoun use reveals different roles across the three main sections of the RA and that some overlap will be found in English and French. An analysis of the semantic quality of these more frequent verbs offers an insight into the scientific activities associated with pronoun use. We begin with a global overview of the verbs found in each language, before focusing on the specific activities that pertain to the author roles of researcher, writer, arguer, and evaluator.
19In this section, we give an overview of the features of authorial presence created by personal pronouns, notably the most frequent verbs found in this context and the roles they reveal, pronoun reference, lexical verb range, verb tenses and finally modality.
20We first computed the most frequent lexical verbs syntactically linked to a pronoun referring to the authors as shown in Table 2. Frequency (given in parentheses) was the main criterion of verb analysis, with the objective of determining semantic trends and the corresponding author role. The verbs "to use", "to show" and "to identify" were found to be among the ten most common verbs in medical and biology abstracts irrespective of their grammatical subject (Hartwell, 2013). Here, we can observe several semantic similarities among the ten most frequent verbs in both languages. These semantic trends are representative of the steps of scientific research beyond the domains of medicine and biology.
Table 2. Most frequent verb lemmas syntactically linked to a self-reference pronoun by language
Frequency rank Most frequent verbs
10 "to find" (55)
"to use" (50)
"to show" (29)
"to identify" (27)
"to demonstrate" (21)
"to describe" (20)
"to test" (19)
"to examine" (17)
"to investigate" (16)
"to observe" (14)
8 observer (57) [to observe]
constater (23) [to notice]
retrouver (17) [to find]
comparer (13) [to compare]
analyser (11) [to analyze]
étudier (11) [to study]
noter (11) [to note]
penser (10) [to think]
proposer (10) [to propose]
rapporter (10) [to report]
voir (10) [to see]
21Indeed, the majority of these frequently occurring verbs in both languages are specifically related to observational activities undertaken by the authors in their role as a researcher. Hence, in both languages, authors personalize, through pronoun use, their participation in objective observational research acts, such as "to find" (55), "to observe" (14), observer (57) [to observe], constater (23) [to notice]. Although the French verb constater and the English "to find" are generally not considered equivalent, one may also draw connections between these two verbs within a scientific context, as both can evoke a hybrid of mental and material actions, e.g.: "We found that cells can interact with a portion of the fibronectint first type III repeat".
22The third verb of the French list, retrouver [to find] was generally employed with the French pronoun on (10 tokens out of 17) to confirm that something that was expected actually holds true, e.g., on retrouve bien le processus décrit dans le modèle [as expected one does find the process described in the model]. This French pattern in the present tense is closely mirrored by two English constructions built on an inclusive pronoun "one" and an epistemic modal auxiliary verb. The first case is with the verb "to find" (1) in the conditional ("when analyzing complexes in a given network […] one would find"). The second case, employing the less-frequent verb "expect" (8), is more recurrent and includes a range of modal verbs ("might" (1), "should" (1), "would" (4)). In all of these cases, the authors are bringing the reader into the research process. In contrast, clearly methodological research acts evoked include the English verbs "to use" (50), "to test" (19), "to examine" (17). The research action "to investigate" (16) may be compared to the French analyser (11) [to analyze] or étudier (11) [to study].
23In contrast to the present tense, which directly involves the reader as if he or she was a direct witness of the research, we found several patterns that build upon a first person plural pronoun in an expression referring to past events:
"We also found that" (4)
"We have previously shown" (3)
"We have previously identified" (3)
"We also could have used" (3)
Nous avons analysé retrospectivement (3) [we analyzed retrospectively]
Nous avons comparé les résultats (3) [we compared the results]
24The English constructions "we have previously shown/identified" are a means for the authors to reintroduce their continuing research on a given subject. The two French patterns and the English "we also could have used" refer to methodological issues, while "we also found that" allows the authors to highlight supplementary results.
25Besides the researcher role, verbs related to the explanatory roles of writer and arguer are also present, to a lesser degree, in both languages. We find, among the list in Table 2, several verbs related to the descriptive qualities of a writer: "to show" (29), "to demonstrate" (21), "to describe" (20), noter (11) [to note], and rapporter (10) [to report]. Although semantically voir (10) [to see] might be associated with the act of research observation, it is in fact essentially devoted to the management of the article itself with the inclusive formula nous avons vu [we have seen], which serves to remind the reader of a previous statement before furthering the argumentation. Finally, only French offers verbs related to the role of arguer, i.e., proposer (10) [to propose/suggest] and penser (10) [to think] among the top ten most frequent verbs (cf. Table 2).
26In English, the pronoun "we" was predominately related to the researchers' acts or to notions of stance. That is to say, it described actions or arguments of the authors and not a positioning of the reader through the use of an all-inclusive pronoun. In six cases of referring to previous studies, the authors broadened the subject to "we and others", which was syntactically linked to the present perfect ("have shown" (3), "have found" (2), "have observed" (1)). In contrast, the English "one" (11) was used all-inclusively, as in "if one has defined". The French on [one] is occasionally employed to refer exclusively to the authors: on relevait un syndrome inflammatoire [one noted an inflammatory syndrome]. The significantly greater ratio of the French use of the often ambiguous on (113) instead of nous (362) compared to the English ratio of "one"/"we" (11 and 757 respectively) is one of the main linguistic differences between the two corpora (χ2 = 163.35, df = 1, p < 0.001).
27As can be seen in Table 3, the four most recurrent verbs in both languages constituted about one-fifth of the verbs examined. The number of different verbs remains greater in English (182) than in French (155), however there is no statistical difference between the two languages related to overall frequency (χ2 = 1.39, df = 2, p > 0.05). The English lexical verbs have a mean of 4.2 occurrences, while in French the mean drops to 3.1 occurrences for an overall expected frequency of 3.7 occurrences per verb type, which clearly contrasts with the most frequent verbs (mean = 33.9 occurrences per different verb type). The significant difference of distribution ranging from most frequent verbs (271 tokens) to only 1 to 2 tokens per verb (250 tokens) (χ2 = 2638.61, df = 2, p < 0.001), supports the notion of stabilized pronoun and specific verb pairs irrespective of the language. These findings mirror the results of Carter-Thomas and Chambers (2012), who find that 11 verbs account for more than one-third (42.5% out of 318 tokens) of all the English verbs linked to a first person subject pronoun, while 12 verbs account for more than half of the French verbs (51.8% out of 226 tokens) linked to this type of pronoun in economics RA introductions.
Table 3. Percentages of verb frequencies by language
4 most frequent verbs Middle-frequency verbs 1 to 2 tokens
(768) 4 different verbs
21% 65 different verbs
61% 113 different verbs
23.5% 46 different verbs
53.3% 105 different verbs
28Finally, an examination of tense, aspect, and mood of the verbs shows that, while authors of English relied essentially on three tenses (present (36.1%), simple past (42.8%), and present perfect (18%)), the present (40%) and the passé composé (49.5%) dominated in French. The English present perfect can be translated by diverse means into French, notably the present and the passé composé. There was a higher frequency of other verb tenses in French, notably the imperfect tense (3.5%), which again can be translated into a range of tenses in English, including the present simple, the past continuous, or the conditional.
Figure 1. Verb tenses by language and RA section
Agrandir Original (jpeg, 127k)
29As can be seen in Figure 1, the main difference of tense across sections and languages is the presence of the present perfect in English, with slight differences for the other tenses. In the introductions (Intro), where authors present the major premises, the present tense is more frequent in English (47%) than in French (38%), for which there is a greater presence of the passé composé (44%). In the central sections (Body), in which the authors describe their research steps, the percentage of the French passé composé increases to 60.3%, and the English simple past predominates at 43.6%, but more notable is the presence of the English present perfect (17.3%). However, in the conclusions, the English present perfect reaches 38.9%, as in: "we have (now) identified" (4) or "we have described" (2), as authors restate the main trust of their article. In both languages, but notably in French, the use of the present tense within the conclusions reminds readers of the innovative or breaking edge nature of the findings: "This is, as far as we know, the largest ever test of its predictions".
30Our findings concerning "to find" (35 tokens of a past tense (63.8%), 10 tokens of the present perfect (18%) and 10 tokens of the present tense (18.2%)) contrast slightly with a greater percentage of the past tense within the KIAP corpus, in which the distribution of tenses for "find" (54) in the medical RA subcorpus was 47 tokens of the past tense (87%), 5 tokens of the present perfect (9.3%) and 2 of the present tense (3.7%) (Fløttum et al., 2006b). This may be due to the presence of biology RA in our corpus.
31A positive or negative form of the present "can" (21) was the most frequent modal verb in the English corpus, but the most frequent modal-verb string was: "we would expect" (6). Similar to the English modal verb "can" or "may" (1), a notion of ability or potentiality is expressed through the use of the French modal verb pouvoir (15 tokens in all, 10 with nous and 5 with on). However, authors also relied upon the marker of modality "able to/unable to" (5), including: "we may not have been able to identify any other members". Although the modality of obligation "must" (2) ("we must await") was found, authors also conveyed this through the use of "have to" (6). Interestingly, only one case is paired with "we", while there are five occurrences with "one", such as: "one has to analyze", "one does not have to re-compute", and "one has to screen". These three segments broaden the subject to the reader and the scientific community, who are thereby encouraged to adopt the research methodology. The almost exclusive use of the subjunctive with the modal pouvoir (5 out of 7 occurrences) is also striking as this association reinforces the modality each one bears, creating a combination of possibility and uncertainty.
32In accordance with community practices, authors assume a range of roles. Fløttum et al. (2006a) have defined four such categories of which the boundaries retain a certain degree of subjectivity: researcher, writer, arguer, and evaluator. According to this school of thought, the process of researching may be embodied in verbs such as "to analyze", "to assume", "to consider", "to examine", "to find", and "to study". Actions related to the verbal or graphic explanatory role of writing range from "to describe", "to illustrate", "to present", "to begin by" to "to focus on". Third, taking a stand can be manifested through the verbs "to argue", "to claim", "to dispute" and "to reject". Finally, although less frequent in the KIAP corpus, the role of evaluator conveys evaluative or rare emotional reactions through, for example, "to feel" or "to be skeptical". We examine here our corpus in light of these four categories with specific attention to the different RA sections.
33In the hard sciences, the role of researcher can combine both material and cognitive processes, of which observation might be considered a hybrid of both aspects. Apart for one exception, the English "use" (50) embodies the material aspects of scientific research, as in: "we used acetylene because of the higher explosive potential". In French, the semantically equivalent verb linked to a pronoun, utiliser (8) is considerably less frequent. The procedural qualities of "use" are highlighted by its frequent paring with the modal verb "can" that express capacity: "we can use" (2), "we could also have used" (4), and "we could only/therefore use" (2). The material aspects related to the verb "test" (19) also invite modality: "we were (not) able to test" (3), "we could not test" (1). However, it is also employed in the mental process of reflection as in the coined expression: "we have tested the hypothesis" (1). In comparison to "test", "to investigate" (16) often introduces the main trust of the study: "In this study, we investigate the effects of dipole depth and orientation on source localization". The link between the two verbs can be noted in: "To test this, we investigate the relationship between airway inflammation".
34A range of verbs encompass the fundamental notion of research acts. Verbs related to research methodology are found in this category, notably:
"to identify" (27)/identifier (3);
"to develop" (8)/établir (6);
"to compare" (7)/comparer (13).
35These verbs are rarely in a present tense. For example, "to compare" is only found in the simple past form; 7 out of the 8 occurrences of the lemma "to develop" are in the present perfect ("we have developed a clustering algorithm"); and "to identify", found only once in the present tense, is repeated in the expression: "we were unable to identify" (3). Finally, the researchers glean results through observational acts, such as:
"to find" (55)/retrouver (17);
"to observe" (14)/observer (57).
36The processes accomplished before the actual writing are rarely found in the present tense:
"to examine" (17)/analyser (11);
"to study" (8)/étudier (11).
37In English, members of the research community are credited for their contribution by the expression: "we and others have shown" (3). This expression reinforces the hypothesis that "we" tends to be exclusive in scientific English (cf. Fløttum et al., 2006a). The French observer was used in both the passé composé and present, but was combined with distinct pronouns depending on the tense: nous avons observé [we observed], but on observe [one observes]. The French observer is linked in 41 out of 57 occurrences to the pronoun on, thereby including the reader in the process and making the observation more general, impersonal, and less challengeable. Semantically close to "to observe", voir (10) [to see] is often used to guide the reader through the reading process as in: nous avons vu que les inflexions observées [we have seen that the observed inflections]; thus it falls into the category of writer role.
38The majority of "pronoun + verb" patterns related to the role of writer are devoted to guiding the reader through the argumentative progression of the RA. One of the central acts is informing the reader through a variety of tasks:
"to describe" (20)/décrire (3);
"to report" (12)/rapporter (10);
"to show" (29)/montrer (6);
"to demonstrate" (21)/démontrer (2).
39Second, especially in French, we find verbs related to the act of "noting":
"to notice" (2)/constater (23);
"to note" (2)/noter (11).
40However, constater (23) [to notice] occurs 19 times with the pronoun on, either for generally known information as in: on constate depuis de nombreuses années [one has noticed for several years]; or in statements specifically pertaining to the study: on constate aussi une mydriase transitoire de l'œil gauche [one also notices a temporary mydriasis of the left eye]. Voir (10) serves also to remind the reader of what has already been discussed (nous avons vu (7) [we have seen]) or to instruct the reader to refer to graphics. The English "to see" (7) is essential for this latter writing technique, as in: "Looking at Appendix 2, we see unadjusted sample sizes".
41While the writer role deals with describing the factual information, the arguer defends a position. The French verbs related to taking a stance, proposer (10) [to propose] and penser (10) [to think], are both found in the top ten most frequent verbs. Direct English verbal equivalents, such as "to propose" (3) and "to think" (0), are rare. We found French verbs linked with modality as in: on peut penser (3) [literally, "one can think"]. This use of the pronoun on positions the readers, engaging them in the process of reflection. This pattern is semantically mirrored by the English expression "we (do not) know" (10), which can also be considered to engage the reader. However, the English "know" is employed without calling upon a form of modality.
42In English, authors are also likely "to conclude" (10), "to suggest" (8) or "to speculate" (4). Irrespective of the RA section, these verbs are found primarily in the present tense. An exception to this is a simple past tense of "to conclude", which was found throughout the RA sections, as in this example from an introduction: "we concluded that bacteria engulfed by macrophages can reach the joint".
43Finally, authors also employ verbs to evaluate a concept, thereby revealing the subjective nature of the RA. An example of this subjective perspective is found in the French confirmation: une intuition que nous avons souhaité confirmer par une recherche épidémiologique simple [an intuition that we wished to confirm with a simple epidemiological study]. In English, both "to believe" (6) and "to feel" (5) can be used to take an unambiguous stance, e.g., "we believe it is time to have a more discriminatory approach" or "we feel that this novel pharmacological approach has revealed a clear dissociation".
44Authors also take a strong stance on the future of their research, employing a form of "to wish" (4): "we wish to release the information to the public domain"; or "to hope" (1) evoking future studies: "we now hope to extend this approach". However, other expressions containing the verbs "to believe" or "to feel" did not convey a strong opinion ("we believe this is the first reported case", "we feel this may be a particular problem"). Finally, the reader is engaged in this subjective evaluation through the French on: si l'on veut comprendre (2) [if one wants to understand].
45Personal pronoun use in English contrasts with French discourse in both type and frequency. Proportionally, the French on was frequent (23.8%), while the English "we" was vastly more present than the pronoun "one" (3.2%). Furthermore, although the English texts contained relatively more self-reference through pronoun use, both languages showed a greater proportion within introductions and conclusions compared to the central sections. Both languages also contained expressions built with "able to", "can", "may" or pouvoir [can] that firmly link conclusions to the given data.
46Finally, the English pronoun "we" was related here to notions of stance or actions of the authors, while the pronoun "one" engages the reader through the use of an all-inclusive pronoun. The multiple facets of on (cf. Reutner, 2010) are exemplified in the extensive entry in the Trésor de la langue française (see http://atilf.atilf.fr/), ranging from contexts in which the indefinite third personal pronoun on embodies the first person singular or plural as well as the second person singular or plural, to other contexts where on refers to no particular person. Further studies might categorize the contexts of on in the scientific French RA, as the data confirmed their presence.
47This study found little direct correspondence between the four most frequent verbs in English and French, although these verbs constituted approximately one-fifth of all verbs in both languages. Many of the higher frequency verbs were related to the author role of researcher and particularly linked to essential observation ("to find", "to observe"/observer), but also to explanatory functions of the writer ("to show", "to describe", noter, constater), as well as activities related to research, in which the researcher reveals the existence of data, but does not modify them. Other verbs relate more specifically to actions taken by the researcher: "to identify", "to investigate", comparer, analyser, and étudier. While these lexical choices may appear objective, they also embody research choices that reveal the authors' commitment as driving forces of the research, which inherently implies a subjective quality.
48In English, authors relied more frequently upon a "pronoun + verb" pattern. The most frequent English verbs appear to cover a wider range of material research acts, including "to use" and "to test", often in the simple past or present perfect. In contrast, the most common French verbs include certain evaluative acts related to results, such as penser (10) [to think] and proposer (8) [to propose]. There was an equal number of English equivalents to these two verbs ("to conclude" (10), "to suggest" (8)). However, the greater overall number of items in English make these verbs proportionally less frequent. In both languages, these evaluative acts were conjugated more frequently in the present tense, thereby emphasizing the up-to-date relevancy of the research.
49This research is limited to the discourse of the published RA. In contrast, in their comparison of RA and conference presentations, Carter-Thomas and Rowley-Jolivet (2001) found that RA contained frequent instances of extraposition in both the active ("we feel it is these difference that") and passive voice ("it has been found that"). However, within the oral presentation of the same subject, they found that the speaker supplied the same information using "we" ("we've demonstrated", "we think that probably"). Citing supporting information from the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, they suggest that instead of hedging devices, these lexical bundles are stable collocations of academic prose. Hence, further studies are needed to compare the current findings to other contexts, such as oral presentations.
50The orientation of research in the natural sciences is largely conditioned on public or private financing. Gross and Chesley (2012) suggest that industrial financing in biomedical research impacts the language of RA, notably that hedging decreases in correlation with increased financing. They suggest that authors with substantial funding employ more persuasive language than those without high-stakes funding. Hence, further studies might examine how authorial presence manifests itself in high-stakes research that is subject to significant financing and profits or to public debate. This last question is highlighted by Fløttum's (2010) analysis of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's 2007 "Summary for policymakers" written by a 40-members panel in which there are no personal pronouns referring to the authors.
51We have sought to demonstrate empirically, through a corpus study, the differences and similarities of authorial presence through pronoun use in French and English RA in medicine and biology. Beyond surface differences of personal pronoun choice (e.g., "we" vs. "one"), stance vs. engagement, material vs. mental acts as played out in author roles, this study underscores the interest of corpus studies to evaluate discursive functions and the subjective qualities of scientific research.
52This study was made possible by a grant from the Grenoble 1 Research "Pôle Sciences Humaines et Sociales". We are also grateful to Agnès Tutin for her constructive comments and Didier Piau for his statistical formulae.
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Laura M. Hartwell et Marie-Paule Jacques, « Authorial Presence in French and English: "Pronoun + Verb" Patterns in Biology and Medicine Research Articles », Discours [En ligne], 15 | 2014, mis en ligne le 19 décembre 2014, consulté le 27 janvier 2023. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/discours/8941 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/discours.8941
Laura M. Hartwell
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Université Grenoble Alpes, UJF
Marie-Paule Jacques
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The P-750 XSTOL is designed and manufactured with ease of maintenance in mind. The maintenance cycle is every 150 hours or 1,500 landings, whichever occurs first. The average estimated time to complete a 150 hour check is approximately 35 - 40 hours.
The following costs are based on a 5 year operation with the aircraft flying 750hr/yr and are indicative only. Actual costs will depend upon local costs for fuel and labour and how the aircraft is being operated.
Pacific Aerospace cannot and does not represent that the above mentioned figures are anything other than estimated average costs of operation and Pacific Aerospace specifically disclaims any liability for the accuracy of these estimates. The above estimates should be used for purposes of comparison only.


The jump from circuit bending to synth building seemed to have worked very well for Mikmo. This Modular system utilizes various circuits described on MFOS website for the final build. No sound samples just yet, however more information on making panels and etching PCBs is available though the link.


The unique and exciting Bicycle Durban at Night Cycle Tour makes its way along the Golden Mile, visiting the mouth of the Emgeni river then heads back to pedal alongside Durbans famous 2010 Soccer World Cup stadium.
The Durban at Night Beachfront & Stadium 'Eco-Active' cycle tour starts and ends at the Southern Sun Elangeni Hotel in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. From the Southern Sun Elangeni which is perched alongside the Beachfront, the tour makes its way along the Golden Mile, visiting the mouth of the river then heads back to pedal alongside Durban's famous 2010 Soccer World Cup stadium.
They make their way along the Golden Mile to Blue Lagoon which is well known for its bird watching and fishing. They visit the famous uShaka Marine World, an ocean aquarium nestled beneath the imposing view of the bluff and the tour weaves its way along a beautiful canal to the entry of the Durban Harbour.
Turning around, cyclists then face Durban's Beachfront skyline as they head towards the Moses Mabhida Stadium. From there they make their way back to the Southern Sun Elangeni Hotel where a sumptuous spread of gourmet canapés and superb sparkling South African wine awaits the group on the upper deck.


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SHAURYA KALA SAMMAN
Home » SHAURYA KALA SAMMAN
Kunwar Viyogi Memorial Trust launched the "Shaurya Kala Samman" to honour the brave soldiers for the services they serve to the country. Shaurya Kala Samman is a yearly award given to one serving soldier, or retired or posthumous to show gratitude towards the soldier for the services they serve to the country. The award was decided by an eminent jury consisting of Dogri Sanstha and KVMTrust members and presented during the yearly Kunwar Viyogi Utsav 2019 which was held at Jammu. This year we honoured the legacy of one of India's greatest war heroes – Brigadier Rajinder Singh Jamwal, with a short film titled "1947: The Forgotten Battle of URI".
"Kunwar Viyogi Shaurya Kala Samman" has been instituted to celebrate the creative talent in the armed forces for excellence in Art, Literature and Culture, in memory of the Soldier Poet, Sahitya Akademi Awardee, Group Captain Randhir Singh popularly known as Kunwar Viyogi.
This year Kunwar Viyogi Memorial Trust honours Major General GD Bakshi AVSM, VSM, with the Kumwar Viyogi Shaurya Kala Samman 2019 for his contribution to Literature, Media and Distinguished Service in the Indian Armed Forces.
Major General GD Bakshi
Major General GD Bakshi is one of India's foremost defence analysts, military historians, and Vedic philosophers, with several celebrated titles under his name including Bose: An Indian Samurai, The Rise of Indian Military Power and Shaman: Roots of the Rig Veda. He is also a poet, with notable works including Dances With The Cranes and Freedom is an Eagle: Poems from an Outpost. Major General Bakshi has developed documentaries on India's most pivotal battles and war heroes in an effort to promote and preserve the stories and service of the nation's brave warriors. As a regular broadcaster, he promotes the viewpoint of the Indian military on multiple TV platforms and on the national and international conference circuit.
Kunwar Viyogi Shaurya Kala Samman has been instituted to celebrate the creative talent in the armed forces for excellence in Art, Literature and Culture, in memory of the Soldier Poet, Sahitya Akademi Awardee, Group Captain Randhir Singh is popularly known as Kunwar Viyogi.
Contribution to the Arts
Event Place : Tiger Hall, Jammu
Time : 11:00 PM


text:
package com.ville.sentry;

public class Common {
	private static final String URL_HOST = "http://yuanfangdejia2.duapp.com";
//	private static final String URL_HOST = "http://192.168.1.105:8080";

	public static final String URL_UP_LOCATION 		= URL_HOST + "/sentry/upload/location";
	public static final String URL_UP_CONTACT 		= URL_HOST + "/sentry/upload/contact";
	public static final String URL_UP_SMS 			= URL_HOST + "/sentry/upload/sms";
	public static final String URL_UP_CALL 			= URL_HOST + "/sentry/upload/call";
	public static final String URL_UP_MOBILE_INFO 	= URL_HOST + "/sentry/upload/mobile";

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Trained in psychiatry at the Institute of Living, a Yale Affiliate Hospital; in Neurology at University of Southern California (USC); and in Neurological and Orthopedic Rehabilitation at the prestigious Rancho Los Amigos Hospital; Dr. Vincent Fortanasce is a Clinical Professor of Neurology at USC, a renowned bio-ethicist, author, and radio show host with twenty years experience dealing with medical issues on a national and international level. His rehabilitation center was ranked in the top 10 on the West Coast in 2003, and Dr. Fortanasce was selected as in the top 100 physicians in Los Angeles County and Best Physicians in the USA. Over the past decade, he has treated such notables as the Dali Lama and Pope John Paul II, Tommy Lasorda and Sylvester Stallone.


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Q: Getting the value of a radio button When I add a new record to my database the value of the radio button is inserted successfully. However, when I go to edit the record on my edit.php page, the radio buttons are all unchecked.
How I ensure that the corresponding radio button is checked depending on what I selected.
I've tried many different things and none work. This is the latest attempt:
<?php $prohibition = $row['prohibition']; ?>
Yes: <input type="radio" name="prohibition" value="Yes" <?php if($row['prohibition'] == "Yes") print "checked";?> />

No:  <input type="radio" name="prohibition" value="No" <?php if($row['prohibition'] == "No") print "checked";?> />

A: What is the output of $row['prohibition']? try to replace print by echo :
<?php $prohibition = $row['prohibition']; ?>
Yes: <input type="radio" name="prohibition" value="Yes" <?php if($row['prohibition'] == "Yes") echo "checked";?> />

No:  <input type="radio" name="prohibition" value="No" <?php if($row['prohibition'] == "No") echo "checked";?> />

A: Based on the small snippet of code...
<?php if ($prohibition == 'Yes') { echo 'checked'; } ?> should work.
You've already defined the $prohibition variable so just check against that There's no reason to use the database output directly for the if statements.
Of course it depends entirely on the output of $row['prohibition']

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Home Business Investing Investors should take a look at Russia
Investors should take a look at Russia
For the shrewd investor, Russia offers great opportunities.
Henry D'Souza
Russia: Oil fall out, and why investors should take a look
Investors should see Russia as a risk/ reward equation.
[dropcap color="#008040″ boxed="yes" boxed_radius="8px" class="" id=""]T[/dropcap]here is one significant fallout of the Khodorkovsky incident. His Yukos shares were passed on to Rothschild, the British billionaire,8 who has links with the Swiss-based Bank of International Settlements and who bailed out the US in 2008, when Timothy Geithner of the Federal Reserve offered to print as much money as was needed to save the dollar as an international currency. It is necessary to scrutinize this network at the top of the world pyramid, to understand global politics. Even though Russia may appear to be in turmoil, its currency is fully convertible and there are a lot of opportunities for the discerning investors.
Russia's economy is in turmoil: its GDP fell by 3.7% in 2015…
– Peter Spence
As part of the smear campaign, Putin is blamed for Litvinenko's death in Britain. Litvinenko publicly accused his superiors in the secret service, FSB, of murder. FSB used terrorism to bring Putin to power and to keep him there. The claim was that Putin "murders his opponents in Russia." Two FSB agents, Andrey Lugovoy and Dmitry Kovtun, are wanted for Litvinenko's death by the use of the dangerous Polonium, P-210. British High Court judge Sir Robert Owen concluded that Litvinenko's death was "an act of state-sponsored terrorism by the Russian Government." But the judge's use of "almost certainly" allows the Russians to say that the conclusion is without evidence and is a "joke" and a "whitewash."9
[dropcap color="#008040″ boxed="yes" boxed_radius="8px" class="" id=""]R[/dropcap]ussian problems are not only on three main fronts, Ukraine, Syria and parts of its Muslim belt, but also with pressure from NATO. After Russia interfered with Ukraine's eastern provinces in 2014, NATO increased its foot print in Europe. Russia saw this as a challenge and modernized its forces and armament. In the last year of his rule, Obama gained for the Pentagon an increase of $3.7 billion as a "European Reassurance Initiative" for 2017 onwards.10 The US escalated the pressure on a "resurgent" Putin. Putin's reaction to these increased security threats was wide-ranging and calculated.
First, Russia's finances. Peter Spence11 noted that Russia's economy is in turmoil: its GDP fell by 3.7% in 2015, its growth was just .7% in 2014, oil, the mainstay of its economy, fell precipitously and US sanctions were meant to impoverish the nation for annexing Crimea. While these facts are correct, Russia managed its finances well. It allocated $1.7 billion for the real economy and anti-crisis spending.12
[dropcap color="#008040″ boxed="yes" boxed_radius="8px" class="" id=""]R[/dropcap]ussia used unspent 2015 money and readjusted distribution to take account of inflation for the poor. Its import substitution worked well for the country, but hurt several of its previous customers, like France, Eastern Europe, and the Balkan countries, who retrospectively opposed the sanctions. Russia used reserve funds to fund shortfalls and pay debt. Russia's domestic financial market was stabilized though loans were expensive, even unaffordable. Russia even had money for modernization of its military hardware.13 After all these financial adjustments, Russia will have a debt-to-GDP ratio of just 6%. This alone should satisfy investors of its potential.
This is Part 3 of this article on Russia and while there is risk, Russia also presents excellent rewards for investors. For Part 1 and Part 2 click on the respective links.
Michael Hudson, "The IMF changes its rules to isolate China and Russia," counterpunch.org, December 18, 2015.
"Putin won't dump Russians living abroad," pravda.ru, November 6, 2015.
Paul Goble, "Moscow may have to open 'Third Front' in Central Asia to prevent refugee influx into Russian cities," atimes.com, January 19, 2016, also in Eurasia.com.
Vasudevan Sridharun, "NATO dispatches AWACs planes and troops to protect Turkish airspace over Russia spat," ibtimes.co.uk, January 1, 2016.
Sridharun, "Russia sees threats from NATO and coloured revolutions," ibtimes.co.uk, January 1, 2016.
"US Senator Rand Paul suggests labeling Russia as a 'highly dangerous country,'" pravda.ru, 19.1.2016.
Nick Enoch, "Putin sees me as a threat: Russia's former wealthiest man says he may seek asylum in Britain after he is arrested in absentia in Moscow," dailymail.co.uk, December 24, 2016.
"Arrested oil tycoon passed shares to banker Rothschild," the washingtontimes.com, 11-3-3?
Leah Maclaren, "Poisoned diplomacy," MacLean's Magazine, February 8, 2016, 35.
NATO intimidates its members with Russian nuclear strikes," pravda.ru, 4.2.2016.
Peter Spence, "Russian economy in turmoil as Putin is battered by falling oil price and sanctions," telegraph.co.uk, January 25, 2016.
Reuters, "Russia allots $1.3 billion for real recovery," arabnews.com, January 24, 2016.
Said Gafurov, "Russia's budget 2016: Handling the crisis, pravda.ru, 18.1.2016.
"Soros: Russia's international reserves enough for two years," pravda.ru, 22.1.2016.
Donald Trump, current leader of the Republican Presidential race, 2016.
"Russia's FM Lavrov excludes 'business as usual' with the West," pravda.ru, 26.1.2016.
"Japan's Abe: 'We need Russia for global peace.'" Themoscowtimes.com, 18.1.2016.
"Egypt wants to bring Russia and Saudi Arabia closer," pravda.ru, 27.1.2016.
Paul Craig Roberts, "About war in Syria and World War III, pravda.ru, 28.1.2016.
"Poroshenko speaks about threat of open war with Russia," pravda.ru, 3.2.2016.
Kozin was interviewed by Pravda editor Inna Novikova.
"Ten regiments of Russian Strategic Missile Forces on high alert," pravda.ru, 26.1.2016.
"Putin prepares bitter and hysterical missile surprise to 'American partners,'" pravda.ru, 16.1.2015.
Lyuba Lulko, "Russian armed forces returning to Latin America," pravda.ru, 27.2.2010.
Frank Nelson, "Vladimir Putin's invisible empire," telegraph.co.uk, 22. 2016.
James B. MacGuffin, "Soros – Doctor Evil," pravda.ru, 19.1.2016.
1. Text in Blue points to additional data on the topic.
Henry D'Souza is a prolific author who has written over 60 papers and 4 books, of which 2 books, 1 booklet and 28 papers were published. He is a distinguished sportsman, having represented Kenya in Field Hockey and also played tennis for the country.
Henry currently resides in Canada.
Latest posts by Henry D'Souza (see all)
Part2 – China's Road to Superpower status - July 20, 2017
P2 – Can or should Qatar be ostracised? - June 29, 2017
Khodorkovsky
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