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Home Features and profiles Speech to IUOE Local 793
Features and profiles
Speech to IUOE Local 793
Habibur Rahman
Trudeau criticizes foreign worker program and federal training programs
Special to GTA Construction Report
The federal government is falling short on training the next generation of Canadians, Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau told an audience at the head office of Local 793 of the International Union of Operating Engineers in Oakville on June 20.
"I feel that this current government is going in the wrong direction in its training program," he said. "The federal government has to make sure Canadians have the skills to do the jobs that are out there. We need to have a pan-Canadian conversation on that."
Trudeau was at the Gary O'Neill Learning Centre adjacent to Local 793's head office to meet union officers, staff and apprentices and learn more about the training campus. Inside, he spent time on virtual reality simulators. Outside, he tried his hand at the controls of a crawler crane.
In the banquet hall, Local 793 business manager Mike Gallagher introduced Trudeau to the audience and thanked him for visiting the training centre and union facilities.
"I am very happy to have you here to meet with some of our apprentices and talk about what we need to do going forward."
Gallagher noted that the union and its contractor partners have invested a lot of money in training and "it absolutely works."
He told the audience that the operating engineers union is committed to training and building the country.
"From our perspective, we are interested in partnerships, we are interested in building this province, we are interested in bringing people together and building a great nation."
In his remarks to the audience, Trudeau criticized the federal government's approach to training issues, noting that far too many young people today end up dropping out of programs because of financial difficulties or because they don't have a clear path to employment.
He noted the labour force is more mobile now and the federal government should be in the business of making sure that Canadians have the skills necessary to do the jobs that are out there.
"That's why we have to have a Canadian conversation about how we're making sure that those people in the workforce now and those who are heading towards the workforce right out of high school are given the opportunity to contribute," he told the audience.
Trudeau said the federal government must pay more attention to training young people because jobs of the future will require more skills.
"If we know that in the coming years seven out of 10 jobs that are created are going to require some form of post-secondary education, whether it be university, trade schools or skills diplomas, certification programs or apprenticeships, we need to make sure that the achievement of training and post-secondary education of all sorts happens."
Trudeau said he's extremely sensitive to the fact that education is an area of provincial authority, and he is not going to "bust in" to the province's jurisdiction, but he noted it's important that the federal government build partnerships and work with the provinces to ensure young people are trained.
After Trudeau's speech, business manager Gallagher asked what the Liberal leader would do to change the channel and get on with business if he's elected as prime minister.
Trudeau replied that he's spent six months talking to people across the country and that has given him a good handle on what they want.
He also said he's disclosed his personal financial details "above and beyond" what's required in an effort to earn the trust of Canadians.
The current government, meanwhile, said Trudeau, is more focused on wielding power than helping Canadians.
On another note, business manager Gallagher told Trudeau that the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) is "essentially a failed government policy" and that First Nations communities have young people who can be trained for jobs, but the government allows companies to bring in foreign workers.
"It's not fair," Gallagher said.
Trudeau agreed with the assessment, noting the TFWP "is a program that's become so badly managed."
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text:
Les Tropidopolinae sont une sous-famille d'insectes orthoptères de la famille des Acrididae.

Distribution
Les espèces de cette sous-famille se rencontrent en Afrique, en Asie et en Europe du Sud.

Systématique
La sous-famille des Tropidopolinae a été créée en 1905 par l'entomologiste russe Gueorgui Jacobson (1871–1926) dans une publication coécrite avec le zoologiste russe Valentin Bianchi (1857-1920).

Liste des genres
Selon  :
 tribu Tristriini Mistshenko, 1945
 genre Tristria Stål
 genre Tristriella Descamps & Wintrebert, 1967
 tribu Tropidopolini Jacobson, 1905
 genre Tropidopola Stål
 tribu intéterminée
 genre Afroxyrrhepes Uvarov, 1943
 genre Chloroxyrrhepes Uvarov, 1943
 genre Dabba Uvarov, 1933
 genre Homoxyrrhepes Uvarov, 1926
 genre Mesopsilla Ramme, 1929
 genre Musimoja Uvarov, 1953
 genre Petamella Giglio-Tos, 1907
 genre Pseudotristria Dirsh, 1961

Publication originale
 Jacobson & Bianchi, 1905 : « Orthopteroid and Pseudoneuropteroid Insects of Russian Empire and adjacent countries ». Priamokrylyia i lozhnostchatokrylyia Rossiiskoi imperii, .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Acrididae
Sous-famille d'Orthoptères (nom scientifique)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Mario Cuomo, Progressive Warrior In Tradition Of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Hubert H. Humphrey, And Fiorello LaGuardia!
Mario Cuomo's death on New Year's Day took some attention away, momentarily, from the greatness of this man, a progressive warrior in the tradition of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Hubert H. Humphrey, in a later generation, and with an ethnic tinge as with Fiorello LaGuardia!
Cuomo, an Italian American, was the first prominent white ethnic politician since LaGuardia to promote the liberal-progressive cause, and to be considered a serious Presidential candidate, other than John F. Kennedy and his brother Robert F. Kennedy, both Irish Catholic ethnics.
Cuomo spoke up for change and reform, at the height of the ascendancy of Ronald Reagan, who worked to undermine the New Deal of FDR and the Great Society of Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1980s.
Cuomo worked to ban assault weapons and promote gun control; worked for legal abortion rights to be upheld; promoted the first mandatory seat belt law in cars nationally; vetoed the death penalty; and reformed the state courts to promote diversity. He served longer in office than any New York Governor, except Nelson Rockefeller.
Cuomo stood up for the middle class, working people, women, and minorities, a battle which continues decades later, but was the focus of Cuomo, who would have made a great Supreme Court Justice or President. He was, himself, from a struggling immigrant family, and understood the plight of those of similar background.
It seems clear that had Cuomo sought the Presidency in 1992, we would not have had Bill Clinton as President, and there would be no Hillary Clinton being considered today for the Presidency.
Jon Huntsman On Assault Weapons Ban: Not Acceptable To Democrats And Sane Independents!
Former Utah Governor and former Ambassador to China Jon Huntsman has been applauded by this blogger over the past few years as the only reasonable, sane candidate that the Republican Party possesses, with possibly the exception of former Florida Governor Jeb Bush.
But the disappointment at his recent statement that he would veto an assault weapons ban of any kind is therefore disturbing and disillusioning, and makes it clear that while Huntsman is very talented and intelligent, still the best of the Republican Party, he is not acceptable to someone who believes in progressivism and the need for gun regulations to cut down the high level of violence in this country!
The reality is that Jon Huntsman has close to no chance to be the GOP nominee in any case, but it is clear that the Republican Party cannot offer anyone the road to a future where the average American can be safe and secure, as long as we have the lack of political courage to realize the absolute, dire need for some kind of assault weapons ban–not absolute necessarily, but within reasonable limits of some sort.
The goal is not to deny the Second Amendment, but also not to give license to mass murders of children at Sandy Hook Elementary School; or to mass murder in movie theaters, or in shopping malls, or colleges, or any public place–with no regulation of who is able to acquire firearms, particularly assault weapons that should only be used in war situations or by law enforcement authorities. As things stand, Democrats and sane Independents cannot support any GOP nominee for President!
Republican Senator Ted Cruz of Texas has only been in the US Senate for less than three months, but already is gaining a reputation as a modern version of Senator Joseph McCarthy, and also as a total lunatic on the subject of guns!
Yesterday, Cruz "lectured" Democratic Senator Diane Feinstein of California about his concept that the Second Amendment has absolutely no limits, and compared that amendment to the First and Fourth Amendments, claiming that Feinstein would not want limits on those two amendments, so why so on the Second Amendment.
Feinstein responded by saying she has been in the Senate for 20 years, and was Mayor of San Francisco for nine years, and inherited that job by the assassination of Mayor George Moscone and gay Supervisor Harvey Milk, which she walked in on, and saw the dead bodies and carnage.
She asked why it is necessary to have bazookas, and all other types of assault weapons, and that no one is trying to take away all guns, just large magazines of ammunition and weapons that one would never use for hunting.
And she pointed out to Cruz that there ARE limits on the First and Fourth Amendments, and that any sane person has to understand that there needs to be limits on the Second Amendment!
Cruz showed total lack of respect and deference to Feinstein, and comes across as totally arrogant, reckless, loony, and very dangerous with his rhetoric and his extreme right wing agenda.
And this man has interest in being President, although he was born in Canada, and the constitutional question, therefore, would arise if he became a serious candidate.
This man would be a danger to our civil liberties and our sanity were he to become a serious player for the Presidency. But there is no way that he would ever be elected President of the United States! But every effort to weaken his appeal must be made by progressives, who realize that he is a long range threat to our political stability!
A Joint Statement And Press Conference Of The Four Former Presidents Now Needed To Call For Action Against Mass Murder Epidemic In America!
The crisis that America faces now after the Aurora, Colorado Massacre last Friday requires courage, principle, and determination being expressed by the men who have held the Presidency, and know of the need for some gun regulation, including banning of assault weapons and large capacity magazines.
Therefore, former Presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush, crossing party lines and doing what is moral, ethical, and essential, need to issue a joint statement, and go further.
They need to meet together in public in Washington, DC, hold a press conference, and all four need to make comments to the nation at large on the essential need for both political conventions to adopt resolutions at their national convention five and six weeks from now of the need for gun regulations to stop the mass murder going on in our nation!
Yes, this will stir controversy, and anger the National Rifle Association, but it is time for our former Presidents to forget politics, and bring their stature and dignity onto their parties, and put the opponents of such resolutions and actions on the spot, fully exposed for who they are, and embarrass the anti gun regulation opponents at the least!
This is a national emergency, really more significant than the economy, foreign policy or just about anything else. This is a "war" on America, a "terrorist" attack from within, more dangerous than Islamic terrorism, and it is time for action, and for our four former Presidents to be statesmen, not politicians!
Some Facts About Guns In America: The Toll They Take!
Every day in America, 87 Americans are killed by gun violence, close to four per hour!
Every day in America, 183 Americans are wounded by gun violence, close to eight per hour!
Every year in America, about 1,000 young people under the age of 21 are shot, about three per day!
Gun violence cost annually is about $100 billion, which could be used for health care or education, instead of the cost of the suffering that guns produce!
One would think such statistics would be more than enough reason for sane, rational people to say it is time for gun regulations to prevent acquisition of large amounts of ammunition, and to ban totally any possibility of assault weapons.
But of course, there is too much profit in gun sales, and the National Rifle Association enriches itself and its leadership, by stirring its members into a frenzy that legitimate purchase and use of guns would ever be totally banned!
Time For All Good People To React To Religious Extremists, NRA Fanatics, And Grover Norquist Blackmail!
America has many problems, but has allowed itself to be taken hostage by extremist, fanatical groups that have no purpose but the promotion of hate, greed, and selfishness, and it is time for all good Americans to speak up and make it clear that they will not allow the hostage situation to continue to exist!
Christian extremists who keep on promoting that only a theocracy with their brand of religion will send a person to Heaven, and in the process promote narrow mindedness and hate, need to be confronted without fear.
National Rifle Association leadership, including Wayne LaPierre, who enrich themselves and promote extremism in defense of the Second Amendment., and against reasonable gun regulations, particularly assault weapons, are a threat to public safety.
And Grover Norquist, the anti tax radical, and head of Americans For Tax Reform, has gained so much power and influence that Republicans are afraid to challenge him, and have allowed themselves to be blackmailed into refusing to consider ANY tax increases, no matter what, and willingness, therefore, to create financial chaos and the destruction of government's ability to do its job of being in charge of the federal budget.
Until these three extremist groups are under control, America has little chance to move forward and deal with the promotion of tolerance, of public safety, and of responsible budgetary reform!


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Same errors, different penalties
Sebastian Vettel was given a five-second penalty after running into the back of Valtteri Bottas at the French Grand Prix, but Kimi Raikkonen got a 10-second one after making contact with Lewis Hamilton at Silverstone, while Romain Grosjean got away with an identical incident.
Championship standings: Ten races into the 2018 season, Sebastian Vettel (centre) leads the drivers' standing with 171 points, eight ahead of championship rival Lewis Hamilton (left). Kimi Raikkonen, with 116, is a distant third. - AP
The British Grand Prix gave us the second brilliant Formula One race in seven days. There was so much to watch and talk about right from the start to the finish. Throw in the good weather and the capacity crowd, and this was truly one of the best races I can remember at Silverstone for some time.
The biggest talking point coming out from the race was unquestionably the incident between Kimi Raikkonen and Lewis Hamilton on the opening lap. Hamilton and Toto Wolff both made subtle hints questioning whether this was poor judgement or tactics, but, once the adrenaline had passed, I think they both realised that it was just a clumsy misjudgement of grip from Raikkonen on the dirty inside line with a fat load of fuel on board.
In the previous race in France, Sebastian Vettel ended up running into the back of Valtteri Bottas, and that too was a clear mistake from the Ferrari driver — he ended up damaging his front wing and ultimately that compromised his race and cost him a clunk of points.
At Silverstone, Raikkonen apologised for his error and that was that. I don't believe there's any deliberate campaign from Ferrari to hit the Mercedes cars. What confused me was the penalty imposed on Raikkonen, to be honest. The stewards decided to give him a 10-second stop-go penalty, which was fine, but I once again don't fully understand the inconsistency between what happened at Silverstone and what happened at Paul Ricard, where Vettel was given only five seconds. Frankly, I also don't see a big difference between what Raikkonen did and what Romain Grosjean did to Kevin Magnussen at the same corner. Yes, Magnussen didn't spin like Hamilton did, but the actions by the drivers down the inside — Raikkonen and Grosjean — were similar and akin to what Vettel did in France.
Pierre Gasly of France and Scuderia Toro Rosso on track during the Formula One Grand Prix of Great Britain at Silverstone. - Getty Images
The penalty given to Pierre Gasly towards the end of the race was also quite harsh, I think. Both Sergio Perez and Gasly are friends of mine, so I'm not picking sides. But if I objectively look at the incident, Gasly was nearly fully alongside the Force India when they made contact, and the racing after that was just two hard racers squeezing each other. When watching it on TV and from the replays, most people in the paddock (apart from Force India, of course) didn't really think there was going to be any action. So, it was a bit of a surprise to see the Toro Rosso driver get a penalty.
The stewards have a very tough job on a race weekend, and having an experienced race driver in there as a driver steward is very useful. They now have more defined guidelines as to what penalties to apply to a driver at fault, and these are designed to bring greater consistency. For the most part, they seem to be working quite well, but this weekend showed that there are still some grey areas in this.
Strategically, the British Grand Prix was a race that came alive with the safety cars. The Mercedes strategy department has been under pressure since Austria and I was fascinated to see how they would react this weekend if and when things got tricky. In the end, they chose to leave both cars out on used medium tyres when their major rivals pitted for new softs under safety car conditions for the final charge to the flag. Mercedes, when questioned, will undoubtedly argue that it didn't have any new softs left, so it wasn't as beneficial to pit, but making sure you have enough tyres left to cover off every scenario in the race where the points count is part of the strategy.
In the end, I think leaving Hamilton out was 100 per cent the right call. It gave him track position and his tyre management was better than Bottas' in the first stint. That allowed him to finish second instead of what probably would have been fourth or fifth, so it worked out for him. At the time I thought that they made an error by leaving Bottas out and I still believe that he would have basically come out behind Vettel in second place with Hamilton right behind. They could have swapped the cars around to help Lewis in the championship and had a double podium. I suppose, in the grand scheme of things, it only cost Bottas one place, so it's not the end of the world, but in a championship battle that's so close and with two teams so evenly matched, those three points could be critical in Abu Dhabi.
Daniel Ricciardo needs to strike back in his inter-team battle at Red Bull with Max Verstappen. - Getty Images
Having a weekend off after a tough triple header is going to be good, especially for the people who have had a tough run in recent races. I think Daniel Ricciardo needs to strike back in his inter-team battle at Red Bull with Max Verstappen. Since the Dutchman's crash in Monaco, he has bounced back to outqualify Ricciardo 4-0 in the past four races and took three podiums along the way.
Williams had a miserable weekend where the rear wing and floor were causing issues when the air had to "reattach" at the point of closing the drag reduction system (DRS), causing both drivers to spin off at high speed. The team's aero department really needs to have a major think about its direction because it's not going well at the moment.
Stoffel Vandoorne is another man under pressure. I'm personally a bit disappointed of the Belgian. I was a big supporter of his when McLaren signed him up. His performances in the junior Formulas were brilliant and I spent months telling people last year that he was going to be right up there in the Verstappen/Esteban Ocon territory of brilliant young future stars. For whatever reason, it just hasn't happened for him this year and, as we sit here, he's been outqualified 10-0 by Fernando Alonso. At Silverstone, Vandoorne looked miles off Alonso's pace, and it really does confuse me. Yes, Fernando is an utterly brilliant double world champion who's lost none of his speed, but Stoffel isn't someone I would expect to be so far off his pace. He's certainly a man under pressure with lots of rumours about Carlos Sainz or Lando Norris replacing him in 2019.
On to Germany next and a return to Hockenheim. The battle between Ferrari and Mercedes is now super-tight and I can't wait to see how it unfolds in a fortnight's time!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Paco Rabanne Pour Homme by Paco Rabanne is a Aromatic Fougere fragrance for men. Paco Rabanne Pour Homme was launched in 1973. The nose behind this fragrance is Jean Martel. Top notes are rosemary, clary sage and brazilian rosewood; middle notes are tonka bean, lavender and geranium; base notes are honey, amber, musk and oakmoss.


is possible to anchor its extremities to two other project points, so that its length is automatically determined ?
The attached example is a simple extruded circle.
I'd like to anchor its extremities to two different project points.
I can anchor only one point.
You could create a mechanism that is stretchable. In my example open the scissor file in Solvespace. Now you can drag the construction line to the left and the right.
> Is it possible to have a stretchable component so that, once it is included in a bigger project is possible to anchor its extremities to two other project points, so that its length is automatically determined ?
It's possible not only make stretchable component "in 2D", but also stretchable component "in 3D" using SolveSpace too!
4) Now you has tube with two different project points, just move them slowly.
app4soft you can't constrain this cylinder to some point, so you have created useless thing.
I was talking about a stretchable 'component', that is, an object defined in a separate file that can be imported in an enclosing project, perhaps several times, where each 'instance' could have a different length.
Think of a complex extruded shape that should be replicated several times in a project, like the attached one.
In this example, I'd like to import several instances of this "shelf", each with a different length.
I've seen that, even if I've not constrained the object length (in the 'shelf' file), the imported object is not stretchable.
Is this by design or is it something that has been overlooked ?
If you create just the sketch, no extrusion, it can be imported multiple time, located and extruded to different lengths. The trick to make the extrude work after the import is to select a plane in the base drawing for sketch on plane. This plane need not be coincident with the import. Both files used for testing are in extrude.zip.
Thanks, this solves my problem.


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text:
Sun-Times Media Group
Get Sun-Times Media Group essential facts below. View Videos or join the Sun-Times Media Group discussion. Add Sun-Times Media Group to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Sun-Times Media Group (formerly Hollinger International) was a Chicago-based newspaper publisher.
Sun-Times Media Group was founded in 1986 under the name American Publishing Company, as a holding company for Hollinger Inc.'s American properties. It focused on newspapers, mostly in smaller markets. In February 1994, it acquired the Chicago Sun-Times, holding an Initial Public Offering (IPO) to fund the acquisition. At the time, it was the fifteenth-largest U.S. newspaper group. It changed its name to Hollinger International in 1994.
Hollinger's non-American properties, which included The Daily Telegraph and The Jerusalem Post were added to the company in 1996, and its Canadian papers in 1997. It created the National Post from the Financial Post in 1998.
That year, it began a process of shrinking the company, selling many of its small papers to the private equity firm Leonard Green & Partners, who formed Liberty Group Publishing. In 2000, it sold most of the rest to four media companies (Bradford Publications Company, Community Newspaper Holdings, Paxton Media Group, and Forum Communications).[1] Its Canadian holdings, notably the National Post, several smaller papers, and a majority stake in the Southam newspaper chain, were sold to CanWest in 2000 in connection with Conrad Black renouncing his Canadian citizenship to gain a British peerage. That year, Hollinger International bought the Chicago-area publications of Copley Press (The Herald News, The Beacon-News, The Courier-News, and Lake County News-Sun, along with several smaller papers).
Conrad Black was fired by the Hollinger International board in 2004 for fraud.[2] He attempted to sell his stake to the Barclay brothers in January 2004 and the brothers launched a takeover bid for the rest of Hollinger International. However the sale was blocked by a judge in the United States after the company's board lodged a court action against the sale.
The Barclay brothers later bought The Telegraph Group which included The Daily Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph, and The Spectator. On November 16, 2004, the sale of The Jerusalem Post to Mirkaei Tikshoret, a Tel Aviv-based publisher of Israeli newspapers, was announced. CanWest Global Communications, Canada's biggest media concern, announced it has agreed to take a 50 percent stake in The Jerusalem Post after Mirkaei buys the property. In February 2006, Hollinger sold substantially all of its Canadian assets.[3]
The corporation's name was changed to Sun-Times Media Group on July 17, 2006.[4]
On March 31, 2009, the company filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the United States Code.
In September 2009, Chicago financier James C. Tyree and a team of investors had a $5 million bid accepted to purchase the Sun-Times Media Group, contingent on the paper's unions accepting deep compensation cuts and work-rule changes. The purchase was completed the next month.
Tyree died suddenly in March 2011. Jeremy Halbreich, chief executive, said that Tyree will be greatly missed and that his death will make no changes in the media company's strategy.[5]
Since the Tyree-Halbreich takeover, the organization has shown accelerating declines in circulation, advertising revenue and quality of editorial content. Industry analysts have repeatedly pointed to the group's failure to craft a competitive online product as evidence of continued decline. On December 6, 2011, the company announced it will institute a paywall to access its online content from December 8, 2011.
Later in December 2011, Chicago investment group Wrapports, L.L.C., led by Chairman Michael W. Ferro Jr. & CEO Timothy Knight, bought the properties of Sun-Times Media Holdings.[6]
Conrad Black resigns as Chairman after an internal inquiry alleges that Black had received more than $7 million in unauthorized payments of company funds.
Hollinger International files a US$200 million lawsuit against Conrad Black and David Radler.
Gordon A. Paris, Chairman of the Board of Directors, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Paul B. Healy, Vice President, Corporate Development and Investor Relations
Peter K. Lane, Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Robert T. Smith, Treasurer
James R. Van Horn, Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
John Cruickshank, Chief Operating Officer, Head of the Chicago Group
Members of the board of directors: Gordon Paris, Richard Burt, Daniel Colson, Cyrus Freidheim, Henry Kissinger, Shmuel Meitar, John O'Brien, Richard Perle, Graham Savage, Raymond G. H. Seitz, and James R. Thompson.
Cyrus Freidheim is hired as President and CEO.
Cyrus Freidheim resigns as CEO after New York-based hedge fund Davidson Kempner forces the ousting of all but one member of the Board of Directors.
Jeremy Halbreich becomes the new chairman and interim chief executive.
Lerner Newspapers
^ "Hollinger's Crash Diet Stops Short Of Chicago". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. Retrieved 2016.
^ M.S. Beasley; Frank A. Buckless; S. M. Glover; D. F. Prawitt (2015). Auditing Cases: Instructor Resource Manual, 6th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ (PDF). Pearson. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2016. Retrieved 2016.
^ "-". Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. Retrieved 2016.
^ David Roeder (March 20, 2011). "Tyree's vision will be missed, but newspaper will follow course". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on March 21, 2011.
^ Robert Channick; Michael Oneal; Becky Yerak. "Sun-Times sold to local investor group". Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2020.
Sun-Times Media Group official site
Pioneer Press, local newspapers' site [Redirect to Chicago Tribune]
Ketupa.net - Media Profiles: Hollinger, Black & the Barclays Extensive background information, including past and present media holdings.
U.S. SEC - Breeden Report Complete 512-page copy of the Report of Investigation by the Special Committee of the Board of Directors of Hollinger International Inc.
A Hollinger company history
Sun-Times_Media_Group


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Reorganization of Low-Molecular-Weight Fraction of Plasma Proteins in the Annual Cycle of Cyprinidae
A. M. Andreeva1*, N. E. Lamas2,3, M. V. Serebryakova4, I. P. Ryabtseva1, and V. V. Bolshakov1
1Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, 152742 Borok, Russia; fax: (485) 472-4042; E-mail: aam@ibiw.yaroslavl.ru; molbiol@ibiw.yaroslavl.ru; victorb@ibiw.yaroslavl.ru
2Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Palchevskogo 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; E-mail: ninalamash@yandex.ru
3Far-Earstern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
4Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninsky Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; E-mail: mserebr@mail.ru
Received August 21, 2014; Revision received September 26, 2014
Reorganization of the low-molecular-weight fraction of cyprinid plasma was analyzed using various electrophoretic techniques (disc electrophoresis, electrophoresis in polyacrylamide concentration gradient, in polyacrylamide with urea, and in SDS-polyacrylamide). The study revealed coordinated changes in the low-molecular-weight protein fractions with seasonal dynamics and related reproductive rhythms of fishes. We used cultured species of the Cyprinidae family with sequenced genomes for the detection of these interrelations in fresh-water and anadromous cyprinid species. The common features of organization of fish low-molecular-weight plasma protein fractions made it possible to make reliable identification of their proteins. MALDI mass-spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of the same proteins (hemopexin, apolipoproteins, and serpins) in the low-molecular-weight plasma fraction in wild species and cultured species with sequenced genomes (carp, zebrafish). It is found that the proteins of the first two classes are organized as complexes made of protein oligomers. Stoichiometry of these complexes changes in concordance with the seasonal and reproductive rhythms.
KEY WORDS: fish, plasma proteins, mass spectra, MALDI
Blood plasma is one of the most complicated objects for studies using methods of proteomics [1]. Along with the "true plasma proteins", extracellular proteins tagged after the synthesis of amino acids with signaling peptide, plasma also contains some amount of tissue proteins entering the bloodstream due to the destruction of cells [2]. In addition, the proteins of some viruses, bacteria, and yeast have been found in plasma [3]. The technique of 2D-electrophoresis can be used to differentiate the plasma into tens of proteins [4, 5], and, using MALDI and SELDI mass spectrometry, more than a thousand polypeptides were identified in these proteins [6, 7]. However, with such large number of proteins in the plasma, the whole variety of its "true proteins" can be grouped in the four main electrophoretic fractions defined by Tiselius [8] as albumins and α-, β-, and γ-globulins.
Similarly to humans, about one thousand various products of separate genes were found in the fish plasma proteome [9]. The studies of fish plasma proteome are interesting because these organisms belong to the lower vertebrates. The main protein fractions of plasma typical for all vertebrates appeared and formed in lower taxa in particular [10-13]. At the same time, it is interesting that the fish plasma proteome is very changeable. Dynamics are also a characteristic of the human plasma proteome: the contents of certain proteins exhibit large variability [14], which is especially true for serum albumin. Its concentration in plasma varies by more than 10 orders of magnitude [1]. In fish, as in poikilotherms, the dynamics of plasma proteome should be manifested not only in varying concentrations of certain proteins, but also in other features reflecting its presumable concordance with seasonal and consequent reproductive rhythms.
The main goal of the present work was to study the patterns of changes in the composition of the most variable protein fraction, the low-molecular-weight proteins, during the annual cycle of cyprinid fishes.
Study objects. The following fishes of order Cypriniformes, family Cyprinidae were studied: 1) "wild species" – bream Abramis brama, roach Rutilus rutilus, blue bream Abramis ballerus, bleak Alburnus alburnus, sabrefish Pelecus cultratus, silver bream Blicca bjoerkna, crucian carp Carassius auratus (Volga river basin, Rybinsk reservoir); redfins of the Tribolodon genus – Pacific redfin T. brandtii and large-scaled redfin T. hakonensis (Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan; Razdolnaya river); 2) cultivated species – common carp Cyprinus carpio (reared in experimental ponds of the Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences) and zebrafish Danio rerio (kept in aquaria).
Sampling of fish blood serum and plasma. Blood was sampled from caudal blood vessels immediately after fish were caught. To obtain serum, the blood was settled at 4°C, to obtain plasma. The blood was collected to test tubes containing 1% solution (w/v) of heparinoid. Precipitated erythrocytes were removed by centrifugation at room temperature for 10 min at 14,000g.
Determination of maturity stage of gonads. The stages of gonad maturity were determined following the routine common in fish biology and farming practice [15].
Electrophoretic methods. Low-molecular-weight fraction (LMW-fraction) was assessed by the number of proteins, their molecular weight (MW), electrophoretic mobility (m) of proteins, and their localization in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel on disc electrophoresis.
The pattern of organization (monomer/oligomer) of proteins was determined by position, number, and MW of proteins on nondenaturing 2D-electrophoresis within 5-40% concentrations of polyacrylamide gel (2D-PAGE) and on denaturing PAGE in 11% polyacrylamide gel with 8 M urea [16] as well as on 12.5% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions [17]. Disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the first direction was performed according to [18, 19] using a 3% concentrating (stacking) gel (pH 6.9) and 4.9% separating gel (pH 8.9). For the unidimensional disc electrophoresis, we used 3% concentrating (stacking) and 7.5% separating gel.
Following the electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions and in polyacrylamide gel with urea, the gels were fixed in 10% trichloroacetic acid, washed, and stained with Coomassie R-250 (0.01% solution in ethanol–acetic acid–water, 10 : 1 : 30 v/v). Following the SDS-PAGE, the gels were fixed in 70% isopropyl alcohol and then stained with Coomassie R-250 (0.04% solution in isopropanol–ethanol–acetic acid–water, 2 : 1 : 1 : 6 v/v) according to protocol [17].
If in the polyacrylamide gel gradient and in polyacrylamide with urea the protein was present as one "spot", it was considered a monomer; if there were several "spots" in the urea-containing polyacrylamide, the protein was considered as oligomer stabilized by hydrogen bonds. If the number of "spots" in the polyacrylamide with urea was less than in SDS-polyacrylamide under reducing conditions, we considered that the protein consists of several polypeptide chains linked by S–S bonds.
As MW markers, we used polymers of human serum albumin (HSA; 67, 134, 201, 268, 335 kDa) and of ovalbumin (OA; 45, 90, 135 kDa) and the PageRulerTM Prestained Protein Ladder Plus (11, 17, 28, 36, 55, 72, 95, 130, 250 kDa) (Fermentas, Lithuania). For densitometry and calculations of relative contents of proteins and their molecular weights, we used ONE-Dscan, v. 1.31 (Scananalytic Inc., USA) software.
MALDI mass spectrometry. All procedures for preparation of the samples of analyzed proteins for mass spectrometry followed a protocol described elsewhere [20]. The mass spectra (ms) of trypsin-digested proteins were obtained using a MALDI-TOF/TOF mass-spectrometer (UltrafleXtreme Bruker Daltonics, Germany) equipped with Nd laser in reflecto-mode. Monoisotopic [MH+] ions were measured in the 700-4500 m/z range with a tolerance of 50 ppm. Fragment ion spectra were obtained in Lift mode. The accuracy of fragment ion mass peak measurements was within 1 Da. To analyze mass spectra, FlexAnalysis 3.3 software (Bruker Daltonics, Germany) was used.
The proteins were identified using the MASCOT search software ("peptide fingerprint" option; www.matrixscience.com). The search was carried out in databases NCBI and/or EST vertebrates. Candidate proteins were considered as reliably identified when score > 83 (p < 0.05). For the search of candidate proteins in combined ms + (ms-ms) data, Biotools 3.0 (Bruker Daltonics) was used.
Composition of low-molecular-weight protein fraction in plasma of cyprinid fish on electrophoretic gel. Disc electrophoresis showed LMW-fraction of studied species plasma to be situated in the m 0.37-0.87 range. It is considered low-molecular-weight traditionally, although proteins within this fraction possess molecular masses of over 40-50 kDa. This fraction contains two subfractions in all species. One dominant protein making up to 50% and over of the whole protein of the fraction is found in the first. The second subfraction consists of several proteins, from two to 15 (Fig. 1, a and b).
Fig. 1. Plasma disc electrophoresis: a) bream (1, 2), blue bream (3, 4), bleak (5), sabrefish (6), silver bream (7), goldfish (8-11), redfin (12-15); b) cultured carp (16-19), zebrafish (20, 21); c) subfractions Alb and No alb of LMW-fraction of bream (22).
We have previously shown that subfractions differ in their ability to bind albumin-specific Evans Blue dye: the first subfraction bound the dye during electrophoresis, while the second did not [20, 21]. For this reason, we have designated the first subfraction as albumin-like proteins (Alb) and the second as non-albumin proteins (No alb) (Fig. 1c).
2D-PAGE showed the subfractions to be organized similarly in all studied species (Fig. 2). Thus, under nondenaturing conditions, the fraction contained one dominant protein with MW in the 100-120 kDa range in the Alb-subfraction and 2-15 proteins with MW ranging from 45 to 100 kDa within No alb-subfraction (Fig. 2a). The fraction structure under denaturing conditions was similar (Fig. 2, b and c). In SDS-PAGE, four groups of proteins with MW around 14, 25, 50, and 60 kDa were present within the fraction of all species studied (Fig. 2c). Therefore, protein composition of plasma LMW-fraction in different studied fish species using electrophoretic methods is characterized by significant similarity under both nondenaturing and denaturing conditions.
Fig. 2. 2D-PAGE of fish plasma: a) in polyacrylamide gel gradient: bream (1), roach (2), redfin (3), carp (4); b) in polyacrylamide with urea: blue bream (1), bream (2), roach (3), redfin (4); c) in SDS-polyacrylamide: roach (1), goldfish (2), redfin (3), carp (4). LMW-fractions are framed with rectangles (a, b), and groups of proteins with ovals (c). Arrows point to transferrins.
This fact allows utilizing results of protein identification in cultivated species with sequenced genome (carp, zebrafish) for future identification of proteins in wild species. Prior to that, we determine fraction boundaries on the plasma proteomic map, identifying globulins adjacent to the fraction with carp – a species with partly sequenced genome as an example.
Identification of globulins adjacent to low-molecular-weight fraction proteins on the plasma proteomic map in carp and Trilobodon redfins. We previously assumed that proteins adjacent to the LMW-fraction of fish plasma on the 2D-electrophoregram from the globulin side are transferrins [22] because they were stained by Muller reagent [23]. To identify them precisely, we cut two gel fragments (containing proteins) from the track of Muller-positive proteins (Fig. 3a), carried out their trypsinolysis, and acquired ms of their proteomic map. The mass spectra of these proteins matched, evidencing their homology. All potential candidates were transferrins of carp exclusively (Table 1).
Fig. 3. SDS-PAGE of carp (a) and redfin plasma proteins (b). Proteins (1-7) of low-molecular-weight fraction are denoted by dotted line, and transferrins by ovals.
Table 1. Candidate proteins for carp plasma globulin with MW ~ 63 kDa
1 Number of the candidate protein.
2 Calculated and experimental (observed) value of molecular weight.
3 Probabilistic coefficient of significance.
4 Amino acid sequence overlap.
Then we attempted to identify possible transferrins in a wild species, redfin T. brandtii, following the same routine. Similarly to carp, redfin was found to contain homologous 62-kDa proteins in the zone adjacent to the LMW-fraction (Fig. 3b). We could not identify them using ms. But the search using ms-ms revealed the same candidate proteins as in the case with carp (Table 1) with the same Accession numbers and score values. Overlap area of amino acid sequences with candidates was naturally smaller than in carp, being 13, 13, 11, and 11%, correspondingly. Nevertheless, high score values (159, 159, 140, and 140, correspondingly) and affiliation of the candidate and the experimental fish species to one family suggest that the identification is quite reliable.
Therefore, the LMW-fraction bordering the globulins is adjacent to transferrins on the proteomic map of cyprinid fish plasma. Due to simple staining in the gel, these proteins (transferrins) can be used as a marker to determine localization of the LMW-fraction on the fish plasma proteomic map.
Identification of proteins from low-molecular-weight fraction of plasma using carp proteins as an example. Seven proteins from the fraction were taken for identification. Proteins 1, 3, 4, and 5 were identified using ms, proteins 2 and 6 using ms-ms. One candidate with the highest score value for each protein is presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Identification of carp, zebrafish, and redfin proteins
Note: See notes 1-4 for Table 1.
Homologs of protein 1 (Fig. 3a) with experimental value of MW close to 64 kDa were only found in the unannotated database EST, so its calculated molecular weight is unclear. Candidate sequences for this protein had score > 83 and were represented by cDNA libraries constructed on the basis of mRNA populations of carp liver (CF662379). We were able to find a homolog of this particular protein, "warm temperature acclimation-related 65-kDa protein", in silver carp by inserting amino acid sequence reconstructed on the basis of mRNA into Protein BLAST and searching among all vertebrate proteins. The protein contains in its structure hemopexin-like repeats, and it binds heme and transports it to the liver (GenBank ACO51168.1). A candidate for protein 2 (MW around 53 kDa) is fetuin (Fig. 3a). Similarly to albumin, it participates in the transport of metabolites in blood. On the other side, it has a cystatin-like domain in its structure characteristic for the cysteine proteinase inhibitors family [24]. Proteins 3 and 4 (Fig. 3a) are identified as nonhomologous A-I and "14 kDa" apolipoproteins.
We identified three proteins within the "non-albumin proteins" subfraction; they are designated as 5, 6, and 7 on Fig. 3a and in Table 2. Protein 5 possesses hemopexin features [25], while proteins 6 and 7 are inhibitors of serine proteinases.
The results have shown coincidence of candidates for proteins 1 and 5. In both cases, the same carp protein is being considered, probably "warm-temperature-acclimation-related-65 kDa". However, cDNA libraries cover different regions of the protein in different candidates – N-terminal for protein 1 (GenBank ACO51168.1) and the whole amino acid sequence (1-439) for protein 5 (gi|14388583).
We obtained similar results during identification of Danio rerio proteins (Table 2).
Identification of low-molecular-weight fraction proteins in wild fish species. We were unable to identify LMW-fraction proteins of roach blood (gi|291530602, gi|339326474), and only one protein-candidate "unnamed protein product" [Tetraodon nigroviridis] with low score value of 59 (gi|47220181) was found for albumin-like protein of bream (gi|47220181). However, it was possible to identify proteins of redfin T. brandtii (Table 2) using ms-ms. The protein-candidates were identical to those of carp.
The search for protein 1 candidates (Fig. 3b) with MW around 62 kDa using ms was fruitless. Search using ms-ms revealed homologs in the EST database, and so the calculated MW of the protein was not determined. Candidate sequences with high significance values (score 245) are represented by cDNA libraries constructed based on roach mRNA populations (EG541453). Inserting the amino acid sequence reconstructed on the basis of mRNA into Protein BLAST and searching among all vertebrate proteins, we found a protein 1 homolog "warm-temperature-acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein" in mud loach Misgurnus mizolepis from the order Cypriniformes. Just like the carp's corresponding protein candidate, it contains hemopexin-like repeats, binds heme, and transports it to liver [26]. Similar to carp's corresponding protein, redfin's proteins 1 and 5 contain hemopexin-like repeats, bind heme, and transport it to liver [27]. Therefore, the same protein of spawning redfin is present on the electrophoregram in different regions and has different motility (m) and MW. It should be noted, however, that at the end of the intensive feeding period, "warm-temperature-acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein" was found only in the lane of the dominant protein.
Just like in carp, redfin proteins 3 and 4 (Fig. 3b) are nonhomologous apolipoproteins, and protein 6 is an inhibitor of serine proteinases (Table 2).
Main changes in composition of LMW-fraction plasma proteins and their alternation in fish yearly cycle. Analysis of m and MW values of fish plasma LMW-fraction proteins during a year allowed us to determine the main changes observed in the fraction. They are identified as two discontinuous types designated "basal" and "plastic". The types are sharply different in heterogeneity, m, and MW values of proteins in the fraction (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. "Basal" (a) and "plastic" (b) organization of bream plasma low-molecular-weight fraction (1-4) in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel. Alb and No alb, subfractions of plasma LMW-fraction.
The LMW-fraction of basal type is characteristic for: 1) maximum heterogeneity of "Non-albumin proteins" subfraction; 2) low values of electrophoretic motility m of the dominating protein from "Albumins" subfraction, and 3) low values of m of the most motile protein from "Non-albumin proteins" subfraction.
The LMW-fraction of plastic type is characteristic for: 1) minimal heterogeneity of "Non-albumin proteins" subfraction; 2) high values of electrophoretic motility m of dominating protein from "Albumins" subfraction, and 3) maximum values of m of the most motile protein from "Non-albumin proteins" subfraction (Fig. 4).
The mass of the non-denatured dominant protein of basal type was always higher (around 120 kDa) than in the plastic type protein (around 100 kDa).
Such structure of the LMW-fraction was typical for all studied fish species, while absolute values of m and the degree of fraction heterogeneity were species-specific. Thus, disc electrophoresis showed that the dominant protein of basal type had motility m 0.60-0.62 (bleak, sabrefish, and silver bream), 0.55-0.57 (bream), 0.48-0.54 (Pacific redfin, zebrafish, carp), 0.45-0.46 (blue bream), and 0.39-0.42 (goldfish). Subfraction "Non-albumin proteins" was represented by several (up to 10 or more) proteins with either one protein clearly seen on the electrophoregram and multiple minor ones (Pacific redfin) or several clearly seen (usually up to six) proteins (bream, goldfish) and complete absence of minor ones. In the LMW-fractions of plastic type, the dominant protein had higher values of m (mmax = 0.70) and non-albumin proteins were represented by a minimal number of proteins (or a single protein) with mmax = 0.83 (Fig. 4).
The basal type of LMW-fraction is characteristic for adult fish caught in summer-autumn and winter, while plastic type is characteristic for fish caught in spring (April, May) in the pre-spawning period. Gonads of fish with basal type of plasma LMW-fraction were at stage I-III of maturity, and plastic type were at stage IV.
Reorganization of plasma LMW-fractions during fish yearly cycle. We found both monomeric as well as oligomeric proteins among plasma LMW-fraction proteins. The latter were found when comparing 2D-electrophoregrams under nondenaturing and denaturing conditions (Fig. 2).
In all studied fish, the dominant protein in the polyacrylamide gel concentration gradient was usually represented by one "spot", and under denaturing conditions there were 3-12 proteins. It is necessary to add that number of subunits within dominant protein in the "Albumins" subfraction was comparable in both PAGE with urea and SDS (Fig. 2). This is why we assumed that the dominant protein from the "Albumins" subfraction is a complex consisting of several proteins stabilized by hydrogen bonds. This assumption is further confirmed and illustrated by results of mass spectrometry of proteins from Pacific redfin T. brandtii caught in the pre-spawning period.
To perform mass spectrometry, we took: 1) several fragments of gel from the region of non-denatured dominant protein "Albumins", and 2) 10 fragments of 2D-SDS-gel containing subunits from the lane of the dominant protein. The results showed coincidence of mass spectra of all samples from the region of the non-denatured dominant protein. These ms contained a large number of signals, suggesting the presence of several polypeptide chains in the samples (Fig. 5a).
Fig. 5. Mass spectra of non-denatured protein complex (a) and its component, 14-kDa apolipoprotein (b). Matching m/z values of peptides from the protein complex and from the apolipoprotein are denoted by boxes.
Of 10 subunits taken for mass spectrometry, only four had pronounced signals in mass spectra of non-denatured dominant protein, and one of them is presented in the figure (Fig. 5b).
The most intensive signals belong to subunits with MW around 23 kDa (subunits 3 and 3′ on Fig. 3a), 12 kDa (Fig. 5b), and 60 kDa, which (as shown above) are nonhomologous A-I and 14-kDa apolipoproteins and "warm temperature acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein". The results indicate that the native dominant protein is organized as a complex consisting of oligomers of different composition but with approximately the same MW values, around 100 kDa.
It is hard to evaluate complex stoichiometry from the data of mass spectrometry, but the intensity of protein spots on the electrophoregram suggests apolipoproteins and "warm temperature acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein" as the main components of the complex. Different combinations of proteins and lipids bound with them giving a value of around 100 kDa in sum are possible.
Decrease in non-denatured protein mass from 120 to 100 kDa in Pacific redfin in the pre-spawning period is not accompanied by a change in its subunit composition. This fact indicates that the dominant protein (organized as a protein complex) changes its structural organization prior to spawning. The MW of the non-denatured dominant protein is around 120 kDa for most of the yearly cycle. This corresponds to the presence of the following elements in its composition: dimers of "warm temperature acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein" and oligomers of each of the apolipoproteins or complexes of apolipoproteins associated with one another or complexes of the listed proteins with lipids. The complex MW decreases to approximately 100 kDa in the pre-spawning period. Admittedly, this corresponds to the presence of an oligomer made of three monomers – "warm temperature acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein" and two apolipoproteins in the complex.
An important result of our work that helps to discover patterns of fish plasma LMW-fraction protein reorganization was finding a similar structure of a fraction consisting of two subfractions. Plasma LMW-fractions of other teleosts (families Percidae, Esocidae, and Clupeidae) have the same structure [28].
Characteristic groups of proteins with similar molecular weights were found in all studied species fraction composition. Using MALDI, they were found to belong to the same functional classes – apolipoproteins, proteinase inhibitors, and hemopexins. Data of other researchers who identified the same proteins within plasma proteome of cyprinids [29], salmonids [30], brown-marbled groupers [31], and freshwater eels [32] support our findings.
Satisfactory results on the identification of plasma LMW-fraction proteins in wild species (genus Tribolodon) were obtained by utilizing MALDI-TOF-TOF. Using MALDI-TOF and then searching for candidates in NCBI databases among proteins of all organisms did not yield any results. However, the search by fragmentation spectra revealed the same candidates for redfin proteins as in the case with corresponding proteins of carp Cyprinus carpio and zebrafish Danio rerio. Values of sequence coverage (10-97%) and score (142-461) suggest satisfactory identification of the redfin proteins. The range of these parameters was 11-73% and 129-260 in carp and 50-64% and 198-302 in zebrafish, correspondingly.
The main result of our work is finding seasonal rhythm of protein molecular mass and motility fluctuations as well as fraction heterogeneity. During most of the year – summer, autumn, and winter – hemopexins and apolipoproteins formed 120-kDa protein complexes stabilized by hydrogen bonds. They are probably constituted of associated protein oligomers: hemopexin dimers, tetramers of apolipoprotein A-I, and associates of 14-kDa apolipoprotein of higher order (up to 10 protein chains). Other combinations of proteins within the complex yielding the same seeming value of its mass are also probable. It is equally probable that complexes may contain significant amounts of lipids bound by proteins. In spring, complex mass decreased to 100 kDa. Due to the fact that its composition remained the same, we assumed that it consists of oligomers organized by hemopexin and apolipoprotein monomers.
If we try to determine what peculiarities of plasma proteins and microenvironments facilitate protein aggregation and considering the fact that practically all fish plasma proteins (including albumin-like ones the low-molecular-weight fraction) are glycoproteids [11, 33], we can explain fish protein affinity for association also by the process of glycosylation, which facilitates association [34]. Normally, mammal blood does not contain such protein complexes. However, it is known that glycosylation of serum albumin provokes its aggregation during pathologies (diabetes) [35].
In addition to the conformity of plasma LMW-fraction protein fluctuations with seasonal dynamics, we found a connection between protein fluctuations and fish reproductive biological rhythms. By matching the organization of plasma LMW-fraction with gonad maturity stages, we found that the basal type complex (120 kDa) observed in fish for most of the year was only present in fish at gonad maturity stages I-III, while plastic type complex (100 kDa) observed in spring prior to spawning was present in fish at gonad maturity stage IV. Therefore, prior to spawning the dominant protein of the LMW-fraction organized in oligomers associated into the complex has been reorganized. During this reorganization, we registered the appearance of protein with hemopexin features not only in the zone of motility of the complex, but also in the zone of free protein motility. The mass of the latter was lower than that of the protein contained within the complex. We relate it to possible plastic function of the protein and its utilization (by means of proteolytic degradation) as a source of amino acids during biosynthetic processes linked with gonad maturation.
Dynamic reformation of plasma LMW-fraction takes place in spring, in the period of activation of metabolic processes, and are probably controlled by sex hormones. Experiments with rainbow trout hepatocytes showed that albumin-synthesizing activity evaluated by the level of mRNA transcribed from the albumin gene was clearly dependent on estradiol dose and time of its action [36]. Plasma proteins are among the most likely suppliers of amino acids for biosynthetic processes [37]. However, in Tribolodon redfins, in both immature fry and adult spawners, reorganization of plasma low-molecular-weight fractions in spring follows the same (plastic) type. This indicates that reformations of LMW-fraction in spring reflect the intensity of metabolic processes rather than reproductive biorhythms.
Reorganization of the LMW-fraction taking place according to the described scenario was also observed during adaptation of fish to elevated salinity. Thus, single cases of immature bream and roach manifest the same reorganization of fraction as seen in adult fish prior to spawning at salinity of 20‰. In the majority of experiments, reorganization led to decrease in complex concentration in plasma and increase in low-molecular-weight protein concentration in the muscle fluid [38], so it is safe to assume that single cases of fraction reorganization in plasma reflect the initial stage of transcapillary rearrangement of plasma protein in conditions of high salinity. Therefore, reorganization of plasma LMW-fraction during plastic and water metabolism adaptations take place according to a single algorithm.
In conclusion, we would like to note that our research was complicated by the absence of sequences of wild fish species proteins in question in the DB Proteins NCBI, which made it impossible to identify bream and roach proteins. Nevertheless, the tasks of studying wild fish proteins are being solved thanks to the presence of cyprinid species popular in aquaculture and commonly used by specialists in genome sequencing. Presently, proteins of cultivated fish species including those from plasma are present in DB Proteins: 4344 for carp, 3496 for goldfish, and 77,560 protein sequences for zebrafish. The work on the accumulation of data on genomes and proteins of wild and cultivated fish species continues [39, 40].
Authors are grateful to V. A. Brykov from the Institute of Marine Biology, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, for help with material collection.
This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 13-04-00427-a). The MALDI MS facility became available to us in the framework of the Moscow State University Development Program (PNG 5.13).
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26.Cho, Y. S., Kim, B. S., Kim, D. S., and Nam, Y. K. (2012) Modulation of warm-temperature-acclimation-associated 65 kDa-protein genes (Wap65-1 and Wap65-2) in mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis, Cypriniformes) liver in response to different stimulatory treatments, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 32, 662-669.
27.Kikuchi, K., Yamashita, M., Watabe, S., and Aida, K. (1995) The warm temperature acclimation-related 65-kDa protein, Wap65, in goldfish and its gene expression, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 17087-17092.
28.Andreeva, A. M. (2012) Structural and Functional Organization of Fish Blood Proteins, Nova Science Publisher, N. Y., p. 188.
29.Dietrich, M. A., Arnold, G. J., Nynca, J., Frohlich, T., Otte, K., and Ciereszko, A. (2014) Characterization of carp seminal plasma proteome in relation to blood plasma, J. Proteom., 98, 218-232.
30.Braceland, M., Bickerdike, R., Tinsley, J., Cockerill, D., Mcloughlin, M. F., Graham, D. A., Burchmore, R. J., Weir, W., Wallace, C., and Eckersall, P. D. (2013) The serum proteome of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during pancreas disease (PD) following infection with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3), J. Proteom., 94, 423-436.
31.Low, C. F., Shamsudin, M. N., Chee, H. Y., Aliyu-Paiko, M., and Idrus, E. S. (2014) Putative apolipoprotein A-I, natural killer cell enhancement factor, and lysozyme γ are involved in the early immune response of brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Forskal, to Vibrio alginolyticus, J. Fish Dis., 37, 693-701.
32.Metcalf, V. J., Brennan, S. O., Chambers, G., and George, P. M. (1999) High density lipoprotein (HDL), and not albumin, is the major palmitate binding protein in New Zealand long-finned (Anguilla dieffenbachii) and short-finned eel (Anguilla australis schmidtii) plasma, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1429, 467-475.
33.Metcalf, V. J., Brennan, S. O., Chambers, G. K., and George, P. M. (1998) The albumin of the brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a glycoprotein, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1386, 90-96.
34.Aleksandrov, V. Ya. (1985) Cell Reactivity and Proteins [in Russian], Nauka, Leningrad.
35.Mohd. Wajid Ali Khan, Zafar Rasheed, Wahid Ali Khan, and Rashid Ali (2007) Biochemical, biophysical, and thermodynamic analysis of in vitro glycated human serum albumin, Biochemistry (Moscow), 72, 146-152.
36.Flouriot, G., Ducouret, B., Byrnes, L., and Valotaire, Y. (1998) Transcriptional regulation of expression of the rainbow trout albumin gene by estrogen, J. Mol. Endocrinol., 20, 355-362.
37.Novikov, G. G. (2000) Growth and Development in Early Ontogenesis of Teleost Fishes [in Russian], Editorial URSS, Moscow.
38.Andreeva, A. M. (2010) Role of structural organization of blood plasma proteins in stabilization of aqueous metabolism in teleost fishes (Teleostei), Voprosy Ikhtiol., 50, 570-576.
39.Papakostas, S., Vasemägi, A., Himberg, M., and Primmer, C. R. (2014) Proteome variance differences within populations of European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) originating from contrasting salinity environments, J. Proteom., 105, 144-150.
40.Armengaud, J., Trapp, J., Pible, O., Geffard, O., Chaumot, A., and Hartmann, E. M. (2014) Non-model organisms, a species endangered by proteogenomics, J. Proteom., 105, 5-18.


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Home Arts & Culture 'Music from the Mountaintops:' Cantigas Women's Choir to Hold Annual Spring Concert...
'Music from the Mountaintops:' Cantigas Women's Choir to Hold Annual Spring Concert on May 19
Hudson County's Cantigas Women's Choir
Hudson County's Cantigas Women's Choir presents its 17th annual spring concert, titled "Music from the Mountaintops," on Sunday, May 19, at 5 p.m. at All Saints Episcopal Church, 707 Washington St., Hoboken.
Led by Artistic Director Hannah Carr, the folk-driven lineup takes audience members from the snowy peaks of the Himalayas to the volcanic belts of the Andes, with pieces sung in French, Gaelic, Chinese and Spanish, among many others.
The tunes are carefully composed to conjure panoramic imagery of the stunning ranges and the dynamic cultures that live.
The concert will also feature a special performance by Learning Community Charter School's Early Morning Singers, and a range of guest instrumentalists, including a bodhran player.
If individual assistance is needed to attend, please contact cantigaschoir@gmail.com three days in advance.
The suggested donation for the concert is $20 ($10 for seniors and students).
Due to the Hoboken Arts & Music Festival taking place concurrently on Washington Street, attendees should consider utilizing public transportation or ride share options.
The rich tradition of female singing
Cantigas Women's Choir, named after a medieval Spanish song form called a "cantiga," is composed of about 50 women of varying ages and backgrounds, and brings women of the community together to explore the rich tradition of women's singing.
The group performs a broad spectrum of global music. In addition to its own biannual concerts, the ensemble reaches out to community groups, including at the Cussack Home in Jersey City, on behalf of cancer survivors in Bayonne, and the Liberty Humane Society in Jersey City.
Cantigas has also performed frequently at the NJ State Correctional Facility for women.
Hannah Carr, Artistic Director of Cantigas Women's Choir, is a DMA candidate in conducting at Rutgers Mason Gross School of Music. Carr holds an MM in conducting from Yale University's Institute of Sacred Music, an Advanced Diploma from the Liszt Academy in Hungary, and a BaA in composition from Trinity College Dublin.
She has considerable experience conducting both youth and adult choirs and presently teaches undergraduate conducting and directs The University Choir, a mixed ensemble, at Rutgers Mason Gross.
Cantigas official website is at www.cantigas.net.
News from leading newspapers and magazines serving Hudson County, NJ.
NY Waterway remembers the 'Miracle on the Hudson'
An Afternoon of Brazilian Jazz


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Biles wins beam bronze, her seventh medal on emotional return
Simone Biles won her bronze medal in the beam final at the Tokyo Olympics in an emotional return to the Olympic gymnastics competition. It is her seventh medal in total at Olympics which makes her the most decorated American gymnast in history alongside Shannon Miller. Biles said she did not expect a medal but wanted to take part just for her mental peace.
Simone suffered from 'twisties', which in gymnastics means a kind of mental block. AsiaOne reported that Biles was pulled out of the all-around, vault, floor, and uneven bars. Simon returned for the beam on the final day of artistic gymnastics action. The finals were at the Ariake Gymnastics Centre. She received a warm reception as she stepped into the arena. She ended with a double backward somersault and double pike onto the mat after scoring 14.000 with a solid routine. It was a nervous wait which she faced before securing the bronze while being the third of the eight finalists. After her win, she hugged all her rivals and jumped up and down in celebration, Asia News reported.
She couldn't believe she achieved that after what she has gone through. China's Guan Chenchen scored 14.633 and won a gold medal while silver was given to Tang Xijing for 14.233
UN creates a permanent body to address challenges of racism
Asheesh Chanda
For the first time in women's singles, Tasnim Mir holds the world no.1 ranking
World Number One Tennis Player Novak Djokovic Fights Against Australia Deportation
The World Number One Novak Djokovic Granted "Exemption Permission" to Participate in Australian Open
Serena William opts out of Australian Open, Djokovic on entry list
U.S. planning diplomatic boycott of Beijing Winter Olympics
Russia knock out defending champions Spain from the Davis Cup


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Thomas is een digitaal samenwerkingsplatform voor het Vlaams katholiek godsdienstonderwijs. Het werd ontwikkeld en wordt onderhouden door het Centrum voor Academische Lerarenopleiding van de Faculteit Theologie en Religiewetenschappen Leuven om de religieuze dimensie in het dagelijkse leven van jongeren te ontsluiten en het levensbeschouwelijk reflectief vermogen van jongeren te voeden. Als instrument voor wetenschapscommunicatie baseert Thomas zich op het leerplan rooms-katholieke godsdienst  en het hermeneutisch-communicatief model van het godsdienstonderwijs. Het platform is een educatief hulpmiddel voor lerarenopleidingen en de permanente vorming van leerkrachten. Thomas publiceert informatie voor het basis-, secundair, buitengewoon en hoger onderwijs alsook het pastoraal op school. Het platform is interactief omdat gebruikers ook allerhande media en informatie aanleveren.

Geschiedenis
In 2001 werden de eerste voorbereidingen getroffen voor een interactief platform voor alle actoren van het godsdienstonderwijs in Vlaanderen. Theologie, Onderwijs en Multimedia: Actieve Samenwerking is de volledige naam die als afkorting verwijst naar Thomas van Aquino, de patroonheilige van de theologen.

Op 1 januari 2002 werd Thomas online gelanceerd (en sindsdien onderhouden) onder leiding van Didier Pollefeyt. Er werd een Raad van Beheer samengesteld met vertegenwoordigers vanuit alle verschillende geledingen van het Vlaamse godsdienstonderwijs met aandacht voor interessevelden en bekommernissen van alle betrokken partijen. Kanunnik Paul Van Paepegem werd de eerste voorzitter. Op 8 september 2004 gaf hij de fakkel door aan kanunnik Louis Van Lommel. Op 11 mei 2011 nam kanunnik Jaak Janssen het roer over tot hij op 20 maart 2018 werd vervangen door Lieve Van Daele, bisschoppelijk gedelegeerde onderwijs. Verder bestaat het bestuursorgaan uit de decaan van de Faculteit Theologie en Religiewetenschappen, de bisschop referendaris voor het godsdienstonderwijs, de directeur-generaal van Katholiek Onderwijs Vlaanderen, de projectverantwoordelijke van Thomas, vertegenwoordigers van de onderzoekseenheid pastoraaltheologie, de docenten van de Faculteit Theologie en Religiewetenschappen, de Erkende Instantie rooms-katholieke godsdienst, de inspecties voor het basis-, secundair, hoger en buitengewoon onderwijs, de dienst identiteit en kwaliteit Katholiek Onderwijs Vlaanderen, de lectoren godsdienst en het schoolpastoraal.

Vanaf 2006 wordt steeds een vijfjaarlijkse samenwerkingsovereenkomst afgesloten tussen verschillende partijen, die allen op een of andere wijze betrokken zijn bij het godsdienstonderwijs, om samen te werken aan het project van Thomas. Dit samenwerkingsakkoord concretiseert initiatieven waarin de Vlaamse bisschoppen, de Erkende Instantie, Katholiek Onderwijs Vlaanderen en de Faculteit Theologie en Religiewetenschappen Leuven geëngageerd zijn.

In 2015 telde de website ongeveer 5000 unieke bezoekers per dag, 42.000 geregistreerde gebruikers en 33.000 pagina's

Maatschappelijk debat levensbeschouwelijke vakken
Thomas mengt zich ook in het politieke debat over de toekomst van het confessioneel godsdienstonderwijs in Vlaanderen. Het verdedigt op het publieke forum de logica van confessionele, levensbeschouwelijke vakken, zoals het huidige rooms-katholieke godsdienstonderwijs, tegenover de voorstellen om het actuele levensbeschouwelijk onderwijs te vervangen door een onafhankelijk verplicht vak religiestudie.

Religieuze website
Belgische website
Nederlandstalige website


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Newslookup.com -› US -› Washington
Washington..
Topic Limit : Washington All Topics
WASHINGTON:(current)
[ Spokane ]
Yes, private insurers are now required to cover the cost of at-home COVID-19 tests...
Under a new Biden Administration policy, private insurance companies are now required to cover up to eight free at-home COVID-19 tests per month....
Suspect killed in shooting during traffic stop in Puyallup, deputy uninjured...
The Pierce County Sherriff's Department said a suspect was shot and killed during a traffic stop in Puyallup Sunday night. The deputy involved was not injured....
king5.com
[ NBC Seattle ]
Beijing to offer Olympic tickets to 'selected' spectators...
Monday's announcement confirmed expectations that the upcoming Winter Games would have few onlookers at the venues....
Home collapses after water main break in Bellevue, 2 people rescued...
A water main break caused a house to slide off its foundation and collapse in Bellevue. Reverse 911 calls are being made so residents in the area can evacuate....
Here's how to get four free COVID tests The Biden administration is opening the site as part of their efforts to fight the omicron variant surge in COVID-19 cases....
The Biden administration is opening the site as part of their efforts to fight the omicron variant surge in COVID-19 cases....
Viewpoint: Idaho hospitals adjust to meet challenges of latest COVID surge...
Leaders at Saint Al's and St. Luke's say a return to crisis standards of care is likely, if COVID case surge continues at current pace...
KCPQ
[ Seattle ]
As omicron spreads, businesses voluntarily increase COVID precautions...
As the omicron variant spreads more and more businesses are implementing their own safety precautions, including requirements for proof of vaccination....
The inescapable power of water on a landslide-prone street...
A little over a week ago, a landslide in Seattle's Magnolia neighborhood pushed a home off its foundations. The reason for the landslide was water, which saturated the soil and made it slippery. And lately, with all the rain, there's been a lot of...
KFFX/KCYU
[ FOX Yakima ]
Daphne Oz: Good Timing and Great Ingredients Make 'The Good Dish' Cook...
Something new is cooking in daytime. The Good Dish, which began as spun-off segments on... The post Daphne Oz: Good Timing and Great Ingredients Make 'The Good Dish' Cook first appeared on Fox 11 Tri Cities Fox 41 Yakima ....
Police: Home slides off its foundation, collapses in Bellevue...
Bellevue police and fire crews are at the scene where a home slid off its foundation and collapsed during a water main break....
Martin Luther King Jr. Day 2022: US events to honor civil rights leader...
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is being honored on Monday with an annual service in Atlanta, as well as many other parades, marches and volunteer opportunities throughout the U.S....
When MLK came to town...
Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. only came to Seattle once, in 1961. He was invited by his longtime friend, Reverend Samuel B. McKinney of Mt. Zion Baptist Church. KUOW's Isolde Raftery tells Kim Malcolm about the message he brought with him that would...
'Yellowjackets' Boss on Jackie's Fate in the Season 1 Finale...
[Warning: The below contains MAJOR spoilers for the Yellowjackets Season 1 finale "Sic Transit Gloria... The post 'Yellowjackets' Boss on Jackie's Fate in the Season 1 Finale first appeared on Fox 11 Tri Cities Fox 41 Yakima ....
Tears For Fears 'stopped communicating'...
Tears For Fears had "stopped communicating". The 'The Hurting' hitmakers Roland Orzabal and Curt... The post Tears For Fears 'stopped communicating' first appeared on Fox 11 Tri Cities Fox 41 Yakima ....
Iron Maiden plan tour playing Senjutsu in full for 'diehard' fans...
Iron Maiden are planning to perform 'Senjutsu' in full for the "diehard fans". Frontman Bruce... The post Iron Maiden plan tour playing Senjutsu in full for 'diehard' fans first appeared on Fox 11 Tri Cities Fox 41 Yakima ....
The Rasmus share their Eurovision entry song bid for Finland...
The Rasmus have released their 'Eurovision Song Contest' entry bid, 'Jezebel'. After it was announced... The post The Rasmus share their Eurovision entry song bid for Finland first appeared on Fox 11 Tri Cities Fox 41 Yakima ....
Health Highlights: Jan. 17, 2022...
Are you among the 'vaxxed and done'? As Americans enter the third year of the... The post Health Highlights: Jan. 17, 2022 first appeared on Fox 11 Tri Cities Fox 41 Yakima ....
[ FOX Spokane ]
Are you among the 'vaxxed and done'? As Americans enter the third year of the... The post Health Highlights: Jan. 17, 2022 first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
MLK Day 2022: What's open and closed on Monday...
In observance of Martin Luther King Jr. Day, schools, banks, and government agencies are closed Monday....
Astronauts at Risk of 'Space Anemia'...
MONDAY, Jan. 17, 2022 (HealthDay News) — Astronauts can develop a condition called space anemia... The post Astronauts at Risk of 'Space Anemia' first appeared on Fox 11 Tri Cities Fox 41 Yakima ....
MONDAY, Jan. 17, 2022 (HealthDay News) — Astronauts can develop a condition called space anemia... The post Astronauts at Risk of 'Space Anemia' first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
CDC Study Shows Power of Flu Vaccine for Kids...
MONDAY, Jan. 17, 2022 (HealthDay News) — Flu vaccines protect children against serious illness, even... The post CDC Study Shows Power of Flu Vaccine for Kids first appeared on Fox 11 Tri Cities Fox 41 Yakima ....
MONDAY, Jan. 17, 2022 (HealthDay News) — Flu vaccines protect children against serious illness, even... The post CDC Study Shows Power of Flu Vaccine for Kids first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
Why Quitting Smoking Might Be a Bit Tougher for Women...
MONDAY, Jan. 17, 2022 (HealthDay News) — Quitting smoking is a daunting challenge for anyone,... The post Why Quitting Smoking Might Be a Bit Tougher for Women first appeared on Fox 11 Tri Cities Fox 41 Yakima ....
MONDAY, Jan. 17, 2022 (HealthDay News) — Quitting smoking is a daunting challenge for anyone,... The post Why Quitting Smoking Might Be a Bit Tougher for Women first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
Baby's Feeding Troubles Tied to Later Developmental Delays...
MONDAY, Jan. 17, 2022 (HealthDay News) — Parents struggling with infant feeding issues may have... The post Baby's Feeding Troubles Tied to Later Developmental Delays first appeared on Fox 11 Tri Cities Fox 41 Yakima ....
MONDAY, Jan. 17, 2022 (HealthDay News) — Parents struggling with infant feeding issues may have... The post Baby's Feeding Troubles Tied to Later Developmental Delays first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
Where to celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. Day across Puget Sound...
Honor the late Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at various in-person and virtual events in the Puget Sound region....
The volcano in Tonga is still erupting which could make clean up difficult...
Communications were still down across most of the Pacific Island nation of Tonga after a massive undersea volcano erupted over the weekend, making damage assessments difficult....
There are indications the latest COVID wave may soon begin to recede...
Coronavirus cases are still at pandemic highs with more than 800,000 new cases reported daily. But there are signs this surge may begin to abate soon, and some places may already be past their peak....
Hallmark Salutes Betty White, Civil Rights Documentaries on TCM, NFL Wild Card, 'NCIS' vs. Terrorists...
Betty White would have turned 100 today, and Hallmark Channel pays tribute with a Golden... The post Hallmark Salutes Betty White, Civil Rights Documentaries on TCM, NFL Wild Card, 'NCIS' vs. Terrorists first appeared on Fox 11 Tri Cities Fox 41 Y...
Betty White would have turned 100 today, and Hallmark Channel pays tribute with a Golden... The post Hallmark Salutes Betty White, Civil Rights Documentaries on TCM, NFL Wild Card, 'NCIS' vs. Terrorists first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
A San Francisco agency it trying to keep drivers' vehicles from being towed...
The Municipal Transportation Agency texts drivers when a car is about to be towed — move it and save $500. The text also means you were ticketed, and there's no warning to save you from that fine....
Scientists pour cold water on earlier theory about meteorite found in Antarctica...
A 4 billion-year-old meteorite from Mars found decades ago contains no evidence of ancient, primitive Martian life after all, the new scientific report says. The compounds were the result of water....
Novak Djokovic lands in his native Serbia after being deported from Australia for not being vaccinated against COVID-19...
BELGRADE, Serbia (AP) — Novak Djokovic lands in his native Serbia after being deported from... The post Novak Djokovic lands in his native Serbia after being deported from Australia for not being vaccinated against COVID-19 first appeared on FOX 28 ...
Morning news brief...
The pace of omicron infections may be subsiding. The FBI has identified the British man it says took hostages at a Texas synagogue. Britain's prime minister is fighting for his political life....
Ahead Of King's 'Dream' speech, D.C. officials planned for riots...
On this Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, a conversation about how the city thought there would be riots during the March on Washington. (Story originally aired on Aug. 28, 2008 on Morning Edition."...
As Biden prepares to mark 1 year in office, there may not be a celebratory mood...
NPR's A Martinez speaks to political strategist Matt Bennett on President Biden's messaging challenges, and what's needed to advance the White House agenda....
'It would be really fun to do': Kelly Clarkson considers re-recording her early hits...
Kelly Clarkson is contemplating re-recording her early hits because she prefers how her voice sounds... The post 'It would be really fun to do': Kelly Clarkson considers re-recording her early hits first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
Aaron Eckhart cast in action-thriller The Bricklayer...
Aaron Eckhart will star in the action movie 'The Bricklayer'. The 53-year-old actor has joined... The post Aaron Eckhart cast in action-thriller The Bricklayer first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
Lana Del Rey to preview new song on next week's Euphoria...
Lana Del Rey is to preview a new song called 'watercolor eyes' on next week's... The post Lana Del Rey to preview new song on next week's Euphoria first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
Bradley Cooper found Nightmare Alley nude scenes daunting...
Bradley Cooper says filming full-frontal nude scenes in 'Nightmare Alley' was "pretty heavy". The 47-year-old... The post Bradley Cooper found Nightmare Alley nude scenes daunting first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
Tom Brady surprises 10-year-old cancer survivor with Super Bowl tickets...
A 10-year-old cancer survivor stole the hearts of NFL fans across the country when he thanked his idol, Tom Brady, for helping him beat brain cancer is going to the Super Bowl....
Jay-Z 'haunted' by second album...
Jay-Z's second album "haunts" him. The '99 Problems' hitmaker released 'In My Lifetime, Vol 1'... The post Jay-Z 'haunted' by second album first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
Judas Priest reinstate Andy Sneap as touring guitarist in U-turn...
Judas Priest have reinstated Andy Sneap as their touring guitarist. Just days after Rob Halford... The post Judas Priest reinstate Andy Sneap as touring guitarist in U-turn first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
George Clooney reveals why Ben Affleck was his first choice for The Tender Bar...
George Clooney says Ben Affleck was his first choice for the role of Uncle Charlie... The post George Clooney reveals why Ben Affleck was his first choice for The Tender Bar first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
Courteney Cox reveals shock Scream death axed by producers...
Courteney Cox has revealed David Arquette was supposed to be killed off in the first... The post Courteney Cox reveals shock Scream death axed by producers first appeared on FOX 28 Spokane ....
The fog is back!...
The fog is sticking around in the forecast! We are NOT under an advisory, but we still have to use caution as visibilities continue to drop. The dense fog will be patchy and roll in and out of the area. It should hang around through the majority of tomorr...


We prove existence of the soliton-like solutions of the full system of equations which describe wave propagation in the fluid of a finite depth under an ice cover. These solutions correspond to solitary waves of various nature propagating along the water-ice interface. We consider the plane-parallel movement in a layer of the perfect fluid of the finite depth which characteristics obey the full 2D Euler system of equations. The ice cover is modeled by the elastic Kirchgoff-Love plate and it has a considerable thickness so that the plate inertia is taken into consideration when the model is formulated. The Euler equations contain the additional pressure arising from the presence of the elastic plate freely floating on the liquid surface. The mentioned families of the solitary waves are parameterized by a speed of the wave and their existence is proved for the speeds lying in some neighborhood of its critical value corresponding to the quiescent state. S olitary waves, in their turn, bifurcate from the quiescent state and lie in some neighborhood of it. By other words, existence of solitary waves of sufficiently small amplitudes on the water-ice interface is proved. The proof is conducted with the help of the projection of the required system to the central manifold and further analysis of the resulting reduced finite dimensional dynamical system on the central manifold.


text:
А́льфа Цента́вра Bb (Alpha Centauri Bb) — сумнівна екзопланета у меншого супутника з подвійної системи Альфа Центавра, зорі Альфа Центавра B. Відстань до цього небесного тіла від Сонячної системи становить приблизно 4,37 світлового року. За станом на 2015 рік вважалася найближчою до Землі екзопланетою. Також є найменшим за масою світом з усіх виявлених біля зір, подібних до Сонця. У жовтні 2012-го відкриття було широко висвітлено в ЗМІ, її виявлення розглядалося як важлива подія в проектах з вивчення екзопланет. Однак згодом відкриття було визнано помилковим.

Для виявлення Альфа Центавра Bb застосувалися два методи: радіальної швидкості та транзитний. Метод радіальної швидкості фіксує невеликі періодичні відхилення у русі, які можуть бути зумовлені наявністю планети. Транзитний метод мав підтвердити відкриття шляхом візуального спостереження за зорею, з метою побачити планету на її тлі.

Спостереження за транзитною методикою виконувалися з 2012 по 2014 роки. У 2013 році вчені підтвердили наявність планети, але в 2014 році результати цих досліджень були піддані сумніву.

Таким чином, існування Альфа Центавра Bb підтвердити не вдалося. Втім, це не означає, що екзопланети не існує. Можливо, її орбіта пролягає таким чином, що побачити з Землі цю планету на фоні зорі фізично неможливо.

Фізичні характеристики
Повідомлялося, що Альфа Центавра Bb обертається навколо свого світила на відстані 0,04 а.о.

У березні 2015-го в The Astrophysical Journal з'явилася публікація американських астрономів, які обчислили масу екзопланети. Дослідники стверджували, що вона виявилася більшою, ніж вважали раніше.

Так, якщо він дивиться на орбіту збоку, то розрахунки показують, що екзопланета є суперземлею з масою, приблизно втричі більшою від земної. У разі спостерігання орбіти згори, Альфа Центавра Bb можна вважати гарячим юпітером. Попередні орієнтації орбіти відповідають проміжній масі (швидше за все, вона менша від 2,7 MЗ).

Астрономи зробили числове моделювання динамічної стійкості орбіт у тісній подвійній системі Альфи Центавра, зокрема, виявленої екзопланети. Учені протестували різні параметри орбіти цього небесного тіла з урахуванням резонансу Лідова — Козаї та дії припливних сил від зір.

Критика
У жовтні 2015 року, через три роки після першого повідомлення, дослідники з Оксфордського університету опублікували статтю під назвою "Привид у часових рядах" (), вказавши на суттєві недоліки в первинному аналізі. Використовуючи ті ж дані, що й Dumusque, команда з Оксфорду виявила, що зміни зумовлені не планетою, а властивістю віконної функції, яка застосовувалась для створення часових рядів для базових спостережень. Щоб довести це твердження, вони замінили реальні астрономічні дані випадково згенерованим шумом й отримали ідентичні результати. Група дійшла висновку, що їх аналіз «підкреслює труднощі виявлення слабких сигналів від планет за методом променевої швидкості».

Dumusque погодився з цим аналізом і визнав, що знайденої ним планети ймовірно не існує.

Див. також
 Глізе 1214 b
 Глізе 876 d
 Кеплер-10 c
 Глізе 581 c
 HD 10180 b

Виноски

Джерела
 Discovery! Earth-Size Alien Planet at Alpha Centauri Is Closest Ever Seen
 Сергей Кузнецов. В ближайшей к нам звездной системе могут существовать две экзопланеты

Екзопланети, відкриті 2012
Надземлі
Центавр (сузір'я)