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Training & Safety Online Learning Weather Wise Air Masses and Fronts
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SAFETY ADVISORWeather Wise Air Masses and Fronts
Weather Wise: Air Masses and Fronts
Are you planning a quick local flight or a weeklong cross-country adventure? Understanding the large-scale forces that create weather makes it easier to come to the right decisions about flying in weather. This safety advisor lifts the curtain on air masses, fronts, regional weather, and high- and low-pressure systems.
Fundamentally speaking, everything that happens in the atmosphere is a function of three basic factors: temperature, pressure, and moisture. This concept also applies to an air mass, which is a large body of air that generally has the same temperature and moisture characteristics throughout.
Together, these characteristics—warm or cold, dry or moist—determine the kind of weather the air mass will produce and govern its interactions with other air masses.
Geography's Influence
Hazardous to Your Health
The high moisture content of maritime air masses is a key ingredient in hazardous flying weather. Maritime polar air masses have a high potential for icing conditions, while maritime tropical air masses can set the stage for thunderstorm activity.
To help you anticipate weather conditions, keep in mind that the geographical origin of an air mass determines its basic temperature and moisture characteristics.
Continental Polar—Air masses that move south from Canada are usually very dry and cold.
Maritime Polar—Air masses that move south from the oceans bring moist, cold air.
Continental Tropical—Air masses that move north from Mexico are usually dry and hot.
Maritime Tropical—Air masses that move north from southern oceans bring moist, warm air.
Rule of Thumb Temperature Conversion
Most aviation weather products report temperature as Celsius instead of Fahrenheit. In a pinch, an easy to remember formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit is doubling the temperature and adding 30. For example, 20 degrees C is close to 70 degrees F (20 + 20 + 30 = 70). The most accurate formula requires a bit more thought: (Celsius x 9 \ 5) + 32 = Fahrenheit.
Mass in Motion
As they move, air masses take on the temperature and moisture characteristics of the surface beneath them. A dry air mass traveling over the Great Lakes can pick up enough moisture to produce large amounts of "lake effect" snow. Conversely, moist air off the Pacific Ocean tends to dry out as it passes over the inland deserts.
TIP: Get to know the specific areas you intend to visit. Talk to local pilots, most will gladly share their knowledge.
Three factors determine an air mass temperature:
Dewpoint
This is the temperature to which the air would have to be cooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor content to become completely saturated. So, pay attention if a METAR reports temperature and dewpoint within a few degrees of each other: instrument meteorological conditions like low ceilings and visibilities can thwart your flying plans.
Temperature and dewpoint determine an air mass's stability."
VFR into IMC: Temperature and Dewpoint
See what happens when temperature and dewpoint converge.
Into the Mist
Fog can form quickly after sundown or at sunrise when the temperature-dewpoint spread decreases as the temperature drops at night and very early in the morning. At night, fog obscures lights on the ground and gives them a hazy or fuzzy cast. Look down occasionally as you fly at night, since fuzzy lights are likely the first indication that fog is forming below you. Fog typically burns off in the morning when the rising sun heats the air. This pushes the air mass's temperature above its dewpoint, vaporizing the water. But if there is a higher overcast layer on a foggy morning, it can block the sun and inhibit the burn-off.
The amount of moisture in the air compared with the amount of moisture at the current temperature is reported as the relative humidity percentage. Higher relative humidity often means lower visibility and more cloud coverage.
Fog can form quickly after sundown or at sunrise when the temperature-dewpoint spread decreases as the temperature drops at night and very early in the morning.
Why It's Relative
The amount of moisture in the air changes with temperature: For example, if the relative humidity is 50 percent, the air mass contains half of the moisture at the current temperature. If the temperature increased, but the total amount of moisture in the air remained the same, the relative humidity would drop.
Temperature and dewpoint determine an air mass's stability. Stable air resists vertical motion and tends to bring benign (though not necessarily good) weather, while unstable air can bring turbulence and severe weather.
Stable Air vs Unstable Air
Stable Air
Unstable Air
Layered clouds or fog Puffy, with extensive vertical development
Small drops in fog and low-level clouds; large drops in thick, stratified clouds; widespread rain or snow Large drops in heavy rain showers; showers usually brief; hail possible
Rime, freezing rain, or clear ice Moderate to heavy clear ice
Restricted for long periods Good, outside areas of precipitation
Frost; dew; temperature inversions; little or no turbulence High and/or gusty winds; potential for turbulence; lightning
PRESSURE SYSTEMS
Moving Mass
On a grand scale, air masses are set in motion by uneven heating of the Earth's surface, which causes atmospheric circulation that creates variations in density and pressure.
For example, air near the equator receives more heat from the sun than air at the poles. In the Northern Hemisphere, as the air near the equator warms, its density decreases, and it begins to rise and flow away from the equator toward the north pole. This creates a low pressure area near the equator. Once the rising air cools, it becomes denser and begins to descend, eventually flowing back toward the low pressure area near the equator. The air warms again and the same convection pattern repeats.
The Earth's rotation causes Coriolis force, which affects the direction of wind flow and counteracts the tendency of air to flow directly from high to low pressure areas.
Isobars and Topography
Think about atmospheric pressure the same way you'd think about terrain to make it easier to understand terms often used in meteorology. For example, contour lines on a sectional chart connect the terrain's equal height and steepness areas. Similarly, isobars on a pressure map connect equal pressure areas. A steep pressure gradient (the pressure difference between a high and a low) is like a steep slope on a sectional chart or terrain map: The isobars, like the contour lines, are close together. Note, the pressure gradient horizontally is small compared to the change of pressure with height which is exponential.
Likewise, when forecasters talk about "troughs" and "ridges," they make an analogy to terrain features. A trough is an elongated low pressure area: If you used the isobars to create a 3D map of a trough, it would look like a long, hollowed-out area. Similarly, a ridge (an elongated high pressure area) would look just like a mountain ridge if mapped in 3D.
The spinning Earth influences atmospheric circulation as it creates three convective cells north (and three convective cells south) of the equator. In the northern hemisphere's northernmost cell, mid-latitude air rises and migrates north to the Arctic, where it becomes a cold, dense, high pressure air mass. This mass moves south, displacing other air masses (and growing warmer) along the way.
TIP: Air temperature, density, and pressure affect aircraft performance. Expect diminished takeoff and climb performance when operating in warm, less dense air and (to a lesser extent) in low pressure areas.
Air in Motion
At a given location, the actual speed and direction of the wind is determined by a combination of three things working together at the same time:
The strength of the local gradient between high and low pressure
Ground friction
Pressure Gradient
Following the path of least resistance, high pressure air flows toward areas of lower pressure. Dramatic pressure differences between two areas can signify stronger winds.
On weather maps, the letter "H" represents the center of a high pressure area, while an "L" shows the center of a low. Lines called isobars connect areas of equal pressure. Where isobars are close together, differences in pressure occur over shorter distances. Wind tends to be stronger in these areas.
TIP: When you hear words like high, low, warm, and cold, remember that they're being used in a relative sense. For example, a cold front in the summer typically brings air that's warmer than a warm front in the winter.
Pseudo Force
The concept of Coriolis force—sometimes referred to as an "apparent" or "pseudo" force—can be difficult to grasp. Here's a simple way to think about it.
Imagine you fired a rocket directly north from Dallas to Omaha. The rocket's path would seem perfectly straight from the perspective of someone flying alongside it. But from the perspective of someone standing on the ground, it's path would appear to curve and miss its target. But even though the rocket appears to be deflected off its original course, nothing has exerted a physical force upon it: The Earth has simply rotated beneath it while it was in flight.
The Earth's rotation causes Coriolis force, which affects the direction of wind flow and counteracts the tendency of air to flow directly from high to low pressure areas. In the northern hemisphere, the Coriolis effect deflects the wind to the right and causes air to flow clockwise around highs and counterclockwise around lows.
Counterclockwise Path—Imagine a high pressure area, sitting next to a strong low. Viewed from above, the strong pressure differential pulls the air to the left, toward the low, while Coriolis force tries to pull it to the right (but with less force). Thus, the air still moves toward the low, but not directly toward it. Deflected by Coriolis force, it follows a curved path—a counterclockwise spiral toward the center of the low.
Dramatic pressure differences between two areas can signify stronger winds.
Clockwise Path—Now imagine the same high pressure area sitting next to a weaker low. In this case, the pressure gradient is not very strong, and even though the air is still being pulled toward the low, the Coriolis force is sufficient to overcome it. So, what happens? Instead of being pulled left toward the low, the air is pulled to the right: It follows a curved, clockwise path around the high.
Dragging the Wind
Ground friction, which increases with proximity to the surface, tends to both slow down the air and counteract Coriolis force. Think of it this way: The air trying to move independently from the Earth causes Coriolis force, but the Earth dragging the air along with it causes friction. Increased friction reduces relative air-Earth motion and lessens Coriolis force.
TIP: Friction from terrain and other obstructions slows the wind near the surface and reduces Coriolis force. You'll notice that, as you climb to a higher altitude, the wind tends to shift a few degrees and increase in speed.
High pressure system—The air in a high pressure system descends and flows outward in a clockwise direction toward the surrounding, lower pressure air. As the air spreads away from the high, air from above descends to replace it. This generally results in light winds and clear skies as the descending air warms and moisture evaporates.nfr
Low pressure system—The air in a low pressure system converges inward and upward in a counter-clockwise direction from the surrounding, higher pressure air. As the air converges it is forced to rise. This generally brings stronger winds, cloudy skies, and precipitation as the rising air cools and the moisture in it condenses.
TIP: The closer you are to the center of a surface low pressure system, the stronger you can expect the wind and any associated weather to be.
In the Unites States we measure pressure in inches of mercury and millibars. At sea level, standard air pressure is 29.92 inches of mercury (Hg). The pressure change of 1,000 feet of altitude equals 1" Hg.
The scientific unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa). One pascal equals 0.01 millibar. Meteorologists introduced the hectopascal (hecto meaning 100) as the international unit for measuring atmospheric pressure. Most forecast and weather reports in the U.S. still use millibars, but many European countries use the term hectopascal (hPa).
So how does it measure up? 1 hPa equals 100 Pascals or 1 millibar.
Your Location Matters
Your location relative to high and low pressure systems can give you an idea of the kind of weather to expect.
West of a high, you can generally expect good flying weather and warmer temperatures.
East of a low, expect warmer temperatures and inclement weather.
When a high and a low are close together and the isobars are tightly packed, you can generally expect very high winds at altitude. For light aircraft, the weather may not be flyable for days.
Cold Front Demarcation—Blue line with triangles
Warm Front Demarcation—Red line with half-moons
Stationary Front Demarcation—Alternating red and blue line with a triangle on the blue portion and half-moon on the opposite red portion
Occluded Front Demarcation—Purple line with alternating triangles and half-moons
High To Low Look Out below!
Pressure difference ahead and behind a front can be significant. Monitor ATIS and ASOS/AWOS broadcasts and check onboard datalink weather or ATC reports for changes in altimeter settings. Especially after you cross a front, make sure you update the altimeter setting. If you don't, you could be hundreds of feet higher or lower than you think you are—the latter means you may be flying closer to terrain and obstacles than is desirable.
Wind shift
Fronts often bring significant wind shifts. On the ground, seeing the windsock change direction is an obvious indication of frontal passage. To determine frontal passage in the air, watch for a change in your wind correction angle and look for changes in the outside air temperature. When you fly in the vicinity of a front, be sure to keep an eye on your groundspeed: If it drops significantly reevaluate your fuel reserves!
Air Mass Boundaries
A front is the boundary line between two different air masses. The air masses' characteristics and how they move or don't move determine the type of front. For example, the leading edge of a cold air mass moving toward a warmer air mass is called a cold front.
Winds often converge at frontal boundaries, and temperature and pressure differences can be significant on either side of a front.
Winds often converge at frontal boundaries, and temperature and pressure differences can be significant on either side of a front. So, if a front approaches, you can expect the weather to change. But realize that not every cold or warm front brings the exact same weather.
Fronts are identified by temperature, pressure, moisture, and other factors.
TIP: Cold fronts nearly always extend anywhere from a south direction to a west direction from the center of low pressure areas and never from the center of high pressure systems. Warm fronts also extend from the center of low pressure areas but nearly always on the east side of the low.
Cold Front
When a colder air mass starts to move along the ground, its leading edge is called a cold front. Because the colder, more dense air is heavier than the warmer air it's displacing, it slides underneath, forcing the warm air to rise. The rising air cools to the dewpoint and forms clouds along the front. Thunderstorms will form if enough moisture and unstable air are present. A fast-moving cold front can also kick up severe squall line thunderstorms along or ahead of the actual front. Cold fronts typically move at 25 to 30 mph, but some can reach 60 mph.
A fast-moving cold front can also kick up severe squall line thunderstorms along or ahead of the actual front.
TIP: In most areas of the United States, cold fronts bring thunderstorms and other severe weather. In drier regions, the lack of moisture inhibits the development of severe weather, and cold front passage typically results in a wind shift and cooler temperatures.
Warm Front
When a warmer air mass moves, the leading edge is called a warm front. Because the warmer air is less dense, it travels up and over the cooler air below. This causes a temperature inversion with very stable, smooth air ahead of the front. If there's enough moisture in the air, expect widespread stratus cloud coverage, steady rain, and icing in areas that are below freezing. A warm front has a gradual slope over colder air which can extend hundreds of miles ahead of the warm front's surface position. Warm fronts typically move slower than cold fronts, at around 10 to 25 mph.
TIP: Weather charts only depict the front's location at the surface. When you fly toward an approaching warm front, you may encounter the warmer, less dense air more than 100 miles from where it is charted on the surface.
Occluded Front
When a faster moving cold front catches up with a slower moving warm front, an occluded front forms. An occluded front can have the weather characteristics of a cold or warm front, depending on the relative air temperature ahead of each front. Hazardous weather is likely if there's enough moisture in the air.
Cold front occlusion—Occurs when the air associated with a fast-moving cold front is colder than the air ahead of a slow-moving warm front. The cold air replaces the cooler air and pushes the warm front aloft. The associated weather is typically a mixture of both warm and cold front weather.
Warm front occlusion—Occurs when the air ahead of a warm front is colder than the air ahead of a cold front. The cold air is forced aloft by the warm front. The associated weather can be severe if the air forced aloft is unstable.
When air masses have very different moisture levels, the boundary between them is called a dryline.
Stationary Front
When opposing air masses have relatively equal pressure, they stop moving and the line tween them becomes a stationary front. Stationary fronts often bring cloudy, wet weather that can last a week or more.
TIP: When planning a trip, watch for stationary fronts forecast along your route. You could get delayed for several days!
Dryline
When air masses have very different moisture levels, the boundary between them is called a dryline. This is common at the narrow boundary found in the Plains region between moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and dry continental air from the west. It is most often present during the spring, where it is often the site of thunderstorm development. Typically, the dryline advances eastward during the day and retreats westward at night. The imbalance of dry and moist air at the dryline can trigger severe thunderstorms and even tornadoes.
TIP: Pay close attention to ATIS and ASOS/AWOS reports ahead when you approach a dryline, as the weather can change quickly.
Front Facts
Thunderstorms: Occur if moisture, unstable air, and a lifting force are present in the right quantities. A cold or occluded front often triggers thunderstorms that may be part of a faster moving squall line along or ahead of the front. Thunderstorms can also be embedded in widespread precipitation north of a warm front. They can also occur in the unstable air behind the front as the upper level low moves over your route.
Icing: Fronts often bring lower temperatures and/or increased moisture that makes structural icing a serious issue. Icing can also occur in the shallow, cold air north of a warm front.
Low Ceilings and Visibilities: If you are instrument rated, current, and proficient, low ceilings and visibilities may not be an issue. Rusty IFR and VFR-only pilots, however, should regard these factors as a serious, potentially deadly combination.
Wind and Turbulence: Even in the absence of thunderstorms, dangerous turbulence and wind shear can accompany fronts. Additionally, a frontal passage can quickly change a headwind to a crosswind, complicating landings (particularly if there's no crosswind runway at your destination).
Note: Consider your experience and proficiency levels and the equipment you're flying to make a go/no-go decision. Also, talk to experienced pilots who are familiar with the area you plan to fly to. Once airborne, monitor the weather and don't hesitate to modify plans if conditions are worse than expected.
Frontal Weather Passage Summary:
Cold Front—Gusty winds, turbulence, and thunderstorms
Warm Front—Widespread low stratus clouds, steady rain, and icing conditions
Stationary Front—Cloudy and rainy weather that may last several days
Occluded Front—A mixture of cold and warm front weather that is dependent on temperature
TIP: You can see how the weather is changing by looking at METARs from airports on either side of a front.
Signposts in the Sky
Wind Shear
This occurs when there's a change in wind directions and/or speed. Wind shear is often associated with thunderstorms or microbursts, but strong winds aloft and light winds at the surface may also cause wind shear.
Rough Air
Standing cirrocumulus lenticular clouds (CCLS) and altocumulus lenticular clouds (ACLS) signify the presence of a mountain wave and may present turbulence. Rotor clouds signify the presence of turbulence and should be given a wide berth. Similarly, any clouds that resemble crashing waves or appear as if they've been shredded indicate turbulence. Towering cumulus or cumulonimbus can also generate severe or extreme turbulence.
WEATHER REGIONS
Getting the Weather Picture
Observing weather patterns for several days before you fly helps to provide the big picture on how frontal and pressure systems expect to be moving. This can be as simple as watching the weather channel or going online to review graphical forecasts. As you monitor the forecasts ahead of your flight, you'll be better able to anticipate expected conditions, update your passengers on the likelihood of making the flight, and reach a reasonable go/no-go decision without undue pressure on the day of the flight.
Preflight Weather Assistance
National Weather Service (NWS)—Provides medium and short range forecast maps. Long range forecast maps depict pressure patterns, circulation centers, and fronts from three to six days out. Short range forecast maps depict pressure patterns, circulation centers, fronts, and types and extent of precipitation 12 to 48 hours out.
Aviation Weather Center (AWC)—Provides textual, digital, and graphical forecasts, analyses, and observations.
Flight Service/Leidos—Flight service portal provides preflight weather briefings customized to your route of flight.
Flight Service (1-800-WXBRIEF)—Contact flight service specialists (FSS) via telephone for outlook and updated briefings before your flight. They can be a great resource when you have general weather questions.
Different regions in the United States have unique weather characteristics. These are the most common, prevalent weather patterns and potential flying hazards that can be expected in each.
Spring and summer—Prevalent high pressure systems bring good flying weather.
Fall, winter, and spring— Onshore flow of moisture can bring severe icing conditions.
Winter—Moisture off the Pacific Ocean causes rain on the windward side of the mountains and snow on the leeward side. The coast can be cool and wet with fog and low ceilings.
Northern Rockies—Tend to have strong winds and turbulence. Summers can produce thunderstorms and prolonged heat waves. High density altitude is a major concern. Fall offers the best flying weather, though the snow tends to begin in mid-October.
Rising hot air causes many strong low pressure systems to form in this region and move east.
Summers—Generally warm and dry in the desert, although thunderstorms and hail may be encountered. High density altitude is a major concern. Moisture from the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of California, and the Gulf of Mexico triggers rain in the mountains. Many of these thunderstorms can be "dry thunderstorms" that produce lightning but no rain. In some cases these can produce nasty dry microbursts.
Desert winters—Cool and dry.
Mountain winters—Expect strong downslope winds, mixed icing in clouds, and blizzards.
California—Coastal fog forms over land in the winter and migrates from the ocean in the summer.
Southern California—Has smog, onshore flow, and temperature inversions. October to April is rainy. Fall and spring bring the Santa Ana winds, which are a turbulent line between moist oceanic air and dry desert air.
Observing weather patterns for several days before you fly helps to provide the big picture on how frontal and pressure systems expect to be moving.
Summer—High heat and humidity mixed with heavy rain showers, thunderstorms, squall lines, and possibly tornadoes. Drylines can form when moist Gulf of Mexico air and dry, hot desert air meet.
Summer and fall—Threat of hurricane landfall.
Winters—Near the Gulf, are mild with rain and morning fog due to low temperature-dewpoint spreads.
Summers—Warm and dry. Moisture from the Gulf of Mexico triggers occasional thunderstorms.
Winters—Very cold and dry. Blizzards are common due to cold air from the north and moisture from the Gulf of Mexico mixing in this region.
Midwest/Ohio Valley
Low pressure systems form on the lee side of the Rocky Mountains and grow as they head east and are fed by moisture from the Gulf of Mexico.
Summers—Usually hot, humid, and rainy with air mass thunderstorms. The southern portion of this region is part of Tornado Alley.
Fall— High dewpoints cause night and morning fog.
Winter—Can be cold with lake effect snow near the Great Lakes. A low pressure system can bring heavy rain in the southern portion of the region and heavy snow in the northern portion.
Summers— Moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean causes hot and humid weather with rain and thunderstorms. Thunderstorms are typically pulse-type (single cell) that do not produce severe weather and usually last 20 to 30 minutes.
Summer and Fall—Hurricanes can pose a threat.
Winters—Cool and mild with occasional heavy rain showers.
Florida—Surrounding water triggers morning fog, afternoon thunderstorms, sea breezes, and turbulence. Some of the Gulf Coast states and Florida can have thunderstorms triggered by sea breeze fronts.
New England/Mid-Atlantic
This region's weather is influenced by its location between mountains and the ocean.
Summers—Warm and humid with heavy rain showers and thunderstorms. Expect low visibility due to haze. Morning fog forms due to easterly flow off the Atlantic Ocean and up the rising terrain of the Appalachian Mountains.
Winter—Can bring heavy snow and rain due to upper-level lows from the west and south. Instrument meteorological conditions and icing are common. Areas near the Great Lakes experience lake effect snow.
ATC, flight service, and onboard technology like weather radar and datalink are excellent in-flight weather resources to help assess if and how conditions are changing.
Alaska Southeast/Gulf of Alaska (Juneau, Ketchikan): Plenty of moisture along the coast causes low ceilings and lots of rain the entire year.
Alaska Cook Inlet/Kenai Peninsula (Anchorage, Kenai, Homer): VFR conditions are common year-round, although occasional coastal morning fog and/or low ceilings could be encountered in summer. In winter, expect occasional ice fog and blowing snow. In the spring and fall, look for icing in clouds, freezing rain, and snow. Occasional radical pressure changes will cause high winds.
Central Alaska (Fairbanks): Summer features extended daylight hours, very high temperatures, haze, and thunderstorms with hail. In the fall, look for snow, freezing rain, and ice fog as the temperatures begin to drop. Winter brings very little sunlight, extremely low temperatures, and more ice fog. The snow, freezing rain, and ice fog continue into the spring months.
SiriusXM and Cockpit Weather
The value of satellite-delivered weather
SiriusXM Aviation's satellite-delivered weather provides a number of benefits to pilots no matter where they are flying in the continental United States and southern Canada. Pilots are able to receive valuable weather information at any altitude and in remote locations like back country strips. The satellite delivery allows for consistent high resolution composite weather radar and features including cloud-to-cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning at faster updates than other datalink weather services. Plus the service provides other key features like storm tracks that allow pilots to see the projected speed and direction of a storm that may impact their route of flight. With satellite delivery and these key features, SiriusXM provides pilots with the right weather information at 500 feet or at their destination 500 miles ahead.
Seward Peninsula (Nome, Kotzebue, Bethel): High humidity brings low clouds during summer months. In the fall, look for more low clouds along with ice fog, blowing snow, and freezing rain. These conditions continue into winter with colder temperatures. Rising temperatures in the springtime add freezing rain to the mix of snow and low clouds.
Western Aleutian Island Chain (Cold Bay, Dutch Harbor, Adak): Low clouds and windy conditions throughout the year.
Far North (70 degrees latitude, Barrow): Cold conditions, low clouds, ice fog, and blowing snow most of the year.
In-Flight Weather Assistance
Forecasts are imperfect, but you can extract a lot of truth from them to make the best go/no-go decisions. When flying, compare the forecast to actual conditions and pay attention to trends. ATC, flight service, and onboard technology like weather radar and datalink are excellent in-flight weather resources to help assess if and how conditions are changing. Depending on your datalink provider and in-cockpit equipment, you can pull up graphical and textual weather that offer a clear picture of wind shifts, pressure changes, and temperature changes at altitude and at your destination. This together with what you hear from ATC or flight service and what you see outside the cockpit, greatly improves your situational weather picture aloft.
ADS-B or SiriusXM? What's right for you?
Watch and decide which product is right for your style of flying.
Get and Give PIREPS
Before your flight, ask pilots who have already flown that day about the conditions aloft. Was the forecast accurate, or have things changed?
When obtaining weather information, be sure to check for pilot reports (PIREPs). They are useful for determining actual weather conditions at altitude and between weather reporting stations. Be sure to give PIREPs, too.
TIP: Don't worry about following the exact PIREP format. Just provide ATC or flight service with basic weather conditions and they'll be able to convert the information into the proper format for dissemination.
ASK ATC: Filing a Pirep with ATC
You don't have to call up flight service to file a pirep. Air traffic controllers explain.
RULES TO LIVE BY
Visit the Flight Planning and Preflight Safety Spotlight
Visit the Aeronautical Decision Making Safety Spotlight
Take the Practical Weather quiz
Take the Weather or Not: Thunderstorm Challenge course
Take the Weather Wise: VFR into IMC course
Take the Weather Wise: Precipitation and Icing course
Watch the ADS-B or SiriusXM? What's Right for You? Video
Access the Air Safety Institute accident analysis online
Review the Air Safety institute Weather Accident Graphs online
Keep These Points in Mind:
An air mass is a body of air with similar temperature and moisture characteristics throughout.
A front is the boundary between two different air masses.
High pressure systems tend to produce hazy conditions and few or no storms.
Low pressure systems tend to produce stormy weather.
The weather that occurs at the front is dependent on the temperature, moisture, and stability in the area.
Temperature and pressure differences can be significant on either side of a front.
Hazardous weather associated with fronts can include thunderstorms, icing, low ceilings/visibilities, and wind/turbulence.
Forecasts are educated guesses, not guarantees.
Compare the forecast to actual conditions and pay attention to trends.
ATC, flight service, and onboard datalink technology are excellent in-flight weather resources to help assess if and how conditions are changing. Use them strategically, not tactically.
SiriusXM Aviation
SiriusXM's satellite-delivered weather is always available inflight with no altitude limitations or line-of-sight restrictions. Its coast-to-coast, high-resolution radar and weather features update faster than ADS-B making it the best choice for VFR pilots. To learn more about how to safely avoid IMC conditions with proper preflight planning and SiriusXM once in the cockpit, watch AvWxWorkshop's founder, CFI and former NWS research meteorologist, Scott Dennstaedt, provide scenario-based instruction.


Growing up, my father cooked, a lot, and everything he made was a masterpiece. He would make cheese fondue, fresh steamed lobsters, fresh homemade pasta and spaghetti sauce that simmered for 8 hours for "spaghetti night", made and attempted to get his young daughters to eat steak tartar, and even steamed fish in the dishwasher. This was typical. His cooking was always adventurous, trying something new, and never standard.
This is how I grew up, and much to my sisters chagrin, I tried everything and even if I didn't like it, I pretended I did and eventually came to enjoy it. It was fun watching my dad in the kitchen, creating something new every night it was a new adventure. His style included Indian food, French Food, Mexican Food, really all the flavors of the world were represented….that is except American.
Now, don't get me wrong, he made a great burger, and BBQ Chicken, but overall "American" was not represented growing up.
Now the only thing I thought you could ever do with Canned Tuna was tuna salad, but with all of these ingredients it sounded like I was already preparing to lie to my boyfriend and tell him how "delicious" his creation is. But seriously, Cheez Whiz? What is that? It's Neon Yellow-Orange and comes in a jar that is not refrigerated. There is no Cheese in it and I really don't want to know what "Whiz" is but I think there's a lot of it in this product.
I was flabbergasted, I had no idea what to think. But at this time in my life, I had barely stepped into a kitchen but to burn spaghetti, make peanut butter sandwiches, or warm up a frozen meal, and my Boyfriend was much more well versed in the kitchen than I was, so I trusted him.
And I'm glad I did…that night I had a delicious meal that I had never had before, and it was the first of many, many, many, tuna casseroles to come in our lives spanning over 16 years and still continuing today.
This recipe, I learned, is my mother in laws and she has all kinds of amazing casseroles that I still make today! I have yet to tweak any of her recipes, and they always come out amazing. However when I was challenged with a way to use an ingredient in a food that people would be surprised I used, both my husband and I immediately thought about Tuna Casserole. So I played around with the recipe, tweaking it heavily and came up with the gourmet version of Tuna Casserole, "Potato Chip Crusted Halibut" Yes I changed the fish, but there's a reason for that. When I made this with Tuna, the tuna became dry, and I'll be honest it was really expensive. So I like the hallibut because it's meatier and more financially responsible.
I hope you enjoy my take on Tuna Noodle Casserole!
3. Prepare the Crust. Take the 1/2 bag of potato chips and put it in a large zip top plastic bag. Add the Paprika and crush by hand. This is a LOT more fun that I should admit. Now is the time to get your aggressions out.
4. Prepare the Halibut Crust by putting the Flour in one container, the beaten eggs in a second and the Potato Chip Mix in a third.
6. Salt and pepper both sides of the Halibut. I used fish with skin, but you could go skinless too, either way, salt/pepper both sides.
7. Take the Halibut and first cover in flour, then shake off the excess flour and then dredge (cover) in the egg wash, and then finally roll it around in the potato chip crust.
8. Place the fish (skin side up first) in the hot pan and let cook for 5 minutes.
9. While it is cooking, start the rice according to the package directions. Boil the water, and then add the rice and let it "fluff" up.
11. After the 5 minutes skin side down, flip the fish again and put the pan in the oven for 5 minutes, then flip the fish again and cook skin side down for the final 10 minutes.
12. While the fish is in the oven, start the sauce.
13. Take a pan over medium high heat and melt the other 1 TBSP Butter. When melted, add the onions, garlic and mushrooms and cook until they are soft and the onions are translucent.
14. Turn the heat down to low, and add the cream.
To serve, start with the rice and put the fish (skin side down) on top of the rice. Then top with the mushroom cream mixture and top with cheese and basil.
The cheese is very subtle and super creamy and ties the rice in with the fish really well. And believe it or not, my husband tried it and asked what the crust was made out of, and I told him "potato chips!" Success! He even knew I was making this dish, and he didn't notice that it was lays chips crusting that fish!
So I think I did it, I finally blended both sides of my life. My "gourmet" fathers cooking style, inspired by my Mother-In-Laws very popular Tuna Noodle Casserole. I think I found something uniquely my own blending both of my worlds. It was delicious and something totally new, yet triggered a comfort food feel. We have a new favorite way to enjoy fish in our house. I hope you enjoy it too!


Soccer is something that many people find interesting and there are a lot of techniques to learn that can be brought to the soccer field. If you aspire to do that, then this article is going to benefit you. Carry on reading to help improve your soccer game.
Purchase cleats to your skill level. For example, if you are a beginner, opt for plastic, molded cleats. However, if you have been playing for a while, metal cleats will suit your skill level more.
Don't think that because you passed the soccer ball you cannot help with the play. Keep following the ball and see if you can get near the goal. The ball will come back if you are open and in a good position.
It's difficult to control lofted balls. Lower passes are easier to control and to get over to your teammates as the defenders are approaching. If you need to send the ball far down the field, that's when the long pass comes into play.
Surprising people is a good asset when you are playing soccer. Dribble to the right and pass to the left. This opens the playing field for your team and the defender won't expect it. While it may be surprising to your teammates, they will get used to your style of playing.
Don't get too cocky when playing soccer. You might be very talented, but you never know what's going to happen on the field. When you play like you are untouchable, bad things are almost guaranteed to happen.
Try to practice with players that have more experience than you. You can better your skills and improve your abilities by doing this. Don't be shy about asking good players for tips and assistance. A lot of them are going to be nice and will help you out since they're working on teams probably. If you struggle with finding experienced players, look at local games and ask some players if they'd mentor you.
Watch how a professional player plays your position. You'll improve your play by copying some of their moves. If the pro has moves that are unique to him, learn them and try to use them yourself.
Don't get discouraged. If you are getting the ball taken away on the dribble, pass it instead. Pay attention to those that can dribble to get pointers. If you still have questions, ask a coach or teammate for assistance.
When trying out for the team, show off your best moves only. If you are uncertain you are able to do something well, do not try it until after you are playing on the team.
Choose your soccer shoes according to the type of field you will be playing on. For example, if you are going to be playing primarily on grass, then you need a soccer cleat that provides adequate traction. Outdoor shoes generally have firm cleats that are permanent. Cleats come in various patterns to grip the ground more firmly.


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Police-Hired 'Thugs' Beat Vietnamese Anti-Formosa Catholics
jffv02 / June 12, 2017
A parishioner who was beaten by thugs at the Son Hai commune People's Committee, May 28, 2017 (Photo courtesy of Emily Page-Le's Facebook page)
Hundreds of "thugs" hired by authorities in Vietnam's central Nghe An province over the weekend severely beat a group of Catholic parishioners, including women and children, that had protested the government's handling of a toxic waste spill, sending dozens to the hospital, according to sources.
Members of Phu Yen and Van Thai sub-parishes, under Song Ngoc parish in Nghe An's Quynh Luu district, told RFA's Vietnamese Service they were attacked after gathering at the Son Hai commune People's Committee on May 28 to retrieve a fellow parishioner who had been detained earlier by police.
After arriving at the building to pick up Phu Yen parish member Nguyen Thi Tra, some parishioners began using their smartphones to record authorities, who responded by sending "thugs" into the crowd to beat them, they said.
"There were almost 500 people, such as thugs, working for the police to beat people—including women and children—as a way to prevent them from using their phones to record," said one source, who spoke to RFA on condition of anonymity.
As many as 25 people required treatment for injuries that left them "bleeding and badly hurt" at a nearby hospital after the attack, the source said, without providing details of who had been injured.
Tra had been arrested earlier on Sunday after stopping to record a crowd that had gathered as she made her way through Son Hai's Village No. 9.
Parishioners said that a group of women attacked Tra while she filmed the gathering, and continued to do so, even as police intervened and brought her to the People's Committee in Son Hai, where Van Thai sub-parish is located.
A local police officer had requested that parishioners retrieve Tra from the People's Committee before the larger confrontation occurred on Sunday, they said.
In the aftermath of the attack at the People's Committee, Tra was taken to an undisclosed location where she was "beaten further and left in the middle of the road," the parishioners said. She was later discovered by a passerby and brought home "covered in bruises and in a panic."
Days later, on Tuesday evening, Catholic priest Nguyen Dinh Thuc was holding a prayer gathering at Van Thai church when "hundreds of people" arrived carrying stones, bricks, knives and metal pipes, and began threatening him and the congregation, a local parishioner told RFA.
When Thuc and the congregation fled the church to area homes, the mob followed them, hurling projectiles through windows and injuring several of the Catholics inside, said the parishioner, who also asked to remain unnamed.
Thuc was forced to stay at the home of a congregant and, despite being ordered by local police to leave, remained there until midnight, citing concerns for his security.
A mob gathers outside of parishioners homes near Van Thai church in Son Hai commune, May 30, 2017 (Credit: Van THai parishioner)
'Safety drill'
The assault on Tra followed a recent "safety drill" conducted by local authorities in front of Van Thai church involving explosives and the firing of weapons that the government claimed was part of a bid to "protect the road close to the river."
Van Thai parishioners told RFA the drill was a form of intimidation by local authorities, angered by members of the church speaking out about an April 2016 waste spill by Taiwan-owned Formosa Plastics Group's steel plant that they say destroyed their livelihoods.
"They were shooting in front of our church in a very confrontational way," Priest Thuc had told RFA at the time.
The Formosa waste spill killed an estimated 115 tons of fish and left fishermen jobless in four coastal provinces.
Formosa has voluntarily paid U.S. $500 million to clean up and compensate coastal residents affected by the spill, but slow and uneven payout of the funds by the Vietnamese government has prompted protests that continue to be held more than a year later.
Reported by RFA's Vietnamese Service. Translated by Emily Peyman. Written in English by Joshua Lipes.
June 12, 2017 in #FormosaVictimPersecution, #VietnamWorstEnvDisaster. Tags: English
Postcards from a poisoned coast: Vietnam's people-smuggling heartland
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The new series will be crafted by horror mainstay Nictoero, who started his career working for original "Creepshow" director George Romero.
The dead rise again. Nearly three decades after its theatrical release, George Romero's iconic horror anthology film "Creepshow" has been resurrected by streaming outfit Shudder, best known for its copious offerings from the world of genre film, as a brand new television series. Shudder has greenlit a new series from "The Walking Dead" director and horror mainstay — and Romero acolyte! — Greg Nicotero, who will direct, executive produce, and supervise the show's creative elements.
The new series is scheduled to debut on Shudder in 2019. Each episode of the anthology series will tell "original fun and scary stories" and will be helmed by a different director, with Nicotero directing the first episode. His Oscar- and multiple Emmy-winning company KNB EFX GROUP Inc. will handle the creature and make-up fx.


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Home Articles What Are Different Drug Panels? What's A 5 Panel Drug Test?
What Are Different Drug Panels? What's A 5 Panel Drug Test?
In this article, you will learn about different drug panels and a 5panel drug test.
Usually, there is no concrete definition of drug panels. In fact, when classifying panels, employers should ensure the screening process suits the policies that bind their employees.
For instance, a 4 panel could detect THC, Cocaine and could also detect Oxycodone and Ecstasy, Methadone, and Benzodiazepines.
Even though there is no definition of which drugs has to be tested in a certain number of panels drug test, different drugs should go to different panels.
Usual Substances in Drug Panels
Usually, there are cases that can determine which drug should be tested in which panel drug test. Mostly, a 4 panel differs with a 5 panel drug test in that there is the elimination of marijuana as a tested drug.
There debates and legislation going on about whether to legalize marijuana so employers may be required to customize their panel when it has been declared a legal substance.
A 7 panel drug test is subjected to individuals by companies to ensure employees are not abusing prescription drugs.
In fact, a 7 panel drug test is administered mostly in industries where employees are using heavy machines so that they can gauge the presence of prescription drugs that are capable of causing fatigue. That's because even the legal drugs when abused may impair an individual's ability to operate such machines.
A standard 7 panel drug urine tests is used to detect the presence of cocaine, marijuana, opiates, barbiturates, amphetamines, and benzodiazepines.
A 10 panel drug test is usually used on law enforcement employees and occupational medicine. It can also be administered on a person who is on legal probation, especially when they are violating the terms of the probation.
Also, for civil servants who undertake dangerous jobs, a 10 panel drug screen may be administered, especially where high standards of safety have to be observed.
A 6 panel drug test is administered for the purpose of detecting cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and methamphetamines.
A 8 panel drug test is meant to detect PCP, barbiturates, opiates, marijuana, and benzodiazepines.
A 12 panel drug test is the most comprehensive test since it can detect abused prescription painkillers. It can also test for cocaine, PCP, opiates, methadone, oxycodone, propoxyphene, and ecstasy.
A 9 panel drug test is used to test for cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and amphetamines.
What is a5 Panel Drug Test?
A 5 panel drug test is used to test for cocaine, marijuana, and phencyclidine, amphetamines such as MDEA, MDMA, methamphetamine, and MDA. Other drugs include opiates such as morphine, heroin, and codeine.
Choosing the 5 Panel Drug Test
Usually, the 5 panel drug test is required for the US Department of Transportation drug testing.
In fact, 5 panel drug tests are commonly administered in the United States and are usually available with urine or hair samples.
The most commonly used sample is urine, but hair drug testing is believed to be more accurate and can detect drugs that have been taken even after 72 hours and more. That means hair drug testing can produce twice the results of urine drug tests in terms of accuracy.
In fact, hair drug testing is preferably the best method to determine patterned drug use or drugs that have been abused over time which is something urine tests cannot detect since urine drug test has a shorter detection window.
The 5 panel drug test has been used for decades perhaps since the 1980s when employee drug testing was introduced in the United States.
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Hardy scores 20 in UTEP's 73-61 OT win over Alcorn State
Nov 22, 2022, 8:14 AM | Updated: 10:15 pm
EL PASO, Texas (AP) — Tae Hardy scored 20 points as UTEP beat Alcorn State 73-61 in overtime on Tuesday.
Hardy made 5 of 16 shots and 10 of 14 free throws for the Miners (3-1), but he missed all seven of his 3-pointers. Calvin Solomon scored 13 points and added nine rebounds. Shamar Givance scored 10.
The Braves (2-2) were led by Dominic Brewton with 17 points, eight rebounds and four assists. Byron Joshua added 14 points and nine rebounds, while Dontrell McQuarter scored nine with seven boards.
NEW YORK (AP) — LeBron James will soon be the NBA's top scorer, though that was never his focus. He's also one of the game's leading passers, and combining the two — possibly better than anyone ever — is what really makes him proud. "I didn't get to this point in my career by thinking […]


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Mel Gibson Was Dropped From "The Hangover 2" Film
Mel Gibson has lost a cameo role in "The Hangover 2" after objections from the cast and crew of the film.
The 54-year-old actor, who will play the role of a tattoo artist, didn't receive the full support of the entire cast and crew so his cameo role has been axed from the film.
Meanwhile, Zach Galifianakis previously complained about Mel's casting during a Comedy Death-Ray podcast in early October.
Categories Other Celebrities Tags Mel Gibson, Zach Galifianakis Post navigation
Lindsay Lohan Was Visited By Her Mom In Rehab
Dianna Agron Apologized For Her Sexy GQ Cover


An ERP health check and measurement of your system's maturity is as necessary and regular as a check-up for the things that run us and our lives – our bodies, the car, the furnace, even the fridge. We need to be as honest about the systems that run our businesses as we need to be about the other things. Face it, they may be "getting up there" in age.
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Features and Functions – What are the products for your industry? What are some of the key features and functions needed to operate at peak efficiency and stay competitive? Companies are wise to align with an ERP vendor with proven success in a specific industry.
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Just Stop Oil cause traffic CHAOS across London as they begin Christmas protest disruption
The force arrested 755 Just Stop Oil activists, and charged 182, in October and November.
Just Stop Oil
Protesters blocked traffic on Shepherd's Bush Green and also blocked traffic in Aldwych, central London
George McMillan Senior Digital Producer
Published monday 28 November 2022 - 12:23
Just Stop Oil supporters have again caused traffic disruption in London after police pledged they were "fully prepared" to deal with the group's protest plans in the run up to Christmas.
Protesters walked slowly along Shepherd's Bush Green
Protesters walked slowly along Shepherd's Bush Green, west London at around 8am and also blocked traffic in Aldwych, central London.
The action came after police chiefs and politicians talked tough over the weekend, with Home Secretary Suella Braverman apparently set to summon senior officers to discuss how to deal with disruption in the coming weeks.
The Metropolitan Police warned on Sunday that campaigners are planning disruptive activity in London from November 28 to December 14, but said that it has teams in place to respond "quickly and effectively".
In response, JSO said in a statement on Monday: "We will not be intimidated by changes to the law or government posturing on tougher policing tactics.
"Just Stop Oil supporters understand that this is irrelevant when set against mass starvation, slaughter and the loss of our rights, freedoms and communities.
"The Government can end this disruption tomorrow if they agree to halt new oil and gas licences and consents."
Speaking on Sunday, Commander Karen Findlay from the Metropolitan Police said Just Stop Oil will not enagage with the force when planning protests.
She said: "I completely understand the frustration and anger felt by the public, who are seriously disrupted by a relatively small number of protesters and their deliberate tactics.
"Activists are affecting people's businesses, their lives, whether they are on their way to a doctor, a long-awaited hospital appointment, on their way to work, to interviews, or to collect children.
"Therefore, I again urge Just Stop Oil organisers to engage with us to minimise disruption to Londoners."
news uk news


actually my first car was a cb7, but i only had it 4 1 day! since then i had a 02 escalade ext, sold it the bought my cb7 for$500 in February of this year. but im trying to come strong from from tires to roof top!
Ive had it for 5years now.
My first and only car.
How about you, been in the cb game long?
how long u had ur cb3?
There arent as many cb7`s here, but there is alot of cb3`s.
They were really popular when they first came out over here.
how r da CB7's in Norway? r there alot of them?


text:
Floyd Mayweather TKOs Conor MacGregor In 10th Round
feature, featured, Hip Hop News | Trending Hip Hop Stories, News Exclusives, Source Sports | News, Highlights and Interviews, Source Sports | Sports Highlights, Source Sports | Sports News
Floyd Mayweather ended his career with a 50-0 record after beating Conor McGregor with a 10th round TKO. The Irishman started the fight the stronger, hitting Mayweather with a flurry of punches but as the fight wore on, the American's experience told and he ended the fight in the 10th round, with McGregor exhausted and seemingly defenseless.
The undefeated Mayweather overcame a slow start and knocked out a fatigued McGregor in the 10th round of their heavily hyped, 12-round, 154-pound boxing match before a crowd of 14,623 at T-Mobile Arena. Referee Robert Byrd stepped in to stop the action at 1:05 of the 10th round as Mayweather was hammering McGregor with power shots and an exhausted McGregor was slumped against the ropes.
McGregor, a two-division UFC champion who made his boxing debut, excelled early in the bout and overall performed better than most experts expected. Ultimately, though, he tired and couldn't withstand Mayweather's superior skill and experience as they moved toward and into the championship rounds.
"Our game plan was to take our time," Mayweather said, "go to him, let him shoot his heavy shots early and then take him out at the end, down the stretch. … In MMA, he fights 25 minutes really hard. After 25 minutes, he started to slow down."
Mayweather, who turned 40 six months ago and hadn't fought in nearly two years, improved to 50-0 by winning what he has repeatedly promised will be the last fight of his 20-year professional boxing career. Mayweather came out of retirement a second time to fight Ireland's McGregor, a master showman who helped generate incredible interest in what was once seen as a far-fetched fight.
floyd mayweather jr. vs. conor mcgregorRetirementtko
The Source Magazine Staff Writer
SOURCE SPORTS: Damian Lillard Drops 60 Points in Blazers Win Over Jazz
Grandmaster Flash Releases Part 1 Of His New Vignette Series
[WATCH] 50 Cent Talks About Master P's 'Slick' Business Savvy Early In His Career
6ix9ine Tossed from Miami Restaurant for Taking Over the Bar and Pouring Free Liquor
Mary J. Blige, Lizzo, and Bad Bunny Named as 2023 GRAMMYs Performers


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text:
Features Airlines
Air France Concorde Trial – Justice or Judicial Farce?
By Rob Seaman
Dec. 2010 – Back in the September/October 2008 issue of Wings, I devoted my regular column to some comments and thoughts on the trial starting in France regarding the July 2000 crash of an Air France Concorde.
Dec. 2010 – Back in the September/October 2008 issue of Wings, I devoted my regular column to some comments and thoughts on the trial starting in France regarding the July 2000 crash of an Air France Concorde. The tragic event killed all on board and four unfortunate bystanders on the ground. As many see it, the event heralded the beginning of the end of flight operations for the first and only commercial supersonic airliner.
At the time I asked quite simply if someone could please explain France's judicial system and airline industry to me? With the release and announcement on December 6th, 2010 of the results of this trial (or what they called a trial) – I find myself asking the same question again. Here is why – the French judicial system have announced that they have found Continental Airlines and one of its mechanics guilty of manslaughter in the trial. According to the Associated Press (AP) report, "The court in the Paris suburb of Pontoise ruled the Houston-based airline must pay a $265,000 (U.S.) fine, and one of its mechanics, John Taylor, must pay $2,650 over the crash of an Air France Concorde. Mr. Taylor was also handed a 15-month suspended prison sentence. All other defendants, including Mr. Taylor's now-retired supervisor Stanley Ford, were acquitted in the verdict. The court also ordered Continental to pay 1.08-million euros to Air France for moral damages and damage to Air France's reputation."
Why you ask? Well, according to the report the presiding judge confirmed investigators' long-held belief that titanium debris dropped by a Continental DC-10 onto the runway at Charles de Gaulle airport before the Concorde took off was to blame. Investigators said debris gashed the Concorde's tire, propelling bits of rubber into the fuel tanks and sparking a fire.
And why Taylor? Well as the court sees it, Taylor should not have used titanium, a harder metal than usual, to build a piece for the DC-10 that is known as a wear strip. He was also accused of improperly installing the piece that fell onto the runway.
Now here is the really interesting part – three former French officials also facing manslaughter charges were acquitted in the whole matter. According to AP, Continental's defence lawyer, Olivier Metzner, has confirmed the carrier will appeal. He denounced a ruling that he called "patriotic" for sparing the French defendants and convicting only the Americans. "This is a ruling that protects only the interests of France. This has strayed far from the truth of law and justice," he said. "This has privileged purely national interests.
The AP report goes on to say that Continental spokesman Nick Britton, in a statement, echoed that sentiment, and said the airline disagreed with the "absurd finding" against it and Taylor.
"Portraying the metal strip as the cause of the accident and Continental and one of its employees as the sole guilty parties shows the determination of the French authorities to shift attention and blame away from Air France," he said, noting that Air France was state-run at the time.
Roland Rappaport, a lawyer for the family of Concorde pilot Christian Marty and a pilots union, said the verdict was "incomprehensible" and asked why blame was heaped on Continental mechanics when French officials were aware of weaknesses on the Concorde around two decades before the crash. "This trial made clear that the Concorde, this superb plane, suffered from severe technical insufficiencies, problems with the fuel tanks that were known since '79," he said outside the courtroom.
The prosecution also requested a two-year suspended sentence for Henri Perrier, former head of the Concorde program at former plane maker Aerospatiale. It argued for acquitting French engineer Jacques Herubel and Claude Frantzen, former chief of France's civil aviation authority. While France's aviation authority concluded the crash could not have been foreseen, a judicial inquiry said the plane's fuel tanks lacked sufficient protection from shock and said officials had known about the problem for more than 20 years.
So there you have it – justice (or lack thereof) has been served. It certainly fixes the problem now doesn't it? Yup, those remaining Concorde and DC-10 aircraft in service will get fixed accordingly to ensure this never happens again. Engineers around the world will be jumping right on that one.
And what have really learned from this? Well I would offer that if you are going to have an aircraft incident or crash, better not do so in France. They are in no way to blame and it will take up to ten years to assign who is – long after the chance for a proper trial or learning experience is possible. But they will assign blame – and after all, is that not what counts the most?
Upcoming Concorde disaster trial
Seaman: Justice in France
French appeals court to rule in Concorde case
Continental found guilty over Concorde crash
Delayed recovery forecast for bizjet market
Van Horn Aviation expands dealer network


text:
Abner Vickery (September 11, 1879 – June 25, 1931) was an American golfer. He competed in the men's individual event at the 1904 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1879 births
1931 deaths
Amateur golfers
American male golfers
Olympic golfers of the United States
Golfers at the 1904 Summer Olympics
People from Ottawa, Kansas
Sportspeople from Kansas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Susan S. Bank: Book Presentation & Panel
Leica Gallery Boston Present: Susan S. Bank
© Susan S. Bank
Experience rural and urban Cuba through the lyrical images of artist and photographer Susan S. Bank.
Bank will present her award winning books, Cuba: Campo Adentro and Piercing the Darkness, followed by a lively conversation with the artist herself, Liz Munsell, Assistant Curator, Contemporary Art & Special Initiatives at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and Iaritza Menjivar, artist and documentary photographer, moderated by Anabel Vázquez Rodríguez, Curator at Leica Gallery Boston.
Susan S. Bank is based in Philadelphia PA and Portsmouth NH, and was educated at Barnard College and the University of Edinburgh. Bank decided to become a photographer at the 'perfect point' of age 60, and for the first decade of the 21st century, she worked on the elusive, mythical island of Cuba, producing two bodies of work. Cuba: Campo Adentro, is an intimate portrait of daily life of tobacco farmers and their families in Pinar del Rio province. The work was first shown at The Fototeca in Havana Cuba in 2004, The Best Photography Books of the Year by PHotoEspaña 2009 and Best Books of the Year 2009 Photo-eye Books. In addition to exhibitions in several venues in Cuba, a selection from Piercing the Darkness was included in "100 Years of the History of Photography of the City of Havana", curated by Nelson Ramírez de Arellano, at the 9th Havana Biennale 2006. In 2016, her book Piercing the Darkness received the Lucie Award and and was selected it as one of the 10 best books by Elizabeth Avedon. Bank continues to work with her Leica M6 on long-term projects close to home.
"I wait in shifty shadows for the invisible, where the real slips seamlessly into the surreal, where the mask of a smile is always for sale, and Cubans have nothing to give but their soul in a cup of coffee." – Susan S. Bank.
Event Schedule for Susan S. Bank's Panel Talk & Book Presentation:
Artist Talk: August 10th from 6PM - 8PM
Admission: Complimentary and open to the public. Click here to reserve your spot.
The event is held at the Leica Gallery Boston.
For more information, visit www.leicagalleryboston.com or follow the gallery on Facebook and Instagram: @LeicaGalleryBoston.
About Liz Munsell:
Liz Munsell is the Lorraine and Alan Bressler Assistant Curator of Contemporary Art & Special Initiatives at the Museum of Fine Arts (MFA), Boston. Previously, she served as a visiting curator at Harvard University's David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. A Fulbright Scholar to Chile in 2006, Munsell holds a BA in International Letters and Visual Studies from Tufts University, minor in Latin American Studies, and a Masters in Cultural Studies from the Universidad de Chile. Munsell's latest exhibitions include Pablo Helguera's Club Americano at MFA, Boston (2017); Embodied Absence: Chilean Art of the 1970s Now at the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (2016-7), and more.
About Iaritza Menjivar:
Iaritza Menjivar earned her BFA in Photography at Lesley University College of Art and Design. Currently, she is Social Media Marketing Manager Digital Silver Imaging and most recently was assistant to director at the Griffin Museum of Photography. Menjivar's ongoing project, First Generation, was featured on The New York Times Lensblog. Iaritza is awardee of the St. Botolph Foundation Emerging Artist Grant in the Visual Arts. She was also a scholarship recipient for the Seeing Crete: A Photo Diary Workshop in Crete, Greece, part of Maine Media Workshops in 2015. She has been part of international and national group shows, including being part of the Emergi-Cubes at Photoville 2016 in New York.
Susan S. Bank - Leica Gallery Boston Present: Susan S. Bank
74 Arlington Street
Boston 02116
E-Mail: info@leicagalleryboston.com
Website: http://www.leicagalleryboston.com/
Monday - Saturday 10.00 am - 7.00 pm


text:
#!/usr/bin/env bash

source $(dirname $(realpath $0))/../../tools/kafka-versions-tools.sh
VERSIONS_FILE="$(dirname $(realpath $0))/../../kafka-versions.yaml"

out="$1"

# Read the Kafka versions file and create an array of version strings
get_kafka_versions

# Get the default_kafka_version
get_default_kafka_version

# Get the features that are not supported by the kafka versions
get_kafka_does_not_support

# Set the default images
entity_operator_tls_sidecar_version="{{ default .Values.defaultImageRegistry .Values.tlsSidecarEntityOperator.image.registry }}/{{ default .Values.defaultImageRepository .Values.tlsSidecarEntityOperator.image.repository }}/{{ .Values.tlsSidecarEntityOperator.image.name }}:{{ default .Values.defaultImageTag .Values.tlsSidecarEntityOperator.image.tagPrefix }}-kafka-${default_kafka_version}"
kafka_exporter_version="{{ default .Values.defaultImageRegistry .Values.kafkaExporter.image.registry }}/{{ default .Values.defaultImageRepository .Values.kafkaExporter.image.repository }}/{{ .Values.kafkaExporter.image.name }}:{{ default .Values.defaultImageTag .Values.kafkaExporter.image.tagPrefix }}-kafka-${default_kafka_version}"

for version in "${versions[@]}"
do
    zookeeper_version="{{ default .Values.defaultImageRegistry .Values.zookeeper.image.registry }}/{{ default .Values.defaultImageRepository .Values.zookeeper.image.repository }}/{{ .Values.zookeeper.image.name }}:{{ default .Values.defaultImageTag .Values.zookeeper.image.tagPrefix }}-kafka-${version}"
    entity_operator_tls_sidecar_version="{{ default .Values.defaultImageRegistry .Values.tlsSidecarEntityOperator.image.registry }}/{{ default .Values.defaultImageRepository .Values.tlsSidecarEntityOperator.image.repository }}/{{ .Values.tlsSidecarEntityOperator.image.name }}:{{ default .Values.defaultImageTag .Values.tlsSidecarEntityOperator.image.tagPrefix }}-kafka-${version}"
    kafka_exporter_version="{{ default .Values.defaultImageRegistry .Values.kafkaExporter.image.registry }}/{{ default .Values.defaultImageRepository .Values.kafkaExporter.image.repository }}/{{ .Values.kafkaExporter.image.name }}:{{ default .Values.defaultImageTag .Values.kafkaExporter.image.tagPrefix }}-kafka-${version}"
    cruise_control_version="{{ default .Values.defaultImageRegistry .Values.cruiseControl.image.registry }}/{{ default .Values.defaultImageRepository .Values.cruiseControl.image.repository }}/{{ .Values.cruiseControl.image.name }}:{{ default .Values.defaultImageTag .Values.cruiseControl.image.tagPrefix }}-kafka-${version}"
    cruise_control_tls_sidecar_version="{{ default .Values.defaultImageRegistry .Values.tlsSidecarCruiseControl.image.registry }}/{{ default .Values.defaultImageRepository .Values.tlsSidecarCruiseControl.image.repository }}/{{ .Values.tlsSidecarCruiseControl.image.name }}:{{ default .Values.defaultImageTag .Values.tlsSidecarCruiseControl.image.tagPrefix }}-kafka-${version}"
    kafka_versions="${kafka_versions}
${version}={{ default .Values.defaultImageRegistry .Values.kafka.image.registry }}/{{ default .Values.defaultImageRepository .Values.kafka.image.repository }}/{{ .Values.kafka.image.name }}:{{ default .Values.defaultImageTag .Values.kafka.image.tagPrefix }}-kafka-${version}"
    kafka_connect_versions="${kafka_connect_versions}
${version}={{ default .Values.defaultImageRegistry .Values.kafkaConnect.image.registry }}/{{ default .Values.defaultImageRepository .Values.kafkaConnect.image.repository }}/{{ .Values.kafkaConnect.image.name }}:{{ default .Values.defaultImageTag .Values.kafkaConnect.image.tagPrefix }}-kafka-${version}"
    kafka_mirror_maker_versions="${kafka_mirror_maker_versions}
${version}={{ default .Values.defaultImageRegistry .Values.kafkaMirrorMaker.image.registry }}/{{ default .Values.defaultImageRepository .Values.kafkaMirrorMaker.image.repository }}/{{ .Values.kafkaMirrorMaker.image.name }}:{{ default .Values.defaultImageTag .Values.kafkaMirrorMaker.image.tagPrefix }}-kafka-${version}"
    kafka_exporter_versions="${kafka_exporter_versions}
${version}={{ default .Values.defaultImageRegistry .Values.kafkaExporter.image.registry }}/{{ default .Values.defaultImageRepository .Values.kafkaExporter.image.repository }}/{{ .Values.kafkaExporter.image.name }}:{{ default .Values.defaultImageTag .Values.kafkaExporter.image.tagPrefix }}-kafka-${version}"
    if [[ ${version_does_not_support[${version}]} != *"kafkaMirrorMaker2"* ]] ; then
      kafka_mirror_maker_2_versions="${kafka_mirror_maker_2_versions}
${version}={{ default .Values.defaultImageRegistry .Values.kafkaMirrorMaker2.image.registry }}/{{ default .Values.defaultImageRepository .Values.kafkaMirrorMaker2.image.repository }}/{{ .Values.kafkaMirrorMaker2.image.name }}:{{ default .Values.defaultImageTag .Values.kafkaMirrorMaker2.image.tagPrefix }}-kafka-${version}"
    fi
done

kafka_versions=$(echo "$kafka_versions" | sed 's/^/                /g')
kafka_connect_versions=$(echo "$kafka_connect_versions" | sed 's/^/                /g')
kafka_mirror_maker_versions=$(echo "$kafka_mirror_maker_versions" | sed 's/^/                /g')
kafka_exporter_versions=$(echo "$kafka_exporter_versions" | sed 's/^/                /g')
kafka_mirror_maker_2_versions=$(echo "$kafka_mirror_maker_2_versions" | sed 's/^/                /g')

cat >"$out" <<EOF
{{/* vim: set filetype=mustache: */}}

{{/* This file is generated in helm-charts/Makefile */}}
{{/* DO NOT EDIT BY HAND                            */}}

{{/* Generate the kafka image map */}}
{{- define "strimzi.kafka.image.map" }}
            - name: STRIMZI_DEFAULT_TLS_SIDECAR_ENTITY_OPERATOR_IMAGE
              value: ${entity_operator_tls_sidecar_version}
            - name: STRIMZI_DEFAULT_KAFKA_EXPORTER_IMAGE
              value: ${kafka_exporter_version}
            - name: STRIMZI_DEFAULT_CRUISE_CONTROL_IMAGE
              value: ${cruise_control_version}
            - name: STRIMZI_DEFAULT_TLS_SIDECAR_CRUISE_CONTROL_IMAGE
              value: ${cruise_control_tls_sidecar_version}
            - name: STRIMZI_KAFKA_IMAGES
              value: | ${kafka_versions}
            - name: STRIMZI_KAFKA_CONNECT_IMAGES
              value: | ${kafka_connect_versions}
            - name: STRIMZI_KAFKA_MIRROR_MAKER_IMAGES
              value: | ${kafka_mirror_maker_versions}
            - name: STRIMZI_KAFKA_MIRROR_MAKER_2_IMAGES
              value: | ${kafka_mirror_maker_2_versions}
{{- end -}}
EOF

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


From left: Michael P. Bonner, Stradley Ronon Partner; James Marple, TD Bank Senior Economist; and Valentino F. DiGiorgio III, Stradley Ronon Partner and Pennsylvania Republican Chairman.
DiGiorgio, chairman of Pennsylvania's Republican party, is co-chair of Stradley Ronon's public finance and banking practice groups. He handles all legal aspects of financial services, including commercial lending and tax-exempt financing for 501(c)(3) entities, governmental units and other entities. DiGiorgio also serves as solicitor for Uwchlan Township Industrial Development Authority (IDA) in Chester County and as solicitor for the Bethlehem Revitalization and Improvement Authority in connection with its City Revitalization and Improvement Zone (CRIZ) tax increment funding loan program. DiGiorgio has been active in GOP Politics since 1986 as a committeeman, activist, donor and leader. He is a frequent commentator on political events and appears as a regular panelist on the Channel 6 program, Inside Story, that airs on Sunday morning.
Bonner represents banks, commercial finance companies, hedge funds and other lenders in all aspects of commercial loan transactions. He serves as president of CFA's Philadelphia Chapter. Bonner represents clients in multiple types of financing transactions including asset-based, cash flow, acquisition, second lien, real estate, construction, debtor-in-possession, exit and workouts. He also represents companies in general business and commercial matters, including borrower-side financings.


Experiment and simulation of an absorption column under offshore conditions.
In the fields of various Engineering Activities, what is the decisive role of Engineering Philosophy and what does the Engineering Philosophy analyze?
Gene cloning and characterization of cold-adaptive amylase from Antarctic Arthrobacter sp.


text:
Ioana Moldovan
Ioana holds an MA in English, German, and film studies in Romania and Germany. A natural people's person, film enthusiast, Balkans and Berlin addict, she is happy to combine these passions in any way possible. When she is not writing for Romania-Insider.com she works for international film festivals and (ideally) travels a lot. Email: [email protected]
Submitted by ioana.m on Wed, 03/13/2013 - 10:17
Romanian film review - Minds wide open: One World Romania
The lovely month of March marks not only the beginning of the year's more interesting premieres but also of the film festival circuit and what a start this has been! One World Romania is a film festival focusing on human rights and on the documentary genre to highlight its mission. And while this alone would single it out among other film fests, it is also unique in the commitment to its message and the relevance of its films and guests. It kicked off at a furious rate on Monday and it will keep the same breathtaking pace until Sunday, March 17, so there's no excuse whatsoever for not catching at least one screening.
The entries are international while also making sure to promote and develop Romanian productions, such as this year's emigration study Anatomy of a Departure or the more provocative documentary of Romania's role in the Holocaust, the scandal-ridden Odessa. Whether the film is a thoughtful take on the matter is for the audience to judge and for film discussion to elaborate on, but no one can deny the film its undeniable merit of tackling an issue which this country is apparently not willing to discuss (yet).
One of the most moving films with a Romanian content, while being a truly universal story, happens to be a German one, the brilliant and chilling Revision, one of the best films I saw last year. The director Philip Scheffner works in an investigative tradition, digging up the case of two Roma men from Craiova and Alba Iulia who were murdered on the German side of the border with Poland in 1992. Clinical and factual in tone, the film builds up to an unexpected and heartbreaking finale, leaving you both endlessly touched and enraged. And this is, in a nutshell, what makes One World Romania such a sharp festival: being unflinching in the conflicts uncovered and nuanced in its film discussions. The latter are thankfully more immediate and complex than your average (and let's be honest, often hair-raisingly unfocused) session of questions and answers as they are led in this case by experts on the topic depicted onscreen.
What makes the festival even more relevant is its role as a platform for the Romanian documentary, a genre poorly represented at the national film university and otherwise often neglected by distributors and broadcasters, and logically by a substantial part of the audience. Through its panels, workshops and DVD film releases it is a valuable chance for upcoming documentarists to learn and a great opportunity for more seasoned practitioners to meet their peers.
Impressive in its scope and most of all in its ability to deliver the promised high-quality content in a country still struggling with the issue of human and minority rights, this initiative is not only welcome, but desperately needed. And thankfully one which carries its heavy themes with humor, generosity and charm.
Check out the official website for detailed information on the program, guests, and side events. And for the quickest tips, check out their rigorously updated Facebook page. We also covered the festival a few days ago, so here are even more recommendations.
by Ioana Moldovan, columnist, [email protected]
(photo source: One World Romania)


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