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3D PRINTING INDUSTRY REVIEW OF THE YEAR: OCTOBER 2020
October was an astronomical month for aerospace news, as NASA made significant progress in its preparation for the Artemis Moon mission, while printer manufacturer Zortrax worked with the ESA to develop space-age blended PEEK electronics.
NASA awarded several major contracts during October that could form part of its upcoming return to the Moon in Project Artemis. Image via ICON.
NASA projects take-off in run-up to Artemis
One of the biggest stories in October was the news that construction firm ICON had been awarded a NASA contract to develop an off-world AM system. During the project, codenamed 'Olympus,' ICON will work with the Marshall Space Flight Center to create a 3D printer that's capable of turning lunar regolith into cosmic structures.
In another mission, Lockheed Martin was contracted by NASA to test its experimental cryogenic fuel systems, and the firm selected Relativity Space's additive rockets to fire them into orbit. Relativity, which was chosen due to the flexibility of its process, is set to launch the potentially dangerous cargo in 2023.
NASA also awarded the University of North Dakota $750,000 in funding towards the development of its 3D printed NDX-3 spacesuit. The additive garment is set to be fabricated using a combination of flexible polymers over the next three years, before being compared to conventional flight suits via motion capture testing.
Zortrax's conductive new PEEK polymer could enable the creation of lighter, multifunctional parts. Photo via Zortrax.
Zortrax's additive electronic advances
3D printed electronics made several strides forward during the month, starting with Zortrax and the ESA's joint R&D project, which yielded prototype conductive PEEK filaments. Using their new materials, the team 3D printed multifunctional aerospace parts with data and electricity transfer capabilities.
Scientists from the University of New York at Buffalo and MIT, meanwhile, created a novel ferroelectric metamaterial for SLA 3D printing. According to the team, their composite resin could represent a step towards making synthetic materials more affordable within acoustic, shock absorbing and electronics applications.
Elsewhere, another MIT team developed a new 3D design environment that enables users to model both an object's physical and electronic functions. Nicknamed the 'MorphSensor,' the program blends CAD and circuit building software together, to allow parts to be designed with optimal mechanical qualities.
The U.S. Army worked with Wichita State University to create a digital twin of a Black Hawk helicopter (pictured) in October. Photo via Lockheed Martin.
The U.S. Army deploys 3D printing projects
The U.S. Army, which has a long tradition of leveraging additive technologies, embarked on a mission to 3D scan a 20,000-piece Black Hawk helicopter in October. In the teardown project, led by Wichita State University, the team developed a 3D printable catalog of all the aircraft's components, allowing them to be reverse-engineered and optimized.
"We'll evaluate every part, and not every part is necessarily going to be optimized for advanced additive manufacturing," said Major General Todd Royar at the time. "But our intent is to literally go through all of our parts, starting with the UH-60, because those are the first ones we'll have the 3D files for."
Working with several U.S-based universities, the U.S. Army's Research Laboratory also created a miniature 3D printed holographic instrument. The additive device proved capable of characterizing multiple airborne particles, and it could be deployed to identify potential aerosol threats to warfighters on the battlefield.
Chiara Giusti created her FDM 3D printed TECHNĒ clothing line for her final university project at Politecnico di Milano. Photo via Chiara Giusti.
Fashionistas develop fabricated fashion lines
Textile 3D printing continued to gain traction in the fashion world, and Milanese designer Chiara Giusti exemplified this trend with her additive TECHNĒ clothing line. Developed alongside Superforma Fablab, the dresses were 3D printed using tension-activated TPUs, that could be both tailored to fit and comfortable to wear.
Similarly, London-based fashion designer Mingjing Lin completed her research into the potential of parametric modelling in October. According to Lin, fluidity in 3D printed textiles can be achieved using new modelling algorithms, such as those she previously deployed working with Sinterit to design an outfit for a Beijing Opera performance.
"I am proposing that fashion and textiles designers can embed our knowledge of complex body shape and body movement, as well as the sensibility of the tactile materials, into the application of these digital tools for creating intricate, fluid, and drapeable designs," said Lin.
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Featured image shows a concept image of what ICON's 3D printed off-world structures could look like. Image via ICON.
Researchers Model and 3D Print Graphene Electronic Devices
November 16, 2020by Michael Molitch-Hou3D Printing3D Printing Materials3D Printing Research
Made up of single atoms of carbon, graphene is thought to be a wonder material with a wide variety of applications, due to its high strength, lightweight, flexibility and unprecedented electrical conductivity. However, producing large graphene parts at scale remains a challenge. Previous research has shown that various methods for 3D printing graphene exist, but these techniques are still limited in size. Moreover, both these processes and non-additive methods for the production of large-area graphene layers hinder some of desired characteristics of the material, namely electrical conductivity.
Now, researchers at the University of Nottingham have developed a technique for 3D printing graphene using an inkjet technology that maintains the materials electrical properties, opening up possibilities for an array of electronic components, such as transistors and sensors. The study, titled "Inter-Flake Quantum Transport of Electrons and Holes in Inkjet-Printed Graphene Devices", is published in the journal Advanced Functional Materials.
A 3D-printed phototransistor made up of "an exfoliated InSe flake contacted with six inkjet‐printed graphene stripes (each comprising 5 printed layers, 7 lines), which serve as electrodes, on a 300 nm SiO2/Si substrate."
As a two-dimensional material, graphene is usually made by exfoliating individual layers of carob atoms in the form of a flat sheet. To then craft a multi-layer object of this material then requires hand-deposition of these sheets, an obviously laborious process. To fully exploit the properties of this wonder material through a scalable process, the University of Nottingham team developed a method for inkjetting inks loaded with flakes of graphene. Moreover, through the use of quantum mechanical modeling, the researchers are able to understand exactly how electrons move through the layers of graphene in order to control the electrical properties of the printed material.
Professor Mark Fromhold, Head of the School of Physics and Astronomy and a co-author on the paper, put it this way:
"By linking together fundamental concepts in quantum physics with state-of-the art-engineering, we have shown how complex devices for controlling electricity and light can be made by printing layers of material that are just a few atoms thick but centimeters across. According to the laws of quantum mechanics, in which the electrons act as waves rather than particles, we found electrons in 2D materials travel along complex trajectories between multiple flakes. It appears as if the electrons hop from one flake to another like a frog hopping between overlapping lily pads on the surface of a pond."
To print the material, graphene inks made up of graphene flakes and ethyl cellulose, were dispersed into a mixture of cyclohexanone/terpineol and printed onto a substrate using a drop-on-demand method. The layers were then annealed in a vacuum oven at 250°C to remove the solvent and breakdown the additives within the ink. The team found that the greater the number of layers, the lower the electrical resistance. To demonstrate the possibilities of the material, the team 3D printed a phototransistor made up of graphene electrodes printed onto a semiconducting crystal.
A simulation of packed graphene flakes between two contacts.
Key to the research was understanding the movement of electrons in order to best produce graphene parts. To do this, the team modeled the conductive properties of the network of flakes within the printed parts, simulating the charge transfer between flakes of graphene as virtual voltage is applied to a simulated device. The authors note: "Our model reveals the mechanism of carrier transport in printed graphene layers and shows that optimized thickness of printed layers with high [packing fraction] is required to achieve high conductivity devices."
To understand how printed graphene would work within a device made of multiple types of materials, the researchers 3D printed a field-effect transistor. The electrical resistance was actually higher than expected for five printed layers of graphene due to the mixing of inks between layers.
Optical microscopy image of the 3D printed graphene field-effect transistor; "scale bar is 500 µm, spacing between silver electrodes is 100 µm."
Co-author, Dr Lyudmila Turyanska from the Centre for Additive Manufacturing, said of the work:
"While 2D layers and devices have been 3D printed before, this is the first time anyone has identified how electrons move through them and demonstrated potential uses for the combined, printed layers. Our results could lead to diverse applications for inkjet-printed graphene-polymer composites and a range of other 2D materials. The findings could be employed to make a new generation of functional optoelectronic devices; for example, large and efficient solar cells; wearable, flexible electronics that are powered by sunlight or the motion of the wearer; perhaps even printed computers."
Next, the team plans to refine the deposition of the graphene through the use of polymers in order to impact the way that flakes align. They also hope to use different types of inks with varying sizes of graphene flakes. The researchers will also improve their computer simulations to include how the different materials work together. Finally, they aim to develop methods for mass production of the prototyped devices.
Tagged with: 3d printed electronics • 3d printed graphene • 3d printing materials • 3d printing research • nottingham • university of nottingham
Multimaterial 4D Printing with Tailorable Shape Memory Polymers
We present a new 4D printing approach that can create high resolution (up to a few microns), multimaterial shape memory polymer (SMP) architectures. The approach is based on high resolution projection microstereolithography (PμSL) and uses a family of photo-curable methacrylate based copolymer networks. We designed the constituents and compositions to exhibit desired thermomechanical behavior (including rubbery modulus, glass transition temperature and failure strain which is more than 300% and larger than any existing printable materials) to enable controlled shape memory behavior. We used a high resolution, high contrast digital micro display to ensure high resolution of photo-curing methacrylate based SMPs that requires higher exposure energy than more common acrylate based polymers. An automated material exchange process enables the manufacture of 3D composite architectures from multiple photo-curable SMPs. In order to understand the behavior of the 3D composite microarchitectures, we carry out high fidelity computational simulations of their complex nonlinear, time-dependent behavior and study important design considerations including local deformation, shape fixity and free recovery rate. Simulations are in good agreement with experiments for a series of single and multimaterial components and can be used to facilitate the design of SMP 3D structures.
Three-dimension (3D) printing technology allows the creation of complex geometries with precisely prescribed microarchitectures that enable new functionality or improved and even optimal performance. While 3D printing has largely emphasized manufacturing with a single material, recent advances in multimaterial printing enable the creation of heterogeneous structures or composites that have myriad scientific and technological applications1,2,3,4,5. Commercial printing systems with these capabilities have been used in many innovative applications, but are limited because their development has largely proceeded with objectives of creating printed components with reliable mechanical properties and applications have generally emphasized linear elastic behavior with small deformations where the innovation arises from the sophisticated geometry. Independently, soft active materials (SAMs) as a class of emerging materials with the capability of exhibiting large elastic deformation in response to environmental stimuli such as heat6,7, light8,9 and electricity10,11, are enabling the creation of functional active components. SAMs including shape memory polymers (SMPs), hydrogels, dielectric elastomers have been used to fabricate biomedical devices7,12,13, wearable devices14,15, artificial muscles10,11 and other smart products16,17,18. However, applications of SAMs are limited by the current manufacturing approaches which constrain active structures and devices to simple geometries, often created with a single material and they have yet to broadly exploit the potential of tailored microarchitectures.
This picture is changing as 3D printing and SAMs are being integrated. The most notable example is the recently developed "4D printing" technology2,3 in which the printed 3D structures are able to actively transform configurations over time in response to environmental stimuli. There are two types of SAMs mainly used to realize 4D printing: hydrogels that swell when solvent molecules diffuse into polymer network and shape memory polymers (SMPs) that are capable of fixing temporary shapes and recovering to the permanent shape upon heating. The examples of the hydrogel-based 4D printing include complex self-evolving structures actuated by multilayer joints5, active valves made of thermally sensitive hydrogel19, pattern transformation realized by heat-shrinkable polymer20 and biominic 4D printing achieved by anisotropic hydrogel composites with cellulose fibrils21. However, the low modulus of hydrogels ranging from ∼kPa to ∼100 kPa19,21 and the solvent diffusion based slow response rates in the time scale of a few ten minutes, hours and even days5,21,22 make the hydrogel based 4D printing not suitable for structural and actuation applications. Compared to hydrogels, SMPs have higher modulus ranging ∼MPa to ∼GPa7,23 and faster response rates (in the scale of seconds to minutes depending on actuation temperature)24,25. The examples of the SMP based 4D printing include printed active composites where precisely prescribed SMP fibers were used to activate the complex shape change2,3, sequential self-folding structured where SMP hinges with different responding rates were deliberately placed at different positions4 and multi-shape active composites where two SMP fibers with different glass transition temperatures26. To date, the SMP based 4D printing were mainly realized by commercial Polyjet 3D printer (Stratasys, Objet) which create materials with properties ranging between rigid and elastomeric by mixing the two base resins. The fact that users are not allowed to freely tune the thermomechanical properties beyond the realm of available resins impedes this 4D printing technology to advance to a wider range of applications. For example, the capability of 4D printed actuation is limited as the printed digital materials break at 10–25% 27; the printed structures could not be used in high temperature applications as the highest glass transition temperature of the available resin is about ∼70 °C4. In addition, this technology is not suitable for microscale applications as the lateral printing resolution is up to 200 μm inherently limited by the Polyjet printing method28.
In this paper we report a new approach that enables high resolution multimaterial 4D printing by printing highly tailorable SMPs on a projection microstereolithography (PμSL) based additive manufacturing system. We synthesize photo-curable methacrylate based copolymer networks using commercially-available materials. By tuning the material constituents and compositions, the flexibility of the methacrylate based copolymer networks enables highly tailorable SMP thermomechanical properties including rubbery modulus (from ∼MPa to ∼100 MPa), glass transition temperature (from ∼−50 °C to ∼180 °C) and the failure strain (up to ∼300%). Methacrylate based SMPs with different constituents or compositions form strong interface bonds with each other and enable fabrication of 3D structures made of multiple SMPs that can exhibit new functionality resulting from their dynamic thermomechanical properties. The PμSL based additive manufacturing system with high lateral resolution up to ∼1 μm exploits a digital micro-display device as a dynamic photo mask to dynamically generate and reconfigure light patterns, which then converts liquid monomer resin into solid via photo-polymerization in a layer-by-layer fashion29,30,31. A high resolution, high contrast digital micro-display device ensures high resolution structure made of methacrylate based SMPs that require higher exposure energy than acrylate based polymers which have been frequently used for 3D printing but do not have SM effect. Multimaterial manufacturing is achieved via an automatic material exchanging mechanism integrated into the PμSL additive manufacturing system. In addition, a highly fidelity computational tool based on the understanding of the shape memory behavior is used to facilitate the design of SMP 3D structures by simulating important design considerations including local deformation, shape fixity and free recovery rate. We believe this novel approach will translate the SMP based 4D printing into a wide variety of practical applications, including biomedical devices12,13,32,33, deployable aerospace structures34,35, shopping bags36,37 and shape changing photovoltaic solar cells38,39.
Multimaterial additive manufacturing system
We fabricate high resolution multimaterial shape memory structures on an additive manufacturing apparatus based on projection microstereolithography (PμSL)29,30,31. As shown schematically in Fig. 1a, a computer aid design (CAD) model is first sliced into a series of closely spaced horizontal two-dimension (2D) digital images. Then, these 2D images are transmitted to a digital micro display which works as a dynamic photo-mask30. Ultraviolet (UV) light produced from a light emitting diode (LED) array is spatially modulated with the patterns of the corresponding 2D images and illuminated onto the surface of photo-curable polymer solution. Once the material in the exposed area is solidified to form a layer, the substrate on which the fabricated structure rests is lowered by a translational stage, followed by projection of the next image to polymerize a new layer on top of the preceding one. This process proceeds iteratively until the entire structure is fabricated. In the current setup, the projection area is about 3.2 cm × 2.4 cm resulting in a pixel size of ∼30 μm × 30 μm. The lateral resolution can be further improved up to as high as ∼1 μm if a projection lens with high optical magnification is used29. The step-and-repeat method can be employed to extend printing area without compromising lateral resolution30. Multimaterial fabrication is enabled by automating polymer solution exchange during the printing process. Although many efforts40,41,42 have been made to develop multimaterial fabrication systems by adding the automated polymer solution exchanging mechanisms into the "top-down" fabrication system (as shown schematically in Fig. 1a) where the modulated UV light projected downwards to the polymer resin, the multimaterial fabrication system developed based on the "bottom-up" approach making the depth of transparent polymer solution containers independent of the part height helps to significantly reduce material contamination and improve efficiency of material use43, but requires precise control of the oxygen concentration to separate the printed parts from the transparent polymer solution containers without damaging them43,44.
Schematics of multimaterial additive manufacture system.
(a) A workflow illustrates the process of fabricating a multimaterial structure based on PμSL (b) Photo-curable shape memory polymer network is constructed by mono-functional monomer, Benzyl methacrylate (BMA) as linear chain builder (LCB) and multi-functional oligomers, Poly (ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA), Bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate (BPA) and Di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) as crosslinkers.
We fabricate shape memory structures using photo-curable methacrylate copolymers that form polymer networks via free radical photo-polymerization45,46,47. To understand the thermomechanical properties and shape memory (SM) effects of the materials and structures, we prepared polymer resins by using a mono-functional monomer, Benzyl methacrylate (BMA) as linear chain builder (LCB) and difunctional oligomers, Poly (ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA), Bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate (BPA) and Di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (DEGDMA) as crosslinkers that connect the linear chains to form a cross-linked network (shown in Fig. 1b). Details about polymer resin preparations can be founded in Methods. More selections of LCBs and crosslinkers are suggested by Safranski and Gall48.
Experimental Characterization
The photo-curable methacrylate networks provide high tailorability of thermomechanical properties of printed SMPs. Among them, the glass transition temperature (Tg), the rubbery modulus (Er) and the failure strain (εf) are the most critical properties for the design of active components as they dictate the shape recovery temperature and rate, constrained recovery stress and capability of shape change and/or actuation, respectively24,48,49,50,51. Figure 2a–c demonstrates that these thermomechanical properties can be tailored over wide ranges and still printed, by either controlling the concentration of crosslinker or using different crosslinkers. In Fig. 2a, for instance, for the copolymer network system consisting of BMA and crosslinker PEGDMA with molecular weight of 550 g/mole (denoted as B + P550), the Tg starts from ∼65 °C where the copolymer network system consists of pure BMA and then decreases with increase in the crosslinker concentration (See Supplementary Materials S1.1 I and Fig. S1a). The Tg of the copolymer networks consisting of the crosslinker PEGDMA with molecular weight of 750 g/mole (denoted as B + P750) and the crosslinker BPA with molecular weight of 1700 g/mole (denoted as B + BPA) follows the same trend of the B + P550 copolymer networks (Fig. S1b,c), while the Tg increases with increase in the crosslinker concentration of the copolymer network consisting of BMA and DEGDMA (denoted as B + DEG, Fig. S1d). The Couchman equation52 can be used to guide material design with a desired Tg by mixing the LCB and crosslinker with prescribed ratios: . Here, and are the glass transition temperatures of the respective pure-components and M1 and M2 are the corresponding mass fractions. In Fig. 2a, using the current LCB monomer, namely BMA and crosslinkers, namely PEGDMA, BPA and DEGDMA allows us to adjust Tg from ∼−50 °C to ∼180 °C, while more flexibility can be obtained by choosing different LCB monomers and crosslinkers48 or even mixing more than one LCB monomers and crosslinkers to prepare the polymer resin53.
Experimental characterization of methacrylate SMP networks.
Highly tailorable glass transition temperature (a), rubbery modulus (b) and failure strain (c) are controlled by either changing the mixing LCB/crosslinker ratio or using different crosslinkers. (d) The temperature effect on the failure strain of the SMP consisting of 90% BMA and 10% BPA. (e) The normalized exposure energy to cure a thin layer varies with the crosslinker concentration as well as the molecular weight of crosslinker. (f) The investigation on the interface bonding of a printed composite with two components arranged in series (inset).
Figure 2b shows that the rubbery modulus Er of the copolymer networks increases with increase in crosslinker concentration (see Supplementary Materials S1.2, Fig. S2 and Table S1), as expected from entropic elasticity54, Er = (3ρRT)/Mc; here, R is the gas constant, T is absolute temperature, ρ is polymer density and Mc is average molecular weight between crosslinks. The ratio ρ/Mc is the crosslinking density of the polymer network which is affected by crosslinker concentration as well as the molecular weight of the crosslinker. Comparing the four network systems, the B + DEG network has the highest rubbery modulus at the same mass fraction of crosslinker, as the highest molar weight of DEGDMA leads to the highest crosslinking density (See Supplementary Materials S1.3 and Table S2) and the highest Er.
The effect of crosslinker on failure strain εf is shown in Fig. 2c; these results were obtained from uniaxial tensile tests at temperatures 30 °C above each sample's Tg where sample stays the rubbery state to eliminate the effect of viscoelasticity (see Supplementary Materials S1.2, Fig. S2 and Table S1). The results shown in Fig. 2c suggest that in the SMP system consisting of the same LCB and crosslinker, the lower crosslinker concentration gives higher stretchability. Figure 2c also shows that the copolymer network system formed with a higher molecular weight crosslinker has higher stretchability. For example, for the copolymer systems consisting of 10% crosslinkers, the stretchability can be increased from ∼45% to ∼100% at 30 °C above sample's Tg by increase the molecular weight from 242.3 g/mol (DEGDMA) to 1700 g/mol (BPA) (See Supplementary Materials S1.2, Fig. S2 and Table S1). Figure 2d shows the temperature effect on the failure strain of an SMP sample consisting of 90% BMP and 10% BPA (See Supplementary Materials S1.4 and Fig. S3). The stretchability of this copolymer network is increased by decreasing the stretching temperatures and finally reaches the maximum of ∼330% at 40 °C where the temperature is close to the peak of the loss modulus indicating the highest energy dissipation. A more stretchable network can be achieved by further reducing the crosslinker concentration of BPA or replacing BPA with a crosslinker having higher molecular weight.
Not only does the chemical composition affect the thermomechanical properties of the printed SMP systems, it also affects the photo-polymerization kinetics that determines the build rate during manufacturing. As shown in Fig. 2e, at a given UV light intensity, less exposure energy (time) is required to cure a layer of the same thickness when the crosslinker concentration increases (See Supplementary Materials S1.5 and Fig. S4a). This is mainly attributed to the reaction diffusion-controlled termination during the polymerization of the methacrylate based copolymer system55,56,57. With more crosslinker, the crosslinking density of the polymer increases, which limits the propagation of free radicals that would otherwise reach each other to terminate the polymerization57. Figure 2e also shows that the copolymer network consisting of a lower molecular weight crosslinker (P550) requires less exposure energy (time) to polymerize a same thickness layer. This is primarily because the low molecular weight crosslinker (P550) contains more unreacted double bonds per unit mass than the high molecular weight crosslinker (P750) does. In addition, the increase of photo initiator reduces the exposure energy (time) to cure a same thickness layer (See Supplementary Materials S1.5 and Fig. S4b). Moreover, it is necessary to note that under the same condition methacrylate based SMP has comparatively lower reactivity57 than those acrylate based materials such as poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and hexanediol diacrylate which have been frequently used to print 3D structure29,30,31,44,58,59. This comparatively slow but conversion-dependent57 photo-polymerization kinetics makes the methacrylate based SMPs require higher (longer) exposure energy (time) to cure a layer of the same thickness than the acrylate based materials (See Supplementary Materials S1.5 and Fig. S4c). Therefore, a high contrast digital micro display with moderate intensity of UV light is needed to avoid any unwanted curing on the unintended parts (Details about the digital micro display are described in Materials).
In a printed component that consists of more than one material, the interface bonding between them significantly impacts the mechanical performance of the composite. In Fig. 2f, we investigated the interfacial bonding by uniaxially stretching a composite with two components arranged in series (Component A: 50% B + 50% P550 with Tg = 31 °C and Component B: 90% B + 10% BPA Tg = 56 °C) at a temperature 30 °C higher than Tg of Component B, where the both components are in their rubbery state (See Supplementary Materials S1.6 and Fig. S5). The fact that the composite breaks at Component A which has a lower failure strain rather than at the interface indicates a strong interface bonding. The comparison of uniaxial tensile tests between the composite and the two components in Fig. 2e reveals that Components A and B form a strong covalently boned interface through which the composite transfers stress completely between the two components. Generally speaking, this strong interface bonding forms between the methacrylate based SMPs made of different compositions and constitutes.
Shape Memory Behavior
Two key attributes of SMPs are their ability to fix a temporary programmed shape (fixity) and to subsequently recover the original shape upon activation by a stimulus (recovery). Figure 3a shows a typical temperature-strain-time shape memory (SM) cycle that we used to investigate the fixity and recovery of SMP samples synthesized from different LCBs and crosslinkers that result in different Tg s. Figure 3b presents representative strain-time curves of a SMP strip sample made of 80% BMA + 20% P750. The SMP was first stretched to a target strain emax (20%) with a constant loading rate e (0.001 s−1) at a programming temperature TD (63 °C) and then the temperature was decreased to a TL (TL = 25 °C) with a cooling rate 2.5 °C/min. Once TL was reached, the specimen was held for 2 minutes and then the tensile force was removed. In the free recovery step, the temperature was increased to a recovery temperature TR (in Fig. 3b, TR = 35 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C, respectively) at the same rate of cooling and subsequently stabilized for another 20 min. (Details about the SM behavior testing are presented in Supplementary Material in S2.1 and Fig. S6).
SM behavior of the (meth)acrylate based copolymer SMP network.
(a) The SM behavior has been investigated by following a typical SM cycle: at Step I, a sample is deformed by emax at a programming temperature TD; at Step II, the temperature is decreased from TD to TL while keeping the sample deformed by emax; at Step III, after unloading, there is a deformation bounce back Δe; at Step IV, the free recovery is performed by heating the sample to a recovery temperature TR. (b) The representative SMP strain-time curves achieved by stretching a SMP sample (80% BMA and 20% P750) at 63 °C, unloading at 25 °C and heating to 63 °C, 50 °C, 40 °C and 35 °C, respectively. (c) Shape fixity as a function of programming temperature. (d) Shape recovery time (t0.95) as a function of recovery temperature.
As shown in Fig. 3a,b, we use the small strain bounce back, Δe, of the SMP after unloading to define the shape fixity, i.e., Rf = (emax − Δe)/emax. Figure 3c shows that the shape fixity is a function of the programming temperature TD (Details about TD are listed in Supplementary Material Table S4): the SMP keeps a high shape fixity (>90%) when TD is above or near the SMP's Tg and the shape fixity starts to drop dramatically when TD is 20 °C lower than the SMP's Tg. The phenomenon that the shape fixity is a function of TD agrees the previous study24 and can be simulated by the recently developed multi-branch model which consists of an equilibrium branch corresponding to entropic elasticity and several thermoviscoelastic nonequilibrium branches to represent the multiple relaxation processes of the polymer24,60 (Details about the multi-branch model are presented in Supplementary Material S2.2–2.3). The model predictions agree with the experiments well and provide underlying understanding of the effect of the programming temperature TD on the shape fixity Rf (Details about model predictions are presented in Supplementary Material S2.4 and Figure S9). When TD is higher or near the Tg, an SMP has a high shape fixity Rf, as the time requires to relax all the nonequilibrium stresses is shorter than the time used for loading at TD and cooling to TL. When TD is decreased to a lower temperature the shape fixity Rf decreases as the nonequilibrium stresses do not have sufficient time to relax. For example, in Fig. 3c, the simulation indicates that for the SMP of 90% BMA + 10% BPA with Tg = 56 °C, Rf is decreased to nearly zero when TD is 25 °C where the polymer chain mobility is significantly reduced and the unrelaxed nonequilibrium stresses are stored as elastic energy.
Figure 3d indicates that the free shape recovery is a function of recovery temperature (Details about how to achieve the free recovery curve are presented in S2.1). We define the shape recovery ratio as Rr = 1−e(t)/(emax−Δe). We use the recovery time t0.95 that corresponds to a 95% shape recovery ratio to measure the shape recovery rate at different recovery temperatures TR24. Within the lab scale experiment time (an hour), the SMP samples were able to realize the 95% shape recovery only at the recovery temperature TR more than 10 °C higher than the SMP's Tg (the measured t0.95 are listed in Table S5). The multi-branch model is also used to simulate the free recovery at different recovery temperatures TR and predict the recovery time t0.95 at different TR s (See Supplementary Material S2.4). Overall, t0.95 increases exponentially with a decreasing TR and for different SMPs, at the same TR, the one with a higher Tg requires a longer recovery time.
Three dimensional printed structures with a single SMP
Figure 4 shows the ability of our additive manufacturing system to create complex 3D structures that exhibit nonlinear large deformation SM behavior. As shown in Fig. 4aI, a spring was fabricated using a SMP with Tg = 43 °C (80% B + 20% P750). We demonstrated the SM effect of the spring by stretching it to a straight strand at 60 °C. The straight strand configuration was fixed (Fig. 4aII) after removing the external load at 20 °C. It recovered the original spring shape (Fig. 4aII–V) after heating back to 60 °C. The complicated nonlinear large deformation SM behavior of the spring was investigated by following the typical SM cycle for a spring with a representative segment (See Supplementary Material S3.3). Figure 4b shows the force-displacement relation when the spring was stretched at 60 °C. The spring becomes extremely stiff as it approaches to its fully unfolded state. The finite element (FE) simulations present the deformation contours in the progress of stretching the spring. Regardless of the maximum deformation on the two ends, the highest principle engineering strain on the main body of the spring was in the range from 70–100% which is about two to three times higher than the failure strain of previously reported SMPs used for 4D printing2, indicating the enhanced mechanical performance which is a necessity for active structures. In "4D printing" where the fourth dimension is "time", a key desire is to control of the actuation rate. For the printed shape memory structures, the actuation rate can be controlled by the recovery temperature24,49. Figure 4c shows the recovery ratio of the stretched spring at different recovery temperatures. Here, the recovery ratio of the SM spring is defined as , where d(t) is the end-to-end displacement during heating, dmax is the maximum displacement before unloading at 20 °C and Δd is the bounce back displacement after unloading. As seen in Fig. 4c, is highly dependent on the recovery temperature. At 60 °C, the spring was fully recovered into the initial shape within 3 mins. The recovery rate was significantly slower at 35 °C where only about 10% recovery took place after 20 mins holding. The SM behavior including the free recovery at different temperatures of the 3D printed spring can be simulated by implementing the multi-branch model into FE software ABAQUS (Simulia, Providence, RI, USA). In Fig. 4c, the FE simulation reproduced the free recovery behavior at different recovery temperatures, indicating that the multi-branch model can be used to design complex 4D printed structures that are made of SMPs and exhibit complex nonlinear large deformation thermomechanical behaviors. Details about FE simulation of SM behavior of this printed spring are described in Supplementary Material S3.3 and Supplementary Movies 1a–d.
3D printed shape memory structures with single material.
(a) A 3D printed shape memory spring (I) was programmed to a straight strand temporary configuration (II) and then recovered to its original shape upon heating (III–V). (b) Experimental characterization and FE simulation were performed to investigate the nonlinear deformation. (c) Experiments and simulations of the free recovery at different temperatures. (d) 3D printed SM Eiffel tower. (e) 3D printed SM stents.
Figure 4d shows a more refined and complex 3D printed structure Eiffel Tower standing on a Singapore dollar. It was printed with the SMP made of 80% B + 20% P750 too. Following the SM cycle, a temporary bent shape (Fig. 4dI) was achieved by bending the Eiffel tower at 60 °C and removing the external load after cooling to 25 °C. After heating back to 60 °C, the bent Eiffel tower gradually recovered its original straight shape (Fig. 4d, Supplementary Movie 2). Figure 4e demonstrates one of the most notable applications of SMPs — cardiovascular stent. Although there have been various efforts directed at fabrication12,32, material and structural characterization12,61,62 and simulations32,63,64,65, the design of the stents has been limited primarily by fabrication methods because traditional manufacturing approaches are usually complex, consisting of multiple time-consuming steps, to achieve the geometric complexity and resolution necessary for stents12,32. Our additive manufacturing system offers the ability to fabricate high resolution 3D shape memory structures with hardly any restriction of geometric complexity. Figure 4eI shows an array of stents printed in one batch with different geometric parameters including the height and the diameter of a stent, the number of joints, the diameter of ligaments and the angle between ligaments. In Fig. 4eII, a 3D printed stent was programmed into the temporary shape with a smaller diameter for minimally invasive surgery. After heating, the stent was recovered into the original shape with a larger diameter used to expand a narrowed artery. The finite element (FE) simulation shown in Fig. 4eII gives an insight into the local large deformation that occurs in the temporary shape and renders existing additive manufacturing systems and materials infeasible. The simulations provide a guide for the material selection based on the understanding of the thermomechanical properties from Fig. 2.
Three dimensional printed structures with multiple SMPs
Figure 5 demonstrates the printing of a 3D printed structure with multiple SMPs - multimaterial grippers that have the potential to function as microgrippers13 that can grab objects, or drug delivery devices33,66 that can release objects. Figure 5aI shows a number of multimaterial grippers with different designs including different sizes and numbers of digits (comparing
Mediahost.sk 2013 | I want web like this.


text:
HERO10 Black
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ASP Announces GoPro as sponsor of the WCT and BWWT
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SANTA MONICA, CA (Feb. 26, 2014) - The Association of Surfing Professionals (ASP) is pleased to announce GoPro, maker of lightweight, wearable and gear-mounted cameras that transform the way consumers and professionals capture and share meaningful content, as the exclusive camera sponsor for the Samsung Galaxy ASP World Championship Tour (WCT) and the ASP Big Wave World Tour (BWWT).
As part of the partnership, ASP will be integrating GoPro content into event coverage. The footage will provide fans across the world with new and unique viewpoints of the elite athletes as they compete.
"We're thrilled to welcome GoPro into the ASP family and work with them to showcase the extraordinary abilities of our world-class athletes," said ASP CEO, Paul Speaker. "ASP's partnership with GoPro will add an exciting new dimension to our event coverage and help us tell the stories of the world's best surfers on the world's best waves from a unique new point of view."
ASP's top-of-class programming will now include an exclusive wave preview captured by an ASP athlete, called the GoPro Breakdown, which will give fans an insight into the world-class waves at each stop. Select events will also feature GoPro cameras mounted on athletes' boards during competition, adding a dramatic and dynamic point of view to the coverage and allowing audiences to witness first hand the incredible skills of professional surfers. In addition, five ASP Tour stops will host video contests where athletes will be rewarded for unique content captured during competition and/or free surfs. A panel of judges will award the winning clips a cash prize.GoPro footage captured from ASP's elite surfers will be available to fans around the globe, taking viewers down the lines and deep into barrels of these world-renowned waves.
"The core of our brand is rooted in surf, and for many of us here at GoPro, this is a dream realized to be a part of the ASP Tour," said GoPro Founder and CEO, Nicholas Woodman. "We are stoked to be part of this next evolution in professional surfing and hope that GoPro can help attract new fans to the sport and give lifelong fans new ways to enjoy the coverage of the tour."
11-time ASP World Champion and GoPro-sponsored surfer Kelly Slater commented on the partnership, saying, "This camera started from surfing and it's only fitting that it's tied in deeper with the surfing World Tour. Having firsthand shots of guys in competition will draw everyone much closer to the action, create a totally different experience for everyone watching, and get the surfers psyched to share that with the world. I can't wait to see what the first year of GoPro sponsorship brings to the people wanting to get up close and personal with the surfers in heats and around the event."
In addition to sponsorship news, GoPro also announced the addition of Brazilian surf phenom, Gabriel Medina, along with Basque ASP competitor, Aritz Aranburu, to the GoPro Surf Team. Fellow GoPro riders Alana Blanchard and Lakey Peterson are set to compete on the Women's World Championship Tour this 2014 season.
The first stop on the 2014 Samsung Galaxy ASP World Championship Tour is the Quiksilver and Roxy Pro Gold Coast from March 1 – 12.
The event will be webcast live via aspworldtour.com and youtube.com/ASP
ASP Contact
Dave Prodan, SVP Communication
dprodan@aspworldtour.com
Amy Denman, Communications Manager
adenman@aspworldtour.com
GoPro Contact
Katie Kilbride, Media Relations Manager
kkilbride@gopro.com
About ASP
The Association of Surfing Professionals (ASP) is the sole governing body of professional surfing. Crowning surfing's undisputed world champions since 1976, the ASP sanctions the following tours: the ASP World Championship Tours (WCT), the ASP Qualification Series (QS), the Big Wave World Tour, the ASP World Longboard Championship (WLC) and the ASP World Junior Championship (WJC).
The ASP is dedicated to showcasing the world's best surfers in the world's best waves with the International organization supported by seven regional offices in Africa, Australasia, Europe, Hawaii, Japan, North America, and South America. The ASP serves to celebrate and grow the history, elite athletes, diverse fans and dedicated partners that together embody professional surfing today.
For more information, log onto www.aspworldtour.com
About GoPro
GoPro's versatile cameras and accessories enable people to self-capture immersive and engaging footage of themselves enjoying their favorite activities. From extreme to mainstream, GoPro's HERO® line of wearable and gear-mountable capture devices are transforming the way consumers, professional athletes, and video production professionals capture, manage and share meaningful photo and video content. Based in San Mateo, California, GoPro's products are sold through more than 25,000 stores in over 100 countries worldwide and direct via GoPro.com. GoPro branded content is shared and enjoyed by millions of people on popular media channels such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Vimeo and YouTube.
GOPRO® and HERO® are trademarks or registered trademarks of GoPro, Inc. in the United States and other countries.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
An Overdue Examination of Detroit's Forgotten Rape Kits
by Annie Waldman
Aug. 1, 2016, 8 a.m. EDT
Over 11,000 untested rape kits were found in a Detroit police warehouse in 2009. Some of the kits – many containing the DNA of attackers needed for prosecution -- were decades old, leaving hundreds of victims without any hope for justice.
Detroit is by no means the only city that has faced such a large backlog of rape kits in recent years. Memphis recently uncovered 12,000; Cleveland, 4,000; and Miami, nearly 3,000.
But what set Detroit apart was the city's innovative approach in dealing with the forgotten kits, turning a story of scandal into one of triumph. In her piece for Elle Magazine, Anna Clark tells the story of the rape kits and the county prosecutor who made it her mission to investigate every single case.
Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy (AP Photo/Paul Sancya)
Clark spent several months earning the trust of a woman whose rape kit went untested for nearly two decades.
Clark: I really wanted to be worthy of that kind of trust. It's a challenge to approach somebody, meet them for the very first time and say, "Hey, you don't know me. You don't even know this magazine, and I'm going to ask you to tell me about the worst thing that ever happened to you." That's a lot to ask. If I were in her shoes, I would be skeptical. I think it helped that we didn't start out trying to do the big, huge "Everything That Happened" interview first thing. We did talk by phone a few times and she told the story, but in a sort of glossed over, shorter version. Mostly, we were able to get a feel for each other in those first phone conversations. I think that helped.
Detroit is investigating the forgotten rape kits one by one, but that doesn't mean justice for all victims.
Clark: There are folks like Ardelia who have eventually gotten justice and that's tremendous. That is a tremendous thing. I think it's also important to know that there are folks like Ona who, even if by some miracle her thirty-plus-year-old rape kit was able to still be tested and still be determined who did this to her, that person could not be prosecuted because of statute of limitation laws. There is this "undoneness" to the story that I believe really haunts her.
The county prosecutor took an unprecedented approach to tackling the rape kit backlog.
Clark: What the prosecutor's office did was initially patch together some different funding, especially funding from the Department of Justice. Detroit got these very large grants some years ago that made it possible for them to take over the processing of the kits from the police department and eventually contract with different forensics labs around the country to move through them. It created a whole unique team within its department: a task force about sexual assault kits. They developed a powerful victim center protocol for how to approach people when they're ready to move forward with their kits: How do you tell people about it? How do you reach out? It's a wonderful process. They collaborate with a lot of partners. Eventually they developed a program called "Enough Said" which is basically a crowdfunding program to continue raising the funds for the testing, investigation and prosecution of 11,341 backlogged kits.
The forgotten rape kits are emblematic of sexism in the criminal justice system, says Clark.
Clark: It showcases historic habits of the full criminal justice system not taking crimes against women seriously. I think there's just no question that there's a lot of sexism baked into this. Of course, some of this kits are men too and children. There are different kinds of folks who are victims. But the majority are women and I think that the reason a lot of these kits weren't tested, the way they were justified by the police department, a lot of it came down to victim blaming. Like if it was their boyfriend, or if they had been doing something illegal, the officers just chalked it up to it basically being the victim's fault. I think that this is just such poisonous thinking.
Listen to this podcast on iTunes, SoundCloud or Stitcher. For more, read Clark's story.
Annie Waldman
Annie Waldman is a reporter at ProPublica covering education.
@AnnieWaldman
How the Red Cross Raised Half a Billion Dollars for Haiti and Built Six Homes


Watsontown, PA warehouse, just minutes from U.S. Route 15 and Interstate 80. Warehouse includes over 1.2 million square feet of storage facilities.
Our Global Distribution network allows us to support you anywhere around the world. We can ship same day for AOG situations, with access to several airports and international flights within close proximity, allowing for almost any location to be reached quickly.


text:
Diamond Equity Atlanta Reviews 770-766-7061
3850 Holcomb Bridge Road, Suite 280
We'll Buy YOUR House:
"As Is"– You Make NO Repairs!
Quick Cash Closing–NO Mortgage Companies delaying Closing!
No Agent Fees–NO Commissions
& NO Hidden Costs!
We'll Even Handle the Cleanout!
Leave Unwanted Items Behind!!
Diamond Equity Atlanta Reviews from Past Sellers
Kelly said, "My father had surgery-time for him to get one level home. You Guys were awesome!"
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Jean said, "Done in a very timely manner. Liked to Sell it As Is!"
Jackie Said, "There was mold & structural problems, so we decided to sell to Diamond Equity-paid off our mortgage and gave us walking money, Diamond Equity made it right!"
Mr Bryant said, "Quickness, smoothness, & honesty."
Belinda said, "Trying to renovate it-just overwhelming…2 years later we chose to just sell it as is."
Bob & Lynne said, "We agreed on a fair price. It was very simple & very quick"
Have a House For Sale?
Steve said, "You were professional, the other buyers…you made is easy coming to us with the paperwork"
Nathan said, "Chose Diamond-they would take it (buy) with people (tenants) living in the house. "
Just Sell it "As-Is" Diamond Equity Atlanta Review Videos Below
Tommy said, "Needed a change. Issues (with the house) kept poppin up. Everything went well"
Noel said, "Bad Contractor experience-had to sell. You people are honest & make the house beautiful!"
John & Tammy Said, "Just don't have that much effort to put it. You would just take it As-Is! I like that-it was good experience"
Shannon said, "Got a letter in the mail. Like the fact that you're going to fix my house-make it better for the whole community. My mom's house-very special to me."
We Buy Houses in the Atlanta, GA Region Diamond Equity Atlanta Reviews
Mike Said, "Didn't have the time or the money to put into it-figure I'd Just Sell it As Is"
Phil & Cynthia said, "Home needed fixing up-two mortgages. Able to get it done, processed-closing went EXCELLENT!"
Quick Closing Available
Tammy Said, "Sister did a number on the house…good time to sell it. Saw the Diamond Equity TV commercial and called-process was really really easy-so much less stressful"
Bernard said, "Checked with some realtors, but felt comfortable with you. You gave me the right answers"
Mr. & Mrs. Holt said, "Burned down house. Take that risk away from Us. Very professional people-by far."
Linda & Willie said, "Didn't have time to maintain properly. Shared Driveway caused a problem-but we got the property sold!"
Craig said, "She couldn't handle the repairs or keeping up with the tax payments. I've got.. a real estate background-Actually, it's probably the SMOOTHEST TRANSACTION I've ever seen!"
Hannah said, "Owner lives overseas, so it took longer to get the documents…that caused the delay. You gave us money in advance. $15,000. Which was really helpful to us. Thank you Al."
Alex Said, "Felt like working with you was our best option-Al even helped get the moving process going"
Diane said, "You would buy it "As-Is" & I knew there were a few problems with the house. Didn't go with an agent because that would take too long."
Saul said, "Needed to Move fast & save property from tax sale. You guys went the extra mile!"
Rudy said, "House is 100 years old and needed full rehab. Sell it as is.. & get the best money for the value of the house!"
Nick & Donna said, "We needed to downsize. It's a Quicker, Faster Process! No problems, so nice, it was actually enjoyable!"
Darlene said, "My Father passed away and the home was an hour away (from us). When we were going through everything there was a correspondence from Diamond Equity. There was a reason my dad saved it-so we called"
Terry said, "The ability to Sell it As Is-and you communicated every step of the way. We were very pleased with how smooth everything was and how honest you were. Very professional."
Paula said, " I received a very professional advertisement in the mail with photos-so I knew who I was letting in my house-I wasn't letting a stranger in the house! Communication was 100%. Not a Problem at All! "
Barbara & Lou said, "Very honest, very straightforward. You made it very easy on us. We didn't have to do that much thinking about the property and all the paperwork was taken care of…I appreciate that."
Kimberly said, "Needed the money for my mom. Agents take too much time-Just wanted to sell it as is!"
Tom said, "Very personable & very honest. Need a lot of upgrades. Great opportunity to sell the house as is"
Deanna said, "On the market about 3 months, it just wasn't moving. The fact that it was being sold "as-is"…super easy, super easy process. Diamond Equity was pretty quick about it and responded very fast!"
Robert said, "Google search-be done with the house. I was in Florida-been retired-house in Philadelphia"
Susan said, "Father moved in with us & Sister was a hoarder. Place was a mess- Diamond Equity a much better way to go"
Fila said, "Looked into Diamond Equity-kinda liked you guys! (House) Needs a lot of repairs. 15-20 mins & it's done!!"
Carol said, "The house is too big. Too many stairs. That was my big reason…I asked for extra time-the closing date was set earlier-but you gave me an extra two weeks-so I could get everything I needed outta there."
Barry said, "Gone 5 years-living in Florida. Have another property I'll sell (you). I was satisfied!"
Anthony said, "Easiest solution..house was run down. Didn't feel like listing with RE Agent"
Raianna said, "Sold because.. too much space. We closed quickly-no issues-went smoothly"
Jerry said, "Property was a burden. Tenants trashed unit-taxes-a burden. Wanted Something Quicker."
Ming said, "It was a wonderful experience to us-very helpful to remove the bad tenant"
Steve said, "Tenant troubles-You guys straightened it out & closed in 15 mins. A+ BBB Rating. George did a great job!"
Lisa said, "My dad's house-he's elderly and can't keep it up. Al took care of everything"
Assandra said, "It was my mother's house & it was just time to sell. I can recommend Al if you need to sell quickly!!"
Joseph said, "Needed money. Pipes busted. I'm glad I got it closed!"
Terry & James Said "This has been a bittersweet moment for me. You helped me a lot. I adore you.."
Ready to Get an "As-is" Cash Offer?
Dan Breslin,
We Buy Houses FAST
We Also Buy Condos &
The Atlanta Regional Home Buying Team
Austin Stack
Atlanta, GA Region
Jean Zambrano
"Se hablo espanol"
Rory Shackleford
James Harris
Natan Sherman
Ready to Just Sell it "As-Is"?
Request Your Cash Offer Now
Please Provide the Following Info
Check Out a Few Before & After Photos from Our Recent Renovation Projects (slide to reveal)
*Guarantee Details-Guarantee payout amount set by Diamond Equity Investments Acquisition Manager according to the agreed purchase price of the house. Typical guarantee amount is between 1%-5% of the purchase price. Guarantee limited to instances where Diamond Equity Investments, or it's subsidiaries, do not perform (ie Close) on the contract. In instances where the closing must be delayed due to title clearance issues, occupancy issues, weather conditions, or acts of God, the Guarantee will not be paid, as Diamond Equity Investments would be considered still performing on the agreement.
© 2006-2020 Diamond Equity Investments
Just Sell it As-Is!! We Buy Houses Atlanta We Buy Houses Chicago We Buy Houses Philadelphia


text:
Die Simmerner Mulde ist eine eingesenkte Hochmulde des Mittelgebirges Hunsrück in Rheinland-Pfalz, Deutschland.

Geografie
Die Simmerner Mulde wird im Süden und Osten abgegrenzt vom Lützelsoon, dem Soonwald und dem Binger Wald. Im Westen und Norden wird die Mulde durch den Idarwald sowie die langsam ansteigende Hochfläche zwischen Kappel und Kastellaun eingegrenzt. Die durchschnittliche Höhe beträgt 350 m ü. NN.

Geologie
Die Böden bestehen aus tonigem Schieferverwitterungsgestein, Lehm und Ton.

Landschaftsnutzung
Die Landschaft ist vielseitig, neben forstwirtschaftlicher Nutzung mit Laub- und Nadelwald werden die Hochflächen ackerbaulich genutzt. Durch die flachen Wiesentäler fließen Bäche vornehmlich in südlicher Richtung ab.

Weblinks
  (BfN: Landschaftssteckbrief)
  (Untere Simmerner Mulde)
  (Obere Simmerner Mulde)

Geographie (Hunsrück)
Landschaft in Rheinland-Pfalz
! Simmerner Mulde
Geographie (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package span

import (
	"strconv"

	api "git.fd.io/govpp.git/api"
	codec "git.fd.io/govpp.git/codec"
	interface_types "go.ligato.io/vpp-agent/v3/plugins/vpp/binapi/vpp2005/interface_types"
)

// This is a compile-time assertion to ensure that this generated file
// is compatible with the GoVPP api package it is being compiled against.
// A compilation error at this line likely means your copy of the
// GoVPP api package needs to be updated.
const _ = api.GoVppAPIPackageIsVersion2

const (
	APIFile    = "span"
	APIVersion = "2.0.0"
	VersionCrc = 0x9f4dec7c
)

// SpanState defines enum 'span_state'.
type SpanState uint32

const (
	SPAN_STATE_API_DISABLED SpanState = 0
	SPAN_STATE_API_RX       SpanState = 1
	SPAN_STATE_API_TX       SpanState = 2
	SPAN_STATE_API_RX_TX    SpanState = 3
)

var (
	SpanState_name = map[uint32]string{
		0: "SPAN_STATE_API_DISABLED",
		1: "SPAN_STATE_API_RX",
		2: "SPAN_STATE_API_TX",
		3: "SPAN_STATE_API_RX_TX",
	}
	SpanState_value = map[string]uint32{
		"SPAN_STATE_API_DISABLED": 0,
		"SPAN_STATE_API_RX":       1,
		"SPAN_STATE_API_TX":       2,
		"SPAN_STATE_API_RX_TX":    3,
	}
)

func (x SpanState) String() string {
	s, ok := SpanState_name[uint32(x)]
	if ok {
		return s
	}
	return "SpanState(" + strconv.Itoa(int(x)) + ")"
}

// SwInterfaceSpanDetails defines message 'sw_interface_span_details'.
type SwInterfaceSpanDetails struct {
	SwIfIndexFrom interface_types.InterfaceIndex `binapi:"interface_index,name=sw_if_index_from" json:"sw_if_index_from,omitempty"`
	SwIfIndexTo   interface_types.InterfaceIndex `binapi:"interface_index,name=sw_if_index_to" json:"sw_if_index_to,omitempty"`
	State         SpanState                      `binapi:"span_state,name=state" json:"state,omitempty"`
	IsL2          bool                           `binapi:"bool,name=is_l2" json:"is_l2,omitempty"`
}

func (m *SwInterfaceSpanDetails) Reset()               { *m = SwInterfaceSpanDetails{} }
func (*SwInterfaceSpanDetails) GetMessageName() string { return "sw_interface_span_details" }
func (*SwInterfaceSpanDetails) GetCrcString() string   { return "055643fc" }
func (*SwInterfaceSpanDetails) GetMessageType() api.MessageType {
	return api.ReplyMessage
}

func (m *SwInterfaceSpanDetails) Size() (size int) {
	if m == nil {
		return 0
	}
	size += 4 // m.SwIfIndexFrom
	size += 4 // m.SwIfIndexTo
	size += 4 // m.State
	size += 1 // m.IsL2
	return size
}
func (m *SwInterfaceSpanDetails) Marshal(b []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	if b == nil {
		b = make([]byte, m.Size())
	}
	buf := codec.NewBuffer(b)
	buf.EncodeUint32(uint32(m.SwIfIndexFrom))
	buf.EncodeUint32(uint32(m.SwIfIndexTo))
	buf.EncodeUint32(uint32(m.State))
	buf.EncodeBool(m.IsL2)
	return buf.Bytes(), nil
}
func (m *SwInterfaceSpanDetails) Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
	buf := codec.NewBuffer(b)
	m.SwIfIndexFrom = interface_types.InterfaceIndex(buf.DecodeUint32())
	m.SwIfIndexTo = interface_types.InterfaceIndex(buf.DecodeUint32())
	m.State = SpanState(buf.DecodeUint32())
	m.IsL2 = buf.DecodeBool()
	return nil
}

// SwInterfaceSpanDump defines message 'sw_interface_span_dump'.
type SwInterfaceSpanDump struct {
	IsL2 bool `binapi:"bool,name=is_l2" json:"is_l2,omitempty"`
}

func (m *SwInterfaceSpanDump) Reset()               { *m = SwInterfaceSpanDump{} }
func (*SwInterfaceSpanDump) GetMessageName() string { return "sw_interface_span_dump" }
func (*SwInterfaceSpanDump) GetCrcString() string   { return "d6cf0c3d" }
func (*SwInterfaceSpanDump) GetMessageType() api.MessageType {
	return api.RequestMessage
}

func (m *SwInterfaceSpanDump) Size() (size int) {
	if m == nil {
		return 0
	}
	size += 1 // m.IsL2
	return size
}
func (m *SwInterfaceSpanDump) Marshal(b []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	if b == nil {
		b = make([]byte, m.Size())
	}
	buf := codec.NewBuffer(b)
	buf.EncodeBool(m.IsL2)
	return buf.Bytes(), nil
}
func (m *SwInterfaceSpanDump) Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
	buf := codec.NewBuffer(b)
	m.IsL2 = buf.DecodeBool()
	return nil
}

// SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisable defines message 'sw_interface_span_enable_disable'.
type SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisable struct {
	SwIfIndexFrom interface_types.InterfaceIndex `binapi:"interface_index,name=sw_if_index_from" json:"sw_if_index_from,omitempty"`
	SwIfIndexTo   interface_types.InterfaceIndex `binapi:"interface_index,name=sw_if_index_to" json:"sw_if_index_to,omitempty"`
	State         SpanState                      `binapi:"span_state,name=state" json:"state,omitempty"`
	IsL2          bool                           `binapi:"bool,name=is_l2" json:"is_l2,omitempty"`
}

func (m *SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisable) Reset() { *m = SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisable{} }
func (*SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisable) GetMessageName() string {
	return "sw_interface_span_enable_disable"
}
func (*SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisable) GetCrcString() string { return "acc8fea1" }
func (*SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisable) GetMessageType() api.MessageType {
	return api.RequestMessage
}

func (m *SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisable) Size() (size int) {
	if m == nil {
		return 0
	}
	size += 4 // m.SwIfIndexFrom
	size += 4 // m.SwIfIndexTo
	size += 4 // m.State
	size += 1 // m.IsL2
	return size
}
func (m *SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisable) Marshal(b []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	if b == nil {
		b = make([]byte, m.Size())
	}
	buf := codec.NewBuffer(b)
	buf.EncodeUint32(uint32(m.SwIfIndexFrom))
	buf.EncodeUint32(uint32(m.SwIfIndexTo))
	buf.EncodeUint32(uint32(m.State))
	buf.EncodeBool(m.IsL2)
	return buf.Bytes(), nil
}
func (m *SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisable) Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
	buf := codec.NewBuffer(b)
	m.SwIfIndexFrom = interface_types.InterfaceIndex(buf.DecodeUint32())
	m.SwIfIndexTo = interface_types.InterfaceIndex(buf.DecodeUint32())
	m.State = SpanState(buf.DecodeUint32())
	m.IsL2 = buf.DecodeBool()
	return nil
}

// SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisableReply defines message 'sw_interface_span_enable_disable_reply'.
type SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisableReply struct {
	Retval int32 `binapi:"i32,name=retval" json:"retval,omitempty"`
}

func (m *SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisableReply) Reset() { *m = SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisableReply{} }
func (*SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisableReply) GetMessageName() string {
	return "sw_interface_span_enable_disable_reply"
}
func (*SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisableReply) GetCrcString() string { return "e8d4e804" }
func (*SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisableReply) GetMessageType() api.MessageType {
	return api.ReplyMessage
}

func (m *SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisableReply) Size() (size int) {
	if m == nil {
		return 0
	}
	size += 4 // m.Retval
	return size
}
func (m *SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisableReply) Marshal(b []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	if b == nil {
		b = make([]byte, m.Size())
	}
	buf := codec.NewBuffer(b)
	buf.EncodeInt32(m.Retval)
	return buf.Bytes(), nil
}
func (m *SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisableReply) Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
	buf := codec.NewBuffer(b)
	m.Retval = buf.DecodeInt32()
	return nil
}

func init() { file_span_binapi_init() }
func file_span_binapi_init() {
	api.RegisterMessage((*SwInterfaceSpanDetails)(nil), "sw_interface_span_details_055643fc")
	api.RegisterMessage((*SwInterfaceSpanDump)(nil), "sw_interface_span_dump_d6cf0c3d")
	api.RegisterMessage((*SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisable)(nil), "sw_interface_span_enable_disable_acc8fea1")
	api.RegisterMessage((*SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisableReply)(nil), "sw_interface_span_enable_disable_reply_e8d4e804")
}

// Messages returns list of all messages in this module.
func AllMessages() []api.Message {
	return []api.Message{
		(*SwInterfaceSpanDetails)(nil),
		(*SwInterfaceSpanDump)(nil),
		(*SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisable)(nil),
		(*SwInterfaceSpanEnableDisableReply)(nil),
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
India – Marching fast towards technological self-reliance, resilience!
India is marching fast towards technological self-reliance and resilience. The National Technology Day, which we celebrate every year on May 11, reminds us of our collective resolve and aspirations to be technologically empowered to meet domestic and global challenges. The day saw India joining the elite group of countries with nuclear weapons by successfully conducting three nuclear tests under 'Operation Shakti' at Pokhran, Rajasthan. It proved a watershed moment in our pursuits to achieve 'Aatmanirbharta' in the field of science and technology.
Today India is leaving nothing unturned to make the most of technological advancement and upgradation in every critical field. From health to education, defence to agriculture, concerted efforts are on for technological interventions. These are not only creating more jobs, enhancing exports but are also helping people improve their ease of life. Technological evolution must be in sync with human needs, which is precisely happening in our country today.
Our Information Technology (IT) roadmap for the defence is not only in consonance with contemporary technologies being used by advanced nations but is also aligned to our defence needs. The IT Roadmap for defence includes ongoing and future tri-services information and communication technology (ICT) projects leading to effective use of ICT in areas such as network centric operations, information security, planning, stores management, and general administration.
Advanced electronic warfare system 'Shakti' was designed and developed by the Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL), Hyderabad, was handed over to the Indian Navy last year. Indigenous aircraft carrier 'Vikrant' successfully accomplished its maiden sea voyage last year. This milestone with few parallels reinforces confidence in the largest indigenously designed platform of the Indian Navy and the resolve of countrymen in our quest for Atmanirbhar Bharat.
It is a matter of delight that the Central and state governments are committed to the promotion of technologies. Accordingly, a number of measures have been taken. In order to build an overall semiconductor ecosystem and ensure that it in turn catalyses India's rapidly expanding electronics manufacturing and innovation ecosystem, the Central government has approved 'Semicon India' programme with a total outlay of Rs 76,000 crore for the development of semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem in our country.
However, complacency has no place in today's dynamic and competitive time, which has transformed the whole world into one integrated economy where only those will survive and thrive who are the best, cost effective and visionary. Technology changes much faster than what we visualize! It is, therefore, necessary for our researchers, scientists and experts to foresee the things and plan ourselves accordingly. We all know CoWin, a digital platform which made our combat against Covid-19 so resilient. Similarly, 'Aarogya Setu' app brought us together in our resolute fight against the coronavirus. It happened because we rose to the occasion.
As an emerging technological hub, we must focus on making technologies affordable. Drones have a huge use in pesticide and nutrient application. But can all farmers afford drones? Perhaps, not! It is a challenge as well as an opportunity for researchers and other stakeholders to make cheaper drones and robots for their mass usage. Similarly, we do discuss a lot about the use of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Robotic Process Automation, Edge Computing, Quantum Computing, Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality, Blockchain, Internet of Things, 5G, Cyber Security and so on.
How well prepared are we in terms of roadmaps, strategies and action plans to put these technologies to a wider use? We need to be fast and well prepared in use of newer technologies so that we can think of the things going to happen at the next level. We need to always remember that we have to compete with the best in the world. There is a need for all stakeholders to complement the initiatives of the government to make India technologically empowered.
I am of the firm opinion that we will realize the grand objective of 'Digital India' only by putting in our best of efforts. Our students, researchers, scientists and faculty members have to play a bigger and proactive role in being innovative! The time of run-of-the-mill kind of ideas is over! It's an age of out-of-the-box thinking. It is the age of manufacturing and entrepreneurship. Our youth have the potential and determination to be agents of perform and reform! As great monk Swami Vivekananda said – 'Arise awake and stop not until the goal is reached!
(The views are strictly personal of the author.)
Author : Shri Bandaru Dattatraya Hon'ble Governor, Haryana
Subject : India – Marching fast towards technological self-reliance, resilience!


By Matt Mauney | Staff Writer The high school volleyball season is just around the corner, and area teams are gearing up to build on last year's success. One school, Plant City High, will usher in a new era with new head coach Jessie Thorton.
By Matt Mauney | Staff Writer Many athletes play multiple sports growing up. Growing up in Luton, England, just north of London, new Plant City High School cross country coach Luke Beevor was no different.
The Plant City YMCA 8- and 9-year-old basketball team, the Celtics, finished the season undefeated Aug. 17.
The Brandon TOPSoccer Program, which gives children with special needs an opportunity to learn and play soccer, is accepting registration until Sept. 8.
Registration is under way for the 46th season of the Plant City Recreation and Parks Department/Optimist Youth Flag Football Program.
Registration for the fall season of the Plant City Parks and Recreation Department Adult Softball League will continue through Aug. 31.
By Matt Mauney | Staff Writer Darius Way is just a normal teenager. The 17-year-old Plant City resident does well in school and has a close group of friends. And through the Brandon TOPSoccer program, Darius, diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome, has enjoyed weekly soccer games for 11 years.


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Nov 30, 2016. Whether your child is a toddler or a teenager, they will occasionally suffer from diarrhea, upset tummy, excessive burping, abdominal pain, or heartburn. Sometimes stress from a big event in a child's life – such as the first day of school, exams, or a sporting event – triggers a digestive upset. However, when.
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Southern Florida is experiencing an unprecedented population expansion of several exotic avian species. To understand the impact of introduced species on the native bird community, I censused two transects that spanned older, urban, closed canopy (ca. 60 yr.- old) to more recent (< 20 yr-old) suburban, open canopy habitats in Miami-Dade County, Florida for a 12-mo period. The recently introduced Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) was the most abundant species (92.7 birds/km2), but density varied across transects with lowest density (2.87 birds/km2) in older-growth habitat compared to the maximum density (210 birds/km2) in young habitat. The European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) was second in abundance at 79.1 birds/km2. The Boat-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus major) was the third most abundant species (67.5 birds/km2). The Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), considered to be threatened by the Collared Dove (Simberloff et al. 1997, Schmitz and Brown 1994), was the next most abundant at (66.1 birds/km2). The House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) was evenly distributed and consistently averaged 52.5 birds/km 2. The Rock Dove (Columba livia) averaged 39.7 birds/km2 and was absent from older areas with high canopy cover. The Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) averaged 34.5 birds/km2 and was the most evenly distributed species in the study area. The Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) was also evenly distributed and averaged 16.9 birds/km 2. The introduced Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus), considered an agricultural pest, averaged 9.70 birds/km 2, with peak abundance in recently developed habitats (22.8 birds/km2) and none observed in older urban areas. The Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus) was consistently observed at 6.07 birds/km2. Introduced species are a numerically dominant component of the urban avifauna in Miami, composing over 53% of the resident bird population.
Abdelrahman, Omar Zaid, "The distribution and abundance of the exotic and native urban avifauna in Miami-Dade County Florida" (2000). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1062.


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Biopesticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk) and israelensis (Bti) spores and toxins are widely used to control insect pests, increasing environmental risks to non-target biodiversity. Here, we tested for potential effects of larval ingestion of Bt commercial formulations on Drosophila species. Doses equivalent to those recommended for field application (⩽106 CFU/g of fly medium) had no effect whereas Btk doses 10 to 100-fold higher (107-108 CFU/g) altered the development (decreased emergence due to larval mortality and increased development time), and moderately influenced adult fitness-related traits. At the highest Btk and Bti dose (109 CFU/g), all larvae died before pupation. The impact of Btk formulations resulted from the spores/cleaved toxins synergy, but also additives. While recommended doses had no effect on non-target Drosophila species, the accumulation of Bt bioinsecticides in the environment could have adverse side-effects on the populations of these species and therefore their associated communities.


BACKGROUND Terri Best is the founder and Artistic Director of Terri Best Dance. She received her early training at the American Dance Academy in San Luis Obispo, California under the directorship of Pat Jackson, and later moved to Los Angeles to continue her ballet studies with Eva Ralf and Paul Maure, modern with Bill and Jacqui Landrum, jazz with Jaime Rogers, Joe Bennett and Ben Lokey, and Luigi technique with Hama. She performed both locally and abroad as a principal dancer with the Los Angeles Jazz Dance Company, and also appeared in the Dolly Parton & Kenny Rogers Christmas Special, the American Choreography Awards, and in numerous music videos and industrials. Her choreography for television and theater includes the 15th Annual Golden Eagle Awards, Star Trek: Phase II, commercials for McDonald's and Pacific Resident Theater's production of Noel Coward's Tonight at 8:30, which received the L.A. Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Production of the Year (2000).
COMPANY Recipient of the 2008 Lester Horton Award for Outstanding Achievement in Performance by a Small Ensemble, Terri Best Dance has performed at the Los Angeles Dance Invitational, Celebrate Dance, Pasadena Dance Festival, and the Dance Under the Stars Choreography Festival, where Terri was a finalist for her choreography in 2009 (Duet and Recollected), 2010 (Through the Desert) and 2011 (Threshold). They have received a total of four Lester Horton Award nominations, including Outstanding Achievement in Short Form Choreography and Outstanding Achievement in Performance by a Company. Terri's work has also been commissioned by the L.A. Contemporary Dance Company, Commonality Dance Company and the Trudl Zipper Dance Institute, and performed at the Luckman, Alex, Nate Holden, El Portal, Diavolo, Japan America Theater, Zipper Hall, McCallum Theater and the Pasadena Civic Auditorium, among other venues.
TEACHING Terri is the honored recipient of the 2008 Stanley Holden Award for Distinguished Teaching, presented by Edward Villella at the 9th Annual Los Angeles Dance Invitational. She was on faculty at Dupree Dance Academy from 1980-1990, and is presently on faculty at EDGE Performing Arts Center in Los Angeles where, since 1993, she has trained and prepared numerous dancers for professional careers. Her students can be seen dancing in film and on television, on Broadway and in dance companies. Terri has also worked with students in the Professional Training Program at the Colburn School, and has been a guest teacher at Loyola Marymount University and the Los Angeles County High School of the Arts. She conducts master classes and workshops throughout the U.S. and abroad, including the International Summercourses at Balettakademien in Stockholm, Sweden, workshops at the Performing Arts Studios in Munich, Germany, Estudio Profesional de Danza Ema Pulido in Mexico City, and at Peridance and Broadway Dance Center in New York City.