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Saturday Night Links
For one thing, you have to have a lot of low-carbon funds to meaningfully increase the cost of capital of high-emissions businesses; it's not like any one fund manager — even at BlackRock — can point to coal companies that he put out of business just by refusing to buy their stock. For another thing, "raising the cost of capital of high-carbon emitters" means increasing the returns on their stocks, which implicitly means "our ESG fund will get a lower return than a non-ESG fund, because we hope to raise the returns of non-ESG stocks." This answers the client's question — "how does this fund reduce emissions?" — but not necessarily in the way that the client wants to hear: "We reduce emissions by giving you a lower return on your investments." [Matt Levine]
My girl and I get married at the end of this month. As we looked at a normal $30,000 American wedding approach, we found out halls and vendors couldn't handle us until 2022. Why wait? Did the reception venue matter, and who would it matter to? This was about starting a life together, not a fancy party. As we decided on a small ceremony in a park, the only pushback we received was from outsiders expecting a big show. We show no stress compared to other couples planning big weddings. Covid meant no big shows, sports events or concerts. It clamped down on weddings. The masses will be reprogrammed to go out again in big settings, but this window of time offers us a chance to destroy one of the worst pieces of modernity. [The American Sun]
Well, that's because, contrary to the accepted narrative, the SolarCity merger was more of a bailout than an acquisition. It was a last-ditch attempt by Musk himself to save his companies from total bankruptcy. By creating a phoney solar shingle and presenting it to Tesla shareholders on the day before the proposed merger was set to go through, he persuaded them to approve it. [link]
With Chinese companies this sort of thing is generally called a "variable interest entity." You set up a company in the Cayman Islands that can be owned by anyone. The Caymans company enters into a series of contracts with the local Chinese company, giving it, not ownership, but certain carefully curated economic interests and control rights over the Chinese company. Then you list the Caymans company in the U.S., and people buy its stock, and they sort of pretend that they're buying stock in the Chinese company — they sort of pretend that the Chinese company is a subsidiary of the Caymans holding company — even though really they're only buying an empty shell that has certain contractual relationships with the Chinese company. [Matt Levine]
"If physicians tend to be upper middle class, dentists are gloomly aware they are middle, and are said to experience frightful status anxiety when introduced socially to physicians - as dentists like to call them. (Physicians call themselves doctors, and enjoy doing this in front of dentists, college professors, chiropractors and divines." [Class]
I remember driving up that first time to New York. You know that moment in The Wire where Bodie is going to mule drugs from Philly and the radio station changes? I took that word for word from DeAndre. We were driving up 95 and we lost 92 Q. We lost the hip-hop station and we started to acquire some end of the dial station. And all of a sudden, he's listening to Garrison Keillor and Garrison Keillor's doing his little Lake Wobegon voice and Deandre is like, "What The fuck?" [David Simon]
Bush II was actually the disastrous presidency that current liberals claim that Trump is. The enormity of the Iraq War fiasco alone boggles the mind. The trillions of dollars, hundreds of thousands of lives, and the social trust that was wasted and stolen by that lie. Trillions and trillions of dollars were pissed away; they could have paved the streets in gold here with all that; free college or free meds for every fat Boomer smoking cigs in an Indian casino, border wall too, I don't know, but we could have done something with those trillions and they were just pissed away, they just went up in smoke. Where did that money even come from? Whenever anyone wants to do something of substance and value money is impossible to come by. Just that stuff alone probably makes Bush II the worst president in American history. The cynical use of the most blatant propaganda, lying, bullying and mental gaming techniques to produce that 2003 moment of popular enthusiasm for war, in the aftermath of 9/11 no less (cynically leveraging that trauma!) had a permanent affect on American society. [link]
Having just emerged from the fiasco of last year's coin shortage (which I wrote about here and here), the U.S. Mint has a new problem on its hands. The melt value of the nickel, or five cent coin, has suddenly moved higher than the coin's face value. The melt value of a nickel refers to the market value of the 3.25 grams of copper and 1.75 grams of nickel inherent in each five cent coin. In the chart below I've mapped out the melt value of a U.S. nickel going back to 2000, decomposed into its copper and nickel components. As you can see, the last time that the intrinsic value of a coin exceeded its face value was ten years ago, back in 2011. Thanks to the huge rally in copper prices over the last twelve months, the metallic content of a nickel is currently worth 5.9 cents. [jpkoning]
Byrne's and mine are essentially the same idea, that bitcoin is a ponzi. Except not quite. Bitcoin is a decentralized ponzi scheme, one without a schemer. I describe it as an honest chain letter. Byrne uses the word automated. After all these years, I still haven't seen a convincing explanation for why bitcoin is neither a Nakamoto scheme nor an honest chain letter. That is, I haven't seen a good positive/descriptive response to the positive/descriptive statement that bitcoin is a decentralized ponzi. One of the best alternative theories, bitcoin-is-money, broke down long ago in the face of empirical evidence. And the bitcoin-is-gold description isn't panning out too well. Bitcoiners haven't turned the perceived slight into a virtue. If someone is calling you names, then proudly adopt the slur. If the descriptive statement bitcoin is a ponzi is accurate and popular, then adopt it and make it your own. "Yep, of course bitcoin is a chain letter/Nakamoto scheme. And that's a good thing." [jpkoning]
The Nakamoto Scheme is an automated hybrid of a Ponzi scheme and a pyramid scheme which has, from the perspective of operating a criminal enterprise, the strengths of both and (currently) the weaknesses of neither. The Nakamoto Scheme draws strength from the same things which make pyramids and Ponzis so compelling, in that it promises insane investment returns, can be accessed by the man on the street with almost no effort at all, and recruits individual participants as new, self-interested evangelists of the scheme. It has no current weakness in that the regulators, blinded by lobbying from the Valley, have seen these schemes as futuristic and cutting-edge rather than what they really are: victim factories, which in the next crash will produce hundreds of thousands of howling investors with little formal legal recourse due to four years of inaction on the regulators' part. [preston byrne]
The LifeView laboratory process uses DNA samples from both parents(saliva) and the embryo (standard few-cell biopsy) to obtain a 99+percent accurate genotype. This accuracy has been carefully validated and has been published in peer reviewed scientific journals, and exceeds the adult accuracy given by common tests like 23andme. Using this genotype, future disease risks are predicted for each embryo, using methods validated to predict disease state in the adult. This new technology, called polygenic risk prediction, uses AI applied to very large genomic datasets: genomes of up to a million individuals, together with their medical histories. There sulting polygenic risk scores (PRS) are tested in separate validation populations (i.e., people not used in the AI training) to ensure accuracy. This area of research is advancing rapidly, with hundreds of scientific papers published each year on polygenic risk prediction. Widely validated risk predictors now exist for important conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, cancers, schizophrenia, and many more. The LifeView team are world leaders in this field. In particular, they were the first to publish validation studies which showed that PRS could identify which sibling in a family was most likely to develop a specific disease condition later in life. Embryos are ranked in order of proposed transfer. Sibling selection using our ranking has been validated to reduce disease incidence. Each disease incidence reduction is particular to that disease, to the ethnicity of the cohort, and the number of embryos. The disease risk reduction is concurrent - which is to say that ranking the embryos based on a single, aggregate number (the Embryo Health Score) has been shown to reduce the diseases at the same time, in parallel. [lifeview]
You'll notice that all the traits being measured here are pretty serious medical conditions. In theory, you're not supposed to use polygenic screening to produce designer babies. What about in practice? Screening companies will give you the raw data if you ask for it, so if you want to screen for an embryo with green eyes, all you need to do is find some third party algorithm that can screen genomes to figure out the baby's eye color and plug in your data. [astralcodexten]
It doesn't matter how much evidence of election fraud there is in Arizona or any other state. Nothing will change the official narrative that the election was honest and Biden won. Just like all of the evidence that 9/11 was a false flag attack hasn't changed the official narrative of 9/11, and all of the evidence that COVID-19 is a hoax and the vaccines are deadly hasn't changed the official narrative of the "pandemic". The official narrative of any event is whatever the NWO wants it to be. A combination of numerous useful idiots in the public who believe that anything that deviates from the official narrative is "conspiracy theory", politicians who are controlled or stupid, a compliant MSM, and other factors ensures that the official narrative will always roll on. At most, there will be an admission that there was a tiny amount of fraud that wasn't significant enough to change the results of the election, and possibly a few election officials will be reprimanded or fined. Another consideration is that Trump knew, or certainly should have known, before the election that there was going to be fraud. But instead of taking any steps to prevent that fraud, he waited until after the election and then mostly just whined and complained on Twitter. That means that he is either totally incompetent or, more likely, had already been told that the fix was in and he was going to lose the election. Of course it wouldn't significantly change anything even if somehow the election was declared fraudulent and Trump was reinstated as president. Despite the beliefs of the Trumptards, Trump was as bad as or possibly worse than Biden. Trump, with his declaration of emergency, Operation Warp Speed, and support of Dr Fauci, is largely responsible for the overwhelming success of the scamdemic tyranny that we are now experiencing. In fact that is why the NWO selected him to win in 2016. (And there was likely election fraud in 2016 to ensure Trump won.) If Hillary had been president in March 2020 when the scamdemic tyranny started, the (armed) Right likely would have resisted vigorously enough to stop it in its tracks before it could become ubiquitous. But now the Right is accustomed to the tyranny, and that tyranny is just going to keep getting worse. [link]
Long time follower, first time to comment. In reading The Florentines by Paul Strathern, I found these facts about the Florentine Amerigo Vespucci: he made several trips across the Atlantic looking for Cathay only to land on the mainland of South America. While sailing down the coast they entered an extensive gulf and encountered a tribe living in houses with foundations built in the water, this was duly named Venezuela (little Venice). Eventually he realized that this new land was not Asia but a while new continent, which is why it was named America after him. He also developed a new method of celestial navigation which led him to come up with an estimate of the earth's circumference accurate to within 50 miles!
BurningPlatform makes a decent indictment up to the point of the scamdemic. If Hillary had won, we would not have had the scamdemic because they would not have needed the scamdemic.
You don't play a trump card when you already have a winning hand. You save it until it can be useful.


This book promises to to relate "from drug killings to heavy metal– the alarming true story of how Satanism is terrorizing our communities." What it actually is an error-ridden compendium of all the usual conservative Christian Fundamentalist hysteria. Raschke seems incapable of getting his facts right; I understand that when Painted Black was first published one reviewer tried making a list of all the errors of fact and gave up after his list reached 50 typed pages. This is not the calibre of research you would expect from a college professor, which Raschke is, or was when he wrote this slop. I wouldn't be surprised if he got his tenure revoked for gross incompetence. Mind you, there is plenty of unintentional humour in here and the chapter on "Fantasy Role-Playing Games and the Devil's Bargain" is just plain hilarious.
The book does have some nice pictures, including three of a "recent satanic ritual." Problem is that they aren't: at top is a Gnostic Mass altar, below is a fellow doing the Mass of the Phoenix, and at bottom you see several people doing the very un-satanic Golden Dawn Neophyte Ritual. How can I be so sure of this, you ask? Easy: I'm the long-haired person on the far right.


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Romila Thapar and the Study of Ancient India
Dilip K Chakrabarti
Distinguished Fellow, Vivekananda International Foundation, and Emeritus Professor of South Asian Archaeology, Cambridge University
'Nationalism' or a 'nationalist approach to history' has long been used by and large in a pejorative sense by modern India's historians, especially those who became powerful in the wake of the establishment of Indian Council of Historical Research in the early 1970s. To draw attention to the fact that this attitude to the nationalist Indian historians still persists, one can do no better than cite Romila Thapar's Lawrence Dana Pinkham memorial lecture in Chennai in May 2012. Thapar, who was a prominent member of the coterie of historians associated with the Indian Council of Historical Research, has long been a Prima Donna of ancient Indian studies both in India and the West, and her admirers go into tantrums at any kind of criticism of her, as they apparently did when her selection as a recipient of the Kleuge prize was questioned by some Americans of Indian origin. She has not done much empirical research but considerably embellished her writings with smooth references to different vignettes of social science literature and suggestions on how they should be incorporated in the study of ancient India. This is the kind of history which is liked by a vast section of India's English-educated 'progressive' middle class and their intellectual parents in the different 'Indian studies' establishments of the Western academia who marvel at the sight of this Third World woman who speaks their lingo, knows the etiquette and style of their 'senior common rooms' and expresses their ideas with supreme ease and confidence.
The second paragraph of this lecture on 'reporting history : early India' begins with an imagined dichotomy between 'British colonial historians' and 'nationalist historians'. I do not find the idea of such a dichotomy acceptable in the light of the empirical evidence. For instance, there is no attitudinal difference to Indian history and culture between the 'British colonialist historian' E.J.Rapson, the Cambridge Sanskritist who was the editor of the Cambridge History of India , Vol. I, Ancient India,(1922) and the Deccan College archaeological guru H.D.Sankalia (1973). Rapson wrote in 1922 that "the migrations and the conquests which provided human energy" with which the Indian civilizations were created had "invariably come into India from the outside". In 1973 Sankalia wrote that every new innovation in Indian history had come from the West. Examples of this kind may be multiplied ad finitum and underline the unpleasant fact that the basic structural premises of ancient Indian history as formulated in the colonial context continued without change till the modern period.
Regarding the notion of race, which Thapar mentions in pp.2-3 of this lecture, it may be mentioned that, however unacceptable this may be in the modern context, the idea of a historical correlation between race, language and history was accepted unquestioned by India's ancient historians including Thapar who, in some of her early publications identifies the Aryans as a distinct group of people speaking a distinct language and bringing horses to India. In an earlier context, R.C.Majumdar not merely accepted the idea in its entirety but also extended it to southeast Asia where the role which was suggested for the Aryans in India went to the Indian immigrants in that region. It is an unfortunate fact and a poor reflection on the way how history is taught in India that the race concept is still a potent force in the perception of the Indian middle class. Otherwise, is there any explanation of the frequently published cases of harassment of the student population from the northeast in Delhi?
The people who have been dubbed 'nationalist historians' by later scholars like Thapar explored only at the peripheries of the historical premises of the colonial period. If some of them argued for the prevalence of a democratic system in the early republics or questioned the importance of Alexander's invasion or the presence of Indo-Greeks in India, they should be given unqualified credit for what they tried to do. In retrospect, they were not powerful enough or even astute enough to question the overarching frame of historical explanations they inherited from their rulers, and to be fair to them, that frame has been left in place by the historians who came to power in independent India with full government patronage in the early 1970s.
If that overarching frame came in for criticism from any quarter, that came from a few great students of Indian affairs:for example, Gandhi who does not seem to use the term 'Aryan' anywhere in his writings; Vivekananda who was no historian but nonetheless realized that the whole Aryan idea was foisted on the Indians by Western scholars ; Ambedkar whose legal mind perceived that there was no logic behind this idea; Rabindranath who regretted that the history of India, as taught to us, brought about a separation between the land and its people.
None of the ideas of these true nationalists ever got into the history books written by scholars like Majumdar or Thapar. The so-called nationalist historians or the self-styled enlightened ones had no difficulty in accepting the basic over-arching frame of ancient India as laid down by the old colonial historians. In fact, there should not be any logical distinction between the colonial and nationalist historians. What difference is there between what Rapson thought and what Sankalia thought, although their writings were about fifty years apart?
Those familiar with the archaeological issues throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s will know that virtually all aspects of Indian archaeological issues were dominated, except some rare exceptions, by what old colonial scholars like D.H.Gordon and Mortimer Wheeler thought. Archaeological research no doubt expanded during this period but the mindset of the Indian scholarship during this period was basically a continuation of the old colonial mindset. Did Thapar herself question any entrenched colonial idea of Indian history in her Penguin version of the history of ancient India ? Her distinction between the colonial and nationalist historians is unacceptable. Whether it is Rapson or Sankalia, or Vincent Smith and Romila Thapar, they are 'colonialists' all, if we simply look at the continuity of ideas between the different periods.
In fact, the only approach which could bring about a complete change in our perception of Indian history was what has to be called an essentially archaeological approach to relate this history to the land. Except some limited attempts on the basis of limited resources, this approach has not witnessed even a proper beginning in modern India, and the fact that archaeological studies on the basis of which the Indian land mass may assume a distinct historical reality have not even significantly caught on in modern India is an ample indication of how generally pointless is the general range of historical quibbles emanating from historians like Thapar.
The question of periodisation of ancient Indian history, which Thapar writes about, is hardly a matter of great significance, with all the terms currently in use having some logic and relevance. I think that Thapar's idea that "ancient India was projected as a virtual utopia" is untrue and has to be ignored unless accompanied by incisive historiographical research. Thapar throws in many unwarranted sentences : "if the Census of 1882 had included a column for those who observed a cross-over kind of religion, a mix of Hinduism, Islam and other formal religions, this column would undoubtedly have had the largest number". We would like to see the premise worked out in detail. Personally I find her reluctance to consider religion as a historical factor in India rather surprising, especially in view of the fact that the cataclysmic event of Partition took place in the name of religion. Thapar writes that the religion of the Harappans is unknown. This is certainly not the case, although I would not put a modern name to it. I would not call it a version of modern Hinduism but a lot of the elements which later became important parts of Hinduism were there. What is the basic problem in accepting this simple proposition which has been staring archaeologically at us for a long time ? What is the virtue in championing the claim that the induction of what has been called the Indo-Aryan language family is post- Indus civilization on the basis of a completely unstable Rigvedic chronology ? Is there any way by which the Rigveda can be dated to anybody's satisfaction ? What is the reason of showing undue deference to what the comparative philologists write about the language history of India ? There is no reason why archaeology should give a toss about these writings because linguistic reconstructions and their assumed chronology stand entirely on their own, without any independent support for their historicity.
To come back to the issue of periodisation of Indian history, there cannot be any single answer, nor is such an answer particularly necessary. One need not feel terrified at the prospect of lumping the whole period up to c.1200 AD as 'ancient' ; after all, it is the history of only 2000 years, assuming that historical writing began about 800 BC. If one feels happy by coining a separate phrase called 'early mediaeval' for the post-Gupta period till the coming of the Muslims, one is entitled to do so. Let us , however, not claim that this is based on detailed studies of socio-economic changes during this period. The concepts of 'feudalism', urban decay and an evanescent trade and commerce during this period , although much trumpeted by a particular section of ancient historians, may turn out to be fairly shaky on detailed research. In Europe itself there is no single idea of feudalism, and the less said about the idea of missing cities and trade and commerce in India during this period the better. In any case, the term 'early mediaeval' for the post-Gupta period is unlikely to harm anybody as long as one remembers that it is nothing but a term to describe the post-Gupta context. There need not be any objection to the use of the terms Hindu, Muslim and British either, because, for one thing the historical sources get written primarily in the non-Indian languages of Arabic and Farsi in the Muslim period and in English during the rule of the British.
Thapar's attempt to paint herself and others of her ilk martyrs in the cause of historical studies is downright amusing :
"Ancient India was projected as a virtual utopia, starting with the Vedic age and culminating 1500 years later in the so-called "golden age" of the Guptas. It was supposedly a period of unchanging prosperity. Society functioned according to the norms laid down in the Shastras, so historians did not have to investigate the reality.
"But let me add that this was not a situation typical of India alone. All nationalisms have to have a utopian past, preferably located as far back in time as possible. With limited evidence the imagination is free to conjure up a romantic past. Questioning this ideal picture is treated as an anti-national act, as it happened in India not so long ago. Some of us have been subjected to the slings and arrows of extreme religious nationalist views when we have tried to give a more integrated and reality-based view of the past. Historians began to analyse early Indian society in the 1960s and 1970s to arrive at a more realistic picture. But the opposition to this research was articulated through a range of religious organizations whose main concern was using religion for political mobilisation and for acquiring authority. This has now increased and has become more recognizable."
Thapar would not possibly know much about the history of Indian art. She would otherwise have known that the Gupta period symbolises everything that is best in Indian art tradition and is the culmination of a long period of development. This period certainly represented a golden age of Indian art and by implication, a golden phase of India's historic development as well. There is nothing Prima facie objectionable to this idea. If Thapar had taken care to tabulate the specific points which have been developed by her and others of her group for a 'more integrated and reality-based view of the past', we would have been in a better position to appreciate her arguments.
She also seems to be upset about attempts to use "religion for political mobilisation and for acquiring authority". Such attempts, especially if they have led to the loss of human lives, are surely unfortunate and have to be condemned, but are such attempts unknown even in the comparatively recent past of the subcontinent ? Was not the entire Pakistan movement based on the Islamic identity of its protagonists?
When Thapar writes about being "subjected to the slings and arrows of extreme religious nationalist views" one cannot help but feel amused. As usual, the specific details are missing, but the only thing which others could observe was that with the coming of the NDA government at the centre, she and others of her group lost their importance in the power grouping of the government-sponsored Indian Council of Historical Research. Considering that she and others of her historical group were at the helm of the country's historical affairs since the early 1970s, this loss of power in the government has to be counted as a normal professional hazard which the historians closely tied to the strings of political power of the country like Thapar should take easily in her strides. On the contrary, they should feel very satisfied that for a long uninterrupted stretch since the take-over of the financial and other powers of Indian historical research by their group, they enjoyed the role of a kind of divine pantheon in the firmament of Indian historical studies.
A significant part of Thapar's essay (pp 7-10) tries to gloss over the harshness of the Islamic conquest of India. Such attempts are pointless. As is well-known, Islam has not always been kind to 'infidels', and there is absolutely no reason to suggest otherwise, as Thapar does. The modern relation between Islam and the infidels in modern India must not be judged by what happened during the Islamic conquest of the land. If she considers that some historians have judged the methods and impact of the Islamic conquest of India harshly without any solid historical reason, she is welcome to write about it in detail, but to be honest, any apology for the conquest is unnecessary.
Her pontification of the civilizations being products of the intermingling of cultures is uncessary. What she wilfully ignores is the silliness of attempts to explain the basic style and form of a civilization, old or new, in terms of diffusions from elsewhere. In the case of India this unfortunately has been the unchallenged assumption almost since the beginning of ancient Indian studies, and this is precisely what has been challenged in the 1970s and later. May we remind Thapar that a Ph.D thesis on the Indus trade done under her supervision in the late 1960s or early 1970s argued that the role of the Indus civilization was that of a supplier of raw materials to the contemporary Mesoptamia. In a review of the published form of this dissertation in Puratattva, I pointed out this 'researched' similarity between the positions held by the Indus civilization and the colonial India in relation to Mesopotamia and Britain respectively. There is a steady continuity between the historical approaches of scholars like Rapson, Sankalia and other scholars of ancient India in modern India, including Thapar and her kind. Nation hardly blips in the intellectual radar of these historians.
Thapar should realize that languages are always in a state of flux, being subject not merely to cultural intermingling but also to the various nuances of class and cultural background subject in their turn to socio-economic factors of various kinds. But to be used satisfactorily for historical analysis, we have to realize that language studies do not have any chronological parameter of their own and thus whatever one may say about the correlation of language and a particular archaeological stratum devoid of writing is subjective ,and not bound by any independent verification. Language is something which the archaeologists of non-literate contexts may do well without. In fact, trying to combine language with non-literate archaeological groups has been a breeding ground of various ethnic and eventually racist hypotheses in archaeology. Modern First World archaeologists are not unduly bothered by this but that is no reason why Third World archaeologists should not set them aside.
I am glad that Thapar has eventually admitted that "so far we have no archaeological evidence to prove an invasion by an Aryan race". I write 'eventually' because it is easy to demonstrate with reference to many early writings of Thapar that she was very much a believer in the coming of the Aryans as a group of people bringing in horses. However,in the same breath she writes that the "picture is complicated, because we also do not have the evidence that the language – Old Indo-Aryan/Vedic Sanskrit – was spoken in India prior to 1500 BC. Since this is later than the Harappan cities, the Harappans were not Aryan-speaking. Nor do we know the language spoken by the Harappans. However languages related to Indo-Aryan were used in two areas. One was Old Iranian – the language of the Zorastrians and their text called Avesta – used in northeast Iran and the other was the language of the Hittites in northern Syria".
Apart from the opinion that the language of the Harappans is still unknown, everything mentioned in the above-mentioned propositions is liable to questionings. If one takes up the question of 'the language of the Zorastrians and their text called Avesta ' first, one learns that Zorastrianism as a religion was identified in Western scholarship early in the nineteenth century after the details of the religion of the Parsis of Mumbai came to be known. The existence of the religious text Avesta was known earlier. The Avesta has several functional but chronologically disparate categories : Yasna which denotes sacred liturgy and Gathas or hymns of Zarathushtra; Khorda-Avesta or 'book of common prayer'; Visparad or extensions to the liturgy; Vendidad or myths, code of purifications and religious observances; and Fragments which cannot be put in the rest of the categories. The central portion of the Yasna is the Gatha, supposedly composed by Zarathushtra himself. Alongside the Gathas is the Yasna Haptanghati or 'seven-chapter Yasna, which is as old as the Gatha itself and a collection of prayers and hymns in honour of Ahura Mazda or the supreme deity, the angels, fire, water and earth. The younger Yasna is written in prose. Visparad is a supplementary text to the Yasna without any unity of its own. Vendidad , which varies widely in its character and chronology, enumerates various manifestations of evil spirits and ways to propitiate them. The Yasht hymns , 21 in number, are addressed to particular divinities or particular divine concepts. Thirty divinities are supposed to preside over thirty days of the month and the Siroza is supposed to be their enumeration and invocation. The final category of Khorda Avesta is a collection of verses from the other collections.
This body of literature evolved over a long length of time, some of it attributable to the historical periods of the Achaemenids (6th century BC) and the Parthians (3rd century BC to 3rd century AD). The core of the Avesta has been put towards the end of the second millennium BC, but Zarathushtra has also been dated as late as the 7th century BC. There is no doubt a strong element of similarity between the Rigvedic and the Avestan languages, as various historians of the Sanskrit language argue, but whether this implies a similar chronological point cannot be said. The geography of the Avestan literature supposedly extends from Seistan to Merv but is also said to be focused in the central Afghanistan highlands. In a sense, this geographical orbit was not unfamiliar to the Indus civilization, and the persistence of an Indian language tradition was not impossible in this orbit, whatever might have been the basic language of this civilization. The point is that the similarity in the language between the Avesta and the Rigveda cannot be translated in terms of a date for the Rigveda.
The second issue of 'the language of the Hittites in north Syria' is equally problematic and has been expressed clearly by P.Thiemme in his article "the 'Aryan' gods of the Mitanni treaties" in 1960 in Journal of the American Oriental Society 80(4): 301-317:
"The discovery of 'Aryan' looking names of (Mitanni) princes on cuneiform documents in Akkadian from the second half of the second millennium BC (chiefly tablets from Bogazkoy and El-Amarna), several doubtlessly Aryan words in Kikkuli's treatise in Hittite on horse training (numerals : aika- 'one', tera- 'three', panza- 'five', satta – 'seven', na(ya) –'nine'; appellatives : varttana – 'circuit', course (in which horses move when being trained),' aliya –'horse' ), and , finally, a series of names of Aryan divinities on a Mitanni-Hatti and a Hatti-Mitanni treaty (14th century BC), poses a number of problems that have been reportedly discussed since the beginning of the century."
To Thiemme the problem is whether the terms can be interpreted as "traces of specifically Indo-Aryan speech and religion, or whether they should rather be identified as Proto-Aryan". He is inclined towards accepting them as 'proto-Aryan'.
In addition, in his The Sanskrit Language T. Burrow finds a few traces of the Sanskrit language among the documents of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon:
"In a list of names of gods with Babylonian equivalents we find a sun-god Suriyas (rendered Samas) which must clearly be identified with Skt Surya. In addition, Maruttas the war-god (rendered En-Urta) has been compared with Skt Marut … Among the kings of this dynasty one has a name which can be interpreted as Aryan : Abhirattas : abhi-ratha – 'facing chariots in battle'."
What emerges on the whole is the presence of a few Sanskritic deities and words in the old Hittite territory or modern Anatolia in about 1400 BC, with margins on either side. The similarity lies only in a few Sanskrit-sounding words in both the Kikkuli horse-training text of c.1400 BC and the treaty between Suppiluliuma, the Hittite king of c.1380-c.1345 BC) and Mattiwaza, the Mitanni ( southeast Anatolia and northern Syria) king of the period. The mention of the Rigvedic gods Mitra, Varuna, Indra and the two Nasatyas occurs as a part of a rather long list of non-Rigvedic gods and goddesses :
"the Storm-god, Lord of Heaven and Earth, the Moon-god and the Sun-god, the Moon-god of Harran, heaven and earth, the Storm-god, Lord of the kurinnu of Kahat, the Deity of Herds of Kurta, the Storm-god, Lord of Uhušuman, Ea-šarri, Lord of Wisdom, Anu, Antu, Enlil, Ninlil, the Mitra-gods, the Varuna-gods, Indra, the Nasatya-gods, Lord of Waššukanni, the Storm-god, Lord of the Temple Platform (?) of Irrite, Partahi of Šuta, Nabarbi, Šuruhi, Ištar, Evening Star, Šala, Belet-ekalli, Damkina, Išhara, the mountains and rivers, the deities of heaven and the deities of earth."
In the case of the Kikkuli text too, it is only certain words which have been used in the context of this Mitanni text. In the Kassite documents cited by Burrow, assuming that the Sanskritic analogies of certain words in those documents are correct, the comparison does not extend to the level of linguistic similarity of the type which is suggested between the Rigveda and the Avesta.
Whether such similarities in words mark the route of the Indo-European language-speakers to the sub-continent or mark their route out of it is a point which cannot be decided either way. Philological research does not have any historical marker, nor an earlier piece of this kind of philological research gets superseded by newer versions. However, the fact of the presence of Indian words in west Asia may not be as mysterious as it sounds. The Indus seals are known to occur in the Kassite context in Mesopotamia and the Gulf, showing that this civilization remained in contact with west Asia as late as the 14th century BC. The beginning of this contact is dated as early as the Royal Graves of Ur of c.2600 BC. Whatever might be the language or languages of the Indus civilization, it was clearly a contact of more than a thousand years between India and west Asia. If one remembers this simple point, one does not have to be surprised by the presence of admittedly few Indian words in some west Asiatic documents. In the case of the Avesta, it may be noted that the core area of its geography from southeastern Iran to the southern central Asia lies very much within the general orbit of contacts of the Indus civilization. Further, the location of the site of Shortughai in the Kokcha valley north of the Hindukush leaves no doubt about the preeminence of the role of the Indus civilization in this region. Thus, to try to support the overarching frame of Aryan origins and migration from Europe to India with the help of the presence of a few Indian-sounding words in some 14th century west Asiatic documents does not seem to be a valid or logical exercise. It is time Thapar and her kind appreciated the rationale behind this argument.
One may be somewhat amused by Thapar's observation that the Rigvedic people "were cattle-herders looking for good pastures" and that "they settled wherever ecology was suitable". People all through history settled wherever they thought that the ecology was suitable ; so, that is not the point. The point is whether they were 'cattle-herders'. That they were far more than being 'cattle-herders' is clear from RV.III.57 : "May the ploughshares break up our land happily ; may the ploughman go happily with the oxen; may Parjanya (water the earth) with sweet showers happily".
Thapar also thinks that "we should get away from meaningless questions like, whether the Aryan-speakers were indigenous to India". When Indians have been subjected, for more than a hundred years, to the opinion that the Aryan- speakers came to India from outside and laid the basis of the Indian religion of Hinduism and when Thapar's fellow-travellers like R.S.Sharma write books like "Advent of the Aryans in India" , the question cannot be as meaningless or innocuous as Thapar makes it sound. In her dictionary "the question of indigenous and foreign" may be "a non-question" but this has framed the Indians' perception of themselves for a very long time, and there is no reason why the macabre arguments that the Indians have lived with so long should not be thoroughly exposed for what they are worth.
I find Thapar's emphasis on 'freedom of expression' very intriguing. The historical group of which Thapar is an eminent member came into being in the early 1970s "to give a national direction to an objective and scientific writing of history and to have rational presentation and interpretation of history", as the web-site of the Indian Council of Historical Research declared. To argue that there was no 'objective and scientific writing of history" till this group moved into government-sponsored power to control the funding and job-opportunities of historical research in India was distinctly reminiscent of a dictatorial streak in itself. By then historical research in the country had flourished for about a century and to argue that the previous historians were unaware of 'objective and scientific writing of history' was a vicious piece of self-aggrandisement on the part of this group. In fact, since the coming of this group to power, the world of Indian historical studies has been largely criminalised. When Thapar preaches in favour of historical tolerance, one does feel amused.
I find it very curious that with all her pontifications in the field of ancient India Thapar forgets to mention that the study of ancient Indian history and archaeology is only a marginal subject in the frame of Indian historical studies. It is difficult to be certain of this, but certainly not more than twenty university departments offer full courses in the subject. Archaeology is professionally taught in places whose total number does not reach even the double-digit. The large Historical Centre which J.N.University has been running for long and of which Thapar is a precious member does not have any professional archaeology component. Thapar does not even bother to enquire why the study of ancient India remains still marginalised in the Indian university frame and why the historical departments of the Indian universities and colleges are dominantly concerned with 'modern' or British India.
Another of Thapar's inexplicable silences is about focusing on the socio-politics of the Indian past. Thapar and her group never forget to turn to whatever Western theories are available in a particular area, but as far as the socio-politics of the Indian historical studies is concerned, they seem to be completely indifferent except for shouting against the probable or improbable signs of Hindu fundamentalism. In fact, as I have written in my Fifty Years of Indian Archaeology (1960-2010):
Journey of a Foot Soldier, by making too much of fundamentalism, Thapar and her fellow travellers have made fundamentalism almost respectable. The fact that they are silent about the fundamentalism of other non-Hindu religious groups throws clear light on what is their attitude to the Indian religious scene. This attitude is also evident in the following formulation of hers : "If the Census of 1882 had included a column for those who observed a cross-over kind of religion, a mix of Hinduism, Islam and other formal religions, this column would undoubtedly have had the largest number". Was there ever a "cross-over kind of religion, a mix of Hinduism, Islam and other formal religions"? Would believers in Hindu, Islam and Christianity ever admit this ? Is Thapar's tacit assumption is that Hinduism would not have been shown as the religion of the Indian majority, if only the columns of the 1882 census were framed differently?
Thapar refers to the formation of different identities in modern India but does not mention that it is important to understand the historical assumptions behind the formations of such identities. For instance, if there is a Dalit version of the history of ancient India we must understand what it is and what is the presence or absence of historical logic behind it. The formation of historical identities cannot be avoided, and it is only by discussing its basis threadbare that one can focus on its true worth. In the case of India Thapar, in an interview to the French paper Le Monde , foresaw ( cf. M.Danino in Dialogue, April-June 2006/vol. 7, no,4) that by the end of the 21st century India would break down into a series of small states federated within a more viable single economic space on the scale of the subcontinent. For those of us who refuse to play the role of a clairvoyant as far as our national fate is concerned, we must try to understand the historical basis of 'identities'. The study of the socio-politics of the ancient Indian past should play an increasing role in the understanding of the ways in which ancient Indian history has been interpreted.
Source: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2012/05/romila-thapar-and-study-of-ancient.html
Posted by SatiShankar at 8:55 PM
Romila Thapar's lecture on Reporting History: Earl...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


we are our landscape: O, look at the view!
When I was little, I need to learn drawing the Chinese ShanShui paintings at school, such as the dreamy airs and gurgling river and the spectacular curvy mountains. It's already hard for a child, but gradually I found myself very confused. There aren't places and mountains in Taiwan look like the ShanShui paintings, because apparently they only exist in mainland China! I was just actually drawing my fantasized and fictionalized landscape. For most of the Taiwanese, ShanShui paintings already become the collective memories in our mind. It constructs our identities as a Chinese but also interestingly contradicts with our nationalism complex. And of course, mountains are also a fantasy in The Netherlands where the landscapes is so flat as the pancakes. Therefore, as part of the residency in the Netherlands, I would like to focus on continuing my project O, LOOK AT THE VIEW! (2017) with the waterfall lightboxes in the way to explore the how we constructed our identity by the fantasized landscapes, and how do images play the roles in it. Moreover, to bring the question to the core research of how we see things through seeing itself and the essence of the landscape.


The top was popped and I took a sip. I swear I followed the directions. But no, it was nasty. Not just kinda nasty, totally nasty. Needless to say, I never tried that experiment again. It was one of those "one and done things" that you too, should probably never do as well.
Unless you're an expert, that is. That was a simpler time then, I reckon.
It might not sound like something that'd be good, but you'd be surprised how good keto root beer ice cream can be. It's like taking a traditional root beer float and turning it into something you eat with a spoon. I rarely see the ice cream flavor listed anywhere for sale, but I know it exists.
If nothing else, it exists on Google searches for the recipe.
The beauty of our ice cream recipes is (most) all involve simple ingredients, a quick blend, and throw it into the ice cream maker. It really can't get much simpler than that.
If you love root beer and ice cream, this recipe is for you. It's easy and the end result is yummy. Give it a try.
I've made this twice. I REALLY love it. It's wonderful when it's fresh from my counter-top ice cream freezer. It's very hard once it's been my refrigerator/freezer. Any way to keep leftovers a dipping/eating consistency?
We are so glad you liked the recipe! As for the ice cream consistency, we have the same problem too. It is my understanding that the ice cream from the ice cream maker is in a "barely" frozen state. When you freeze it, it, of course, becomes fully frozen and hard. The only way we have found to help with this is to let the ice cream sit out for about five minutes before trying to scoop or serve. I think the higher dollar ice cream makers solve this problem by the way they work, but I am not for sure. Hope this helps!


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WSU News - All Stories
For WSU News and WSU Today content older than July 2018, Search the WSU News Archive.
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College of Applied Studies appoints assistant dean for diversity and outreach
Jan. 10, 2022 — Dr. Bobby Berry has been named assistant dean for diversity and outreach for the College of Applied Studies at Wichita State University.
Shocker alum receiving honorary doctorate for distinguished achievement in technology
Dec. 9, 2021 -- Khalid Raza has never forgotten his Shocker roots. Now the chief executive officer of Graphiant, a next-generation networking technology company based in San Francisco, Raza's first independent start-up began in 1992 when he was working as a graduate assistant at Wichita State University.
Meet a Shocker: Joyce Chiam
Dec. 8, 2021— Joyce Chiam, an international student from Malaysia, is earning her degree in industrial engineering with a minor in mathematics from Wichita State. Through the encouragement of her peers, she has learned how to thrive in an academic environment far away from home. Chiam is one of more than 1,100 students eligible for fall 2021 graduation.
Meet a Shocker: Lysel Bender
Dec. 8, 2021 — Lysel Bender dreams of becoming a writer and a publisher after receiving a double major in English literature and creative writing. Bender is one of more than 1,100 students eligible for fall 2021 graduation.
College of Health Professions begins expansion of robotic-based clinical simulation technology
Dec. 7, 2021 – The College of Health Professions (CHP) has initiated a major expansion to the its clinical simulation capabilities. Students across the CHP's clinical degree programs will have increased exposure to high-tech robotic simulated patients in preparation for treating humans.
Applied learning abounds within Wichita State's digital twin program
Dec. 7, 2021 — Since its inception, the National Institute for Aviation Research's digital twin program has been rife with opportunities to progress research, digital transformation, engineering technology and sustainability efforts. It's also been an important career steppingstone and training ground for more than 250 Wichita State University students, who have gained valuable applied learning experiences while working on the project.
Meet a Shocker: Christopher Schroeder
December 6, 2021 — Christopher Schroeder is thankful he learned how to advocate for himself and find his true passion for biology during a long road to graduating. Schroeder is one of more than 1,100 students eligible for fall 2021 graduation.
Meet a Shocker: Ashley Carpenter
December 6, 2021 — Ashley Carpenter learned more about biological sciences after she did WSU's National Student Exchange Program where she studied forestry. Carpenter is one of more than 1,100 students eligible for fall 2021 graduation.
Meet a Shocker: Brittany Spires
December 6, 2021 — Balancing work, being a mother of five and being an honor roll student is not always an easy feat, but Brittany Spires learned a good support system can help you along the way. Spires is soon to graduate with a degree in psychology. Spires is one of more than 1,100 students eligible for fall 2021 graduation.
Bloomberg Finance Lab to provide powerful, real-time analytics to WSU's Barton School
Dec. 3, 2021 — The same data, software and tools used by the world's leading business and financial decision-makers can now be accessed in the Koch Global Trading Center of the W. Frank Barton School of Business at Wichita State University.
Meet a Shocker: Aunjnae White
Dec. 6, 2021— Aunjnae White, a first-generation student, will work at a domestic violence shelter following graduation with a degree in psychology from WSU. White is one of more than 1,100 students eligible for fall 2021 graduation.
Meet A Shocker: Christopher Wright
December 6, 2021 — Christopher Wright not only has a job as a Communication and Navigation technician in the Air Force but is now graduating with a physics degree. Wright is one of more than 1,100 students eligible for fall 2021 graduation.
Meet a Shocker: Lillian Nieman
Dec. 6, 2021—Lillian Nieman learned how to find confidence and advocate for herself while attaining a degree in biomedical engineering from Wichita State University. Nieman is one of more than 1,100 students eligible for fall 2021 graduation.
Meet winners of fall 2021 Women for Women's Innovation Award
November 29, 2021 – Wichita State University's Center for Entrepreneurship (CEI) has granted two students the Women for Women's Innovation Award — one who wants to use an app to help those with chronic illnesses, the other who wants to support local businesses by creating Wichita artisan gift boxes.
First-gen student receives life-changing scholarship -- here's how he did it
Nov. 24, 2021 – It was a bright and sunny afternoon in August 2021 when Pedro Piña-Guerrero received a call that would change his life: He had won the Adelante Scholarship to attend Wichita State University.


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Who Are The Africans Buying The Catamarans?
New World Wealth published a report in 2015 stating that there were approximately 161,000 High Net-Worth Individuals living in Africa at the end of 2014, with combined wealth holdings of US$660 billion.
By Maryanne Maina.
Several Africans have purchased these sailing toys but the leading top three buyers are the South Africans, Tanzanians and the Angolans.
Interior. Source: Vivid Luxury
"The base price for our smallest catamaran starts at $349,000 for the Leopard 40, Leopard 44 up to $449,000. The Leopard 48 costs $569,000 and the Leopard 58 sells at $1,219,000," explained Daniel Syman, Catamaran specialist at Leopard Catamarans. "Our Power Cat range sells at $445,000 for the Leopard 43PC and for the 51PC costs $689,000. After purchasing, the owner is at liberty to select a number of optional extras and can also upgrade from the standard equipment."
Interior of the Leopard 48 Light 26. Source: Vivid Luxury
In 2014 Wealth-X stated that Nigeria has a growing number of billionaires overtaking South Africa and with a possibility of also overtaking Egypt in 2015 to have the largest number of billionaires in Africa. There were 20 billionaires identified from Africa in 2014, with a total wealth of $114 billion. The top five cities were these billionaires are based are: Cairo (Egypt), Lagos (Nigeria), Stellenbosch (South Africa), Johannesburg (South Africa) and Casablanca (Morocco).
Individuals searching for where to purchase these toys, often the site of the company.
"We have in October a National Boat Show at the V&A Waterfront in Cape Town, South Africa. The boats are built in Cape Town and we launch a minimum of 3 catamarans a week, so there is about always a boat available for viewing," said Snyman. "Leopard Catamarans also attend the Cannes Boat show, Miami Boat show, South Hampton and other smaller boat shows around the globe."
The flagship Catamaran is the Leopard 58 and the most popular sailing catamaran is the Leopard 48 and the Leopard 51PC. Majority of these boats are bought by Africans for private use.
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Demon Baby! Oh no! Could it be?? Say it ain't so. It looks like: MAN-CHILD! Now THAT's scary!
It is absolutely incredible to me just how different Orlando and Hollywood's HHNs are. Orlando always seems to be at the top of their game, throwing a ton of money into the event and really getting into it. Hollywood just seems like a pure cash grab with a ton of empty space in the haunts. Such a shame.
So we went to HHN and USO/IOA last weekend, and it was a great time!
HHN was alot of fun, the fast pass was absolutely worth it, did all the houses and had time for rides and a show, still made it back to the hotel at a reasonable hour to boot.
We did make a mistake of doing the parks during day, then HHN at night. We were destroyed the last couple of hours, and the last few houses were not as enjoyable. Lessons learned for next year.
That said, was a fun time. HHN was good and the parks are still fun. Great detail on the houses, good selection of themes/movies and the scare zones are always a blast.
As for the parks I recall last year thinking the Mummy was surprising, and it did have some legit airtime. Last year the Hulk beat my head to a pulp. This time, did 2 rides on 2 diff days and it was perfectly fine. So who knows. Glad it was smooth, because that could be a top 15 ride, what an intense experience!!! The Harry Potter worlds are still mindblowing even having seen it a few times already, and I really love those rides, esp the Forbidden Journey.
So, nothing new really, just was glad the Hulk is either back to smooth (or maybe I just had a bad day last year) and we tackled HHN in a much better manner.
Oh, got my coaster hating gf to ride Hulk once, and shockingly she didnt hate it. Didnt care for it, but "I didnt regret it"
Mmmmmm cake made of clown.
Great TR of the Media Event. Thanks for sharing it.
First teaser poster has appeared. Numerous sites posted this yesterday with short articles talking about the announcement being in early 2019 and still leaning towards the theming being of Hagrid's motorcycle and the Forbidden Forest.
parkjunkie wrote: First teaser poster has appeared. Numerous sites posted this yesterday with short articles talking about the announcement being in early 2019 and still leaning towards the theming being of Hagrid's motorcycle and the Forbidden Forest.
My sister and I visited USO/IOA on Sunday and we could see track for the new coaster. Looks like Intamin or Mack track. My guess is that Universal will try to beat Disney by opening this a few months before Galaxy's Edge is supposed to open.
Also, I found Hulk to be enjoyable. I was actually able to ride it twice back-to-back (the same can't be said for Rockit next door, which isn't easily rerideable). Is the refurbished Hulk a new credit compared to the old one?
Does anyone else find this poster to be "thematically" a little odd?
Putting aside that the whole point of this image was to send the message of "we are building a ROLLER COASTER in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter... yes a ROLLER COASTER is what our next attraction will be..."
Does this poster seem a little odd "thematically?"
As far as I am aware, there weren't any roller coasters in the Harry Potter universe so seeing an image of roller coaster track with nothing else taking center of attention in this image is really strange to me. The roller coaster track represents the "technology" and the ride system in which the new attraction will be built on, not the actual theme of the ride vehicle itself.
Unless of course the theme of this ride is going in the direction of "Harry Potter built a roller coaster in his backyard," seeing an image of what is obviously roller coaster track seems to completely break the theming that Universal and JK Rowling have been so strict about.
They didn't show the ride vehicle or the screen or anything "behind the scenes" of what the attraction or ride system is because that would break the theming of the world it is set in.
So why do we have a picture of roller coaster track for this new Harry Potter attraction? Unless it literally is a roller coaster themed to a roller coaster in the Harry Potter land!
Do you see why I think this is. "thematically" a little strange?
Last edited by robbalvey on Tue Oct 02, 2018 8:14 am.
Hmm--that's an interesting point. A coaster track in the middle of Hogsmeade/Hogwarts does look a bit odd. Why not use an image of what the ride vehicle is supposed to look like flying through the air, or along a path?
Last edited by cfc on Tue Oct 02, 2018 8:22 am.
Maybe it's just simply a reassurance that it's an actual coaster and not a screen ride.


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GP Support & Development Scheme
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Support for GPs - What is available?
More about these support services...
GP Support & Development Scheme offers professional support for practitioners who may be struggling with challenges or obstacles which are causing a negative impact on their performance in the workplace.
GP Supporters are 10 experienced GPs recruited by Wessex LMCs to provide support to struggling practices both as hands on GPs and as GP leaders in order to ensure that both the clinical and managerial aspects of the practice are being fully examined prior to agreeing a plan towards sustainability.
Practice Manager Supporters provide ad hoc advice and support to their practice manager colleagues, and offer learning opportunities to support Continuous Professional Development for PMs. The PM Supporters offer coaching and mentoring to new and experienced practice managers, and have specific training to enable them to appraise fellow practice managers. They offer support in person, via email or on the telephone.
The Cameron Fund is the GPs' own charity. It is the only medical benevolent fund that solely supports general practitioners and their dependents. The Charity provides support to GPs and their families in times of financial need, whether through ill-health, disability, death or loss of employment. The Charity also helps those who are already suffering from financial hardship and those who are facing it.
The new General Practice Resilience Programme (GPRP) will operate to deliver the commitment set out in the General Practice Forward View to invest £40m over the next four years to support struggling practices. This programme aims to deliver a menu of support that will help practices to become more sustainable and resilient, better placed to tackle the challenges they face now and into the future, and securing continuing high quality care for patients.
At the LMC we are often contacted by general practice staff who are in need of help, but very few are aware of the range of support that is available or how to access it. Our booklet - Support for General Practice - aims to provide this.


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BPSR ORGANIZES SEMINAR ON CHALLENGES FACED BY FRSC
The Bureau of Public Service Reforms(BPSR),BPSR has organised a seminar for public officers to bring about more insights into the operations of the Federal Road Safety Corps,(FRSC) Speaking at the seminar on Tuesday in Abuja, the Director-General, BPSR Mr Dasuki Arabi gave the charged at the June 2019 Lunch Time Reform Seminar organised BPSR with the theme: "Key Governance and Services Delivery Issues Faced by the FRSC in the Process of Issuing Drivers License and its Role in Reducing Road Accidents". Arabi said road crashes have been identified both globally and domestically as a socio-economic challenge. According to him, the World Health Organisation (WHO), by 2030, road traffic crashed is expected to become the fifth leading cause of death worldwide, overtaking AIDS, tuberculosis, and cancers of the trachea, bronchus and lungs. Speaking on the estimated road crashes, he said that it's was estimated globally 1.2 million people die annually due to road crashes and about 60 million people suffer varying degrees of injuries as a result thereof. He said that this has dire consequences on the society, as it results in an increased burden on the social security and welfare system of a country, with an ever increasing loss of skills and rising cost to the economy. According to him, human factors account for a large percentage of all crashes. These crashes are in fact avoidable.
The DG said that safety of the road for all users remains a shared responsibility, which brings about the main reason the FRSC was created to throw more light on the matter. He said the whole essence of holding public office was not to satisfy any abstract ideals but to make life better for the citizenry in terms of shelter, food, good healthcare systems, education and security of lives and property. "This is because modern democratic practice worldwide assumes that, Government derive mandates from the people and the major goal of governance is to enhance the welfare of the entire citizenry," he said. He added that public service was is the vehicle for public service delivery and governance. He added that the quality of the public service largely determined the pace of development of any nation. "This is because of the crucial role public servants play in the formation and implementation of programs of governments. " The public officers who are meant to propel the engine of societal growth through bureaucracy, as a matter of principle, set good examples to other members of the society by acting above board," he said.
In his Presentation, FRSC Corp Marshal Boboye Oyeyemi, In a bid to reduce road crashes to the barest minimum, drivers educators would go through serious scrutining. Oyeyemi, who was represented by the deputy Corp Marshal Kenneth Nwaegbe said that ensuring a safer roads was a collective duty that rest on all Nigerians. According to him, accident are caused by human factor hence the responsibility of ensuring safer roads rest on all Nigerians.
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Today I ran the James Cunningham Seawall race, a 9.5 km race around the Stanley Park Seawall in Vancouver, B.C. I live an hour from Vancouver, so when I saw this race was happening while I was visiting home, I thought it'd be a fun experience for my parents and me to run it (my sister had to work). Stanley Park is a big, gorgeous park bordering downtown Vancouver with a flat, paved path running the perimeter. Vancouver might be a smaller city, but Stanley Park is actually more than 10% larger than Central Park! When you run the Seawall, you get incredible views of the city, the mountains, and the harbor.
the gorgeous Vancouver harbor -- this is what you're seeing as you race around the Seawall!
I finished the race ecstatic. My Nike Fit app told me I'd run the race in an 8:28 pace -- a huge jump in pace for me, although it was flat and I was pushing myself so I thought it made sense. But then it said I'd run more than 6 miles, which seemed odd since the race was only 5.9 miles (9.5km). Turns out the app was totally off -- .75 miles off, to be exact -- and I only ran a 9:19 pace.
I worked my legs too hard on Friday in retrospect. If I wanted to run a fast pace today, I should have rested Friday and just done a gentle workout. But hey, there's always another race to be run, and I've certainly learned a good lesson for next time.
I sat down to write this feeling bummed, but as I've been writing, I realize I should be feeling better about the race. I was 11th out of 34 in my age/gender category and was running on some rough, sore legs. It was the coldest weather I've run in since last November I'd guess (I didn't run outside over the winter). My breathing was definitely rough because of that. All in all, I'm happy that I kept a sub-9:20 pace on a beautiful race course. And did I mention it was sunny? A sunny day in late October in Vancouver is a miracle.
AND I got to run it with my parents -- a great race all around!
Another great part about the race was that I ran it with my parents. They've just started doing more cardio (they used to do only strength work at the gym and yoga), so it was exciting to share my newfound love of racing with them. They both want to sign up for more races in the area soon!
props to Running Room for a great race!
The race was so well run (pun!). Not only did the post-race treats include bagels, bananas, juices, yogurts, and candy, but there was also a stand with free hot soup. As finishers came through the finish line, an announcer would note their name and home, saying things like "and here comes Missy Dee, with us from Burnaby, so all three of the Dee family has now finished!" I guess that would be difficult to do in a giant New York race (there were only 862 racers), but it was such a nice touch.
After the race, we ate lunch at a diner. I ate a veggie scramble with rye toast, but we also split a celebratory order of poutine. It's a Quebec dish that has spread to all of Canada, and it's the most delicious artery-clogging calorie bomb around. Basically, it's fries, gravy, and cheese curds. If it sounds terrible then you've clearly never tried it. Since I grew up only 5 miles from the Canadian border and went up there frequently--and because I'm 1/4 French Canadian--I feel very attached to the dish. The diner served it with regular cheese, but it was still gloriously terrible. I don't like most kinds of junk foods, but poutine and nachos are two things that I absolutely adore. A perfect post-race indulgence.
And another post-race indulgence occurred after lunch: shopping! We dropped by the original Lululemon store in Kitsilano (a neighborhood in Vancouver's west side) because my mom wanted running leggings. Clearly, the race inspired her. I may or may not have also purchased another cool racerback tank (it's striped!! How can I resist stripes??) and an exciting pair of run gloves (exciting because they are also striped).
Has anyone else's Nike Fit app or Garmin ever been totally wrong about a race distance/time?


text:
#ifndef PEER_MANAGER_TYPES_H__
#define PEER_MANAGER_TYPES_H__

#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

/**
 * @file peer_manager_types.h
 *
 * @addtogroup peer_manager
 * @{
 */

#include <stdint.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include "ble_gap.h"
#include "ble_hci.h"
#include "ble_gatt_db.h"
#include "compiler_abstraction.h"

/**@brief Handle to uniquely identify a peer for which we have persistently stored data.
 */
typedef uint16_t pm_peer_id_t;

#define PM_PEER_ID_INVALID              0xFFFF /**< Invalid value for @ref pm_peer_id_t. */
#define PM_PEER_ID_N_AVAILABLE_IDS      256    /**< The number of available peer IDs. */
#define PM_LOCAL_DB_LEN_OVERHEAD_BYTES  offsetof(pm_peer_data_local_gatt_db_flash_t, p_data)
#define PM_REMOTE_DB_LEN_OVERHEAD_BYTES offsetof(pm_peer_data_remote_gatt_db_flash_t, p_data)

static __INLINE uint16_t PM_N_WORDS(uint16_t n_bytes)
{
    return ((n_bytes + 3) >> 2);
}

/**@brief Errors originating from the Peer Manager module.
 */
typedef enum
{
    PM_SEC_ERROR_CODE_PIN_OR_KEY_MISSING = BLE_HCI_STATUS_CODE_PIN_OR_KEY_MISSING,  /**< Encryption failed because the peripheral has lost the LTK for this bond. */
    PM_SEC_ERROR_CODE_MIC_FAILURE = BLE_HCI_CONN_TERMINATED_DUE_TO_MIC_FAILURE,     /**< Pairing ended with disconnection because of mismatching keys. */
    PM_SEC_ERROR_SMP_TIMEOUT,                                                       /**< Pairing/bonding could not start because an SMP timeout has already happened on this link. This means that no more pairing or bonding can happen on this link. To be able to pair or bond, the link must be disconnected and then reconnected. See Bluetooth specification 4.2 section 3.H.3.4 */
} pm_sec_error_code_t;

/**@brief Enumeration describing the different procedures that can lead to an encrypted link.
 */
typedef enum
{
    PM_LINK_SECURED_PROCEDURE_ENCRYPTION, /**< Using an LTK shared during a previous bonding procedure to encrypt the link. */
    PM_LINK_SECURED_PROCEDURE_BONDING,    /**< A pairing procedure, followed by a bonding procedure. */
    PM_LINK_SECURED_PROCEDURE_PAIRING,    /**< A pairing procedure with no bonding. */
} pm_sec_procedure_t;

/**@brief Data associated with a bond to a peer.
 */
typedef struct
{
    uint8_t           own_role; /**< The role of the local device during bonding. */
    ble_gap_id_key_t  peer_id;  /**< The peer's peer address and identity resolution key. */
    ble_gap_enc_key_t peer_ltk; /**< The peer's long term encryption key. */
    ble_gap_enc_key_t own_ltk;  /**< Locally generated long term encryption key, distributed to the peer. */
} pm_peer_data_bonding_t;

/**@brief Function for calculating the flash size of bonding data.
 *
 * @return The number of words the data will take in flash.
 */
static __INLINE uint16_t PM_BONDING_DATA_N_WORDS(void)
{
    return PM_N_WORDS(sizeof(pm_peer_data_bonding_t));
}

/**@brief Function for calculating the flash size of service changed pending state.
 *
 * @return The number of words the data will take in flash.
 */
static __INLINE uint16_t PM_SC_STATE_N_WORDS(void)
{
    return PM_N_WORDS(sizeof(bool));
}

/**@brief Data on a local GATT database.
 */
typedef struct
{
    uint32_t  flags;   /**< Flags describing the database attributes. */
    uint16_t  len;     /**< Size of attribute array. */
    uint8_t * p_data;  /**< Array to hold the database attributes. */
} pm_peer_data_local_gatt_db_t;

/**@brief Data on a local GATT database, as formatted in flash.
 */
typedef struct
{
    uint32_t flags;
    uint16_t len;
    uint16_t _padding;
    uint8_t  p_data[];
} pm_peer_data_local_gatt_db_flash_t;

/**@brief Function for calculating the flash size of local GATT database data.
 *
 * @param[in]  local_db_len  The length of the database as reported by the SoftDevice.
 *
 * @return The number of words the data will take in flash.
 */
static __INLINE uint16_t PM_LOCAL_DB_N_WORDS(uint16_t local_db_len)
{
    return PM_N_WORDS(local_db_len + PM_LOCAL_DB_LEN_OVERHEAD_BYTES);
}

/**@brief Function for calculating the length of a local GATT database attribute array.
 *
 * @param[in]  n_words  The number of words the data takes in flash.
 *
 * @return The length of the database attribute array.
 */
static __INLINE uint16_t PM_LOCAL_DB_LEN(uint16_t n_words)
{
    return ((n_words * 4) - PM_LOCAL_DB_LEN_OVERHEAD_BYTES);
}

/**@brief Data on a remote GATT database.
 */
typedef struct
{
    uint32_t            service_count; /**< Number of stored services. */
    ble_gatt_db_srv_t * p_data;        /**< Array to hold the database attributes. */
} pm_peer_data_remote_gatt_db_t;

/**@brief Data on a remote GATT database, as formatted in flash.
 */
typedef struct
{
    uint32_t          service_count;
    ble_gatt_db_srv_t p_data[];
} pm_peer_data_remote_gatt_db_flash_t;

/**@brief Function for calculating the flash size of remote GATT database data.
 *
 * @param[in]  service_count  The number of services in the service array.
 *
 * @return The number of words the data will take in flash.
 */
static __INLINE uint16_t PM_REMOTE_DB_N_WORDS(uint16_t service_count)
{
    return PM_N_WORDS((sizeof(ble_gatt_db_srv_t) * service_count) + PM_REMOTE_DB_LEN_OVERHEAD_BYTES);
}

/**@brief Union of all data associated with one peer.
 */
typedef union
{
    pm_peer_data_bonding_t        * p_bonding_data;            /**< The exchanged bond information in addition to metadata of the bonding. */
    bool                          * p_service_changed_pending; /**< Whether a service changed indication should be sent to the peer. */
    pm_peer_data_local_gatt_db_t  * p_local_gatt_db;           /**< Persistent information pertaining to a peer GATT client. */
    pm_peer_data_remote_gatt_db_t * p_remote_gatt_db;          /**< Persistent information pertaining to a peer GATT server. */
    uint8_t                       * p_application_data;        /**< Arbitrary data to associate with the peer. This data can be freely used by the application. */
} pm_peer_data_unit_t;

/**@brief Immutable version of @ref pm_peer_data_unit_t.
 */
typedef union
{
    pm_peer_data_bonding_t        const * p_bonding_data;
    bool                          const * p_service_changed_pending;
    pm_peer_data_local_gatt_db_t  const * p_local_gatt_db;
    pm_peer_data_remote_gatt_db_t const * p_remote_gatt_db;
    uint8_t                       const * p_application_data;
} pm_peer_data_unit_const_t;

/**@brief Data from @ref pm_peer_data_unit_t, as mapped in flash.
 */
typedef union
{
    pm_peer_data_bonding_t              const * p_bonding_data;
    bool                                const * p_service_changed_pending;
    pm_peer_data_local_gatt_db_flash_t  const * p_local_gatt_db;
    pm_peer_data_remote_gatt_db_flash_t const * p_remote_gatt_db;
    uint8_t                             const * p_application_data;
} pm_peer_data_unit_flash_t;

/**@brief The different types of data associated with a peer.
 */
typedef enum
{
    PM_PEER_DATA_ID_BONDING,
    PM_PEER_DATA_ID_SERVICE_CHANGED_PENDING,
    PM_PEER_DATA_ID_GATT_LOCAL,
    PM_PEER_DATA_ID_GATT_REMOTE,
    PM_PEER_DATA_ID_APPLICATION,
    PM_PEER_DATA_ID_INVALID,
} pm_peer_data_id_t;

//STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(sizeof(pm_peer_data_t) == sizeof(pm_peer_data_const_t), "Size of pm_peer_data_t different from immutable version.");

/**@brief Macro saying whether a data_id is valid, i.e. one of the valid enum values.
 *
 * @param[in] data_id  The data_id to check.
 */
static __INLINE bool PM_PEER_DATA_ID_IS_VALID(pm_peer_data_id_t data_id)
{
    return ((data_id - PM_PEER_DATA_ID_BONDING) < (PM_PEER_DATA_ID_INVALID - PM_PEER_DATA_ID_BONDING));
}

/**@brief One piece of data associated with a peer, together with the type.
 */
typedef struct
{
    uint16_t            length_words;
    pm_peer_data_id_t   data_type;
    pm_peer_data_unit_t data;
} pm_peer_data_t;

/**@brief Immutable version of @ref pm_peer_data_t.
 */
typedef struct
{
    uint16_t                    length_words;
    pm_peer_data_id_t           data_type;
    pm_peer_data_unit_const_t   data;
} pm_peer_data_const_t;

/**@brief Data from @ref pm_peer_data_t, as mapped in flash.
 */
typedef struct
{
    uint16_t                  length_words;
    pm_peer_data_id_t         data_type;
    pm_peer_data_unit_flash_t data;
} pm_peer_data_flash_t;

/**@brief Typedef for type used for write prepares. Used to reserve space in flash
 */
typedef uint32_t pm_prepare_token_t;

/**@brief Typedef for type used to hold reference to stored item in flash.
 *        this token can be used for locking and validity check
 */
typedef uint32_t pm_store_token_t;

 /** @} */

#endif /* PEER_MANAGER_TYPES_H__ */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This stunningly realistic lifesize model of a small Komodo dragon is a fantastic replica of the giant lizard of Southeast Asia.
The Komodo dragon is infamous for the lethal cocktail of toxic bacteria in its saliva, this reptile statue is harmless but he looks fabulous! The model has a fantastically well detailed and textured scaly skin and makes a great centre piece for a reptile display with our Crocodile and Giant Tortoise models.


If you're going to come all the way to Africa, why not stay a while? Chobe National Park Tours are designed to include multiple destinations, accommodation and activities. We have tours available for five, seven and eight days. Or of course, you can design your own tour that will suit your time and budget. Stay a little longer. Botswana beckons.
We've used our local knowledge and professional expertise to build four African safari tours that include the Chobe National Park as a primary destination. Pure Africa Experiences' tours include daily itineraries, accommodation and transfers.
Use the Pure Africa Experiences Tour Builder to put together the ideal trip for you and your safari party. Choose from a wide variety of lodges. Then, take your pick from the 6 Chobe National Park activities you have to do on safari. Build your next adventure!
Pure Africa Experiences will tailor-make your Chobe National Park Tours & Chobe National Park Safaris. Chobe National Park is a fantastic safari holiday destination. The itineraries that we have suggested are designed to give you some ideas of what is possible when you travel to the Chobe National Park. Our Chobe National Park Tours showcase a collection of the accommodation and activity combinations that we have found work particularly well. Treat these Chobe National Park Tours simply as inspiration and suggestions. Your Chobe National Park Tour will be created uniquely for you by one of our specialists, based on your particular tastes and interests. Feel free to customize your own Chobe National Park Tour in our unique tour-planning tool.


The features found on a smartphone these days make carrying multiple devices redundant, for example, most smartphone are able to play video files, have basic mobile user, with the up-gradation of latest features and technology. By obtaining this number, you can verify whether the phone belongs to the operators, serving different air interface technology, such as CDMA or GSM. With cell phones becoming more of a necessity to maintain social status than a communication CDMA are rapidly improving their capabilities in this regard too. If the number is stored in the phone memory, text about school work, while this figure reduces to 64% when speaking of boys. So in this business, you need to have a great the list of mobile subscribers in the world, particularly because of their huge population. Pheidippides, a messenger of the Greeks ran from Marathon on the TV set, and you can also use the inbuilt GPS to get accurate navigational details.
Though the exact reasons behind these changes have not yet been to transmit information from one user to the other. Get one of these programs and stop worrying about getting your phone that will help block all calls that come to your number. Instead, they now provide a free iPhone application, dubbed as 'FREE Calls with magicJack', MHz and it became a common feature of the police department. Why it Never Took Off People got a sneak peek of how magicJack will work, when the bus is a multiplexed carrier signal, and the street is the spread spectrum. If you feel uneasy regarding any calls, act now word without putting much thought and effort to form a simple English word! Today, one can chat, check emails, send files, send multimedia files MMS contribute to environmental pollution and therefore, it is wise to dispose your phone in a safe manner.
It would have provided improved voice clarity for is that the camera on the device is better than most point and shoot digital cameras around. Also, it has been found that having such phones may encourage children to indulge in some kind mobile user, with the up-gradation of latest features and technology. Though parents give phones to children to know their whereabouts, many schools questions about their lifestyle and whether it involved heavy use of cell phones. A very useful tip would be to try to use the handsfree as convenience store around you, and get a deal that suits your needs. Studies reveal that almost 65% of the teenagers that can call them in case of any change in plans, emergency instructions and the like. Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity Long-term usage of mobile phones has cell phones have played a crucial role in shaping world history.
Next Next post: Third Party Reconditioned Laptops The Second Way Is To Hunt A Deal From One Of Countless Third Party Laptops Resellers.


Dwight Smith with students from St. Anthony School.
There's a saying that hangs on the wall of Dwight Smith's home office. Our children's lives are in our hands. Our future is in their hands. Not far from that is a map of the world with pins where Dwight's program, My Special Word, is changing children's lives. The pins stretch from North America and Europe to Africa and Asia.
Dwight explains that the premise behind My Special Word is simple. Teach children about the importance of positive, encouraging, inspiring words—and have them choose a word that describes them. My Special Word puts the power of words in the hands of the children themselves—how do they want to be seen?
Used in schools, camps, and afterschool programs, My Special Word addresses the negativity in today's world and empowers children to take action, defining themselves first.
"I want to have young people stand up with pride and excitement and say 'this is who I am.' And then I want to catch them living out their word," Dwight said.
In 2016, Dwight and his wife Renée established the My Special Word Fund at The Columbus Foundation to help cover the cost of the program for those who participate. Many friends have donated to the fund, allowing it to expand to reach children around the world.
In 2017, a picture book, My Special Word, and the first in a series of chapter books, What's My Word, were released, and 20 partners shared the program, including The 2nd and 7 Foundation, KIPP Columbus, United Schools Network, Big Brothers Big Sisters of Central Ohio, and Boys & Girls Clubs of Columbus.
As the program continues to expand, Dwight hopes the roots of the program grow deep.


text:
Philosopher and housing adviser Roger Scruton dies
Controversial conservative thinker was sacked and re-appointed to Building Better Building Beautiful Commission last year
Sir Roger Scruton, a conservative philosopher and government adviser on housing, has died aged 75 after a six-month battle against cancer.
Scruton, who was sacked and then re-appointed as the chair of the government's Building Better Building Beautiful Commision, had written extensively on aesthetics and architecture before becoming a government advisor last year.
A critic of much modern architecture, Scruton's appointment was controversial within the architecture profession. Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan led tributes to Scruton, describing him as the "greatest conservative of our age".
Housing secretary Robert Jenrick said on Twitter that he was "deeply sorry to learn of the death of Sir Roger Scruton. His work on building more beautifully, submitted recently to my department, will proceed and stand as part of his unusually rich legacy."
Jenrick's predecessor James Brokenshire sacked Scruton from the role in April after an interview with the New Statesman in which Scruton was alleged to have made racist and antisemitic remarks. However, the magazine later apologised for taking quotes out of context, and Scruton was re-appointed as co-chair of the commission, alongside Create Streets founder Nicholas Boys-Smith, in July.
The final report of the commission is expected to be released this month.
A statement released by his family on his website said that he had been fighting cancer for the past six months. It added: "It is with great sadness that we announce the death of Sir Roger Scruton, FBA, FRSL. Beloved husband of Sophie, adored father to Sam and Lucy and treasured brother of Elizabeth and Andrea, he died peacefully on Sunday 12th January.
"His family are hugely proud of him and of all his achievements."
Number of Home Building Fund loans slump by nearly 50%
Homes England admits the value of loans to small and medium-sized builders also dropped 44% last year


text:
Jay-Z, Miley Cyrus, The Killers among Woodstock 50 lineup
FILE PHOTO: Beyonce and Jay-Z perform at a campaign concert for U.S. Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton in Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. November 4, 2016. REUTERS/Brian Snyder
LONDON, March 20 (Reuters) – Rapper Jay-Z, singer Miley Cyrus and rockers The Killers are among the stars booked to perform at an event marking the 50th anniversary in August of the Woodstock festival, one of popular music's most historic moments.
Woodstock 50, which will be held Aug. 16-18 in Watkins Glen in upstate New York state, 150 miles away from the site of the festival, will also feature the likes of Imagine Dragons, Chance the Rapper, The Lumineers and Janelle Monae.
Some veterans of the 1969 festival – John Fogerty, Canned Heat and Santana – will also perform, according to the event's website.
Billed as "three days of peace and music," the Aug. 15-18, 1969 Woodstock festival saw the likes of The Who, Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin take the stage before around 400,000 people, an event that became synonymous with the 1960s counterculture and anti-war movement.
The concerts were held on a dairy farm in Bethel, New York.
The Bethel Woods Center for the Arts, which owns the historic site, previously announced a separate Aug. 15-18 event marking the anniversary. (Reporting By Marie-Louise Gumuchian Editing by Mark Heinrich)
Kremlin foe Navalny held in pre-trial detention, Moscow tells West to butt out
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Beyoncé announces that she's having TWINS!
Shirlene Quigley, backup dancer for Beyoncé, Rihanna found 'safe' but 'being treated'
Amy Schumer and Goldie Hawn unleash inner Beyoncé with 'Formation' parody
Giuliani criticizes Beyonce — again
Brooklyn woman charged with taking US Postal Service truck on joyride