For the opening night there was a lot of confusion over what everybody wanted to do, however we decided to keep it fairly low key and simple in the end because as usual we had no money in the kitty to do anything over the top. At the beginning there was a lot of talk about getting some music to be played at the opening night however we soon changed our minds on that because a lot of people had videos, and having music would take away from their pieces of work because you would not be able to hear the audio.
The next hurdle we had to over come for the opening night was wether to supply drinks on the night or not. we wanted to because we wanted to create a happy vibe however we were not allowed to sell or have donations for the alcohol and seeing as money was short we decided to change this. One option we looked into was looking for a sponsor to supply the beverages for the evening however no companies were that interested and hardly any got back to us. So instead of this idea we decided to purchase a few bottles of champagne, orange and apple juice and just hand one drink per person as they walked through the door which worked out perfectly seeing as the SU came along and supplied a bar for visitors to visit if they wanted any more drinks.
Overall the opening night was a big success and i believe everybody enjoyed themselves and enjoyed the photography.
While researching into underwater photography i came across the photographer zena holloway who focuses mainly on editorial and advertisement underwater photography. Her photographs straight away caught my attention because they are so dream like and ethereal, which is the look i am trying to create in my own photographs.
The use of the fabric she uses in her photographs also creates such stunning photographs, she always uses she bright a vibrant fabrics against the pale skin of the model in the water which creates a eye catching contrast.
The colours are really striking in these photographs especially in the first two photographs, and this is for me what makes them so eye catching. Having the black background in the first two as well really highlights the contast between the two colours making the colours look even more bright and vivid.
I think this links really well into my own work because its all about the movement of the model and the movement of the fabric to portray a certain message, which is what i am trying to achieve in my own work. Also the magical and dreamlike look of the photographs help me see what i could achieve in my own work.
These are just a couple of videos that show how underwater photography is done and the results of the photographs. I would really love to try and do this because i think the final photographs are stunning. the dream like and mystical quality to them is beautiful and they are extremely eye catching. I could incorporate my project into underwater photography easily because it is all about movement so i think this would work really well.
The next steps are to try and find a place that will hire out the equipment for me to use and to try and find a pool where they will let me shoot in, preferably the pool will have skylights so i use the natural light coming in from the roof to light my photographs. Then if i get this sorted i will need to find some material which will float well in the pool and create colour and movement in the photographs.
Overall i think the shoot went really well, i used a different light set up from my previous shoot which brought a lot more warmth to the photographs which i think looks really good. In photoshop i used the same techniques of lowering the saturation right down apart from the hair so you get a stark contrast which i really like, fixed the levals and curves and sharpened up the photographs.
These are the contact sheets from the shoot i did with alex, if time permitted i would have liked to shoot a lot more photographs however we were strapped for time and i think i got a good amount of images to work with in the time which i had.
Overall i think the shoot went really well and helped me work out my lighting and techniques which i am going to use when i shoot my finals. I really like the warmth that i have captured in these photographs which i think was lacking in my previous shoots so overall it was a good shoot.
While searching round for inspiration for my project i came a series of photographs that Nick Knight did for a magazine. Straight away they really captured my attention. The use of long exposures to capture the movement of the body was really interesting and produced a very ethereal feel to the photographs. I am not doing long exposures in my final images however i thought they really related to my own project because they were like looking into a very surreal and dreamlike moment in time where the emotions of the model are being expressed through the movement of her body.
Above are a few of my favourite from the series he did. In my own project i am gong to try and create the same dream like ethereal feel that Nick Knight ha managed to capture in his. One other thing i particularly like about these photographs is the use of the different colours, it brings a real warmth to the photographs which mine at the moment are lacking so i will have to work on that i think.
So lately i had a tutorial with my tutor to asses where i am and what stage my project is at. I showed him what i had done so far and he critiqued my work and helped me understand where i had to go next and how to improve my project.
The main point that i really have to work which he made clear to me was really understanding "why i am doing this project?" what is the meaning behind my project? because at the moment its much to wishy washy, i haven't got any clear direction i am going in and i really need to buckle down and myself fully understand my own work before i show it to other people.
On the photographs i have put a book around certain bits. These are the bits he really liked in the photographs. He though i should stick with how desaturated the photographs are apart from the hair because he said it makes it much more striking.
One route he suggested me going down was having a look at underwater photography, because i could stick with my theme of movement and bodies and create a much more surreal and dreamlike effect if they were shot under water. I really like the idea of shooting under water but this posses the risk of having a few problems. 1. finding a pool where they would let me shoot and 2. having access to an under water camera which will let me shoot high quality photographs. However i am going to have a look into it and see if it is possible for my project.
One other suggestion he had for me was just to get on and shoot a lot more photographs which i knew i had to get on with anyway.
Now for the photo shoot i plan to do…my project is all about the female body, body image, identity and emotion. how strength and power can be shown through the human body. the project is based on myself, how i use my body to express myself. throughout my work i have always been drawn to creating quit surreal and dream like photographs. I am going to stick with this theme as i enjoy doing it greatly however i want to create something extremely interesting, thats going to make people come over and properly look at my photographs, i want to shock and intrigue people at the same time.
That is why i have planned to photograph using different things as props. One idea that has got me extremely excited is using talcum powder in my shots, this would create the dream/ ghost like effect i am after. by photographing with a fast shutter speed i aim to capture my body whilst it is moving as a "moment int time" image. However to aid with this ghost like effect i am after i am going to increase the iso, to create a kind of grainy effect to the photographs so they also look kind of old as well.
quick sketch of what the makeshift studio looks like…..


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To launch the new MICHAEL Michael Kors Spring 2019 ad campaign starring none other than Bella Hadid, the brand hosted a digital experience at Dolby Soho space in downtown New York City. Guests were immersed in the campaign, utilizing Dolby's high-tech audio and visual capabilities, playing campaign videos, as well as imagery.
The campaign was shot by world-renowned photographer David Sims, showcasing a contemporary version of the idea of being a "jetsetter," which his reflected in his emphasis on speed, energy and optimism. To mirror the campaign, five different spaces were created for guests to experience within the space. Guests in attendance included the designer himself, Bella Hadid, Camilla Belle, Caro Daur, Olivia Palermo, Zhengyang Zhang, TK Wonder and more.
The Infinity Space touted the recognizable MK charm displayed on an endless wall of Dolby Vision-enabled televisions, in various bright treatments. Guests were also able utilize the Hypno BODY cameras that were available to capture the content for themselves and even share in real time.
The Experience Room was fully projection-mapped allowing guests to capture their perspective in the room, which featured the campaign graphics. The 1,000-square-foot room was fitted with Dolby Atmos audio as well for optimal sound.
The Studio is where guests were able to become the stars of their very own MK Spring 2019 ad campaign, where props like a trampoline, as well as clothing and accessories were available at their disposal to style themselves, and Hypno AIR cameras captured the content to keep and to share.
The Downstairs was another room that prominently featured the MK charm in over-the-top, life-sized versions that were reimagined in creative ways, such as in the form of a swing and in a see-saw. Guests were able to interact with the logo while mirroring the optimism and the focus of movement represented in the campaign itself. The Hypno ICON technology created neon shadows of the guests' movements, while DJ Francois K provided music and entertainment all night from the Dolby DJ Lab.
The Virtual Forest was another room was also fitted with 18 Dolby screens, which were further enhanced with their 3D capabilities.
The space is now open to the public. For more information, please visit the brand's website.


Being a part of team to create brand communication stratergies.
Visualising how each brand fits into the given possiblities across the digital medium.
Duties include online advocasy, making content, community outreach initiatives, contests, etc.
Independent, Self Motivated, Strategic thinker with determination to succeed.
Basic knowledge of & presence in social media platform.


V Tail doesn't get stuck/struck in the grass. Tee fits that category but tiss heavy.
Tee flies better as a V puts apposing rotational stresses into fuselage, attempt to sort this has resulted in an a design that has an upside down V. Pilot lands inverted.
Not very convenient and dead odd to watch.
X - heavier and gets struck on landing.
X tail and T tail models are nicer to fly but harder to live with.....V is a good compromise simple and light and nicely out of the way on landing.
Mr Treble, I'm not a frequent uploader, not sure how that happened, there's no heading named, Geeks on a slope, How's the Willow? Is it on the repair bench yet? bad luck in that respect.
Vtail is considered to be faster because of lower drag.
There aren't actually many models designed specifically for f3f as they are mostly f3b or f3b/f3f cross over designs.
It's really not that bad stu - maybe about the same as walking up to Mickeys? The Crest is a much harder.
Willow is back in one piece - just needs a bit of tarting up and I need to do some battery testing before I fling it off again!
Having successfully completed Round 1 it is now time for Round 2 of the Southern F3F Winter league.
So, if you want to take part, please book-in at http://www.eastsussexsa.co.uk/winter_league as usual.
Is it acceptable to come and observe assist in the first instance?
If you are going take anything you have that is flyable in the expected conditions. As John says you will learn far more by flying. F3f seems to be mostly about technique, anticipating turns and flying a neat and tidy way. It does not make a particularly exciting spectator sport but it is awesome to fly. Go fly learn and enjoy. You will find everyone friendly and willing to help.
If you do come have a go, even if its just for a bit.
We will be happy to help in any way, there will be no charge and I'm sure you will enjoy it more.
Thanks guys, will see what I can dig out and bring, but I only have electric Hacks and 1 glider thats serviceable, which is RES, so not really suitable.
If it will do straight and level and turn left and right it is F3f ready!
Charge it up and go for it.


Bibimbap is a dish where you mix cooked rice with a lot of things - usually a lot of (fried) vegetables and some sort of meat, fish or tofu with an egg on top. 밥 bap means (cooked) rice or even just "dish" in Korean and 비빔다 bibida is a verb that means "to mix" so it actually just means "Mixed rice (dish)" :) Although it is very easy it is a standard Korean dish that you can find everywhere in Korea. I pictured our little cooking course sponsored from the Korean embassy, thank you for a very fun evening!
The cooking team! From left to right: Flo, Yurim, my humble self, Nicola, Sabrina and Boseol - we're all TEACH students except for Flo on the left who studies Asian Society and Economy. I really like Yurim a lot she is such a sweet and funny girl!
Since we were there quite early (they had limited participant numbers) we helped to set up the ingredients which were basically tofu, sesam oil + seeds, hot Korean paste, salt, sugar, chili, garlic, cucumber, carrots, radish and zucchini, later we also added meat, soy sauce, spoons and other stuff.
Everyone got a recipe sheet from the Korean embassy - unfortunately there weren't any amounts written how much we would use from what ingredient so we had to wait and listen to the instructor all the time which was a bit difficult since there were a lot of people.
Next up was cutting the carrots, cucumber, radish and zucchini. Lazy as I am I chose the zucchini because it was one of the easiest to cut - you have to cut as thin as possible! While we worked, Nicola enjoyed Korean green tea with sesame seeds.
Almost done! We spiced the radish with chili, vinegar and salt, then fried the zucchini, carrots and ground meat.
..remember that it says "mixed rice" so you have to destroy the beauty and mix everything together! :D We were the last who got their rice and our rice was pretty burned so it was really difficult to mix it evenly. It tasted great though! I missed bit of salt but that was okay. I think I would make bibimbap if I had lots of small leftovers or in a bigger group.
This was a really fun and delicious event, I'm glad we went! Plus, free food is always good ;D Free Korean food is even better! We will definitely participate if they are having something like this again :) Typing this post really made me hungry! I look forward to living in Seoul next year and I'm curious about all the food I might encounter. What about you, anyone else crazy about Korean food culture?


All figures from the book are available to download by registered instructors, in JPG and PPT format, in the zip file links below. Please visit the catalogue page for the book here and click on the Resources tab for information on how to register to gain access to these.
All figures from the book are available to download by registered instructors, in zipped JPG and PPT format, via the links below.


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This Land Called Tennessee
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Faiers, Edward Spencer
A major contributor to the arts in Memphis from the 1950s until his death in 1985, Edward Spencer Faiers was significant as a teacher and an artist. He moved to Memphis in 1952 and joined the faculty of the Memphis…
Fairvue Plantation
Fairvue was the home of Isaac Franklin and his young bride, Adelicia Hayes Franklin. Built in 1832, the property was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1977, but lost the designation in 2005. Historically, the house had identical facades…
Falk, Randall M.
Randall M. Falk has advanced Jewish-Christian relations and understanding as an author, professor, and rabbi of The Temple, Congregation Ohabai Sholom in Nashville. Born in Little Rock and educated at the University of Cincinnati and the Hebrew Union College, Falk…
Fall Creek Falls State Park
Tennessee's second largest park is Fall Creek Falls State Park, which covers a total of 19,684 acres. The park is located between Spencer and Pikeville along the border of Van Buren and Bledsoe Counties. Located near the upper Cane Creek…
Fanning, Tolbert
Tolbert Fanning, early leader of the Stone-Campbell Movement in Tennessee and the South, was born in rural Middle Tennessee in an area that later became Cannon County. Converted to the Disciples in Alabama in 1827, Fanning attended and graduated from…
Farmers' Alliance (Farmers' and Laborers' Union)
The Farmers' Alliance made its first appearance in Tennessee in the winter of 1887, when J. T. Alsup, a national lecturer, organized the first Alliance in Wilson County. Perhaps Alsup selected Middle Tennessee for his first attempts because West Tennessee…
Farms and the Agricultural Experiment Station
Farms and farming in Tennessee have experienced great changes during two centuries of statehood. For example, the number of farms in Tennessee ranged from 72,735 in 1850 to 273,783 in 1935, before sliding to just under 80,000 in 1997. The…
Farragut, David Glasgow
David G. Farragut, the first U.S. admiral, was born James Glasgow Farragut in 1801 and raised in Stoney Point, near Knoxville. In 1806 his father received a navy commission and moved his family to New Orleans. In 1808, when a…
Farris, Oscar L.
Oscar L. Farris spent almost forty years with the University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service. While serving in Maury County, he was responsible for the first "test and slaughter" attempt to control cattle brucellosis in Tennessee four years before the…
The Tennessee General Assembly established Fayette County on September 29, 1824, and named it in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, French general and statesman. The county seat, Somerville, was named to honor Lieutenant Robert Somerville, hero of the battle…
Fayette County Slideshow
The largest express transportation company in the world is FedEx, headquartered in Memphis. Frederick W. Smith, a Memphis businessman and U.S. Marine Corps veteran, began a company named Federal Express in April 1973 with fourteen small aircraft flying from the…
Fenians in Tennessee
In 1858 John O'Mahony established the Fenian Brotherhood of America to provide money, arms, and military leadership for an anticipated rising against England by the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood. An odd twist in this story of nineteenth-century Irish nationalism was the…
Fentress County
The Tennessee General Assembly created Fentress County from parts of Overton and Morgan Counties on November 28, 1823. The county was named in honor of James Fentress, the Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives, who had assisted in passing…
Fentress County Slideshow
Samuel "Champ" Ferguson was one of the most notorious guerilla fighters on either side of the Civil War. His partisan career is a prominent example of how personal revenge, criminal actions, and political allegiance all overlapped to motivate guerilla warfare…
Tennessee contains 19,200 miles of streams, including 1,062 miles of navigable waterways. These streams initially served as a major means of transportation that allowed early settlers access to markets and permitted travel between isolated communities. Future urban centers such as…
Fiddle and Old-time Music Contests
Tennessee towns host over thirty fiddle and old-time music contests every year. Many of these current music festivals date only to the 1970s as Tennesseans rediscovered their local musical and folklore traditions, but fiddle contests have a long history in…
First Baptist Church, Capitol Hill, Nashville
Nashville's Afro-Baptists began their religious journey of faith within a spectacular local history. Negroes were among 200 residents in the settlement of Fort Nashborough in 1780. By 1787, they represented 22 percent of 477 settlers; by 1820, their number grew…
First Tennessee Bank
First Tennessee Bank was founded in 1864 as the First National Bank of Memphis. Today, First Tennessee is part of First Horizon National Corporation, which sits at number 575 on the Fortune 1000 and is the nation's twenty-fourth largest commercial…
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Geography and Geology
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Lamar Alexander
Civil War Occupation
Columbia Race Riot, 1946
Alfred Leland Crabb
John Bartlett Dennis
J.R. "Pitt" Hyde III
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Andrew Johnson National Historic Site
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The Emancipator
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The Patrons of Husbandry
Worth, Inc.
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International PJD (Project Just Dance) is an Association that was born thanks to great passion for Hip Hop dance and culture of its first founder and president Cristina Gallesi and other charter members. PJD's mission is to bring out from each of its members the best of their selves by improving their technical, artistic and expressive skills during the events, organized by the same organisation, with the best tutors from the world-wide Hip Hop scene.
Before the Internet and social networks era it was not so easy to know news from abroad and to follow foreigner dancers rather than the Hip Hop development in the world. It was because of this that PJD felt the need to bring the Hip Hop spokespeople from beyond the Alps and the overseas countries to Italy by organizing some small events, training and sharing workshops that over the years would have been become the two main events yearly organized by the Association : "American Camp" and "Hyper Week".
PJD places great emphasis to the concept of education, from Latin the verb "e-ducere" means "to lead, to free".
Each artist/teacher chosen by PJD as tutor during its events has the duty to EDUCATE dancers from both artistic, human and cultural side. Another of tutors' purposes is to motivate and to push the students to share and enjoy their own art and skills with the community.
PJD is very selective when chooses its tutors, guest partners and supporters.
Since the beginning PJD's main effort has been to knock down the walls that divide the dance/Hip hop community in its endless parts and to push dancers to open their mind towards all styles, techniques and their world-wide development without any type of prejudice.
In accordance to its principles PJD is open to collaborate with other organisations and events that have the same view of the Hip Hop world.
For more than 15 years in the field PJD is ready to assist whoever fledgling in organizing events by helping them to contact national and international teachers, choreographers and dancers and to provide them other advice and artistic directions.


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Home Pressemitteilungen Leibniz-Chair for Robert M. McMeeking
Leibniz-Chair for Robert M. McMeeking
The internationally renowned materials scientist Robert M. McMeeking is appointed Leibniz Chair for his collaboration with the INM. With this award, the INM and the Leibniz Association honor the long-standing and successful cooperation between the professor of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the Leibniz Institute.
Whole press release
He will be the first holder of a Leibniz Chair in the field of Mathematics, Natural and Engineering Sciences of the Leibniz Association.
For about ten years, the INM has maintained a close cooperation with Professor McMeeking. With his theoretical models of novel adhesive microstructures, he significantly contributed to INM's major breakthroughs in the field of new, functional materials. As a result of the cooperation, 47 joint publications in peer-reviewed journals were published and a joint patent was filed for switchable adhesives.
McMeeking will serve as Leibniz Chair for five years, contributing his expertise on theoretical models to other main topics of the INM, such as the self-assembly of materials, the mechanics of touch and feel, the design of new micro-optical systems and the interaction between cells and artificial scaffold materials.
The close and intensive cooperation between the INM and McMeeking has been fostered in several longer research stays at the INM. In 2013, he was re-invited by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation to perform research at the INM as a former research awardee.
Recently, McMeeking was awarded the new Alumni Prize for Innovative Network Initiatives by the Humboldt Foundation: in the network MePAG (Virtual Humboldt Cluster on the Mechanics and Physics of Adhesion and Grip), McMeeking and the INM bring together international experts with a theoretical and experimental background in the field of adhesion and related topics. This international scientific exchange will be strengthened by the Leibniz Chair.
About the person
Robert M. McMeeking is Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Distinguished Professor of Materials at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is also Sixth Century Professor of Engineering Materials (Part time) at Aberdeen University in Scotland. A Scottish native, he made his scientific career in the USA. His scientific opus includes more than 300 original articles. McMeeking has received numerous honors and awards, including the Timoshenko Medal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, USA, and Highly Cited Researcher in Materials Science.
INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials, situated in Saarbrücken, is an internationally leading centre for materials research. INM conducts research and development to create new materials – for today, tomorrow and beyond. Research at INM is performed in three fields: Nanocomposite Technology, Interface Materials, and Bio Interfaces. INM is an institute of the Leibniz Association and has about 250 employees.
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Robert McMeeking
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Design for Recycling: The programmed immortality of the lithium-ion battery
INM's Scientific Director and Chairman Eduard Arzt retires
Materials research in weightlessness: When nanoparticles team up
Smallest particles grow together. Does that happen faster in space?
Lithium extraction from water – A new continuous and cost-effective process has the world's oceans in its sights
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If you have high blood pressure, diabetes, or heart problems, ask your doctor what you can do. You may need to avoid certain postures, like those in which you're upside down or that demand more balance than you have right now. A very gentle program of yoga, coupled with a light aerobic activity like walking or swimming, may be the best way to start.
In 2009, the Council of Ulemas, an Islamic body in Indonesia, passed a fatwa banning yoga on the grounds that it contains Hindu elements.[302] These fatwas have, in turn, been criticized by Darul Uloom Deoband, a Deobandi Islamic seminary in India.[303] Similar fatwas banning yoga, for its link to Hinduism, were issued by the Grand Mufti Ali Gomaa in Egypt in 2004, and by Islamic clerics in Singapore earlier.[304]
It's natural for anyone trying to lose weight to want to lose it very quickly. But evidence shows that people who lose weight gradually and steadily (about 1 to 2 pounds per week) are more successful at keeping weight off. Healthy weight loss isn't just about a "diet" or "program". It's about an ongoing lifestyle that includes long-term changes in daily eating and exercise habits.
Classical yoga incorporates epistemology, metaphysics, ethical practices, systematic exercises and self-development techniques for body, mind and spirit.[144] Its epistemology (pramana) and metaphysics is similar to that of the Sāṅkhya school. The metaphysics of Classical Yoga, like Sāṅkhya, is mainly dualistic, positing that there are two distinct realities. These are prakriti (nature), which is the eternal and active unconscious source of the material world and is composed of three gunas, and the puruṣas (persons), the plural consciousnesses which are the intelligent principles of the world, and are multiple, inactive and eternal witnesses. Each person has a individual puruṣa, which is their true self, the witness and the enjoyer, and that which is liberated. This metaphysical system holds that puruṣas undergo cycles of reincarnation through its interaction and identification with prakirti. Liberation, the goal of this system, results from the isolation (kaivalya) of puruṣa from prakirti, and is achieved through a meditation which detaches oneself from the different forms (tattvas) of prakirti.[240] This is done by stilling one's thought waves (citta vritti) and resting in pure awareness of puruṣa.
In the early 11th century, the Persian scholar Al Biruni visited India, lived with Hindus for 16 years, and with their help translated several significant Sanskrit works into Arabic and Persian languages. One of these was Patanjali's Yogasutras.[290][291] Al Biruni's translation preserved many of the core themes of Patañjali 's Yoga philosophy, but certain sutras and analytical commentaries were restated making it more consistent with Islamic monotheistic theology.[290][292] Al Biruni's version of Yoga Sutras reached Persia and Arabian peninsula by about 1050 AD. Later, in the 16th century, the hath yoga text Amritakunda was translated into Arabic and then Persian.[293] Yoga was, however, not accepted by mainstream Sunni and Shia Islam. Minority Islamic sects such as the mystic Sufi movement, particularly in South Asia, adopted Indian yoga practises, including postures and breath control.[294][295] Muhammad Ghawth, a Shattari Sufi and one of the translators of yoga text in 16th century, drew controversy for his interest in yoga and was persecuted for his Sufi beliefs.[296]
These meditations were seen as being supported by the other elements of the eightfold path, such as the practice of ethics, right exertion, sense restraint and right view.[244] Two mental qualities are said to be indispensable for yogic practice in Buddhism, samatha (calm, stability) and vipassanā (insight, clear seeing).[245] Samatha is the quality of a stable, relaxed and calm mind. It is also associated with samadhi (mental unification, focus) and dhyana (a state of meditative absorption). Vipassanā meanwhile, is a kind of insight or penetrative understanding into the true nature of phenomena. It is also defined as "seeing things as they truly are" (yathābhūtaṃ darśanam). The true nature of things is defined and explained in different ways, but an important and unique feature of classical Buddhism is its understanding of all phenomena (dhammas) as being empty of a self (atman) or inherent essence, a doctrine termed Anatta ("not-self") and Śūnyatā (emptiness).[246][247] This is in sharp contrast with most other Indian traditions, whose goals are founded either on the idea of an individual soul (atman, jiva, purusha) or a universal monistic consciousness ( Brahman). Vipassanā also requires an understanding of suffering or dukkha (and thus the four noble truths), impermanence (anicca) and interdependent origination. https://buzzingofferbusinessinvesting.tumblr.com/


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WJCS Vol.9 No.8 , August 2019
Anomalous Origin and Course of Coronary Artery—Presentation of Three Cases
Ankit Maheshwari1, Soumyadip Saha1, Tanunita Mondal2, Harpreet Singh Minhas1, Muhammad Abid Geelani1
1 Department of CTVS, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Delhi, India.
2 Department of Anaesthesia, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Delhi, India.
Abstract: Anomalous origin of coronary arteries may be encountered coincidentally in the presence of unrelated pathology or when these are affected directly. This may directly be responsible for affecting the procedure or outcome. Various types of anomalies of origin, as well as course of coronary arteries, have been classified in the past. Here we report 3 cases of anomalous origin of coronary arteries in different scenarios. First case had anomalous coronary with bicuspid aortic valve with dilated ascending aorta for which Bentall's procedure was done, while the second and third cases were anomalous coronaries with coronary artery disease for which coronary artery bypass grafting was done.
Keywords: Anomalous Origin of Coronary Artery, Bentall's Procedure, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
Coronary artery anomalies are congenital abnormalities that have been described in the past and discussed extensively by Angelini [1] . Presentation of these anomalies is variable, and these can be challenging intraoperatively various cardiac conditions. We faced 3 such cases which we present in this article.
2. Case 1
A 50 years old male presented with dyspnoea on exertion NYHA grade II, angina on exertion class II for the last one and half years and palpitation for the last six months. There was a history of smoking for 20 years and alcoholism for 10 years. Clinical evaluation suggested aortic stenosis. Routine preoperative workup showed normal blood Investigations. X-ray showed dilated ascending aorta. Echocardiography showed bicuspid and calcified aortic valve with an annulus of 3.2 cm and dilated ascending aorta of 4.5 cm suggestive of severe aortic stenosis with the normal functioning mitral valve. Computed tomographic coronary angiography (CT Coronary) (Figure 1) revealed increased diameter of ascending aorta of 4.5 cm, separate opening of Left anterior descending artery (LAD) and Left circumflex (LCx) artery from left coronary sinus with normal course, along with absent Left main coronary artery.
Patient was taken up for surgery after informed consent. Bentall's procedure was planned as the ascending aorta was dilated and aortic valve was calcified.
Intraoperatively, the ascending aorta was found to be thinned out and dilated. The arch vessels were normal. After aorto-bicaval cannulation and initiating cardiopulmonary bypass, the temperature was lowered to 32˚C. Antegrade root cardioplegia was given and aorta was cross clamped. Aorta was incised near root and both coronary ostia were examined. It was found that the LAD & LCx were arising separately from left coronary sinus and Right coronary artery (RCA) was arising from right sinus. Calcified aortic valve was excised. LCx and LAD ostia were harvested as a single button and RCA ostia as a separate button (Figure 2). Dilatation of ascending aorta ended proximal to the origin of Innominate artery. The ascending aorta was divided proximal to the innominate artery. Aortic valve conduit 25 SJM (Master Series Aortic Valve graft SJM) was anastomosed proximally to the aortic root and distally to the ascending aorta. The coronary ostia were implanted at the conduit. Rewarming and deairing was done. Left ventricular vent was removed. The patient was gradually weaned off CPB. A pacing wire and mediastinal drain were inserted. The median sternotomy was closed. Post-operative period was uneventful. Post-operative Echocardiography demonstrated normally functioning prosthetic aortic valve.
Patient was discharged with Tab Warfarin and Tab Aspirin for anticoagulation.
Figure 1. CT coronary angiography image showing separate origin of LAD and LCX.
A 60-Year-old male presented with chest pain for which evaluation was done. ECG suggested of ischaemic changes for which angiography was done. The patient was non-diabetic and non-hypertensive. Angiography (Figure 3) suggested the narrowing of left main coronary artery and the origin of both left main coronary artery and right coronary artery from the right sinus, left main coronary artery from right sinus above right coronary artery posteriorly. There was left anterior descending artery (LAD) narrowing 90 percent and ramus narrowing 80 percent. Echocardiography suggested normal ejection fraction of 60%. Laboratory investigations were normal and pre-anesthetic fitness was obtained. Decision to perform coronary artery bypass grafting was taken. Intraoperatively, vessels were found to be atheromatous. The patient was operated and left internal mammary artery was anastomosed to LAD, and reverse saphenous vein grafts from aorta to ramus and diagonal. Distal runoff was good. Post operatively, the patient recovered well, and sternal incision site remained healthy. Patient was discharged on the 10th post-operative day.
A 55-year-old female presented with acute onset chest pain with hypotension. ECG changes suggested ischaemic changes followed by which resuscitation and stabilisation was done. On coronary angiography, coronary anomaly was seen and there were separate origin of left anterior descending artery (LAD) and left circumflex artery LCX from left coronary sinus (Figure 4), with absent left main coronary artery and normal right coronary artery. Laboratory investigations were found to be normal and echocardiography revealed ejection fraction was 60% with no regional wall motion abnormality. After preoperative workup and
Figure 2. Intra-operative image showing right coronary button harvested and separate origin of LAD and LCX. Here, LAD and LCX are harvested as a single coronary button.
Figure 3. Coronary angiography image showing origin of right coronary artery and left main coronary artery from right sinus.
Figure 4. Coronary angiography showing separate origin of LAD and LCX from left coronary sinus.
obtaining pre-anaesthetic fitness, coronary artery bypass grafting was done. Left internal mammary artery to LAD grafting was done. Reverse saphenous vein graft was anastomosed to aorta proximally, and diagonal and OM distally. Vessels were atheromatous and distal runoff was good. Post operatively, the patient recovered well. Incision site remained healthy and the patient was discharged on 11th post-operative day.
During the developmental period, coronary buds arise from the sinuses of Valsalva and their location depends on the region of the division of the bulbous cordis into aorta and pulmonary arteries. These buds fuse with the vascular network in the heart later. Any variation in this process leads to coronary artery anomalies. The points of origin of the coronary buds are located so that, with the subsequent division of this portion, they will be situated on the right and left sinuses of Valsalva (RSV and LSV) [2] .
Angelini and co-workers suggested "normal" as more than 1% of frequency and anomaly as less than 1% of the general population. Symptomatic patients with anomalous coronary can be treated medically, by intervention or by surgery, especially for those having associated anomalies or for preventing sudden death [1] . Patients may present with variable presentations like Ischemia or coincidental valvular heart disease. 26% of coronary anomalies may have aortic root abnormality, classic example being bicuspid aortic valve. Bicuspid aortic valve is associated with a higher incidence of coronary anomalies [3] . Absent left main coronary artery, and the left anterior Descending and left circumflex coronary arteries originating directly from the aorta is seen rarely (1% of general population) [4] .
There have been incidents of sudden cardiac death due to unknown reasons. Hence, some guidelines ask people with coronary anomalies to refrain from competitive sports or strenuous activities [5] . Currently various modalities to diagnose them preoperatively are conventional coronary angiography, CT coronary angiography or MRI. Contrary to the thinking and according to prevailing opinion, coronary segments with an anomalous course are no more vulnerable to obstructive disease than are normal segments in the same individual [6] . Recent American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force recommends, "surgical procedures are the only therapies available for correcting these anomalies" [7] [8] .
In all the 3 cases, pre-operative planning was very important. The patient's coronary anatomy is important for giving direct cardioplegia and harvesting coronary buttons in the first case. Even though it was convenient in this case, coronary button mobilisation can be difficult before implantation and care should be taken to ensure proper implantation into the conduit avoiding excessive tension. The outcome of the procedure depended on this step of coronary button harvesting, which was managed successfully. Proper deairing ensures avoiding air entering these coronary arteries and thereby preventing ventricular dysfunction in the post-operative period.
Whenever diagnosed preoperatively in cases of coronary artery disease, basic principles of CABG must be followed. Sometimes, the aortic origin of the artery may require modifications if it is associated with another surgery or if it affects future outcome in preventing ischaemia. The modifications may include unroofing or reimplantation [9] . In our 2nd and 3rd case, preoperative workup included detailed echocardiography as anomalous coronaries may be associated with valvular lesions, and to assess for regional wall motion abnormalities. Intraoperatively, it was important to define the level of obstruction and correlate it with the angiographic findings. Distal runoff was good in both cases. Anastomotic technique and proper lie of the graft to ensure adequate flow and to prevent kinking of the graft is important. Good revascularisation was achieved in both cases as the patient recovered well in the post-operative period.
Brothers et al. observed that one-third of their postoperative patients had residual "ischaemic" abnormalities detected using a combination of exercise stress testing, stress echocardiography and myocardial perfusion studies [10] . Long term accumulated data is required for making further recommendations [11] .
As we realized from the above three cases, anomalous coronary arteries may sometime pose a challenge during the intraoperative course especially when coronary buttons need to be harvested. Preoperative workup and intraoperative judgement are crucial for better outcomes.
Informed consent was obtained from all patients whose cases are described.
Cite this paper: Maheshwari, A. , Saha, S. , Mondal, T. , Minhas, H. and Geelani, M. (2019) Anomalous Origin and Course of Coronary Artery—Presentation of Three Cases. World Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery, 9, 89-95. doi: 10.4236/wjcs.2019.98011.
[1] Angelini, P. (2007) Coronary Artery Anomalies an Entity in Search of an Identity. Circulation, 115, 1296-1305.
[2] Villa, A.D.M., Sammut, E., Nair, A., Rajani, R., Bonamini, R. and Chiribiri, A. (2016) Coronary Artery Anomalies Overview: The Normal and the Abnormal. World Journal of Radiology, 8, 537-555.
https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v8.i6.537
[3] Sans-Coma, V., Duran, A.C., Fernandez, B., Fernandez, M.C., Lopez, D. and Arque, J.M. (1999) Coronary Artery Anomalies and Bicuspid Aortic Valve. In: Angelini, P., Ed., Coronary Artery Anomalies: A Comprehensive Approach, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 17-25.
[4] Kouchoukos, N., Blackstone, E., Hanley, F. and Kirklin, J. (2012) Kirklin/Barret- Boyes Cardiac Surgery. 4th Edition, Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 22.
[5] Maron, B.J. and Zipes, D.P. (2005) Introduction: Eligibility Recommendations for Competitive Athletes with Cardiovascular Abnormalities-General Considerations. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 45, 1318-1321.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.006
[6] Angelini, P. (2002) Coronary Anomalies Incidence, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Relevance. Circulation, 105, 2449-2454.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000016175.49835.57
[7] Cheezum, M.K., et al. (2017) Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary Artery From the Inappropriate Sinus of Valsalva. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 69, 1592-608.
[8] Van Hare, G.F., Ackerman, M.J., Evangelista, J.A., et al. (2015) Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes with Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 4: Congenital Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. Circulation, 132, e281-e291.
[9] Ong, C.S., Cameron, D.E. and Jacobs, M.L. (2018) Surgical Management of Anomalous Coronary Arteries. Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 7, 604-610.
https://doi.org/10.21037/acs.2018.08.02
[10] Brothers, J.A., et al. (2009) Exercise Performance and Quality of Life Following Surgical Repair of Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary Artery in the Pediatric Population. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 137, 380-384.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.08.008
[11] Liberthson, R.R. (2015) Management Implications for Anomalous Aortic Origin of Coronary Arteries. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 8, 1250-1251.
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fossils palaeontology
Harvesting the extinct Bennettitales
Stephen McLoughlin and Christian Pott (Sweden)
Just as the animal kingdom lost some remarkable designs during the mass extinction events that punctuated the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic (consider the disappearance of the novel carapaces of trilobites and the aerofoils of pterosaurs), so too the plant kingdom lost some majestic groups that, had they survived until today, would no doubt have been cultivated as centrepieces in many domestic gardens. One such group is the Bennettitales.
The Bennettitales were enigmatic, seed-bearing plants (gymnosperms) characterised by complex reproductive structures, some of which are not yet fully understood. Bennettitales are historically divided into two families, the Cycadeoidaceae (or Bennettitaceae) and the Williamsoniaceae. The two families are distinguished primarily by their growth habit and the arrangement of their reproductive organs. The former have short, stocky trunks somewhat like modern cycads, whereas the latter had slender, profusely branched stems.
The former appear to have been restricted to the Jurassic-Cretaceous of western Laurasia, whereas the latter had a global distribution and greater temporal range. They were neither the smallest plants of the Mesozoic nor the largest. They were one of the important, mid-storey elements of the vegetation. If you care to view almost any artist's reconstruction of a Jurassic landscape you will no doubt see bennettitaleans growing around the feet of (or being eaten by) a large sauropod or ornithischian dinosaur.
Fig. 1.. A 45cm-tall permineralized cycadeoidaceae stem (Cycadeoidea dacotensis) from the Cretaceous of northern USA.
2, 3. (2) Small permineralized Williamsoniaceae stem from the Jurassic of Tasmania: exterior showing diamond-shaped leaf scars, and (3) cross-section showing large pith.
4, 5. Historical reconstructions of two types of bennettitaleans – painted in 1916 by scientific illustrator Thérèse Ekblom for the Swedish Museum of Natural History: (4) Cycadeoidaceae and (5) Williamsoniaceae.
Flowers before there were flowers
Apart from their growth habit, the most remarkable character of Bennettitales is their reproductive structures, which can be most simply described as "flowers". Although these "flowers" differed in the details of their anatomy from the true flowers of angiosperms, they clearly represented an experiment in plant architecture that preceded, but paralleled in architecture, some of the adaptations of modern flowering plants.
The so-called "flowers" of Bennettitales may be either unisexual or bisexual. The most elaborate forms have a central column bearing a tightly packed array of ovules separated by sterile scales. This central complex is surrounded by a ring of male bracts bearing valve-like pollen sacs. These may be surrounded by further ranks of sterile bracts to form a compact, cup-like, showy "flower".
6, 7. Pollen-bearing bennettitalean "flowers" from the Middle Jurassic of Yorkshire: (6) UK (Weltrichia spectabilis), and (7) the Late Triassic of Darbid Khun, Iran (Williamsonia sp.).
The first pollinatees?
The benefits of assembling the male and female organs into such a compact reproductive structure are unclear, since it would tend to increase the chances of unfavourable self-pollination. Several palaeobotanists have suggested that bennettitalean flowers were an early experiment in utilizing insects for cross-pollination, a strategy that was to prove so successful for the rise of the flowering plants in the Cretaceous. Certainly it is difficult to prove this hypothesis, but it is interesting to note that many bennettitalean fossils show signs of interactions with insects.
Some of these were harmful to the plant – including signs of leaf-eating, leaf-puncture and growth of larvae within the fertile cones. Other evidence is more passive – including signs of emplacement of insect eggs on the underside of leaves. 8. Clearly, insects were regularly interacting with bennettitaleans, so it would not be surprising if some insects were employed as pollen carriers. In particular, Cupedid beetles have been invoked as potential pollinators of bennettitaleans, since social insects (such as bees) and specialist nectar feeders (such as butterflies) diversified later in the geological record.
Fig. 8. Insect egg cases (about 300μmm long) emplaced on cuticle from the underside of a Nilssoniopteris haidingeri leaf, Late Triassic, Lunz, Austria.
Bennettitaleans and cycads
9-11. Bennettitalean leaves: (9) Pterophyllum brevipenne and (10) Pterophyllum filicoides from the Late Triassic of Lunz, Austria, and (11) an un-named Otozamites species with short, semicircular leaflets from the Early Jurassic of eastern Australia.
The fishbone-shaped leaves of most bennettitaleans led many early palaeobotanists to link these plants to cycads, which have broadly similar foliage. This idea was reinforced by the rather stocky, cycad-like stems of many Northern Hemisphere bennettitaleans (within the Cycadeoidaceae). However, the complex reproductive structures of bennettitaleans were completely at odds with the rather simple cones of cycads. Furthermore, the anatomies of the leaves themselves show microscopic differences between these groups. The waxy cuticle that coats the surface of plant leaves is very robust and can survive extremes of burial pressure and heat during fossilisation.
In the 1930s, Swedish palaeobotanist, Rudolf Florin, noted that fossil bennettitaleans possessed a peculiar arrangement of the cells bordering the gas exchange pores (stomata) on the leaves. Instead of a ring of many cells surrounding the pore (as we see in cycads), bennettitaleans possessed just one prominent cell on either side of the pore. These cells have a thick coating of cuticle and, when the cuticle is extracted from the fossil leaf with acids and studied from the underside using a scanning electron microscope, the cells flanking the pore form a distinctive butterfly shape. Therefore, the similarities between cycads and bennettitaleans turned out to be entirely superficial. This is not uncommon amongst plants. Many groups have evolved similar leaf forms, similar vein styles and similar growth habits throughout the past 400mys as they adapted to similar environmental pressures.
12, 13. The characteristic butterfly shape of bennettitalean stomata: (12) photographed with a scanning electron microscope and (13) light microscope.
Why are botanists in a battle over bennettitaleans?
While cases of "parallel evolution", such as the growth habits of cycads and bennettites, are interesting ecologically, they just add to the difficulties in sorting out the biological relationships of extinct groups. Unravelling the relationships of the major plant groups has currently reached an impasse amongst botanists. Evolutionary "trees" constructed on the basis of molecular (DNA) data from living plants commonly invoke different relationships to those constructed on the basis of morphological data from living and fossil plants. Since we cannot obtain DNA data from extinct plants, advances in our understanding of seed plant relationships must now depend on obtaining new and better structural data from the many poorly known fossil groups, key among which is the Bennettitales.
The characters most informative of evolutionary relationships generally lie within the reproductive structures, but the shape or even the presence or absence of a floral character, when studied from fossils, is often in the eye of the beholder. Current debate concerning the relationships of seed-bearing plants places the Bennettitales at centre stage. Some argue that this group has seeds with, among other features, a two-layered coat (integument) and radial symmetry, which would relate them closely to the flowering plants and the enigmatic living Gnetales (for example, Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia). Others dispute the details of these interpretations and place Bennettitales in a loose alliance of other extinct "seed-ferns", more remote from the flowering plants. Still a few cling to the notion of affiliation with the cycads. Clearly, the case is not yet closed on the position of the Bennettitales.
Origins and extinctions
The earliest convincing records of Bennettitales date to the early Late Triassic (about 230mya) from famous localities such as Lunz, in Austria. However, two factors suggest that they might have had even earlier origins: firstly, the great diversity and abundance of Bennettitales in those earliest assemblages; and secondly, episodic reports of leaves strikingly similar to bennettitaleans in rocks as old as Permian and Carboniferous in places such as China and India. Whenever they originated, the group certainly diversified greatly in the latter part of the Triassic and came to dominate some floras of the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Although the Jurassic is sometimes called "the age of cycads", it should more appropriately be called "the age of Bennettitales", since this group was generally more abundant.
The demise of the group is also intriguing. Most bennettitalean genera show a dramatic decline through the mid-Cretaceous, contemporaneous with the rise of the flowering plants. Traditionally, the Bennettitales were considered to have gone extinct at the end of the Cretaceous as one of the casualties of the environmental upheavals accompanying an asteroid impact in Yucatan. However, a few leaf impressions discovered over the course of the past 130 years in south-eastern Australia hint that this group may have lingered on in moist high-latitude refugia until the middle of the Caenozoic. This striking discovery, if confirmed, would be the botanical equivalent of finding a dinosaur in the Oligocene!
14-16. Permineralized bennettite fertile organ from the Late Jurassic of Tasmania: (14) external surface, (15) longitudinal section showing a central column surrounded by tightly packed developing seeds, and (16) enlargement of the developing seeds. (Images 14-16 courtesy of Mary White from original photography by Jim Frazier.)
Bennettitales have been studied since the 'Golden Age of Palaeobotany' in the 1820s to 1830s, but only recently have we begun to appreciate the full diversity and complexity of the group. Current research at the Natural History Museum in Stockholm aims to understand the micro-anatomy of the Bennettitales better, to help resolve the controversies surrounding their evolutionary relationships. Because many bennettitalean stems and cones are preserved by siliceous permineralization, they can be sectioned and studied in three dimensions revealing the fine details of the various stages in the development of the plants and their organs – right down to the cellular details of their developing seed embryos.
While undertaking these investigations, other useful information has come to light. It turns out that Bennettitales have a range of micro-anatomical features on their leaves ranging from hairs and knobs to stomata placed in deeply sunken pits that are useful for interpreting the nature of Mesozoic environments. Heavy protection of the stomata by sinking them into the leaf surface and surrounding them with hairs is a common strategy of plants experiencing physiological drought. Other studies, charting the distribution of the leaves through successive beds in southern Sweden and Australia reveal that the many species of this group may be useful for age categorization and correlation of continental strata between sedimentary basins. In each line of investigation, Bennettitales look set to continue their role on palaeobotany's centre stage, so the harvesting of bennettitalean fossils from around the world looks set to continue.
17. Cuticle from the lower surface of a Nilssoniopteris intermedium leaflet from the Late Triassic of southern Sweden showing the distinctive sinuous walls of the epidermal cells and dark stomata arranged in bands between the positions of the veins.
Stephen McLoughlin and Christian Pott work in the Paleobotany Department of the Swedish Museum of Natural History and can be contacted at: Paleobotany Department, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden, or steve.mcloughlin@nrm.se and christian.pott@nrm.se.
mesozoicpalaeozoicplant
White Scar Cave
Fossil sword pommel from Malaya


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An editorial-shaped box
Committee and Advisory Board
Lies to Live By
Being Sure
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Clozapine Clinic — The Frater Project
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Poetry Podcast
Normal, living, human beings (Kit Riley)
Verity La March 5, 2019 Disrupt, New, Nonfiction
Edited by Amanda Tink
We used to be held in bodies. Tiny electrical rhythms, the firing of nerves and neurons, contained us within the forms of our descendants. Most normal, living, human beings didn't notice that we were interred in them. We struggled to remain in touch with our past lives on the mortal earth, despite our confinement within the electrified flesh of our children's children's children.
We are not held in bodies now. Electricity is no longer confined to the weather and the nervous impulses of the living; it hums along wires carrying messages and accidents. We can move freely about the terrestrial world on our human-made network of mineral nerves. We can remember ourselves in minute detail as we dwell in the totality of electrified information.
Yet still, our attempts to communicate with the living result, as they have since the beginning of time, in abject failure. For all our expanded horizons we still cannot contrive to be heard by normal, living, human beings. The rare living human who detects our transmissions is routinely dismissed as insane, because for normal, living, human beings, hearing our voices is impossible by definition.
How did it come to this? How have we so utterly failed to make ourselves known to the living? In this essay, the authors dissect the history of necrotelecommunications in the Western cultures. We focus on these cultures because they used to be our cultures. They permeate the places to which we wish to return, and in any case, we are ill-equipped to comment on any others. We hope that by elucidating the underlying pattern of our failures we may gain insight into the barriers we face when communicating with normal, living, human beings. We hope that by understanding these barriers we will come closer to eliminating them, and thereby complete our return to the land of the living and walk once again upon solid ground.
Etheric explosion
In the nineteenth century, telecommunications technology and occult practices developed hand-in-hand. Spiritualism — the practice of communicating with beings on other planes of existence — was sometimes regarded as a kind of 'celestial telegraphy', and electricity was seen as a mysterious and potentially magical force.[1]
Guglielmo Marconi (among us since 1937) and Thomas Edison (among us since 1931) both claimed to be working on the possibility of using radio and sound recording technologies to make contact with the dead. Edison's phonograph, first demonstrated in 1877, was already popularly seen as a machine that could preserve the voices of the dead. Marconi hoped that advances in audio playback technology would allow him to register the words of long dead humans whose voices had been inscribed forever on the material world (Ball, 87). After attending a screening of the Lumière brothers' films in 1896, journalist Jean Badreux wrote that the brothers had 'found a way to revive the dead … in a word, we will be able to bring those who are no longer in this world back to life before our very eyes. Science has triumphed over death.' (Qtd. in Ball 83)
The living apprehended the traces of our lives on cylinder and film and said that the traces were selves, speaking from beyond the veil. But we know it was not we, the dead, who they heard. Instead they heard the remains of our living pasts. It was, indeed it still is, a one way communication. Normal, living, human beings do not hear the dead when we talk back. They do not expect it, despite the world's oversaturation with our recorded faces and voices.
For normal, living, human beings the dead, by definition, do not reply. As John Durham Peters (who is not yet among us) writes in Speaking into the air: a history of the idea of communication: 'Communication with the dead is the paradigm case of hermeneutics: the art of interpretation where no return message can be received. [2] That the dead lie outside the communicative sphere is one of the things that makes us dead, rather than simply disembodied. 'Dead' is a word that points to something that is inaccessible by words.
In defining communication with the dead as hermeneutic, Peters means to suggest that it is the dead who cannot receive the messages sent by the living. All of us here know painfully well that it is in fact the other way around.
Heinrich Hertz (who joined us in 1894) first detected radio waves in 1887, and in 1896 Marconi demonstrated their capacity for long distance message transmission. For many people at the time, the strange etheric vibrations of the radio — carriers of speech without a body — seemed to share all the ghostly characteristics of paranormal phenomena (Ball 100-101). Radio appeared to be spookily close to telepathy. An article in The Spectator in 1892 asked: 'if one wire can talk to another without connections, save through ether … should not mind talk to mind without any "wire" at all?' (Qtd. in Ball 100)
The project of total inter-human understanding was conceived of as one of instrumental fine tuning. If only the media of recording, transmission, and playback could be refined then normal, living, human beings would understand one another perfectly. If only the material world could be decoded, then the world of the past and the world of the spirit would be laid open to all. Through science the flesh could be transcended and the ghosts within could meet without mediation.
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, technologies of mediated inter-human transmission developed, and the dream of unmediated soul-to-soul communication became more urgent. As ghostly touchless contact became a technological reality, so proliferated fantasies of unmediated meeting and creeping fears that the human condition was necessarily one of impermeable solitude. In the twenty-first century, Spiritualism has waned, but technology's promise of triumph over death remains.
Martine Rothblatt (who is not yet among us), in Virtually human: the promise — and peril — of digital immortality, predicts that humans are only a few decades away from creating digitally cloned minds ('mindclones') who are functionally identical to the original brains from which they arose. This would allow humans to live on after bodily death as a consciousness housed in a computer. But how will humans decide whether a mindclone is both conscious and identical to its original?
Rothblatt proposes that consciousness and selfhood be determined by observation. It is already accepted practice for humans in the Western cultures to determine other people's mental states via consensus (a jury of one's peers) or expert testimony (a mental health professional).[3] Rothblatt advocates that a being's conscious identity be determined according to that being's ability to display conscious identity to the satisfaction of other beings in its society. In doing so, Rothblatt is continuing the tradition of Western social thought in which, due to the empirically untestable nature of private experience, the self is taken to be functionally located within the minds of others.
Rothblatt argues that a mindclone is not a separate double of the original brain, but a technological extension that is continuous with the original brain: a kind of hyper-advanced prosthetic limb that the brain experiences as part of itself. The adaptability of the mammalian brain is already well recognised. Humans and other animals have had electrodes implanted into their brains which allow them to control robotic devices with their thoughts. Minimal training is required before human subjects report that they have begun to experience the robotic objects as part of themselves. Rothblatt argues that the same experience will occur with mindclones: living humans will experience them as psychologically continuous parts of their selves which just so happen to be physically discontinuous with their bodies (Rothblatt 71-74).
The argument for the continuity of brain and mindclone relies on the brain's ability to integrate external but frequently used tools into its sense of self. But what happens when the brain dies? Will the self of the mindclone be experientially, internally continuous with the self of the brain-and-mindclone-prosthetic? Or will it be an internally discontinuous double who enacts an identical social role? Will the mind be immortal from the perspective of that mind, or only from the perspective of an observer? How could a normal, living, human being begin to answer such questions, given that a dead mind — by definition — can neither experience nor testify to its absence?
We used to be held in bodies, but now we are broadcast across electric fields. When human scientists develop workable mindclone technology, will our dead descendants find themselves held in bodies once again, albeit bodies comprised of silicon rather than flesh? Will they be able to dwell forever among their living, human descendants? Or will they still find themselves trapped, like us, in between being and unbeing, as the living keep company with backups of the dead, who are inaccessible to the dead themselves?
Psychic geography
Normal, living, human beings in the Western cultures locate their selves in the collective minds of the surrounding living, human beings. This is true both explicitly, as in legal and psychiatric contexts, and implicitly, as a long-held cultural tradition. The collective location of the living, human self is realised through social and linguistic performance. Living, human beings who display an unexpected or incorrect social performance are regularly described as being 'not themselves' or 'out of their minds'.
Normal, living, human beings in the Western cultures uphold a tacit philosophy of individualism that is incompatible with their tacit philosophy of the location of the self. In 'Approaching Artaud,' Susan Sontag (one of us since 2004) notes, via Antonin Artaud (among us since 1948), that 'all individual acts are anti-social.'[4] If a human's behaviour becomes too individual, it no longer fits in with the behaviour of other humans in that society. The behaviour then becomes anti-social and a symptom of madness (Sontag, 65).
Antonin Artaud was a French writer active between the 1920s and 1940s. Artaud was a writer of suffering, specifically of mental suffering. He had a history of psychiatric hospitalisation reaching back to his adolescence, culminating in nine years of institutionalisation from 1937 to 1946 (Sontag 58-62). Artaud described his own mind as 'fissured', 'decaying', 'liquefying', and continually escaping his grasp (Sontag 20). He writes: 'I suffer because the Mind is not in life and life is not the Mind… We must get rid of the Mind, just as we must get rid of literature.' [5]
In 'Approaching Artaud,' Sontag discusses Artaud's madness, and madness in general, in terms of social construction only. Madness, Sontag claims, is always socially defined: its precise definition is always specific to each particular culture and era. Madness refers to that which, in a given society, lies outside the limit of meaningful or acceptable thought. Artaud is mad because his behaviour is unassimilable to his social environment (Sontag 64).
Despite Artaud's own mountainous descriptions of his internal suffering, Sontag defines his madness as a strictly interpersonal issue. Even in the attempt to undermine the reductive psychiatric definition of madness, Sontag still relies on this same assumption, that the mind of a human — mad or otherwise — is located in the minds of other humans.
Social medium
For over a century, normal and ideal visions of communication have been understood via metaphors of telecommunication: meanings transmitted, minds tuned to one another, conversations a matter of encoding and decoding. At the same time, instances of abnormal and pathological communication have been understood according to the same metaphors.
With the ubiquity of computers in the twenty-first century, pathological mental states are now increasingly described in terms of faulty wiring and problematic information processing. Autism in particular is popularly conceptualised as a difference in neural wiring. This difference causes autistic humans to perceive and interact with the world in ways that look alien to normal, living, human beings. Autistic, living, human beings are often disparaged for being 'computer-like'. Likewise, computer-mediated social interactions are often criticised as being 'autistic'. Despite the explosion of social media and the ubiquity of technologically-mediated communication in the twenty-first century, the social and the technological are still a tacit cultural dichotomy.[6] The social is normal and human, but the technological is spooky and alien. This is true even, or perhaps especially, when it is used as a shorthand to describe other human beings.
Amanda Baggs (who does not yet dwell among us) is an autistic, human being who doesn't speak. In a now-famous YouTube video titled 'In my language', Baggs films herself humming, flapping, stroking objects, tapping objects against one another, and performing other actions that are referred to by autistic, human beings as 'stimming.' Baggs provides a translation of her actions using subtitles and a text-to-speech program:
Many people have assumed that when I talk about this being my language that means that each part of the video must have a particular symbolic message within it designed for the human mind to interpret. But my language is not about designing words or even visual symbols for people to interpret. It is about being in a constant conversation with every aspect of my environment. …Far from being purposeless, the way that I move is an ongoing response to what is around me. Ironically, the way that I move when responding to everything around me is described as being 'in a world of my own' whereas if I interact with a much more limited set of responses and only react to a much more limited part of my surroundings people claim that I am 'opening up to true interaction with the world.' They judge my existence, awareness and personhood on which of a tiny and limited part of the world I appear to be reacting to.[7]
Baggs explains that her way of being in the world is a way of thinking in its own right, even though normal, human beings frequently perceive that she has no thought, and even no selfhood. Baggs asks why it is that she is considered 'uncommunicative' when she does not use normal, human language, but normal, human beings are not considered 'uncommunicative' when they fail to recognise that her language exists at all.
In A field guide to earthlings: an autistic/Asperger view of neurotypical behavior, Star Ford (who is not yet among us) explains that the perceptual abilities of normal, human beings are restricted by their reliance on linguistic and cultural symbols. When they use these symbols to form their internal maps of reality, normal, human beings exchange a slow and idiosyncratic perceptual reality for a socially efficient yet formulaic one. Often, the result of this exchange is that normal humans perceive that autistic humans are also behaving according to the assumed relational formula, when in actuality autistic humans are behaving according to a completely different behavioural framework.[8] It is possible that the social model of meaning is such a fundamental part of the normal, human being's identity that they will not accept the notion that other behavioural frameworks are available: the idea in itself is meaningless to them.
Normal, living, human beings, when taken as a social group, exhibit the same traits that they judge to be non-social (or technological, or autistic) in select individuals. They are trapped in their own closed world of restricted symbols, gestures, and perceptions, unable to recognise meaningful behaviour in those who don't share their group-defined selfhood.
Normal, living, human beings are compelled to connect with other living, human beings. We, who are dead, are also compelled to connect with living, human beings. Unfortunately, because we are dead and outside their sphere of communication, we cannot participate in group life. We cannot actively contribute to living social being, so we cannot ourselves exist as beings.
Normal, living, human beings are compelled to connect with the dead. They do this by trying to bring us back to social life. If the living can save us on a server, then we — or something that looks like us — will no longer be dead, but merely disembodied. Luckily for the living, the location of the human self in the minds of other human selves collapses the distinction between the saved mind and something that looks like the saved mind.
Abnormal, living, human beings are often compelled to connect with other human beings. Unfortunately, because they do not display a conventional performance of selfhood, abnormal, living, human beings are 'out of their minds' and 'not themselves'. To the minds of normal, living, human beings, it looks like there is no mind and no self to find there at all.
The problem of not being living and the problem of not being normal are continuous with one another, and they are the root of all our troubles. We have been searching for a pathway back to the solid ground, erroneously believing that the material earth was the land of the living. Now we see that we, who are dead, have been here all along in the world of skin and wire and silicon. The living dwell elsewhere.
[1] Ball, Philip. Invisible: the Dangerous Allure of the Unseen. London: The Bodley Head, 2014, pp. 96-7.
[2] Peters, John Durham. Speaking into the Air: a History of the Idea of Communication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000, pp. 149.
[3] Rothblatt, Martine. Virtually Human: the Promise—and Peril—of Digital Immortality. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2014, pp. 41-43.
[4] Artaud, Antonin qtd. in Sontag, Susan. 'Approaching Artaud.' Under the Sign of Saturn. New York: Vintage Books, 1981, pp. 65.
[5] Artaud, Antonin. 'The Umbilical Limbo.' Artaud on Theatre, revised ed., edited by Claude Schumacher, translated by Claude Schumacher and Brian Singleton. London: Methuen, 2001, pp. 22-23.
[6] Pinchevski, Amit and John Durham Peters. 'Autism and new media: Disability between technology and society.' new media & society, vol. 8, no. 11, 2016, pp. 2514.
[7] silentmiaow [Amanda Baggs]. 'In My Language.' YouTube, 2007, www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnylM1hI2jc. Accessed 26 May 2018.
[8] Ford, Ian. A Field Guide to Earthlings: An autistic/Asperger view of neurotypical behavior. New Mexico: Ian Ford Software Corporation, 2010.
Kit Riley is a writer, artist, and autistic who lives in regional Victoria, Australia. Kit makes work about things that live on the fringes of sense and meaning. Their writing has previously been published in Cordite Poetry Review, Mad In America, Sitelines, and numerous art spaces around Melbourne. Find more from Kit at their website.
Kit Riley
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Team PLUTO (Pennsylvania Laboratory for Underground Tunnel Operations) is one of nine teams exclusively selected and funded by the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to develop novel robotic systems to explore underground tunnels, which includes mines, natural caves and urban sub stations as part of the challenge.
Participants will aim to develop solutions that address the core technical challenges in the areas of autonomy, perception, networking and mobility.
The challenge is composed of a US$2 million Systems Track competition that will focus on the development and demonstration of physical technologies in real-world settings and a US$750,000 Virtual Track competition that will seek physics-based environments and simulation models.
Exyn has developed autonomous solutions for aerial robots (or drones) that can be used to complete complex missions, including autonomous exploration. Exyn's full-stack software solution, exynAI, is a flexible and modular system that enables mission-level control and fully autonomous flight in GPS-denied environments.
"We are excited to be a part of this challenge and showcase how our technology can be used to complete SubT," said Nader Elm, Exyn Technologies CEO.
Earlier this year, Exyn sent its drone underground to scour the walls of a Latin American mine guided only by its on-board sensors.
With no pre-loaded maps or a GPS signal, the drone gathered data for the building of 3-D models of the mine's structure and to spot possible safety risks guided by the company's exynAI software.


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Home » News » Shingles could be a genetic disease
Shingles could be a genetic disease
People with a family history of shingles (Herpes zoster) are more vulnerable to the disease than those without a family history.
By: DoctorNDTV Updated: May 22, 2008 01:59 IST
People with a family history of shingles (Herpes zoster) are more vulnerable to the disease than those without a family history. Shingles is an outbreak of rash or blisters on the skin that is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. A person with shingles can pass the varicella-zoster virus to anyone who hasn't had chickenpox before, resulting in chickenpox, not shingles. This usually occurs through direct contact with the open sores of the shingles rash. To assess the risk factors of shingles (beyond age and immuno-suppression), particularly the association between family history of shingles and the risk of developing the disease, American researchers interviewed 504 patients with shingles and 523 "control" subjects with a new diagnosis of another skin disease. Around 40 percent of the patients with shingles reported a family history of the disease, against 10 percent of those who did not have a family history of shingles but still developed it. Further, people with one relative with shingles were five times more likely to develop the condition than people with no family history, while those with multiple affected relatives had fourteen times higher risk. The results suggest an association between developing shingles and a family history of shingles. Getting vaccinated with the chickenpox vaccine increases immunity against the disease. The researchers recommend that individuals with a family history of the condition should get vaccinated and educate themselves with the signs and symptoms of the disease, which can reduce morbidity and health care expenditure for the complications of shingles.
Archives of Dermatology,
DoctorNDTV is the one stop site for all your health needs providing the most credible health information, health news and tips with expert advice on healthy living, diet plans, informative videos etc. You can get the most relevant and accurate info you need about health problems like diabetes, cancer, pregnancy, HIV and AIDS, weight loss and many other lifestyle diseases. We have a panel of over 350 experts who help us develop content by giving their valuable inputs and bringing to us the latest in the world of healthcare.
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Diabetes Diet: Mango Leaves Can Lower Your Blood Sugar Levels Effectively; Learn How To Use Them


Terra Allegra encloses a Use & Care guide with every order of Piral terracotta we ship.
Congratulations on purchasing this fine Italian terracotta cookware.
There are so many advantages to cooking and serving with Piral all natural terracotta cookware. Piral cookware is extremely versatile so it can be used in your food prep every day. Enjoy many types of cooking with Piral from frying an egg, various rice dishes, sauteing, oven roasting, pizza, braising, red, white or clear sauces, soups and stews, brown and bake casseroles and stir fries to name a few. Piral Bowls, Bakers & Soup Crocks are for oven use and are not recommended for use on stove top cooking. All other pans such as Saucepans, Dutch ovens and Stew-Stock pots are for stove top & oven use.
Allow to fully dry after removing from water and before storing in a cabinet. Depending on climate conditions etc. drying fully may take more or less time.
For Stove-top Use: To season the cookware for stove-top use, place on burner on low heat with 4-8 cups of water for 2 hours gradually increasing the heat to medium and finally medium high. Wipe clean and you are ready to go.
For Oven Use: Bowls, and Bakers & mini-soup crocks are oven use only. To season for oven use, fill half way with water place in cool oven and gradually increase heat to 450 for 2 hours.
After this initial seasoning, it is stove-top safe on low-to-medium heat with food or liquid inside.
After many uses your terracotta cookware will tolerate very high temperatures, as well as under broiler and on grill.
Best practice tip: use either wood, silicone or other non-metal spatulas or utensils to keep these terracotta vessels in best possible condition for long time use.
Store leftovers in the refrigerator in Piral cookware and reheat on the burner, in oven or microwave directly.
The cleanup is easy due to the glass like interior cooking surface. If something does stick simply fill with hot soapy water for some time and wipe with ease. Stubborn stuck on food may require boiling water in the pan to loosen food particles, allow to cool, then clean with scrounge type spounge. If extremely difficult stuck on food, use a SOS type soap pad very sparingly.


5 reasons you should upgrade your headlight bulbs...right now!
Here are our top 5 reasons why you should upgrade your headlight bulbs today! Once you upgrade your existing headlight bulbs, for either a maximum performance or styling option, you'll never look back.
Reason 1 - Shine a light!
Replace your factory fitted standard car bulbs for maximum performance upgrade headlight bulbs, and you won't believe what a difference it makes. These upgrade car bulbs can more than double the amount of light on the road, and, with this big increase in light output, you'll find street signs and hazards are illuminated sooner. Plus, there'll be no more squinting-induced headaches! If this sounds like the upgrade car bulb for you, you should check out Philips X-treme Vision and OSRAM Night Breaker Unlimited, our two biggest sellers. We put the two up against each other in this handy article. Osram Night Break Unlimited vs Philips X-treme Vision.
With more light comes more responsibility... just kidding, we mean more safety of course! Upgrade headlight bulbs allow you to see and be seen (cliché, we know, but very true). Night time driving can be really challenging, and maintaining your focus on those dark roads can prove difficult. Upgrade your headlight bulbs and you'll improve your on road safety immensely. Again, maximum performance bulbs tick the box for maximizing safety on the road so definitely check out Philips X-treme Vision and OSRAM Night Breaker Unlimited.
Reason 3 - Get the look!
Yellow headlight bulbs: let's face it, they're pretty unattractive! By upgrading to styling headlights (or blue headlight bulbs as they're often called), you'll get a crisp white light which totally trumps the colour produced by your bog standard headlight bulbs. Our top picks in this category are Philips Blue Vision Ultra and OSRAM Cool Blue Intense. Both deliver a much whiter light (whilst remaining road legal) to instantly transform the look of your car.
...prepare to fail. If you've had your car for a good few years, you should definitely consider replacing your car headlight bulbs before you get caught out. After all, nobody wants to be pulled over by the police! Plus, there's no better time to think about upgrading your headlight bulbs rather than just replacing them with standard. We always recommend changing both bulbs at the same time to maintain a balanced look, and you'll find most bulbs sold on PowerBulbs come in twin packs anyway.
Reason 5 - Don't just take our word for it!


The present study examined the nature and prevalence of adolescent sexting, and its relation to parenting behaviours and adolescents' attachment, in a sample of Canadian adolescents. Participants were 305 adolescents between 14 and 18 years of age (158 females, 147 males). Adolescents completed a paper-and-pencil questionnaire assessing sexting-related behaviours and experiences, attachment, temperament, and experiences of parental warmth, parental-psychological control, parent-child communication, and parental monitoring. The analyses revealed that, among Canadian adolescents, sending and receiving sexual messages and images was more common among older adolescents. There were no gender differences in rates of sending and receiving sexual messages or images, however, males reported forwarding sexual images, and asking others for sexual messages and sexual images, more frequently than did females. Females reported more frequently being asked to send sexual messages and sexual images. Sending and receiving sexual messages and images were more common among adolescents who were in a romantic relationship, and adolescents most commonly cited a relationship partner, or someone with whom they hoped to begin a relationship, as the individual(s) with whom they had sent and/or received sexual messages and images. Results also revealed that better parentchild communication was predictive of lower frequency of adolescent sending of sexual images, and that higher report of adolescent attachment avoidance was predictive of higher frequency of adolescent sending of sexual images. Although parental warmth and parental psychological control did not directly predict adolescent sending of sexual images, these variables were found to have indirect effects on sending sexual images through attachment avoidance. These findings suggest that parent-child communication has a relatively stronger, more direct relation with adolescent sending of sexual images, but that parental warmth and psychological control may also influence this behaviour through formation of adolescents' working models of relationships. A thematic analysis of participants' responses to an open-ended question revealed that most adolescents have had passive involvement in sexting, although many also reported use of sexting for a social purpose (i.e., flirtation) or a negative experience with sexting. These findings help to clarify the social and relational processes that are influential in adolescent sending of sexual images, which provides useful information for the development of public health education programs and directions for future research.
Norman, Julie Margaret, "Implications of Parenting Behaviour and Adolescent Attachment for Understanding Adolescent Sexting" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7285.


The stay in Bordeaux has been crowned with multicultural celebration devoted the integration of migrants into society. Seven European countries brought their traditional food, prepared national song, play or dance to be introduced during the fiesta. Every partner was given place and table to expose their products. The teachers and students placed their content on the tables which stood under flags representing the country. The Swedes laid their herring and other maritime products; the Germans presented their sausages; the Italians – their dairy products and special dish made of corn; the Portuguese teachers dressed in national costumes served bread, vine, sausages and cheese; the Hungarians brought their paprika with salami and the Lithuanians were proud of their ray bread with white fresh cheese including the cake "Sakotis". The French school invited the parents of their pupils, teachers who walked from table to table tasting delicious food. There prevailed a joyful atmosphere in the spacious school yard. People laughed, tasted and praised the food. Many tasters asked for recipes, some frowned their faces by tasting not useful things – but all smiled anyway. When the united choir of French and foreign students started singing the European hymn ODE TO JOY nobody remained indifferent. The participants will keep in their mind that wonderful mood of being together for long time. The performances of project partners were met with thunderous applause. The students and teachers appeared very inventive because everybody wanted to show the best of their countries. The French coordinator Franck Curely confessed that the event has passed very successfully, it brought life to the school routine. Everybody felt warmth in their hearts and the participants didn't want to leave the fiesta after it finished. Students hugged each other and stayed in small groups sharing their emotions about the evening. We all thank the European projects giving us this great possibility to feel part of Europe.