text:
Behind Enemy Lines Incarceration, justice and the planet
Incarceration, justice and the planet
Could the fight against toxic prisons shape the future of environmentalism?
by Panagioti Tsolkas
Prisons inspire little in terms of natural wonder. It might be a weed rises through a crack and blooms for a moment. It might be a prisoner notices. But prisoners, one could assume, must have little concern for the flowers or for otherwise pressing environmental issues. With all the social quandaries present in their lives – walls of solitude, the loss of basic human rights – pollution, climate change and healthy ecosystems must seem so distantly important: an issue for the free.
In actuality, prisoners are on the frontlines of the environmental movement.
Prisoner Jonathan Jones-Thomas found himself unexpectedly in the middle of a scandal exposing massive sewage spills into Washington State's Skykomish River by the Monroe Correctional Complex. Prisoner Bryant Arroyo ended up rallying hundreds of prisoners to join environmental groups on the outside in fighting plans for a coal gasification plant next to where he was confined.
Prisoner Robert Gamez chose to speak out in the midst of an unfolding environmental justice disaster in the Arizona desert, where military Superfund sites and proposed toxic copper mine waste injections ringed the solitary confinement cell he was forced to call home.
And they weren't alone. When the Human Rights Defense Center (HRDC), an advocacy group led by former prisoners with 26 years under its belt, announced that it was starting a "prison ecology project," letters began rolling in from incarcerated people around the country.
These prisoners were witnessing the sort of conditions that many Americans who fall into the category of environmentalists don't expect to hear about in their own backyard: factory labor far below minimum wage with no safety gear; black mold infestations, contaminated water, hazardous waste and sewage overflows; deadly risks of floods or extreme heat; and a whole host of illnesses related to living in overcrowded, toxic facilities.
The U.S. maintains a massive prison system – the world's largest, in fact. The political value of tough-on-crime rhetoric and legislation that drove the U.S. prison population to beat out every other country on the planet was often central to political campaign platforms in the '80s and '90s.
A bloated prison system became accepted as the norm and, on top of that, its growth was accompanied by an increasingly disproportionate representation of Black, Latino and Indigenous people, predominately from low-income communities. The most recent demographic statistics available show this to be the case not only on a national level, but in each and every state as well.
Today, the nation is four decades into the era of mass incarceration, where the prison population jumped 700 percent since the 1960s. Perhaps it's high time we start asking: What are the environmental impacts of this racialized practice of justice that has been so extreme as to earn the moniker "The New Jim Crow"?
The planet vs. the police state
The simplest starting point in understanding prison pollution comes, ironically, from an agency of the same government that oversees the largest population of U.S. prisoners. The federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), once upon a time, summed it up like this:
"[C]orrectional institutions have many environmental matters to consider in order to protect the health of the inmates, employees and the community where the prison is located. Some prisons resemble small towns or cities with their attendant industries, population and infrastructure.
"Supporting these populations, including their buildings and grounds, requires heating and cooling, wastewater treatment, hazardous waste and trash disposal, asbestos management, drinking water supply, pesticide use, vehicle maintenance and power production, to name a few potential environmental hazards. And the inmate training programs offered at most institutions also have their own unique environmental challenges … the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has been inspecting correctional facilities to see how they are faring. From the inspections, it is clear many prisons have room for improvement."
This statement originated from the webpage of EPA's Region III office, which covers the mid-Atlantic states. It was part of what the region's staff had dubbed their "Prison Initiative," where a series of inspections sparked by citizen complaints led to a host of violations in most every prison they visited between 1999 and 2003. Region III continued to report violations via their Prison Initiative ranging from air and water pollution to hazardous waste management and toxic spill control problems.
After the first batch of EPA enforcement actions against prisons in the mid-Atlantic, the lead inspector for the initiative, Garth Conner, issued a bleak report published in May 2003 in the National Environmental Enforcement Journal, noting that EPA staff had "completed six multi-media inspections at different kinds of prisons and … found widespread non-compliance at all of them."
In an attempt to explain the phenomenon, Conner concluded: "[Prisons] are isolated from mainstream culture. Prison staff members are not often in attendance at environmental conferences or workshops intended for the regulated community."
He was clearly on to something. The prison population was growing in leaps and bounds – a new prison was built at an average rate of one every two weeks in the '90s, almost entirely in rural communities. As of 2002, there were already more prisoners in this country than farmers.
Today, about 716 of every 100,000 Americans are in prison, whereas prisoners in nations across the world average 155 per 100,000 people – that's not to mention more than 7 million on some form of correctional supervision such as parole, probation or house arrest at any given time.
The prison industry seemed like an unstoppable machine in those years, plowing forward at a breakneck pace to the world's largest prison population. Then, in came the EPA Region III exposing a serious vulnerability in the prison system: It was a chronic polluter, violating public safety laws at near every turn.
"The United States Bureau of Prisons is trying to build a new, massive maximum-security prison in the Appalachian mountains of eastern Kentucky – and there's a growing movement to stop it." – Panagioti Tsolkas
But other EPA regions didn't follow the lead on this disturbingly successful endeavor. On the contrary, the EPA seems to be erasing evidence of the initiative altogether.
Shortly after Prison Legal News, Paul Wright's organization, began probing into the matter of how the EPA was inspecting prisons – or failing to – the clear and commonsense summary quoted above disappeared from the agency's website, along with the laundry list spanning 10 years of prisons being fined for their environmental violations.
EPA staff alleged that this was part of a pre-existing plan to update their website, and HRDC's Prison Ecology Project (PEP) has not yet located evidence to disprove that. If it's indeed the truth, then the project was born none too soon, as it is now the only remaining online source acknowledging the existence of Region III's short-lived Prison Initiative.
Prison pollution and its discontents
By mid-March 2015, the PEP would enter the fray in a more formal capacity, by taking the lead in coordinating a joint comment on the draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for a new federal prison with national and regional heavy-hitters such as the Center for Biological Diversity and Kentuckians for the Commonwealth, as well as a dozen other groups.
The EIS laid out plans for a new maximum-security facility in Letcher County, nestled in the Appalachian Mountains of Kentucky. The proposal would simultaneously impact the habitat of over 50 threatened and endangered species and place prisoners on top of a former mountaintop removal coal mining site ringed by sludge pond and processing operations, as well as oil and gas extraction, that have taken a well-documented heavy toll on human health in the area.
By July 2015, lines were further drawn as the PEP built momentum with 93 organizations joining its crusade of pushing the EPA's "Environmental Justice 2020 Plan" (EJ 2020) to examine the unique and troubling experiences faced by prisoner populations nationwide.
Some deeper digging shows that it wasn't just HRDC and the EPA that had been paying attention to environmental implications of mass incarceration. A plethora of examples have been surfacing under various state agencies as well as other non-governmental organizations, but the findings rarely surfaced outside local media sources, often in remote rural places. The PEP set out to change that, and by the fall of 2015 it had established an extensive portfolio of media coverage on Letcher County and the EJ 2020 plan.
Wright believes that a movement is growing. Though prisoners' rights are his forte, he says it's not just prisoners who should be worried about these environmental issues. "Whether they care about prison conditions or not, most Americans can agree that they don't want prisoners' feces in their drinking water," he noted.
Again, he has first-hand familiarity with the prison system's legacy of tainted water. While at Washington's McNeil Island (prior to the facility being converted to a civil commitment center for sex offenders), he recalls: "I'd go to brush my teeth and the water coming out of the faucet was brown. I didn't really think of this as a criminal justice issue; this is really an environmental issue."
In a scene reminiscent of the classic novel "Papillon," Wright went on to smuggle a sample of water out from the facility to have it tested for contaminants. While he was not able to prove foul play at the time, and his complaints to the state's Department of Ecology failed to provoke an immediate response, he was later vindicated when the Washington Department of Corrections (DOC) was found to be lying about its water quality reports.
From 1999 to 2002, 20 of 36 water pollution reports were falsified by the DOC in an attempt to cover up excess fecal coliform bacteria levels contained in the 350,000 gallons of wastewater discharged daily by the McNeil Island prison into the Puget Sound.
The experience would later prompt Wright's publication, Prison Legal News – known to prisoners across the country as simply PLN – to conduct a nationwide report of prison-related water pollution. In 2007, the magazine published findings from 17 states indicating dozens of prisons had issues related to sewage and sanitation problems.
Just last year, a public records request by PLN resulted in the disclosure of new documents in Washington State. This was the source for the story of prisoner Jonathan Jones-Thomas, who worked on the sewage system at the Monroe Correctional Complex and sought to expose the problems of the facility's failing wastewater system.
Despite years of documented sewage spills into the adjacent Skykomish River which runs into Puget Sound, Jones-Thomas says his attempts to blow the whistle on this public health hazard landed him in "the hole." While he was in solitary confinement, the sewage spills continued at an accelerated pace, with no one on hand to address the problems of an outdated and overburdened sewage lagoon known as the Honor Farm site. In the past eight years, the facility has already spilled nearly half a million gallons in violation of state laws, with no penalties assessed against the DOC.
But the worst may be yet to come. The entire dike holding the sewage lagoon is failing. According to a 2012 report from a Department of Ecology inspector, this "could potentially release millions of gallons of untreated wastewater" into the river and surrounding wetlands.
Jones-Thomas was released in 2014 and went on to find employment as a wastewater management professional. He was back in prison again last year, but not as a prisoner. This time he was teaching a class to prisoners about employment opportunities in the field.
Despite his experiences and observations at Monroe being exposed by reports in the Seattle Weekly and other local media outlets, the environmental problems at the facility continue without an end in sight.
EPA and prisoners' rights
As HRDC's Prison Ecology Project has shown, documenting impacts to prisoners could become central to the long-term strategy of exposing and eventually shutting down prisons and curtailing industrial activities that put prisoners' lives at risk. In fact, these risks may actually be in violation of environmental protections intended under Executive Order 12898.
The Order, which passed under President Clinton in 1994 and became known as the Environmental Justice Act, was really just a clarification of an older and hard-won law: the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VI of that act prohibits discrimination in the permitting of any activity that the federal government has a hand in.
A public hearing was held in 2005 in north-central Alabama about sewage in the tributaries of the Black Warrior River, a popular site for swimming, boating and fishing. The source was the William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility, which held some 1,500 inmates even though it had been built to house fewer than half that many. People had been complaining about the sewage for years, but Alabama's Department of Corrections and Department of Environmental Management have failed to take effective action. Problems like this are finally being recognized and protested at prisons across the country.
Unfortunately, the EPA's position on prisoners and environmental justice is anything but clear. After a year of collecting prisoner correspondence, perusing environmental reviews of prisons and digging through EPA records, the Prison Ecology Project followed up with the EPA, asking specifically why Region III's 12-year-long prison initiative never once mentioned environmental justice in regard to prisoners.
Roy Seneca, an EPA press officer at Region III, replied on behalf of the agency in December 2015, simply stating, "We believe that EPA Region III did operate in accordance with Title 6 while conducting our prison initiative review."
When pressed to elaborate, Seneca continued, "EPA uses the most recent data available from the U.S. Census Bureau for EJ Screen. You may want to check with the Census Bureau to verify where inmates are included in census data. Our regional EPA office uses the EJ Screen data as a tool. If you have more questions about the EJ Screen tool overall, you should direct them to the EPA Headquarters press office."
So that was the next stop. The EPA's press contact for Environmental Justice, Julia Valentine, responded with an indication that the agency does use census data that would include prisoners. It's not too far-fetched to want to believe her. After all, governing bodies across the country have been counting prisoners as a way of gerrymandering voting districts for decades now – despite most prisoners having no access to a ballot.
It's just that, unlike the shady dealings of state legislatures nationwide, the EPA seems to have nothing to show for it. But Valentine, being a diligent press officer, did not concede. Instead she offered some re-assurance, maybe even a glimmer of hope.
"EPA is committed to addressing the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin or income with respect to the development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations and policies," she wrote in an email to the Prison Ecology Project in December 2015.
Valentine continued, "EPA has this goal for all communities and persons across this nation, including prison populations. While most aspects of the management and regulation of prisons fall under the purview of the U.S. Department of Justice, EPA will ensure that we do our part to ensure that environment justice is addressed in all our policies and programs that impact these populations."
But after two-and-a-half decades of dealing with prison-related bureaucracy, Wright is not inclined to believe it until he sees it.
"After having our staff pour over two decades of environmental documents from prison construction, interview EPA staff, consult with prominent environmental organizations and attend the largest environmental law conferences in the country … we've seen nothing that points to the EPA, or any other government agency, having ever looked seriously at the impact of environmental justice issues on prisoners," he stated.
The above text is excerpted from a longer article published on the Earth First! Newswire, EarthFirstJournal.org. It is offered as part of a push to apply pressure on the prison system through environmental regulation. Activists with the Prison Ecology Project and the Campaign to Fight Toxic Prisons will be gathering in Washington D.C. June 11-13. Details can be found at FightToxicPrisons.org.
To report an environmental problem at your prison, jail or detention facility, send a letter to: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance 2201A, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20460.
Panagioti Tsolkas joined the Human Rights Defense Center in November 2014, coordinating community outreach efforts and volunteer involvement. He also directs HRDC's Stop Prison Profiteering campaign, aimed at addressing prison services that financially exploit prisoners and their families, as well as HRDC's Prison Ecology Project, which maps the connections between mass incarceration and environmental degradation. Prior to working at HRDC, Panagioti was an editor for the Earth First! Journal. He also served as chairperson for the City of Lake Worth's Community Relations Board, tasked primarily with oversight of police conduct, as co-chair of the Palm Beach County Environmental Coalition and as an Executive Committee member of the Sierra Club's Loxahatchee Group. Reach him on Twitter at @PTsolkas, email FightToxicPrisons@gmail.com or write to Human Rights Defense Center, P.O. Box 1151, Lake Worth, FL 33460.
advocacy group led by former prisoners
air and water pollution
Alabama's Department of Corrections and Department of Environmental Management
Appalachian Mountains of Kentucky
basic human rights
black mold infestations
civil commitment center for sex offenders
coal gasification plant
Convergence to Fight Toxic Prisons and Support Eco-prisoners
deadly risks of floods or extreme heat
Earth First! Newswire
environmental implications of mass incarceration
Environmental Justice Act
environmental justice disaster in the Arizona desert
environmental movement
EPA enforcement actions against prisons
EPA's "Environmental Justice 2020 Plan" (EJ 2020)
EPA's position on prisoners and environmental justice
factory labor far below minimum wage with no safety gear
Garth Conner
hazardous waste and sewage overflows
healthy ecosystems
HRDC
HRDC's Prison Ecology Project
Incarceration justice and the planet
Julia Valentine
Kentuckians for the Commonwealth
low-income communities
massive sewage spills into Washington State's Skykomish River by the Monroe Correctional Complex
maximum-security facility in Letcher County
military Superfund sites
Monroe Correctional Complex
National Environmental Enforcement Journal
overcrowded toxic facilities
Panagioti Tsolkas
Paul Wright's organization
prison industry
prison pollution
prison-related bureaucracy
prison-related water pollution
Prisoner Bryant Arroyo
Prisoner Jonathan Jones-Thomas
Prisoner Robert Gamez
prisoners' rights
public safety laws
racialized practice of justice
Roy Seneca
Seattle Weekly
sewage in the tributaries of the Black Warrior River
sewage spills
solitary confinement cell
The New Jim Crow
The United States Bureau of Prisons
tough-on-crime rhetoric and legislation
toxic copper mine waste injections
toxic spill control
U.S. Census Bureau for EJ Screen
U.S. prison population
Washington Department of Corrections
Washington's McNeil Island
William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility


text:
Greedy: Notes from a Bisexual Who Wants Too Much
Jen Winston
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LGBTQ Stories
Follows Winston's attempts to make sense of herself as she explores the role of the male gaze, what it means to be 'queer enough,' and how to overcome bi stereotypes when you're the posterchild for all of them: greedy, slutty, and constantly confused.
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... fabulous ... The writing in Greedy is casual, self-deprecating and whip-smart (there are hints of Lindy West, Jia Tolentino and Kristen Arnett), and reading Winston's essays is almost like scrolling through Twitter threads written by the funniest people on the app. That's not to say it's lacking substance. When they're not 'diagnosing' benign versus malignant girl crushes, Winston writes candidly about substance abuse, sexual assault and police brutality in essays that come with content warnings, for the record ... For the most part, though, Winston finds humor in the messiness of grappling with one's identity ... There's a frequent assumption that queer media is only for queer people. Greedy is proof that it's not. Even folks to whom heterosexuality comes naturally will relate to the awkwardness of first dates and bad sex and shifting power dynamics in relationships.
Positive Kirkus
[Winston] recounts her dating life with plenty of self-deprecating humor and many knowing references to both pop culture and queer theory. Her lack of shame around kinky sex is refreshing, as in her account of learning shibari, the Japanese art of bondage, and content warnings at the start of two chapters flag instances of substance abuse, sexual assault, and police brutality ... A well-reasoned and entertaining affirmation of gender fluidity.
Positive Publishers Weekly
... sparkling ... In a series of essays, Winston viscerally describes the sense of being unmoored without language to describe herself and the difficult path to finding it, all with a breezy irreverence that will enamor her to fans of millennial essayists like Samantha Irby and Jia Tolentino. One of her greatest strengths is in pivoting from acerbic wit to earnest reflection ... Winston's regular use of content warnings and Twitter handles may put off some readers, but those whose lives have been similarly shaped by social media will appreciate the roles these signifiers play in this story of searching for love by a writer to watch. In playfully queering the coming-of-age story, Winston has written something wholly original, and entirely delightful.
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What did you think of Greedy: Notes from a Bisexual Who Wants Too Much?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Понго́ла (Пханголо, Пхонголо, ) — река в ЮАР. Сливаясь с рекой Усуту, образует реку Мапуту (бассейн Индийского океана).

Берёт исток в ЮАР, в местном муниципалитете Эмадлангени района Амаджуба провинции Квазулу-Натал на границе с провинцией Мпумаланга, восточнее города  и севернее города . Течёт на восток. Принимает восточнее города Паулпитерсбург правый приток  и левый приток Мозана (Mozana River). Далее течёт мимо города , пересекает хребет Лебомбо, где находится плотина водохранилища  (Понголапурт). Объем водохранилища 2,6 млрд м³, как у водохранилища . Водохранилище является местоположением природного заповедника . За хребтом Лебомбо река поворачивает на север. Принимает левый приток . На территории Мозамбика впадает в реку Усуту, которая принимает здесь название Мапуту.

Примечания

Бассейн Мозамбикского пролива
Реки ЮАР
Реки Мозамбика
Реки Квазулу-Натал

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In this second series on the Book of Acts, broadcaster and Bible teacher Charles Price explores the spiritual dynamics that made it possible for the early church to turn their world upside down. It's a journey that will focus more on the spiritual depth, than the spiritual breadth of the expanding Christian community. Many questions are still relevant today. How do we continue, both individually and corporately, to grow in our relationship with Jesus Christ? Discover how your life can be another chapter in this exciting unfinished book.
There are two ordinances that were given to the New Testament church. An ordinance, by definition, is an outward physic .


Background: Coach Henry Harutunian had been the Yale Fencing Team coach since 1970. His record includes more than 500 wins against fewer than 200 losses, a string of NCAA titles, and developing recent Olympians. At the time of this event, Coach Harutunian was the Ivy League's longest-ever-tenured Coach in any varsity sport. Over the decades, for many of his students he has been their most important life coach and mentor, known simply as "Coach". Harutunian has been a winning coach who emphasized learning over winning.
Why a success? As a participatory event, Yale Fencing Association (YFA) brought together more than 150 YFA members and their families to honor an outstanding athletic coach. Many of this group had not been back to Yale in years or decades. Attending alumni had an estimated median age of 35-to-45. The event created many connections and reconnections among the attendees.
The dinner itself was self-funded. Tickets were $65 per adult, with children a bit less. Current Yale students on the fencing team did not have to pay. The majority of attendees purchased tickets, as well as contributed funds to underwrite the participation of the current undergraduate team members. This generated a small surplus to be added to the fundraising campaign (see below).
As the keystone to a fundraising campaign, the celebration and the events leading up to it created dialogues with almost two dozen YFA members who (i) have established Yale giving histories and/or (ii) are rated (by Yale's Development Office) as prospects or (iii) are not currently on Yale's development radar but have the means and inclination to contribute towards Yale fencing.
As a result of this campaign, a core group of five-to-eight YFA members collectively indicated their intention to commit several hundreds of thousands of dollars of gifts towards endowing the Head Coaching position. Almost all of this amount will come from alums who have not previously given at this level to Yale. Their commitment will be linked, as a challenge gift, to participation rates among the rest of the YFA.
Details: The Yale Fencing Association held a dinner and reception on a Saturday in October, 2010. The dinner was held in the evening, after the annual alumni/varsity fencing competition — now in its 39th year.
The event included a printed dinner brochure, congratulatory remarks from Yale's Athletics Director, a written congratulatory message from Yale's President (read aloud at the event), a video with testimonials from dozens of Yale Fencing alums (displayed on a giant screen), and gifts for Coach (and attendees).
The event generated subsequent publicity from interviews and articles prepared for the Yale Alumni Magazine and for the Yale Daily News.
Pre-event communications included a telephone campaign, a separate web page established by the Yale Athletic Department, including news about the event, an RSVP process, and a list of attendees. Parallel information was posted to the YFA Facebook page. Numerous direct communications were made, inviting alums to volunteer and/or attend.
Resources needed: More than a dozen members of the YFA, from four different decades, led the planning and preparation. Planning started a year before the event. As the dinner drew closer, the planners held bi-weekly calls during the few months leading up to the event. Participants in these calls included alumni, team members, and staff from the Yale Athletic Department and the Yale Development Office.
Time investment included approximately 40 hours of (combined) alumni time, 16 hours of athletic department time, and 8 hours of Yale fencer time. The Yale Development Office was consulted. Yale Athletics arranged catering through its usual channels. The venue was the Lanman Center at Yale.
Metrics: Attendees consisted of 150 Yalies, including the entire then-current Yale men's and women's varsity fencing teams, alumni and family members from seven decades, spanning 12 time zones. Attendees included fencers from 7 of the past 8 Olympics — including the single greatest male and female sabre fencers ever to compete for the United States.


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COVID-19 official counts can miss mild cases – here's how serosurveys that analyze blood for signs of past infection can help
It's an eye-catching statistic: 58% of the whole population and 75% of kids in the U.S. had been infected by the coronavirus by the end of February 2022. That's a pretty big jump from the official case count that hovered around a quarter of Americans having been diagnosed with COVID-19. A report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention based these higher proportions on what's called a serosurvey: a study that looks at people's blood to see if they've had a particular illness.
Isobel Routledge is an infectious disease epidemiologist who uses serosurveys in her own research. Here she explains the science behind the approach and what a serosurvey can – and can't – tell you.
What does a serosurvey look for?
When you're infected by or vaccinated against a pathogen, like the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19, your body produces antibodies to fight it. Some types of antibodies remain in your blood long after you've recovered. During a serosurvey, researchers look in blood samples for these long-lasting antibodies. They act as markers of past exposure to the pathogen.
The power of this type of study is that it can reveal whether someone was previously infected with a particular pathogen, even if they didn't have symptoms or take a test. Having specific antibodies in your blood can also mean you're immune to a certain disease – scientists are still investigating what the markers of protection against COVID-19 might be, though.
If they test enough blood samples – ideally through a random sample of the population – researchers can use a serosurvey to estimate the proportion of a population that has been previously infected or vaccinated, and in some cases estimate the proportion of the population that is immune to a particular disease.
Researchers can focus on specific antibodies that your body makes after catching COVID-19 that are different from the ones triggered by vaccination.
Scott Heins/Getty Images
Can serosurveys tell the difference between an infection and vaccination?
Yes. In a recent study, my colleagues and I wanted to separate out those who had been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and those who had been vaccinated. So we looked for two different bio-markers in the blood samples.
Vaccines administered in the U.S. trigger your body to produce antibodies to a particular part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus called the spike protein. If we identified antibodies to the spike protein, that means a person could have been vaccinated, been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, or both.
When people are naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2, they produce antibodies to another part of the coronavirus called the nucleocapsid protein. If we identified antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein, then we knew the patient had previously contracted COVID-19. Vaccination doesn't trigger these particular antibodies. The CDC study used this type of test to separate out only those who were previously infected.
How far back in time can this method 'see'?
Antibodies take a few weeks to build up to their maximum level. Then their concentration wanes in the weeks and months after exposure to an infectious disease.
Colleagues of mine at the University of California, San Francisco are currently studying the dynamics of this process for COVID-19 in the Long-term Impact of Infection With Novel Coronavirus (LIINC) study. Since March 2020, they've been following volunteers who've recovered from COVID-19, collecting blood and saliva samples at regular intervals to monitor changes in antibody levels.
Based on over a year of observations, the team estimated that someone who had previously had COVID-19 could test negative on an antibody test on average anywhere between 96 and 925 days after their infection. It seems to depend a lot on disease severity and the specific test used.
Several tests, including the one used in the recent CDC study, showed no evidence of any decrease in detecting antibodies over six months of observation. Additional studies using a different test found that the majority of patients had detectable levels of nucleocapsid antibodies in the blood at a year and at 16 months after infection.
The CDC study looked at blood samples collected between September 2021 and February 2022, which was at most two years after anyone would have contracted COVID-19. Based on current evidence, I'd not too concerned about a lot of false negatives based on how long ago people were infected. However, if there were some missed infections in this study, that would mean that the true proportion of the population that was previously infected is slightly more than the estimated 58%.
Why are serosurveys important to do?
Traditional disease surveillance measures, such as counts of reported cases or positive tests, are super important for monitoring the spread and burden of infectious diseases. But for a disease like COVID-19 that can cause lots of asymptomatic and mild infections, the numbers of reported cases may represent only the tip of the iceberg.
Case counts often miss asymptomatic infections, as well as infections in those who do not have access to health care or testing. It can also be tricky to compare data from disease surveillance systems over time and in different places.
Serosurveys are a way of capturing asymptomatic and unreported infections, and a well-designed serosurvey can often provide a "truer" picture of infection history in a population than case counts. But serosurveys have their own, separate biases.
What factors make a serosurvey tricky to do well?
You need to consider who is in the group you've taken your samples from and whether they're representative of the wider U.S. in terms of demographics, including location, age, biological sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, occupation and so on. Otherwise your finding might not be generalizable to the population as a whole.
The people who donate blood may be different from the population as a whole, so a survey based largely on their samples may not be representative of the larger population.
Many studies, including the CDC report and my own work, rely on what's called convenience sampling. We piggyback on blood samples that were initially collected for clinical testing or blood donation and then reuse them for the serosurvey. This means we're only including people who are getting blood tests for health conditions or checkups, or those donating blood. We're missing out on parts of the U.S. population who don't access health care or donate blood.
Randomly selecting a representative sample of the entire population can get around those biases. However, this kind of study is extremely expensive and time-consuming to carry out. Just a small number have been conducted at the state level.
A further challenge is defining the threshold for considering an antibody test as positive or negative. These tests measure the concentration of a particular antibody in the sample. Antibody responses can vary depending on the severity of illness and time since infection. If researchers set the cutoff for a positive result too high, it can lead to more false negatives.
The recent CDC serosurvey acknowledged some limitations in how generalizable it really is. No data on race/ethnicity was available to weight the study results, and the study was likely to have over-represented people who could seek health care. If the antibody test was less accurate with mild or older infections, the true proportion of the population that was previously exposed could have been even higher than the 58% estimate. Despite these limitations, this study does provide hugely valuable data for tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 transmission over time.
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Colton and Corey, my boyfriend at the time, met at Fort Drum. They quickly became close friends and shortly after Colton moved in. What I remember most was Colton's beautiful smile. It was infectious and I recall how I'd see it spread across his face as he'd watch Corey and I dance from across the room. Colton was an old soul. Humble, sweet, polite, he'd ask Corey's permission before asking me to dance.
Colton was proud of his parents and siblings in a way I had never experienced before. He loved our country and was honored to defend it but mostly he dreamt of someday having a family, a beautiful wife, and a couple smiling kiddos.
I have this 5 second video clip of Colton proudly dancing his mom across the floor and while the video is too dark to see, I promise you his beautiful smile shone brightly that night. He adored his mom and his entire family. He carried photos of them and the Daniels' family in his truck so they were always by his side.
Corey and Colton bonded on a deep level. Shortly after Colton deployed for the last time he sent me a fb message "I get along with just about anybody, but I don't really count most people as friends, more like frequent aquaintances. Corey is an actual friend that I look forward to seeing again. That was a little gay, but whatever, haha." In the year or so Colton lived with Corey he became much more than our friend. He became family.
He didn't say much about his struggles but we knew of his pain. Colton was proud to be in the Calvary but he was suffering from PTSD and he recognized he needed time to heal before he redeployed. His request was denied.
The months before deployment Colton would listen to music all night. Ryan Bingham was among his favorites and especially seemed to ease his pain. I worried about Colton going overseas but to my surprise he seemed ok while he was gone.
Colton came home the following spring and went to South Dakota to be with his family. Corey came home several weeks later. We were all excited to see one another but I was worried about Colton. He didn't seem well again. When he took his fb page down I became concerned that he might be withdrawing but he said he was ok. The day before we met up I texted him to see how he was doing. I let him know I was worried about him and I told him when we'd be coming home. He responded briefly and let me know that he planned to start a fire the following night to warm the house for when we arrived.
The next day I picked Corey up from the airport and we began the long drive home. We were both excited as it had been more than a year since we'd been to the house together. Corey had survived his third and final deployment and he was ready for something different in his life. He had this giant smile accross his face and a look of freedom in his eyes. He truly seemed happy but as we pulled into the driveway and the car lights shown on the giant "Welcome Home" banner I had hung over the garage a few weeks prior, I had this overwhelming premonition that Colton's life had ended and ours was about to change forever. I dont know how I knew, but I knew that when we walked inside we would find Colton dead.
There was honor in the way Colton lived but there was no glory in the way he died.
Almost 5 years have passed since the night we found him but I still can't bring myself to write about what happened after we walked in the house.
Statistically at least 6 people are directly affected by each person who completes suicide. These are your kids, your spouse, your family, your friends. Each of us who tells Colton's story has been affected in a way that none of us would wish on anyone.
The most important thing I can tell you is Suicide is 100% Preventable.
You don't have to kill yourself. You don't have to suffer in silence. You don't have to put your loved ones through this. You just have to pick up the phone and be willing to accept help. I'm not suggesting it's easy. It's going to be hard but I promise you that getting help is better than whay you've been living through and its better than the alternative. There is hope.
The Sgt. Colton Levi Derr Foundation has one mission, to help ensure that other soldier's stories don't end the way Colton's did. Please pick up the phone and call and they'll help you get through the rest. It's never too late.
Colton's thoughts were racing through his mind at about the same pace as the hemi motor that thrusted his truck over the next horizon. He had just returned from his final combat mission and was making plans to transition back to a civilian life. A true warrior; he was returning to a civilian society in which many have lost the concept of code, ethos and brotherhood. The journey home would prove to be fatal.
I worried about Colton's ability to adjust fire. Colton was a leader who always focused on taking care of his men and the mission. The battlefield does not allow for much insight into your internal struggles. This reality was evidenced by the fact that Colton's suicide sent shockwaves through his military brothers. They didn't see it coming.
Colton kept his feelings in check; he was not one for sharing his woes with others. After all, he was the oldest sibling in his family and they looked up to him. He was a brother to many and a friend who never failed the ones he cared about. Steadfast in commitment and honor; his soul was kind and true.
What would be Colton's trigger point that sent him down a path of no return? What could cause this young man to decide that death was the only way to end his pain? He had plans, he had opportunities…but moreover, he was loved.
It was tough for a man who was so prideful, strong and accustomed to conquering all comers and all things in life. A champion wrestler, a cowboy and steely eyed soldier….what could bring him down? After all, his fellow soldiers nicknamed him 'Delta Derr'.
Colton broke his constrained silence. "Dad, I don't know why I feel the way I do, I'm trying to control it - but I'm having a hard time." His head down, his strong hand firmly grasping the back of his neck; we were ready for the heart to heart talk. I was relentless in just being near him until he tapped out, until he opened up.
As a father, more than anything in life, you want to protect your children. I was fortunate that Colton would confide in me about his demons and internal battles. We made a plan: when he got back to Fort Drum, he would deal (treatment) with his PTSD and suffocating depression.
Colton was a wanderlust who loved the open road and the opportunities he may find over the next horizon. He was gathering his gear, as this part of his "coming home" journey was coming to an end. Before making his drive back to Fort Drum; he was getting ready to make his trek to Texas to see his 1st CAV brothers at Fort Hood.
Colton was saying all the right things about future plans after the military. During his Texas trip he was going to look for land to buy - land to raise his own horses on. He intended to enroll in college down there and finish out his criminal justice degree. He had even reached out to his younger brother Wyatt; in hopes that he would join him on his new adventure.
So, why was I still uneasy and restless when he left home on that warm evening of 12 APR 2012? After all, we made a pact to beat this demon.
This is the last picture I took of Colton. I held him and did not want to let him go. I kissed him, told him I loved him and said goodbye.
April 8, 2012 was a warm spring Easter day. Haley, Wyatt and Josephine made the trip home from college; little sister Audra (the surprise child) was ready to have her older siblings back under one roof.
Colton was safely home from his final mission to Afghanistan; our prayers had been answered. Although, just twenty short sunsets from this day would find Colton dead by suicide. Safe has many meanings and proved to be as fleeting as Colton's life.
This is the last picture I have with all of my children together. Colton had been home for less than a week and I could sense the effects of PTSD beginning to tug at his soul. He was tense on this particular day. I held the camera waiting for his wry grin to come out…but I could see he was struggling.
Colton wanted to deploy. It may be hard for some to comprehend, but I knew he would be entirely men and mission focused while he was in the battlefield. Coming home proved to be more menacing than the Taliban.
4.28.16: On this spring day in 2012, Sergeant Colton Levi Derr committed suicide. Today, an estimated 22+ veterans will follow Colton's path and die by their own hands.
Colton suffered with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) following his combat tours in Iraq and Afghanistan. In support of America's War on Terror during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, SGT Derr, US Army 1st Division, completed over 500 combat missions. Colton succumbed to suicide within six weeks of arriving stateside from his Afghanistan deployment.
Colton was a Warrior….which gave him the resolve to take his own life. Think about, since we lost Colton - another 32,120 veterans have fallen.
Colton didn't lose many battles - he was a very determined young man. Colton's soldiers nicknamed him "Delta Derr." Oh yes, he had GRIT. This toughness however proved to be his achilles heel. The one enemy he strived to defeat (PTSD) finally wore him down to the point he tapped out. Once Colton decided he was going to take his life, there was no turning back - he was resolute. Colton was going to kill the demons who would give him no peace. Colton didn't want to die, he wanted peace, he wanted the pain to end.
I knew Colton's battles, I knew Colton's demons. I prayed and we prayed together as a family for his pain to cease. Knowing we had to take this head on, Colton sought treatment within his military resources. Colton was flagged as non-deployable (he sought help) before his final mission. This was a hard decision for Colton as he didn't want to do anything that may jeopardize his military career. He was a proud man, a self-sufficient man, a brother others went to for counsel.
His outreach efforts failed. His military leadership marked him mission essential and actually wrote, "we will monitor soldier in theater." That did not happen. We don't blame anyone. We are proud of our son's service to his country.
I spoke to a mother the other day who was concerned about her veteran son. She said her son is no longer interested in his family, friends or his lifestyle as a civilian. He is withdrawn and they are afraid he will take his life. What are they doing….never leaving him alone. That is not a plan.
The family of Sergeant Colton Levi Derr formed this non-profit Foundation in his name. We honor Colton by helping other veterans and soldiers who battle PTSD and TBI.
TAKE ACTION - REACH OUT - FIGHT.
America's son has come home again.


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ART BUSINESS WIRE
"55th Academy of Country Music Awards™" Teams Up With Wells Fargo and Country Star Mickey Guyton to Help People Facing Hunger in Light of COVID-19
Vondestei4760
Sep 11, 2020 ART, CULTURE
Wells Fargo Pledges to Help Provide 50 Million Meals in Collaboration with Feeding America; Donates $100,000 to ACM Lifting Lives COVID-19 Response Fund
Awards Show to Broadcast Live from Nashville on Wednesday, Sept. 16, on CBS
LOS ANGELES–(BUSINESS WIRE)–The Academy of Country Music®, dick clark productions, and Wells Fargo announced today 55th Academy of Country Music Awards™ performer Mickey Guyton will appear in a special moment airing during the telecast to help raise awareness around the issue of hunger during the COVID-19 pandemic. Working with Feeding America®, the largest domestic hunger-relief organization in the country, and its network of member food banks, Wells Fargo is turning many of its locations across the country into mobile food distribution centers with the goal of providing 50 million meals* to individuals and families through the Wells Fargo Drive-Up Food Bank program.
Additionally, Wells Fargo is joining forces with ACM Lifting Lives®, the philanthropic arm of the Academy of Country Music, and donating $100,000 to the ACM Lifting Lives COVID-19 Response Fund. Created in response to the growing need, the fund assists individuals working in the Country Music industry who are suffering a financial crisis as a result of the pandemic. This donation is in addition to the more than $175 million the Wells Fargo Foundation has donated to help address critical community needs such as food assistance, financial health, small business, and housing stability in communities across the United States since the beginning of the pandemic.
"We are delighted to work with Wells Fargo for the 55th ACM Awards show this year and honored to have Mickey Guyton spotlight and raise awareness on the continued efforts of improving communities across the country," said Lyndsay Cruz, executive director of ACM Lifting Lives. "Wells Fargo has provided countless resources for people to turn to during these challenging times, and their generous donation to the ACM Lifting Lives COVID-19 Response Fund will further assist those still in need in the Country Music industry seeking financial assistance."
Hosted by reigning ACM® Entertainer of the Year and 15-time ACM Award winner Keith Urban, the 55th ACM Awards®, a Night of Heart and Hits Live from Nashville, Tennessee, will be broadcast on Wednesday, Sept. 16, (live 8:00-11:00 p.m. Eastern time/delayed Pacific time) on the CBS Television Network, and will be available to stream on demand on CBS All Access.
For the first time in the show's history, the awards will take place in Nashville, broadcasting from three iconic Country Music venues: Grand Ole Opry House, Nashville's historic Ryman Auditorium, and The Bluebird Cafe. As previously announced, the 55th ACM Awards will also feature performances by Jimmie Allen, Kelsea Ballerini, Gabby Barrett, Kane Brown, Luke Bryan, Eric Church, Luke Combs, Dan + Shay, Florida Georgia Line, Riley Green, Miranda Lambert, Tim McGraw, Maren Morris, Old Dominion and Thomas Rhett featuring Jon Pardi, Blake Shelton featuring Gwen Stefani, Tenille Townes, Carrie Underwood, Morgan Wallen, Trisha Yearwood and more to be announced.
Multimedia assets about the Wells Fargo Drive-Up Food Bank program can be found in the Wells Fargo Newsroom. For more information, visit ACMcountry.com. You can also like Academy of Country Music on Facebook, follow on Twitter at @ACMawards, follow on Instagram at @ACMawards, and sign up for the free ACM A-List for more immediate updates.
*50 million meals calculation is based on 1) Projected number of meals distributed through Wells Fargo Drive-Up Food Bank events and 2) Wells Fargo's financial contributions to support Feeding America food banks 7/20/20-10/31/20. $1 helps provide at least 10 meals secured by Feeding America on behalf of local member food banks.
About Mickey Guyton
Mickey Guyton was born in Arlington, Texas, and began singing in church at a young age. She was drawn to a variety of artists with big voices including Dolly Parton, Cece Winans, Whitney Houston, and LeAnn Rimes. After signing to Capitol Records Nashville, Mickey's first appearance was an all-star concert at the White House captured by PBS. In 2015, she released her self-titled EP featuring her debut single, "Better Than You Left Me." The following year she was nominated for her first Academy of Country Music Award for New Female Vocalist. Mickey returned to the ACM Awards in 2019 performing "I'm Standing With You" from the BREAKTHROUGH movie soundtrack alongside Chrissy Metz, Carrie Underwood, Lauren Alaina, and Maddie & Tae. During the last few years, Mickey has been focused on her songwriting and will release her EP, Bridges, on Sept. 11. Bridges will include "What Are You Gonna Tell Her?", which Variety called "… exquisitely sung, moving and brilliant," as well as, "Black Like Me," a song Mickey cowrote in March 2019 at a cross-genre writing camp. Due to demand, "Black Like Me" was released in June and has been praised by critics and fans alike, with HITS noting the song "nudges America's conscience with personal truth and gospel fervor." Her latest single, "Heaven Down Here," was written in recent months as a plea to God to spare a little love for this world in need. Mickey and her music have been featured recently by The New York Times, CBS This Morning, NPR, Billboard, The Los Angeles Times, Entertainment Weekly, ELLE, Paste, Rolling Stone, The Wall Street Journal, American Songwriter, and Pollstar.
About the Academy of Country Music Awards™
The 55th Academy of Country Music Awards™ is dedicated to honoring and showcasing the biggest names and emerging talent in the Country Music industry. The show is produced for television by dick clark productions and will broadcast live on Wednesday, Sept. 16, 2020, on the CBS Television Network, and will be available to stream live and on-demand on CBS All Access. R.A. Clark, Amy Thurlow, Barry Adelman, Mark Bracco, and Linda Gierahn are executive producers. Damon Whiteside is executive producer for the Academy of Country Music.
About ACM Lifting Lives®
ACM Lifting Lives® is the philanthropic arm of the Academy of Country Music dedicated to improving lives through the power of music. Through partnerships with artists and strong ties in the music industry, ACM Lifting Lives® funds music health programs while also serving members of the music community who face unexpected hardships through its Diane Holcomb Emergency Relief Fund. With generous donations and the support of artists and fans, ACM Lifting Lives® has funded national music therapy programs serving various mental and physical health organizations. Some of the recipients have included patients at children's hospitals and other healthcare facilities, recovering veterans, people with Williams syndrome, and individuals with mental illness. For more information, please visit www.ACMLiftingLives.org.
About Wells Fargo
Wells Fargo & Company (NYSE: WFC) is a diversified, community-based financial services company with $1.97 trillion in assets. Wells Fargo's vision is to satisfy our customers' financial needs and help them succeed financially. Founded in 1852 and headquartered in San Francisco, Wells Fargo provides banking, investment and mortgage products and services, as well as consumer and commercial finance, through 7,300 locations, more than 13,000 ATMs, the internet (wellsfargo.com) and mobile banking, and has offices in 31 countries and territories to support customers who conduct business in the global economy. With approximately 266,000 team members, Wells Fargo serves one in three households in the United States. Wells Fargo & Company was ranked No. 30 on Fortune's 2020 rankings of America's largest corporations. News, insights, and perspectives from Wells Fargo are also available at Wells Fargo Stories.
Additional information may be found at www.wellsfargo.com | Twitter: @WellsFargo.
Academy of Country Music contacts:
Brooke Primero / Melissa Moldovan / Christina Canseco
brooke@acmcountry.com / 818-788-8000
melissa@acmcountry.com / 818-788-8000
christina.canseco@acmcountry.com
CBS Press contacts:
Andrea Ballas / Kate Fisher
andrea.ballas@cbs.com / 818-655-1581
khfisher@cbs.com / 212-975-3818
MRC (dick clark productions) contacts:
Gina Sorial / Ligia Mallmann
gsorial@mrcentertainment.com / 310-255-0308
lmallmann@mrcentertainment.com / 310-255-0321
Wells Fargo contact:
Holly Rockwood
holly.d.rockwood@wellsfargo.com / 415-930-0456
Mickey Guyton contact:
Lori Christian
lori.christian@umusic.com
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"All supporting documents" in time charter time bar clause means what it says.
Mur Shipping BV v Louis Dreyfus Company Suisse SA [2019] EWHC 3240 (The Tiger Shanghai) concerned the construction of the following time bar in additional clause 119 of a time charter on NYPE form.
"[Owners] shall be discharged and released from all liability in respect of any claim or claims which [Charterers] may have under Charter Party and such claims shall be totally extinguished unless such claims have been notified in detail to [Owners] in writing accompanied by all available supporting documents (whether relating to liability or quantum or both) and arbitrator appointed within 12 months from completion of charter"."
The charter was terminated due to a problem with the feeder holes in the hatch covers which were positioned so that the loading crane at the loading port, Carbenaros, was not quite long enough to reach those on the starboard side of the Vessels. To solve this problem the Charterers wanted to cut new cement feeder holes into the hatch covers. Disponent owners refused permission for the work to be done. Shortly after the vessel arrived at the load port, a survey was conducted at charterer's request by CSS on the cutting of new cement holes in the hatch covers. The following day disponent owners stated that their refusal was final and non-negotiable and charterers terminated the charter.
The express basis for that termination was that the cutting of additional feeder holes fell within the ambit of Clause 46 which provided "The Charterers, subject to the Owners' and Master's approval which is not to be unreasonably withheld, shall be at liberty to fit/weld any additional equipment and fittings for loading … cargo. Such work shall be done at the Charterer's expense and time, and the Charterers shall remove such equipment and fittings at their expense and time prior to redelivery, if so required by the Owners …" Charterers argued that Owners' refusal for permission to cut such holes had been unreasonably withheld, so that Owners were in repudiatory breach and Charterers were entitled to terminate.
Charterers appointed their arbitrator within 12 months of the termination of the charter and claimed in respect of "all disputes connected with the Charterparty" which was stated to include claims for:
i) The return of hire and value of delivery bunkers paid in advance,
ii) costs incurred on the Owners' behalf;
iii) damages in respect of claim from the sub Charters for the termination of the Charter; and
iv) the Owners' failure to obey instructions/ breach of Clause 46 of the Charter.
Nearly a year later charterers served claim submissions to which was attached the CSS Report dealing with the feasibility of drilling cement holes in the hatch covers, and relied on it to allege that disponent owners had unreasonably withheld consent to the works
The submission of the CSS report led disponent owners to take the timebar point, arguing that it went to the heart of the issue of liability and that had it been presented it was likely that the parties could have resolved the dispute without the need for arbitration. Charterers argued that the CSS Report was a document compiled for the purposes of the arbitration in the light of the dispute and that expert reports and other arbitration documents fell outside the category of "supporting documents" that are to be provided and Clause 119
The majority of the Tribunal found that this document was a "supporting document", that it was not privileged; and that the claim was consequently time barred. On appeal two issues arose.
i) Is a document which would otherwise be a supporting document one which should not be counted as such if it was arguably privileged?
This point concerned arguably privileged documents as opposed to actually privileged documents. This was because: (i) Charterers accepted that the document was not privileged and (ii) Owners are prepared to proceed on the assumption that the clause does not require provision of a privileged document. Charterers submitted that if a document is reasonably arguable to be privileged, then its disclosure is not required by an "all supporting documents" time bar clause and it does not matter even if, in the final analysis, it is held not to be privileged. Cockerill J rejected this submission as the argument was "profoundly uncommercial". Such an approach would sit very ill with the requirements of certainty which underpin clauses of this sort
ii) Is a document which is not at least at the time of commencement of the arbitration of relevance to either the identification of or support for a relevant claim as referred to arbitration, a "supporting document".
Cockerill J held that the CSS report was a supporting document and it could not be the case that simply because a document emerges later it cannot give rise to a time bar argument. An "all documents" clause is naturally geared to the provision of more than the bare essentials; and even in the simpler cases it may be the case that the party receiving the documents may not know the full extent of the documentation available.
The question of "supporting documents" had to look to the claim being advanced. If for some reason the claim somehow changed in essence at a later stage, for example, if a timing point not previously apprehended was made, or a correction needed to be made, this should not mean that documents later relied on became retrospectively relevant at the point of the time bar. However, here, there was no change in the case or correction. Charterers' claim was predicated on the refusal by disponent owners having been wrongful, because unreasonable. Without that, the termination was not valid. The material in the CSS Report went to this question of reasonableness.
If the reasonableness of the refusal was in play at the time when the claim was made, this document was relevant and supportive. It was significant that the clause combined both specific reference to "all" and specific reference to "liability and quantum", while not confining itself to any particular sort of claim. The parties intended the clause to cover all disputes under the Charterparty, including inferentially claims arising out of wrongful termination. While the case had not refined itself so far as it had done at the time of the hearing, the claim (at least as to quantum) in fact depended on the date of termination and the date of termination depended on being entitled to terminate, which itself depended on unreasonable refusal on the part of the Owners. Therefore, the report was on its face within the ambit of the claim that charterers advanced and supportive of it.
The appeal against the Award was therefore dismissed.
Professor Simon Baughen was appointed as Professor of Shipping Law in September 2013 (previously Reader at the University of Bristol Law School). Simon Baughen studied law at Oxford and practised in maritime law for several years before joining academia. His research interests lie mainly in the field of shipping law, but also include the law of trusts and the environmental law implications of the activities of multinational corporations in the developing world. Simon's book on Shipping Law, has run to seven editions (soon to be eight) and is already well-known to academics and students alike as by far the most learned and approachable work on the subject. Furthermore, he is now the author of the very well-established practitioner's work Summerskill on Laytime. He has an extensive list of publications to his name, including International Trade and the Protection of the Environment, and Human Rights and Corporate Wrongs - Closing the Governance Gap. He has also written and taught extensively on commercial law, trusts and environmental law. Simon is a member of the Institute of International Shipping and Trade Law, a University Research Centre within the School of Law, and he currently teaches at Swansea on the LLM in:Carriage of Goods by Sea, Land and Air; Charterparties Law and Practice; International Corporate Governance. View all posts by Professor Simon Baughen
Posted on December 31, 2019 December 31, 2019 Author Professor Simon BaughenCategories Charterparties, UncategorizedTags Time bar. Time charter. All supporting documents. Arguably privileged documents.
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We are Pearls of the Sound!
We are a happy crowd of women in all ages that meet every Tuesday on rehearsal between 6.30-9.30 PM. Most of us live in the area of Helsingborg, but we also have members in Denmark, Gothenburg, Malmoe, Stockholm and even Moscow. Since 2015 we have had the privilege to enjoy our two co-directors Anna Rosenberg och Rasmus Krigström as leaders of the chorus.
Welcome to our website: www.pearls.se or visit us on Facebook.


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Welcome to HerbClip Online
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Cardamom – Queen of Spices
Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum, Zingiberaceae) is a robust perennial with oblong, blade-shaped leaves, small white or yellow flowers with violet-mauve veining, and light yellow fruit containing the aromatic red-brown seeds.1 The reed-like herb, which can reach 9-15 feet, is native to Sri Lanka and southern India, but is also grown in Guatemala, Laos, and El Salvador.2 The habitat is mountainous forests. The name cardamom may have originated from the Arabic hehmama, relating to a Sanskrit word for hot and pungent.1
Used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 3000 years, cardamom was mentioned in Vedic medicinal texts as ela or elattari, from which the genus name is derived.3,4 Considered an aphrodisiac in ancient India, cardamom has been an ingredient in love potions throughout various cultures. Powdered seeds are incorporated into incense and fumigation blends such as abir* and used in Hindu ceremonies. It was included in the Tibetan formula Aquilaria A, where the inhaled fumes were said to calm the mind, relieve stress, and promote sleep.
Cardamom features in ancient Sumerian clay tablets, including one of the oldest medical texts written around 3500 BCE.4 Egyptian hieroglyphs dating around 700 BCE note that cardamom was used as a perfume, spice, and in blends for rituals.5 It was included in the Egyptian ointment Metopion (which may have included galbanum, bitter almonds, mastic, myrrh, calamus, honey, wine, seed of balsam, and turpentine resin) and the recipe for Susinon or "oil of lilies." which among its numerous ingredients included the blue water lily.4 While the herb was included in tea blends in India, Arabians added a few seeds to coffee. Cardamom also features in the tale The Arabian Nights and Shayk Nafzawi's The Perfume Garden of Sensual Delight.3,4 Nafzawi provides an aphrodisiac formulation which also included cinnamon, nutmeg, pepper, cloves, and gillyflowers (possibly clove pinks or carnations) to be applied morning and night. Not surprisingly, cardamom seeds were known as the "grains of paradise" in the Middle East.1 Note: Cardamom should not be confused with the true grains of paradise, Aframomum melegueta, also in the ginger family.
In traditional Greek medicine, Dioscorides (ca. 40-90 CE), Theophrastus (371-287 BCE),** Plutarch (46-119 CE), Galen (129-216 CE), and Pliny the Elder (23-79 CE) mention the spice.4 Hippocrates (460-370 BCE) suggested cardamom for coughs, spasms, abdominal pains, sciatica, and nervous disorders.2 Traditional Chinese medicine divides cardamom into three types – wild (sha ren), white (bai dou kou), and black (cao guo).5 It is used to harmonize shen (spirit), regulate qi (chi, energy), and nourish heart-blood.
In medieval Europe, cardamom was known as "the fire of Venus." 3,4 It was used in recipes for love potions, wines, and long life elixirs.
Lori Glenn
HerbClip™ Managing Editor
*Other ingredients include cloves, turmeric, and sandalwood.
** Theophrastus wrote a recipe of myrrh wine which included cardamom, cinnamon, cassis, iris, rose, and mint.
1Mojay G. Aromatherapy for Healing the Spirit. New York: Henry Holt and Company; 1996.
2Lawless J. The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils. San Francisco: Conari Press; 2013.
3Lawless J. Aromatherapy and the Mind. Hammersmith, London, UK: Thorsons; 1994.
4Rhind JP. Fragrance and Wellbeing: Plant Aromatics and Their Influence on the Psyche. London: Singing Dragon; 2014.
5Holmes P. Aromatica – A Clinical Guide to Essential Oil Applications Vol 2: Applications and Profiles. London, UK: Singing Dragon; 2019.
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Current Year 2023


The furniture that people keep throughout their home has value to their owners, whether that value is monetary or sentimental. The monetary value of furniture is obvious as furniture sets tend to be pricey, but people usually value furniture that evokes memories of the past more than brand new furniture sets. Furniture that is passed down between generations of a single family carries memories of past events and lost relatives that brings happiness and comfort to current generations. At Furniture Medic by MasterCare Experts, we understand the sentimental value of handed-down furniture and we are ready to provide furniture restoration and refinishing services to help these pieces last for future generations.
At Furniture Medic, we recently had a customer reach out to us about restoring a vintage wooden desk chair. The customer told us that the chair itself is rather plain and probably not worth much, but she has memories of her grandmother using the chair at her desk. The chair has since been abused and it was important to the customer to have the chair restored. She brought the chair to our furniture restoration experts to restore it to the condition it was when her grandmother was using the chair.
The customer reached out to us by phone and sent a picture of the chair, along with the color wood stain she wanted for the piece. The chair arrived at our shop in disrepair and splattered in white paint. The chair itself had been painted as well which covered the original wood stain. We accepted this challenge to repair the desk chair, remove the paint splatters, and restore it with the wood stain that the customer requested.
When we got the desk chair from the customer, it needed to be repaired and stripped so the new wood stain could be applied. Our craftsmen specialize in providing repair as well as refinishing and restoration for wood furniture and we were confident that we could restore the chair to the condition that our customer remembered.
We started by making the necessary repairs to the chair so that it can be used again safely. After the repairs were completed, we stripped the chair to the wood to remove the paint job and the paint splatters. Our craftsmen also inspected the chair to repair any surface damage including scratches, dents, and other blemishes. After stripping and repairing the chair, it was ready for the new finish and wood stain. We applied the wood stain chosen by the customer as well as a factory finish to protect the stain and the chair.
Precision Repair: We will repair any damage or blemishes to the surface of the wood including gouges, scratches, watermarks, dents, burns, and stains.
Re-Gluing/ Minor Adjustments: Our craftsmen will repair damage to wooden furniture with effective gluing and readjustment techniques. In this case, we had to make repairs to the chair so it could be used again.
Finishing: Our deluxing process eliminates scratches and other minor blemishes from the surface.
Painting/ Color Matching: We offer a wide variety of paint and wood stain colors so we can provide effective color matching to get the right color or finish for the furniture piece. In this case, the customer requested a specific wood stain to restore the original appearance of the desk chair.
Restoration/ Finishing: Our water-based factory finishes help protect the wood furniture piece as well as the stain from damage or blemishes.
We were happy to return this desk chair to our customer repaired and refinished with the requested wood stain. She can now proudly display her grandmother's chair in her home and reminisce about her grandmother sitting in the chair at her desk. Our craftsmen take pride in bringing new life to furniture pieces that have sentimental importance to our customers.
If you have a piece of wooden furniture that has fallen into disrepair or has an old, worn out finish, our experts at Furniture Medic by MasterCare Experts can revitalize it with our wood furniture refinishing and repair services. We will make sure the piece is in usable shape and we can paint or refinish the piece based on your preferences. You can call us at (630) 653-3131 to start the process or submit your project through our website.


text:
package enumeratum.values

import argonaut._
import Argonaut._

/** Created by alonsodomin on 14/10/2016.
  */
/** Base trait for Value-based Enumeratum Enums that automatically adds Argonaut Json Encoders and
  * Decoders.
  *
  * Example
  *
  * {{{
  * scala> import enumeratum.values._
  * scala> import argonaut._
  * scala> import Argonaut._
  *
  * scala> sealed abstract class TrafficLight(val value: Int) extends IntEnumEntry
  * scala> case object TrafficLight
  *       |     extends IntEnum[TrafficLight]
  *       |       with IntArgonautEnum[TrafficLight] {
  *       |   case object Red    extends TrafficLight(1)
  *       |   case object Yellow extends TrafficLight(2)
  *       |   case object Green  extends TrafficLight(3)
  *       |   val values = findValues
  *       | }
  *
  * scala> val light: TrafficLight = TrafficLight.Red
  * scala> light.asJson
  * res0: Json = 1
  *
  * scala> Json.jNumber(1).as[TrafficLight]
  * res1: DecodeResult[TrafficLight] = DecodeResult(Right(Red))
  *
  * scala> Json.jNumber(5).as[TrafficLight]
  * res1: DecodeResult[TrafficLight] = DecodeResult(Left((5 is not a member of enum TrafficLight,CursorHistory(List()))))
  * }}}
  *
  * @tparam ValueType
  *   @tparam EntryType
  */
sealed trait ArgonautValueEnum[ValueType, EntryType <: ValueEnumEntry[ValueType]] {
  this: ValueEnum[ValueType, EntryType] =>

  implicit def argonautEncoder: EncodeJson[EntryType]
  implicit def argonautDecoder: DecodeJson[EntryType]

}

/** ArgonautEnum for IntEnumEntry
  */
trait IntArgonautEnum[EntryType <: IntEnumEntry] extends ArgonautValueEnum[Int, EntryType] {
  this: ValueEnum[Int, EntryType] =>

  implicit val argonautEncoder: EncodeJson[EntryType] = Argonauter.encoder(this)
  implicit val argonautDecoder: DecodeJson[EntryType] = Argonauter.decoder(this)
}

/** ArgonautEnum for LongEnumEntry
  */
trait LongArgonautEnum[EntryType <: LongEnumEntry] extends ArgonautValueEnum[Long, EntryType] {
  this: ValueEnum[Long, EntryType] =>

  implicit val argonautEncoder: EncodeJson[EntryType] = Argonauter.encoder(this)
  implicit val argonautDecoder: DecodeJson[EntryType] = Argonauter.decoder(this)
}

/** ArgonautEnum for ShortEnumEntry
  */
trait ShortArgonautEnum[EntryType <: ShortEnumEntry] extends ArgonautValueEnum[Short, EntryType] {
  this: ValueEnum[Short, EntryType] =>

  implicit val argonautEncoder: EncodeJson[EntryType] = Argonauter.encoder(this)
  implicit val argonautDecoder: DecodeJson[EntryType] = Argonauter.decoder(this)
}

/** ArgonautEnum for StringEnumEntry
  */
trait StringArgonautEnum[EntryType <: StringEnumEntry]
    extends ArgonautValueEnum[String, EntryType] { this: ValueEnum[String, EntryType] =>

  implicit val argonautEncoder: EncodeJson[EntryType] = Argonauter.encoder(this)
  implicit val argonautDecoder: DecodeJson[EntryType] = Argonauter.decoder(this)
}

/** ArgonautEnum for CharEnumEntry
  */
trait CharArgonautEnum[EntryType <: CharEnumEntry] extends ArgonautValueEnum[Char, EntryType] {
  this: ValueEnum[Char, EntryType] =>

  implicit val argonautEncoder: EncodeJson[EntryType] = Argonauter.encoder(this)
  implicit val argonautDecoder: DecodeJson[EntryType] = Argonauter.decoder(this)
}

/** ArgonautEnum for ByteEnumEntry
  */
trait ByteArgonautEnum[EntryType <: ByteEnumEntry] extends ArgonautValueEnum[Byte, EntryType] {
  this: ValueEnum[Byte, EntryType] =>

  implicit val argonautEncoder: EncodeJson[EntryType] = Argonauter.encoder(this)
  implicit val argonautDecoder: DecodeJson[EntryType] = Argonauter.decoder(this)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


With the celebration period pitching in and also increasingly more of us embracing the all-natural and also eco-friendly living; let's all take the pledge to making smarter investments for supporting the environment. Boost your festive celebration and also adopt the all-natural path to living by decreasing waste, recycling and also reusing. The celebration period needs you to touch each heart by including shades of eco-friendly to your residence decoration!
1. Beginning a eco-friendly decoration trend: With guests being available in and also from your house, inspire them with your individual style and also eco-friendly touches of decoration. Utilize recycled products as showpieces, giving your residence a rather rustic feel and look. For all you appreciate that, they could be relocated sufficient to accept eco-friendly living themselves.
2. Environment-friendly Gifting: The festive period has a tradition of exchanging presents and also cozy desires! This year, be the change you want to view around the world. Relocate from the typical gifting pattern and also develop your very own little organic interfere with of presents for your loved ones. You could possibly fill the organic basket with all-natural skin treatment items, yoga exercise items, organic clothes and also all-natural aromatherapy oils to help them reap the benefits of all-natural and also pure living on this advantageous event of joy.
3. Avoid artificial items: This is the time of the year that has a bandwagon of artificial items to acquire. Commemorate and also enjoy your celebration without these artificial items such as artificial comprise items, artificial lights, etc. Select organic comprise items and also in the case of artificial lights, consider organic lights such as Eco Diwali diyas and also candle lights to establish the aura of a clean, eco-friendly celebration!
4. Gift a tree: On an advantageous celebration such as this, you could grow tiny seedlings and also present a tree. This unusual yet thoughtful present will certainly score you additional brownie factors and also provide a nudge to your people to use up eco-friendly decoration in their house as well. On top of that, it will certainly help keep the atmosphere in your home pure and also unblemished. This will absolutely ignite and also inspire your friends and family to GO GREEN themselves!
5. Repurpose and also Recycle: Decorating your house comes to be a must when you have hordes of family members and also buddies visiting to trade presents and also desires. Right here is your possibility to excite them! Repurpose and also recycle waste posts to develop vibrant streamers and also wall surface danglings. Indulging in developing these hand-made designs can be become a enjoyable task by entailing your friends and family.
Going eco-friendly is a smart choice one makes to obtain attuned to Mother Nature along with accept a much better and also healthy and balanced way of life. As well as what time is much better than a celebration? Take the additional efforts and also make the difference as smart Benjamin Franklin priced quote, 'When the well is dry, we understand the well worth of water.' So, let's join forces and also end up being liable citizens this festive period. You could make a difference and also inspire others to do the exact same. Have a Environment-friendly and also Delighted Festive period in advance!


Choose your OS from the record of OS outlined above and download Driver connected with it. We are constantly available to help you in the event you encounter any difficulty whilst downloading the driver. Please, feel no cost to get in touch with us.


This omni-fit beanie is super comfortable and made with anti-itch material.
Rep our SX Omni-Fit beanie on the street, at the gym, or on the slopes. This Bean is super versatile. It has a 2-in-1 slouch/cradle fit. You can rock it long or roll over the end. Logos are designed to show either way so everyone knows you ride with the best merchandise. Each beanie is made of 100% anti-itch ribbed knit acrylic and is machine washable.


text:
Q: How to track post number on the_loop I have a need to customize some posts from the loop.
Here's the deal: My site is set to 10 posts per page.
On post #2,#5, #7 (on every page), I want to display specific background.
What's the best solution for this kind of problem?

A: This should do it:
$real_current_post = $wp_query->current_post + 1;
switch( $real_current_post ){
  case 2:
    // Do something for 2
    break;
  case 5:
    // Do something for 5
    break;
  case 7:
    // Do something for 7
    break;
}

You may need to globalize $wp_query, but as long as you're using the normal template hierarchy, it should already be in scope. If you do use global $wp_query;, use it before the loop starts.

A: One way of handling this is to use CSS pseudo classes. On the plus side it keeps you from making hardwired decisions in your loop code, on the down side it won't work in older/broken browsers, ie. MSIE 6.

div#content div.post:nth-child(2),
  div#content div.post:nth-child(5),
  div#content div.post:nth-child(7) {
      background-color: #FF0; }

If you like this approach but it must work in all browsers, then you can do the above in jQuery. Although I try to make major design elements degrade gracefully when dealing with dinosaurs like IE6, I've stopped catering to it for stuff like this. The majority of its users are either inside corporate LANs or are severely lagging end-users, neither of which are in our main demographics.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Death in the Valley of Shadows by Deryn Lake: Allison & Busby, London 9780749006419 Hard Cover, 1st British Edition. - William Ross, Jr.
Preparing to become a father for the very first time, Apothecary John Rawlings leaves the heavily pregnant Emilia occupied with maternal matters and turns his attention to his business, rather neglected of late. Working in the shop one early afternoon, John is taken aback when a middle-aged stranger rushes in through the door looking panic-stricken. The man is not seeking a cure for a terrible ailment, however, but a place to hide. John agrees and a moment or two later a formidable woman comes to the counter enquiring if the Apothecary has seen anyone answering the description of the stranger he has in his back room. Honoring his promise to the man, John sends her on her way and, intrigued, goes to question the fellow.
The man's name is Aidan Fenchurch and his pursuer is Mrs. Ariadne Bussell, a former lover who is reluctant to give up the chase. So reluctant, in fact, that she has been shadowing him for years. Feeling sympathy for Aidan, John agrees to do him a good turn, but is shocked when a few days later the man is dead, ostensibly the result of a street robbery. Suspicious, Sir John Fielding sends the Flying Runners to arrest Mrs Bussell. However, the lady is taken ill in the coach and before she can be thoroughly questioned she dies. The Apothecary recognises the signs of fatal poisoning.
DERYN LAKE is the pseudonym of a well-known historical novelist who joined the popular ranks of historical detective writers with her gripping John Rawlings Mysteries. Deryn Lake lives near Hastings, East Sussex.


text:
Jean Black (born 10 March 1989 in Kinshasa) is a Congolese-born Angolan footballer who plays for FC Esperanza Pelt.

Club career
He left FC Oss in October 2011 after failing to become a regular in their starting line-up and moved into amateur football with De Treffers. In summer 2013 he moved to Belgian side Turnhout. After spells in Thailand and Angola he returned to Belgium in to play for RWDM in the second half of 2015.

He returned to De Treffers in January 2016, only to leave them in the summer of the same year.

He joined EVV in summer 2016 before switching to Esperanza Pelt later that year.

He signed for K. Achel VV in summer 2020.

Personal life
Black also works as a preacher in the Christian community.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Kinshasa
Angolan footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo people of Angolan descent
Association football forwards
FC Eindhoven players
TOP Oss players
De Treffers players
KFC Turnhout players
Jean Black
C.D. Huíla players
R.W.D. Molenbeek players
Eerste Divisie players
Angolan expatriates in the Netherlands
Angolan expatriates in Thailand
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriates in the Netherlands
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Thailand
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Expatriate footballers in Thailand
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people


text:
Labour and Fine Gael must support survivors of institutional abuse
8 May, 2012 - by Mary Lou McDonald TD
Speaking in the Dáil today Sinn Féin Deputy Leader Mary Lou McDonald TD called on Labour and Fine Gael to step up and provide survivors of institutional abuse and their families with the redress, support and services they need.
Speaking during today's Dáil debate on the controversial Statutory Trust Fund Deputy McDonald said:
"This Bill legislates for the provision of support to people who suffered grievous abuse within State and Church run institutions. However Labour and Fine Gael in Government continue to turn their back on the women and children incarcerated in the Magdalene Laundries and Bethany Home.
"These institutions, instead of providing a safe haven and secure environment for children and young people, were often places where the most sadistic cruelty was inflicted.
"The State compounded the pain and damage to our most vulnerable children by its decision to turn a blind eye to what was happening.
"Many survivors are opposed to this fund. When we consider how the State failed survivors of institutional as children it is understandable that they would not now trust the State to decide on their behalf wants their needs are.
"Labour and Fine Gael's decision to withdraw support for the children of survivors is wrong. Access to education and counselling can be an important step in breaking the cycle of inter-generation hardship that is directly attributed to institutionalised abuse of survivors as children. The Irish branch of SOCA has suggested the introduction of a universal card scheme whereby each survivor would get credits and these could be conferred to a family member.
"Those who have not received redress to date will be blocked from accessing the fund and as a consequence, the State will have failed them yet again.
"The Bill does not provide supports and services to survivors living outside the State. Forty per cent of the applications made to the original redress scheme were made by former residents living outside the State. Medical insurance is a real problem for survivors living in the US and Canada, as are nursing and residential care. In what way does the Government intent to support their needs?" ENDS


When is the best time to book? What if my baby isn't born on time?
NOW! It is never too early to book a newborn session ~ whether you're 12 weeks along in your pregnancy or your baby was born today, the sooner the better. Get yourself in my books and on the schedule! We will schedule the session around your due date and should baby arrive early or late, we can always adjust the date but getting in early guarantees a spot and that baby will be in the prime time for a session!
How young does my baby need to be for a newborn session?
It is preferable that your little one is between 6-14 days old for a standard newborn session. Can we do it later than that? Totally! But the older baby is, the harder it is to pose them and get those sweet, snuggly shots you're seeing in my work so it's best to book as soon as possible.
What if my baby is a few days older than your guideline?
That's ok! Please contact me anyway and let me know exactly how old your baby is. I will be able to make the proper suggestions for your particular situation.
Can I have sibling shots during our newborn session?
Neutrals are best. Parent and most sibling shots are taken from the waist up. My favorite? Solid black tops ~ it's timeless and looks beautiful! Please ask if you have any questions or need ideas!
You are welcome to bring something sentimental you'd like me to include in your session but definitely not a requirement. I provide everything ~ don't sweat it! This is going to be laid back for you! I definitely recommend plenty of food for baby if you're not breastfeeding. Other than that, I've got you covered!
There are SO many ways to get in contact with me (email, phone, social media) but the absolute best way to book a session is to click on the contact tab and fill out a form. It may seem like a chore but trust me, the more I know about you and your family, the better I can serve you!
Do you have a session deposit?
Yes! All sessions require a 25% non-refundable retainer to secure your spot. Thanks to the good people of the internet, we can do it all electronically so there's no fuss! You're also welcome to come in and pay your deposit in person in the form of cash or check if you'd like.
Session fees cover all of the creativity and hard work that go into your session before we have the final product. The planning I do for your session, the time spent during the session, the meticulous time I take for your personal editing all go into your session fees, and the time spent with you and your loved ones during your ordering appointment.
Do to my hectic schedule, I am rarely able to travel. In certain circumstances, I can travel if you are from out of town or if you're interested in a specific location that is outside of town. However, I do charge a fee for traveling outside of a 10 mile radius and cannot travel beyond a 25 mile radius. I always recommend that all clients come to me if possible as my studio is the most well-equipped and I know some great spots to shoot in town.
How long does it take to receive my proofs?
It typically takes approximately 4-5 weeks to receive your date for your ordering appointment.
Is it ok to contact you before our session to ask questions?
Absoultely! I am available in multiple forms. I want you to feel as comfortable and excited about our session as possible. I tell all of my clients that you can email, text, or call me anytime!
How far along should I be for my maternity session?
I often suggest that we schedule your maternity session somewhere between 32-36 weeks of pregnancy. This allows you to still move around comfortably before your tummy grows that extra bit at the end and also, this way we have less risk of missing your session should you go into labor early.
Can I have my other children or husband in my maternity session?
Of course! That's what I love ~ to get everyone you love to celebrate your new baby with you!
What is most important is to wear something that makes you feel beautiful. If you are not comfortable showing your bare belly, that's okay! I provide several gorgeous gowns that our mommas love. If you're not into that, we can come up with some great outfits together. The more fluid and dreamy, the better! To show off your belly, I recommend a bandeau with a loose skirt.
*if you have ANY other questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to ask me!