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GeorgeSteele
Re: U2
Quote from: rebelhipi on October 15, 2014, 03:44:55 PM
Quote from: jarmo on October 15, 2014, 02:52:00 PM
I think there's hints of that Pop essence on latter albums, but you're right, they became more concerned with the "classic U2 sound" instead of taking chances....
I remember when How to dismantle a atomic bomb came out. It was a kind of ''Oh, a new u2 record, i wonder what did they invent this time'' Thats long gone now. They kinda stopped being relevant during that period.
I agree that After POP they changed completly. Just to compare the Popmart tour with the awesome techno intros and remixes, mirrorball lemon, alter egos ect. and two years later became the most serious pop-rock band in the world.
This quote from Bono in 2002 made clear that they were done taking chances: "We're reapplying for the job. What job? The best band in the world job."
GypsySoul
C is for cookie, that's good enough for me
SLAM DUNK!!!
http://www.msn.com/en-us/music/news/bono-apologizes-for-free-u2-album-on-itunes-accounts/ar-AA6SS5n
Bono apologizes for free U2 album on iTunes accounts
Call it a mix of ego, generosity, self-promotion and insecurity. But Bono is sorry for giving away U2's latest album for free on iTunes accounts.
There were grumbles last month when the Irish rock band's new album "Song of Innocence" was automatically downloaded onto Apple's more than half-billion iTunes accounts around the world.
Among other things, some iTunes users griped that the record took up valuable iPhone storage space.
In a video interview hosted on Facebook Tuesday, Bono appeared with the other members of the band to take written questions from fans. One of them said, please, no more automatic freebies on iTunes.
"It's really rude," that person, identified as Harriet Madeline Jobson, wrote.
"Oops," said a contrite-looking Bono, in trademark dark glasses.
"I'm sorry about that," Bono said.
"I had this beautiful idea. Might have gotten carried away with ourselves. Artists are prone to that thing. A drop of megalomania, a touch of generosity, a dash of self-promotion, and deep fear that these songs that we poured our life into over the last few years might not be heard," he added.
"There's a lot of noise out there. I guess, we got a little noisy ourselves to get through it."
Thanks to Apple, people can now remove the album from their iTunes accounts with the click of an on-screen icon.
U2 -- who released some of the most acclaimed albums of the 1980s including "The Joshua Tree" and "Rattle and Hum" -- could have expected major sales for a new album.
While Apple did not disclose financial arrangements for the free release, U2 has collaborated for years on products with the company.
God chose those whom the world considers absurd to shame the wise (1 Corinthians 1:27)
rebelhipi
You Dig What The Fuck I'm Saying, Homefuck''?!''
Quote from: GeorgeSteele on October 15, 2014, 04:18:51 PM
Well the b-sides includes so many of my fav u2 tracks so i had to I tought that im crazy for liking party girl! its bad ass . I only heard the passangers album once a few weeks ago, but i remember that it impressed me. Its surely a record that has a lot to discover.
Now im itching to find the unforgettable fire in my record shop. the title song is awesome. I also forgot how good how to dismantle is, now that im listening to it.
Based on your list, we seem to like a lot of the same U2 songs, so I'm pretty sure you would like Unforgettable Fire. Bad is a U2 classic, such a great song.
I figured that its gotta be good since its on the top spot of your list and all the songs that are from the 80-90 best of are good. Also the song sweetest thing is a good one!
Hold me, thrill me, kiss me, kill me is also a amazing song.
I wonder if they will make a best of 2000-2020 album.
« Last Edit: October 16, 2014, 08:49:05 AM by rebelhipi » Logged
Helsinki 06.07.06
Bangkok 28.02.17
Hämeenlinna 01.07.17
Berlin 03.06.18
Tallinn 16.07.18
Lisbon 04.06.22
Prague 18.06.22
GN'R
Quote from: rebelhipi on October 16, 2014, 08:43:32 AM
They may need a few more albums to fill a "Best Of" for post-2000 songs. With what we have, I would probably go with these:
In a Little While
All Because of You
No Line on the Horizon
This is Where You Can Reach Me Now
Remember that they used only three and a half albums for 90-00 achtung,zooropa, pop and half of all that you cant leave behind. then they added unreleased songs, plus miss sarajevo and hold me, thrill me.
Today I would pick something like
The saints are coming (green day ugh )
Window in the skies (i hate the video for it, the song is quite nice)
I'll Go Crazy If I Don't Go Crazy Tonight
Fez - Being Born
The Troubles (has a nice moby vibe this song)
this is close not to fit into a single cd
True, but the 90-00 greatest hits were mostly songs that were actually 'hits' ( a lot of radio and video rotation). That hasn't been the case with the more recent songs, but then again not much rock music is played on the radio these days.
Been spending way too much time thinking about this band recently. The new album has had me re-visiting their entire back catalogue the past few weeks.
In 1990, U2 contributed a song to an AIDS benefit album called Red Hot & Blue. The song was 'Night & Day'. It was a cover of a 1932 show tune written by Cole Porter and first performed by Fred Astaire.
The song has sort of fallen off the map as far as the big U2 songs go, but at the time, the video for this song was getting a good amount of airplay on MTV. Here's the video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgRD676EIVI
Although it's a cover song, it has almost no relationship to the original besides the lyrics. More importantly, it had almost no relationship to U2's sound at the time, other than Bono's voice. Keep in mind, this came out over a year before Achtung Baby, so there was quite the WTF? reaction to this. For me, it's not only U2's best cover performance, but one of my favorite U2 tracks ever.
Quote from: GeorgeSteele on October 17, 2014, 11:13:24 AM
Wow! I had no idea this existed! what a great track and a great introduction to 90s u2.
Gotta love Adam and Edge seriously playing their guitars, jamming to a none existent guitar and bass track
Ive have also listened a lot of U2 recently but you are responsable for that. I got the itch by going back thru my U2 collection to make the album list.
I actually ordered the unforgettable fire cd to my self on friday
Hope you enjoy Unforgettable Fire, now I'll feel guilty if you think it sucks! Night and Day, unfortunately, is available only if you buy the entire Red Hot & Blue album on iTunes; there is a single version you can get from iTunes from the Achtung Baby deluxe edition, but it is a remix that IMO is not nearly as good.
Nah, Unforgettable has been in my '' soon to get''album list for ages.
Its a shame that night and day is hard to get, the remix sounded allright. such a good song...
Well now ive heard the unforgettable fire.
Its great. i would rank it around achtung-rattle and hum area in my list.
Also im starting to think that songs of innocence is their best since all that you leave behind.
Quote from: rebelhipi on November 02, 2014, 08:36:36 AM
Some very good tracks on Songs of Innocence. My favorites are Every Breaking Wave, California, Volcano and This is Where You Can Reach Me Now (love the drums in that song). There's an obvious emphasis on song melodies, more keyboards and much less guitar from Edge. I would have loved to hear him more on the album. Even still, as an overall album, I think it might be their best of the 2000s. But I don't think there's any 1 song better than Yahweh, which IMO is their best of that era.
By the way, doesn't the guitar solo in Song for Someone sound just like the guitar riff from Take Me Out by Franz Ferdinand?
Quote from: GeorgeSteele on November 04, 2014, 11:00:43 AM
There is a big similarity, but not too much to irritate, i think.
I like drums aswell for reach me now, it brings the song to another level, the part just before the chorus and the changing from 8-notes to 16-notes is pretty badass.
I really like Larrys drumming in general i think that he gets overlooked too much. hes the perfect guy for the band which is i main job of drummer in a band.
!Warning! some serious drum talk coming up.
Hes got a really great unique style, for example, sunday bloody sunday (of course) Lemon, Bullet the blue sky, Mofo (i looove that groove, same in discotheque!) Gone, Until the end of the world ( really hard to play that groove like he does, cause hes so good with changing the power of the strokes within the groove, also theres a really subtle speeding up inside the groove and he comes back after every bar, which is awesome) No line on the horizon has a great beat also!
BTW. The first time when heard until the end of the world, i was mad at U2 because i though that the intro to the song was a huge Mr. Brownstone ripoff. When you think about it, it kinda is a ripoff
« Last Edit: November 04, 2014, 12:59:22 PM by rebelhipi » Logged
Quote from: rebelhipi on November 04, 2014, 12:55:29 PM
Yes, it is the same beat, but Guns ripped it off too. That's the "Bo Diddley Beat", probably the most sampled beat in music history: http://blog.fxdurkin.com/2013/06/06/117-songs-with-a-bo-diddley-beat-andor-songs-by-bo-diddley/
Quote from: GeorgeSteele on November 04, 2014, 01:13:11 PM
Yeah i know that bo diddley beat thing, i think gnr used it in a creative way, they did someting new with it, and U2 just copy pasted the idea and took brownstones intro and put it in end of the worlds intro, i know this is the most ridiculous thing but it drives me crazy every time i hear the intro to end of the world i start to hear brownstone in my head.
But probably it has nothing to do with brownstone, its just me.
Oh, I see what you mean... though, to me, I thought U2 also had its own touch to that on the End of the World. In general, though, I agree with you 100% on Larry Mullen, such an underrated drummer. He has some great moments on Unforgettable Fire, particularly Bad and Elvis and America.
Bono on U2's iTunes Giveaway: 'It's One of the Proudest Things for Us Ever'
http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6311921/bono-u2-dublin-web-summit-conference-itunes?facebook_20141107
Butch Français
U2 is....really not....good music.
of course there is no us and them, but them they do not think the same
italian queen
great album this last one.
I love U2.
u2 started their new world tour Yesterday in Vancouver!
great show!


text:
A small monument for a boy and his father stands in the center of the baseball park where they'd spent so many hours.
The boy's first home run ball and his mitt are encased in bronze. As etched words in the granite explain—both father and son were killed by a drunk driver.
Now, nearly two years later, a dedication of the monument and an adjacent baseball batting cage brought together those who still feel the tremendous loss.
The surviving family members and small community have tried to make sense of the senseless. The addition to the ball park will be a bittersweet reminder of their love of baseball and the special memories made there.
As I walked by the engraved bricks—with messages of hope, loss, grief, and memories—I was looking for my grandson's words carved into the one he had made. It's been painful for him. His best friend's picture remains on his nightstand. I ache for him as he mourns quietly.
Then I gazed at the monument. It told about the two words that the father and son lived by.
DO SOMETHING.
It became the phrase dad and son would use when going into a game of basketball or baseball—do something. It became the motto for living well, because there would always be the chance to do something to help, to encourage, to be the person you should be.
The boy even wrote Do Something on a sign he'd see every time he walked out of his bedroom.
I stood in front of the monument and looked into the boy's bronze eyes—he'd just become a teen—I try and imagine what he might have looked like at 25. He never had that chance.
The boy and his father are no longer able to Do Something, but I still can, and in their memory, I will.
#Dosomething Memorial

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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"Primary-Stingy Block of Flats" project is included in Helsinki City's programme aiming to develop multistorey housing. The objective in the design of the Primary Stingy Blocks was to provide with high quality but affordable housing and minimise total energy consumption.
These primary-stingy flats, consisting of both right-of-residence and owner-occupied homes, number 179 in all. The buildings are on two city blocks with a north-south pedestrian and bicycle passage between them. Energy is saved by heating the buildings with a low-heat hydronic floor heating system, by providing floor heating and ventilation installations with at home/away switches, and by connecting washing machines to hot water. The flats have pellet fireplaces and maintenance systems and the shared saunas have low-carbon pellet stoves. The heat from the stoves is utilised in the heating of shower water (there are no flat-specific saunas). All spaces use district heating and electric fixtures are energy saving.
The buildings form a large, sheltered city block with a unified appearance. The ground floor contains a private kindergarten and business or office spaces. The two city blocks have shared outdoor areas with playgrounds, and the courtyard of the kindergarten is also available for residents in the evening. The five-storey buildings at the northern side follow the street line; the three-storey buildings at the southern side are curved, solid and closed. The balconies of the flats as well as the outdoor lounging areas of the saunas and club spaces open towards the inner courtyard. At the western edge of the area is a low, green-roofed parking facility.


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Huntington Ingalls Industries (HII) is looking for a senior level systems engineer to development identity and access management capabilities at an IC client. This position will allow a senior level candidate to lead and mentor a team of SW developers and work with emerging commercial technology to protect sensitive client information.
This position supports an intelligence community (IC) mission. *CI *TE
Analyzes user's requirements, concept of operations documents, and high level system architectures to develop system requirements specifications. Analyzes system requirements and leads design and development activities. Guides users in formulating requirements, advises alternative approaches, and conducts feasibility studies. Provides technical leadership for the integration of requirements, design, and technology. Incorporates new plans, designs and systems into ongoing operations. Develops technical documentation. Develops system architecture and system design documentation. Guides system development and implementation planning through assessment or preparation of system engineering management plans and system integration and test plans. Interacts with the Government regarding Systems Engineering technical considerations and for associated problems, issues or conflicts. Ultimate responsibility for the technical integrity of work performed and deliverables associated with the Systems Engineering area of responsibility. Communicates with other program personnel, government overseers, and senior executives.
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Develop system design solution that satisfies the system requirements and fulfills the functional analysis
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Participate in the development of system engineering documentation, such as System Engineering Plans, Initial Capabilities Documents, Requirements Specifications, and Interface Control Documents
Provide technical direction for the development, engineering, interfacing, integration, and testing of specific components of complex hardware/software systems to include requirements elicitation, analysis and functional allocation, conducting systems requirements reviews, developing concepts of operation and interface standards, developing system architectures, and performing technical/non-technical assessment and management as well as end-to-end flow analysis.
15 years relevant experience with Bachelors in related field; 13 years relevant experience with Masters in related field; 10 years relevant experience with PhD or Juris Doctorate in related field; or High School Diploma or equivalent and 19 years relevant experience.
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Huntington Ingalls Industries is America's largest military shipbuilding company and a provider of professional services to partners in government and industry. For more than a century, HII's Newport News and Ingalls shipbuilding divisions in Virginia and Mississippi have built more ships in more ship classes than any other U.S. naval shipbuilder. HII's Technical Solutions division supports national security missions around the globe with unmanned systems, nuclear and environmental services, and defense and federal solutions. Headquartered in Newport News, Virginia, HII employs more than 42,000 people operating both domestically and internationally. For more information, visit: [ Link Removed ] .
Federal Executive Order 14042 requires that covered contractor employees who work on, or in connection with, covered Federal contracts or at covered contractor workplaces may be required to be fully vaccinated for COVID-19 and comply with other requirements. Covered contractor employees also must comply with agency COVID-19 workplace safety requirements while in Federal workplaces. Applicant agrees to comply with said requirements to the extent they apply to the applied-for position.
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Huntington Ingalls Industries
Huntington Ingalls Industries is America's largest military shipbuilding company and a provider of professional services to partners in government and industry. For more than a century, HII's Newport News and Ingalls shipbuilding divisions in Virginia and Mississippi have built more ships in more ship classes than any other U.S. naval shipbuilder. HII's Technical Solutions division provides mission-critical national security solutions to government and commercial customers worldwide. Headquartered in Newport News, Virginia, HII employs about 44,000 people operating both domestically and internationally.
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Israel's acceptance in 2010 into the OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), the world's largest international organization for developed countries, has created new opportunities to advance Israel's economic and social development and to contribute to the dialogue between Israel and the international community.
Over the years, MJB has made numerous important contributions to the development of Israel's engagement with the OECD .
2012: A national progress report on the implementation of the OECD's recommendations regarding Israel's labor market and social policies, integrating data from 17 government ministries and agencies. The report was prepared on behalf of the Ministry of Economy.
These reports are critical to developing Israel's dialogue with the OECD and the broader international community. Beyond that, they create a shared perspective that serve as an important basis for further policy discussion in Israel within the government and with the broader society about continuing efforts to address these major social challenges.


text:
EED Bookclub Month 3: Nominations
EED Bookclub Month 2: One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest
Everyone ready to discuss this one then?
One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest is exactly why we should perservere with the bookclub, after a less than smooth beginning. It is a modern classic, with an interesting theme, and is a book that you might not necessarily chose to pick up if left to your own devices. Like me, you'd maybe assume that since you've seen the film there's no need to bother with the book.
As it happens, OFOTCN is a rare example of both the film and the book being perfecty complementary. The film is really a Jack Nicholson vehicle, and as such the story tends to focus around Randle P. McMurphy. The book, on the other hand, is told from the perspective of Chief Bromdon, so has an entirely different feel to it.
The first person narrative tends to dip in and out of the Chief's psychosis in a way that can't be conveyed in film format. The Chief visualises the goings-on of the hospital in a kind of dream state - Nurse Ratched morphs before his eyes into a kind of demon; the air fills with water causing the Chief to float between room. It is all so vividly described with no concession to the fact of his hallucination that you're left to wonder if the way the Chief sees the world is perhaps some kind of truthful depiction, a feeling that carries through the whole novel.
The underlying theme of OFOTCN is the power of authority. The power that people in particular situations wield over each other - whether it is the power of authority that Nurse Ratched weilds over the inmates through humiliation and medication, or the power of authority that McMurphy wields in the ward (through the respect given to him by the other inmates). The Chief conceptualises the power of the hospital, the government, the state as being that of a single entity - The Combine. Through the Chief's viewpoint, we see The Combine as a vast machine (literal and metaphorical) which exists solely to homogenise people, to smooth out the wrinkles and bumps in society.
The Chief sees The Combine wherever he looks, in the sometimes monstrous form of Nurse Ratched, or in the government men who took his father's land. Indeed, through clever use of language, once again you're left wondering if maybe the Chief isn't right, maybe The Combine is a real thing? I think this is partly due to the fact that both he and the rest of inmates don't seem particularly disturbed, just eccentric maybe. Indeed, most of them are voluntary inmates, there of their own volition. Is the hospital there to cure them of a real problem, or to damp out the spikes of non-conformity that exist?
That most of the inmates are just normal men with normal issues (fear of homosexuality, fear of sexuality) underlines a strong sense of emasculation in the narritive. The Harding character, who's expressions and mannarisms are described at least as well as they were portrayed in the film, cuts a quite pathetic character - his self-loathing at his repressed homosexuality, combined with his inability to please his beautiful wife - and exemplifies this emasculation. Similarly, the character of Billy who is so afraid of women (especially his mother) that he has attempted suicide on numerous occasions, represents another side of The Combine's dominance. Both Harding and Billy are victims of Combine oppression, this time expressed through the power of women over men.
The Chief sees this oppression in himself as a literal physical "shrinking". As McMurphy reinvigorates the Chief, he becomes re-masculated somehow, ultimately gaining enough physical presence to break free of the hospital. Kesey casts McMurphy as the lost spirit of old-mankind - wild, unpredictable, undiminished - something that is missing from the Chief and the rest of the inmates. See how McMurphy sweeps through the ward, giving George Sorenson back his boat, giving Billy Bibbit the power of sex (and ultimately setting him free) and giving the Chief back his physicality. Even to the point where his violence injures the oppressing female presence (Nurse Ratched) and allows the inmates to scatter or flee. That McMurphy does not survive is ultimately of no consequence, since his invigorating spirit has been passed on to the now-free inmates.
Ultimately, I see Kesey's novel as a scathing critique of modern society. His themes of authority and emasculation speak of a world in which the eccentric is shunned and contained, "cured" ultimately by electricity; where the powerful and physical are repressed by the weak and the beaurocratic. But it is a world in which all it takes is a McMurphy to ignite that which was once thought lost.
Excellent novel, very recommended.
Shedir 1 April 2009 at 16:03
I think I've been a victim of a keylogger, basically Dr Dave has taken all my writings and blatantly passed them off as his own.
An outrage the combine itself would be proud of!
The book was fantastic, I enjoyed it far more than the film. Once again it proves with your own imagination the written word can take you to places motion pictures just simply can't.
The books breakdown of characters was beautifully done, explaining the nuances of Ratched's emotionless visage works far better than just seeing an old sow on screen.
Randall is a mans man. Big, brawling, boisterous, boozing, bullying bear of a man. He uses is sheer force of character to bully the patients into finding inner strength to regain their manhood.
In a good twist this crystalises in the moment he finds out just how powerless he is in the asylum. It's all down to his hated enemy nurse Ratched when, indeed if, he is released. No clock watching like a hardened jailbird, its all behaviour based.
After initially attempting to toe the line, he sees the impact this is having on his fellow men and reverts to type. Ultimately sacrificing himself to give the others the capacity to change and escape.
The journey is well worth the investment, but the chief is the absolute star of the peice. His imaginary enemy "the combine" and it's global infiltration and pollution is a great idea. Well implemented and his escape from that more important than leaving the actual asylum.
The social commentary is of course utterly damning and scathing. Sparing to blows in letting the reader know that their idylic society comes at a heavy cost to many others.
A real page turner, which is still very relevant today. Loved it.
Am 1 April 2009 at 19:34
After one strike-out for the Book Club, this was a major home run. One Flew Over was an extremely absorbing read. Twenty or so pages in I was already deeply sucked into a world of great realism (and surrealism) created by a seriously able writer. You can read good books year in, year out. Great books, like great music are a qualitatively different experience. OFOTCN hit that spot, with confidence, from the beginning. Like all great books, it hands out pleasure and insight in equal portions and managed to invoke intense feelings of great amusement, flesh-creeping tension and anger.
The combined influences of One Flew Over and acid more or less wrecked the author. The book wrecked him because he felt that novelists' later work is a dilution of their first piece and that he could never live up to it again. With the acid, like all stimulants, the initial gifts it gave at first in the shape of insights and the creation of the book later gave way to an opportunity cost of the LSD frying him up pretty good for life.
Famously, before the book was written, Kesey participated in legal drugs' trials within an asylum and afterwards got a job there as an assistant. It doesn't take much of a reach to see how the schizophrenic views of the Chief might have evolved from a man who lay on a bed looking out of a tiny window while tripping his tits off and then who came back to look at others and one presumes therefore back at himself in the dual states of the drugged-up and the straight.
Later, after the book and a much less successful second novel was published, he got famous for riding around on a bus in the sixties with his Merry Pranksters evangelising the societal change potential of the mass ingestion of psychedelics. Ironically, for someone who wrote about the conflict between raw human instinct and values versus "The System" in One Flew Over, his group and Timothy Leary's appear not to have been able to live the hippie spirit of getting on together and had fairly notable (if one imagines, relaxed) series of disagreements about how the psychedelic revolution should be handled. Kesey bought a farm, stuck a sign up in the drive that said "No" to dissuade his previous comrades from contacting him again and then under the influence of the legacy of the book and all those tabs, didn't write another thing for a quarter of a century.
I'd echo many of the things that Dave and Shedir said above. All the themes they talk about are central and I'll just add a couple of additional, rather than replacing, thoughts. I should add, if you've seen the film, you still know bugger all about this book and the pleasure that can be got from reading it.
Above all, as previously stated, it's a book about collision. Collision between natural behaviour and constrictive rules and regulations. It's a book written in 1959 about the collision of the old and the new which works both for the fifties in themselves and also for the fifties beginning to morph into what would become the sixties. McMurphy's initials are RPM, a fact I would never have picked up but for the forward, but there's a nod to the epoch-changing effect of rock and roll that was seen as a fundamental and very real threat to the fabric of society. Not a big point, but one that sets the tone for how this book works at different levels simultaneously.
It's also a book laden with sex. McMurphy is a walking fucking and fighting animal with charges against him for rape – statutory so he claims. The orderlies in the asylum may have sodomised inmates. Billy is repressed beyond belief and finds redemption in the arms of a golden hearted hooker before the bitter consequences that follow. Harding and his wife are fighting their relationship issues with assertions of rampant sexuality while denying the real problems below. Even the Chief's memories include a dream-like recollection of the seductive power of a meeting with girls working at a cotton farm. Nurse Ratched, for everything else that she stands for, wears starched uniforms that tightly constrict and minimise her very ample breasts. As a physical expression of essential human spirit which is outside of the system of the Combine, she tries to cover up and deny them. Kesey uses sex as a clear, in-the-contemporary-reader's-face, assertion of the power of normal human instincts and their universal presence in everyone. 50's Combine America could attempt to reject Kesey's other arguments but they couldn't deny the basic truth of the natural versus the artificial which is the issue at the heart of the whole book.
I also liked the way Kesey writes up McMurphy with his failures and issues. He doesn't try and proselytise his cause through a virtuous martyr. McMurphy is rough, he doesn't mind taking money serially off the other inmates as much as he comes to sacrifice himself for them, he has a rape charge (but not conviction) against him, he foolhardily treats his confinement as a game of no consequence until he realises he has no release date, his knuckles are all scarred up from a hundred fights, he learned his sex off a nine year old girl as a child himself – not a fifteen year old, as if to make the point, he's impotent to save characters who die brutally in the book. Above all, he is clearly conflicted between his selfless encouragement of the others and the will for self preservation throughout. He plans an escape on the final night but succumbs to drunkenness to pass out and be conveyed not to the electric shock therapy that he sees off so magnificently but to a mechanical drill to his brain.
Kesey seems to be saying 'yes it's raw and uncivilised' but compared to the Combine, McMurphy is a natural reality infinitely preferable to the multiple fails that the Combine of society and the asylum has inflicted on all of its inmates. It's also no coincidence that many of the inmates are voluntary. It underlines McMurphy's central message to everyone, characters and readers alike, to make a deliberate conscious decision to overthrow the crap that is imposed on them. The whole book is a cry to arms for valuing basic humanity for all its possible failures and rough edges and having the confidence to reject the moralistic, self-serving culture of authoritarianism.
Whether McMurphy is dealing with the black orderlies, the inmates, the hookers in his life or Nurse Ratched, he does so with an open and honest heart. It's no coincidence the Chief is an American Indian for the issues of race (and of course the allegory of an untouched America before society and system is imposed) and that should clearly see off the laughable undergrad accusations of racism in the book.
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest reminds you, without plagiarising, of a host of books before it that deal with Big Issues when people still wrote literature that tried to tackle Big Issues. McMurphy is the product of a prior era running head first into a conflict with 50's laced-up morality. He's out of date but has a brutish integrity. The language around the black characters in the book is jarring today but is another of Kesey's mechanisms. He's a mash up of, weirdly, the purity of Tess of the D'Urbervilles who represents an allegory for rural England being overrun by the industrial revolution and the Carbine of landed gentry exploiting simpler people, the intellectual revulsion of Winston Smith in 1984 and the raw human sexuality and anti-bullshit of a modern 60's about to start.
The great thing about this book is that it sparks a hundred different thoughts. It is a very very easy read but a hugely provoking one. Just like all great literature. If you missed this, get it now. Great call, Shed.
Dave 2 April 2009 at 13:57
You know, I found myself feeling slightly uncomfortable about some of the descriptions of the "black boys". There seemed to be a very deliberate sense of creating a goblin-esque class of underlings who served the wicked white queen. The orderlies are portrayed as slovenly, grunting, hunched, vicious yet cowardly. And always emphasised as being black.
Of course, this is all from a privileged 21st century perspective. I expect it was the case that the menial jobs like this were taken by the poor, black underclass in 50s America. There's even a quaint kind of ethnic-hierarchy in place - the downtrodden, oppressed native American looks down on the more downtrodden, oppressed black men. Nonetheless, it was quite jarring to read.
Also, it's interesting that you picked up on the similarity to previous literature that dealt with the encroaching wave of industrialisation. I felt a very strong similarity with Tolkein's Lord Of The Rings, which deals with similar anti-industrialisation themes. Tenuous, but it was there.
alfa 25 May 2009 at 19:54
Better late than never. Ok, first of all i enjoyed it alot more than the movie. And yes the whole authority story is as good as ever, the ingredients are all there, but the way he uses the situations, and the situations themselfs are so exaggerated. I found the conflicts immature, dumbed down. Same with the insanity in a way, its too specific where it shouldnt and and not specific enough in other parts. It kinda felt like a boys novel in parts, you know, like the westerns and agent books at the grocery market. Big, strong, muscles looking all cool and badass. Yeah, i know, metaphores. But it could have been done better, smoother, more adult even :)
I really expected it to dig deeper, show more. Still enjoyed it though, but i kinda want to learn that there is a full version available.


From my experience, and many others, these are 3 of the best reads to get you started on your Betfair Sports Trading journey. They all cover the basics of what you need to know when starting out and will help you familiarise yourself with the terminology used by traders. Without doubt, these provide new traders with good grounding for going forward.
As a professional trader since 2011, and as someone who documented his early struggles online through his blog, Caan has built up a strong reputation as a great go-to resource for anybody just starting out. His Pre-Race Trading Guide provides all the essential information newcomers need to know.
This is a perfect start if you just want to focus on trading the horses pre-off on Betfair, it covers all of the basics in terms of trading set-up, psychology, market dynamics, software and market participants. I found this incredibly useful as it filled in many of the gaps in my knowledge that I hadn't even discovered even after a few months of my journey beginning.
The information contained in Caan's guide provides the perfect starting base for learning about how the Betfair horse racing markets function. Combining the knowledge learned from the guide with the huge amount of content contained within Caan Berry's Advanced Video Pack will set you in good stead for tackling the markets.
Have you read any of these – if so, what did you make of them? Comment below!


A peacock with an existential crisis. A family is trying to get their pet peacock back after he left for six weeks. Rene Johnson's pet peacock, Pea, ran away to join some turkeys shortly after his brother died. The family thinks Pea is lonely. He now lives in a tree. [Rene Johnson, owner] "When we lost his little brother, I think the turkeys were more like him than the chickens, and he decided to take off with them." The family hopes Pea will come home for the holidays.


In the additive RGB color model, color #036b4a (hexadecimal – hex triplet) has values of 3 (1% red), 107 (42% green) and 74 (29% blue). In the CMYK (subtractive color model), color #036b4a has values 97% cyan, 0% magenta, 31% yellow and 58% black. In the HSL model, it is represented by 161° hue, 95% saturation and 22% lightness. Win32 representation: DWORD COLORREF C=0x00a4b630. Decimal value is 224074.
#036b4a is not web-safe (Netscape). Nearest web-safe color is #006633. #036b4a isn't X11 color, closest X11 color is DarkSlateGray (#2f4f4f).
Related colors (alternatives): Bangladesh Green, RAL 160 40 45, RAL 160 40 50, RAL 6016, RAL 170 40 50, RAL 6029, RAL 160 40 40, RAL 220-3, RAL 150 40 40, RAL 6036.
This table contains information about #036b4a color values in the most popular color spaces: RGB (additive color model), CMY, CMYK (subtractive color model), HSL, HSI, CIE XYZ. This data can be downloaded in JSON (036b4a.json) and CSV (036b4a.csv) formats.
Share your experience with #036b4a!


Another day, another landfill gulling session postponed by snow.
Today's storm arrived a good 3+ hours ahead of schedule, effectively canceling my trip to the landfill with Frank Gallo. We've had a wonderfully snowy winter here in Connecticut. Every storm's highest totals seem to come from somewhere in southern New England, with CT right in the heart of each one. I happen to love it (even when it gets in the way of birding plans). We've already surpassed our seasonal snowfall average, and 6-10 more inches are expected from the current storm.
Back to gulls. Where have they been? The regional gulling scene has been sub-par this winter. Other than a handful of Icelands and the occasional Glauc, it's been quiet here. The center of the continent has been much more exciting, with an early flurry of Ross's Gulls and a couple recent Slaty-backed Gulls. Newfoundland has enjoyed its 'expected' rarities like Slaty-backed and Yellow-legged, plus their second Black-tailed Gull. An early November Ivory Gull out in California had folks thinking another invasion was on the way, but nothing else yet (and just as well, as each vagrant adult IVGU makes me worry more about their status up north). But here in south New England...dullsville.
Hopefully that will change soon. I'll do my best over the next few days, once this storm passes. And if not, I'll be in San Diego for a conference in a few weeks and hope to do some gulling at the Salton Sea.
UPDATE: So much for 6-10". We had about a foot here in Wallingford and many towns in the state, except the NW, exceeded 12 inches. Birding plans thwarted again after having to wait until noon for businesses to open to take care of errands!
It's sometimes hard for me to imagine all the snow you guys are getting up north since we winter in Florida.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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From Nookipedia, the Animal Crossing wiki
The Main Music Theme is music that plays on the title screen.
In Animal Crossing[edit]
Animal Crossing has a different theme to Animal Crossing: Wild World and Animal Crossing: City Folk, which was changed when Animal Crossing: Wild World came into being. The game's title screen plays only a part of it, however. To listen to the whole theme, one must open the disk cover if playing on the Gamecube or remove the disk if playing on the Wii, the moment Porter the monkey appears. If opened/removed later or the player waits until another opening occurs, the opening will still continue and the song will stop as normal. This song was eventually made into the K.K. Slider song Forest Life.
In Animal Crossing: Wild World and Animal Crossing: City Folk[edit]
The theme was changed from the original Animal Crossing GCN main theme. To replace this, Forest Life is available as a song, as of Animal Crossing: Wild World. This song is a cover in Super Smash Bros. Brawl and can be played in Wii Music. There is also an extended version of this song.
Music by K.K. Slider
Agent K.K. • Aloha K.K. • Animal City • Bubblegum K.K. • Café K.K. • Comrade K.K. • DJ K.K. • Drive • Forest Life • Go K.K. Rider! • Goodbye • Hypno K.K. • I Love You • Imperial K.K. • K.K. Adventure • K.K. Aria • K.K. Ballad • K.K. Bazaar • K.K. Birthday • K.K. Blues • K.K. Bossa • K.K. Calypso • K.K. Casbah • K.K. Chorale • K.K. Condor • K.K. Country • K.K. Cruisin' • K.K. D & B • K.K. Dirge • K.K. Disco • K.K. Dixie • K.K. Étude • K.K. Faire • K.K. Flamenco • K.K. Folk • K.K. Fusion • K.K. Groove • K.K. Gumbo • K.K. House • K.K. Island • K.K. Jazz • K.K. Jongara • K.K. Lament • K.K. Love Song • K.K. Lullaby • K.K. Mambo • K.K. Marathon • K.K. March • K.K. Metal • K.K. Milonga • K.K. Moody • K.K. Oasis • K.K. Parade • K.K. Ragtime • K.K. Rally • K.K. Reggae • K.K. Rock • K.K. Rockabilly • K.K. Safari • K.K. Salsa • K.K. Samba • K.K. Ska • K.K. Sonata • K.K. Song • K.K. Soul • K.K. Steppe • K.K. Stroll • K.K. Swing • K.K. Synth • K.K. Tango • K.K. Technopop • K.K. Waltz • K.K. Western • King K.K. • Lucky K.K. • Marine Song 2001 • Mountain Song • Mr. K.K. • My Place • Neapolitan • Only Me • Pondering • Rockin' K.K. • Señor K.K. • Soulful K.K. • Space K.K. • Spring Blossoms • Stale Cupcakes • Steep Hill • Surfin' K.K. • The K. Funk • To the Edge • Two Days Ago • Wandering
Hourly Themes (am)
Midnight • 1 A.M. • 2 A.M. • 3 A.M. • 4 A.M. • 5 A.M. • 6 A.M. • 7 A.M. • 8 A.M. • 9 A.M. • 10 A.M. • 11 A.M.
Hourly Themes (pm)
Noon • 1 P.M. • 2 P.M. • 3 P.M. • 4 P.M. • 5 P.M. • 6 P.M. • 7 P.M. • 8 P.M. • 9 P.M. • 10 P.M. • 11 P.M.
Shop Themes
Tom Nook's Chain Jingles • Timmy and Tommy's Chain Jingles • Able Sisters Tune • GracieGrace Chime • Auction House Harmony • Shampoodle Theme
City Themes
Morning • Afternoon • Night • Raining • Late Night
Main Street Themes
Kapp'n's Sea Shanty • Main Theme • Rain Theme • Totaka's Song • Town Gate Fanfare • Town Hall Tune
Retrieved from "https://nookipedia.com/w/index.php?title=Main_Theme&oldid=151948"
Modified on July 9, 2019, at 10:35.
Content is available under Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported unless otherwise noted.


On the very same day she learned of the tragic death of her former boyfriend, Google exec Dan Fredinburg, in the devastating Nepal earthquake, Sophia Bush was able to set aside her grief and make a serene appearance at the White House Correspondents' Dinner.
Sophia looked radiant in an emerald green gown with a dramatic train, wearing her hair up.
Sophia spent time with Carla Gugino, Jenna Dewan-Tatum, Lovesocial founder Azita Ardakani, Lucy Liu, Connie Britton, Constance Zimmer and others at the festive media event, hosted annually by the White House.


text:
How citizens try to influence politics and why. International comparisons of movement and party politics
How citizens try to influence politics and why. In.. (POLPART)
How citizens try to influence politics and why. International comparisons of movement and party politics (POLPART)
Protests in 'new' democracies about 'stolen elections', demonstrations in 'old' democracies against austerity measures, occupied squares all over the world against inequality and for better governance. Some argue that contentious politics gains importance and party politics declines. Is that so and why would that be? Why is it that some individuals engage in politics while others remain apathetic? Why is it that some citizens take the electoral route, while others engage in contentious politics? The truth is that we do not really know. Should we bother? I think we should. Citizens who are actively involved in politics are an asset to democracy. Understanding how and why people take part in politics would help to build more democratic societies.The proposed project compares participation in contentious and non-contentious politics in various countries within a single theoretical and methodological framework. A central tenet of this research proposal is that sooner or later every citizen might get involved in politics. I seek the reason why in the interplay of dynamics at the individual, the organizational, and the societal level. What are the motives people have? What are the appeals parties and movement organizations disseminate; and what are the opportunities and constraints regimes impose?Comparison is the core of the project. It encompasses four subproject: (1) a meta-analysis of publications on movement and party politics; (2) comparisons of political participation over time and countries in global survey data; (3) focus group discussions to understand the formation of political engagement and disengagement in four 'old' democracies (the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, U.S.A.), two post-communist 'new' democracies (Hungary, Romania) and two post-authoritarian 'new' democracies (Brazil, Argentina) and Greece as a country that was hit harder than any country by the financial crisis; (4) experimental focused surveys among 1000 respondents to quantify patterns of political participation in the same nine countries.
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Northcote House, The Queen's Drive EX4 4QJ EXETER (United Kingdom)


text:
Budd Davisson, Plane and Pilot
Your Cockpit Personality
My daughter, Jennifer, is always poking fun at me for the way I often relate things back to flying. She says that no matter what the subject, I'll find a way to draw a parallel to the way it works in flying. I don't do that on purpose. That's just the way it works out.
For something close to three decades, I've spent most of my flying time in a cockpit with someone who I'm expected to teach something. Beause the kind of instruction I do these days is more transitional stuff than starting from scratch, I spend almost all my flying time with folks who already have a pilots license. They aren't embryionic airmen, they are pilots who have already developed the traits that form their flying personality.
We're not talking about skill levels here. Or experience. What we're talking about is the way an individual relates to an airplane. Further, I claim that also says a lot about the way the same person relates to life in general.
Almost any instructor can fly with an individual for only a few minutes and, if he's of a mind to, make some fairly accurate statements about that person's personality and how they run their lives. The way a person flies an airplane says volumes about their mental processes, their personality traits and the way they interact with the rest of society.
People don't normally change their personality to fit the occassion. Even if they do, put one of those social chameleons in a cockpit and it instantly strips its camoflage away. A person cannot fake a personality in an airplane. The airplane filters out all the B.S. and lets only the real person show through.
There is something about an airplane and the multitude of ways it can be flown that carefully mimics the individual's personality regardless of how well or how badly they fly. Maybe it is the fact that the third dimension makes it easier for an individual to make his/her own interpretation of flight.
It's like sheet music and musicians. The notes are all there. The melody is set in concrete. Still, different musicians will interprete it entirely differently and never know they are doing it. One will be smooth and lilting, another will be technically correct but without feeling and yet another will be hard and coarse. The notes may all be played, but whether it is music or not is dependent on the interpretation. Airplanes are yet another kind of music and the musician definitely shows through.
There are lots of different personality traits that show up in an airplane. Probably the first is the individual's sensitivity to everything around him. In an airplane sensitivity surfaces as a smooth interface with the machine. He/she feels what the airplane is saying and reacts in a way that, through a gentle hand, shows a caring, gentle spirit. Don't read this to mean a panty-waist approach to aviating. A person can be doing the hardest aerobatics you can imagine and still show sensitivity. He isn't mercilessly hammering the airplane in a crude exhibition of physical force. He/she is smoothly but firmly telling the airplane where it should go and how it should do it. The net result looks the same from the outside, but the airplane knows the difference. Anyone in the airplane with the pilot can also tell the difference. The horizon may be whipping around, but the way the G goes on, the way the ailerons go in is subtly different. There is a sensitivity to it. A smoothness that says the pilot is listening to what the airplane is telling him.
Show me a pilot who disturbs the airplane every time he touches it and I'll show you a pilot who drives the same way and probably works with people the same. He may be a little short with them and isn't as considerate as he might be. He'll wait too long to give instructions to a subordinate or gives incomplete instructions and then is angry, when the job isn't done the way he wanted. The lack-of-sensitivity list goes on and on.
And then there is the ability to look down the road and incorporate planning into their life. A person who looks ahead in life, doing his best to smooth things out with a little planning, generally does the same thing in an airplane. Although he may start out behind the airplane, he recognizes the situation and works to remedy it. He doesn't like crisis to crisis management and will try to visualize where he wants the airplane to go and how to get it there. He doesn't wait until it is time to turn base to begin thinking about it. He already has base and the turn to final planned in his mind and it becomes a simple matter of flying his plan.
A lot of my time is spent introducing folks to the sometimes hairy world of landing a Pitts Special and the first personality trait that surfaces is the willingness to accept a challenge. Some rise to the occasion. Some are beaten down by it.
During a Pitts landing everything is unbelievably compressed so if he is slow to see what is happening around him, he'll be slow in catching up with the airplane. If he has filled his life with motorcycles and ski boats, skeet shooting or car racing, he has already demonstrated he likes the challenge of controlling his environment and he is very aware of what's going on. He'll do fine in the Pitts.
If he watches a lot of television and putters in the garden, he can still catch up, but the challenge will be harder. However, the willingness to tackle that challenge says a lot about the individual. He shows he isn't afraid to put his ego on the line in the name of learning. He accepts the challenge of improving himself and is willing to put himself through what ever it takes to gain that improvement.
Seldom is a pilot who is willing to accept a challenge in the cockpit unwilling to do the same in the real world. There will be varying degrees of this trait, but if it shows up in an airplane, there's a 100% probability it is central to the person's personality.
An individuals reputation as a pilot is nearly always his reputation as a person. Think about that the next time you strap it on. See what the flight says about you.


For Stripe users, Stripe provides eligible accounts with a 1099-K that can be accessed in your Stripe account. To learn more about it and eligibility requirements, go here.
Select Business Settings to expand the menu.
Locate and download the 1099-K PDF that Stripe has prepared for you.
Note: If you are not eligible for a 1099-K, you can still view your credit card processing fees within Stripe. To learn more, go here.
For Square users, please visit the following website for requirements and how to access your form: https://squareup.com/help/us/en/article/5048-square-tax-reporting-and-form-1099-k-overview.


These chicken flavor dog treats simulate chicken pot pie. This easy dog cake recipe makes 12 dog cupcakes that will have your pet salivating for more!
This easy dog treat recipe calls for chicken powder. This ingredient is also known as "spray dried chicken". It is simply pure chicken in powdered form, which makes it easy to incorporate into a dog cake.
A word of caution: make sure you buy this product from a known company. Make sure it has no added sugar, no fat, all natural preservatives, and is made in the USA. This is NOT the same as chicken bouillon, chicken stock, or other products found on store shelves. Be careful of products made in other countries where food requirements are not as stringent as those of the FDA.
We are committed to bringing you the best all natural recipes for dog cakes and recipes for healthy dog treats.
Mix up the cake mix with the oil, chicken stock, and egg.
Add in the natural chicken powder and the peas and carrots to the cake mix. Stir well by hand.
Bake 28-30 minutes or until toothpick inserted into the center of cupcake comes out clean.
Finish with Magifrost dog treat frosting for decoration.
If you want to color it, add your icing color in, then stir until smooth and creamy. Frost the chicken flavor dog treats.
The roasted chicken rolls above made by Haute Dawg Treats have no additives or preservatives. Each lighter colored ring is REAL roasted chicken!
These dog treats are not just chicken flavor dog treats - they are simply made with real chicken and no other ingredients. They are perfect for dogs with wheat allergies or other grain allergies.
If you plan to make a lot of this type of treat, it may be in your best interest to consider an investment in a food dehydrator. Some models offer several "drawers" so that you can dehydrate different items at the same time.
Cut a chicken breast into thin strips.
Place on a non-stick baking pan.
Bake at 200 degrees for 3-4 hours until the chicken strips are dried out.
Let strips cool completely before giving to your dog.
It doesn't get quicker and easier than that!
Give chicken breast jerky only as a treat, not as a food source.
If your dog needs dark meat chicken, chicken thigh meat can be used instead. Some dogs with certain urinary tract conditions do better with dark meat chicken because it helps to keep the urine pH in a certain range to minimize the risk of recurring stone or crystal formation.
If you would rather buy dried chicken treats, please only buy products that are made in the USA. The products are regulated here as opposed to other countries where you don't know exactly what is actually going into the treat. Jerky treats made in China have received a lot of bad press, so please beware and keep your dog's health in mind at all times.


text:
var assert = require('assert');
var expect = require('chai').expect;
var request = require('supertest');
var Hashcash = require('../contrib/middleware.js');
var express = require('express');
var app = express();
var requireProof = Hashcash(2);

var cash = '2:0:sha3:20170402:foo=bar::wgdkv:345';
var bits = 2;
var input = 'foo=bar';

app.post('/some-endpoint', requireProof, function(req, res, next) {
  res.send({ status: 'success' });
});

describe('Middleware', function() {
  before(function(ready) {
    app.listen(ready);
  });

  it('should validate a correct proof of work', function(done) {
    request(app)
      .set('X-Hashcash', cash)
      .set('X-Hashcash-Bits', bits)
      .set('X-Hashcash-Input', input)
      .post('/some-endpoint')
      .expect(200)
      .end(function(err, res) {
        if (err) throw err;
        done();
      });
  });
});


Direct Line (LON:DLG) suffers fall in operating profits amid weather troubles and Brexit tensions | City A.M.
Direct Line posted a fall in full-year earnings this morning, with the blue-chip insurer striking a cautious tone over threats of a "disruptive Brexit".
In outgoing boss Paul Geddes' final annual results statement for Britain's largest motor insurer, operating profits dipped during the 12 months and the total dividend payout was slashed.
"The increased focus on own brand products is the main driver of today's numbers, with the end of Sainsbury and Nationwide Home insurance partnerships hitting premiums and profits," according to Nicholas Hyett, equity analyst at Hargreaves Lansdown.
Hyett added: "In the long run an increased proportion of own brand sales should be good news though – the lack of commission payments to partners means own brand sales are potentially higher margin and direct access can also make them stickier customers."
Operating profit dipped 6.4 per cent from £642.8m in the 12 months to the end of 2017 to £601.7m last year.
The firm declared a special dividend of 8.3p, marking a 44 per cent drop from 15p a share declared last year.
As a result, total dividends fell to 29.3 pence per share for the year, down from 35.4 pence per share.
However, pre-tax profits hit £582m in 2018, rising 8.1 per cent on the year before, with the group saying that the decrease in operating profit was "more than offset by the non-repeat of finance costs in relation to the debt repurchased in 2017".
The board also announced a final dividend of 14p, marking a 2.9 per cent rise on the year before.
Direct Line also reiterated its target for 2019 and over the medium term of achieving a combined operating ratio of between 93 per cent and 95 per cent.
Paul Geddes, the outgoing chief executive of Direct Line Group who is currently among the executives tipped for the job of chair at John Lewis, said: "I am pleased to announce a strong set of results driven by our resilient business model which performed well in a highly competitive market. We have added a million direct own brand policies since 2014 showing that our customers value our brands, propositions and service.
"We enter a pivotal year of operational delivery in 2019. This includes starting the roll-out of the latest generation IT systems for personal lines, following the successful launch of our new systems for small businesses in 2018, which we believe will deliver benefits for customers, colleagues and shareholders over the coming years. This aims to provide the springboard from which to deliver a step change in both capability and efficiency to help to grow the contribution from current-year profitability.
"This gives us the confidence to continue to target a combined operating ratio of 93% to 95% in 2019 and over the medium term.
"It gives me great pleasure to be handing over to Penny James as our next Chief Executive Officer with effect from the annual general meeting (AGM) in May. Penny's expertise as our Chief Financial Officer and the breadth of experience she brings from previous roles will be invaluable as she leads the business. I've worked closely with Penny for over twelve months and have been impressed by her drive, energy and ambition for the Group. I am pleased to be leaving the Group in such experienced and capable hands."


text:
How a fuel injection system works
For the engine to run smoothly and efficiently it needs to be provided with the right quantity of fuel/air mixture according to its wide range of demands.
Le système d'injection du carburant Pomped'essence Filtre àessence Conteneurd'essence Distributeurd'essence Tuyaud'accompagnement Collecteur Injecteurs Injecteurdusystème àfroid Pip duréservoird'essence Tuyau deretour auréservoir
Le système d'injection du carburant
Les voitures fonctionnant à l'essence utilisent l'injection de carburant indirecte . Une pompe à carburant envoie l' essence au moteur, et il est alors injecté dans le collecteur d'admission par un injecteur. Il y a plus un injecteur pour chaque cylindre distinct mais minimum deux injecteurs dans le collecteur d'admission .
Traditionally, the fuel/air mixture is controlled by the carburettor, an instrument that is by no means perfect.
Its major disadvantage is that a single carburettor supplying a four-cylinder engine cannot give each cylinder precisely the same fuel/air mixture because some of the cylinders are further away from the carburettor than others.
One solution is to fit twin-carburettors, but these are difficult to tune correctly. Instead, many cars are now being fitted with fuel-injected engines where the fuel is delivered in precise bursts. Engines so equipped are usually more efficient and more powerful than carburetted ones, and they can also be more economical, as well as having less poisonous emissions.
Diesel fuel injection
The fuel injection system in petrolengined cars is always indirect, petrol being injected into the inlet manifold or inlet port rather than directly into the combustion chambers. This ensures that the fuel is well mixed with the air before it enters the chamber.
Many diesel engines, however, use direct injection in which the diesel is injected directly into the cylinder filled with compressed air. Others use indirect injection in which the diesel fuel is injected into the specially shaped pre-combustion chamber which has a narrow passage connecting it to the cylinder head.
Only air is drawn into the cylinder. It is heated so much by compression that atomized fuel injected at the end of the compression stroke self-ignites.
Basic injection
All modern petrol injection systems use indirect injection. A special pump sends the fuel under pressure from the fuel tank to the engine bay where, still under pressure, it is distributed individually to each cylinder.
Depending on the particular system, the fuel is fired into either the inlet manifold or the inlet port via an injector. This works much like the spray nozzle of a hose, ensuring that the fuel comes out as a fine mist. The fuel mixes with the air passing through the inlet manifold or port and the fuel/air mixture enters the combustion chamber.
Some cars have multi-point fuel injection where each cylinder is fed by its own injector. This is complex and can be expensive. It's more common to have single-point injection where a single injector feeds all the cylinders, or to have one injector to every two cylinders.
The injectors through which the fuel is sprayed are screwed, nozzle-first, into either the inlet manifold or the cylinder head and are angled so that the spray of fuel is fired towards the inlet valve.
The injectors are one of two types, depending on the injection system. The first system uses continuous injection where the fuel is squirted into the inlet port all the time the engine is running. The injector simply acts as a spray nozzle to break up the fuel into a fine spray - it doesn't actually control the fuel flow. The amount of fuel sprayed is increased or decreased by a mechanical or electrical control unit - in other words, it is just like turning a tap on and off.
The other popular system is timed injection (pulsed injection) where the fuel is delivered in bursts to coincide with the induction stroke of the cylinder. As with continuous injection, timed injection can also be controlled either mechanically or electronically.
The earliest systems were mechanically controlled. They are often called petrol injection (PI for short) and the fuel flow is controlled by a mechanical regulator assembly. These systems suffer from the drawbacks of being mechanically complex and having poor response to backing off the throttle.
Mechanical systems have now been largely superseded by electronic fuel injection (known as EFi for short). This is thanks to the increasing reliability and decreasing costs of electronic control systems.
Types of fuel injector
Un injecteur mécanique d'essence Injecteur Ressort Vaporisateursde carburant
Un injecteur mécanique d'essence
Two main types of injector can be fitted, depending on whether the injection system is mechanically or electronically controlled.
In a mechanical system, the injector is spring-loaded into the closed position and is opened by fuel pressure.
Un injecteur électrique Connexionélectrique Injecteur électro-aimant Ressort Bec
Un injecteur électrique
The injector in an electronic system is also held closed by a spring, but is opened by an electromagnet built into the injector body. The electronic control unit determines how long the injector stays open.
Mechanical fuel injection
Système d'injection de carburant mécanique Lucas
Dans le système Lucas, le carburant provenant du réservoir est pompé à haute pression à un accumulateur de carburant. De là, elle passe dans le distributeur de carburant, qui envoie une rafale de carburant à chaque injecteur, d'où il est tiré dans l'orifice d'entrée. Le débit d'air est contrôlé par une soupape à clapet qui ouvre en réponse à la pédale d'accélérateur. Comme le débit d'air augmente, le distributeur de carburant augmente automatiquement le débit de carburant vers les injecteurs pour maintenir le mélange carburant / air correctement équilibré. Pour le démarrage à froid , un étranglement sur le tableau de bord ou, sur une unité de commande à microprocesseur apporte un injecteur de démarrage à froid spécial en service , qui injecte du carburant supplémentaire pour créer un mélange plus riche . Une fois que le moteur a chauffé à une certaine température , une pastille thermique coupe automatiquement l'injecteur de démarrage à froid .
Mechanical fuel injection was used in the 1960s and 1970s by many manufacturers on their higher-performance sports cars and sports saloons. One type fitted to many British cars, including the Triumph TR6 PI and 2500 PI, was the Lucas PI system, which is a timed system.
A high-pressure electric fuel pump mounted near the fuel tank pumps fuel at a pressure of 100psi up to a fuel accumulator. This is basically a short-term reservoir that keeps the fuel-supply pressure constant and also irons out the pulses of fuel coming up from the pump.
From the accumulator, the fuel passes through a paper element filter and then feeds into the fuel-metering control unit, also known as the fuel distributor. This unit is driven from the camshaft and its job, as the name suggests, is to distribute the fuel to each cylinder, at the correct time and in the correct amounts.
The amount of fuel injected is controlled by a flap valve located in the engine's air intake. The flap sits beneath the control unit and rises and falls in response to airflow - as you open the throttle, the 'suck' from the cylinders increases the airflow and the flap rises. This alters the position of a shuttle valve within the metering control unit to allow more fuel to be squirted into the cylinders.
From the metering unit, the fuel is delivered to each of the injectors in turn. The fuel then squirts out into the inlet port in the cylinder head. Each injector contains a spring-loaded valve that is kept closed by its spring pressure. The valve only opens when the fuel is squirted in.
For cold starting, you cannot just block off part of the airflow to enrich the fuel/air mixture as you can with a carburettor. Instead a manual control on the dash (resembling a choke knob) or, on later models, a microprocessor alters the position of the shuttle valve within the metering unit. This activates an extra injector mounted in the manifold, causing it to squirt in extra fuel to enrich the mixture.
Electronic injection systems
Injection électronique Bosch
Un système électronique est commandé entièrement par une unité de commande à microprocesseur. Cette mesure de facteurs sont la température du moteur, la position du papillon et le régime du moteur pour calculer le mélange air / carburant requis par le moteur.
The main difference between electronic injection and mechanical injection is that an electronic system is controlled by a complex microprocessor control unit (sometimes called an electronic control unit or ECU), which is basically a miniature computer.
This computer is fed with information from sensors mounted on the engine. These measure factors such as the air pressure and temperature in the air intake, the engine temperature, accelerator position and engine speed. All this information allows an electronic system to meter the fuel far more accurately than the simple mechanical system, which relies on sensing the airflow alone.
The computer compares the input signals from the sensors with information already programmed into it at the factory, and works out exactly how much fuel should be delivered to the engine. It then signals the on-off valve ig the injector to open and squirt fuel into the inlet port. All this happens in a fraction of a second, the control unit responding instantly to changes in accelerator position, temperature and air pressure.
As well as improved control over fuel flow, the electronic system also operates at lower pressure than a mechanical system - usually at around 25-30psi. This makes it run more quietly than a mechanical system does.
A typical system is the Bosch LJetronic, which is fitted to a wide range of European cars. In this system, fuel is drawn from the tank by an electric pump. It is then fed straight up pipes to the injectors. The system pumps more fuel than is needed for injection - a loop circuit returns the excess to the fuel tank via a pressure regulator which keeps the pressure in the pipes constant.
The injector valves are held closed by springs, and opened by solenoids (electromagnets) when signalled to do so by the control unit. The amount of fuel injected depends on how long the solenoid holds the injector open.
Some combined systems, known as engine management systems, can take into account many more factors than an electronic fuel injection system.
One type, the Bosch Motronic, monitors the level of oxygen in the engine's exhaust gases. When there is a deviation from normal, it can adjust both the ignition timing and the fuel delivery to bring the engine back to tune.
This ensures that pollution levels are cut to a minimum as well as providing the best combination of performance and fuel economy.
Fuel-injected engine bay
The underbonnet layout of a fuel-injected car tends to have a lot of pipework. This Audi 100 engine bay clearly shows the reinforced braided fuel-injection-system pipes running over the top of the inlet manifold, and branching off to an injector at each manifold tract. This car has a five-cylinder engine and so has five injectors.
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