According to Piaget, young children go through two distinct phases or sub-stages in cognitive development during this stage. First, they develop Symbolic Function between the ages of 2 and 4. During the Symbolic Function sub-stage, children master the ability to picture, remember, understand, and replicate objects in their minds that are not immediately in front of them. In other words, children can create mental images of objects and store them in their minds for later use.
Before this period, during the Sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers understood their world as containing only what they were immediately experiencing and nothing else. According to Piaget, if a toddler was playing with a kitten and it left his line of vision, the child would be unable to create a mental picture of that kitten. To the toddler, the idea of the kitten (and therefore the kitten itself) would no longer exist. Young children who have developed Symbolic Function can draw a picture of or pretend to play with a kitten that is no longer there.
These new cognitive abilities are helpful to young children's everyday experience. For example, children can talk about people who are traveling, or who live somewhere else, like Grandma in Florida. They can also talk about or draw places they visited, as well as create new scenes and creatures from their imagination. Children can also use their mental images of things to "play school" or to "play house."
Even though children in the Preoperational Stage have gained new cognitive skills, Piaget suggests that their thinking is rather rigid, limited to one aspect of a situation at a time, and strongly influenced by a item's appearance. This style of thinking, according to Piaget, leads to characteristic errors. For example, Preoperational children have not developed the mental abilities of Conservation and Transformation.
Conservation is a person's ability to understand that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even if their appearance has changed. To demonstrate the concept of Conservation, Piaget showed young children two identical cups filled with identical volumes of water (reaching to the same measuring line). Preoperational youth agreed the cups had the same amount of liquid in them. Piaget proceeded to pour the liquid from one of the original cups into a wide, short cup. Then, he poured the liquid from the second original cup into a tall, narrow cup. When he asked Preoperational kids which cup had more liquid, they chose the taller cup. To these children, the taller cup looked like it had more volume even though the same amount of fluid filled both cups.
The concept of conservation can apply to number as well. For example, according to Piaget, a Preoperational child will not understand that rearranging six keys to make a different formation (e.g., spreading them out or moving them closer together) does not change the number of items present.
Transformation is a person's ability to understand how certain physical characteristics change while others remain the same in a logical, cause and effect sequence. According to Piaget, Preoperational Children do not readily understand how things can change from one form to another. To demonstrate this concept, Piaget first showed young children two 1-inch round balls of clay. Then, he presented the children with one 1-inch round ball of clay and one 1-inch ball of clay squished flat. A young person in the Preoperational stage would not understand that the flat ball had been round before and was squished to make its new shape.
Piaget also believed that Preoperational children have a style of thinking characterized by Egocentrism, or the inability to see the world someone else's point of view. According to Piaget, children with Egocentrism explain situations from their own perspective and understanding. Preoperational children also have a hard time understanding why banging on pots and pans or playing with a musical toy could increase their mother's headache when they're having so much fun.
According to Piaget, children in the Preoperational stage also believe that things are alive or have human characteristics because they grow or move, a style of thinking called Animism. For example, children may talk about cars like animals, as if they're growling or that they're hungry. Similarly, young children may blame chairs or toys for causing them to fall or trip. Finally, Piaget believes that children under the age of 4 don't have the ability to organize things into hierarchical categories. In other words, young children are unable to group items in larger sub-groups and smaller sub-groups based on similarities and differences.
Contemporary research suggests that Piaget's ideas about Preoperational children were not entirely correct; children in this stage of development vary greatly depending on their language skills, perceptual abilities, decision rules, and real-world knowledge. For example, when young children are tested using ideas and objects that are familiar to their everyday lives, they are better able to demonstrate their abilities. To illustrate: if a researcher uses a small number of objects (e.g., 3 instead of 6) to test conservation of number, 3-year-olds often notice that the number stays the same regardless of how it is arranged. Similarly, when young children are placed in a real world setting (e.g., their classroom), they are usually able to explain how other children (peers who sit in different seats) would see the room differently. Many young children can also group their toys into hierarchies (e.g., sorting animals vs. vehicles and then cars vs. trucks).
Contemporary developmental psychologists now believe that most children in Western cultures achieve conservation of number, length, mass and liquid between 6 and 7 years, even though conservation of weight may not occur until ages 8 through 10. Preoperational children often display egocentric thought, but, particularly toward the end of this stage, this style of thinking is not universal across all times and situations. Psychologists also think that animism is a way that children express their imagination and process how objects really work in a fashion that's easy for them to understand. Most children know that inanimate objects really aren't alive.


text:
Cosmic structure from phase transitions
Delivorias, Nikitas Alex (1997) Cosmic structure from phase transitions. Doctoral thesis, Durham University.
Motivated by recent observations suggesting that structures in the Universe appear to be concentrated on the walls of bubbles that surround giant voids, we examine the possibility that the observed structure may have resulted from a first order phase transition that occured after inflation and which proceeded by quantum tunnelling and the formation of bubbles of true vacuum. Since we lack a fundamental theory of particle physics that would define the scalar field responsible for the second phase change and predict the scale of the resulting structures, we instead examine two similar parametrised forms for the potential motivated by the standard Higgs model, and attempt to determine values of the parameters that can reproduce the kind of structures that are observed through bubble wall collisions. The method deployed is quite general and can be applied to any phase transition that occured after inflation. It is found that although the shape of the required potential and its coupling can be determined, the epoch of the proposed second phase transition is in general not specified by the observed structures. The full verification or otherwise of our proposal will require not only a more detailed consideration of its predictions for the large scale structure of the Universe and its compatibility with the cosmic microwave background radiation but also the embedding of our ideas in a credible theory of particle physics beyond the Standard Model.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
United Nations New York
Permanent Mission of Hungary
Hungary in the UN
Mission Staff
The Permanent Representative
Members of the Mission
Activities of the Mission
Multilateral relations
Home / Multilateral relations
Summary of Activites - 2018
The Permanent Mission of Hungary to the United Nations wishes You a Happy New Year with our latest Bulletin, which recaptures the finest moments of our work of 2018!
Summer Bulletin 2018
Before the summer break, please read the Summer Bulletin of the Permanent Mission of Hungary, which recaptures the highlights of the past months.
Summary of Activities - 2016
We wish You a Happy New Year with the latest Bulletin of the Permanent Mission of Hungary to the United Nations, which recaptures the finest moments of our work of 2016 and presents the highlights of 2017.
End-of-year Bulletin 2015
Please find attached the latest issue of the Bulletin of the Permanent Mission of Hungary to the United Nations, which recaptures the finest moments of our work of 2015 and presents the highlights of 2016. We hereby wish you a happy new year!


Angel is one of the girls from our Echo x Joko litter. She is ready to go into a loving forever home. She is $1,600.00 with limited AKC registration and can be picked up from our home in Hatley, WI or air shipped to her loving forever home.
WE DO NOT ACCEPT CHECKS FOR PUPPY PICK UP! PLEASE BRING CASH OR A MONEY ORDER You may also pay with a credit card no less than 48 hours before pick up.
Chocolate Full English Lab Puppies!


text:
Do Your Tech Choices Predict How Much You'll Give to Charity?
By Zoe Fox 2012-12-07 15:58:50 UTC
For non-profits raising money online, it's important to know as much as possible about your supporters. But are their technology preferences significant?
Online donation platform Qgiv tracked a year's worth of donations on its site — a total of 320,000 donations — and determined what tech choices correlated with the largest donations.
When it comes to email host, donors with unique or corporate email addresses gave the most money, an average of $165 per donation. Gmail users came in second, giving $143, followed by AOL users ($138), Hotmail users ($128) and finally Yahoo users ($120).
Safari users gave the most of any browsers, donating $168 per transaction, followed by Chrome ($153), Firefox ($140) and Internet Explorer ($138).
Mac users gave more than PC users — $182 versus $137 per donation.
Do you think there's a correlation between the tech you choose and how likely you are to give to charity? Let us know in the comments if you think these findings are random or reflect something significant about their users.
Thumbnail images courtesy of Flickr, magerleagues
Topics: email, holiday giving, Social Good, World


text:
Daredevils Take Up-Close Video Of Great White Shark Flailing In Shallow Water
By All That's Interesting | Edited By Savannah Cox
They walked into the surf to help what they thought was a struggling animal. But it was actually there for another reason.
There are virtually zero instances in which a person would see a great white shark in the ocean and willingly move toward it. But two men recently found themselves in just such an instance.
Dale Pearson and a friend were on the beach in Puertecitos, Mexico when they saw the 14-foot creature, which they didn't yet know was a shark, thrashing about in just three feet of water. Initially guessing that the animal was stranded and struggling, they walked into the water to help, recording video all the while.
They soon realized that the creature was a great white. "That's a fucking white shark," Pearson said in the video. "Holy shit!"
However, this realization didn't send them running for the beach. In fact, Pearson — "a dive boat operator who has experience with shark research missions," according to The Huffington Post — instead moved in for a closer look, getting within mere yards of the shark.
As dangerous as this was, Pearson was able to minimize his risk by staying behind the shark (which can't turn around easily) and remaining in water too shallow for the shark to actually swim in.
Nevertheless, Pearson was able to get close enough to see that the shark had a large gash on its back, which he surmised was caused by a boat propeller.
However, Pearson also believes that he wasn't looking at an injured shark that had been stranded in shallow water. Instead, Pearson contends that the shark came into the surf to hunt stingrays — an assessment soon backed up by Marine Conservation Science Institute President Mark Domeier, according to The Huffington Post.
Given the shark's behavior in the shallows, Pearson would seem to be correct. "It would come in to the shallows and lay there motionless, then it would move out again [swimming to] six feet of water, circle back in [to the shallows], come into another spot and lay there motionless," Pearson told The Huffington Post.
Furthermore, when Pearson went back to see if the shark was there the following day, it was not.
But while the shark may have escaped the shallows and Pearson may have escaped a potential great white bite, he and his friend did not leave the water unharmed.
They were in fact attacked by the very stingrays that the shark had perhaps ventured into the surf to hunt. Pearson and his friend suffered stingray wounds, which, along with the shark of course, are all visible in the one-of-a-kind video above.
Next, watch police in a helicopter warn unaware paddleboarders that they're surrounded by great white sharks. Then, see drone video of killer whales taking turns eating a shark alive.
New Heroin Vaccine Uses Body's Own Defenses To Keep People From Getting High
Tug Of War And Other Forgotten Olympic Events Of Decades Past


text:
Q: File downloaded from Amplify Storage is empty in iOS downloadFile seems to work fine (there is no errors) but when readAsString called content is empty.
Same code works in Android. What might be the difference causing this to happen in iOS?
Using getApplicationDocumentsDirectory for directory doesn't make a difference.
final dir = await getTemporaryDirectory();
final key = 'foo/bar.txt';
final file = File('${dir.path}/$key');
await file.create(recursive: true);

final result = await Amplify.Storage.downloadFile(
  key: key,
  local: file,
);

print(await result.file.length()); // 0
print(await result.file.readAsString()); // ""

A: This was the bug in amplify-flutter. The fix is released in v0.6.8.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
extern crate iron;
extern crate plugin;
extern crate persistent;
extern crate serde;
extern crate serde_json;

use serde::Deserialize;
use serde_json::{from_str, from_value};

use iron::mime;
use iron::prelude::*;
use iron::headers;
use iron::typemap::{Key};
use std::io::Read;
use std::any::Any;
use std::marker;

pub use self::errors::{BodyError, BodyErrorCause};
pub use self::limit_reader::{LimitReader};

mod errors;
mod limit_reader;

fn read_body_as_utf8(req: &mut Request, limit: usize) -> Result<String, errors::BodyError> {
    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
    match LimitReader::new(req.body.by_ref(), limit).read_to_end(&mut bytes) {
        Ok(_) => {
             match String::from_utf8(bytes) {
                Ok(e) => Ok(e),
                Err(err) => Err(errors::BodyError {
                    detail: "Invalid UTF-8 sequence".to_string(),
                    cause: errors::BodyErrorCause::Utf8Error(err.utf8_error())
                })
            }
        },
        Err(err) => Err(errors::BodyError {
            detail: "Can't read request body".to_string(),
            cause: errors::BodyErrorCause::IoError(err)
        })
    }
}

/// Use this key to modify the default body limit.
pub struct MaxBodyLength;
impl Key for MaxBodyLength {
    type Value = usize;
}

/// Raw is a plugin to read a request body into UTF-8 String.
/// Doesn't read `multipart/form-data`.
pub struct Raw;

impl Key for Raw {
    type Value = Option<String>;
}

const DEFAULT_BODY_LIMIT: usize = 1024 * 1024 * 100;

impl<'a, 'b> plugin::Plugin<Request<'a, 'b>> for Raw {
    type Error = BodyError;

    fn eval(req: &mut Request) -> Result<Option<String>, BodyError> {
        let need_read = req.headers.get::<headers::ContentType>().map(|header| {
            match **header {
                mime::Mime(mime::TopLevel::Multipart, mime::SubLevel::FormData, _) => false,
                _ => true
            }
        }).unwrap_or(false);

        if need_read {
            let max_length = req
                .get::<persistent::Read<MaxBodyLength>>()
                .ok()
                .map(|x| *x)
                .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_BODY_LIMIT);

            let body = try!(read_body_as_utf8(req, max_length));
            Ok(Some(body))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }
}

/// Json is a plugin to parse a request body into JSON.
/// Uses Raw plugin to parse the body with limit.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Json;
impl Key for Json {
    type Value = Option<serde_json::Value>;
}

impl<'a, 'b> plugin::Plugin<Request<'a, 'b>> for Json {
    type Error = BodyError;

    fn eval(req: &mut Request) -> Result<Option<serde_json::Value>, BodyError> {
        req.get::<Raw>()
            .and_then(|maybe_body| {
                reverse_option(maybe_body.map(|body| from_str(&body)))
                    .map_err(|err| {
                        BodyError {
                            detail: "Can't parse body to JSON".to_string(),
                            cause: BodyErrorCause::JsonError(err)
                        }
                    })
            })
    }
}

/// Struct is a plugin to parse a request body into a struct.
/// Uses Raw plugin to parse the body with limit.
pub struct Struct<T: Deserialize> {
    marker: marker::PhantomData<T>
}
impl<T> Key for Struct<T> where T: Deserialize + Any {
    type Value = Option<T>;
}

impl<'a, 'b, T> plugin::Plugin<Request<'a, 'b>> for Struct<T>
where T: Deserialize + Any {
    type Error = BodyError;

    fn eval(req: &mut Request) -> Result<Option<T>, BodyError> {
        req.get::<Json>()
            .and_then(|maybe_body| {
                reverse_option(maybe_body.map(|body| from_value(body)))
                    .map_err(|err| BodyError {
                        detail: "Can't parse body to the struct".to_string(),
                        cause: BodyErrorCause::JsonError(err)
                    })
            })
    }
}

fn reverse_option<T,E>(value: Option<Result<T, E>>) -> Result<Option<T>, E> {
    match value {
        Some(Ok(val)) => Ok(Some(val)),
        Some(Err(err)) => Err(err),
        None => Ok(None),
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Albert Einstein and Leonardo da Vinci had more in common than their genius: both were dyslexic.
It didn't hold either of them back – nor should it for the estimated 10-15% of the UK population for whom dyslexia is just a part of their everyday life.
Yet despite this, many still keep their dyslexia secret from their colleagues and employers instead relying on their own strategies to manage their work. But it doesn't need to be like this. If you have dyslexia, then it makes sense to tell your employer because there are plenty of things that can be implemented to make your working day easier.
Because the different way dyslexics think about things means they can come up with other ways to solve problems.
And Boden adds: "Quite a high proportion of dyslexics work within the accountancy and bookkeeping fields. Looking at things from a different angle can help with complex issues such as finding solutions to tax problems or ideas for investment opportunities.
What's more, a growing number of employers are doing their best to support those with dyslexia at work. The BDA goes into companies and helps train employees as workplace needs assessors who can help those with dyslexia with their needs. A workplace needs assessor will work with the employee "to explore with them the impact and challenges that their dyslexia might be having on their work" says Boden.
Solutions will very much depend on the individual, but some adjustments might include spellchecking or voice to text software or noise-cancelling headphones.
Obviously, these solutions depend on employees with dyslexia telling their employers. Dyslexia is covered by the Equality Act, so the employer has a duty to make reasonable adjustments for those with dyslexia. But adjustments have to be reasonable – you can't expect your role to be changed so much that it doesn't resemble the original job description. However it's easier – and cheaper – to retain employees than take on new ones, so employers will usually be happy to help as much as they can to accommodate the needs of those with dyslexia.
But how do you tell your employer if you're dyslexic? First of all, pick your time: it's not a good idea to say you've got it after a problem has emerged at work. "We would always suggest that an individual disclosed their dyslexia or anything else at a time when things are going well rather than wait until there is a problem" says Boden.
Some employees try to disguise their dyslexia by overcompensating. They get in before everyone else or stay late so they can work when it's quiet and easier to concentrate. Sadly, there are still cases of people being discriminated against at work because they are dyslexic. If this happens, then you must tell your line manager.
For some with dyslexia, the thought of going for a promotion or speaking up at a meeting is terrifying. Preparing in advance will help calm the nerves. Employers can help in nurturing a culture where diversity is welcomed as a positive for the business.
Remember that you have something different to offer and that your way of approaching a problem is of value to your employer – and hence the bottom line and the fortunes of your co-workers. Knowing your value should help you speak up in important meetings – and go for that much-deserved promotion.


text:
2023: S'East PDP leaders endorse Anyim
Appointments & Mgt.
Nigeria won't sack workers – Finance minister
South-West governors condemn Lagos counterpart's altercation with policeman
Home News Catholic bishop resigns, marries divorced mother of two
Catholic bishop resigns, marries divorced mother of two
A Spanish Bishop, identified as Xavier Novell, 52 has reportedly resigned from his post after falling in love with a divorced author of satanic-themed eroticas.
According to Religion Digital, Novell resigned from his post as Bishop of Solsona in Catalonia for "strictly personal reasons"
It was reported that Novell had fallen for Silvia Caballol, a divorced mother-of-two and 'wanted to do the right thing.'
Caballol, 38, is a writer of erotic novels featuring characters 'possessed by the demon of lust', a fact which has raised eyebrows among Novell's former colleagues.
He reportedly met Caballol, a psychologist who has studied sexology, yoga, Catholicism and Islam, after he began studying demonology.
Her books are described by her publisher as turning 'all our moral and ethical considerations upside down.'
The Hell in Gabriel's Lust, Caballol's most recent book, promises 'prisons, psychopathy, sects, sadism, madness, lust and, little by little, as the story progresses… the unreality of immortality and the crude struggle between good and evil, between God and Satan, and between angels and demons.'
Novell had been seen as a star on the rise within Spain's Catholic church after being appointed as the country's youngest bishop in 2010 when he was just 41.
However his ascent stalled, The Times reported, with the election of Pope Francis in 2013.
Francis has edged the Vatican towards more liberal stances than those espoused by his traditionalist predecessor Pope Benedict XVI.
Novell, who has defended gay conversion therapy and described abortion and euthanasia as 'genocide', is out of step with the mood of the church under Francis.
His resignation was accepted by the Pope and the church has not commented.
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The Information and Culture Centre of the Embassy of Japan provides an information service and promotes Japanese culture in Canada. The Centre includes an auditorium, a Japanese garden which changes with the seasons and an area where people can sit and browse through Japanese newspapers and the books in our lending library.
The Centre is closed on days the Embassy is closed or when special events are taking place.
Please contact the Centre before visiting to ensure that it is open.
The Information and Culture Section maintains a Cultural Newsetter which provides updates on Embassy and Japan-related events in Ottawa. Click here to sign up. .
The Centre maintains a lending library of books, CDs and DVDs. You can sit in the Centre and browse through books, CDs and DVDs while enjoying the Japanese garden. If you wish to borrow books, CDs, or DVDs, you will have to present photo ID. Please check the Lending Policy for books/CDs/DVDs.
The Centre has an auditorium which seats 150 people and is equipped with a stage, sound and lighting. The Auditorium is used for exhibitions, receptions and a variety of cultural events. It may also be used by outside organizations which have an interest in Japan.
We answer general enquiries about Japan and Japanese culture. Enquiries can be made by telephone, letter, email or fax. If we cannot answer your enquiry directly we will be happy to put you in touch with other organizations which may be able to help you. For general information about Japan, we recommend visiting the following webpage here.
We assist the media in Canada with its coverage of news and current events relating to Japan.
The Foreign Press Centre , an independent organization in Japan, assists the foreign press with its coverage of news and current events relating to Japan and it has an invitation program which enables foreign journalists to visit Japan.
Through the School Visit Program, we will visit schools to introduce Japan and Japanese culture to students in Canada. This program is available in English and French to schools in Ottawa and Gatineau.


MANGO has really stepped up their game in the last few years. They create trend-driven clothes as well as creating classic pieces that you will have in your wardrobe for years to come. I think their success is due to their #MangoGirls tag on social media and their parternships with popular influencers such as Lucy Williams, Eleanore Toulin, Maja Wyh, Blanca Miro, and so many more! Although I would consider MANGO to be a fast fashion brand, they have recently launched their 'Committed' line which is a collection of sustainable clothes, made up of environmentally-conscious fashion garments.
The styling on their website is the main reason I love to shop there as well.
MANGO's accessories are also so cute and trendy but they are set at a reasonable price.
Right now they are having their mid-season sale so go check it out!


Starting cost of good quality Italian Marble usually is around Rs 350 per square feet. Designer can suggest to opt for Marble that falls in this range. Home Owner has to work out all numbers.
In-case your budget doesn't allow to get Italian Marble in all rooms then give priority to Living Room. get Italian Marble in living room. Bedroom can be done in wooden flooring or Tiles or something like that.
Many Home Owners get Italian Marble in Living Room & Master Bedroom.


text:
Home›Destinations›North America›USA›Texas›San Antonio›Side Trips›Kerrville
With a population of about 20,000, Kerrville is larger than the other Hill Country towns detailed here. Now a popular retirement and tourist area, it was founded in the 1840s by Joshua Brown, a shingle-maker attracted by the area's many cypress trees (and a friend of Major James Kerr, who never actually saw the town and county named after him). A rough-and-tumble camp surrounded by more civilized German towns, Kerrville soon became a ranching center for longhorn cattle and, more unusually, for Angora goats; at one time it produced the most mohair in the United States. After it was lauded in the 1920s for its healthful climate, Kerrville began to draw youth camps, sanitariums, and artists.
A Bit of Old England in the Old West
Several attractions, some endearingly offbeat, plus beautiful vistas along the Guadalupe River, warrant a detour west of Kerrville. Drive 5 miles from the center of town on Hwy. 27 W. to reach tiny Ingram. Take Hwy. 39 W. to the second traffic light downtown; after about a quarter of a mile, you'll see a sign for the Historic Old Ingram Loop, once a cowboy cattle-droving route and now home to rows of antiques shops, crafts boutiques, and art galleries and studios. Back on Hwy. 39, continue another few blocks to the Hill Country Arts Foundation (www.hcaf.com; tel. 830/367-5121), a complex comprising a theater, an art gallery, studios where arts-and-crafts classes are held—and a replica of Stonehenge. It's not as large as the original but, this being Texas, it's not exactly diminutive either. A couple of reproduction Easter Island heads fill out the ancient mystery sculpture group commissioned by Al Shepherd, a wealthy eccentric who died in the mid-1990s.
Exploring Kerrville
Make your first stop the Kerrville Convention and Visitors Bureau, 2108 Sidney Baker (www.kerrvilletexascvb.com; tel. 800/221-7958), where you can get a map of the area as well as of the historic downtown district. It's open weekdays 8:30am to 5pm, Saturday 9am to 3pm, and Sunday 10am to 3pm.
Then head to the restored downtown, flanked by the Guadalupe River and a pleasant park. Kerrville's historic buildings, most of them concentrated on Earl Garrett and Water streets, host a variety of restaurants and shops, many selling antiques and/or country-cute knickknacks. Among the most impressive structures is the Schreiner Mansion Historic Site, 226 Earl Garrett St. (www.caillouxfoundation.org/schreiner-mansion; tel. 830/895-5222), a mansion built of native stone by Alfred Giles for pioneer rancher and banker Capt. Charles Schreiner. The house is sometimes open for tours; call ahead. The 1935 post office now hosts the Kerr Arts & Cultural Center, 228 Earl Garrett St. (www.kacckerrville.com; tel. 830/895-2911), which exhibits work by local artists, in addition to hosting large annual exhibitions like the Southwest Gourd Fine Art Show and the Texas Furniture Makers Show.
To view work by top sculptors and painters from the mid–20th century to the present, head just outside the main part of town to the Museum of Western Art, 1550 Bandera Hwy. (www.museumofwesternart.com; tel. 830/896-2553), a high-quality collection housed in a striking Southwestern structure by O'Neill Ford. It also has an interactive children's history gallery. Outdoor enthusiasts will enjoy nearby Kerrville-Schreiner Park, 2385 Bandera Hwy. (www.kerrvilletx.gov/318/Kerrville-Schreiner-Park; tel. 830/257-7300), a 500-acre green space boasting 7 miles of hiking trails, swimming and boating on the Guadalupe River, campgrounds, and a variety of cabins for rent.
Military buffs and souvenir-seekers might want to drive 12 miles south of Kerrville on scenic Hwy. 173 to see Camp Verde, the former headquarters (1856–69) of the short-lived U.S. Army camel cavalry. The quixotic attempt to introduce "ships of the desert" into dry Southwest terrain never took off, due to widespread ignorance of the animals' habits; the onset of the Civil War dealt the program a final blow. There's little left of the fort itself, but the Camp Verde General Store (www.campverdegeneralstore.com; tel. 830/634-7722), with its camel statue out front, is a popular tourist stop. Established in 1857 to serve the soldiers stationed nearby, the store has been revamped several times; the most recent overhaul scrapped most of the wonderfully tacky camel-related tchotchkes in favor of more tasteful gifts, and added a cheerful casual restaurant serving hearty sandwiches and sides; it's open from 11am to 3pm.
Where to Eat in Kerrville
The setting—a beautifully restored 1915 depot with a lovely patio out back—is not the only thing outstanding about Rails ★★, 615 Schreiner (www.railscafe.com; tel. 830/257-3877), which serves some of the best food in the Hill Country. Everything, from the creative salads and Italian panini sandwiches to a small selection of hearty entrees, is made with fresh ingredients, many bought locally. The restaurant is open for lunch and dinner Monday through Saturday, and prices are moderate.
The name is Italian, but the menu at Francisco's, 201 Earl Garrett St. (tel. 830/257-2995), is eclectic, with lots of nods towards Mexico. It's housed in the 1890s Weston building. A downtown business crowd comes for soup and salad combos at lunchtime; many return on weekend evenings for such mix-it-up entrees as cilantro lime shrimp or teriyaki chipotle chicken. Francisco's is open for lunch Monday through Saturday, dinner Thursday through Saturday. Prices range from moderate to expensive.
Frommer's EasyGuide to San Antonio and Austin Buy Now
Frommer's EasyGuide to Texas Hill Country Buy Now
Frommer's Texas Buy Now


N3785 Executors and schedulers, revision 3 describes a framework for executors. Unfortunately, this framework is built around some deliberate design choices that make it unsuited to the execution of fine grained tasks and, in particular, asynchronous operations. Primary among these choices is the use of abstract base classes and type erasure, but it is not the only such issue. The sum effect of these choices is that the framework is unable to exploit the full potential of the C++ language.
Support for resumable functions or coroutines.
A model for asynchronous operations.
A flexible alternative to std::async().
In doing so, it takes concepts from Boost.Asio, many of which have been unchanged since its inclusion in Boost, and repackages them in a way that is more suited to C++14 language facilities.
N4046 introduced a comprehensive library that covered included support for composition and coordination of chains of operations. In this revision we present a minimal subset of the proposal. This includes the facilities required to support a model for asynchronous operations, as required by the networking proposal. It also includes features that enable the use cases supported by N3785.
A standalone reference implementation of the proposed library can be found at http://github.com/chriskohlhoff/executors. This implementation requires a C++14 compiler.
To better illustrate how the executors library interacts with asynchronous operations, and to allow the facility to be used in production code, the library has been backported into the variant of Asio that stands alone from Boost. This variant is available at https://github.com/chriskohlhoff/asio/tree/master.
Run function objects according to the underlying executor's rules, but also run them in FIFO order and not concurrently.
It means: run the function immediately, in the calling thread, if the rules allow it; otherwise, submit for later execution.
It means: submit the function for later execution; never run the function object immediately. A posted function is scheduled for execution as soon as possible, according to the rules of the executor.
A defer operation is similar to a post operation, in that it means: submit the function for later execution; never run the function object immediately. However, a defer operation also implies a relationship between the caller and the function object being submitted. It is intended for use when submitting a function object that represents a continuation of the caller.
submits the function object for execution on another thread, and then returns immediately. When we submit a std::packaged_task<>, post() automatically deduces its return type to be the std::future<> type produced by the task. This future object is then returned from our version of async(). Note that, unlike std::async(), the returned future object's destructor will not block.
Finally, we submit the packaged task to the pool and wait for it to complete. When we submit a std::packaged_task<>, post() automatically deduces its return type to be the std::future<> type produced by the task. We can use this future to block until the operation is complete.
Run the function immediately, in the calling thread, if the rules allow it; otherwise, submit for later execution.
Rather than using the wrap function, the associated executor may be manually specified by providing a nested executor_type typedef and get_executor() member function.
While pending, maintain an executor_work object for the associated executor. This tells the executor to expect a function object to be submitted in the future. A thread pool, for example, will know that it still has work to do and needs to keep running.
The make_work function automatically obtains the associated executor and creates an executor_work object for it.
Transforms a completion token into a completion handler.
Executor adapter than runs function objects non-concurrently and in FIFO order.
Execute a function object at an absolute time.
Execute a function object after a relative time.
Implements lazy creation of a packaged_task.
Return a packaged_token for use with dispatch, post, defer, and asynchronous operations.
There has been some confusion due to the reuse of the term executor in N3785 and this proposal, but with slightly different meanings. In N3785, an "executor" refers to a heavyweight, non-copyable object, such as a thread pool. In this proposal, an "executor" is a lightweight, copyable policy object. This is distinct from a heavyweight object such as a thread pool, which is known as an "execution context".
N3785's API is superficially similar to Java executors, so it is interesting to examine the Java prior art in this area. What we find is that N3785 misses a key concept: the separation of Executor and ExecutorService. On the other hand, it turns out that this proposal's "executor" mirrors the concept and terminology of Java executors.
This proposal builds on the type traits defined in N4045 Library Foundations for Asynchronous Operations. This paper is intended as an alternative proposal to N3785 Executors and schedulers.
A substantial subset of the executors library specified below is a prerequisite for the networking library. For this reason, the networking library's proposed text also incorporates a specification of these facilities.
Callbacks, where minimal runtime penalty is desirable.
Futures, and not just std::future but also future classes supplied by other libraries.
Coroutines or resumable functions, without adding new keywords to the language.
The library introduced in this paper applies this asynchronous model, and its design philosophy, to executors. Rather than a design that is restricted to runtime polymorphism, we can allow users to choose the approach that is appropriate to their use case.
The author would like to thank Jamie Allsop, Arash Partow and Dietmar Kühl for providing feedback, corrections and suggestions on both the library implementation and this proposal.
The interface is based on inheritance and polymorphism, rather than on templates, for two reasons. First, executors are often passed as function arguments, often to functions that have no other reason to be templates, so this makes it possible to change executor type without code restructuring. Second, a non-template design makes it possible to pass executors across a binary interface: a precompiled library can export a function one of whose parameters is an executor.
As we will see in this proposal, a template-based design does not preclude the inclusion of a runtime polymorphic wrapper. Such a wrapper still allows users to write non-template code for use with executors, and makes it possible to pass executors across a binary interface. On the other hand, it is not possible to undo the performance impact of a type-erased interface.
The cost of an additional virtual dispatch is almost certainly negligible compared to the other operations involved.
This claim might be true when passing coarse-grained tasks across threads. However, use cases for executors are not limited to this. As outlined in N4045, composition of asynchronous operations may entail multiple layers of abstraction. The ability to leverage function inlining is a key part of delivering a low abstraction penalty, but the compiler is unable to see through a virtual interface.
Most fundamentally, of course, executor is an abstract base class and add() is a virtual member function, and function templates can't be virtual. Another reason is that a template parameter would complicate the interface without adding any real generality. In the end an executor class is going to need some kind of type erasure to handle all the different kinds of function objects with void() signature, and that's exactly what std::function already does.
By forcing type erasure at the executor interface, an executor implementer is denied the opportunity to choose a more appropriate form of type erasure. For example, an implementer may wish to store pending work items in a linked list. With a template-based approach, the function object and the "next pointer" can be stored in the same object. This is not possible if type erasure has already occurred.
One theoretical advantage of a template-based interface is that the executor might sometimes decide to execute the work item inline, rather than enqueueing it for asynchronous, in which case it could avoid the expense of converting it to a closure. In practice this would be very difficult, however: the executor would somehow have to know which work items would execute quickly enough for this to be worthwhile.
There is a key use case for wanting to execute work items inline: delivering the result of an asynchronous operation, possibly across multiple layers of abstraction. Rather than relying on the executor to "somehow have to know", we can allow the user to choose. This is the approach taken in this proposal.
Finally, another disadvantage of std::function is that it prevents the use of move-only function objects.
Of course, as N3785 states, the need for a type-erased function object is itself a consequence of the use of inheritance and polymorphism.
There are several important design decisions involving that time-based functionality. First: how do we handle executors that aren't able to provide it? The issue is that add_at and add_after involve significant implementation complexity. In Microsoft's experience it's important to allow very simple and lightweight executor classes that don't need such complicated functionality.
N3785 couples timer-based operations to executors via the scheduled_executor base class. This proposal avoids this coupling by distinguishing between the executor as a lightweight policy object, and an execution context where the "implementation complexity" of timers can be housed in a reusable way. Thus, timer operations are independent of executor types, and can be used with any executor.
1. Redesign the library to make executor a concept rather than an abstract base class. We believe that this would be invention rather than existing practice, and that it would make the library more complicated, and less convenient for users, for little gain.
2. Make executor a class template, parameterized on the clock. As discussed above, we believe that a template-based design would be less convenient than one based on inheritance and runtime polymorphism.
3. Pick a single clock and use its duration and time_point.
We chose the last of those options, largely for simplicity.
Unfortunately, N3785 chooses system_clock as that single clock. As the system clock is susceptible to clock changes it may be inappropriate for use cases that require a periodic timer. In those instances, steady_clock is the better choice.
In any case, by decoupling timers from executors, this proposal provides timer operations that are indeed templates, and can work with arbitrary clock types.
A more interesting question is what happens if a user closure throws an exception. The exception will in general be thrown by a different thread than the one that added the closure or the thread that started the executor, and may be far separated from it in time and in code location. As such, unhandled exceptions are considered a program error because they are difficult to signal to the caller. The decision we made is that an exception from a closure is ill-formed and the implementation must call std::terminate.
Rather than apply a blanket rule, this proposal includes exception handling as part of an executor's policy. While std::terminate is likely to be the best choice for unhandled exceptions inside a thread pool, users may prefer greater control when using something like loop_executor. For example, the approach taken by Boost.Asio's io_service and this proposal's loop_scheduler is to allow exceptions to escape from the "event loop", where the user can handle them as appropriate.
[...] Inline executors, which execute inline to the thread which calls add(). This has no queuing and behaves like a normal executor, but always uses the caller's thread to execute.
If using mutexes, avoiding calls to add() while holding the lock.
If iterating over a container and calling add() for each element, ensuring the added function object cannot invalidate the iterators.
This proposal instead makes an explicit distinction between operations that can execute inline, and those that cannot. The library user is then able to choose the appropriate operation for their use case.
Template parameter CompletionToken specifies the model used to obtain the result of the asynchronous operation. Template parameter Signature is the call signature (C++ Std, [func.def]) for the handler type invoked on completion of the asynchronous operation.
A program may specialize this trait if the CompletionToken template parameter in the specialization is a user-defined type.
Specializations of handler_type shall define a nested handler type type that satisfies the MoveConstructible requirements, and objects of type type shall be constructible from an lvalue or rvalue of the type specified by the CompletionToken template parameter.
Type: CompletionToken if CompletionToken and decay_t<CompletionToken> are the same type; otherwise, handler_type_t<decay_t<CompletionToken>, Signature>.
Template argument Handler is a handler type produced by handler_type_t<T, S> for some completion token type T and call signature S.
A program may specialize this template if the Handler template parameter in the specialization is a user-defined type.
Specializations of async_result shall satisfy the Destructible requirements (C++ Std, [destructible]) in addition to the requirements in the table below. In this table, R is a specialization of async_result for the template parameter Handler; r is a modifiable lvalue of type R; and h is a modifiable lvalue of type Handler.
The get() member function shall be used only as a return expression.
Effects: If CompletionToken and handler_type are the same type, binds handler to t; otherwise, initializes handler with the result of forward<CompletionToken>(t). Initializes result with handler.
Type: handler_type& if CompletionToken and handler_type are the same type; otherwise, handler_type.
A program may specialize this traits type if the T template parameter in the specialization is a user-defined type. The template parameter Alloc shall be a type meeting Allocator requirements (C++ Std, [allocator.requirements]).
Specializations of associated_allocator shall satisfy the requirements in the table below. In this table, X is a specialization of associated_allocator for the template parameter T; t is a const reference to an object of type T; and a is an object of type Alloc.
A type meeting Allocator requirements (C++ Std, [allocator.requirements]).
Type: If T has a nested type allocator_type, typename T::allocator_type. Otherwise Alloc.
The library describes a standard set of requirements for executors. A type meeting Executor requirements shall embody a set of rules for determining how submitted function objects are to be executed.
An executor type X shall satisfy the requirements of CopyConstructible (C++ Std, [copyconstructible]) types. No constructor, comparison operator, copy operation, move operation, swap operation, or member functions context, on_work_started and on_work_finished on these types shall exit via an exception.
The executor copy constructor, comparison operators, and member functions defined in these requirements shall not introduce data races as a result of concurrent calls to those functions from different threads.
In the table below, X denotes an executor class, x denotes a value of type X&, x1 and x2 denote values of type const X&, x3 denotes a value of type X&&, f denotes a MoveConstructible (C++ Std, [moveconstructible]) function object callable with zero arguments, a denotes a value of type A meeting Allocator requirements (C++ Std, [allocator.requirements]), t denotes an object of type T, and u denotes an identifier.
post: u equals the prior value of x3.
execution_context&, or a type that is convertible to execution_context&.
Requires: A preceding call x1.on_work_started() where x == x1.
Effects: Calls DECAY_COPY(forward<Func>(f))() at most once. The executor may invoke f in the current thread, prior to returning from dispatch. The call to DECAY_COPY() is evaluated in the thread that called dispatch.
Executor implementations are encouraged to use the supplied allocator to allocate any memory required to store the function object. The executor shall deallocate all memory prior to invoking the function object.
Synchronization: The invocation of dispatch synchronizes with (C++ Std, [intro.multithread]) the invocation of f.
Effects: Calls DECAY_COPY(forward<Func>(f))() at most once. The executor may not invoke f in the current thread, prior to returning from post. The call to DECAY_COPY() is evaluated in the thread that called post.
Synchronization: The invocation of post synchronizes with (C++ Std, [intro.multithread]) the invocation of f.
Effects: Calls DECAY_COPY(forward<Func>(f))() at most once. The executor may not invoke f in the current thread, prior to returning from defer. The call to DECAY_COPY() is evaluated in the thread that called defer.
Synchronization: The invocation of defer synchronizes with (C++ Std, [intro.multithread]) the invocation of f.
Note: Although the requirements placed on defer are identical to post, a separate function is used to convey the intention of the caller that the submitted function is a continuation of the current call context. The executor may use this information to optimize or otherwise adjust the way in which f is invoked.
A class is a service if it is publicly derived from another service, or if it is a class publicly derived from execution_context::service.
A service may contain a publicly-accessible nested typedef named key_type. If the nested typedef key_type exists, the service class shall be the same type as key_type, or otherwise publicly and unambiguously derived from key_type.
All services define a one-argument constructor that takes a reference to the execution_context object that owns the service. This constructor is explicit, preventing its participation in automatic conversions.
A service's shutdown_service member function must cause all copies of user-defined function objects that are held by the service to be destroyed.
In a call to use_service<Service>(), the type argument chooses a service, making available all members of the named type. If the service is not present in an execution_context, an object of type Service is created and added to the execution_context. A C++ program can check if an execution_context implements a particular service with the function template has_service<Service>().
Service objects may be explicitly added to an execution_context using the function template make_service<Service>(). If the service is already present, the service_already_exists exception is thrown.
Once a service reference is obtained from an execution_context object by calling use_service<>, that reference remains usable until a call to destroy_context().
Effects: Creates an object of class execution_context.
Effects: Destroys an object of class execution_context. Performs shutdown_context() followed by destroy_context().
— If e == fork_event::prepare, performs svc->notify_fork(e) in reverse order of the beginning of service object lifetime (C++ Std, [basic.life]).
— Otherwise, performs svc->notify_fork(e) in order of the beginning of service object lifetime.
Effects: For each service object svc in the execution_context set, in reverse order of the beginning of service object lifetime (C++ Std, [basic.life]), performs svc->shutdown_service().
Effects: Destroys each service object in the execution_context set, in reverse order of the beginning of service object lifetime (C++ Std, [basic.life]).
The functions use_service, make_service and has_service shall not introduce data races as a result of concurrent calls to those functions from different threads.
Let Key be Service::key_type if the nested typedef Service::key_type exists; otherwise, let Key be Service.
Requires: Service is a service class that is publicly and unambiguously derived from execution_context::service. If the nested typedef Service::key_type exists, Service is the same type as Service::key_type, or Service is publicly and unambiguously derived from Service::key_type, and Service::key_type is publicly and unambiguously derived from execution_context::service.
Effects: If an object of type Key does not already exist in the execution_context set identified by ctx, creates an object of type Service, initializing it with Service(ctx), and adds it to the set.
Notes: The reference returned remains valid until a call to destroy_context.
Requires: Service is a service class that is publicly and unambiguously derived from execution_context::service. If the nested typedef Service::key_type exists, Service is the same type as Service::key_type, or Service is publicly and unambiguously derived from Service::key_type, and Service::key_type is publicly and unambiguously derived from execution_context::service. A service object of type Key does not already exist in the execution_context set identified by ctx.
Effects: Creates an object of type Service, initializing it with Service(ctx, forward<Args>(args)...), and adds it to the execution_context set identified by ctx.
Returns: If an object of type Key is present in ctx, true; otherwise, false.
is_executor can be used to detect executor types satisfying the Executor type requirements.
Instantiations of the is_executor template shall meet the UnaryTypeTrait requirements (C++ Std, [meta.rqmts]). A program may specialize this template for a user-defined type T to have a BaseCharacteristic of integral_constant<int, N> with N > 0 to indicate that T should be treated as an executor type.
— the last argument of a constructor has type Executor.
A program may specialize this traits type if the T template parameter in the specialization is a user-defined type. The template parameter Executor shall be a type meeting Executor requirements.
Specializations of associated_executor shall satisfy the requirements in the table below. In this table, X is a specialization of associated_executor for the template parameter T; t is a const reference to an object of type T; and e is an object of type Executor.
Returns: associated_executor<T, typename ExecutionContext::executor_type>::get(t, ctx.get_executor()).
executor_wrapper<T, Executor> is a wrapper around an object or function of type T, and an executor object of type Executor satisfying Executor requirements.
executor_wrapper<T, Executor> has a weak result type (C++ Std, [func.require]). If T is a function type, result_type shall be a synonym for the return type of T.
— a class type with a member type argument_type; the type T1 is T::argument_type.
— a class type with member types first_argument_type and second_argument_type; the type T1 is T::first_argument_type. and the type T2 is T::second_argument_type.
Effects: Constructs an object of type executor_wrapper<T, Executor>. Initializes ex_ with the value ex. If uses_executor<T, Executor>::value is true, performs uses-executor construction to initialize wrapped_ with wrapped_(executor_arg, ex_, std::move(t)); otherwise, initializes wrapped_ with wrapped_(std::move(t)).
Requires: U is T or convertible to T. OtherExecutor is Executor or convertible to Executor.
Effects: Constructs an object of type executor_wrapper<T, Executor>. Initializes ex_ with other.get_executor(). If uses_executor<T, Executor>::value is true, performs uses-executor construction to initialize wrapped_ with wrapped_(executor_arg, ex_, other.unwrap()); otherwise, initializes wrapped_ with wrapped_(other.unwrap()).
Effects: Constructs an object of type executor_wrapper<T, Executor>. Initializes ex_ with other.get_executor(). If uses_executor<T, Executor>::value is true, performs uses-executor construction to initialize wrapped_ with wrapped_(executor_arg, ex_, std::move(other.unwrap())); otherwise, initializes wrapped_ with wrapped_(std::move(other.unwrap())).
Effects: Constructs an object of type executor_wrapper<T, Executor>. Initializes ex_ with ex. If uses_executor<T, Executor>::value is true, performs uses-executor construction to initialize wrapped_ with wrapped_(executor_arg, ex_, other.unwrap()); otherwise, initializes wrapped_ with wrapped_(other.unwrap()).
Effects: Constructs an object of type executor_wrapper<T, Executor>. Initializes ex_ with ex. If uses_executor<T, Executor>::value is true, performs uses-executor construction to initialize wrapped_ with wrapped_(executor_arg, ex_, std::move(other.unwrap())); otherwise, initializes wrapped_ with wrapped_(std::move(other.unwrap())).
Returns: INVOKE(unwrap(), forward<Args>(args)...) (C++ Std, [func.require]).
Remarks: operator() is described for exposition only. Implementations are not required to provide an actual executor_wrapper::operator(). Implementations are permitted to support executor_wrapper function invocation through multiple overloaded operators or through other means.
The implementation shall provide a specialization of async_result that meets the async_result specialization requirements.
Effects: Initializes wrapped_ with wrapped_(wrapper.unwrap()).
The implementation shall provide a specialization of associated_allocator that meets the associated_allocator specialization requirements.
The implementation shall provide a specialization of associated_executor that meets the associated_executor specialization requirements.
Returns: executor_wrapper<decay_t<T>, typename ExecutionContext::executor_type>(forward<T>(t), ctx.get_executor()).
Effects: Constructs an object of class executor_work, initializing ex_ with ex, and then performing ex_.on_work_started().
Effects: Constructs an object of class executor_work, initializing ex_ with other.ex. If other.owns_ == true, performs ex_.on_work_started().
Postconditions: ex == other.ex_ and owns_ == other.owns_.
Effects: Constructs an object of class executor_work, initializing ex_ with other.ex and owns_ with other.owns_.
Postconditions: ex is equal to the prior value of other.ex_, owns_ is equal to the prior value of other.owns_, and other.owns_ == false.
Effects: If owns_ is true, performs ex.on_work_finished().
Returns: An object of type executor_work<typename ExecutionContext::executor_type> initialized with the result of ctx.get_executor().
Returns: An object of type executor_work<associated_executor_t<T>> initialized with the result of associated_executor<T>::get(t).
Returns: An object of type executor_work<associated_executor_t<T, Executor>> initialized with the result of associated_executor<T, Executor>::get(t, ex).
Returns: An object of type executor_work<associated_executor_t<T, typename ExecutionContext::executor_type>> initialized with the result of associated_executor<T, typename ExecutionContext::executor_type>::get(t, ctx.get_executor()).
Class system_executor is a DefaultConstructible type (C++ Std, [defaultconstructible]) satisfying Executor requirements. It represents a set of rules where function objects are permitted to execute on any thread.
To satisfy the executor requirements for the post and defer member functions, the system executor may allocate thread objects to run the submitted function objects. If std::exit is called, and there remain unexecuted functions objects that have been submitted using post or defer, the implementation shall discard these function objects without calling them.
Returns: A reference to a static-duration object of a type derived from execution_context.
Effects: Calls DECAY_COPY(forward<Func>(f))() as if in a thread of execution represented by a thread object, with the call to DECAY_COPY() being evaluated in the thread that called post. Any exception propagated from the execution of DECAY_COPY(forward<Func>(f))() shall result in a call to std::terminate.
Effects: Calls DECAY_COPY(forward<Func>(f))() as if in a thread of execution represented by a thread object, with the call to DECAY_COPY() being evaluated in the thread that called defer. Any exception propagated from the execution of DECAY_COPY(forward<Func>(f))() shall result in a call to std::terminate.
An exception of type bad_executor is thrown by executor member functions dispatch, post and defer when the executor object has no target.
The executor class provides a polymorphic wrapper for types that satisfy the Executor requirements. The target object is the executor object that is held by the wrapper. The executor type itself meets the requirements for an Executor.
Requires: Executor shall satisfy the Executor requirements.
Requires: Executor shall satisfy the Executor requirements. Allocator conforms to the Allocator requirements (C++ Std, [allocator.requirements]).
Effects: e.dispatch(g, a), where e is the target object of *this, and g is a function object of unspecified type that, when called as g(), performs DECAY_COPY(f)().
Effects: e.post(g, a), where e is the target object of *this, and g is a function object of unspecified type that, when called as g(), performs DECAY_COPY(f)().
Effects: e.defer(g, a), where e is the target object of *this, and g is a function object of unspecified type that, when called as g(), performs DECAY_COPY(f)().
Returns: If target_type() == typeid(Executor) a pointer to the stored executor target; otherwise a null pointer.
Let the type Handler be the handler function object type determined by performing handler_type_t<CompletionToken, void()>.
Requires: The type Handler must satisfy the MoveConstructible requirements (C++ Std, [moveconstructible]) and be callable with zero arguments.
— Constructs a function object handler of type Handler, initialized with handler(forward<CompletionToken>(token)).
— Constructs an object result of type async_result<Handler>, initializing the object as result(handler).
— Obtains the handler's associated executor object ex by performing get_associated_executor(handler).
— Obtains the handler's associated allocator object alloc by performing get_associated_allocator(handler).
— Obtains the handler's associated executor object ex1 by performing get_associated_executor(handler).
— Creates a work object w by performing make_work(ex1).
— Constructs a function object f with a function call operator that performs ex1.dispatch(std::move(handler), alloc) followed by w.reset().
strand<Executor> is a wrapper around an object of type Executor satisfying Executor requirements. strand<Executor> satisfies the Executor requirements.
The strand copy constructors, comparison operators, and member functions shall not introduce data races as a result of concurrent calls to those functions from different threads.
If any function f executed by the strand throws an exception, the subsequent strand state shall be as if f had exited without throwing an exception.
Remarks: This overload shall not participate in overload resolution unless Executor satisfies the DefaultConstructible requirements (C++ Std, [defaultconstructible]).
Effects: Constructs an object of class strand<Executor> that represents a unique ordered, non-concurrent state. Initializes inner_ex_ with inner_ex_(ex).
Effects: Constructs an object of class strand<Executor>. Initalizes inner_ex_ with inner_ex_(other.inner_ex_).
Effects: Constructs an object of class strand<Executor>. Initalizes inner_ex_ with inner_ex_(std::move(other.inner_ex_)).
Requires: Executor is Assignable (C++ Std [assignable]).
Requires: OtherExecutor is convertible to Executor. Executor is Assignable (C++ Std [assignable]).
Effects: Destroys an object of class strand<Executor>. Function objects that were added to the strand but have not yet been executed shall still be executed in a way that meets the guarantees of ordering and non-concurrency.
Returns: true if the current thread of execution is invoking a function that was submitted to the strand, or to any other strand object s such that s == *this, using dispatch, post or defer; otherwise false.
Effects: If running_in_this_thread() is true, calls DECAY_COPY(forward<Func>(f))(). Otherwise, requests invocation of f, as if by forwarding the function object f and allocator a to the executor inner_ex_, such that the guarantees of ordering and non-concurrency are met.
— Creates a work object w by performing make_work(ex).
— Without blocking the current thread of execution, on expiration of the absolute timeout specified by abs_time performs ex.dispatch(std::move(handler), alloc) followed by w.reset().
— Creates a work object w1 by performing make_work(ex1).
— Constructs a function object f with a function call operator that performs ex1.dispatch(std::move(handler), alloc) followed by w1.reset().
— Without blocking the current thread of execution, on expiration of the absolute timeout specified by abs_time performs ex.dispatch(std::move(f), alloc) followed by w.reset().
— Without blocking the current thread of execution, on expiration of the absolute timeout specified by abs_time performs ex.post(std::move(handler), alloc) followed by w.reset().
— Without blocking the current thread of execution, on expiration of the absolute timeout specified by abs_time performs ex.post(std::move(f), alloc) followed by w.reset().
— Without blocking the current thread of execution, on expiration of the absolute timeout specified by abs_time performs ex.defer(std::move(handler), alloc) followed by w.reset().
— Without blocking the current thread of execution, on expiration of the absolute timeout specified by abs_time performs ex.defer(std::move(f), alloc) followed by w.reset().
Returns: std::experimental::concurrency_v1::dispatch_at(chrono::steady_clock::now() + rel_time, forward<CompletionToken>(token)).
Returns: std::experimental::concurrency_v1::dispatch_at(chrono::steady_clock::now() + rel_time, e, forward<CompletionToken>(token)).
Returns: std::experimental::concurrency_v1::dispatch_at(chrono::steady_clock::now() + rel_time, ctx.get_executor(), forward<CompletionToken>(token)).
Returns: std::experimental::concurrency_v1::post_at(chrono::steady_clock::now() + rel_time, forward<CompletionToken>(token)).
Returns: std::experimental::concurrency_v1::post_at(chrono::steady_clock::now() + rel_time, e, forward<CompletionToken>(token)).
Returns: std::experimental::concurrency_v1::post_at(chrono::steady_clock::now() + rel_time, ctx.get_executor(), forward<CompletionToken>(token)).
Returns: std::experimental::concurrency_v1::defer_at(chrono::steady_clock::now() + rel_time, forward<CompletionToken>(token)).
Returns: std::experimental::concurrency_v1::defer_at(chrono::steady_clock::now() + rel_time, e, forward<CompletionToken>(token)).
Returns: std::experimental::concurrency_v1::defer_at(chrono::steady_clock::now() + rel_time, ctx.get_executor(), forward<CompletionToken>(token)).
The class template use_future_t defines a set of completion token types for use with asynchronous operations.
Effects: Constructs a use_future_t with default-constructed allocator.
Effects: Constructs an object of type use_future_t with post-condition get_allocator() == a.
An object t1 of the nested function object type type is an asynchronous provider with an associated shared state (C++Std, [futures.state]). The type type provides type::operator() such that the expression t1(declval<Args>()...) is well formed.
The implementation shall specialize associated_executor for type. For function objects executed using the associated executor's dispatch(), post() or defer() functions, any exception thrown is caught by the executor and stored in the associated shared state.
The implementation shall specialize async_result for type such that, when an async_result object r1 is constructed from t1, the expression r1.get() returns a future with the same shared state as t1.
The semantics of async_result::type and type::operator() are defined in the table below. In this table, N is the value of sizeof...(Args); let i be in the range [0..N) and let Ti be the ith type in Args; let Ui be decay<Ti>::type for each type Ti in Args; and let ai be the ith argument to type::operator().
Makes the shared state ready.
If a0 evaluates to true, atomically stores the exception pointer produced by make_exception_ptr(system_error(a0)) in the shared state. The shared state is made ready.
If a0 is non-null, atomically stores the exception pointer a0 in the shared state. The shared state is made ready.
Atomically stores a0 in the shared state and makes that state ready.
If a0 evaluates to true, atomically stores the exception pointer produced by make_exception_ptr(system_error(a0)) in the shared state; otherwise, atomically stores a1 in the shared state. The shared state is made ready.
If a0 is non-null, atomically stores the exception pointer in the shared state; otherwise, atomically stores a1 in the shared state. The shared state is made ready.
Atomically stores the result of make_tuple(a0,a1) in the shared state and makes that state ready.
If a0 evaluates to true, atomically stores the exception pointer produced by make_exception_ptr(system_error(a0)) in the shared state; otherwise, atomically stores the result of make_tuple(a1,...,aN-1) in the shared state. The shared state is made ready.
If a0 is non-null, atomically stores the exception pointer in the shared state; otherwise, atomically stores the result of make_tuple(a1,...,aN-1) in the shared state. The shared state is made ready.
Atomically stores the result of make_tuple(a0,...,aN-1) in the shared state and makes that state ready.
Effects: Initializes future_ with t.get_future().
Effects: Constructs an object of class packaged_handler<Signature, Alloc>, initializing the base class with packaged_task<Signature>(std::move(token.f_)) and initializing allocator_ with token.allocator_.
Effects: Initializes the base class with h.
Effects: Constructs an object of class packaged_token<Func, Alloc>, initializing f_ with std::move(f) and default constructing allocator_.
Effects: Constructs an object of class packaged_token<Func, Alloc>, initializing f_ with std::move(f) and allocator_ with a.
An object of type thread_pool has an associated executor object, meeting the Executor type requirements, of type thread_pool::executor_type and obtainable via the thread_pool object's get_executor member function.
The thread_pool member functions get_executor, stop, and join, and the thread_pool::executor_type copy constructors, member functions and comparison operators, shall not introduce data races as a result of concurrent calls to those functions from different threads.
Effects: If not already stopped, signals the threads in the pool to exit once the outstanding work is 0. Blocks until all threads in the pool have completed.
Synchronization: The completion of each thread in the pool synchronizes with (C++ Std, [intro.multithread]) the corresponding successful join() return.
Postconditions: The threads in the pool represented by *this have completed.
thread_pool::executor_type is a type satisfying Executor requirements. Objects of type thread_pool::executor_type are associated with a thread_pool, and function objects submitted using the dispatch, post or defer member functions will be executed by the thread_pool.
Effects: Constructs an object of class thread_pool::executor_type.
Returns: true if the current thread of execution is a member of the pool; otherwise false.
Effects: Increases the count of outstanding work associated with the thread_pool.
Effects: Decreases the count of outstanding work associated with the thread_pool.
Effects: If running_in_this_thread() is true, calls DECAY_COPY(forward<Func>(f))(). Otherwise, requests execution of f.
If f exits via an exception, and the execution of f is performed in the current thread and before dispatch returns, the exception shall propagate to the caller of dispatch.
Effects: Requests execution of f.
An object of type loop_scheduler has an associated executor object, meeting the Executor type requirements, of type loop_scheduler::executor_type and obtainable via the loop_scheduler object's get_executor member function.
Remarks: The concurrency_hint parameter is a suggestion to the implementation on the number of threads that should process asynchronous operations and execute function objects.
Effects: Destroys an object of class loop_scheduler.
Requires: Must not be called from a thread that is currently calling one of run, run_for, run_until, run_one, run_one_for, run_one_until, poll, or poll_one.
Effects: If the loop_scheduler object has no oustanding work, performs stop(). Otherwise, blocks while the loop_scheduler has outstanding work, or until the loop_scheduler is stopped, or until one function object has been executed.
If an executed function object throws an exception, the exception shall be allowed to propagate to the caller of run_one(). The loop_scheduler state shall be as if the function object had returned normally.
Notes: This function may invoke additional handlers through nested calls to the loop_scheduler executor's dispatch member function. These do not count towards the return value.
Effects: If the loop_scheduler object has no oustanding work, performs stop(). Otherwise, blocks while the loop_scheduler has outstanding work, or until the expiration of the absolute timeout (C++ Std, [thread.req.timing]) specified by abs_time, or until the loop_scheduler is stopped, or until one function object has been executed.
Effects: If the loop_scheduler object has no oustanding work, performs stop(). Otherwise, if there is a function object ready for immediate execution, executes it.
If an executed function object throws an exception, the exception shall be allowed to propagate to the caller of poll_one(). The loop_scheduler state shall be as if the function object had returned normally.
Returns: 1 if a handler was executed, otherwise 0.
Effects: Stops the loop_scheduler. Concurrent calls to run, run_for, run_until, run_one, run_one_for, run_one_until, poll or poll_one will end as soon as possible. If a call to run, run_for, run_until, run_one, run_one_for, run_one_until, poll or poll_one is currently executing a function object, the call will end only after completion of that function object. The call to stop() returns without waiting for concurrent calls to run, run_for, run_until, run_one, run_one_for, run_one_until, poll or poll_one to complete.
loop_scheduler::executor_type is a type satisfying Executor requirements. Objects of type loop_scheduler::executor_type are associated with a loop_scheduler, and function objects submitted using the dispatch, post or defer member functions will be executed by the loop_scheduler from within the run, run_for, run_until, run_one, run_one_for, run_one_until, poll or poll_one functions.
Effects: Constructs an object of class loop_scheduler::executor_type.
Returns: true if the current thread of execution is invoking the run, run_for, run_until, run_one, run_one_for, run_one_until, poll or poll_one function of the associated loop_scheduler object.
Effects: Increases the count of outstanding work associated with the loop_scheduler.
Effects: Decreases the count of outstanding work associated with the loop_scheduler.
 Unless a small-object optimisation is employed by std::function, but this is not guaranteed.


text:
Tag Archives: Dallas Cowboys
NFL, University of Texas
University of Texas Upper Deck 2011, #4
Card: University of Texas Upper Deck 2011
Acquired: EBay, 2020
CAREER SNAPSHOT:
Do it all runningback for the University of Texas from 1959-1961.
Benefactor of the Longhorns 'Flip Flop offense'.
Ran for 450 yards and 4 TDs (89 carries), while catching 9 passes for 134 yards and 3 TDs in 1959. (All SWC Choice)
Completed 7 of 11 passes that season for 97 yards and a TD.
In his Senior season, UT switched to a wing- T formation, seeing time at both lead blocking RB and WR.
Caught a 24 yard pass in his final college game (1961) to defeat Mississippi.
Drafted by Steelers in 1962 but was cut, and later finished his career on the taxi squad of the Cowboys.
Later finished degree at UT and spent over 46 years in commercial banking.
Father (Sr) and Grandson Carleton Burke Collins both also played for the University of Texas.
ACCOLADES:
Texas Longhorns Hall of Honor 1982
Jack Collins was the first Texas Football magazine cover boy. I was unable to locate Jack despite his history, so I finally gave up and just picked up a certified autograph of him.
Dallas Cowboysjack collinspittsburgh steelersut ud 2011
AAF, CFL, NFL, XFL
McKay, Mekale
Cards: Panini Contenders 2016, Leaf Draft 2016, Panini Prism 2016
Acquired: IP 2019, SA Commanders Team Signing Dick's Sporting Goods at The Rim
The Commanders big signing event of the season came at Dick's Sporting Goods and with big names from the team appearing, it made total sense for me to go. Even though the event said NO OUTSIDE ITEMS, I figured I would take my chances and show up with my cards. It turned out nobody cared and I was able to go through the line 2 times to get all my cards covered. Mekale was next to Derron Smith, and they argued over which had the better cards. Mekale was sold on his Prism card, but he got trumped by Derron who had a Prism die cut card that looked like a fence. Overall it was a great event and I was happy with getting all the players' autographs that were in attendance, as about two weeks later the league would disappear. Mekale's autograph is very unique. I have never seen an M shaped quite like that.
Mekale was not drafted coming out of Arkansas (2012)/ Cincinnati (2013-2015), where he posted 108 receptions for 2034 yards and 19 TDs over his time between the two schools. A huge target stepping in at 6-5, McKay averaged an improbable 30.3 yards per reception in 2013 when he hauled in 16 catches for 485 yards and 7 TDs. He'd sign with the Colts after the draft in 2016, but be cut after training camp. Mekale then bounced around between the Jaguars, Broncos, Titans, Bears, and Cowboys over the next two years.
In 2019 McKay signed with the San Antonio Commanders of the now defunct Alliance of American Football. He'd post 22 receptions for 375 yards and 4 TDs including 1 2 point conversion. Mekale's 17 yards a reception also was among the league leaders in that category. After the league 'suspended operations', Mekale drew interest from the Buffalo Bills and attended minicamp with the Browns.
Mekale was then selected by the New York Guardians of the XFL 2020, during the second round of the initial phase of the player draft. Over the course of the season he caught 12 passes for 184 yards and a TD, before the COVID pandemic cancelled the season. Two months later, McKay signed with the Blue Bombers of the CFL, but roughly a month later the league suspended play due to COVID as well.
chicago bearsDallas CowboysDenver Broncosindianapolis coltsJacksonville Jaguarsleaf draft 2016mekale mckaynew york guardianspanini contenders 2016panini prism 2016san antonio commanderswinnipeg blue bombers
Williams, Trey
Cards: Panini Contenders 2015, Crown Royale 2015, Panini Prestige 2015, Topps AAF 2019, Topps AAF 2019 NOW, Topps XFL 2020, Topps XFL 2020 Certified
Acquired: COMC, 2020. EBay, 2020. TTM C/o Home 2020
Sent: 11/12 Received: 11/21 (9 days)
Trey Williams hails from Texas A&M- a school full of rich history in producing runningbacks. While playing for the Aggies, he ran 204 time for 1343 yards and 18 TDs in 3 years (2012-2014). What was most impressive was his gaudy 6.6 yards per carry. He also caught 38 passes for 330 yards and a TD as well. Although he had a solid combine, Williams ultimately was not selected in the 2015 draft.
He'd sign with his hometown Houston Texans after the draft, then quickly join the Washington Redskins, Dallas Cowboys, the Patriots, the Dolphins, and finally the Colts- all before 2015 came to a close. After being cut by the Colts in mid-2016, Trey kept hustling. He signed with the Steelers early in 2017, then briefly joined the Argos in the CFL. In November of 2017, Williams signed with the Dallas Cowboys again where he'd be waived in final cuts during 2018.
I can't imagine how frustrating it would be to have highlight film that made preseason sportscenter.. such as scoring a TD on his first ever preseason carry from 20+ yards out, or returning a punt for a 64 yard TD with the Steelers- but somehow miss out on making the squad.
Trey opted to head to the new frontier of the Alliance of American Football in 2019. He'd be assigned to the San Antonio Commanders. After missing the first two weeks of the season for personal reasons, Trey played in the next 6 finishing with 40 carries for 205 yards and a TD. He'd also catch 9 passes for 71 yards and a TD as well.
An exciting sparkplug, Williams provided a change of pace to lead back Kenneth Farrow II in the Commanders backfield. An outside the tackles kind of guy, Williams is very good at dodging people in space. This makes him quite effective at screen passes and out in the flat. He quickly became my favorite player just behind Greg Ward Jr.
His finest moment in the AAF came in Week 7 against the formidable Salt Lake City Stallions. The Stallions had a very stubborn defense. After trading field position for most of the game and keeping it close, QB Marquise Williams dropped a screen pass out to Trey. He bobbed and weaved through the SLC defense 36 yards and then dove into the endzone for a TD. It was really incredible to watch!
After the AAF folded, Trey joined the XFL 2020, where he was the first player selected in the open portion of the draft by the Seattle Dragons. He'd be reunited with his coach from the Commanders, Mike Riley, and a bevvy of former teammates including Kenneth Farrow. He ran 34 times for 122 yards and a TD for the Dragons, and catch 8 passes for 44 yards and a TD- before the league folded after week 5.
I first missed out on an in person signing in Houston during 2019. I would've driven there just to get his autograph on a bunch of cards and meet him, but I had been to in person events frequently that year, and I did not wish to antagonize my wife. I also had the Topps AAF Now card I was worried about risking, so these just sat, and then I added a few more to the stack including the XFL card.
After a while I just decided to buy a few certified cards of Trey, thinking I'd call it a day, but a few months later my partner in crime, Mark, acted on an address I had long suspected of being Trey's- and hit pay dirt. It took me a bit to get back to Trey. I miss the Commanders and the AAF a lot, but frankly, we all know it wouldn't have made it probably through 2020 – because of the pandemic. (See the XFL 2020.) Still after being stuck in the mud the last few months on AAF/XFL send outs, I went back to it taking the risk that Trey would ink these cards. I would have preferred a different color than silver- but I can't look this gift horse in the mouth.
crown royale 2015Dallas CowboysHouston Texansindianapolis coltsMiami DolphinsNew England Patriotspanini contenders 2015panini prestige 2015pittsburgh steelerssan antonio commandersseattle dragonstopps aaf 2019Topps AAF NOW 2019topps xfl 2020topps xfl 2020 certifiedtoronto argonautstrey williamsttm autographttm football autographWashington Redskins


Shingle Removal: How do you use a Shovel with Teeth?
Removing shingles with conventional tools is an ineffective way of doing the task. Using a shovel with teeth provides much more efficiency with every thrust. When you use a shovel with teeth to strip shingles, you will be able to do long strokes while ripping bigger chunks of shingles. A shovel with teeth is also able to avoid obstacles and ride on irregular surfaces.
Shovel with teeth makes it easier for any roofer to wedge shingles free. The blade of a shovel with teeth can be used to collect and throw the roof shingles, making the tool handy for delivering the debris to the ground. A normal shovel has an edge that has a short length can only rip a small amount of shingles at a time. Shovels with teeth can also tear of wedged nails, in addition to being able to rip more shingles.
Many kinds of shingles may require different kinds of shovels with teeth. Stronger types such as shingles made from hardwood or stone that don't crack easily may need shingle shovels need shovels with teeth made with tempered steel to completely strip them off the roofs. Installation methods can also dictate the type of teeth configuration. The tougher the bond, the more fine and sharp the teeth are.
There are shingle shovels with uniformly distributed teeth that can comb through more common shingles such as asphalt or fiberglass. There are also shingle shovels with teeth that are longer than others. These shovels are used for longer shingles that have formed a strong bond with the roof base. Having the right kind of shovels with teeth will make sure that the work is done more quickly and efficiently.
The operating principle of shovels with teeth in tearing roof shingles and nails require that they be manufactured to the right angle configuration and strength. Shovels with teeth have evolved based on the refinement of these requirements. The nails and other obstacles that are exposed are now easier to deal with. Having quality shovels with teeth gives the worker added performance and efficiency, and gives a longer lifespan for the tool itself.
Mislich Brothers is a provider of shovels with teeth for shingles. For nearly 10 years, we have been closely working with roofing contractors to further improve the design of shovels with teeth, from the original design that we came up with when the company was founded. The Shingle Stripper is a shovel with teeth that roofers will find very easy to work with. It gives them the efficiency and flexibility that allows them to do more with less time.
We only work with the best in the industry.
To find out more about the advantages of having shovels with teeth in tearing off old shingles, contact Mislich Brothers today.


text:
Q: Vue Material md-input different from example I want to use vue material for my app,
i already install vue-material in my app, and do this in my main.js:
import VueMaterial from 'vue-material'
import 'vue-material/dist/vue-material.min.css'

Vue.use(VueMaterial)

but, when i use some component from vue-material in my index page like this:
<template>
   <md-field>
    Username
    <md-input v-model="username"></md-input>
   </md-field>
   <md-field>
    Password
    <md-input v-model="password"></md-input>
   </md-field>
</template>

my page show:

when i visit example form input in codepen, form input should like this:

whats wrong with my code?

A: This happened with me too,
To fix it, you just need to set a theme for your app like this:
import 'vue-material/dist/theme/default.css'

A: You are probably missing a crucial <form> tag
As per the documentation, removing some stuff for your use case, you should have at least the following wrapped around those <md-field> tags.
<form class="md-layout">
  // your form inputs here
</form>


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text:
Home > Comics > Titan Books > Lenore Vol 2 #1 Cover A NM
Lenore Vol 2 #1 Cover A NM
(W/A) Roman Dirge
Don't miss Lenore's antics in this new series of color comics, the first in over two years! Join Lenore for "The Macabre Malevolence of Mortimer Fledge" where she must escape from the bizarre funereal clutches of Mr. Fledge, and learn at last the secrets behind her embalming over 100 years ago! Enjoy the rhyming tale of "The Parasol Princess." And meet Lenore's creator in "Things Involving Me."


text:
Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People
Adapting through the Uncertainty of the Pandemic
Closure, increased unemployment and fragility. ©UNDP/PAPP – Ahed Izhiman
The first few confirmed cases of COVID-19 were detected at a hotel in Bethlehem in early March. The Palestinian Government's response was swift and firm, ordering the whole city to be on lockdown and banning entry of all tourists. As cases surged, a comprehensive restriction on movement between and inside of Palestinian cities was enforced. The stringent measures by the government relatively controlled the spread of the virus the first three weeks, but an alarming surge raised doubts around just how much we could continue controlling the outbreaks. A sustained rise in the number of cases could cause the strained health system to collapse.
Chart: Chart showing an alarming surge - Source: Ministry of Health
The government has been transparent with the citizens around COVID-19 cases, which was actually reflected in a recent poll revealing high satisfaction among citizens of the government performance in responding to COVID-19. The Palestinian Prime Minister has asked in more than one occasion for Palestinian public's insights and intelligence to deal with the effects of COVID-19. UNDP responded through its Accelerator Lab by upgrading the "Solve It" crowdsourcing platform to have an open communication channel with interactive functions to solicit ideas from youth to tackle socio-economic effects of the outbreak.
Testing samples for COVID-19 at Palestinian Ministry of Health laboratories. ©Ministry of Health
The immediate and foreseen impacts of the pandemic dramatically exacerbate the profound challenges resulting from the dire political situation the State of Palestine is facing. The measures accompanying its spread go far beyond the health sector. Daily waged workers, despite the government's ban, continued to move to secure sustenance for their families. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), constituting 99 percent of businesses in the State of Palestine, may not sustain the closure for a prolonged period of two to three months. This would detrimentally affect not only owners of these businesses, but the already fragile Palestinian economy as a whole. Some of those who now cannot work will get their jobs back, others will not. Youth unemployment in the State of Palestine pre-outbreak was 45 percent, and the fear of this figure rising exponentially is real.
Massive gaps have been faced in collecting credible real-time data pertaining to the effects of COVID-19 on businesses, workers, and the economy in general. The Accelerator Lab will explore behavioural insights of workers to fill some of the information and perception gaps. This will support the drafting of response plans in coordination with ILO and the Ministry of Labour.
UNDP will also be launching a crowdfunding campaign that supports small businesses to survive the crisis. The campaign will aim to support 33 small businesses by providing them with direct cash support for two months to subsidize their rent, utility bills, and salaries for their workers. Matching grants will be sought from local private sector through coordination with the Chambers of Commerce. The campaign will be scaled up to reach more SMEs and more sizable survival grants.
Faced with this unforeseen pandemic, the overall challenge we are all facing is to bring it all together: not enough data around the cases, the readiness of the health system to accommodate the recent surge, the socio-economic impact of the lockdown, and making strict plans seems like a futile exercise as the effects of the outbreak globally are still shaping up.
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Group Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian PeopleGlobal
Media group Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian PeopleGlobal
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