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THE FEDERALISTS AND THE WEST 1783-1803
THE FEDERALISTS AND THE WEST 1783-1803 Michael Allen ... are the least worthy subjects The emigrants to the frontier lands in the United States. The...
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THE FEDERALISTS AND THE WEST 1783-1803 Michael Allen
are the least worthy subjects The emigrants to the frontier lands in the United States. They are little less savage than the Indians; and when possessed of the most fertile spots, for want of Industry, live miserably. timothy Pickering to rufus king, 1785 1
the American Revolution, thousands of pioneers poured Following over the Allegheny and Appalachian mountains into Western Pennsylvania, the Ohio country, Kentucky, and Tennessee. This westward surge of the 1780s was just the beginning of what would become the "Great Migration" of the 1800s. Meanwhile in Congress, the Confederation government began to formulate a policy for the West to establish territorial government, to provide for sales of the public lands, and to make treaties with the Indians as well as the British and Spanish in the trans-Appalachian West. As the Confederation Congress began to create the first American western policy, it soon became obvious that there was considerable disagreement over just what that policy should be. The division over the West was largely sectional, but ithad great political implications. Eastern Nationalists, 2 those northeasterners who advocated more power for the national government (ultimately via the federal Constitution), were wary of westward expansion. Men like John Jay, Rufus King, Timothy Pickering, Nathan Dane, and Gouverneur Morris feared that new western states
Michael Allen was born and raised in Ellensburg, Washington. After
serving in the Marine Corps in Vietnam, he received his B.A. from Central Washington State College in 1974, and his M.A.in history from the University of Montana in 1977. He has published a recent article in the Tennessee Historical Quarterly, and is now working on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Editor
1 Timothy Pickering to Rufus King, June 4, 1785, in Charles R. King, ,6 vols. (New York, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King 1894-1900),!: 106-7. 2 The term "eastern Nationalist" denotes those Confederation centralists who went on to form the nucleus of the Federalist party of the 1790s. For the "Eastern" party of the 1780s see Herbert Tames Henderson, Party Politics in the Continental Congress (New York, 1975) ; for the "Nationalists" of the 1780s see ibid., and MerrillJensen, The New Nation, A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781-1789 (New York, 1950).
ed., The
would lessen the political and economic supremacy of the Northeast. 3 These easterners advocated a slow, nationally-controlled westward advance, strong territorial government, revenue-oriented land sales, humanitarian Indian policy, and temporary surrender to Spain of the American right to navigate the Mississippi River. Opposing these eastern Nationalists was a coalition of southerners and anti-Nationalists. Men like Thomas Jefferson, David Howell, James Monroe, Hugh Williamson, and Charles Pinckney were more optimistic about westward expansion and believed new western states would enhance the South's political and economic power. 4 In sharp contrast to the Nationalists, they advocated less restricted expansion, democratic territorial government, cheap land, an expansionist Indian policy, and American navigation of the Mississippi River. During the 1780s, the northeasterners gathered some southern support 5 and won their fight over the West. The rise of Nationalism and ratification of the federal Constitution in 1788 were paralleled by adoption of the eastern Nationalist policy for the West. The "New England-style" Land Ordinance of 1785 was a revenue measure designed to sell large tracts of land to speculators. The Indian Ordinance of 1786 and Nathan Dane's Indian Affairs Committee reports of 1786 and 1787 condemned frontier expansionists and called for fair treatment of the Indians. In the Jay-Gardoqui negotiations of 17861787, Secretary of Foreign Affairs John Jay attempted to surrender to Spain American navigation of the Mississippi for twenty-five years in return for a trade treaty favorable to the commercial Northeast. Most important, in 1787 Congress repealed Thomas Jefferson's plan for democratic territorial government in the trans-Appalachian West (the Ordinance of 1784) and replaced it with the Northwest Ordi— a document which provided for autocratic territorial nance of 1787 government and limited the number of potential new western states. Thus the conservatives' victory in the Constitutional Convention was accompanied by a conservative national western policy.6 After the new federal government was instituted under the Con3 Jensen, New Nation, 112-14; Henderson, Party Politics, 368-71. 4 Henderson, Party Politics, 408-9 ;Staughton Lynd, "The Compromise of 1787," Political Science Quarterly 81 (June 1966) :229-30. 5 For the southern rationale for compromising with the Northeast over western policy see Lynd, "Compromise of 1787," 225-50. 6 Jensen, New Nation, 354, 358-59; Francis S. Philbrick, The Rise of the West, 1754-1830 (New York, 1965), 126-33; Michael Allen, "Creation of the First American Western Policy, 1783-1787" (M.A. thesis, University of Montana, 1977). For the Jay-Gardoqui affair see Michael Allen, "The Mississippi River Debate, 1785-1787," Tennessee Historical Quarterly (Winter 1977) :447-67.
THE FEDERALISTS AND THE WEST
stitution, most eastern Nationalists of the Confederation era formed the nucleus of the Federalist party of early national America. 7 Thus the eastern Nationalists' attitudes towards the West can be seen as they carried through in the western policy of the Federalists of the 1790s and early 1800s. In Indian affairs, land policy, and admission of new western states and territories, the Federalists tried to slow the westward advance. Some of the constrictionist northeastern Federalists tried to stop it altogether. During the early 1790s, they enjoyed some success, but as the Jeffersonian Republicans gained in strength, the Federalist western policy fell under increasing attack. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 marked the final repudiation of Federalist antiexpansionism and was paralleled by the decline of the Federalist party. Although the Federalists' western policy was just one of many factors that led to the demise of the party, itis nevertheless one of the more interesting and relatively unexplored aspects of Federalism. A study of Federalist attitudes towards the West provides a unique view of American party politics during the early national period and leads to a better understanding of the significance of the revolution that was taking place. The trans-Appalachian frontier played an important role during the Federalist administrations of George Washington and John Adams. Since nearly four-fifths of Washington's budget was spent on measures directly or indirectly related to the West, Federalist leaders soon began to formulate a policy for that region. Alexander Hamilton, the secretary of the treasury, saw the West mainly as a source of revenue to fund the national debt and support his fiscal program, and most Federalists shared similar views. For important economic and political reasons they distrusted the "squatters, insolvent emigrants, and demagogues" of the frontier regions. 8 Their economic motivations were based on a fear that westward expansion would, as one Federalist wrote, "depopulate and ruin the Old states." Easterners, moreover, predicted the westward movement would drain their manpower and labor supply, increase wages, and at the same time reduce the number of consumers for northeastern manu-
7 Henderson, Party Politics, 420, wrote: ". parly development in the 1790s began as a remarkable continuation of the factionalism in the Continental Congress. The Southern and Eastern nucleii of the Republican and Federalist parties as well as the division of the Middle States were replications of the structure of Confederation politics." 8 For the economic and political motivations of Federalist attitudes towards the West see John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789-1801 (New York, 1960), 183-84.
factured goods. Paine Wingate, a Federalist senator and congressman from Massachusetts, observed, It is true the [West] is immensely large, is an excellent soil, and capable of supporting a vast number of inhabitants, but I think they will draw off our most valuable and enterprising young men and willimpede the population of our old States and prevent establishment of manufactures. Upon the whole, I doubt whether, in our day, that country willnot be a damage to us rather than an advantage.
Politically, the Federalists also had much to fear from expansion and new western states. AllFederalists agreed that voters in the transAppalachian West would side with the Jeffersonians onnational political questions. 9 Thus new western states would diminish the Federalist majority and possibly lead to extinction of the Federalist party. Federalist Congressman George Clymer of Pennsylvania had warned in 1787 that "the encouragement of the Western Country was suicide on the old States," and Gouverneur Morris "thought the rule of representation ought to be fixed as to secure to the Atlantic States a prevalence in National Councils/' "If the Western people get power into their hands/' predicted Morris, "they will ruin the Atlantic interest." 10 Allthese economic and political considerations led to the formation of a distinct Federalist western policy. Although some constrictionist Federalists wanted to halt expansion altogether, most members of the Federalist party took a more pragmatic view. They were still apprehensive about westward expansion, yet they considered expansion to be inevitable. With this in mind, the Federalists determined to control the westward movement with strong national authority. As Massachusetts conservatives wrote: Ithas been a question, with the Eastern Delegates especially, whether peopling those new regions with emigrants from the old States, may not, in one point of view, be a disadvantage to them. But it has been found, that these new lands are very inviting to settlers, and that, if not regularly disposed of and governed by the Union, they willin a manner of years, probably be seised upon 9 Ibid. See also Lynd, "Compromise of 1787," 229-30, and Henderson,
Party Politics, 408-9.
10 Alexander Hamilton, "Report on Vacant Lands," July 20, 1790, in Harold C. Syrett et al., eds. ; The Works of Alexander Hamilton, 10 vols. (New York, 1969), 6: 502-6; Francis S. Philbrick, The Laws of the Illinois Territory, 1809-1818 (Springfield, Illinois, 1950), 25: cccxxxiii;Richard Henry Lee to George Washington, in James Curtis Ballagh, ed., The Letters of Richard Henry Lee, 2 vols. (New York, 1911-1914), 2: 426-27; Paine Wingate to Samuel Lane, June 2, 1788, in Edmund C. Burnett, ed., The Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, 8 vols. (Washington, 1921-1936), 8: 746; George Clymer, in Adrienne Koch, ed., Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by lames Madison (Athens, Ohio, 1966), 545 ;Gouverneur Morris, in ibid., 271.
and settled in an irregular manner, and perhaps at no less expense to the Inhabitants of the old States. Considering these circumstances, the advantages of regular settlements, of lessening the public debt and military expences on the frontier, and of keeping, by such settlements, that Country more effectually connected with the Union, Congress have been induced to adopt measures to establish Government, etc., there.
The Federalist western policy thus can be described as one of "reluctant expansionism/' The Federalists intended to exert strong governmental pressure to insure a slow and orderly westward advance in the colonial "New England" tradition. 11 This theme is evident in all of the Federalists' writings about the West. John Jay suggested that it would "be wiser gradually to extend our settlements as want of room should make it necessary, than to pitch our tents throughout the wilderness ," and Timothy Pickering urged Congress to make sure "the settlement of that country may be effected with regularity." And George Washington summed up the Federalist western policy quite succinctly when he wrote,
Compact and progressive seating willgive strength to the Union, admit law and good government, and federal aids at an early period. Sparse settlements in several new States, or a large territory for one willhave the direct contrary effects. To suffer a wide-extended Country to be overrun with scattered settlers, is inmy opinion, inconsistent with that wisdom and policy, which our true interest dictates, or which an enlightened people ought to adopt. 12
In opposition to the Federalist view stood the Jeffersonian Republicans — most of them southerners and westerners. The Republicans expected great political advantages to accompany admission of new western states. 13 For this and other reasons they advocated relatively unrestricted westward migration and opposed federal interference in the affairs of the West. The frontiersmen themselves naturally resisted a policy of restraint and governmental regulation. What they wanted from the federal government was protection from the Indians, statehood, cheap or free land, and new territories for future expansion. As the 1790s wore on, itbecame increasingly obvi11 For the New England mode of controlled westward advance and settlement see Pay son J. Treat, The National Land System, 1785-1830 (New York, 1910), 23. 12 Massachusetts Delegation to Governor Hancock, May 27, 1788, in Burnett, Letters of the Continental Congress, 8: 740; John Jay to Thomas Jefferson, Apr. 24, 1787, in Henry P. Johnston, ed., The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay, 4 vols. (New York, 1890-1893), 3: 245; Timothy Pickering to Elbridge Gerry, Mar. 1, 1785, in Timothy Pickering, The Timothy Pickering Papers (Boston, 1896), microfilm, reel 5, 347; Washington to Hugh Williamson, Mar. 15, 1785, in Jared Sparks, ed., The Writings of , 12 vols. (Boston, 1833-1837), 9: 105; Washington Gedrge Washington to James Duane, Sept. 7, 1783, inibid., 8 :477. 13 See note 9 above.
ous that the Federalist administrations of George Washington and John Adams intended to ignore or only partially to answer these demands. 14 Indian affairs is one of the most interesting and revealing components of the Federalist western policy. 15 The Federalists viewed the Indian hostilities of the late 1780s and 1790s as the direct result of unchecked westward migration. In seeking to control that migration, the Federalists naturally advocated a more just and equitable Indian policy. Indeed, the conservative Federalists espoused some of the most enlightened views toward the American Indian of the early national period. They comprised a large percentage of the small number of early national politicians who made genuine efforts to acknowledge the property rights and sovereignty of the Indians. Their motivations were complex. The relative isolation of New England from the frontier meant that many eastern Federalists had no serious Indian threat within their states' borders. Then, too, their educations and social and religious backgrounds made members of the Federalist party more receptive to humanitarian notions regarding the Indians. Federalists like John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Noah Webster, Benjamin Rush, Henry Knox, Timothy Pickering, and Rufus King stood at the forefront of the antislavery movement in the United States, and their humanitarianism was expressed in a similar sympathy for the Indians. 16 Secretary of War Henry Knox believed the Indians' claims 14 Homer C. Hockett, "Federalism and the West," in Essays in AmeriJackson Turner (New York, 1910), 115, Federalist party] was the party of aristocratic tradition and representative of the commercial against the agricultural, it was a party of inherent antagonism to the interests and ideals of the West" ; See also Leonard D. White, The Federalists, A Study in Administrative History (New York, 1961), 386. 15 For early national Indian policy see Reginald Horsman, Expansion and American Indian Policy, 1783-1812 (East Lansing, Mich., 1967), and Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Policy in the Formative Years: The Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts, 1790-1834 (Lincoln, Neb., 1962). For the intellectual history of American attitudes towards the Indian during the early national period see Bernard Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction :Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian (Chapel Hill,1973). 16 For humanitarianism see "Humanitarianism and Sentimentality," in Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill,1968), 365-72: "... a number of circumstances combined to nurture an especially strong humanitarian movement in America. Ironically, the presence of two more primitive races tended to stimulate humanitarianism." See also Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction, 4-6. Sheehan argued that Federalists and Jeffersonians alike were caught up in the humanitarian attitudes toward the Indian. He wrote that "Men so disparate as Timothy Pickering and Thomas Jefferson thought and acted in concert on the question of the Indians." Ibid., 6. Iwould contend that the Federalists were more inclined toward this position for the various geographic, religious, and philosophical reasons discussed above. For their other motivations see pages 321-22 below. can History Dedicated to Frederick added :"To the extent to which [the
were supported by "the impartial judgements of the civilized part of ," and John Jay called for "exemplary" punishthe human race ment of those frontiersmen who had "committed several unprovoked acts" against the Indians. Nathan Dane of Massachusetts wrote that "it has long been the opinion of the country, supported by Justice and humanity, that the Indians have just claims to all lands occupied by, and not purchased from them ." But perhaps Secretary of War Knox best evinced Federalist humanitarianism when he wrote in 1789, "It is painful to consider that all the Indian tribes, once existing in those states now best cultivated and most populous, have become extinct. If the same causes continue, the effects will happen and, inshort period, the idea of an Indian this side of the Mississippi willbe found only in the pages of the historian." 17 At the same time, a just Indian policy fit perfectly into the Federalists' plan for gradual and closely regulated westward expansion. The northern and southern Indian tribes thwarted immediate settlement of the trans- Appalachian West more effectively than any force the federal government could possibly muster. As long as the Indians remained on the frontier, the westward movement would, out of necessity, be slow and orderly. But ifthe Indians were dispossessed, then there would be nothing to hold the westerners back. "Tho numbers in defiance of the authority of the States, cross the Ohio," wrote Timothy Pickering, "yet few would be hardy enough to settle on Indian ground." But if all the Indians' lands were taken "to the Mississippi lawless emigrants willspread over the whole of it." And Rufus King asked, "Would not the Indian claims prevent emigration on the Western side of the Ohio?" 18 Thus humanitarianism and a desire to control westward expansion combined to cause Federalists to oppose an aggressive Indian policy and to resist southern and western pressure to go to war with the Indian tribes
17 Horsman, Expansion and American Indian Policy, 50; John Jay to John Adams, Nov. 1, 1786, in Johnston, Correspondence of John Jay, 3 :215 ; ed, Journals of the Continental Congress, 34 vols. (WashJohn C. Fitzpatrick, ington, 1904-1937), 458;
D.C, Henry Knox, in Walter Mohr, Federal 33: Indian Relations, 1774-1788 (Philadelphia, 1933), 171. For more examples of the Federalists' humanitarianism toward the Indian see Rufus King to Elbridge Gerry, June 8, 1786, in King, Correspondence of Rufus King, 1: 180; Fitzpatrick, Journals of the Continental Congress, 33: 455; Johnston, Correspondence of John Jay, 3: 249; Alexander Hamilton to George Clinton, Oct. 3, 1783, in Syrett, Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 3: 468; Prucha, American Indian Policy, 39, 41, 44; White, The Federalists, 374-82; Pickering to King, June 4, 1785, in King, Correspondence of Rufus King, 1:107. 18 Pickering to King, May 30, 1785, in King, Correspondence of Rufus King, 1: 103; King to Pickering, June 1, 1785, in ibid., 1: 104-5; see also Pickering to John Jay, in Johnston, Correspondence of John Jay, 3 :377.
of the region beyond the Appalachian mountains. A good example of this Federalist position can be seen in the debate over the Frontier Protection Act of 1792. When Ohio Valley pioneers asked for federal aid in their struggles with the Indians, Congress divided the Federalists versus the Republicans over the issue. Six Federalist congressmen denounced the Frontier Protection Act on January 26, 1792, recommending that, "Instead of being ambitious to extend our boundary, it would be wise to check the roving disposition of the frontier settlers and prevent them from too suddenly extending themselves to the Western waters. If kept closer together they would not so frequently involve us inIndian wars ; but permitted to rove at pleasure, they willkeep the nation embroiled in perpetual warfare ." The Frontier Protection Act passed the House with nineteen members voting nay; twelve of these nays were Federalists. 19 The Federalist stance is also evident in a later attempt by Republicans to strike out a section of a bill which called for American forfeiture of some lands in the Indian territory. The Republicans met defeat, thirty-six to forty-seven, and thirty-seven of the nays came from the Federalist side of the floor.20 As Indian hos* tilities increased in the mid-1790s, the Federalists often found themselves defending the Indian point of view. In 1796, for example, Congressman Theodore Sedgwick of Massachusetts delivered an emotional address in defense of Indian territorial sovereignty, asking,
Were they [the opponents of Indian land rights] to say to the savages in their own country, you have no right to any land? wherever the natives of a country had possession, there they had a right and not because they did not dress like us, were not equally religious, or did not understand the arts of civilized life they were to be deprived of their possessions their rights or their possessions were as sacred as the rights of civilized life.21
Unfortunately for the Indians, the political pressure of the South and West proved greater than the northeastern Federalists' sympathy for the plight of the American Indian. President Washington ordered federal troops into the Ohio country and the northern tribes were 19 U.S., Congress, House, Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (Annals of Congress), 2d Cong., 1st sess., 1792, 338; see also ibid., 338-47; House vote in ibid., 355. The six Federalist speakers were Goodhue, Boudinot, Livermore, Steele, Parker, and Bourn. In analyzing the vote over Indian affairs, as in all of the other congressional votes below, I have determined the Federalists by using David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York, 1965), 227-412, and U.S., Congress, Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1971 (Washington, 1971). 20 Manning Dauer, The Adams Federalists (Baltimore, 1953), 289-92. 21 U.S., Congress, House, Annals of Congress, 4th Cong., 1st sess., 1796, 900-1.
routed by General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1795. The southern Indians' resistance collapsed after Andrew Jackson's victory at Horseshoe Bend in 1814. These two battles foreshadowed the eventual removal of most of the northern and southern tribes to the "permanent Indian frontier" in the 1830s, the Federalists notwithstanding. Debates over the statehood applications of Kentucky and Tennessee would seemingly provide an excellent arena in which to view Federalist western policy. The issue of Kentucky, however, is clouded. Most Federalists probably agreed with Fisher Ames's view of the wildman of the mountains." average Kentuckian as "the infuriate simultaneously with Vermont in Kentucky applied But for statehood 1791, and this dual application appears to have facilitated a Northeast-South, Federalist-Republican compromise. Alexander Hamilton wrote, "One of the first subjects of deliberation with the new congress willbe the Independence of Kentucky, for which the Southern states will be anxious. The North willbe glad to send a counterpoise in Vermont. These mutual interests and inclinations will facilitate a proper result." The Federalists apparently thought Vermont would balance the political influence of Kentucky, leaving the Federalist domination in Congress unchallenged. 22 Federalist hopes of political dominance in Vermont were soon dispelled, however, because a large Jeffersonian faction emerged in that rural state. Statehood for Tennessee in1796 was, however, an entirely different matter. Since there were no new eastern states to balance potentially Republican Tennessee, the eastern Federalists solidly opposed admission. They knew that a shift in the balance of power would occur should this new western state be admitted into the Union. Statehood for Tennessee was, Chauncey Goodrich wrote Oliver Wolcott, "but one twig in the electioneering cabal of Mr. Jefferson." Yet most of the Federalists' arguments against admission did not sound so partisan. They attacked both the proposed constitution and census of Tennessee, insisting they did not comply with the Southwest Ordinance of 1789. Congressman Theodore Sedgwick thought Tennessee's new constitution had been drawn up too hastily, and Rufus King chaired a senate committee that voted to deny admission until a more accurate census could be taken. Twelve of the fifteen senators who voted
22 Fisher Ames to Dwight Foster, Feb. 6, 1803, in Seth Ames, ed., The (Boston, 1854), 1: 317; Hamilton to Nathaniel Chipman, July 22, 1788, in Syrett, Works of Alexander Hamilton, 5: 186.
Life and Works of Fisher Ames
to postpone admission belonged to the Federalist party. In th£ final vote, on May 28, 1796, however, the Federalists lost. Northeastern
Republicans, led by William Findley and Albert Gallatin of Pennsylvania,23 allied with southern Republicans and southern Federalists having large frontier constituencies, 24 and the House of Representatives voted forty-eight to thirty in favor of admission. Allthirty negative votes were cast by Federalists. And, as the Federalists had feared, one of Tennessee's first acts as a new state was to cast its electoral votes for Thomas Jefferson in1796. 25 The Federalists in Congress seemed unconcerned with political repercussions, however, as they wrote and adopted the Land Act of 1796. This legislation followed Anthony Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers, which opened up the area north of the Ohio to western settlement. Battle lines were drawn quickly over the proposed legislation. The Federalists were determined to retain the speculatororiented provisions of the Land Ordinance of 1785 in this new bill, while Republican and frontier elements prepared to fight for a law favoring the yeoman farmer. 26 Gallatin, Findley, and Robert Rutherford of Virginia led the profrontier faction in the House. The increased Republican strength was indicative of the changing national political scene and made for a heated debate over the proposed land bill. Gallatin's amendment calling for liberal residency requirements for purchasers met defeat, yet itenjoyed considerable support. So, too, did Republican efforts to reduce the size of minimum purchase. Republican Congressman Baldwin of Georgia charged that "speculation and making money [are ] rarely found in more raging extremes and persons we have supposed worthy of our confidence [are] publicly 23 Findley and Gallatin, spokesmen for the frontier settlers of Western Pennsylvania, achieved national prominence for their defense of the westerners during the Whiskey Insurrection of 1794. See Russell J. Ferguson, Early Western Pennsylvania Politics (Pittsburgh, 1938), 125-31, and Miller,
Federalist Era, 155-9, 163. 24 For example, Robert Goodloe Harper of South Carolina and William Smith of the Spartanburg district of South Carolina voted for statehood. See "Robert Goodloe Harper and the West," in Joseph W. Cox, ed., Champion of Southern Federalism, Robert Goodloe Harper of South Carolina (Port Washington, New York, 1972). 25 For Tennessee statehood see U.S., Congress, Senate, Annals of Congress, 4th Cong., 1st sess., 1796, 92, 1308, 1312, 1322, 1474; see also ibid., 97, 109, 91-94, 1300-4; Dauer, Adams Federalists, 289-92; Hockett, "Federalism and the West," 117-18; Thomas P. Abernethy, From Frontier to Plantation in Tennessee :A Study in Frontier Democracy (University, Alabama, 1932), 138, 143. Abernethy suggests that Tennessee might well have supported Adams in 1796 had the Federalist party not opposed its statehood. 26 Treat, National Land System, 79-89; see also Miller, Federalist Era, 184.
practising the meanest and most disgraceful arts of tricks of swindling." William Findley was one of the most persuasive proponents of an agrarian land act. He summed up the Republican argument in March 1796: members thought to obtain was the grand object. ... [I do] not. gentlemen considered what they were about? Whether they were .Some . Had .merchants, only to money? Surely not; they had men and the happiness of men in their view. . .. The comparison betwixt a merchant selling goods, and a Government selling lands would not hold. It is sort of transaction which should always be kept in the hands of Government and not in those of speculators. ... money
The Federalists rejected this view. They believed in Hamilton's system of using land revenues to fund the federal government. Moreover, many of the Federalists were themselves speculating heavily in western lands. Congressman William Cooper of New York28 had amassed a fortune from his land holdings in upstate New York. He maintained "the true cause of land selling was the competition of moneyed men" and argued that poor men would not buy land even if it was offered to them. In opposing Republican efforts to reduce the
size of minimum purchases, Cooper remarked that Congress should not put itself into the business of laying out "garden spots" for yeoman
farmers! Some of his colleagues were nearly as outspoken. One Federalist did not believe "there were as many families ready to go and settle upon these lands as has been assumed," and he opposed "removing the inhabitants into these back settlements." Federalist Congressman John W. Kittera of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, spoke the sentiments of many constrictionists in March 1796, when he stated that "this kind of bounty, to encourage emigration, was not good policy," while there were "millions of acres" in Pennsylvania "yet to be disposed of." 29 Southern and western forces in the House combined to pass a fairly liberal land law, but a Senate committee composed of Federalists James Ross, Rufus King, Humphrey Marshall, and Caleb Strong amended all the liberal features out of the Land Act of 1796. The result was passage on May 18, 1796, of a billeven more unfavorable to the West than the Land Ordinance of 1785. Itrequired a 640-acre 27 Treat, National Land System, 82-83 ;U.S., Congress, House, Annals sess., 1796, 403, 413 ;see also ibid., 328-30, 337, 339, 342, 354, 402, 408-11. 28 Congressman William Cooper was the father of novelist James Fenimore Cooper. See Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land :The American West as Symbol and Myth (New York, 1950), 67. 29 U.S., Congress, House, Annals of Congress, 4th Cong., 1st sess., 1796, 348, 352, 408, 416.
of Congress, 4th Cong., 1st
minimum purchase at $2.00 per acre. Even the one-year credit provision, added as a compromise, required a farmer to produce $1,280.00 in cash in one year. For the western yeoman of the 1790s, this sort of financial barrier was insurmountable. Some westerners did make purchases from speculators, but the vast majority of frontiersmen ignored the law. They simply continued to squat and trespass onto western lands, awaiting the election of a Republican administration more responsive to their needs. 30 The election of John Adams of Massachusetts as Washington's successor in 1796 meant a continuation of the Federalist western policy. Adams entertained many apprehensions about the transAppalachian West and believed "the country is explored and thinly planted much too fast." 31 During the Adams administration, Federalists acted on several measures which reflected their attitudes toward the frontier. On January 25, 1799, the House of Representatives voted to exempt the Mississippi River from restrictions on commercial intercourse. All of the thirty-four congressmen who opposed this prowestern measure were Federalists. On April 24, 1800, a billto grant Ohio territorial governor Arthur St. Clair the right to dissolve the Ohio territorial legislature met defeat, forty-two to forty-nine. Each of those who favored the motion was a Federalist. 32 These two measures not only demonstrate Federalist animosity towards the West, but also show a decline in the power of the Federalist party's constrictionist element. Tennessee's admission in 1796 was an early indication of this development. Another important step was the Harrison Land Law of 18OO, 33 passed by a coalition of Republicans and southern Federalists. This bill provided for a 320-acre minimum purchase at $2.00 per acre with four years credit. Although the Harrison act was not as radical as the Jeffersonian Land Act of 1804 (160-acre minimum at $1.64 per acre, but no credit), it was the most liberal land law ever passed by Congress. The conservatives still had bargaining power in 1800, but it was on the decline. After twenty years, the American yeoman was now able to purchase good land in the West at a reasonable price from the federal government. Federalist efforts to slow westward migration through a restrictive land policy had worked 30 Treat, National Land System, 85, 372-73, 390; Roy Robbins, Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1776-1936 (Princeton, 1942), 15-17. 31 Linda K. Kerber, Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and Ideology in Jeffersonian America (Ithaca, N.Y., 1970), 93. 32 Dzutr, Adams Federalists, 311-20. 33 Albert Gallatin played an instrumental role in the drafting of the Harrison land bill.
only temporarily and had only postponed the inevitable. 34 Payson Treat is correct in his observation that all westward expansion during the 1789-1800 period occurred despite the efforts of the federal government to slow it down. The reluctant expansionism of the Federalist party and the constrictionist sentiments of many of its eastern members showed no consideration for the people of the transAppalachian frontier. Yet settlers continued to migrate west pioneers squatted on land they could not afford to buy and stole from the Indians the lands which were not for sale. The Federalists' efforts to restrict expansion through a liberal Indian policy, slow admission of western states, and a speculator-oriented land policy proved ineffective. 35 Eventually, the anachronistic nature of Federalist western policy became as apparent as the intent of frontier settlers to ignore that policy. The unpopularity of the Federalists* attitudes towards the West was one of many factors that led to Jefferson's victory over Adams in 1800. But Thomas Jefferson's victory did not mean the Federalist antiexpansionists had surrendered; it simply marked the beginning of the end. The phenomenal westward push during the "Great Migration" of the 1800s greatly worried conservatives throughout Jefferson's first administration. The aborted Federalist attempts to block the statehood of Ohio in 1802 and the purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 demonstrated that the eastern Federalists were not willing to change their views even though their inflexibility was causing severe political repercussions. Congress debated the Ohio statehood question during the spring of 1802. By this time the people of Ohio were clamoring for admission into the Union. They had met the requirements of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and had sent petitions to Congress asking for statehood. But Federalist territorial governor Arthur St. Clair vigorously opposed this statehood movement. He and other Ohio Federalists believed itwould produce "nothing but misfortune." The Ohioans, according to St. Clair, were too poor and ignorant "to employ their
34 Marshall Smelser, The Democratic Republic, 1801-1815 (New York, 1968), 36, 134-35; Philbrick, Rise of the West, 295; Treat, National Land System, 101, 141. Reviewing the four land ordinances passed from 1785 through 1804, one can see a definite liberal evolution. The Land Ordinance of 1785 provided for a 640-acre minimum purchase at $1 per acre withno credit. The Land Act of 1796 also specified a 640-acre minimum purchase, but at $2 per acre and one year credit. The Harrison Land Act of 1800 provided for a 320-acre minimum purchase at $2 per acre, and with four years credit. The 1804 law called for a 160-acre minimum purchase at $1.64 per acre the price was higher with credit. Thus after twenty years purchasers could buy directly from the government, saving the expense of dealing through land speculators. 35 Treat, National Land System, 377,
thoughts on abstruse questions of Government and policy." "Fixed political principles they have none," he declared. "Their government would most probably be democratic in form and oligarchic in execution, and more troublesome and more opposed to the measures of the United States than even Kentucky." St. Clair and his allies in Congress used every political device available to prevent statehood, 36 but the Republican Congress voted to admit Ohio into the Union inMarch 1802. Of the twenty-nine members of the House who opposed admission, twenty-three were Federalists. The six senators who opposed admitting Ohio into the Union were all members of the Federalist party.37 The constrictionist Federalists waged their final great battle over the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson's proposed purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France was in every sense an ideal issue for the Federalists, since it lay at the very heart of the expansion question. If the United States purchased Louisiana, there could be no turning — the American republic would become an empire, and exback pansion would play an increasingly important role in the American experience. Inevitably, the political party which had opposed the West would suffer. Fully realizing this, a small band of eastern Federalists in Congress prepared to fight this "purchase of a trackless world." The Hartford Cour ant sounded the Federalist battle cry: "Fifteen million dollars for bogs, mountains, and Indians !Fifteen million dollars for uninhabited wasteland and refuge for criminals !And for what purposes? To enhance the power of Virginia's politicians. To pour millions into the coffers of Napoleon on the eve of war with England." 38 The Federalists pursued several avenues of attack. Fisher Ames of Massachusetts protested the expense of the Louisiana Territory and 36 In Congress the produced petitions from Ohioans who opposed statehood. When Federalists this failed, Federalists Griswold, Henderson, Goddard, and Bayard tried to gerrymander the borders of the proposed state. This gerrymander would, according to St. Clair, divide the inhabitants "in such a manner as to make the upper or Eastern division surely Federal, and form a counterpoise to those who are unfriendly to the General Government." Prior to the congressional vote, President Jefferson dismissed St. Clair from the governorship of the territory. For Ohio statehood see U.S., Congress, House, Annals of Congress, 7th Cong., 1st sess., 1802, 297, 465-66, 469, 1104-5, 1107-10, 1120, 1123, 1162; Reginald Horsman, The Frontier in the Formative Years, 1783-1815 (New York, 1970), 88-89; Hockett, "Federalism and the West," 123-27. 37 U.S., Congress, Senate, Annals of Congress, 7th Cong., 1st sess., 1802, 297, 1162; Hockett, "Federalism and the West," 127. The six Federalist senators were Ogden, Foster, Howard, Morris, Tracy, and Olcott 38 Smelser, Democratic Republic, 98; James Eugene Smith, One Hundred Years of Hartford's Courant (New York, 1949), 82.
deplored wasting the "many millions it costs." Roger Griswold of Connecticut questioned the validity of the French title to Louisiana, while Senator Timothy Pickering warned of Spanish objections to the purchase. Ironically, the Federalists used a "strict construction" of the Constitution argument and termed the Louisiana Purchase "unconstitutional." 39 But the Federalist arguments against the expense, diplomatic consequences, and constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase convinced few. The House voted ninety to twenty-five in favor of the purchase. Twenty of the twenty-five opponents were members of the Federalist party. Inthe Senate, the vote was twenty-six to five, with all five nays coming from eastern Federalists. 40 Thus the United States incorporated into its boundaries a territory populated by what one Federalist termed a "Gallo-Hispano-Indian omnium gatherum of savages and adventurers." With finalization of the purchase, Fisher Ames wrote gloomily, "Now by adding an unmeasured world beyond that river [the Mississippi] we rush like a comet into infinite space. In our wild career we may jostle some other world out of its orbit, but we shall, in every event, quench the light of our own." 41
The Federalists' fear of the West was no charade. Many members of the Federalist party honestly believed that westward expansion would result in disaster for the American people. As has been shown, the Federalists had many tangible economic and political reasons for their reluctant expansionism. But at the heart of the Federalist view of the West was their basic conservatism. Linda Kerber has explored the Federalist psyche in an attempt to explain their suspicions and wariness of the unknown West. She writes that the Federalists had not the least desire to venture into the "Land of Marvels" beyond the Appalachians, feeling that such preposterous 42 notions could be entertained only by Jeffersonians and other fools ! 39 Fisher Ames to Christopher Gore, Oct. 3, 1803, in Ames, Works of Fisher Ames, 1: 323-24; Timothy Pickering to Rufus King, Mar. 3, 1804, in King, Correspondence of Rufus King, 3 :361 ; Smelser, Democratic Republic, 97-101. The only Republican who expressed any doubts over the constitutionality of the purchase was Jefferson himself. Both parties—had performed a at least as far as flip-flop in regard to their 1790s views of the Constitution purchasing new territories was concerned. For congressional debate over the U.S., Senate, Congress, Louisiana Purchase see Annals of Congress, 8th Cong., 1st sess., 1803, 34, 44, 46, 73, 386, 432, 441, 445, 454, 472, 488-89. 40 U.S., Congress, Senate, Annals of Congress, 8th Cong., 1st sess., 1803, 73; ibid., House, 488-89; Smelser, Democratic Republic, 97-101. Smelser notes that several prominent Federalists did support the purchase: Rufus King, Hamilton, and John Marshall. John Adams, Alexander Christopher Gore, Oct. 3, 1803, in Ames, Works of 41 Fisher Ames to Fisher Ames, 1:323-24. 42 Kerber, Federalists inDissent, 93, 213.
The Federalists simply could not comprehend why Americans would want to leave the comfort and security of the Atlantic seaboard and venture into the wild frontier. In the final analysis, the Federalists attributed the western impulse to ignorance and ill-breeding. Thus in nearly all the Federalists' writings one finds references to the westerners as "lawless Banditti," "savages/' and "demagogues." James Kent of New York traveled west in 1800 and complained of people who "looked rude in their manners and dress and gave me an unfavorable opinion of the Country ." Samuel Holden Parsons of Massachusetts described the Ohio frontiersmen as "our own white Indians of no character, who have their Private Views without Regard to the public benefits to serve." And Dr. David Ramsay wrote, "Our back country people are as much savage as the Cherokees. I believe that were it not for the commercial cities on the sea coast even the use of the plough would far to the westward be forgotten." 43 The Federalists refused to embrace the westerners, and they paid the political price. After Kentucky and Tennessee allied with the southern and middle states to elect Jefferson in 1800, the Federalist party died a quick death. Their strength declined steadily while the Republicans gained additional support in Kentucky, Tennessee, Western Pennsylvania, and upstate New York.44 Admission of Ohio into the Union and the Louisiana Purchase promised further to reduce the Federalists' political power. At the same time, the Federalist party suffered an intraparty sectional split. According to Manning Dauer, the decline of Federalism was due largely to the defection of the agrarian and southern factions of the party — the same men who had frequently supported the Republicans in the statehood and land policy questions. These "Half-Federalists" started leaving the party during the late 1800s, leaving only the "arch-Federalists" of New England those men who had always formed the ideological and numerical nucleus of Federalism. Thus the arch-Federalists changed their party from one with an Atlantic seaboard and river valley following to one with only a northeastern seaboard following. The South 43 Philbrick, Laws of the Illinois Territory, 25 :cccxxiii-cccxlviii,wrote :
"There have existed from colonial times onward, misapprehensions regarding border communities which were the basis of strong social prejudices against them"; Samuel Holden Parsons, in Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "Jefferson, the Ordinance of 1784, and the Origins of the American Territorial System," William and Mary Quarterly 29 (Apr. 1972): 231-62; David Ramsay to Thomas Jefferson, in Julian P. Boyd, ed., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 18 vols. (Princeton, 1950-1971), 9: 441. 44 See, for example, Ferguson, Party Politics in Western Pennsylvania, 172; Hockett, "Federalism and the West," 119-23, 129-30.
and West turned solidly to the Republicans. Some historians contend that the Federalists could have successfully courted the western vote. Robert Goodloe Harper and William Smith of South Carolina certainly did. But the constrictionist Federalists seemed bent on selfdestruction and their withdrawal into New England insured it.45 The irony of the whole affair is that the Federalists' political heirs, the Whigs and Republicans (GOP) of the 1830-1860 period came to be great political allies of the West. The hero of Tippecanoe and "Harry of the West" 46 were Whigs, not Jacksonian Democrats. Obviously, much happened during the intervening years. The Northeast was tempered by democracy while the Industrial Revolution shifted that section's livelihood from commerce to manufacturing. In the meantime the Old Northwest was settled largely by transplanted northeasterners. These developments combined with completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 to create a new partnership between the Northeast and West as westerners furnished raw materials, foodstuffs, and a consumer market for eastern manufacturers. The old South- West alliance was superseded by a Northeast- West alliance that lasted through the CivilWar and much of the nineteenth century. Industrial capitalism thus forged a partnership between two sections the archFederalists thought to be inherently at odds with each other. 47 But the Federalists of the 1783-1803 period were no prophets. They feared and distrusted the West and believed westward expansion boded illfor the republic. In Indian policy, land legislation, and admission of new states and territories they tried to discourage migration to the trans-Appalachian West. They tried, in vain, to thwart the growth of a segment of the population which they considered to be a "wild, ungovernable race, little less savage than their tawny neighbors." 48 Most Americans, of course, disagreed. During the debate over the Louisiana Purchase, a young senator from Tennessee named 45 Dauer, Adams Federalists, 7, 18. As Dauer shows, the "Half-Federalists" were not frontiersmen. They resided in the exporting agricultural regions, not on self-sufficient homesteads. Yet on many western issues they sided with the westerners and Republicans. For Federalist repudiation of the West at the Hartford Convention see James M. Banner, Jr., To The Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789-1815 (New York, 1970), 113; see also Hockett, "Federalism and the West," 130-32, and Smelser, Democratic Republic, 76. 46 William Henry Harrison of Indiana (Whig presidential candidate in 1840) and Henry Clay of Kentucky (Whig candidate in 1832, 1836, and 1844). And one should note also Abraham Lincoln, a transplanted Kentuckian in Illinois who ran for president on the Republican ticket in 1860. 47 Hockett, "Federalism and the West," 134-35. 48 Timothy Pickering, in Henry Tatter, State and Federal Land Policy During the Confederation," Agricultural History 9 (Oct. 1935) : 182.
willlisten to Andrew Jackson insisted that "the frontier people reason and respect the laws of their country." And in 1809, the pioneer settlers of Shawneetown in southern Illinois referred to the Federalists' prejudices against westerners when they wrote, "We must beg leave to make mention withdiffidence lest a misconception be prepossessed from misrepresentations, that there are amongst our number both Moral and Relidgeous [sic] as well as many enterprising and industrious people." But perhaps Robert P. Letcher of Kentucky provided the most articulate rebuttal to the Federalist stereotype of the westerner in a speech before Congress in the early 1800s : With the utmost frankness, Iadmit their personal appearance is not the most fashionable and elegant kind; they are not decorated in all the style, the gaiety, and the taste of a dandy of the first water. Their means are too limited trust, for the indulgence of such foppery and and their discretion too great, I Sir, these are the very constituents of whom the nation extravagence. ought to be proud. They constitute the bone sinew and strength of your
government 49
Despite these arguments, and after more than twenty years of debate, Federalist attitudes towards the West remained virtually unchanged. The political party which had harnessed the energy of the new republic seemed now unable to control it.The conservatism which made the Federalist party a sturdy base on which to build a new nation prevented itfrom changing and growing with that nation. Although the debate over the West is only one window through which one may view the growing obsolescence of the Federalist party, it is one of the clearest. The westward movement was, in many ways, representative of the spirit of the American people in 1800. The "Great Migration" had just begun, and tens of thousands of Americans were making their way west towards new homes in the Mississippi Valley. Nineteenth-century Americans were determined to be a nation of expansionists, and they were not about to tolerate a political party that tried to restrain them in their pursuits. In their attitudes towards the West, as in so many other ways, the Federalists had become anachronistic. Their attempts to restrain and dominate the West during the early national period proved futile. Eastern domination of the West did not occur until American conservatism evolved from Federalism into the Whig and Republican parties of the middle and late nineteenth centuries. Only then did economic and cultural penetrations combine with political centralism to fuse two differing regional societies. 49 U.S., Congress, Senate, Annals of Congress, 8th Cong., 1st sess., 1803, 41; Philbrick, Laws of the Illinois Territory, 25 : cccxliv; Karl F. Geiser, "New England and the Western Reserve/' Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association (1912-1913), 6: 62.
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Report THE FEDERALISTS AND THE WEST 1783-1803


This section is special – it contains all our listings for every type of the stone.
We have specific pages for certain types, which may be helpful if you prefer to filter the products.
This stone is an interesting mix of Quartz, and Chalcedony – sometimes with other minerals.
It is opaque, and usually a mix of colours including red, brown, orange and greens. Mookaite contains yellow too, although this is somewhat unusual. It is often sold polished, either as tumblestones, jewellery, or carved into decorative objects.
Jasper was used for carving and as a gemstone throughout antiquity.
There are many, many variations of Jaspers, some of which are banded or spotted.
Due to the variety of types of this stone, it is difficult to write specifics regarding its use in crystal healing, or its past use in spirituality or religion.
We recommend finding the page for the specific type you are interested in, which will have more accurate and specific information.
Please check our 'Search by Stone' page for the variety you are looking for, or feel free to contact us if you are having trouble locating a product to suit you.


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Telescope Parts & Accessories
Telescope Adapters
1.25" Telescope Camera Mount Adapter Extension Tube T Adapter M42 Thread
1.25" T Adapter Mount Telescope Extension Tube for Canon SLR DSLR Cameras
Telescope Converter Adapter Extension Tube Eyepiece Focuser Mount 1.25" M42
1.25inch T-Mount Adapter Telescope Extension Tube to M42 Thread for Nikon Camera
1.25"/31.7mm M42 Thread to T-Mount Adapter Extension Tube for Canon/Nikon Camera
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1.25" CA1 Extension Tube M42 Thread T-Mount Adapter for Telescope / DSLR
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A worker fuels a KLM aircraft which runs on a blend of biokerosene derived from cooking oil and traditional jet fuel at Schiphol airport in 2011. The world's first flight powered entirely by bio jet fuel will take off next month from Ottawa, the fuel makers announced.
The world's first flight powered entirely by bio jet fuel will take off next month from Ottawa, the fuel makers announced Thursday.
Applied Research Associates and Agrisoma Biosciences partnered with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) to develop a "sustainable source of renewable energy" for the commercial airline industry.
In late October, a NRC Falcon 20 twin engine jet will be used to test the new jet fuel made from 100 percent oilseed, for engine performance and emissions.
"This will be the first time a jet aircraft is powered by 100 percent, un-blended, renewable jet fuel that meets petroleum jet fuel specifications," said an NRC statement.
"Through this initiative, we provide a sustainable option for reducing aviation emissions," said Chuck Red of Applied Research Associates.


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Campsites in Wales
Camping in Wales marries stunning views with excitement and adventure. When visiting Wales you could be kayaking in the morning and climbing a mountain in the afternoon – all you have to decide is which activity to do first! With the Brecon Beacon, Snowdonia and Pembrokeshire Coast National Parks all to explore from our Club Sites, Wales really is a walker's delight.
Enjoy the spectacular scenery of the Snowdonia National Park from this water sports campsite. Situated just a few miles north of the shores of Lake Bala, this is a campsite that you will want to return to over and over again.
Top site for watersports
Site within National Park
Top site for dogs
View campsite
Cardigan Bay
Situated near the beautiful coves and beaches of west Wales, this campsite is a wildlife lover's paradise. From here you can see red kites, and if you are lucky, spot dolphins playing in the coastal waters nearby.
Top site for beaches
Llanystumdwy
Situated on the coast of north west Wales, this campsite is perfectly placed for exploring the Snowdonia National Park. With plenty of facilities on offer, and dogs also welcome, this is a great campsite for all the family!
Wyeside Campsite
Situated on the banks of the River Wye, this campsite is perfect for spending long afternoons enjoying water sports or fishing. Walk to Elan Valley to appreciate the spectacular scenery, and spend a relaxing afternoon in Llandrindod Wells - a lovely spa town with great shops and restaurants.
Rhandirmwyn
A wonderfully peaceful campsite set in beautiful countryside near the Brecon Beacons National Park, this is a glorious place for wildlife spotting; a real haven for walkers and bird watching enthusiasts.
Top site for photography
Top site for fishing
Top site for cycling
St Davids
Just one mile from the Heritage Coast in the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park and boasting stunning views, this Welsh campsite is an ideal place for walkers and beach lovers alike.
Join The Camping and Caravanning Club to benefit from up to 30% off Club Site fees and receive exclusive offers during the year. Over 60's also get an extra 25% off (T's & C's apply). Join and save on your stay
Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom; bordered by England to the east and the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea to the west. With a distinct cultural identity, Wales is officially bilingual; the Welsh and English languages having equal status.
Campsites in Wales have some of the most spectacular views in the whole of the UK. The Snowdonia National Park rivals The Lake District in its beauty.
At any time of year the beautiful country of Wales is the perfect destination. From the dramatic Heritage coastline with miles of sheer cliffs and sandy beaches, to the lush green countryside, valleys and mountain peaks of the awe-inspiring National Parks, going camping in Wales is the ideal choice whether you are looking for a family holiday, romantic weekend, activity break or fun days out.
Wales is a country rich in history from all time periods, boasting Norman castles, Tudor mansions, Roman remains, ancient stone circles, tombs and megaliths.
For those looking for plenty to do, Wales is custom built for enjoying the great outdoors. From award-winning golf courses, horse riding, abseiling and climbing, canoeing and kayaking, caving, kite and windsurfing, diving and fishing, there is so much on offer to satisfy the whole family.
All campsites in Wales offer plenty of activities and major attractions within easy reach. From medieval castles like Caerphilly, magnificent stately homes and gardens such as those at Derstow House, vibrant towns, stunning countryside, beautiful coastline and historic villages, camping in Wales is the perfect holiday for all the family.


My social media followers will no doubt know by now that just over a month ago I started teaching my very own class at the brand new stunning studio space that is the Active Living Room at the Lorna Jane UK store in Covent Garden. This is hugely exciting for me personally, not least because Lorna Jane is hands-down my favourite fitness fashion brand, but also because this is my first regular group fitness class of my own creation. Yes I've been a fitness instructor for almost 8 years, but teaching pre-choreographed workouts (in the form of Les Mills Body Pump and Body Attack), so this is a very exciting opportunity for me to launch my own Wildcat Workout brand live in London!
But what can you expect from a Wildcat Fitness Total Body Strength Class at Lorna Jane UK?
It's no secret that I absolutely love weight training – I teach Body Pump (the original barbell workout) 4 times a week as well as putting myself through strength training workouts at least once a week on top of this. I love the feeling of being strong, and the results it has had on my body. But I am also passionate about using our own bodies as resistance tools and educating people that you don't need a gym full of fancy equipment or a huge amount of space to have a challenging workout that will help increase your strength and build lean muscle. Hence Total Body Strength was born – a 45 minute session that works the lower and upper body, the core and that will help participants not only get lean, but to get stronger too.
As much as I love a good sweat or high intensity workout, I also love helping people discover muscles they never knew they had, as well as training them in functional movements that will help them on a day to day basis feel fitter and stronger for everyday life. It's actually building muscle and changing the composition of your body that will change your shape – cardio will help you lose fat, but resistance training will sculpt your figure.
If feeling fitter, stronger, leaner is something you'd like for yourself then I would love for you to join us at Lorna Jane UK every Wednesday evening at 7pm. Think of it as a small group introduction to Personal Training with yours truly…. only with safety in numbers!
I mix the workouts every week to ensure I am constantly challenging the class with different movement patterns and different muscle group focus…. but despite the burn my lovely participants always walk away smiling! You can find me in the Active Living Room studio, beneath the beautiful Lorna Jane Covent Garden store in St Martin's Courtyard (just a couple of minutes from either Covent Garden or Leicester Square tube stations) every Wednesday at 7pm. Anyone is welcome, and I can adapt the workout to suit different fitness levels. Classes are £12 and you need to book using the Lorna Jane UK website – we normally have some walk-in places free, but if you want to guarantee a spot then it is best to call in advance. Classes can be paid for online too, and if you become a regular attendee you can download the MindBody app to your phone and book and pay on the go too – super simple!
I really hope to see some of you guys there soon, smiling through the pain in one of our trademark Post-Class Selfies!
Congratulations! for your new wildcat workout brand. Lorna Jane is also one of my favorite brands for workout clothes and I can understand how much great you are feeling after launching your own fitness training centre at this place. Your pics are showing that you are so happy. As you defined about fitness training class, it is the awesome way to maintain fitness. Always do your best and touch the sky. Thanks for sharing about your new wildcat workout brand with us.


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(21862) Joshuajones est un astéroïde de la ceinture principale d'astéroïdes.

Description
(21862) Joshuajones est un astéroïde de la ceinture principale d'astéroïdes. Il fut découvert le  à Socorro (Nouveau-Mexique) par le projet LINEAR. Il présente une orbite caractérisée par un demi-grand axe de 3,06 UA, une excentricité de 0,08 et une inclinaison de 8,7° par rapport à l'écliptique.

Compléments

Articles connexes
 Liste des planètes mineures (21001-22000)
 Ceinture d'astéroïdes

Références

Objet céleste découvert en 1999
Astéroïde de la ceinture principale

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Anxiety, Worry – Is there a way out of it ?
One of my clients was my best friends' younger sister. She is the same age as my sister and she used to be my English tutor several years ago. She was already the mother of two children when she came to see me for an alternative healing session.
She was worried about everyone and everything. She began being overly worried shortly after the birth of her first child. After the birth of the second child, her conditions became worse. She was extremely worried about her children, her husband, herself, life and the future. She was so worried, that she drove herself and her family crazy with it.
She was a trained in the Family Constellation System and a psychodrama therapist. Becoming a therapist of any healing approach takes a good number of years of theoretical and practical education, hundreds of hours of processing past experiences, healing traumas and releasing unhealthy patterns from the system. Still, there was something she could not touch upon and this showed up as a disfunction of worry.
She never had a rebirthing or breathwork session before. She hardly knew anything about these approaches. Still, she sensed that her symptoms were somehow related to giving birth and becoming a mother, and that rebirthing had something to do with 'birth'. She suspected that 'rebirthing' had something to do with re-visiting a birth experience; hers or her children's.
Maybe it was because of her therapeutic background and/or high levels of intuition that she sensed that her problem would somehow be related to events in her early childhood. Somewhere in those years, we as children don't have the verbal capacity to express ourselves, and therefore these memories are out of reach through verbal (a.k.a. talking) therapies.
What can we do as adults to reach these memories? We need to use tools where we can be guided to go beyond our mental capacity. Such effective tools are conscious bodywork sessions, a specific guided set of physical exercises, therapeutic massage and breathwork.
Breathwork is an exceptionally potent tool for tapping into an extended state of consciousness. In other words, we go into a state where we have the opportunity to understand ourselves from a space 'beyond our mind'. This is not an easy subject to explain because the expanded state of consciousness holds experiences that are beyond our capacity to describe them verbally. Imagine a mental state where you get to see yourself from a different perspective, where you get to understand how certain events in your life created a blueprint of your personality and how these events are played out in your current interactions. Through this direct experience of your past and its link to the present, the acknowledgement of these hidden dynamics holds the power to change those dynamics, simply by acknowledging and accepting them. It also gives you the opportunity to let those events transform into a higher understanding and allows the future to unfold in a completely different way.
Early childhood is that part of our personal history, where we lack the ability to verbalise information simply because we had a limited level of verbal expression at the time we lived through those experiences.
This was one of the reasons why my client was unable to access the details in her history through the therapeutic tools she was familiar with. There were probably some other reasons as well; she may not have been ready to face or relive some past experiences.
As we started the breathwork session, she quickly found herself in expanded state of consciousness (a.k.a. a trans-state). She started to calling for her mom. She was aware that she was with me in the treatment room while at the same time looking for her mom. She was about to relive her birth, right after the labour. She reexperienced the cold environment of the delivery room, the artificial light, and the physical presence and verbal communication of doctors and nurses which was disturbing to her ears. After living in the womb of her mother, she felt alone and abandoned. The sensation of that cold was not just a memory to her. Suddenly, she felt very cold in the treatment room, even though it was a comfortable temperature. I covered her with blankets, but I could not get her warmer as the cold she experienced was internalised from her birth and had nothing to do with the room temperature.
As we progressed with the healing session, the sensation of coldness got more intense and her teeth started to chatter uncontrollably. Her sobbing shifted into traumatic crying which lasted for several minutes, and slowly turned into a releasing cry. Then the chatter lessened and slowly stopped, her body became relaxed, and she found peace in a state of deep calmness.
As she returned to the ordinary level of consciousness, she was able to talk about the internal images. I learned that she reexperienced being cleaned with water as most new born babies are, but she was cleaned with cold water, directly running from the tap. That was the reason for her traumatic crying. That very first traumatic contact with the world was still held in her system, and this was the root cause of her extreme worry for her children. This act was confirmed by her mother after the healing session. She said that she had never heard her crying so painfully and deeply throughout her life as she did at that time, right after the delivery.
The level of worry for her children and family significantly lessened soon after the healing session, and gradually shifted to normality.
We haven't had another healing session since then, but we both mention this one every time we talk.


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13-m Number Veedu is a tamil movie, directed by Baby, starring Ravi, Sadana, Sripriya along with others. Here, on the movie page, you will find every thing that you need to know. Check out what others are saying about the movie on twitter.


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Q: Python if output of a function I am using the following code to find repeated characters in a string
import re
S=input()

m = re.search(r'([A-Za-z0-9])\1+',S.strip())

if m:
    print(m.group(1))
else:
    print(-1)

I am not sure why "if m:" works for me and what does it do? Does it check if m exists? (which I believe it should exist anyway), does it check if the value of m is bigger than zero?
P.S: If my input string (S) has no repeated value, then print(m) gives me an error.

A: if m: evaluates the expression m and checks if its value is "truthy", that is, if bool(m) is True. If it is, the body of the if block is executed.
If the name m doesn't exist, a NameError will be produced while evaluating the expression m.
Also, if S doesn't have a repeated value (for example, it's empty), print(m) will not give you an error:
>>> S = ''  # empty
>>> import re
>>> m = re.search(r'([A-Za-z0-9])\1+',S.strip())
>>> print(m)
None  # not an error: this just indicates that the regex didn't find anything

Note that bool(None) == False.

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Certainly not for the fainthearted, this 'relaxing' massage (term applied loosely) involves having all manner of serpents draped over your body, softly slithering over pressure points to relieve knots, aches and muscle tension – all in the comfort of a spa. And despite sounding like a pretty nightmarish "I'm a Celebrity" challenge, it's said to dramatically reduce stress and associated pain, stimulating blood flow to affected areas. First developed as a therapeutic technique in Israel, and widely popular in South East Asia, for better or worse, 'snake hugs' are slowly taking hold globally. Watch this space.
Just about got to grips with last week's mucin-based (snail slime) moisturisers? Well, how about the full facial experience? Now available in a Northamptonshire Spa, the treatment consists of live snails stuck to your face for approximately 20 minutes, slathering your skin in all their slimy goodness. A faster-acting way of absorbing mollusc proteins and antioxidants, it's most beneficial if combined with daily use of gels/creams, all in all leaving skin positively glowing (even if slightly sticky).
Pampered, preened and pricked – behold the Hackali massage. This Mexican treatment involves rubbing de-needled cacti pads all over the body, supposedly hydrating tired skin, and soaking up any harmful toxins in the process. Similar to the beneficial properties of aloe vera, it can reduce inflammation and even improve the appearance of scars. Even still though – ouch!
Forget sensual candles, mood lighting and your fave Lush bomb – this quirky Italian treatment is re-inventing bath time. Using freshly soaked, calcium-rich hay, spa-goers are completely wrapped in sheaths of damp grass, left for 15–20 minutes, and later covered in linen as part of the restorative "comedown". Said to treat a range of arthritic conditions, as well as improving circulation and even aiding weight loss, it's the "cure-all" spa special – with a slight itch.
Sounding a little more appetising, this super-sweet spa treatment is packed with enriching antioxidants, vitamins and minerals, offering a deeply purifying cleanse. Naturally nutrient-rich, cocoa prompts cellular renewal and helps to re-mineralise tired skin, for a more radiant, youthful complexion. And just when you were about to lose all hope!
Which of these strange beauty treatments would you be game to try? Share your comments with us on Facebook and Twitter.
Salon Gold also provides insurance for spas, insurance for beauty salons and insurance for beauty therapists. For further information, please visit our Spa Insurance page, Beauty Salon Insurance page or our Beauty Therapist Insurance page.
Please note, the treatments listed in this article are for informational purposes only. We may not be able to offer cover for the treatments listed, but if you'd like to offer these treatments, please do get in contact with us and we'll see it we can arrange this for you.


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English Profs Lead Charge to Revive Writing Club
Hailey Morgan, Contributing Writer|February 22, 2019
Courtesy of Pixabay
South Campus faculty will host a meet-and-greet event on Feb. 28 to gauge interest in reforming a student organization focused on creative writing.
San Jacinto College students who love to tell stories will find the "write" time to be an author is Feb. 28 when a defunct writing club attempts to reform on the South Campus.
English Professors Christina Crawford and Greg Smith are leading the charge to reboot the creative writing club that Crawford said she hopes will appeal to a broad range of students regardless of their degree paths.
"It's about supporting student writing," she said.
Smith served as an adviser to the former club that went by the moniker Writer's Block. The organization grew to the point where approximately 30 students attended weekly events but eventually student interest declined, and Writer's Block disbanded.
Smith, Crawford, and English Professor Rosalinda Izguerra are attending the meet-and-greet event Feb. 28 that features board games and pizza in a come-and-go format.
"It's not going to be a formal, 'come-and-sit-for-two-hours event," Crawford explained.
Sign-up sheets and brainstorming boards will be available for students to contribute their thoughts and ideas for the future direction of the group.
"I want to hear from students," Crawford said. "What do they want a creative writing club to be?"
If the event demonstrates students are interested in the group, Crawford said future events are guaranteed. She said she envisions open mic nights and professional readings, as well as workshops where students can learn how to have their works published.
"At its essence, writing is about having something to say," Crawford said. "Creative writing is really important and can be a fulfilling part of that."
The creative writing club's event begins at 11 a.m. on Feb. 28 in Room 101 of the Interactive Learning Center (S12) on the South Campus.
Connie Duren
Rosalinda Izguerra
North Celebrates Lone Star Independence with Tributes to Trailblazing Texas Women
Over 6,000 Middle School Students Expected for STEM Festival
Symposium Explores New Research, 'Interesting Academic Topics'
CANstruction Contest Stocks New Food Market Shelves
Take Action! Workshop Encourages Community Involvement
Bringing in the Bystander Aims to Stop Violence


text:
Philly City Council won't abandon Kenyatta Johnson as he faces federal charges
Special to the Capital-Star
City Councilman Kenyatta Johnson, who represents District 2, could face federal charges over links to a Universal Companies project (Photo via The Philadelphia Tribune, City of Philadelphia)
By Michael D'Onofrio
PHILADELPHIA — Philadelphia City Council will not abandon Councilman Kenyatta Johnson as he becomes the second legislator facing federal corruption charges.
On Thursday council members either supported or evaded questions about Johnson as he faces a 22-count indictment accusing him of taking bribes and selling his office to benefit a Black-owned nonprofit who employed his wife, Dawn Chavous. Chavous also was indicted along with others.
Councilwoman Cherelle Parker called Johnson's indictment "very unfortunate."
"Just because he's a member of this City Council doesn't mean that he is excluded from his constitutional rights," she said.
Members of council said they would continue to work with Johnson on legislative matters. No legislator called on the South Philadelphia politician to resign; most spoke in lockstep that he remains innocent until proven guilty.
At the first legislative session since his indictment, Johnson maintained his innocence.
"I have done nothing wrong," said Johnson, who represents South and Southwest Philadelphia.
While speaking during the session, Johnson also apologized to council members, acknowledging his indictment has "put some of my colleagues … in a precarious situation." He will not step down from heading council's Committee on Rules, which decides on matters relating to development and zoning, among other things.
The indictment against Johnson alleges he secured a rezoning ordinance for Universal Companies to redevelop the former Royal Theater on South Street in exchange for Universal hiring Chavous for a no-show consulting job to hide bribe payments to Johnson. Chavous has maintained her innocence.
"I've always worked in decency, transparency, and so, I will continue working in that same manner as the [Committee on] Rules chairman," Johnson said.
MORE: Click here to read the full indictment
Council President Darrell Clarke said he assigned committee leadership posts based on a legislator's "willingness to serve and, two, their ability to serve."
"I don't think it's appropriate for me to indict or cast a guilty verdict on an individual her serves in this body," Clarke said.
Johnson is the second member of council fighting federal charges.
Councilman Bobby Henon was indicted last year on corruption charges alleging he sold his office to support International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 98 and its powerful boss, John Dougherty.
Both Johnson and Henon were reelected in November.
Councilwoman Jamie Gauthier said the pair of indictments will "undoubtedly" influence how voters perceive City Council.
"I don't think it puts us in the best light, but, at the same time, these members deserve to have their cases play out in court," she said.
"Obviously, it hurts the [City Council] body," said Councilwoman Maria Quiñones Sánchez. "It brings undue attention on the body."
The last time two council members were facing federal indictments at the same time was the Abscam scandal in the 1980s, which caught up three members of council, a U.S. senator, six congressmen, and the mayor of Camden, New Jersey, for taking bribes from undercover federal agents posing as Arab sheiks.
Councilman Brian O'Neill, the longest serving legislator this term, began his first term in 1980 shortly before the Abscam scandal broke. He did not believe the dual indictments would be a distraction for members of council.
"Your urgency is, Oh, we've got to do something," O'Neill said reflecting on past scandals in City Council. "But there's a rule of law and there's a presumption of innocence and that's the way we generally take it."
In their own words …
The following are responses from each City Council person about Johnson's indictment.
Councilman Curtis Jones said the indictment would not affect his working relationship with Johnson.
"Until justice is completed, not at all," Jones said in response to being asked whether he would stop working with Johnson.
Jones evaded a question about how the indictments would affect the public's perception of City Council : "I don't have an answer to that."
Councilwoman Katherine Gillmore Richardson said her "thoughts and prayers" were with Johnson, whom she has worked with for years dating back to his time as a state representative.
'I am innocent': Philly Councilman Kenyatta Johnson pledges to fight bribery charges
"And I think it's important that we all understand that we are afforded the presumption of innocence until we have our day in court," she said.
At-large Councilman Isaiah Thomas didn't want to comment at all about Johnson's indictment but noted that working with Johnson was not off the table.
"I'm not commenting on that," Thomas said. "It's not best right now. … I have no choice but to continue to work with him because that's how we get stuff done for the citizens of Philadelphia."
At-large Councilman Allan Domb said still had to "look at all the facts" before commenting. He would support Johnson's legislation depending on whether "they were beneficial for the city currently and in the long term."
At-large Councilwoman Kendra Brooks said she had "no comment."
At-large Derek Green said that he "had a chance to read the indictment."
At-large Helen Gym said said she had "no comments." But regarding whether she will support Johnson's future legislation, she said, "They'll be judged on the merits."
Councilwoman Cindy Bass said she was interested in learning more about the charges from Johnson and cautioning that, "We should all reserve judgement."
"We've heard one side of the story; now we'll hear another side," Bass said. "I look forward to hearing the councilman's response.
"I think Kenyatta Johnson has done a good job. He's on his third term. He's worked very hard and we hear his side of the story," Bass added.
Henon, facing federal charges himself, said, "I fully believe in the presumption of innocence."
Councilman David Oh said "allegations are made: they have to be proven."
Councilman Mark Squilla said members of council had "serious concerns" about the Johnson's indictment, but Johnson must have his day in court.
"We have to continue to work together until this is finalized," he said.
Michael D'Onofrio is a reporter for the Philadelphia Tribune, where this story first appeared.
kenyatta-johnson
philadelphia-city-council
philadelphia-politics
philadelphia-tribune
by Special to the Capital-Star, Pennsylvania Capital-Star

Philly City Council won't abandon Kenyatta Johnson as he faces federal charges

by Special to the Capital-Star, Pennsylvania Capital-Star
January 31, 2020


Food allergies : epidemiology, symptoms and therapeutic approaches / Dean Cunningham, editor.
Food allergies [electronic resource] / Kevin Hillstrom.
Phys. Desc.: 1 online resource (96 p.) : ill. (chiefly col.).
Food allergies [electronic resource] : symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment / Patricia M. Rodgers, editor.
Phys. Desc.: xii, 220 p. : ill. (some col.).
Food allergies / Alice C. Richer.
Phys. Desc.: xxi, 177 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.
Phys. Desc.: 1 online resource (202 pages) : illustrations.
Sesame seeds [electronic resource] : one of the nine most common food allergens.
Phys. Desc.:  p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Seafood (fish, crustaceans and shellfish) [electronic resource] : one of the nine most common food allergens.
Soy [electronic resource] : one of the nine most common food allergens.
Wheat [electronic resource] : one of the nine most common food allergens.
Eggs [electronic resource] : one of the nine most common food allergens.


text:
Rachel's Holiday
'How did it end up like this? Twenty-seven, unemployed, mistaken for a drug addict, in a treatment centre in the back arse of nowhere with an empty Valium bottle in my knickers . . .' Meet Rachel Walsh. She's been living it up in New York City, spending her nights talking her way into glamorous parties before heading home in the early hours to her hot boyfriend Luke. But her sensible older sister showing up and sending her off to actual rehab wasn't quite part of her plan. She's only agreed to her incarceration because she's heard that rehab is wall-to-wall jacuzzis, gymnasiums and rock stars going cold turkey - plus it's about time she had a holiday. Saying goodbye to fun will be hard. But not as hard as losing the man who she realises, all too late, might just be the love of her life . . . 'Gloriously funny' Sunday Times 'A born storyteller' Independent on Sunday 'The voice of a generation' Daily Mirror Praise for Marian Keyes: 'Comic, convincing and true' Guardian 'Mercilessly funny' The Times 'Funny, tender and completely absorbing!' Graham Norton
Gerri Halligan
W. F. Howes
The Last Chance Saloon
Sushi for Beginners
Anybody Out There?
The Woman Who Stole My Life
The Brightest Star in the Sky


text:
Home Perspectives Opinions Taube: The right man to lead Israel
Taube: The right man to lead Israel
Michael Taube
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, centre, takes a selfie with U.S. soldiers in southern Israel on March 6. (U.S. Embassy Jerusalem/CC BY 2.0)
When Israelis go back to the ballot boxes on April 9, the wisest course of action would be to re-elect Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and his Likud party.
What a surprise, many of you are probably thinking, a right-leaning columnist and political commentator has endorsed Israel's right-leaning prime minister and government. The next thing you know, he'll suggest the sky is blue, the grass is green and Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny are figments of our imagination!
Nevertheless, there are many political and economic reasons why Netanyahu is not only good for Israel, but for the world.
Netanyahu is an intelligent, articulate leader. Born and raised in Tel Aviv, he lived for a time in the United States, where he graduated with a master's degree from the MIT Sloan School of Management and worked at Boston Consulting Group with Utah senator and 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney.
READ: IT WILL TAKE SOMETHING EXCEPTIONAL TO HAPPEN FOR BIBI TO LOSE ELECTION
Once coined the "Jewish Ronald Reagan" by Jack Kemp, a former Republican congressman and 1996 vice-presidential candidate, Netanyahu has been a true champion of fiscal conservatism and the free market economy. As prime minister, he's overseen a massive growth in private Israeli enterprises, greater investment in Israeli-run businesses and initiatives, and has endorsed workfare rather than welfare and the need to break down the state-run monopolies and bureaucratic institutions that can cripple a country's economy.
There has never been a bigger advocate in Israel for small-c conservative principles than Netanyahu – never.
In turn, the Israeli prime minister developed strong relationships with right-leaning politicians. This includes U.S. presidents like Ronald Reagan (who notably recommended Netanyahu's 1987 book, Terrorism: How the West Can Win, at every turn), George H.W. Bush, George W. Bush and Donald Trump. Other world leaders, from former U.K. prime minister Margaret Thatcher to former German chancellor Helmut Kohl, respected his abilities and talents.
Two Canadian prime ministers, Brian Mulroney and Stephen Harper, also had excellent relationships with Netanyahu. The Israeli PM once called Harper "a great friend of Israel and the Jewish people."
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, right, meets with then-prime minister Stephen Harper in Ottawa in 2014.
Naturally, foreign policy plays a significant role in defining the success or failure of an Israeli government, no matter its political stripe. As far as I'm concerned, Netanyahu has been an enormous success in this area.
For instance, he has powerfully defended Israel against its enemies. Whether the threat has come from terrorist organizations like Hamas and Hezbollah, Arab extremists or despotic countries like Iran, Netanyahu has spoken out and, when needed, retaliated against their vitriol and military attacks. The safety and security of the Jewish homeland is important to Netanyahu. He will always recognize this responsibility as his first political priority.
He also believes in peace in the Middle East, but not peace at all costs. His 2009 speech at Bar-Ilan University – in which he stated that, "Palestinians must truly recognize Israel as the state of the Jewish people," and that, "Any area in Palestinian hands has to be demilitarized, with solid security measures … to ensure peace. We don't want them to bring in missiles, or rockets, or have an army, or control of airspace, or make treaties with countries like Iran, or Hezbollah" – still resonates to this day. If there's to be peace, this is the model that should be used.
Netanyahu also recognizes that building political bridges is the best way to decrease anti-Semitism and reduce long-standing tensions that some still have with Jews and with Israel. That's why he's been working with Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban and Poland's Jaroslaw Kaczynski. Instead of buying into the left-wing idea that they're far-right anti-Semites (which they're not), he's made common cause with two fiscally conservative leaders who have similar views about politics, economics and Israel. It's the right strategy to take.
For these reasons, and many others, I believe Netanyahu should be re-elected as Israel's ninth prime minister. He's the best choice to lead the Jewish people.
Israel Politics
Michael Taube, a Troy Media syndicated columnist, Washington Times contributor and TV/radio pundit, was a speechwriter for former Prime Minister Stephen Harper.
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NEW Seagate Barracuda ST2000DM006 2TB 7200RPM SATA 6.0 GB/s 64MB Hard Drive 3.5"
There are 3,836 items available. Please enter a number less than or equal to 3,836.
Immediate payment of C $74.99 is required.
The drive has worked flawlessly right out of the package. First question "Is it quiet" Have never heard a peep from it. Second Question "is it fast" For a mechanical drive the speeds are reasonable. Third Question "Is it reliable" I guess time will tell. I have avoided Seagate drives because of reliability issues but the price for this drive was too hard to resist. It is not installed in my daily use computer and is mostly for backup. The 2 year warranty could be a little longer. Three years would be reasonable.
Product died after two days! It was supposed to be a back up. Copied over all my files from a dying 1 TB drive which had bad sectors. Everything went fine for about 12 hours and I decided the new drive was functioning properly so I went ahead and formatted my old drive. Lo and behold this drive failed just a few hours later! Disappeared from Windows and is no longer being recognized by the BIOS. It is offficially a piece of hot garbage and nott just based on my experience but other's as well. Asked for a return/refund, we'll see how Newegg responds.
Works as advertised for a consumer grade drive.
I have this in a RAID enclosure with three other drives and so it is have to tell if it's quiet or fast. I do know it works fine and was easy to install and arrived as expected.
I run an ssd for my os, and I bought this for storage along with a wd black. Can't tell the deference between the two for a third the price... I would recommend this product for any application!
Great pricing, lots of storage and a highly rated company.