The "screen" wall shielding the entrance to the galleries.
Song Dong's sketches for the design of Canceled: Exhibiting Experimental Art in China in the Smart Museum of Art, University of Chicago, ink and watercolor on paper, 2000. 10 3/16 in. x 7 1/4 in. (25.9 cm x 18.4 cm).
©2002 The University of Chicago.


text:
A step by step guide to build a cap table
When preparing financial rounds, investors usually ask for cap tables (short version for "capitalization table"). Basically, this is a list or spreadsheet with an overview of all shareholders who have a participation on your company. Sounds easy? But in fact it isn't, especially in later financing rounds. Why? Well, in the easiest case is the simple share distribution to founders and investors round by round, but in practice the deal structures are more complex. Typically, due to special rights and agreements, the allocation of equity shares deviates from voting rights and from money proceeds distributed after a cash event like an exit (e.g. a trade sale or an IPO). Very often it is complex enough to hire (and pay) external consultants and lawyers to reproduce the contractually fixed distribution and it is a frequent discussion point in due diligence processes on that way. Thus, it is worth paying some attention right from the beginning.
To better understand the importance of building a clear and complete cap table from the beginning, here are some questions of interest to you and your prospect investors that the cap table will help you answer:
How much money have founders and other investors invested to gain what share on the startup and how has their equity position changed with each financing round?
How big are the company's Employee Stock Option Programs (ESOP)?
How has the valuation of the company and the share price evolved over time?
How much money will be distributed to each shareholder if the company is eventually sold?
How are voting rights distributed among shareholders?
Let us walk you through the construction of a cap table highlighting key aspects you need to consider before beginning the funding round research for your startup.
Initial cap table
Usually, founders start with a simple Excel spreadsheet or alike. In later stages, you can use specialized tools like Reporting.VC or Ledgy that make it more convenient and comprehensive. At the very beginning you start to represent your founder's equity structure. Let us consider the following example: You are a team of two founders, one owning 60% and the other one 40% of a German GmbH (limited liability holding). The total initial investment accounts for 25.000 € (15.000 € paid by founder 1 and 10.000 € by founder 2). For each Euro paid in, the founders receive one share (defined as the nominal value), which typically represents the voting rights in shareholder meetings, but also the distribution of cash in liquidity events (e.g. the liquidation of the company, payment of dividends etc.).
This is how the first cap table would look like in our example:
To grow your business, you will need to start looking for funds with investors who will certainly ask you to comply with some requirements and provide them with specific information in your cap table to assess your business. Let us look at key aspects that you should consider when building your cap table.
First investment round: Angel investors
Typically, startups invite external investors (everything from Business Angels to international Venture Capital funds) as new shareholders to provide fresh capital in an investment round. Initially, early capital will often be provided by angel investors (business angels). Before receiving the funds, a pre-money valuation of the venture is agreed between you and the investors, and an investment amount for this round will be settled accordingly. These values (pre-money valuation and investment amount) are registered in the cap table and a post-money valuation is then calculated by adding the investors funding amount to the pre-money valuation.
Let's consider you agreed on a pre-money valuation of 2.5 Mio. € and the angel investor decides to provide 500k € for the venture. As a result, the post-money valuation of your company will be equal to 3 Mio. €.
An important metric that must now be assessed in the cap table is the price of your company's shares. To calculate the new price for this founding round, the pre-money valuation is divided by the number of shares (nominal value) prior to the investment. In our example, the pre-money valuation of 2.5 Mio. € is divided by 25,000. As a result, the price per share paid by the investors in this round will be equal to 100.00 €. Consider that the share price will change as the valuation of the company evolves with each next funding round, and therefore the shareholders' investment (which is measured according to changes in the price per share) must be monitored with the cap table.
The received funds increase the number of outstanding shares of your company and as these angel investors are new shareholders, they must receive the number of stocks based on their invested capital. To do so, divide the invested amount of 500k € by the price per share, which results in a total quantity of 5,000 shares that angel investors should receive. Take into account that investors demand several preferential conditions tied to their investment including voting rights in the company's decisions, liquidation preferences, anti-dilution rights, vesting or probably adjustments in the ESOP pool. For this reason, they are granted preferred stocks.
Given the increase in the number of shares, the percentage of equity initially assigned to the founders will be reduced. This effect is known as dilution, which means a decrease in the portion of the company that has been assigned to existing shareholders. To calculate the shareholders' diluted participation, we proceed to divide the number of shares assigned to each shareholder by the new total nominal value of stocks. In our example, the total number of shares will amount to 30,000 (25,000 initially distributed to founders, and 5,000 new issued shares). In this case, the ownership of founder 1 is gets diluted to 50.00%, for founder 2 to 33.33%, and angel investors will gain a participation of 16.67% on the company.
Notice that we added a column under the name of Agio. Agio (also known as premium) refers to the difference between the amount paid by investors for their shares and the nominal value of these shares. In our example, the nominal value of a share is 1,00 € per share, which differs from the real value that angel investors paid (100,00 € per share). In this case, angel investors paid a premium of 495,000 € for the total amount of shares bought (5,000 shares multiplied by 100,00 € minus the nominal value of 5,000).
Additionally, in the column named Current Value we can see how much worth are the stocks of each shareholder in this round. In the case of founder 1, the value of its 15,000 shares is now 1.5 Mio. € calculated by multiplying the number of shares by the new price per share of 100,00 €.
Second financing round: VC and Employee Stock Option Program (ESOP)
Now that you have made good progress with the first angel round, your startup is gaining recognition among significant customers and you need more resources – e.g. team members - to keep growing, then you could now consider doing a second financing round with a Venture Capital (VC) fund.
VC investors will inject capital to startups subject to certain requirements to limit the risk of their investments (through preferred shares) but also to maximize the probabilities of success of the company. For the latter, institutional investors demand founders to provide key employees with an incentive to stay in the company, work diligently and create value for the business. This shall be achieved by offering Employee Stock Option Programs (ESOPs) or Option Pools, which are used as a form of compensation that allows key employees to participate in the distribution of earnings when the startup will be liquidated. To create an ESOP, the company defines a percentage of the total equity (or exit proceeds in the case of so-called Virtual or Phantom shares in VSOP programs) that must be reserved for employees, which in Germany typically ranges between 5% and 10%, while in other regions it can raise up to 20% (e.g. US).
Let's move on with our example and assume that at this stage, you and your investors agreed on a pre-money valuation of 7.5 Mio. € and a new capital investment of 1.8 Mio. €. Further, the new VC investors demand 5% of the equity to be used for the ESOP. Consider that new investors often require that the ESOP shares should be created on a pre-money basis, which means that adding an ESOP will only dilute the existing shareholders participation. In this case, there will be an increase in the number of shares prior to the new investors' cash injection, which as a consequence impacts the pre-money valuation of the startup and therefore the price per share paid by the new investors will be lower. In our example, a new price per share of 234.50 € will result by subtracting the value of the ESOP from the initially stablished pre-money valuation of 7.5 Mio. €, and dividing this value by the existing number of shares (30,000).
Now we need to find the new total number of shares (including current outstanding shares and those issued for the ESOP and VC investors) needed to complete 100% of the company. First, we know that the participation of VC investors in the company is equivalent to 19.35% which corresponds to the portion of their injected capital with respect to the company's post money valuation (1.8 Mio. €. / 9.3 Mio. €). Furthermore, given that 5% should be assigned to the ESOP, then a remaining 75.65% will be allocated among existing shareholders depending on their ownership ratios. We then calculate a total number of securities amounting to 39,659 (or 30.000 / (1 – 5% – 19.35%).
In the cap table, the effect of the option pool is included in the column commonly referred as Fully diluted shares and reflects the shareholders' participation in proportion to the total number of shares and options issued by the venture. In this case, the participation of founders and angel investors gets diluted due to the creation of the option pool and to the issuance of 7,676 shares for VC investors. The VC fully diluted shares in the company account for 19.35% meaning that they give away part of their participation when it comes to liquidity events, but their legal ownership in the company will be higher (20.37%). An updated version of the cap table would look this way:
Third round: Down-rounds
So far, your start-up has been growing steadily, and its value has increased with each financing round. However, things might not work out always in the same way. Down-rounds occur when a company raises additional funds at a share price which is below previous rounds' share price. This occurs if the pre-money valuation is lower than the post-money valuation from former financing rounds. In this case, the value of the existing shareholders' investment decreases, which reveals a negative signaling to investors and compromises their confidence about the startup's performance. Reasons explaining down-rounds include failure to meet earnings' targets, increase in the competitive environment, overvaluation in previous rounds, among other reasons.
To understand the effect of a down-round, let's extend our previous example and assume a third funding round with VC investors where the pre-money valuation of the startup is decreased from 7.5 Mio. € in the second round to 6 Mio. € in this round. Therefore, third round investors will be paying 151.29 € per share below a price of 234.50 € paid in the second financing round. In case of a down-round, your venture will still receive capital, but the value of each of the shareholders' stocks will decrease significantly.
The impact on the cap table (without any protection provisions) will be the following:
As previously mentioned, investors usually request preferred shares when committing capital to a venture, as preferred shareholders will benefit from certain rights intended to protect their investment. Anti-dilution provisions represent a type of protection against down rounds, which prevents investors' equity from losing value. A way to compensate investors from a decrease in their stocks' value, is the so-called full-ratchet method which converts the price of shares purchased in previous rounds to the price of the current down round. This means that preferred shareholders will be treated as if they had purchased stocks at the new lower price, and as a result protected shareholders will be rewarded with additional shares.
Coming back to our example, second round VC investors will be protected with the anti-dilution provision and their conversion price will be adjusted from 234.50 € to 151.29 €. Therefore, this price adjustment will result in an increase in the number of stocks owned by the protected investors. To calculate the new number of shares owned, divide the VC's invested amount by the new issuance price per share. After including the anti-dilution provision, the final cap table will look as follows:
Exit Scenarios
Investors seek to fund companies with high growing potential and envisioned to be bought for a high price enough to give a very appealing return on investment. The cap table will allow you to show investors (in particular in later funding stages) your forecasted exit valuation and how much money will shareholders be compensated with.
There are different ways to calculate and negotiate the exit value of your startup, based on rough estimations of the future potential of the business. With the purpose of illustrating the distribution of exit proceeds under a pro-rata basis, let's use a multiple valuation method in our fictive example. Let us assume that according to our forecasts, after 7 years the company's revenue will reach 30 Mio. €, and the company will be sold for a revenue multiple of 2X according to past transactions of peer companies. The last column of the cap table shows each stakeholder's fully diluted ownership multiplied by the exit valuation of 60 Mio. €.
The cap table shows that founder 1 is very well rewarded with exit proceeds of 17.24 Mio. € compared to the initial invested amount of 15k €, angel investors received 5.75 Mio. €, second and third round VC investors earned 7.6X their initial investment or 13.67 Mio. € and 9.12 Mio. € respectively.
Another way to influence exit proceeds are the so-called liquidation preferences, which owners of preferred shares usually benefit from. This is a contractual term which serves to mitigate the high-risk investors are taking when injecting money in a startup by receiving proceeds from the liquidation in advance of other share classes. You also need to agree with preferred shareholders about the type of liquidation preference they will receive: participating or non-participating. With participating stocks, shareholders will be entitled to a preferential payment equivalent to their initial investment and then receive their percentage of the remaining proceeds on an "as-converted to common stock basis", which means a pro-rata distribution of any gains. Let's assume that third round VC investors in our example have a 1X participating liquidation preference. If the company is sold for 60 Mio. €, third round investors will receive their 1.2 Mio. € invested amount, and the remaining 58.8 Mio. € will be distributed among the rest of the shareholders on a pro-rata base. This means that third round VC investors will receive 15.19% of 58.8 Mio. €, which corresponds to 8.93 Mio. € in addition to the 1.2 Mio. €.
On the other hand, with non-participating liquidation preference shareholders will have the option to either 1) exercise their liquidation preference or 2) convert their preferred stocks to common stocks and share the exit proceeds on a pro-rata basis with common shareholders. In our example, third round VC investors could either receive their 1.2 Mio € invested capital or 15.19% of the 60 Mio. € exit proceeds, which will amount to 9.12 Mio. €. In this case, third round VC investors will not execute their liquidation preference in order to receive higher proceeds.
There are multiple ways to design preferential rights which lead to a significant distortion on the allocation of exit proceeds among shareholders. Tools like Reporting or Ledgy will help you build this type of cap table in simple way.
When looking for financing rounds, your cap table is one of the main files that investors will check to assess their investment decision. An updated and clean cap table will give prospective investors a detailed description of the company's equity structure, evolution of the venture's value and a projected return on investment.
//Article written in collaboration with Andrea Escorcia and Livia Jansen-Winkeln MSc students from HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management.
Topics: Startup Tips Learnings
10 promising smart city startups in Germany
Guidelines to avoid broken cap tables

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Why is denying global warming associated with conservatives?
I'm not asking for arguments about whether global warming is true. I'm asking why denying the presence of global warming is primarily associated with a conservative political affiliation.
I am looking for judgment-free answers.
parties conservatism science global-warming
lazarusL
@user1873 97% of climate scientists disagree with you. I would consider stating the remaining 3% as 'many' to be disingenuous. – user1530 Apr 7 '13 at 0:09
I should have said "disagree with that statement" as it was quoted. Apologies. – user1530 Apr 7 '13 at 0:30
@DA. - answer provided, as requested. only 13% more Democrats believe in global warming compared to Republicans as per 2012 AP poll - details in the answer. – user4012 Apr 7 '13 at 5:50
Public opinion polls are not the only important metric here. The positions of our elected representatives who actually pursue policy have a great deal of influence over what it means to be conservative and liberal. Why is climate change denial associated with conservatives? Because conservatives keep electing climate change deniers to represent them. Republicans in Congress are almost universally climate change skeptics: politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2014/may/18/jerry-brown/… – J Doe Oct 4 '16 at 20:39
I am also confident that any attempt to compile the political associations of prominent, self-proclaimed climate change deniers would find that they are overwhelmingly associated with conservative and not liberal political groups. Does that even need to be backed up with citations? – J Doe Oct 4 '16 at 20:42
It's from a combination of factors.
The following is the perspective from the United States:
Conservatives are, on the whole, more aligned with business and/or industry
Since industry is most likely to be adversely affected by the consequences of regulations to reduce global warming (emissions restrictions, for example) there is an incentive to deny global warming.
Conservatives are, on the whole, more skeptical of environmental causes
This goes back a long time. Modern examples include use in some conservative media of "Sierra Club" as a slur or insult.
Conservatives are more skeptical of science, especially science backed/funded by Universities and/or the government
This also goes back a long time. From evolution to climate change to stem cell research to gun violence research to homosexuality, conservatives are distrustful of science, especially "new" science. This makes sense since conservatism, at its core, is avoiding change for change's sake and preserving core values. Skepticism of change (whether scientific or not) is to be expected.
The particular skepticism of government/University research stems from a perceived liberal bias in universities and a political bias in government institutions.
Most of the advocates for action on climate change are liberal
Notable here are people like Al Gore. Having someone like Gore as a figurehead for a movement will guarantee a certain amount of opposition. This would be the same as say Dick Cheney endorsing something - a percentage of liberals will oppose it just because Cheney is for it.
The likely reaction to climate change (regulation) goes against libertarian ideals
Not all conservatives are libertarians, but libertarians in general align more with conservatives mainly on economic issues, and reducing government regulation is a big piece of this. There's no way to reduce global warming without increased regulation and increased size of government.
nelruk
JNKJNK
Points 1, 4, and 5 don't really speak to why conservatives should deny the existence of global warming in the face of large amounts of evidence. Especially 1 and 5 (which seem to me like they may be the driving force behind this phenomenon) seem to indicate that they should oppose regulation of businesses, regardless of whether global warming exists. Points 2 and 3 might lead to their not believing in global warming, but when faced by such an overwhelming majority of scientist who believe it, it seems (to me) almost like a conspiracy theory to deny it. What makes conservatives not ... – Daniel Apr 5 '13 at 17:36
@DVK only 13% of self-describing conservatives accept human-driven climate change as scientific fact, so they aren't that diverse on this topic. – JNK Apr 5 '13 at 20:44
@JNK - -1 for #3. Scientific denial is a truly bipartisan cause (let's not forget that for every conservtive denying evolution we have a liberal denying absolutely identical game theory concepts applied to economics; for every conservative skeptical of global warming we have a liberal believing that genetically modified organisms are intrinsically evil). Or the fact that the whole postmodernist "there's no objective scientific truth" was invented by liberals in an era when hard sciences and enginering were a right wing corporate evil. – user4012 Apr 5 '13 at 20:46
some comments removed I'm afraid this lovely conversation stops here. If you would like to further discuss this answer, feel free to do so in our chat room. If you strongly disagree with this answer, then by all means post a better one. Thank you. – yannis♦ Apr 5 '13 at 21:57
Can references be added as edits to substantiate these statements? – Lizz Apr 14 '13 at 4:57
The politicians who promote the concept of "Catastrophic Anthropogenic Global Warming" have also promoted the following measures:
Severe restrictions on use of fossil fuels.
High taxes on fossil fuels.
Subsidies for using farmland to grow fuels, instead of food. (This policy is sometimes called "burning food".)
Transfers of wealth from rich countries to poor countries.
Government subsidies for solar power.
Promotion of smaller, lighter vehicles (often made by different companies or countries than larger, heavier vehicles)
Headache-producing lightbulbs.
Thicker-walled houses.
Flammable exterior walls of buildings. (Even with flame retardants, exterior foam insulation is similar to napalm. It needs to be sealed off from ignition sources.)
Darker windows.
Rate-limited shower-heads.
Car pool lanes.
Many other restrictions on how ordinary people live their daily lives.
Most conservatives are in favor of small government. They tend to oppose higher taxes. They tend to demand strong reasons (such as "it is necessary to win this war", or "it causes brain damage", or "it risks eternal damnation") before agreeing with government intrusions into people's lives. They also expect these "strong reasons" to either be obvious to the common man, or scriptural. Thus, they have many reasons to be skeptical of "Catastrophic Anthropogenic Global Warming".
Libertarians often argue that people should be free to risk "brain damage" by using drugs -- but "brain damage" undercuts the libertarian argument that people tend to choose wisely or rationally. "Eternal damnation" is a religious argument -- but many people sincerely believe that no pleasure "in this world" is worth "eternal damnation".
By the way, any competent historian knows about "Global Warming" -- 250 years ago, the Hudson and the Thames froze regularly. They stopped doing so even before people started burning huge amounts of coal in the late 19th century. Most conservatives recognize a modest amount of "Anthropogenic Global Warming". They just doubt the "Catastrophic" part. Simple models suggest that doubling the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere could cause average atmospheric temperatures to rise by about a degree. More complicated feedback-response models that use a lumped feedback parameter suggest that the same doubling could cause average atmospheric temperatures to rise by less than 2 F°. This is a modest change; many places in the world have daily swings of 30 F°, plus another 50 F° of seasonal variation. 1,000 feet of elevation change corresponds to about 2 - 5 F° of temperature change. The end of an ice age is associated with about 10 - 20 F° of temperature rise, according to interpretations of the Vostok ice cores.
In summary, the measures proposed by proponents of "Catastrophic Anthropogenic Global Warming" are "you bet your country" type measures, and measures that intrude into the daily lives of most ordinary people. Conservatives demand solid evidence of the "Catastrophic" part before they will agree with such measures.
JasperJasper
-1 for the penultimate paragraph. You've turned this into a "lukewarmer" post based on fringe science at best while ignoring the large body of science that contradicts that fringe perspective. – Fizz Oct 1 '19 at 11:52
This answer overlooks the "looking for judgment-free answers" request. The asker didn't want arguments, but explanations. – userLTK Oct 1 '19 at 21:19
The question asks for a good-faith look at American conservative points of view about global warming. This answer provides reasons that conservatives (such as John Sununu) have for setting a high standard for evidence; standards of evidence that conservatives are willing to accept; and examples of global-warming evidence that met the standards of notable conservatives (such as Jerry Pournelle). – Jasper Oct 2 '19 at 2:04
It seems like 3D printed houses naturally have thicker walls than timber frame construction. youtube.com/watch?v=69HrqNnrfh4 I wonder if this is one of those issues that may be naturally solved by technological progress. – SurpriseDog Jan 8 at 20:45
Judgement-free answers might be difficult, given that it's a partisan subject to begin with.
That said, in general - in the United States, at least - the issue isn't so much about denying global warming as much as it is about protecting and favoring the major fossil fuel industries:
75% of the oil and gas political donations go to Republicans.
27% of the coal industry donations go to Democrats.
On a broader level, it's also about promoting deregulation.
Bradley Wilson
let us continue this discussion in chat – user4012 Apr 7 '13 at 5:50
Conservatives believe that government should do less. The scientists who say "the earth is heating up" always seem to say "...and that means that government should do more to prevent heat-related problems."
Since conservatives believe that government should do less, their reactions to these scientists will include all of the following:
You're right about global warming, but government action should not provide the answer.
You're right about global warming, but government action cannot provide the answer.
You're right about global warming, but the problems you're talking about aren't bad enough to warrant government action.
You might be right about global warming, but there's not enough confidence in the projections about future problems to warrant government action.
You might be right about global warming, but there's not enough confidence in the projections about future warming to warrant government action.
You might be wrong about global warming, and so government action is not warranted.
You are wrong about global warming, and so it is wasteful to continue to study the issue.
You are wrong about global warming, and so it is harmful to continue listening to you.
Also, since conservatives control government spending in science right now, there is a conservative movement toward studying climate smarter not harder by increasing investment in satellites, deep ocean probes, and other ways of getting a better monitor on the earth's heat balance than is presently available. This effort can shrink those pesky error bars and bring both sides to an agreement better than agreeing to pave the entire Mojave Desert with mirrors or to junk each and every existing combustion-based engine block in the US.
elliot svenssonelliot svensson
It seems to me that "Government should do less" is more of a talking point than a true belief. Trump for example, was eager to have the government physically remove illegal aliens, even those long established, and build a wall, and increase military spending. He's also looked to have charges filed against protesters and put limitations on freedom of assembly. That doesn't really change your answer, but we should recognize that the conservatives aren't always the small government party. They just like to say they are. – userLTK Oct 1 '19 at 21:25
I am not claiming that the following is the main reason, why conservatives deny climate change, but it certainly plays into it:
One central reaction to climate change (and environmental issues in general) is to change our behaviour (i.e., using less fuel, electrical energy, eating less meat, …). And though conservativism is mainly about opposing change of social aspects, it should not surprise that it attracts people who oppose change on a more general level. And since nobody would admit (even to himself) that he opposes change for its own sake, any reason is welcome.
Feel free to include this answer into the existing ones …
WrzlprmftWrzlprmft
you have answered the question "Why do conservatives deny climate change? The original question is "Why is denying global warming associated with conservatives?" – David D May 29 '19 at 18:30
Among other reasons:
Conservative think tanks, conservative media, corporations, and industry associations (especially for the fossil fuels industry) -- domains dominated by conservative white males -- have spearheaded the attacks on climate science and policy from the late 1980s to the present," McCright and Dunlap concluded in their study. "The results presented here show that conservative white males in the general public have become a very receptive audience for these efforts.
http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2011/10/05/05climatewire-why-conservative-white-males-are-more-likely-11613.html?pagewanted=all
GrantGrant
You might be onto something, but an answer that's entirely a quote from an editorial isn't a good way to answer a question. – userLTK May 23 '17 at 20:00
Let me add the following to JNK's excellent answer. There are remedies for global warming that could in principle work well for conservatives e.g. like nuclear energy that however in today's world require massive investments and are therefore not such attractive options.
Until the mid 1980s there existed a strong push to get to a carbon-free energy infrastructure based on nuclear energy. This was not motivated by global warming, rather the finiteness of the fossil fuel reserves compared to nuclear energy. By using breeder reactors to convert U-238 to fissile Pu-239 and Th-232 to fissile U-233 the known reserves can power the world for the next 30,000 years compared to just a few centuries when using only fossil fuels or when using only ordinary nuclear reactors using U-235.
Due to public opposition to nuclear energy, too few new nuclear power plants were build to make breeder reactors economically viable. The Integral fast reactor was canceled as a result, and the SNR-300 in Germany never became operational after completion.
Then with nuclear energy today not representing a large industrial base compared to the fossil fuel industry, conservative politicians will be more inclined to downplay the problems with using fossil fuels.
Count IblisCount Iblis
Your 30,000 year estimate is high. There is a 30,000 year estimate using breeder reactors is an estimate based on current nuclear generation, not "powering the world" - if nuclear supplies 10% of global electricity and it's probably less than that, then you're looking at 3,000 years of powering the world, and less than that as the 3rd world catches up. Still more than fossil fuels, so your point is correct, just your estimate is off. scientificamerican.com/article/… There's also the driving cars with electricity problem. – userLTK Oct 1 '19 at 22:29
There's also greater danger and potentially much bigger accidents with breeder reactors. sciencestruck.com/advantages-disadvantages-of-breeder-reactors and scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-fast-breeder-react – userLTK Oct 1 '19 at 22:31
A bit of history.
In 1979, Jimmy Carter put solar panels on the top of the White House. The oil embargo, gasoline shortages and long lines at gas stations in the US gave a big push to solar energy, which wasn't new. Solar energy had been around at least as early as the 1910s as a means to generate electricity, but talk of it going main stream gained a lot of ground at this time.
Carter was a smart man, contrary to what many think of him. He didn't put all his faith in solar and other renewable sources of energy. He oversaw considerable oil expansion efforts including off-shore and the Alaska pipeline and he put considerable money into both re-introducing CO2 into the ground (hoping the pressure would help new fossil fuel formation - it didn't) and efforts to tap the deep shale deposits, (a precursor to fracking). But when people think President Carter, they don't think "oil drilling", even though that was a big part of his solution to the oil embargo.
In 1981, when Reagan took the office he had those panels removed, which was at least in part a symbolic gesture, but Reagan may have also felt that the panels were ugly and the house was "his", so I think it went beyond just symbolism.
Likewise, when people think Obama, they don't think nuclear energy, but when Obama ran for office in 2008, one of his ideas to address the climate change problem was to build new nuclear plants. (McCain shared that plan, with even bigger goals for nuclear expansion). This didn't happen, in part because Nuclear is a tough sell and the NIMBY problem, but also, because of the natural gas boom from fracing which grew exponentially during Obama's presidency, but that's incidental to my point.
The point I'm making is that Carter was BIG on new oil discovery and exploration and Obama ran on Nuclear power but neither is remembered that way. They are ASSOCIATED with Solar (Carter) and Anti oil/coal (Obama) - which is fair, Obama was overall looking to gets us off coal and he did temporarily shut down oil production in the gulf after BP's enormous (and entirely avoidable) mess.
I'm asking why denying the presence of global warming is primarily associated with a conservative political affiliation
The point is, what parties are "associated with", can be over-generalized and perhaps even inaccurate.
Certainly, the majority of people who are skeptical of man made climate change are conservatives but it wouldn't entirely shock me to find a pocket of democrats who were skeptical if you looked.
I would also argue that the majority of conservatives aren't universally against. Take the Green New Deal, which is obviously associated with the democrats (and which Mitch McConnel brought to vote specifically to increase that association), but it was just a handful of democratic congresswomen/men who put it together, and it's not a universally approved democratic bill. Nancy Pelosi didn't approve of it, if I remember right, so associating the green new deal with democrats arguably isn't even fair, but perception is different than reality.
There are conservatives who recognize that man made climate change is real and underway. John Kasich for one. George W. Bush for another and I'm sure there's dozens more. Likewise, the view on climate change by republican voters is much more spread out than the partisan disagreement that's often on display.
See NY Times article here - it's subscription, but 10 articles a month are free.
recent research published in the journal Climatic Change reveals greater nuance in partisan climate opinions across the country.
"Pockets of Republicans, or even a plurality or majority, support some pro-climate issues," said Matto Mildenberger, a professor of political science at the University of California Santa Barbara and lead author on the study. Researchers found variation in Democratic beliefs too, he said, but those findings were less politically relevant because a majority of Democrats tend to accept climate science and support related policies no matter where they live.
The study's maps show how Republican support swings between minority and majority, depending on geography and how questions are posed.
We should all acknowledge that "Association with" and what a party actually stands for, aren't always the same. Both the left and the right tend to be "Associated with" their more extreme members and in many cases, their worst elements and the opposing party tries to make that association stick. That's politics today.
It's still true that the people who object to man made climate change theory tend to vote conservative, so this particular association isn't hard to follow.
We also shouldn't ignore the vicious partisan environment we live in, where disagreeing is almost par for the course today by many on both sides. There is a tendency for some to think "oh, the other party wants that, OK, I'm against it". This tendency to create a dividing line, puts man made climate change recognition on the side of the democrats and "skepticism" on the side of the republicans. This division can also be a problem during the party primaries where vocal members of either party can take the absolute position and demand agreement. This makes it difficult for Republicans to speak in agreement with man made climate change theory and, similarly, difficult for democrats to speak against far left ideas - which is why primaries tend to lean partisan, sometimes to the detriment of the party during general election.
That was probably too long, so summary:
Associated with doesn't mean the party is in agreement. Associate with can be perception.
We live in a very partisan environment where parties are often associated as "this party is pro "fill in the blank" and the other party is con "fill in the blank" and the middle ground is losing it's voice because it's so easy to shout "PARTISAN" at 200 decibels from countless rooftops. There's a tendency to divide every issue and compartmentalize it with one party or the other.
And, granted, liberals do tend to be more eager to move towards clean and renewable energy and conservatives tend to be more economy first and anti-regulation, but that was covered very well in other answers.
userLTKuserLTK
"I would also argue that the majority of conservatives aren't universally against. " - my earlier answer has a poll quantifying that pretty well. Good answer overall. – user4012 Oct 2 '19 at 17:17
@user4012 Thank you. I tried to cover aspects that weren't addressed but I may not have read everything, and my answers are always too long, I need to work on that. Where do you stand? Do you believe the scientists? – userLTK Oct 2 '19 at 22:16
The reason that "denying global warming is associated with a Conservative cause" is because it's a convenient lie used as a political attack ad on conservatives, strongly propagated by liberals and their allies in US mass media.
In reality, it's a false association, as are most arguments made to "explain" it by liberals:
Only 13% more conservatives than liberals don't believe in global warming (83% vs 70%) if you use US party membership as the best available approximation.
Source: The AP-GfK poll conducted Nov. 29-Dec. 3 2012, by GfK Roper Public Affairs and Corporate Communications. It involved landline and cellphone interviews with 1,002 adults nationwide. Results for the full sample have a margin of error of plus or minus 3.9 percentage points; the margin of error is larger for subgroups.
The discrepancy is even smaller if you go outside USA, but you start running into issues of who or what "conservatives" are when you go global.
So, the main answer to your query is "there's no logical reason for global warming denying to be associated with conservatives, if you are willing to bypass partisan soundbites".
Moreover, GOP party platform explicitly acknowledges climate change:
"technology-driven, market-based solutions that will decrease emissions, reduce excess greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, increase energy efficiency, mitigate the impact of climate change where it occurs, and maximize any ancillary benefits climate change might offer for the economy."
Let's look at last two Republican Presidential candidates.
Mitt Romney (2012) said the following in his 2012 book "No Apology":
It's impossible not to take a look at our current energy policies without considering the question of climate change. I believe that climate change is occurring -- the reduction in the size of global ice caps is hard to ignore. I also believe that human activity is a contributing factor.
John McCain (2008) was one of the first Senators to champion Cap-and-trade legislation. I won't bother hunting for quotes, but this NBC News article on the topic covers tons of details on McCains views.
That's one poll (and I'd consider 13% still significant). This one puts republicans at 42% and democrats at 90%: usnews.com/news/articles/2012/10/15/… This poll puts dems at 87% and republicans at 44%. thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/… This one claims 12% of dems consider global warming a hoax, republicans are at 61% weather.com/news/science/environment/…. – user1530 Apr 7 '13 at 5:39
You are also quoting their 2008 platform. Things changed with 2012: washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/08/30/… – user1530 Apr 7 '13 at 5:43
given those numbers, one could say that republicans are almost twice a likely as liberals(30% vs 17%) to not be concerned about global warming – Sam I am says Reinstate Monica♦ Apr 7 '13 at 18:38
@DA. your link to the wapo article about the change in platform actually is full of great evidence about the connection. When the official GOP Platform is at a minimum very skeptical of the science behind climate change, and the VP candidate accuses climate scientists of manipulating data if not outright lying, I'm not sure what other conclusion you can draw. – JNK Apr 8 '13 at 17:24
I honestly don't know what your argument is anymore. It's veered in so many directions. But, FYI, scientific consensus is a thing: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus – user1530 Apr 9 '13 at 2:44
This should perhaps be a comment rather than an answer, but it will be too long by far for a comment, so...
I see that there is contention around the idea that there is an association between "conservatives" and climate change denial. It seems that many Republican voters do not deny climate change, and that some Democratic voters do.
But the association cannot be reduced to "how many Republicans deny climate change"; it has to consider "how many climate change deniers identify as Republican". I don't have statistics at hand, but apparently Democrats that don't "believe in climate change" are rather apathetic about the issue, while there is a sizeable minority among Republicans that not only "disbelieves in climate change", but further believes that "climate change is a lie or a conspiracy". Such phenomenon does not seem to plague the Democrats.
However, what is commonly called "conservative" in the United States doesn't seem to me compatible with the traditional definition of "conservative". In this question, If conservatism believes in individualism, then why do conservatives often support regulation of personal decisions?, indigochild's answer reminded us that "At its core, conservatism is an anti-utopian philosophy". In a comment to that answer, I pondered that "While I tend to agree, I would remark that this rules out a huge part of self-styled American conservatism. Some of the "conservative" tendencies in the US - and certainly those that consider themselves most conservative, or more radically conservative, and are generally considered as such by the general public discourse - are extremely utopian. Following your reasoning, such tendencies would be better described as far right liberalism rather than conservatism".
I think that this distinction stands here. "True conservatives", if there is such a thing, would be anti-industrialisation, or at least very cautious about industrialisation, and as such would probably take the climate change issue as a reminder that unchecked progress is folly, that tampering too much with nature is hybris, and that we should not mess (too much, at least) with our planet, given that we do not have any alternative one at hand.
Luís HenriqueLuís Henrique
This question was started 6 years ago, so, I understand that some of the stuff is relating to 2008 and 2012 and I accept all that as relevantly true.
The previous 8 years were under a Democratic administration who seemed to take at least the idea of Climate Sciences at face value -- and seemed to value the global consensus that climate change was happening (whether it was GW or AGW, that was an internal debate) and that something aught to be done about it -- so thus sprung up the Paris accords where all but one country decided upon trying to set up voluntary plans for reducing emissions.
Given those as all good lets add the last few years to the list and see what a successful conservative Republican administration has done.
I can't get into President Trump's head, so I can't say exactly WHY he's doing everything..but, first off he's playing to his base -- and promising deregulations of everything and bringing back coal. Additionally, it seems he wants to dismantle anything President Obama created or touched.
I can only list WHAT he's done to deny global warming -- and say that it didn't happen when it was more liberal.
Now, fast forward to at least 2016...President Trump gets elected president, and very shortly after that almost ALL references to Climate Sciences on governmental websites gets deleted and/or removed. Climate and Earth Science research was potentially defunded or deemed not a priority.
The Paris Climate Accords are denounced by the President and he promptly, to the dismay of many people in Congress, decides to remove the US from those provisions -- being one of the only two non-signatures to it.
When asked about it, President Trump denies it's significance -- even when global and even domestic reports seem to rank it highly significant and a global threat. And his quotes that it's a "Chinese Hoax"
President Trump's push to elevate and promote Coal...even though, for the most part, there was a general consensus that perhaps Natural Gas was a better, cheaper alternative. Plus, all of the environmental roll-backs for stuff like Clean Air/Clean Water provisions and MPG regulations.
The Trump Administration's efforts to push for "Red Team" vs "Blue Team" climate science model. And, now that a new Climate Report is due for 2020 or 2021, their push that the new report eliminate the "worst case model" and only model out to 2040 as opposed to currently going to 2050 and beyond.
David FassDavid Fass
As a non-US user, I cannot grasp how this answer denying global warming being connected with conservatives. I think this should be emphasized in the answer. – Alexei May 29 '19 at 18:10
I don't think this answers the question. Why did Trump do all those things and why don't Democrats do those things? That's the question. – Daniel May 29 '19 at 18:12
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged parties conservatism science global-warming .
What caused the tendency for conservatives to not support climate change regulations?
If conservatism believes in individualism, then why do conservatives often support regulation of personal decisions?
Why don't many of the Republicans in the House and Senate believe in climate change?
Does Fox News have a history of being skeptical of climate change science?
In US politics, what are the grounds for the Republican opposition to alternative energy?
What is it that "97% of climate scientists" actually believe about global warming?
How can an American conservative attempt to conserve a radical American founding?
Why is stopping climate change prioritized significantly below the economy and other issues?
How much more likely are professed political party supporters to support a position taken by that party?
To what extent are views on vaccination and anthropogenic climate change correlated and why?
Was Conservatism Edmund Burke's child?
Why did the DNC try to prevent Bernie Sanders from getting the Democratic nomination?
Why does partisanship trump concerns about hypocrisy with voters?
Why is Cap-and-trade considered a solution to Global Warming?


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Professor & Chairman of Department of Environmental Medicine at New York University School of Medicine.
Mary Kay Symposium
Pollution and Skin Health: New Perspectives and Intervention Strategies
Global Air Pollution and Skin Toxicity
Dr. Costa is the Professor & Chairman of Department of Environmental Medicine at New York University School of Medicine. In addition, he also holds multiple positions that include Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology at New York University School of Medicine, Program Leader, Environmental & Molecular carcinogenesis at NYU Cancer Center and Director of Core Center of Excellence in Environmental Health Sciences from NIEHS. Dr. Costa has been working in the area of epigenetics and cancer for over 20 years. He has studied how carcinogenic metals affect the epigenetic program through inhibition of histone demethylases. In particular, Dr. Costa has studied how Arsenic, Nickel and Chromate alter histone posttranslational modifications in chromatin using cell culture and in human PBMCs. Dr. Costa has also conducted ChIP-Seq using several histone marks and RNA-Seq following carcinogenic metal treatment of cells. He has been working on the mechanism of metal carcinogenesis for over 40 years. Dr. Costa has published around 400 peer reviewed papers in journals of international repute and is a recipient of many prestigious awards including the Kenneth Morgareidge Award for outstanding contribution to toxicology, Recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from the metals specialty section of the Society of Toxicology, Salt Lake City 2010.


If you're like most people, you've got one or more old mobile phones sitting around the house. This is wasted money you could be using for something else. Aside from your pocketbook, selling these old phones online is the environmentally responsible thing to do. It salvages precious metals used to make the phones, and keeps toxic materials out of waste dumps.
If you try to sell or recycle your phone locally, you'll likely only have one place to choose from. In some areas, there really aren't any buyers of old mobile phones. Online, you'll have your choice of vendors. You can choose the one which offers you the highest price, the best payment method, and the easiest form of shipping.
ost any brand and model of phone is worth something to someone. There are even vendors willing to purchase broken phones or phones' missing critical parts. Most of the local buyers are only willing to accept phones in good working order, which excludes broken phones and phones no longer serviced by the carrier, such as those that don't operate on current digital technology.
When you shop your used mobile online, you have tons of vendors to pick, letting you choose the one that can offer you the most for what you've got. If you attempt to sell locally, you'll be stuck with the one offer available. This is likely to be less that what you can get for the same phone online.
Local buyers will only offer you one form of payment, usually a small amount of cash or a check. There is an abundance of payment methods available online, including PayPal, a prepaid debit card, store credits, or perhaps a check. Do take the time to read the vendor's payment policy before agreeing to sell. Make sure they're offering prompt payment after receipt of your phone.
With online selling, there's no need to scour the phone book or drive around town looking for a buyer. It's quick, easy, and all the instructions you need are clearly stated so you can do what is necessary to receive payment.
Note in your calendar what day you post the phone, and circle the date you expect payment to arrive. Be sure to keep the vendor's phone number, in case your payment doesn't arrive on time.
Not only are you keeping precious metals and hazardous materials out of landfills, you're also saving fuel and eliminating emissions, since you're not driving around looking for a place to cash in your old phone.
It's the environmentally responsible way to get payment for something you'd ordinarily consider to be trash. When you compare mobile phone recycling programs, look for those with the best environmental policies.
Because most consumers discard an old phone and buy a new one each 18-24 months, keep track of the buyer you enjoyed working with. Then you'll know where to begin the next time you have a used phone to sell.


Worldwide PC shipments are expected to fall -10.0 percent in the fourth quarter of 2015, pulling year-over-year growth for all of 2015 down to -10.3 percent.
According IDC, short-term headwinds like the strong dollar, depressed commodity prices, and existing inventory have also lowered the outlook for early 2016, although shipments are still expected to stabilise by the end of 2016 and grow slightly toward the end of the forecast as commercial replacements rise.
Disruptions from political and economic transitions will have a particularly large impact on Japan, the Middle East and Africa (MEA), Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), and Latin America.
Japan and MEA in particular will experience double-digit lower growth over the next year or more, while the CEE and Latin America regions have a short-term outlook that is in the high-single-digits lower.
In contrast, the forecast for the United States, Western Europe, and Asia/Pacific (excluding Japan) will be only slightly lower, and Canada improved slightly.
Beyond short-term declines, IDC remains optimistic that replacements of commercial and consumer systems will ultimately stabilise the market and even drive growth.
Once commercial adoption of Windows 10 accelerates, and in combination with upgrades to steadily ageing consumer PCs, IDC expects demand for new PCs to improve for several years as replacements will also be boosted by the end of support for Window 7, just as the end of support for Windows XP boosted shipments in 2014.
Declining tablet volume, and minimal growth in mobile phones (despite the continuing shift to smartphones) will also reduce pressure for consumers to spend on non-PC devices.
"Despite the substantial shift in spending and usage models from PCs toward tablets and phones in recent years, very few people are giving up on their PC - they are just making it last longer," says Loren Loverde , Vice President, Worldwide Tracker Forecasting and PC research, IDC.
"The free upgrade to Windows 10 enables some users to postpone an upgrade a little, but not indefinitely. Some consumers will use a free OS upgrade to delay a new PC purchase and test the transition to Windows 10.
"However, the experience of those customers may serve to highlight what they are missing by stretching the life of an older PC, and we expect they will ultimately purchase a new device.
While detachable tablets are expected to grow quickly, Loverde says they are still a relatively small part of the market.
As a reference, combining detachable tablets with PCs would boost growth by roughly three percentage points - this would result in a trend of declining volume from 2012 to 2015, followed by about one percent growth in 2016 and slightly higher gains in subsequent years.
"Despite declining competition from slate tablets, demand for PCs has remained price-sensitive and slow," adds Jay Chou , Research Manager, Worldwide PC Tracker, IDC.
"Nonetheless, the market is still evolving in more positive ways. IDC expects continued growth for All-in-One desktops as well as Convertible and Ultraslim notebooks.


Microfine particles for a better product! A mineral used in skin care products for its beneficial properties for hair, nails & skin.
A microfine (NOT nano particled) mineral used in Skin Care Treatments for its beneficial properties.
It is a white powder compared with the bluish colour of the silica mineral that we used to stock.
This is a new type of silica that has finer particles than the silica we used to stock, making it easier to dissolve into a product, e.g. a cream.
It combines a very high absorption capacity for liquids and maximum oil absorption.
Can I add it to oil blends or ready-made products?
Yes, you can add it to oil blends but not to ready-made products. When adding to oil blends you must place silica into bottle with vegetable oil, close the bottle and shake well. The particles are very fine and will fly around if you don't put it into the bottle with the oil.
Dosage for all products: Use 0.4-1% in your products.
Add it to the Fat Stage of making a Cream or Lotion NOT the Water Stage.
2-3 years (See label). Store at room temperature in dry and airtight container away from direct sunlight.


According to the US Department of Labor Statistics, of the 13.7 million wage and salary workers who usually did some work at home in 2004, about 3.3 million, or 1 in 4, had a formal arrangement with their employer to be paid for the time they put in at home. Whether you have your own business and work from home or work outside the home, or both, almost everyone can benefit by having a home office.
In a perfect world, you would have an extra, unused room in your home that you could use as your work oasis. It would have plenty of space, a breathtaking view, exceptional lighting, and a door that could shut out any distractions. If you have that kind of space, that's great — read on to find out how you can make it even better, and if you don't have that kind of space, there are ways to work with what you have to create an environment that will work for you. It just takes planning and a little creativity.
When starting something new, try to remember Alan Lakein's famous quote, "Failing to plan is planning to fail." It's simple, and yet widely applicable. Planning for your space will help to ensure that you are maximizing the pros, while minimizing the cons. The first part of planning for your space is in knowing what you need versus what you want. It may be helpful to take a few minutes to write down what you absolutely must have,and then make a separate list of things that you would like to have. Just knowing the difference between the two can help make the most of the space you choose. If you need a desk, a computer, and a reading light, look for spaces that can accommodate those things, regardless of whether or not you initially see that space as an office. You may be surprised at what you find.
As you walk around your home, start with the main rooms and think critically about the way you are using the space you have. Does it make sense to have an entire room set aside for guests that visit you once or twice a year, when you could be using that space more regularly as an office? Does your family spends most of their time in the den instead of the living room, and if so, is there extra space that goes unused as a formality? Do you have a dining room that no one uses because there everyone likes to sit at the small table or island in the kitchen? Can you move the china cabinet that no one ever uses and replace it with a desk? Do you really need all that empty floor space in the den, or could you move the furniture in a little to make room for a workspace along the wall?
Just asking yourself these questions can help you to assess the space you have that you may not have initially thought of as available.
If you don't find a space in any of the main rooms that will work for you as a home office, consider an alternate space such as the laundry room. While your initial reaction may be that the laundry room will be too loud and thus, too distracting, ask yourself how many hours a day you do laundry. If there is space and noise is the main deterrent, can you do your laundry at a time when you wouldn't be working?
Basements, attics, and garages may be other sources of home office space. Thinking about spending hours in a creepy old attic, a dark cold basement or a cluttered garage may make you cringe, but if the space is available and the environment is what is keeping you from capitalizing on the available space, think about what you can do to make it work. You may need to have a garage sale, buy a heater, and install a window, but every room has potential. If the space is available, the possibilities of making it work are almost limitless as long as you are flexible and think creatively.
You may not think of your bedroom as a relaxing getaway as well as an office space, but the two do not have to be mutually exclusive. There may be benefits to working in your own room, such as good lighting and an already peaceful environment. The temptation to take a nap may be one drawback, but this can be addressed by using a divider to separate your work area from the rest of the room. Setting (and sticking to) time a time schedule for your work is also helpful in helping to maintain a work mind-set and blocking out distractions in the room.
The kitchen table can also be alternative workplace, as long as your resolve to work is greater than your temptation to snack. When you are flexible and open to new ideas, you may be surprised at how many options are available to you.
Once you have narrowed down the possibilities, make sure the space will work for you logistically. Aside from the basics (desk, chair, lamp, etc.), you will probably need access to a power outlet, a phone jack for a landline and/or fax machine, and a place to plug into your DSL line or cable connection. If you are not close to a power outlet or phone jack, get creative. You may be able to solve the problem by using an extension cord or power bar, or you may be able to hire a contractor to install a jack or an outlet for you. Or, go wireless with WiFi and forget about cords and cables. There are always options.
Know what you need. What makes logistical sense for one person may not make logistical sense for someone else. There is no one-size-fits-all plan for your home office. Only you can decide what will work best for you. Your workspace is logistically sound when it is comfortable for you and meets your own personal needs for a work space, whatever they may be. If you have a need for silence, communicate that to others in the house by telling them that you are not to be disturbed. Or, you may want to put a sign on the door and turn off your cell phone. Your workspace is only working for you if it enables you to do your work.
A good home office is more than available square footage and power outlet availability. Your work space should be reflective of your individual preferences and should be aesthetically pleasing to you. Forget what you think your office should look like, and take time to visualize what you want it to look like. It's all about customization — have fun with it. Surround your workspace with things that inspire and motivate you. You may want to hang a corkboard by your desk to pin up pictures or motivational quotes, etc. Or you may prefer the minimalist, less-is-more look. Do what works for you. Create a place where you want to spend your time. And don't forget that tidiness is a part of aesthetics. You work most efficiently when you are well organized, so invest in file folders, labels, organizing desktop containers/holders, etc. You will never be frustrated by knowing exactly where to find something when you need it.
Gregory Grabowski, a registered Professional Engineer and reserve Naval Officer, focuses his Project Management talents to design and build facilities for corporate and government clients worldwide. His professional experiences have taken him to six of the seven continents. He resides in Southern California and enjoys adventure sailing.


V8olvo Gets Upside-Down, Roof Barely Dented: Volvo Bricks As Sturdy As Advertised!
After a little mishap with a TR7 on Saturday, the Scuderia Flatpack V8olvo (formerly the Black Metal V8olvo) suffered a much worse setback late in the race today, when it attempted to share space with a '67 Plymouth Fury.
Wayne, aka Stratocastrator, was at the wheel and walked away from the wreck without a scratch. Being a veteran of decades of balls-to-the-wall dirt-track racing, he didn't consider this to be much of an impact.
Wayne's tough, but it turns out that the Volvo 240 is even tougher! You know all those ads Volvo used to run, touting the rollover protection of the 240? They weren't bullshitting- the roof wasn't even mashed down to the roll cage! According to team captain Hellhammer, all the car needs to run again is a new left front wheel.
Thanks to Larisa Wolf for the photograph at top!


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Home/Operating System/Windows 10 LTSC ISO Free Download: Is It Good OS For Gaming?
Windows 10 LTSC ISO Free Download: Is It Good OS For Gaming?
Windows 10 LTSC ISO: a special Enterprise edition that includes no features and no background service that can be downloaded for free. However, is it the best Microsoft operating system edition and good for gaming? This post shares everything you need as well as the free download link for Windows 10 LTSC ISO officially.
In short: Windows 10 LTSC consider a good OS since it doesn't contain bloatware and many services. However, it's not good for personal use and protectivity as well as you may not notes any difference in gaming performance. Instead, you can download for free the regular Windows 10 ISO and optimize its performance
What Is Windows 10 LTSC Edition?
Windows 10 LTSC Edition is a long-term servicing channel operating system produced by Microsoft. It's a release that Microsoft creates about every three years. Each release contains all the new capabilities and support that is included in Windows 10 feature updates. In addition, LTSC OS receives updates every 10 years, taking into account the release period.
Microsoft does not officially encourage the use of LTSC outside the "special purpose devices" that perform a static function and therefore do not require new features for the user experience.
According to the Microsoft announcement, this service option has been renamed from the Long-term Servicing Branch (LTSB) in 2016 to the Long Term Service Channel (LTSC) in 2018. To certify, Windows 10 LTSB replaced with Windows 10 LTSB.
For more information chick the video below (Some of the information in this video is somehow outdated but contains enough useful information that will help you to understand Windows LTSC).
Microsoft OS LTSB To LTSC Label Changes:
As part of compatibility with Windows 10, a common term will make it as easy as possible to understand the maintenance process. From now on, these are the new items:
Semi-annual channel – we will refer to the current branch (CB) as a "semi-annual channel (target)", while simply refer to the current branch of business (CBB) as a "semi-annual channel."
Long-term service channel – Long-term services (LTSB) will be referred to as long-term service channels (LTSC).
Advantages Of LTSC Over LTSB 2016:
Microsoft renamed the Long Term Service Branch (LTSB) to the Long Term Service Channel (LTSC). Windows 10 Enterprise IoT and LTSC follow essentially the same policy followed by Windows 10 IoT 2016 and LTSB. The main aspect remains that Microsoft is only providing its industrial customers with feature updates every two to three years. As before, it comes with a 10-year warranty to provide security updates. However, Windows IoT Enterprise LTSC features many changes and improvements to its predecessor. The most important new features are listed below:
Is Windows 10 LTSC Good For Gaming?
Typically Yes, since Windows 10 LTSC the most stable edition that doesn't contain a store, cortana, edge, and most bundled applications, which could slow down PC. This means that updates won't break things. Since there are no features that mean users going to have the exact same operating system that behaviors won't change at all.
But also NO, you should know that it may not be compatible with some new devices such as processors and graphics cards because feature updates happen every long period of time, so you will need to update your Windows 10 LTSC ISO edition every once in a while as needed.
Additionally, you may not notice any difference in performance between both systems. To explain, watch the video below that comparing and testing Windows 10 LTSB and PRO in 8 games at 1080p.
Windows 10 LTSC Security Features:
Log on faster to a computer running Windows 10.
The new Windows subsystem for Linux provides space for Linux users under Windows.
NET Framework 4.7 Advanced Service Support (LTSB 2016 still uses 4.6).
Integrate a schedule that displays the user's activities chronologically.
A computer with LTSC can now be connected quickly to a nearby device via Bluetooth using Quick Pairing.
You Can Download & Try Windows 10 LTSC ISO For Free
We are not recommended to use this edition unless you are experienced. However, you can try and download Windows 10 Enterprise / LTSC for free from Microsoft's official website at the link below.
Windows 10 LTSC & Enterprise
Conclusion: The Regular Windows 10 Is Better
Finally, many would consider Windows 10 LTSC ISO to be extremely good. Whereas, most users hate what Microsoft does on the regular Windows 10 in terms of stuffing it with many applications and services (bloatware), which after a period of time affects the efficiency of the operating system.
However, the LTSC version is not suitable for personal use due to its lack of many things and it may also be incompatible with new devices such as graphics cards and processors. In addition, you will not notice a notable difference in performance in games and the like.
Therefore, the regular version of the Microsoft operating system is better. Besides, you can optimize its performance by using utility software such as Advanced SystemCare. Furthermore, check the link below for additional information about Windows 10 ISO download.
Free Alternatives Free Download Free Microsoft Windows Free Operating System Free OS Free Software Free Windows Alternatives Freeware ISO
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Windows 8.1 ISO Download: Still Good Or End Of Life?
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PassFab RAR Password Unlocker Windows
Coolmuster Word to PDF Converter Windows & Mac
DirectX All In One Installer Download: The Best Requirements For Windows & Games
Kaspersky Security Cloud Free Download: Is It Best AntiVirus For Windows 10?


So, on to plan B. I found a rather lovely fifties-style dress. (Fifties style dresses + hips = fabulous, hooray!). The dress is dark teal blue with a pattern of oriental gold flowers.
The shawl I chose is the excitingly named Lace Shawl from Vogue (I have to say that I really, really dislike the photo on Vogue's page!) I'm making it using some long-stashed Wollmeise lace-garn (the colour is My Old Blue Jeans) with dark green-gold beads.
So far, so good. Here's hoping I finish in time!
the 1920's style dress is stunning, but if it's not right, it's not right. 50's style sounds like a winner – the shawl colour and pattern are gorgeous, too!
It definitely suits me better, that's for sure!
It looks gorgeous so far, love the beads with it.


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Posted by tsada kay | Jul 22, 2010
Proving once again that America loves to rally round a moron, "activists" in Walnut Creek, CA organized a demonstration Monday in support of Johannes Mehserle, the former BART Police officer convicted earlier this month of involuntary manslaughter for the 2009 killing of Oscar Grant at the Fruitvale BART station in Oakland. Mehserle contends he intended to draw his taser that fateful New Year's Eve, but accidentally grabbed his gun, subsequently killing the 22-year-old Grant on the BART platform.
Mehserle supporters declared the rally a show of unity and respect for law enforcement.
So, what happens when you fuck up and shoot a restrained, unarmed man in the back in public? Evidently, you become a martyr and a poster child for stoicism in law enforcement.
It's kind of like when you proudly go on record as a hate-filled, racist cop, in turn pleading the Fifth in the trial of the century, thus arguably placing reasonable doubt in the mind of the jury that let O.J. Simpson walk free. What happens? Well, duh. You're anointed a superstar and get a regular spot of Fox News.
Or like when you denounce sex education and a woman's right to choose (even in cases of rape), and allow the RNC to orchestrate a marriage engagement between your teenage daughter and the inbred deer-in-the-headlights who impregnated her--you're hailed a feminist by people who wear teabags on their heads. Or, better yet, how about when you make up a word like "refudiate" on Twitter, and you and your minions declare you the next William Shakespeare? That and a view of Russia from your living room would score you a regular spot on Fox News, too--that is, if you didn't already have a regular spot on Fox News.
Alas, we will have to wait until Mehserle's sentencing (now delayed until November 5) to find out how long it will be until the premiere of The Johannes Mehserle Shoot 'Em Up News Hour on Fox.
Life really is like a box of chocolates, ain't it?
*Note: The RNC refudiates all claims made in this post.
The extremists are a scary lot. The hatred that their ignorance breeds is plentiful and widely broadcasted. Have you heard about this new mess that the right is making, trying to paint Shirley Sherrod as a racist?


text:
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Climate-Heating Greenhouse Gases at Record Levels, Says UN
Climate Change, Global Warming, Greenhouse gases, UN
Damian Carrington
The main greenhouse gas emissions driving climate change have all reached record levels, the UN's meteorology experts have reported.
Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are now far above pre-industrial levels, with no sign of a reversal of the upward trend, a World Meteorological Organization report says.
"The last time the Earth experienced a comparable concentration of CO2 was 3–5m years ago, when the temperature was 2–3ºC warmer and sea level was 10–20 metres higher than now," said the WMO secretary general, Petteri Taalas.
"The science is clear. Without rapid cuts in CO2 and other greenhouse gases, climate change will have increasingly destructive and irreversible impacts on life on Earth. The window of opportunity for action is almost closed."
Levels of CO2 rose to a global average of 405.5 parts per million in the atmosphere in 2017—almost 50% higher than before the industrial revolution.
Levels of methane, a potent greenhouse gas responsible for about 17% of global warming are now 2.5 times higher than pre-industrial times owing to emissions from cattle, rice paddies and leaks from oil and gas wells.
Nitrous oxide, which also warms the planet and destroys the Earth's protective ozone layer, is now over 20% higher than pre-industrial levels. About 40% of N2O comes from human activities including soil degradation, fertiliser use and industry.
The WMO also highlighted the discovery of illicit production of CFC-11, a banned chemical that also both warms the planet and destroys ozone. Investigations indicate that at least some of the production is in China.
In October the world's scientists said global warming of even 1.5ºC would have severe consequences for humanity. International climate agreements had for two decades set 2ºC as a limit.
"Every fraction of a degree of global warming matters, and so does every part per million of greenhouse gases," said the WMO deputy secretary general, Elena Manaenkova. "CO2 remains in the atmosphere for hundreds of years and in the oceans for even longer. There is currently no magic wand to remove all the excess CO2 from the atmosphere."
Prof Corinne Le Quéré, of the University of East Anglia, said she was not surprised by the new record levels of greenhouse gases. "But I am very concerned that all three gases most responsible for climate change are rising upwards unabated. It seems the urgency and extent of the actions needed to address climate change have not sunk in. Low-carbon technologies like wind, solar, and electric transport need to become mainstream, with old-fashioned polluting fossils pushed out rapidly."
Efforts to cut emissions are increasing and on Wednesday the UN's climate change body published a report on the commitments made in 2018. It found 9,000 cities in 128 countries were taking action, along with 240 states and regions in 40 countries and more than 6,000 businesses in 120 countries.
Patricia Espinosa, head of the UN framework convention on climate change, said: "On one hand, greenhouse gas emissions have yet to peak and countries struggle to maintain the concentrated attention and effort needed for a successful response to climate change. On the other hand, climate action is occurring, it is increasing and there is a will to do more. I highlight this because falling into despair and hopelessness is a danger equal to complacency, none of which we can afford".
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Southern Denton County Business
Local restaurateurs to open Texas restaurant in Lakeside
Posted by Mark Smith
Marty Bryan (left) and Alan Mann.
Two local restaurateurs are planning to open a Texas restaurant in the Lakeside space that had been occupied by Carvao Prime Brazilian Steakhouse, which just closed after about four years.
The 1845 Taste Texas restaurant is expected to open in May at the corner of FM 2499 and Lakeside Parkway in south Flower Mound.
The new restaurant will serve a variety of steaks, seafood, smoked meats, sandwiches and salads, and will be operated by Marty Bryan and Alan Man. Bryan owns the destination restaurant Marty B's in Bartonville, and the two recently opened Rustico Grill on FM 407 in Flower Mound.
"The best way to describe our restaurant is in the name. 1845 is the year that the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States of America, becoming the 28thU.S. State. We want our restaurant to embody the flavor of our great state of Texas," Bryan said.
"Our menu will include dishes such as West Texas Quail Lollipops, a Shaved Short Rib Sandwich, Coffee Braised Brisket Tacos and Jalapeño Bacon Mac & Cheese. We will offer a variety of alcohol from Texas distilleries and the beef will be sourced from 44 Farms in Cameron, Texas."
The restaurant will be open seven days a week for lunch and dinner and will offer happy hour specials daily. Live music will be performed on Saturdays in the courtyard in front of the restaurant.
"We are thrilled to be joining the bustling Lakeside community," Bryan said. "We chose to call Lakeside home because of the energetic atmosphere and continued growth in the area. Most importantly, we chose Lakeside because we felt like we were joining a family. We are excited to share our love of Texas cuisine with the residents of Flower Mound."
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Mark Smith is the Digital Editor of The Cross Timbers Gazette.


text:
Q: Trying to recursively binary search strings in c I need to use a binary search to recursively find a target string. The function should return a -1 if it is not found and a positive integer if found but it always returns -1. thanks for the help!
int start = 0;
int search;
search = binary_search(strings, target, start, size-1);
if(search == -1)
{
printf("Not in the dataset!");
}
if(search != -1)
{
printf("%s is in the dataset", target);
}

int binary_search(char **strings, char *target, int start_idx, int end_idx)
{
if(end_idx < start_idx)
    {
    return -1;
    }
int middle = ((start_idx + end_idx)/2);
int i;
i = strcmp(target, strings[middle]);
if(i == 0)
    {
    return middle;
    }
if(i < 0)
    {
    return binary_search(strings, target, start_idx, middle-1);
    }
else
    {
    return binary_search(strings, target, middle+1, end_idx);
    }
}

input data:
aden
caden
david
erik
john
mark
matt
mycah
phil
susan

A: Although binary search is notoriously hard to get right, I don't see any errors in your algorithm as shown. You can still fail (-1) due to various causes that can not be determined based on the information provided.
1) Your source strings list is not actually sorted correctly -- strcmp() uses ASCII comparison, not dictionary comparison, i.e., your source string must be ASCII sorted for bsearch to be valid.
2) Your source strings are not well-formed NUL terminated C strings.
3) The target string does not have an exact match in the source string list. i.e., searching for "bill" will not match "Bill" or "billiard"
Just a note, a recursive bsearch is slower than and uses more memory than a non-recursive solution

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Recent studies have shown that in the EU hate crime is often not seen as a serious offence and is significantly under-reported. In fact, even the definition of what constitutes a hate crime differs across EU member-states. In Malta, the issue is becoming increasingly relevant, as the influx of irregular migrants, the recent legalization of civil unions and the new Gender Identity Bill seem to have proliferated the problems of hate speech and hate crime targeted at minority groups on the Maltese islands.
C.O.N.T.A.C.T. is a project aimed at combating hate crime through research and training activities. The project, which has received co-funding from the Rights, Equality & Citizenship Programme of the European Commission Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (JUST/2014/RRAC/AG), is a partnership between 5 Universities and 7 NGOs in 10 countries (Cyprus, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Spain, UK), whose aim is to analyse, improve and encourage the reporting of hate crime and online hate speech, as well as to raise awareness about what hate crime is and how to prevent it.
The local project partners are the Institute of Linguistics and the Department of Inclusion and Access to Learning of the University of Malta, the People for Change Foundation, and We Are - the UoM LGBT Society. During the 2 years in which the project will run (Oct 2015 - Oct 2017), we will combine research on online hate speech and hate crime with capacity building activities with young people, the media, as well as legal and law enforcement professionals. In order to counter hate crime tactics, we will also provide training locally, develop an online network, a monitoring team, and an App to facilitate the reporting of hate speech/crime.
For more information, visit the website of the project: http://reportinghate.eu, or contact the UoM project coordinator, Dr Stavros Assimakopoulos.


text:
var Ros = require('../core/Ros');
var mixin = require('../mixin');

var tf = module.exports = {
    TFClient: require('./TFClient')
};

mixin(Ros, ['TFClient'], tf);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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ARMITRON PARTNER WITH CHAMPION ATHLETES OF CROSSFIT TEAM DYNAMIX
Members of All-Star CrossFit Team to become New Faces for the brand's "One Watch, Many Faces" campaign LITTLE NECK, N.Y., March 31, 2016 – New York watchmaker Armitron is proud to announce its partnership with the six athletes of Team Dynamix, who recently dominated the Reebok CrossFit Open, qualifying them to compete in the East Regional competition in May.
The members of the NY-based Team will join U.S. Army Veteran/reality TV star Noah Galloway as ambassadors for Armitron and will be featured in the brand's "One Watch. Many Faces" campaign. As part of the campaign, Armitron will share motivational stories and tips from the athletes and support them as they make their way through the upcoming Reebok CrossFit Regional competition.
Led by head coach Justin Cotler, Team Dynamix is comprised of six of the best individual CrossFit athletes from around the country and world, each with their own stories of physical and personal achievement. The team recently ranked among the top ten teams in the world during the CrossFit Open and will be one of fifteen teams to represent the Northeast at the upcoming CrossFit East Regional competition.
"The accomplished athletes of CrossFit Team Dynamix come from diverse backgrounds and are each compelling and inspirational in their own way. We look forward to sharing their stories as they continue along their fitness journey," said Jerry Dikowitz, Senior Vice President at Armitron. "This partnership reaffirms our commitment to motivating others to reach their full potential. We will be cheering for Team Dynamix as they make their way through the Regional competition and to the Final CrossFit Games."
Members of Team Dynamix include:
Ian Berger – A native New Yorker and former college soccer player who has forged a name for himself as one of CrossFit's most well-rounded athletes. As an individual, he placed in the top 15 twice at the Northeast Regional before competing as part of a team. He is also the General Manager of the NY Rhinos in the National Pro Grid League (NPGL).
Andrea Ager – She finished the CrossFit Open 7th in the world in 2011 and 6th in the world in 2012 when she then moved on to finish 5th in the Regional competition. Andrea is also a member of the NY Rhinos in the NPGL. She travels around the country coaching and giving seminars to help others unite faith and fitness.
Amy Dracup – Born and raised in Melbourne, Australia, she is a long time elite CrossFit athlete, and the first Australian female to make it to the final workout in the 2011 Reebok CrossFit games. Amy is a 3x CrossFit Games competitor and an important contributor of the 2x NPGL champion DC Brawlers.
Christian Harris – A 2x NPGL champion with the DC Brawlers, who can back squat 520 lb. and snatch in excess of 300 lb. Christian finished 6th as an individual at the Northeast Regional in 2013. He is owner and head coach of the Freedom Athletic Academy in Holbrook, NY.
David Charbonneau –A Former MMA fighter who finished in fourth place during the 2011 and 2012 North East Regional CrossFit competition before he began competing as part of Team Dynamix. He was captain of Team Dynamix in 2013 and 2014, where they won the Northeast Regional both years and finished 5th and 16th respectively at the CrossFit Games. He is also the assistant coach of the DC Brawlers in the NPGL.
Becca Day – One of the strongest women in the NPGL and in all of CrossFit. Becca can routinely Snatch 235 lb. and Clean 315 lb. She is also a member of the defending champion of the NPGL, the DC Brawlers.
"Team Dynamix is honored to be part of the Armitron family and we can't thank them enough for their support of our team," said Justin Cotler, Head Coach and owner CrossFit Dynamix. "The fact that the brand shares a similar mission to that of our team makes this partnership the perfect fit."
About Armitron
For nearly sixty years, Armitron has been designing and manufacturing distinctive lines of high quality, fashion forward watches at affordable prices. With over five decades of watchmaking experience, Armitron offers a wide range of timepieces each with unique details and features including genuine diamonds, Swarovski crystals, chronograph movements, solid stainless steel and genuine leathers Since pioneering many of the first affordable digital wrist watches, it has been Armitron's mission to make stylish, functional timepieces accessible to every person. Armitron is the Official Watch of the New York Yankees and is proudly headquartered in the United States. To keep apprised of the latest news from Armitron Watches, visit www.armitron.com and follow us onFacebook, Instagram and Twitter @ArmitronWatches.
About Crossfit Dynamix
Based in Astoria, Queens, CrossFit Dynamix is a CrossFit affiliate gym providing elite level coaching and fitness. With their motto "Change your fitness, Change your life," CrossFit Dynamix has been helping to improve people's lives through the power of fitness. For more information visit www.cfdynamix.com
© 2018 CFDynamix.com | All rights reserved. Powered By ColorWerx.com


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Home Arts Justine Yu-Ping Davis embraces the role of Lucia in Black Coffee at...
Justine Yu-Ping Davis embraces the role of Lucia in Black Coffee at Taproot Theatre
Roxanne Ray
Front (L to R): Kim Morris, Tyler Todd Kimmel, Justine Yu-Ping Davis, and James Schilling. Back (L to R): Nathan Brockett, Richard Nguyen Sloniker, Claire Marx, Michael Winters, Nolan Palmer, and Sam Johns in Black Coffee at Taproot Theatre. Photo by Robert Wade
Agatha Christie is known as a top murder-mystery detective-story writer, and her first play script, Black Coffee, will soon be presented at Taproot Theatre. Black Coffee is one of Christie's many stories focused on detective Hercule Poirot, and in this play, Poirot investigates the sudden death of scientist Sir Claud Amory.
Playing the role of Sir Claud's daughter-in-law Lucia Amory is Justine Yu-Ping Davis. "It has been a journey to uncover all the layers of what drives Lucia," Davis said. "So much of the rehearsal process has been discovering how much she and I have in common."
Davis has long been a big fan of murder mysteries. "One of my first lead roles in High School was in Agatha Christie's Mousetrap, the world's longest-running play," Davis recounted. "Recently, I got to perform in the World Premier of Right Angle Entertainment's production of Clue! based on the infamous board game."
So this new project seemed like a great fit. "It is so much fun to live in these temporary worlds of, as my character says, 'lies and intrigue,'" Davis said. "I had never heard of Black Coffee until I was invited to audition and am thrilled to get to be a part of this tumultuous microcosm."
Davis relates to Lucia as an outsider whose chief desire is to be loved and accepted. "Having grown up as an expatriate in Kazakhstan, I not only had to integrate myself into Central Asian culture, but then had to re-adjust when moving back to the U.S. for college," she recounted. "Being half-Chinese also added another element of identity crisis that I am still unraveling."
Black Coffee was first produced in 1930, but Davis finds that the themes are still timely. "The play is set in the 1930s and Agatha, in her own way, is commenting on topics such as racism, war, and sexism," Davis described. "Despite there being so many serious topics, however, it is still full of humor, which I think gives you the lesson without you even realizing it."
Davis is having a great time in rehearsal. "One of my favorite parts of rehearsal is when an actor encounters a line with a dated item that we then have to figure out what on earth it is as well as how to pronounce it," she said. "Thank goodness for dramaturgs! Some of my favorites are 'Ebenezer Spraddle' and a 'Satan's whisker.'"
But building a career as an actor has its challenges, Davis reports. "The biggest struggle for me is the fact that so much of this business is based on networking and I have lived in five different cities in the past seven years," she said. "Having to start from the bottom every time that I move has been brutal."
As a result, she has sometimes struggled with imposter syndrome. "I am at the point in my career where I am more comfortable with being my authentic self since trying to be what you think someone wants you to be is exhausting," she said. "I am learning that the world is big enough for one weirdo to find other weirdos that want to make the same weird stuff that you do."
But that won't stop her from embracing new performance adventures. "I live bi-coastally in LA and Seattle, and there are several projects that I am deciding on," she said, "one of which includes dipping a toe into the directing world."
Davis also has her eye on her dream role: Elphaba in Wicked. "That is the show that made me go into theater in the first place, and, you are probably seeing a theme now, it is about an outsider trying to find acceptance and her place in the world," she shared. "For this reason, I am especially grateful that I am surrounded by brilliant friends, family, and my incredible husband Hunter that fill me with encouragement."
Black Coffee runs from July 13 to August 13 at Taproot Theatre, 212 North 85th Street, Seattle.
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