text:
\section{Introduction}

In a quasi-historical, quasi-scientific review such as this, one must expect a fairly ignorant account that is heavily biased to the author's own knowledge base and working concepts.
Since the author's own research career only began some two decades after Zden{\v e}k's, and since  we had not actually met until the late 1960s,
the literature trail provides the main material for the background, along with the author's speculations about the scientific environment prior to that time.
Thus the reader should be wary of a certain degree of mismatch (knowledge and opinion) between Zden{\v e}k and myself, but in general we have certainly been interested in the same topics, and in particular the still-fascinating white-light flare phenomenon.

I have structured this as a ``then and now'' summary of specific topics to which Zden{\v e}k made important early contributions, and recommend that any interested reader also read Zden{\v e}k's own memoir \citep{2010SoPh..267..235S} for further insight especially into the ``then''  aspects.
The five specific topics (in Sections 2--6: optical spectroscopy, proton flares, loop-prominence systems, the Flare Build-up Study, and ``giant arches'') overlap considerably and mainly provide a framework in time for the discussion.
No doubt one thing led to another for Zden{\v e}k's research interest, as it will, and the topics have considerable overlap because of the broadly interconnected dynamics of the components of the overall flare process.
He had a prescient interest in ``proton flares,'' which nowadays we would call Solar Particle Events (jargonized to SPEs, which consist of Solar Energetic Particles, or SEPs).
This interest predated the discovery of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), now known to play a vital role in particle acceleration, and we will pick up the historical trail below.

A solar flare is a complicated set of phenomena that reflect sudden energy release in the solar atmosphere \cite[\textit{e.g.}][]{1976sofl.book.....S,2011SSRv..159...19F}.
The effects range from the photosphere (``white-light flares'') to the distant heliosphere (``Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections,'' or ICMEs).
Flares can occur without detectable CMEs, and sometimes \textit{vice versa}, with the ``stealth CMEs'' exemplifying the latter \citep[\textit{e.g.}][]{1998GeoRL..25.2469W,2009ApJ...701..283R}.
The latter typically come from filament channels remote from active regions.
The white-light emission of a solar flare reflects radiation emitted at the photosphere itself, or even from  slightly below it \citep{2004ApJ...607L.131X}.
Flare effects indeed extend into the deep interior, as known via seismic signatures \cite{1998Natur.393..317K}.
The energy that is to be released during one of these sudden transients comes from slowly-accumulated stresses in the magnetic field, according to general consensus, and indeed alternative possible sources for this energy seem implausible \citep[\textit{e.g.}][]{2007ASPC..368..365H}.

High-resolution spectroscopic observations of solar flares (Section~\ref{sec:wlf}), Zden{\v e}k's main interest in the early decades, has returned to the forefront now, both because technology has advanced considerably beyond photographic techniques and because the limitations imposed by Earth's atmosphere have disappeared.
As revealed with crystal clarity by the original observations of solar flares \citep{1859MNRAs..20...13C,1859MNRAs..20...16H} because of the large radiated energy, the lower solar atmosphere plays a fundamental role in flare development.
Nowadays, not only do we have the broader coverage afforded by observatories in space, but are also seeing a remarkable development of high-resolution ground-based observatories with much-improved optical properties and data capabilities.
For this reason the open questions from Zden{\v e}k's early work may soon find some answers, and it is timely to consider how these questions arose.

As a personal note about this paper: I learned a great deal from Zden{\v e}k, and our research paths intersected frequently.
Our names appear together on only 12 papers, though, notably the first of his series ``Large-Scale Active Coronal Phenomena in \textit{Yohkoh}~SXT Images,'' with which he brought his \textit{Skylab} experience to bear on data that I was closely familiar with.
See Section~\ref{sec:arches} below for my views of how this developed.

\section{Optical Spectroscopy of Flare Emissions}\label{sec:wlf}

\subsection{Spectroscopy then}

Zden{\v e}k's research career began with optical spectroscopy of solar flares -- the tools available at the time permitted high spectral resolution and therefore supported analyses of radiation physics in the flaring medium, but these tools were cumbersome.
A good observation typically produced a well-defined spectrum with not-so-good seeing, limited metadata, and perhaps another one or two at different phases (and locations of the long slit) on the flaring region.
Typically the observer would place the slit at the brightest point of the flare and be thankful if good signal-to-noise properties developed.
Zden{\v e}k worked extensively in this area and led the development of flare spectroscopy at Ond{\v r}ejov observatory in the then Czechoslovakia.
This work taught us a great deal about the behavior of the lower solar atmosphere during a flare \cite[\textit{e.g.}][]{2007ASPC..368..387B}, and also about the ``loop prominence systems'' (see below), which interestingly contained low-temperature gas embedded magnetically in the hot corona.
It also led to review papers \citep{1966SSRv....5..388S,1972ARA&A..10....1S} and to his monograph ``Solar Flares'' \citep{1976sofl.book.....S}.
This book remains current, perhaps partly because the attention of solar-flare researchers turned away from optical ground-based observations and the complexities of the atmospheric structures they reveal, as the new spectacular observations from space developed -- for example, with the \textit{Skylab} observatory, which boosted Zden{\v e}k into a new career phase as described below.

High-resolution optical spectroscopy thus led to many insights in flare physics.
Chief among Zden{\v e}k's particular contributions was the work on Stark broadening in the profiles of the Balmer-series lines.
These showed that high densities must prevail \citep{1959PASJ...11..185S,1972ARA&A..10....1S}; estimates from that era put $n_e > 10^{12}$~cm$^{-3}$ for flares observed against the disk.
We readily understand this as regards the flare ribbons, embedded in the dense chromosphere, and the direct implication is that the chromosphere has been substantially ionized by the flare process, when compared with models of the quiet chromosphere.
Figure~\ref{fig:halpha_density} shows representative observations of this effect.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{halpha_density.eps}
     \caption{Balmer-series observations of two major flares (SOL1956-12-29 and SOL1960-08-07), showing resuts as two sets of black dots.
     These correspond to mean densities $n_e = 1.2 \times 10^{13}$ and $2.9 \times 10^{13}$~cm$^{-3}$, respectively.
       }
\label{fig:halpha_density}
\end{figure}

For limb flares, we are looking at the mis-named \citep{2007SoPh..246..393S} ``loop prominence systems,'' to be discussed in more detail in Section \ref{sec:lps} below along with their mis-namings at other wavelengths.
These structures may also have high densities, such that with high spatial resolution one can see emission in the core of H$\alpha$ even when the coronal structures are projected against the solar disk.
\cite{1983SoPh...86..185H} found a coronal electron density $n_e \approx 10^{12.8}$~cm$^{-3}$ for the limb flare SOL1982-06-12.

\subsection{Spectroscopy now}

Where has the optical spectroscopy of solar flares gone since Zden{\v e}k's time?
Ground-based observations have been hit-or-miss; we could point to the multi-slit spectra (with film readout) of \citep[\textit{\textit{e.g.}},][]{1974SoPh...37..343M} or the initial CCD-based observations of \cite{1987SoPh..114..115W}.
Such observations struggled with the basic requirement for imaging spectroscopy at simultaneous (and high) spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution.
We note also that observations of stellar flares, though without the advantage of spatial resolution, offer different views of probably the same physics.
``Sun-as-a-star'' observations of high-resolution optical spectra also can be achieved with instruments not originally designed for solar work \citep[\textit{e.g.}][]{1997ApJS..112..221J}; such observations make use of cross-dispersed echelle spectrographs/sp with broad spectral coverage.

It would be fair to say that observations of the lower solar atmosphere during flares, enabled by the advanced kinds of imaging spectroscopy using current technology, are only just returning to the mainstream of research into solar flares.
In the meanwhile the advance of technology has made stellar spectroscopy immeasureably better, and although this may seem embarrassing (why not study the nearest star most diligently?) the stellar observations provide a wonderful complement.
The period of slower development in the meanwhile has an obvious explanation: access to space made it possible to do absolutely new things, and at the same time it was clear to all that the lower solar atmosphere presents huge problems for model development.

\section{``Proton flares''}\label{sec:proton}

\subsection{Proton flares then}

The phenomenon of the ``proton flare'' refers to the acceleration of high-energy particles (protons above 10~MeV) at or near the Sun, which then appear near the Earth as ``solar cosmic rays.''
The presence of such particles definitively establishes the fundamental non-thermality of flare processes, since we typically observe energetic protons at 10 MeV, some 10$^5$~kT in terms of a coronal source.
We now term these particles SEPs (Solar Energetic Particles) and recognize a huge variety of properties in terms of elemental abundances, ionic states, and even isotopic composition.
In the 1950s it had already been well-established that there were often strong connections between sunspots (or flares) and geomagnetic storms \cite[see, for example][]{chapman-bartels}.

In the 1950s the problem therefore was to establish observational signatures of the extreme particle acceleration that could happen in association with flares.
This presumably was what led Zden{\v e}k to creating an atlas of proton flares from 1938 to 1955, detected as the ``Polar Cap Absorption'' (PCA) signature in ionospheric soundings.
From 1942, neutron monitors entered the scene, and of course the remarkable event SOL1956-02-23 \citep{1956PhRv..104..768M}.
This just escaped Zden{\v e}k's catalog, but in several subsequent papers he explored the statistical aspects of the proton morphology in the context of the flare process.
Eventually he helped to organize a ``Proton Flare Project'' of dedicated observations, as reported by \cite{1969SoPh...10....3S}.
Although many technical conclusions appeared, there was no obvious success at achieving a basic physical understanding of how flares could accelerate all of these particles.

The relationship between the particles detected in interplanetary space and those required for flare development also remained murky, although at this early time it was by no means clear that particle acceleration played the central role in flare physics that we now recognize.
Nevertheless Zden{\v e}k created the cartoon shown in Figure~\ref{fig:zdenek_ttm_cartoon} \citep{1970SoPh...13..471S}, showing that protons could in fact heat the lower solar atmosphere -- this was not a new result, but the analysis was excellent.
He also went on to provide estimates for the numbers of energetic neutrons directly arriving at Earth from a flare \citep{1971SoPh...19..202S}, a phenomenon predicted by \cite{1951ZNatA...6...47B}, elaborated by \cite{1965JGR....70.4077L}, and subsequently discovered by \cite{1982ApJ...263L..95C}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.58\textwidth]{zdenek_ttm_cartoon.eps}
     \caption{An early view of the thick-target model for solar flares, showing height in km \textit{vs}. optical wavelength in the photosphere and low chromosphere.
     The solid line shows the location of unit optical depth as a function of wavelength, and the arrows show the penetration of vertically-incident protons accelerated in the corona.
     Protons require of order 100~MeV to reach the visible photosphere.
       }
\label{fig:zdenek_ttm_cartoon}
\end{figure}

The impulsive phase of the flare, however, has a close identification with the bremsstrahlung emission of 10-100 keV electrons, not protons as suggested by the ``proton flare'' association and Figure~\ref{fig:zdenek_ttm_cartoon}.
This change resulted in the ``thick-target model'' of an \textit{electron beam} originating in the corona, rather than a \textit{proton} beam \citep[\textit{\textit{e.g.}}][]{1971ApJ...164..151K,1971SoPh...18..489B,1972SoPh...24..414H}.
It seems unlikely now, for various reasons, that Zden{\v e}k's proton beam can play a role in the impulsive phase, or if it does then the proton acceleration would likely be in the lower atmosphere directly because of the timescales involved.

\subsection{Proton flares now}

After the SOL1956-02-23, still ranking as the most powerful SEP event on the records, space research developed rapidly and flare-associated particle events have now become a major component of ``space weather.''
Nevertheless confusion still exists about the role of flares in SEP production, even though comprehensive evidence exists establishing that high-energy particles do indeed exist in flare plasmas.
The acceleration of SEPs has a clear relationship with the interplanetary propagation of large-scale shock waves driven by CME expansion \cite[\textit{\textit{e.g.}}][]{2013SSRv..175...53R}, and so these particular particles do not have any obvious association with those responsible for either the bremsstrahlung hard X-rays or the $\gamma$-ray emission by solar flares.
For both of these components there is strong evidence for the non-thermal action of particle acceleration to take place on closed magnetic-field structures in the core of an active region, rather than in large-scale coronal structures involved with the CME \citep[\textit{e.g.}][]{2011SSRv..159...19F}.

Recently modern data have jeopardized the thick-target paradigm (powerful electron beams); \cite{2012ApJ...753L..26M} successfully made absolute height determinations for the hard X-ray sources in the white-light flare SOL2011-02-24 and found them to be at the photosphere, out of the range of any plausible electron beam.
At present we have no good working model for the process: neither a {\u S}vestka-style proton beam nor an electron beam seem to be appropriate.

\section{Loop Prominence Systems}\label{sec:lps}

\subsection{Loop prominences then}

One of Zden{\v e}k's earliest papers dealt with observations of solar flares in H$\alpha$, as a part of his work at Ond{\v r}ejov in the group of Prof. F. Link \citep{1949BAICz...1...73S}, and with a publication date 58 years later, he concluded his independent research activities with a comment on the nomenclature and physics of the coronal mani\-festations of solar flares \cite{2007SoPh..246..393S}.
Both of these papers dealt with the coronal effects of solar flares.

The loop-prominence phenomenon played a major role in laying the framework of our current understanding of flare processes in the solar corona.
Before Zden{\v e}k's time one had the clear knowledge that loop prominence systems had a strong association with the occurrence of major solar flares, and \cite{1964ApJ...140..746B} provided the now-iconic view (\textit{e.g.}, Figure~\ref{fig:bruzek}, left panel) of the growth of large systems of coronal loops, now termed ``arcades,'' which H$\alpha$ observations revealed  most clearly when they rose high enough to appear above the limb.
The Bruzek paper also firmly established the existence of a relationship between the proton flares and the formation of a loop-prominence system.
We can also nicely trace the ideas arising from these flaring loops, and their ribbon-like footpoints, to the popular flare model of large-scale magnetic reconnection now termed the ``CSHKP'' model (Carmichael, Sturrock, Hirayama, Kopp-Pneuman); Zden{\v e}k was captivated by the description \cite{1976SoPh...50...85K} gave, but he recognized (Figure~\ref{fig:bruzek}, right panel) the need for three-dimensionality.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.58\textwidth]{bruzek.eps}
   \includegraphics[width=0.40\textwidth]{svestka_cartoon.eps}
     \caption{Left, adapted from Bruzek (1964), sketching
     H$\alpha$ loop systems for three flares as they would be seen on the disk, and off the limb.
     The numbers in the legend show minutes after onset, height in~Mm, and upward velocity in km/s.
     Right, from \cite{1983SSRv...35..259S}; this illustrates how 2D reconnection would simply create coronal toroids, whereas 3D reconnection could produce a flux rope.
       }
\label{fig:bruzek}
\end{figure}

The coronal development of an eruptive flare has many signatures, ranging actually across the entire electromagnetic spectrum that is accessible to us.
Accordingly, many misleading neologisms have popped up.
In the coronal optical emission lines (\textit{e.g.}, the ``green line'' of Fe~{\sc xiv} at 5303~\AA, but especially the ``yellow line'' of Ca~{\sc xv} at 3594~\AA) spawned the terminology of the ``sporadic coronal condensation,'' and the microwave observations created the terminology ``post-burst increase.''
There has recently been some use of the term ``post-eruption arcade'' (PEA), even though an arcade can appear without any eruption
\citep[\textit{e.g.}][]{1998A&A...332..353G}.
Zden{\v e}k felt that ``post-flare loops,'' and presumably all of these others, might more efficiently just be called ``flares'' \citep{2007SoPh..246..393S}.

\subsection{Loop prominences now}

The MHD modeling of ``eruptive flares'' -- including those with CMEs, has become a major activity with the recognition of the importance of ``space weather'' and the need to anticipate or predict the occurrence of extreme events capable of major damage to human society \citep{2013SpWea..11..585B}.
The sketch of data and the ensuing cartoon description (Figure~\ref{fig:bruzek}) have evolved into a major activity involving many research workers and participating agencies, including commercial users of space-weather data and models.

As the solar aftermath of an eruption (though not uniquely so, as noted above) a set of flare loops usually provides an excellent guide to the heliographic region underlying a CME event.
Usually powerful events have associations with active regions, but sometimes not -- filament eruptions in quiet regions (\textit{disparitions brusques}) may have effects strongly resembling those of active-region flares  \citep[\textit{e.g.}][]{1986stp..conf..198H}.
Such eruptions may involve coronal footprints much larger than those of active-region eruptive flares \citep[\textit{e.g.}][]{1995JGR...100.3473H}, even if the ensuing CME may occupy a similar fraction of the heliosphere.
These events have a shadowy research history since they do not show up readily in GOES soft X-rays, never achieving high temperatures, and overlap in parameter space with the few cases of ``stealth CMEs'' that have virtually no detectable low-coronal counterpart \citep[\textit{e.g.}][]{2009ApJ...701..283R}.

The loop prominence systems, in modern data, follow the pattern that led to the development of the standard reconnection models.
A large two-ribbon flare consists of an orchestrated array of individual loops; each (according to the accepted picture) forms via large-scale reconnection.
The energy newly deposited in an elemental newly formed loop renders it under-dense and over-pressure in terms of hydrostatic equilibrium,  so that plasma flows from the chromosphere below must try to restore this equilibrium as the loop cools.
Eventually the temperature drops to the point of Field's thermal instability \citep{1971SoPh...19...86G}, condensation ensues, and ``coronal rain'' results when H$\alpha$ and other chromospheric emissions suddenly appear out of nowhere and slide down along the field structure.
Recently \cite{2014ApJ...780L..28M} discovered that the \textit{Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager} on SDO can readily detect major arcade systems in the continuum near the magnetic line 6173~\AA.
These observations have high spectroscopic resolution (though only six points over a narrow band) and full polarization capability, exploited by \cite{2014ApJ...786L..19S} to show that an appreciable component of the continuum emission at this wavelength is in fact due to electron scattering.
The observations also reveal the presence of post-flare coronal rain as expected.
This serendipitous capability, plus the wealth of coronal information from AIA, should allow future research to understand the energetics
of these arcade structures more precisely.
Section~\ref{sec:arches} contains some related information.

\section{The Flare Build-up Study}\label{sec:fbs}

\subsection{Flare build-up then}

The Flare Build-up Study (FBS, organized by Zden{\v e}k and Paul Simon) began with a workshop in 1975 and continued until 1986 \citep{1987SoPh..114..389G}.
Its premise was the need for a proof of the concept that flare energy could be stored magnetically in the solar atmosphere, and to find out how it could be released.
This large-scale organization involved on the order of a hundred scientists and dozens of participating observatories, with several workshops during the course of the activity; important programs involved included the \textit{Solar Maximum Mission} spacecraft among others, the \textit{Very Large Array} and other radio facilities, the Kitt Peak Observatory among several ground-based observatories, and
the initial coordinated observations focused on NOAA active region 5022 during western-hemisphere daylight hours in June, 1982.

Indeed, much data resulted and provided material avidly discussed during the workshops that ensued.
\cite{1989SoPh..121..135G} provided a general and still-current description of preflare activity based upon these results, for example.
The topics addressed sound familiar now, three decades later: flux emergence, shear, magnetic complexity, flare homology, magnetic reconnection, large-scale photospheric magnetic patterns, not to mention flux cancellation at the small scales.
At this time the initial difficult observations of the vector magnetic field were just appearing (Hagyard et al., 1982; see also Severny, 1964) and there were no systematic soft X-ray or EUV coronal images with which to define the coronal geometry in adequate detail.
\nocite{1964ARA&A...2..363S}
\nocite{1982SoPh...80...33H}

\subsection{Flare build-up now}

In retrospect the Flare Build-up Study did not provide decisive quantitative answers to the key questions: (i) Does the coronal field uniquely store the flare energy prior to its release,  (ii) Can we establish a ``relaxation oscillator'' (loading/unloading) behavior that directly links energy input and release, and (iii) What are the basic instabilities of the structure that create the flare?
The latter two of these questions (not exactly as asked by the FBS) still remain open to this day, but we can recognize clear signs of progress.
As Zden{\v e}k and the organizers of these early campaigns realized, the data of that day were incomplete -- but were they inadequate?
Perhaps not, because flares inevitably involve large scales even if the unobservable microphysics does not.
So in my view the main problem was, and remains, theoretical understanding.
Things have improved enormously, but still with no convergence on the answers to questions of this sort.
In the following I comment on each of these items in turn.

(i) We have seen vast improvement in our ability to characterize the coronal magnetic field based on steadily-improving photospheric observations of the vector field, including much sharper ways of assessing the free energy available for release in a flare.
Not only do these extrapolations reveal the basic requirement, namely the storage of sufficient energy for a major flare, they also in some sense localize it \cite[\textit{e.g.}]{2009ApJ...696.1780D,2012LRSP....9....5W}.
In many cases now, these methods actually show a time-series decrease in the total coronal magnetic energy of an active region at the time of a major flare \citep[\textit{e.g.},][]{2012ApJ...748...77S}.

(ii) In a relaxation oscillator, a steady input of energy into a system that can become unstable results in characteristic forms of time structure.
If the trigger mechanism of the instability is itself well-determined, as in an electronic circuit, then the time structure is periodic.
If not, then there is a proportionality between the energy release of the instability and the time interval before, or after \citep[\textit{e.g.}][]{1998ASSL..229..237H}, the trigger action.
If the energy input is not steady, the pattern becomes correspondingly confused.
Many natural systems show this kind of behavior \citep[\textit{e.g.}][]{1976ApJ...207L..95L,2006ApJ...652.1531M} -- perhaps even the human heartbeat!

The Flare Build-up Study led to searches for this kind of effect \citep{1982AdSpR...2...11G}, making use of sequences of homologous flares where one should have the best opportunity to detect a pattern, on the plausible assumptions that flux emergence has some persistence and that the homology of the resulting flares indicates a consistent trigger threshold.
This study did not provide convincing evidence of the expected pattern, but the several assumptions required offer possible explanations.
Most obviously the lack of a correlation could reflect the irregularity of the input of free energy from the photosphere into the corona, closely related to possibly complicated pattern of emerging flux; how persistent is it?
In addition we still do not understand the physical mechanism of the flare instability, nor understand how it may be triggered.
Nevertheless the detection of a significant correlation would confirm the simplest picture of the process.

(iii) The identification of which kind of instability can produce a flare remains contentious.
We have seen one major development since 1986, in that the notion of ``shear'' has turned into a substantial effort to understand the description of \textit{helicity} in the magnetized coronal plasma and its role in defining the accessible stored energy, and in linking flares with global field restructurings such as flare, filament eruptions, and CMEs \citep[\textit{e.g.}][]{1994GeoRL..21..241R,2001JGR...10625141L}.

\section{Giant Arches}\label{sec:arches}

\subsection{Giant arches then}
The loop prominence systems identified with CMEs had suggested the CSHKP model of magnetic reconnection, and the data from \textit{Skylab} (1973-74) and the \textit{Solar Maximum Mission} (SMM; 1980-89) really solidified these ideas.
Zden{\v e}k participated in data analysis from both of these missions, and his ideas about ``giant arches'' began with analysis of a flare well observed by SMM and radio observatories \citep{1982SoPh...75..305S}: SOL1980-05-21 (X1), the same event from which \cite{1981ApJ...246L.155H} observed the relationship between hard X-ray footpoint sources and flare ribbons.
Both of these observational results derived from hard X-ray observations by the HXIS instrument on board SMM, a remarkable hard X-ray telescope \citep{1980SoPh...65...39V} based on innovative technology never again utilized.
The hard X-ray imaging results from this instrument, both in the lower solar atmosphere and high up in the corona, anticipated many of the results now associated with the \textit{Yohkoh} and RHESSI hard X-ray imaging.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.43\textwidth]{arch.eps}
   \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{culgoora_arch.eps}
     \caption{Left: the long-lasting coronal arch structure observed by HXIS as a late development of SOL1980-05-21 (energy 3.5-5.5~keV).
     The odd shape of the field of view is a part of the design of this instrument; the box at upper right shows its 32$''$ pixel size for this observation.
     Right, observations  of the same event at several frequencies from the Culgoora radio telescope.
     The points (axis to left) represent density estimates for the sources seen at the three Culgoora wavelengths and in HXIS soft X-rays.
     Figure adapted from \cite{1982SoPh...75..305S}.
       }
\label{fig:arch}
\end{figure}

The description ``arch'' obviously leaps to mind from Figure~\ref{fig:arch}, from \cite{1982SoPh...75..305S}.
The paper argued convincingly that this arch could be distinguished from the post-flare arcade, and had a separate dynamical development in the outermost part of the active region.
The structure seen in X-rays and in meter-wavelength images from Culgoora (right panel) remained static, rather than growing with time as expected for reconnection products.
This structure could thus not readily be understood in terms of the \cite{1976SoPh...50...85K} picture from this and from points of view described in this paper.
This paper attracted some interest, but it would be fair to say that much of the community remained unconvinced that anything beyond the Kopp~and Pneuman model would be needed.

\textit{Yohkoh} arrived,  carrying the first CCD-based soft X-ray telescope with good resolution in space and good sampling in time.
We immediately could get a better view of what SMM had glimpsed, and Zden{\v e}k eagerly wrote a series of papers on the flare arcades and giant arches \citep{1995SoPh..161..331S,1996mpsa.conf..609S,1996SoPh..168..331F,1997SoPh..176..355S}, specifically showing that the new and better soft X-ray imaging confirmed the existence of the somewhat shadowy ``giant arches.''
In the final paper of this series we see the suggestion that large-scale reconnection was happening on two scales.
The event analyzed in the paper, SOL1992-10-28T10:21 (C3.1), illustrated this well.
The discussion suggested that the reconnection leading to the re-formation of the coronal streamer could be identified with the giant arches, and that the process leading to the flare loops proceeded independently, even though both sets of phenomena appeared in large-scale two-ribbon flare events.
\cite{1990SoPh..127..267K} provide a full discussion of this distinction and what it implied within the framework of the HXIS-era data \citep[but see also][]{2015ApJ...801L...6W}.

A final paper in Zden{\v e}k's series of papers entitled ``Large-scale active coronal phenomena in \textit{Yohkoh} SXT images'' series dealt with the hot fan-like structure of the late phase of the limb event SOL1992-08-28 (C1.5), as illustrated in Figure~\ref{fig:SOL1992-08-28} \citep{1998SoPh..182..179S}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{SOL1992-08-28.eps}
     \caption{SOL1992-08-28 (C1.5), a beautiful flare event at the limb that displays the hot fan-like structure studied in \cite{1998SoPh..182..179S}.
     The four panels show soft X-ray emission at various stages of the event, as described in the text.
     The hot, spiky fan structure in the late image (02:41~UT, some five hours after the initiation of the event) is remarkable.
       }
\label{fig:SOL1992-08-28}
\end{figure}

Events of this kind contain the dynamical phenomena we term ``supra-arcade downflows'' \cite{1999ApJ...519L..93M}.
These could only have been discovered via \textit{Yohkoh}/SXT observations by a revised pattern of exposures not implemented until 1998,
but their discovery dramatically confirmed the presence of dynamics closely resembling that expected of a global reconnection model such as that of Kopp~and~Pneuman.

The soft X-ray images of the Sun also revealed large loop structures interconnecting active regions, including the interesting trans-equatorial loops.
Because of the large scale of these structures and their association with flare or CME activity, they had interest in the context of the giant arches \citep{1995SoPh..161..331S,1999SoPh..187...33F}.

\subsection{Giant arches now}
Zden{\v e}k's active period of research came to an end just a decade or so too soon; the voluminous high-resolution data from the \textit{Solar Dynamics Observatory} has clarified much of what he inferred from much-inferior data.
We note that these data have wavelength and temperature sensitivities that are different from the soft X-ray observations of SMM/HXIS, \textit{Yohkoh}/SXT, or \textit{Hinode}/XRT, but they have wonderful coverage, angular resolution and continuity.
We note two important developments that he just missed: the ``supra-thermal arcade downflows''  \citep[SADs;][]{1999ApJ...519L..93M} and the
``EUV late phase'' with its associated morphology \citep{2011ApJ...739...59W}.
Both of these concern our interpretation of the giant arches.

\subsubsection{SADs}
Exactly the spiky fan structures  seen in soft X-rays (Figure~\ref{fig:SOL1992-08-28}) turned out to support a characteristic pattern of downflows in the form of dark blobs seen in soft X-ray images \citep{1999ApJ...519L..93M}.
These structures occupy the region where a reconnection outflow jet would appear in the standard model, but have sub-Alfv{\' e}nic speeds and a gradual deceleration, features not predicted either in the cartoon or in related MHD simulations of large-scale reconnection processes in solar flares \cite[\textit{e.g.}][]{2011LRSP....8....6S}; such models also predict that the reconnection outflow would terminate in a fast-mode MHD shock, which is not observed.
Thus the SADs, and the spiky arcade tops described by \cite{1998SoPh..182..179S} simultaneously offer striking evidence of large-scale magnetic reconnection, upon very complicated separatrix structures, but also have not yet been convincingly modeled.

The SADs can originate in the corona well above where the original soft X-ray observations lost sight of them;
\cite{2004ApJ...616.1224S} could track the flows out into the domain of LASCO.
Their presence in the high corona might make them a candidate for the modern identification of the phenomena that Zden{\v e}k called ``giant arches'' in some sense, but current thinking associates them with the main flare eruption and the restructuring following it: the flare loops.
Recent work on SADs suggests that the whole concept of coronal magnetic reconnection at low plasma beta may need revision \citep[\textit{e.g.}][]{2001ApJ...557..326S,2013ApJ...766...39M}.
This radical change in our thinking about the microphysics may fit comfortably enough within our well-developed observational understanding of the magnetic restructuring involved in a major eruptive flare; in other words, Zden{\v e}k may not have been too surprised by this interesting possible revision.

\subsubsection{EUV late phase}
The ``EUV late phase'' phenomenon \citep{2011ApJ...739...59W} appeared first in the Sun-as-a-star spectroscopy from the EVE instrument on SDO.
These data, though simple EUV spectra, are sensitive and precise.
Furthermore the AIA instrument on SDO allows us to identify the spectral variations with image features \citep{2014SoPh..289.3391W}, which include eruptive signatures as detected directly in image motions as well as via coronal dimmings \citep[\textit{e.g.}][]{2001JGR...10625199H}.
These data showed clearly that in addition to the  flare disturbance as seen by GOES at high temperatures (above Fe~{\sc xx}, say), sometimes other disturbances followed as a part of the late development of the overall event.
These later disturbances typically appear most prominently at Fe~{\sc xvi} -- elevated temperatures, but not as high as in the impulsive or gradual phases previously known.
They involve large-scale loop structures not directly associated with the flare gradual phase, and \cite{2013ApJ...768..150L} note that a CME may or may not accompany an EUV late-phase event.
As a speculation, we suggest the identification of the EUV late-phase events with Svestka's giant arches.

\section{Conclusion}

In this paper I have reviewed some of Zden{\v e}k {\u S}vestka's most interesting research activities, in some of which I was fortunate enough to help out.
It is quite remarkable how much progress has ensued in the recent few years, and I have tried to point out where Zden{\v e}k's discoveries and insights may fit into the new context.
Of course, during his day the data were hugely less competent, and we could only get glimpses of phenomena now laid out for us in striking detail  -- if sometimes still perplexing.
It is most unfortunate that Zden{\v e}k did not see some of these developments, especially those which bore out some of his favorite ideas.

The optical spectroscopy of solar flares, especially white-light flares, remains as a lasting legacy of Ond{\v r}ejov observatory, and Zden{\v e}k in particular. In 1859 this phenomenon opened the door for many kinds of research, including the current major developments in ``space weather.''
We should remember that this original flare predated both Heaviside and R{\" o}ntgen, whose discoveries later in the 19th century led eventually to an understanding of direct solar flare effects.
Zden{\v e}k's research work began almost halfway in between then and now.

 \begin{acks}
This work was supported by NASA under grant NNX11AP05G for studies of white-light flares and by contract No. NAS 5-98033 for RHESSI at UC Berkeley.
I would like to thank the University of Glasgow for hospitality during the preparation of this paper, and several friends for comments on the first draft of the paper: Franta F{\' a}rn{\' i}k, Vic Gaizauskas, and Giannina Poletto.
 \end{acks}

\bibliographystyle{spr-mp-sola}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Movies To Watch On DVD
The realm of cinema is big and there's no shortage of choices to watch free movies online. That isn't surprising nowadays, as each and every residence possesses his own decision on the to see and the direction to go on vacations. Your options can be forcomedies and dramas, animated videos and in some cases horror videos. As a fan of sci-fi or steps motion pictures, you will find for everyone, even. But therefore films who have were standing the ages to get the most effective perform for sale in the movies now.
The ideal videos in the news are individuals excellent narrative outlines and ideal behaving shows. It's as if they get offered to all of us every day it's simply how the people today guiding the inventive transformation in the account and also the personalities did their miraculous on the watch's screen. This is how the real artwork of cinema is situated and you would be stunned just how much efforts retreats into the video creating. The top flicks on morning shows are the type who have a widespread charm and are also a box place of work struck. The ideal motion pictures in the media are the type of that keep you employed from start to finish. And in case you have overlooked the method in making successful film, allow me to share the basics that each and every movie wants.
The year 2021 may be full of surcharges while using best films on morning shows received from Hollywood. One amaze was the succeeding film of year, Over Together With The Golden Hair. It's an advanced handle the classic adore history and yes it would come from the creators in the Harry Potter sequence. The Woman With All The Golden Hair had been a box workplace gained and hit numerous funds as you go along such as Oscar for Best Picture. Eventhough it was an obvious business good results, it also were able to win crucial popularity and is considered to be the most effective comedies made this decades.
Another Oscar safe bet was The Nameless Girl, which has been instructed by Luc Jacquet. It's placed in the missed nineteen sixties in Vietnam and is based on lifespan of a fresh woman residing in the location and gets active in the fight against the communist strategy. This video took house the honor for Best Picture though other contenders incorporated The Artist and Boyz and The Grill. Little doubt, The Nameless Girl was obviously a exquisite delightful flick that displayed the job of the excellent director.
The very first Oscar to earn for Best Picture went along to The Departed, directed by Christopher Nolan. This flick superstars Tom Hanks to be a corporate government who sees themself in a pickle after he trades his car for a replacement. The video represents troubles locating pleasure, along with what Tom Hanks does to get past these obstructions. Though this dvd couldn't succeed the Oscar for optimum Picture, it certainly was a notable film that earned the hearts of moviegoers just about everywhere.
In terms of developing the most impressive movies ever, Ethan and Fergie Coen are definitely the true builders. The Coens had taken the screenplay and changed it into one of the best dramas of all time, a legendary account about two not going devotees that fall madly in love, as well as what their walkways will cross sooner or later, although the initial of their work of genius, The Lacking Part, was led as being a video clip. This film acquired the very best photo Oscar for optimum Picture, along with the breathtaking over emotional aftereffect of the story plot is outstanding.
No collection of the greatest shows available might be complete and not mention 100 Years of Solitude, instructed by Alfred Hitchstick. Another elegant movie, this difference of the Agatha Christie story focuses on a guy (Hitchstick) who mind to France for any only purpose of spending a murder. But he doesn't know precisely how damaging his objectives are, and he in the near future locates him self found in the midst of Second World War. That has a popular thrown advancing by James Marilyn and Stewart Monroe, Nsa are not to be missed. The Academy Awards also picked this up for the best Picture, but it was merely a discontent to manufacturing secondly installments of the film.
Another later bloomer from your The Big Apple place, Fulfill the Parents was one of several earlier comedies going to the top screen, plus it functions among the finest stars of them all (Eddie Murphy). This intimate humourous about two mother and father (Jennifer Aniston and Ben Kingsley) be prepared for their initial youngster's introduction was among the best movies on the nineteen nineties, a graphic which remains to be in the same way regular today the way it would earlier. No checklist of the finest motion pictures of your the nineteen nineties could be total without mentioning The Key, which is one of the most generally-witnessed motion pictures in history. Starring Tom Hanks, Ben Kingsley, and Dabney Coleman, The Secrets were able to top this area business office when it was published, and stays popular within the typical a feeling of the saying (the story, working, and all round excellence of the flick) as well as in modern-day.
If you want to check out more information about What to watch on Netflix stop by our web-site.
Even more ideas from suggested publishers:
Related web-site
click the up coming website page
Previous post All 5 Methods For Increasing Your Residence
Next post How To Participate In Casino

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


People have always loved to peruse, plan and dream before buying a cruise. This highly engaged prospect is the focus of much of the web and video content we create for HAL.
Celebrity chefs, including the Food Network's Marcus Samuelsson, Jacques Torres, and others are among the luminaries who make up Holland America Line's Culinary Council – a group assembled to create innovative dining experiences onboard. We brought the program to life through a series of documentary profiles and recipe videos.
Shot on location at restaurants in New York, Amsterdam and Chicago, the videos were part of a a custom designed landing experience on the client's website. The Culinary Council content platform highlights the brand's foodie focus and converts the almost-ready-to-buy into HAL cruisers.


The Hillary Rodham Clinton Research Fellowship Program provides unique opportunities to a recent PhD or masters level graduate to conduct rigorous, policy-oriented research to address key knowledge gaps in the field of women, peace and security.
The selected fellow will be based at the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security in Washington, D.C., and undertake an agreed upon research program, working together with Institute staff, other fellows and external partners.
The fellow is expected to author and co-author influential research papers and policy notes that will be published by the Institute and articles suitable for peer reviewed journals. The fellowship will also provide opportunities to present and disseminate the findings at conferences and convenings, and is expected to involve some international travel and field work.
To be eligible, applicants must be in their final semester, or have graduated within the past three years, of a PhD or master's degree program at Georgetown University.
Record of publishing either in online or print outlets (desirable).
The annual compensation for the annual full-time fellowship is $45,000 plus benefits, administered in a monthly stipend. Benefits include medical and retirement. For more information on the full package of benefits, see: https://benefits.georgetown.edu/enrolling/faculty Candidates with a Ph.D. will receive research faculty status at the Georgetown University Edmund Walsh School of Foreign Service.
Only applicants with a graduate degree from Georgetown University are eligible to apply.
You can learn more about the Institute at giwps.georgetown.edu. Please direct any questions to giwps@georgetown.edu.


text:
We have a few ads to pay for the bills. We hope the Putlocker community understands that without ads we are unable to provide free content.
Thank you so much for the support and we hope that you share the site and message with everyone. Yours Put-Locker.com
Jonathan Ross' Comedy Club
Turn off light Favorite Comments Report
Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3 Episode 4
JonathanRossshowcasesupandcomingnewcomedytalentandgivesaplatformformoreestablishedcomedianstopresentnewmaterial.Eacheditionfeaturesfourcomediansperformingbeforeastudioaudience.
Actors: Jonathan Ross
Duration: NA min
Other Putlocker Series Online
Melbourne 1996. The Golden Age of Australian swimming is beginning and a scholarship to an exclusive boys school brings 16-year-old Danny Kelly one step closer to his ultimate goal –…
Genre: Drama, Sport
Nessa Stein, the daughter of a Zionist arms procurer who as a child witnessed his assassination. Now an adult, Nessa inherits her father's company and changes course from supplying arms…
The Joy of Techs
Alexis Conran & Marcus Brigstocke put all manner of hi- and lo- tech gadgets to the test in their own inimitable way. Every episode takes on a different element of…
Genre: Comedy, Documentary
David Attenborough's Natural Curiosities
Sir David shines the spotlight on some of nature's evolutionary anomalies and reveals how these curious animals continue to baffle and fascinate.
When five young outsiders on Community Service get caught in a strange storm, they discover that they have developed superpowers.
Genre: Comedy, Drama, Fantasy, Romance, Sci-Fi, Sci-Fi & Fantasy
Claimed and Shamed
Documentary series that casts a covert eye over the ever-growing problem of insurance fraud, and sees outlandish claimers as they're caught out on camera.
I Can Hear Your Voice is a 2013 South Korean television series starring Lee Bo-young, Lee Jong-suk, and Yoon Sang-hyun. It aired on SBS from June 5 to August 1,…
Genre: Comedy, Drama, Fantasy, Mystery, Romance, Sci-Fi & Fantasy
A dark comedy following a multicultural mix of men and women deployed as Army medics to a forward operating base in Afghanistan nicknamed "The Orphanage." Together, they endure a dangerous…
River of No Return
In the Frank Church Wilderness, the only means of transport and accessing supplies are by way of the largest un-dammed river in North America, the Salmon River, commonly referred to…
Genre: Reality-TV
A group of experts fan out across the nation to investigate unexplained objects found by ordinary people in their own backyards across America. They study the objects, test them, date…
Lost Cities with Albert Lin
A mission to discover and re-create unexcavated worlds still hidden beneath the earth.
People Just Do Nothing
This mockumentary goes behind the microphone of Kurupt FM – the second most popular pirate radio station in West London, receiving up to eight texts per show and playing the…
Putlocker is now Put-Locker.com
Please help us by sharing and spreading the word.
Disclaimer: This site does not store any files on its server. We are not responsible for the movies and tv shows posted by users and people around the world. All contents are provided by non-affiliated third parties.
123movies Gomovies 123Movies Putlocker WatchSeries Putlockers.net


text:
Q: What will be the output of the following C program #include<stdio.h>

int main()

{
  char *p;
  p="%d\n";
  p++;
  p++;
  printf(p-2, 400);
  return 0;
}

When I am running above code, I am getting output 400. But why 400?

A: The p is assigned the formatting string first. Then it's decrement by 1 two times. Finally its value minus two is passed to the printf with additional parameter 400.
Subtracting 2 from latest value of p moves it back to the original formatting string. And therefore printf prints value 400.

A: printf()'s first parameter is a format string.  The variable p is a pointer to a character array which is also how strings are represented.
When p is assigned a string "%d\n" it says format an integer to print its value and then print the carriage return character.
Since p is a char pointer p++ means move the pointer forward 1 character. This is done twice to move p forward 2 characters so it points to the beginning of the carriage return character. p-2 says do pointer math to give a char* 2 characters in front of where p points.
This is the beginning of the %d carriage return string. This becomes the format string and the second parameter 400 replaces the %d and prints itself followed by the carriage return.

A: You declared a pointer to a string and assigned it the value "%d\n". This pointer holds an address in memory.
For example, lets say it points to address 6 when you add two to it (which you shouldn't do you you always have to know where your pointers are pointing) you change the address to 8.
Now when you do printf you're replacing it with the current value of the address p points to (8) minus 2 which is 6.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Women's and Gender Studies program spans a wide range of disciplines to offer courses that focus on the analysis of gender as a category.
Courses associated with the program pay particular attention to the social construction of gender identity and gender relations and to the intersection of gender with other categories, including race, class, and sexuality. The WGS program values student engagement with feminist discourses and practices and seeks to help you understand representations and realities of gender in multicultural and global contexts.
All students who complete the concentration engage in either an independent study or an internship, depending on their interests and needs. The concentration in women's and gender studies is designed to complement majors and career goals in many different fields, including government, non-profit agencies, non-governmental organizations, education, human resources, social work, counseling, law, medicine, and the arts.


text:
Memorandum of Understanding between the Office of Fair Trading and the Financial Services Authority (Dec. 2009)
OFT, FSA, Delivering better regulatory outcomes – December 2009 final update
BBA, BSA, Payemnts Council, Industry Guidance for FSA Banking Conduct of Business Sourcebook (Dec. 2009)
BBA, BSA, UK Cards Association, The Lending Code (Nov. 2009)
Ministry of Justice, Department of Business, Innovation and Skills & The Insolvency Service, Debt Management Schemes – Delivering Effective and Balanced Solutions for Debtors and Creditors, Consultation Paper CP09/09 (Sep. 18, 2009)
OFT:
Office of Fair Trading, Financial Services Strategy: A Consultation Document (April 2009)
Office of Fair Trading, Irresponsible Lending – A Scoping Paper (Aug. 2008)
FSA:
FSA, The assessment and redress of payment protection insurance complaints (Sep. 2009)
FSA, Regulating sale and rent back – the full regime (Sep. 2009)
FSA, Consumer responsibility: Feedback on DP08/5 (Sep. 2009)
Consumer Purchasing and Outcomes Survey, Consumer Research 76 (2008 Report)
FSA, Retail Distribution Review – Interim Report (April 2008)
FSA, A Review of Retail Distribution DP 07/1 (Jun. 2007)
FSA, Treating Customers Fairly: Progress Update (Jun. 2008)
Competition Commission:
Competition Commission, Market Investigation into Payment Protection Insurance, Final report (Jan. 29, 2008)
Competition Commission, Market Investigation into Payment Protection Insurance Provisional Findings Report (June 5, 2008)
Competition Commission, Store Card Credit Services.
Directive 2009/14/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009 amending Directive 94/19/EC on deposit-guarantee schemes as regards the coverage level and the payout delay
EU Commission, Consultation on Financial Inclusion: Ensuring access to a basic bank account (Feb 2009)
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS), COM (2008) 0458
CESR:
CESR Communications Officer Job Description
ACU, Questionnaire on Simplified Prospectus for Retail Investors (May 31, 2007)
CESR Charter (2006)
GAO, Reverse Mortgages: Product Complexity and Consumer Protection Issues Underscore Need for Improved Controls over Counseling for Borrowers, GAO-09-606 (Jun. 29, 2009)
GAO, Financial Literacy and Education Commission: Progress Made in Fostering Partnerships, but National Strategy Remains Largely Descriptive Rather Than Strategic, GAO-09-638T (Apr. 29, 2009)
Public Consultation on Product Suitability, Joint Standing Committee on Retail Investor Issues (Dec. 17, 2008)
European Database for Financial Education
Financial Education (regulator sites)
InvestRight (BCSC)
National Consumer Law Center, Preemption and Regulatory Reform: Restore the States' Traditional Role as "First Responder" (Sep. 2009)
no comments yet - be the first?
name email url


The strong, global, and ever-changing magnetic field is one of the fundamental characteristic features of the Earth. In contrast, neither Venus nor Mars currently has a global magnetic field despite being otherwise relatively similar terrestrial planets. This talk will cover topics such as how the Earth's magnetic field is generated deep within its core, possible reasons why Venus and Mars don't have a magnetic field, and how the lack or presence of a magnetic field matters for the long-term habitability of a planet.
Jon Mound is associate professor of geophysics in the School of Earth and Environment at Leeds University. He researches the Deep Earth, including the dynamics of the core-mantle system.
If you have friends who might like to get email messages from Leeds Cafe Sci but currently don't, then please forward this message to them. They can then sign up to get these messages by clicking the link below, entering their email address, checking the email box and clicking subscribe.


Can watch this while eating half a bowl of fish soup.
PUB will take over Hyflux's Tuaspring Desalination Plant by May 17, 2019. How did we get here?
Much of it has to do with the bailout deal collapsing.
Dispute lies on whether neurosurgeon and hospital adequately discharged duties to patient.
We follow Filipino domestic helpers on their day off and discover that there's more to their lives then just cleaning, cooking, and Lucky Plaza.
Nick Cheung and Esther Kwan low-key great couple.
Guide dogs help enhance the quality of life of those who cannot see.


text:
Tiger Deaths in India in 2021
According to National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), in 2021 India reported the death of around 126 tigers.
Status of Tiger
Reasons for declining population
The Royal Bengal Tiger
National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
Project Tiger
Recently, a tiger was found dead in Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh, taking toll to 44 in MP in 2021. NTCA is investigating the cause of the recent death of Tiger in Madhya Pradesh.
Before that, a tigress died in the Dindori area of Madhya Pradesh, allegedly due to poisoning.
Madhya Pradesh with 44 tiger deaths, is followed by Maharashtra (26) and Karnataka (14).
The tiger is globally listed as "endangered" on the International Union for the conversion of Nature (IUCN) Red List. As of 2015, global wild tiger population was estimated between 3,062 and 3,948 mature individuals. Most of the population are living in small isolated pockets. Presently, India hosts the largest population of tiger.
Major reasons for declining population include- habitat destruction, poaching and habitat fragmentation. They are also victims of human–wildlife conflict.
The Bengal Tiger is a tiger from specific population of Panthera tigris tigris subspecies. They are native to the Indian subcontinent. Tiger population in India was estimated at 2,603–3,346 individuals, as of 2018. Around 300–500 tigers are there in Bangladesh, 220–274 in Nepal while 103 tigers in Bhutan.
NTCA was established in December 2005 on the recommendation of the Tiger Task Force. It was constituted by the Prime Minister of India to manage the Project Tiger and many Tiger Reserves in India.
Project Tiger, a tiger conservation programme, was launched in April 1973. It was launched with the aim of ensuring a viable population of the Bengal tiger in its natural habitats, preserving areas of biological importance and protecting tiger from extinction.
[email protected]: Vision for Amrutkal : New Plan for Conservation of Asiatic Lions
SC's Idea on Project GIB
Durgavati Tiger Reserve
Cheetah Task Force
Uttar Pradesh's fourth tiger reserve
International Tiger Day 2022
Month: Current Affairs - December, 2021
Category: Environment Current Affairs
Topics: National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) • Project Tiger • Royal Bengal Tigers • Tiger Deaths in India in 2021 • Tiger Population


The Artigas Parka comes in the British Khaki colour. The jacket uses HyVent technology to keep you dry and 700-fill goose down to keep you warm. A detachable faux fur rests on the removable hood. Pockets and ports make it easy for you to use your cellphone or music device's headphones. This traditional look certainly stays up to date.


Researchers find that a red light camera fine set according to the risk of an accident would in most cases be $0.
Researchers from Auburn University earlier this year told the Transportation Research Board annual meeting that the vast majority of red light camera tickets are issued for behavior that carries no risk. The team used real-world data from red light camera intersections in Opelika, Alabama to model the likelihood of a crash for certain types of driving behavior. For more than nine out of ten photo ticket recipients, the group suggested the risk-based fine should be $0.
"Currently red light running fines are not based off of the risk imposed by the violator; instead, they are seemingly arbitrarily legislated," the report explained. "Prior to red light cameras, there was not an accurate way to judge this risk. However, the camera captures the exact instant the violator enters the intersection after red, thus allowing for a fine structure to be based off of that information."
Although those hypothetical fines are large, they would be rarely issued. The Texas Transportation Institute found that more than half of all red light violations happen during the first half-second after the light turns red. Eighty percent of the violations happen in the first second.


text:
Kahu
Police admit to failings in arrest of young Māori boy
9 Jun, 2020 06:13 AM 3 minutes to read
Police said they were looking for an 18-year-old 'with ethnic features'. Photo / File
By Te Aniwa Hurihanganui
By Te Aniwa Hurihanganui, RNZ
Police have apologised to the whānau of a 16-year-old boy from Masterton who was arrested last year after being mistaken for a suspect who robbed a gas station two days earlier.
Police said they were looking for an 18-year-old "with ethnic features".
Peter Hing had just finished playing basketball with friends at Makoura College, when several police officers pushed him against the school fence and handcuffed him.
Peter's mother Liz Hing said the officer who apprehended Peter was adamant he had the right man because her son was young and Māori.
"The dog handler who was involved came around the corner, and started shouting at Peter, 'I saw you in the f---ing car, cuff him'," she said.
"He was taken off the school grounds to a car down the road and he was in the car when he heard it come over the radio that they had apprehended the offender. The detective that was involved asked him what his name was and what his address was. At no other time was he asked who he was."
Hing was in Rarotonga when the arrest happened.
"I was shocked because I couldn't get in touch with my family," she said.
"I was just worried the whole time, I couldn't wait to get back home. I've got 11 children, my husband and I, and Peter is the quietest out of all of our children and things were going through my head about how he was processing that."
'Shameful': Disproportionate use of police force against Māori
26 Aug, 2020 08:26 PM Quick Read
An investigation by the Independent Police Conduct Authority has found police failed to communicate with Peter that he was no longer under arrest, and was free to go.
It also found police were wrong to leave the boy in handcuffs while they drove him home, and failed to provide an explanation to Peter and his whānau about how the incident occurred in a timely manner.
Inspector Scott Miller said the investigation team knew the name of the suspect - but the information was not passed on to the officers who arrested Peter.
However, police denied Peter was racially profiled.
"Once this incident unfolded there were lots of other police officers who became involved including a police officer from out of the district... the investigation team, who knew who the suspect was, were not the same people that arrested Peter."
He said he fully accepted the findings of the IPCA, and formally apologised to Peter and his family at a meeting last week.
"The mere fact that the handcuffs were left on him would certainly be an indication to show Peter that he believed that he was still under arrest," he said.
"That is a failing by police, we've worked through that and taken note of that and that is part of the apology. That was a judgment made by police and it was the wrong judgment."
Liz Hing said it was going to take some time before her son would have trust in police again.
"My son, they were hoping that he would not be suspicious of police after this and they have actually offered to work with him through the school and help him get his license which he was doing anyway and anything else.
"But I know that it's left a bitter taste in my son's mouth."
The officers involved in the arrest have since undergone training to learn about how to deal with young people.
Brian Tamaki arrested over bail breach


text:
Home News Sports Ballon d'Or 2019: Messi not happy Mane finished behind Van Dijk, Ronaldo
Ballon d'Or 2019: Messi not happy Mane finished behind Van Dijk, Ronaldo
Barcelona captain, Lionel Messi, has said it is "a shame" to see Liverpool forward Sadio Mane, finish fourth in the Ballon d'Or rankings for 2019.
Mane helped the Reds clinch the Champions League trophy and playing a key role in the team's Premier League title push.
The Senegal forward also scored three goals at the Africa Cup of Nations this year, as they lost to Algeria in the final.
Messi, who voted for Mane to win the FIFA The Best award earlier this year, told Canal+: "It's a shame to see Mane finish in fourth place.
"But I think there have been a lot of great players this year. That's why it was difficult to choose a particular player.
"But I chose Sadio Mane because he's a player that I like.
"Mane achieved a great year that was exceptional for the entire Liverpool team. That's why I chose him.
"I repeat, there were a lot of very great players this year, so the choice was difficult."
Previous articleBanking stocks extend equities' decline
Next articleArsenal vs Brighton: Charlie Nicholas predicts EPL clash at The Emirates
Inside Real Madrid's Luxury Jet With Beds, Showers And 2500 TV...
Ronaldo Buys 51 Per Cent Of Real Valladolid Football Club, Becomes...
BREAKING! Arsenal Announce Signing Of This Bayer Leverkusen Star (Pictured)


text:
Mosquitoes Test Positive for West Nile Virus
by Sarah Gray | Aug 3, 2022 | News
LOCAL & STATE SITUATION
For the first time this season, West Nile virus has been confirmed in a mosquito sample in Mesa County. The Grand River Mosquito Control District collected the mosquitoes from the Fruita area the week of July 18-22. The type of mosquito that tested positive was identified as the Culex species, which can transmit West Nile virus to people.
West Nile virus is most commonly spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. The first human case in Colorado in 2022 was detected last week in Delta County. In 2021, Colorado had 175 reported human cases of West Nile virus, including 11 deaths. Most human cases are reported in August and September.
This is the time of year when mosquito activity is high in our region, so it's critical for residents to take precautions. These include:
Use an EPA-approved insect repellent effective against mosquitoes. Look for one that contains DEET, Picaridin, IR3535, 2-undecanone, or oil of lemon eucalyptus.
Dress in long sleeves and pants when in areas where mosquitoes are active.
Avoid being outdoors at dusk and dawn; this is when mosquitoes are most active.
Drain and remove sources of standing water on your property.
For updated information about mosquitoes in Mesa County, visit the Grand River Mosquito Control District's website.


We look forward to seeing you at Restyle/Renew!
5 Broadway in downtown Denville, New Jersey.
Don't forget to follow us on your favorite Social Media for insider updates. New arrivals are posted daily to Facebook.


Kermit Allen Born, 46, of Kingwood, WV, died on Wednesday, January 30, 2019, at Mon General Hospital to be with the Lord.
Kermit was born May 11, 1972, in Morgantown, a son of Ellwood Kermit and Betty Lou (Dalton) Born of Kingwood.
He was a Forman for a tree company in Morgantown. He also did a lot of landscaping and he enjoyed his time outdoors. Kermit was a loving son, brother and friend. He was a hard worker and had a great sense of humor. In addition to his parents, he is survived by his sister, Lisa Born; nephew, Adrian Born, many aunts and uncles from Georgia, South Carolina and Ohio.
Cremation services are under the direction of Rotruck-Lobb Kingwood Chapel and Rotruck-Lobb Crematory.
Personal condolences may be offered to the family online at www.rotruck-lobb.com.


Colors for Children To Learn Hedgehog Animals Swimming Pool Baymax.
Learn Colors with Kinetic Sand is a great way for children to Learn Colors. This children video shows you how to make hedgehog with kinetic sand.


text:
Home » New Orleans Braces As Mississippi Swells
New Orleans Braces As Mississippi Swells
+ click to enlarge
The Army Corps Of Engineers
Flood management system extends to Illinois, with controls to divert flow.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is closely monitoring rising flows on the Mississippi River to determine if the Bonnet Carré Spillway in Norco, La., must be opened in the coming days to divert floodwaters from New Orleans. Heavy rain in the Arkansas, Upper Mississippi and Ohio River valleys have prompted advance preparations for what could be the ninth opening of the Bonnet Carré since it was constructed after the Great Flood of 1927.
If Brig. Gen. Michael Walsh, commander of the Corps' Mississippi Valley Division in Vicksburg, Miss., gives the order, it will take only two cranes, a small labor crew and 36 hours to divert as much as 20% of the flow of the Mississippi away from the city. Once the structure is opened, water will flow across the 8,000-acre spillway and into Lake Pontchartrain, through which it can exit to the Gulf of Mexico, bypassing the city.
"The Bonnet Carré is the final structure on the Mississippi River Drainage Basin, which means 41% of the U.S. gets drained through here," says Christopher Brantley, project manager for the spillway during an interview on site on April 7. Brantley, who holds a Ph.D. in oceanography and coastal sciences, added, "Seventy percent of the nation's water flows past our window."
Located 28 miles north of New Orleans, the Bonnet Carré is the southernmost structure of the multi-state flood-control system for the Lower Mississippi Valley: the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project. The MR&T was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1928 to protect the alluvial valley between Cape Girardeau, Mo., and the mouth of the Mississippi.
The Bonnet Carré structure is a 7,700-ft-long, leaky weir with 7,000 ft of weir openings. The 350 weir openings are 20-ft bays, each plugged by 20 creosoted timbers, or needles, dropped in vertically. The needles are pulled to open the structure when the Mississippi River velocity exceeds 1.25 million cubic ft/second and is forecasted to increase. "The river can safely pass 1.3 million cfs to New Orleans without damaging river levees," Brantley says. "We are right about 1.2 million cfs now, and it's rising every day."
New Orleans Storm-Surge Barrier Contract is Awarded
Mississippi Waters Diverted Into Lake
Mississippi Spillway Divides Flood
If Gen. Walsh orders the opening of the Bonnet Carré, crews will begin the labor-intensive process of removing the 7,000 needles. "There are high and low bays, to prevent the river from concentrating flow at one spot," Brantley says. Although the structure is designed for 250,000 cfs, the Bonnet Carré has exceeded that flow at least twice in recent history, he adds.
On April 7, with no needles pulled, the leaky weir was allowing a flow of about 5,200 cfs. "We've measured up to 7,000 or 8,000 cfs without any bays open," Brantley says. The structure has only been opened for 281 days since 1936 about 1% of its life.
A bulge of high water is now moving down the river. "On April 7, the gauge at Cairo [Ill.] was at 52 ft," says Gerald Colletti, assistant chief of operations for the Corps' New Orleans District. "It has crested and should start to drop over the next five to six days." However, those decreasing levels mean little to points farther south if rain continues to fall throughout the Mississippi Valley, Colletti adds.
Although the MR&T system includes other flood-control features to reduce flow upstream (see map, preceding page), it has not been necessary to implement flood plans at the Birds Point-New Madrid floodway above Cairo, the Morganza Spillway at mile 280 or at Old River Lock at mile 301, says Pam Vedros, public affairs officer with the Mississippi Valley Division.
However, water in late March began spilling over a 49-ft-elevation "potato ridge" levee at the Morganza Spillway. That spillway consists of an 8,000-acre parcel of land bordered by the agricultural levee, two stretches of the federal levee and the 126-gate Morganza Control Structure. The system there is designed so that when the Mississippi reaches high-water levels that threaten to flood below Morganza and points south, water spills over the potato levee and is contained by the control structure and levees. Gates on the control structure gradually release the water to flow through a 20-mile-by-5-mile floodway that leads to the Gulf of Mexico via the Atchafalaya Basin Floodway. The only time that floodway was completely filled and the structure fully opened was in 1973, says Russell Beauvais, operations manager for the Old River Control Structures.
By April 15, river levels at the Red River Landing by the Old River Lock at mile 301 are expected to be 58.5 ft. "That's when we will hit 17 ft locally in New Orleans," Colletti says.
The New Orleans District has activated flood-fight procedures, including daily inspections of all Mississippi River levees, Atchafalaya River levees and flood-control structures within the MR&T system. Even though the Bonnet Carré is at the end of the system chain, it is usually the first to go online, Brantley says. That's because the primary concern is over velocities that cause scouring, not necessarily levels.
On April 1, the Corps took advantage of rising water levels to run a test on a portion of the spillway. Crews practiced removing and replacing needles at bay 305. The Corps performs tests annually when water is over the weir and jetting between the needles to simulate the conditions that would be in place during an actual opening. It takes about an hour to lift and replace the needles in a bay.
On April 5, the Corps ordered removal of sand-hauling and excavating equipment from the spillway's 8,000 acres of federally owned land. When not being used for...
New Orleans Braces For Visit From Hurricane Gustav
Swamped City Faces Reality as Levees Fail Officials say that New Orleans region will need much stronger storm protection and policies
ENR New York & New England September 21, 2020 Issue
ENR New York & New England November 16, 2020 Issue
ENR New York & New England January 25, 2021 Issue


I've been blazing through a Japanese food phase. I love the simple flavors, and many of the preparations are simple, approachable, and outstandingly yummy.
Of course the questions that naturally follow - for me anyways - are,"How can I create this food from my farmers market? How can I make these ingredients from scratch - cutting out the "middleman"?"
Fast forward, I'm staring at a cabinet full of dried beans from the farmers market. Purchased with the good intention of making my own miso. As with many other projects, I do not fully research the process until I am part of the way into it.
It turns out red miso takes at least 12-18 months to be fully ready, and many miso makers will leave it to develop for much longer. [There is sweet white miso that is ready after 3-6 months] Miso making is an ancient process refined by skilled artisans; or the "middlemen" in this scenario. It turns out they're there for a reason in some cases.
Nevertheless, I'm diving in head first in this one. After fairly extensive, if late, research - I settled on this book for guidance.
Despite the 80's workout theme, this is an awesome book. It has guided me through many funky smelling endeavors.
The process is simple . . .
The beans are soaked overnight and boiled until they are soft. They are then ground to the desired consistency, salted, and mixed with the koji - an inoculated grain - and finally packed away in a vessel to ferment of their own accord.
From left to right, vinton soy beans, adzuki beans, and black soy beans.
Koji is an inoculated grain, rice in this case, used to spur the fermentation process.
The cooked vinton soy beans, cooked, partially ground and mixed with the koji.
The miso in its pots, where it will chillax for the next 18 months.
Check back in in 18 months to see how this whole thing turns out.
How I pick my songs for my newsletter . . . .
You're Probably Never Going to Make this . . .
The morning after . . .


text:
Six Boats
Abel Tasman and the Ngati Tumatakokiri
The Wakas
Kurahaupo
Tainui
Mataatua
Matawhaorua
Six Boats: Introduction
Meet 'the Heems'
How to read this Blog
The Armouries
The Dutch Armoury
Tasman's written instructions explicitly described the danger involved in engaging with natives.
"In landing with small craft extreme caution will everywhere have to be used, seeing that it is well-known that the southern regions are peopled by fierce savages, for which reason you will always have to be well armed and to use every prudent precaution, since experience has taught in all parts of the world that barbarian men are nowise to be trusted, because they commonly think that the foreigners who so unexpectedly appear before them, have come only to seize their land "
The VOC wanted Tasman to establish amicable relations with anyone they met, so that they could be engaged in trade, but they did not leave Tasman unprepared for trouble.
Cannon on the VOC replica ship, the Duyfken
Swivel cannon on the VOC replica ship, the Duyfken
17th century Dutch musketeer
VOC cutlass
Both ships carried cannons, and the Heemskerck was originally designed as a small warship. It had cannons in fixed positions in the aft, and along its sides. In addition it had swivel guns mounted on the gunwale. They fired single shot, various types of shrapnel and grapeshot, and 'cannister shot', where shrapnel was loaded in the gun encapsulated in a tin wrapper.
Following the activity on the night of December 18th, Tasman had ordered the guns be cleaned and readied for use. Hand to hand weapons were also placed on the decks: including pikes, cutlasses, knives and muskets.
In addition to the officers and sailing crew, Tasman had muskets and 19 Soldiers. In the 17th century, muskets were powerful, but only accurate over a limited range; an Infantryman a hundred paces away was relatively safe.
Tasman didn't record how the Maori responded to meeting firearms, except to say that they backed off when the big guns were fired, but James Cook provided this insight.
"Musquetry they never regarded unless they felt the Effect; but great Guns they did, because they threw stones farther than they could Comprehend."
The Maori Armoury
To repel the Dutch, the Maori had quite literally "Sticks and Stones".
The Maori used no projectile weapons (with very limited exceptions); no slingshot, catapult or even bow and arrow. James Cook recorded seeing bows and arrows in Tahiti, but was told that these were not fighting weapons, but boys' playthings. Similarly, a dart launched from a stick and string existed, but was not used as weapons. The Maori had a larger version of this for throwing spears into Pa's, but that is the limit of their projectile weapons.
Maori warrior. 1769
Maori fighting was almost exclusively hand to hand.
This engraving is from a sketch made by Sydney Parkinson on Cooks first visit to New Zealand in 1769-70. It is captioned "A New Zealand Warrior in his proper dress & completely Armed, According to their Manner".
It shows only two weapons.
In the Warriors right hand is a Tewhatewha. This is the style of staff most commonly shown in early illustrations of Maori. One end has a carved blade, and the other is sharpened to a point. It is used like a club or hammer, and the end blade can be thrusted into the enemy, or used as a crook.
Once the enemy was close, the weapon was reversed, and the point used for stabbing.
The Pouwhenua is a similar weapon, but has a broad blade instead of the quarter moon shape. The Taiaha was a similar length, but carved to a spear like point.
The neck area was a primary target with this type of weapon.
Stone patu
Tucked into a strap around the warriors waist is a patu. These were made of wood, whalebone or stone. Whalebone was favoured over wood as it didn't crack or splinter, and it is likely that some of the Ngati Tumatakokiri had these; herd strandings of whales on the inside of the spit in Golden Bay, is relatively common.
In some districts patu are also known as 'mere', but in other parts this term is exclusively reserved for a patu made from pounamu.
Patu and mere have the end and sides sharpened, with a hole behind the handle part for a wrist loop.
This video demonstrates use of the Pouwhenua and Patu.
On the morning of December 19th, 1642, while the day was still young, nine boats full of Maori Warriors paddled towards two huge ships intending to engage their foe.
Whilst they were similar in numbers, the Maori were armed only with oars, sticks and clubs.
The two ships they were paddling towards were brimming with gunpowder and steel.
This entry was posted in Abel Tasman, Kurahaupo and tagged Abel Tasman, Golden Bay, Heemskerck, Kurahaupo, Maori, Mohua, Ngati Tumatakokiri, Zeehaen on August 28, 2014 by sixboats.
← First light Blood on the water →


The summary below is from the full reports titled "Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions in Primary Care To Reduce Alcohol Misuse: Recommendation Statement" and "Behavioral Counseling Interventions in Primary Care To Reduce Risky/Harmful Alcohol Use by Adults: A Summary of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force." They are in the 6 April 2004 issue of Annals of Internal Medicine (volume 140, pages 554-556 and pages 557-568). The first report was written by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force; the second report was written by E.P. Whitlock, M.R. Polen, C.A. Green, T. Orleans, and J. Klein.
Alcohol misuse damages health. It can hurt relationships; increase risks for accidents and violence; and cause problems with the liver, brain, and heart. In the United States, a form of alcohol misuse known as "risky" or "harmful" drinking is defined as more than 7 drinks/week or more than 3 drinks/occasion for women and more than 14 drinks/week or more than 4 drinks/occasion for men. This level of drinking does not usually signal abuse or dependence, but it does put people at risk for future problems. Several standard questions can help identify people who have alcohol problems. They include asking about the following: frequency and typical quantity of drinking, frequency of exceeding recommended drinks/occasion, drinking first thing in the morning, feeling guilty about drinking, feeling a need to cut back on drinking, and feeling that others are criticizing you for drinking too much. Brief advice by doctors and other health professionals can help people without alcohol abuse or dependence cut back or stop drinking if they are drinking too much. Yet, many doctors do not routinely ask patients about their drinking habits and do not give patients with excessive drinking or alcohol problems advice about ways to cut back or quit. The USPSTF wanted to see whether research supports including screening and counseling for alcohol misuse in routine primary care visits. Screening means looking for a condition in patients who do not have symptoms or signs of that condition. Screening is different from looking for alcohol problems in patients who have symptoms or signs suggesting alcohol problems, which doctors clearly should do.
The USPSTF reviewed published research about the benefits and harms of screening and counseling for alcohol misuse.
The USPSTF found good evidence that screening adults can accurately identify patients whose alcohol use does not meet criteria for abuse or dependence but is "risky"' or "harmful" and puts them at risk for future alcohol-related health problems. They also found good evidence that brief counseling will reduce alcohol misuse in these types of drinkers over the next 6 to 12 months and maybe even longer. The authors did not identify harms of screening or counseling that would outweigh the potential benefits. The evidence for screening and counseling adolescents was limited.
The USPSTF recommends that doctors screen all adult patients in primary care settings for alcohol misuse and provide counseling for identified risky or harmful drinkers. Referral for specialist treatment may be appropriate for those with alcohol abuse or dependence.
Published: Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(7):I-64.


text:
AFFORDABLE CARE ACT PROGRAM TO IMPROVE HOSPITAL CARE FOR PATIENTS
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) today issued a proposed rule that would establish a new hospital value-based purchasing program that would reward hospitals for providing high quality, safe care for patients.
Jan 07, 2011 Press Release
PROPOSED MEDICARE HOSPITAL RULES WOULD HELP IMPROVE CARE QUALITY
Apr 19, 2011 Press Release
CMS PROPOSES PAYMENT, POLICY CHANGES FOR INPATIENT REHABILITATION FACILITIES
NEW TECHNOLOGY TO HELP FIGHT MEDICARE FRAUD
On the heels of the White House launch of the Campaign to Cut Waste - an administration wide initiative to crack down on waste, fraud and abuse, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) announced today that starting July 1, it will begin using innovative predictive modeling technology to fight Medicare fraud.
Jun 17, 2011 Press Release
CMS PROPOSES POLICY, PAYMENT RATE CHANGES FOR THE PHYSICIAN FEE SCHEDULE IN 2012
CMS ANNOUNCES MORE ACCURATE FY 2012 PAYMENTS FOR MEDICARE SKILLED NURSING FACILITIES
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) today announced a final rule reducing Medicare skilled nursing facility (SNF) Prospective Payment System (PPS) payments in FY 2012 by $3.87 billion, or 11.1 percent lower than payments for FY 2011.
PHYSICIAN GROUP PRACTICE DEMONSTRATION SUCCEEDS IN IMPROVING QUALITY AND REDUCING COSTS
Today the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) announced results from the initial Physician Group Practice (PGP) Demonstration, a landmark partnership with physician group practices that aims to better coordinate care across different settings, leading to improved quality and cost savings.
Aug 08, 2011 Press Release
Psychiatric (1)
Medicaid & CHIP (1)


→ You're interested in case studies and checklists about the topic employee magazine? Contact us.
→ You want to optimize your employee magazine and are looking for the right answer? Call us.
Write us an email with your inquiry and we'll send you back our checklist at no cost.


text:
Post Bahadur Basnet
Post Bahadur Basnet, who is from Nepal, is currently a Visiting Fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). Click here for detailed profile
Framing of Nationalism in Nepal's Radical Communist Movement: The India Factor
Fellows' Seminar
1030 to 1300 hrs
Beyond the Rhetoric of Trilateral Cooperation
Over the past few years, 'trilateral economic cooperation' and 'vibrant bridge' have become buzzwords in Nepal's foreign policy discourse, and have also caught the popular imagination at home in India. These proposals have generated both curiosity and anxiety in Delhi's diplomatic and academic circles that are otherwise largely indifferent to Nepal. The Chinese diplomats in Delhi also raising the issue with the Indian officials has added to India's anxiety all the more. With some notable exceptions (e.g., C.
Come November in Nepal…
The transitional politics in the Himalayan Kingdom has entered choppy waters with the breakaway radical faction of the Maoist party vowing to disrupt the election to a new constituent assembly slated in November this year.
IDSA COMMENT
Calling Elections in Nepal
The election commission has started making necessary preparations and the political parties are already out on the hustings. But the road to elections is not without hitches.
Revolution in Nepal: Bolshevik-style?
The Baidya-driven radicals want to adopt the party line of the Second National Conference in 2001 when they had decided to supplement their Chinese model of revolution (protracted people's war) with the Russian model (armed urban insurrection).


text:
Les ruines de Jiaohe (en mandarin simplifié: 交河故城) sont un site archéologique situé dans la province du Xinjiang en Chine.

C'est une ancienne citadelle, protégeant la région à l'époque des Tang (du  au ). Elle fut peu à peu abandonnée après la dynastie Yuan, vers le .

Construite en pisé, elle est aujourd'hui très endommagée ; elle comptait parmi ses principaux monuments plusieurs monastères bouddhistes, une pagode, un groupe de 101 stupas

Jiaohe
Site historique et culturel majeur protégé au niveau national dans la région autonome du Xinjiang

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Greensboro City Council has cited Evonik Stockhausen for its donations, contributions, and volunteer efforts at the city's Warnersville Recreational Center.
City Council Woman T. Dianne Bellamy-Small told fellow Council members that Evonik approached the city to find out how the company could help residents and was told that the Warnersville Rec Center needed computers as well as Internet connections for use by students. She also praised Evonik for its continuing support of Calvin Wiley Elementary School.
Not only did Evonik Stockhausen donate money to purchase computers, said Melvin (Mel) Melton, Warnersville Center Supervisor, but the company also donated chess games to help start a chess class, sponsored the Center's end of summer camp luncheon for 30 youth and staff and conducted two hand hygiene classes for summer camp and afterschool kids.
Dr. Reinhold Brand, President of Evonik Stockhausen Corporation - part of one of the world's leading specialty chemicals companies – thanked the City Council for recognizing the company's contributions to the community and also thanked Councilwoman Bellamy-Small for guiding Evonik in the right direction.
In addition to Dr. Brand, Dieter Bettinger and Jeff Davis, those in attendance at the City Council meeting included Joyce Casey, Janice Lanier, Marion Hofmann, and Ken Meyer.