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18F-FDG/PET May Help to Identify a Subgroup of Patients with T1-T2 Breast Cancer and 1-3 Positive Lymph Nodes Who Are at a High Risk of Recurrence after Mastectomy
Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(2):508-517
Cancer Res TreatJournal ArchiveCancer Res Treat. 2016;48(2)
Publication date (electronic) : 2015 September 9
doi : https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.172
Jee Suk Chang, MD1, Jeongshim Lee, MD1, Hyun Jung Kim, MD2, Kyung Hwan Kim, MD1, Mijin Yun, MD, PhD2, Seung Il Kim, MD, PhD3, Ki Chang Keum, MD, PhD1, Chang-Ok Suh, MD, PhD1, Yong Bae Kim, MD, PhD1
1Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Correspondence: Yong Bae Kim, MD, PhD Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea Tel: 82-2-2228-8095 Fax: 82-2-312-9033 E-mail: ybkim3@yuhs.ac
*Jee Suk Chang and Jeongshim Lee contributed equally to this work.
Received 2015 May 19; Accepted 2015 August 18.
The purpose of this study is to assess the utility of positron emission tomography (PET) for predicting recurrence among patients with T1-T2/N1 breast cancer who were treated with mastectomy.
Of 712 consecutive patients with T1-T2/N1 breast cancer treated during 2003-2012, 109 had undergone preoperative 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose/PET and were included. Metabolic (maximum standardized uptake value [SUVmax]), volumetric (metabolic tumor volume [MTV]), and combined (total lesion glycolysis [TLG]) indices were measured. The resulting values were analyzed and compared with clinical outcome.
At the median follow-up of 46.7 months, the 3-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rate was 95.2%. SUVmax (area under curve, 0.824) was more useful than MTV or TLG as a means of identifying patients at high risk for any recurrence. In multivariate analysis, SUVmax remained an independent risk factor for RFS (p=0.006). Using the method of Contal and O'Quigley, a SUVmax threshold of 5.36 showed the best predictive performance. The PET-based high-risk group (≥ 5.36 in either breast or nodes) had more T1c-T2, high-grade, hormone-receptor negative, and invasive ductal carcinoma tumors than the low-risk group (< 5.36 in both breast and nodes). The prognosis was much worse when high SUVmax (≥ 5.36) was detected in nodes (p < 0.001). In the no-radiotherapy cohort, the PET-based high-risk group had increased risk of locoregional recurrence when compared to the low-risk group (p=0.037).
High SUVmax on preoperative PET showed association with elevated risk of locoregional recurrence and any recurrence. Pre-treatment PET may improve assessments of recurrence risk and clarify indications for post-mastectomy radiotherapy in this subset of patients.
Keywords: Breast neoplasms; Positron-emission tomography; Recurrence; Prognosis; Mastectomy
The results of meta-analyses by the Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG) showed that postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) reduced the risks of recurrence and cancer death [1]. Updated studies confirmed benefits of PMRT in patients with N1 disease, irrespective of the use of systemic therapy and axillary dissection [2,3]. When using modern treatment approaches, accurate identification of high-risk patients for PMRT while sparing the remaining patients from potentially unnecessary and costly therapy, and continuing to provide them with excellent local control rates is imperative [4,5]. However, the indications for PMRT are still determined on a case-by-case basis, and definitive indications have varied significantly across institutions and changed over time. Thus, the development of a practical prognostic indicator for recurrence is required to optimize the application of PMRT for this controversial situation.
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose/positron emission tomography (18F-FDG/PET), which detects the enhanced glycolysis of tumors, has emerged as a useful imaging tool in staging, evaluation of treatment response, and predicting the prognosis of breast cancer [6]. In Korea, 18F-FDG/PET staging is reimbursed for patients who are newly diagnosed with breast cancer; as a result, its use has increased for both locally advanced and early-stage breast cancers. Here, we sought to evaluate the potential utility of 18F-FDG/PET for predicting prognosis in a group of T1-T2/N1 breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy, and we assessed the question of whether this PET-based high-risk group was at increased risk of locoregional recurrence after treatment without PMRT, who might be potential candidates for adjuvant radiation therapy.
1. Patients
A total of 712 consecutive patients who underwent mastectomy and were diagnosed with pathologic T1-T2/N1 breast cancer at a single institution between 2003 and 2012 were identified. Of these 712 patients, the 109 who underwent preoperative 18F-FDG/PET scanning were included in the current study. At our institution, 18F-FDG/PET staging was first offered to patients with early breast cancer in November 2003. An increase in systemic staging with 18F-FDG/PET was observed in our study cohort during the study period (2003-2009: n=46/361, 14% vs. 2010-2012: n=63/114, 55%).
All patients underwent modified radical mastectomy. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) sampling was performed in all patients, except those (19%) who had biopsy-confirmed or suspicious axillary nodal metastasis on PET imaging. If the frozen section of the SLN was positive, the patient underwent completion of axillary dissection (median, 12 nodes; range, 4 to 34 nodes). Although PMRT was delivered at the physician's discretion, it was generally performed for patients with high-risk features (mainly based on the number of positive lymph nodes). Adjuvant systemic therapy was selected after discussion with the patient's medical oncologist.
3. 18F-FDG/PET
18F-FDG/PET scans were performed using a dedicated PET/computed tomography (CT) scanner (Discovery STE, GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK, or Biograph TruePoint 40, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany). The mean time interval from PET scan to mastectomy was 10±9 days. The detailed protocols for measurement of blood glucose concentration, determination of injected 18F-FDG quantity, low-dose and contrast enhanced CT and PET scans, and PET data reconstruction have all been described previously [7]. Semiquantitative and volumetric measurements of maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), mean SUV (SUVmean), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) of whole body tumors were performed with the PETedge tool that is available in MIMvista software (MIMvista Corp., Cleveland, OH), according to the protocol of Liao et al. [8]. After contouring the tumor using the PETedge tool, volumes of interest (VOIs) were automatically produced by spatial derivatives to locate the tumor surface. The estimated VOIs were manually adjusted using a 2-D "ball" contouring tool. In this study, SUVmax was the maximum SUVmax of all tumors either in breast tissue or in the axillary area. TLG was calculated as follows: TLG=SUVmean×MTV. MTV and TLG were computed after summing the corresponding values of all tumors. 18F-FDG/PET was administered at the clinical discretion of the treating physician during the study period.
4. Statistical analysis
The primary end-point of our study was relapse-free survival (RFS), defined as the length of time from the date of mastectomy to any type of relapse. RFS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Comparisons of PET parameters according to clinical parameters or any recurrence (locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis as first site of failure) were performed using t tests. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a post-hoc Bonferroni's correction was used for multiple comparisons. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were performed to determine which parameter was most useful for predicting disease recurrence risk. Univariate and multivariate analyses of disease-free survival (DFS) were performed using Cox's proportional hazards regression method to assess whether the PET parameter retained statistical significance after adjusting for known clinicopathologic variables. Clinically relevant variables were selected, and multivariate analysis was performed using backwards elimination. The method of Contal and O'Quigley was used to determine the cut-off point for the PET parameter, to allow objective dichotomization [9]. Using this method, the optimal cut-off point is determined by setting it to the point that maximizes the model likelihood. Because all possible cut-off points are assessed, an adjustment is applied to the p-value to control for type I error. Next, to identify the subgroup of patients who may benefit from PMRT, a secondary analysis was performed, excluding patients who underwent PMRT (no-PMRT cohort). The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS ver. 20.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, IBM Co., Armonk, NY) or SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).
1. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics
The median follow-up period was 46.7 months (range, 14 to 127 months). Data on patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The median age of patients was 49 years (range, 27 to 92 years). The mean tumor size was 2.0±0.9 cm (range, 0.4 to 4.5 cm). SLN sampling was performed in 87 patients (81%), with a median of 3 (range, 1 to 7) identified. Axillary dissections were performed in all patients with a median of 12 (range, 4 to 34) total nodes dissected. Adjuvant systemic therapy was administered in most patients (105 of 109, 96%) as follows: chemotherapy (n=94, 86%) and endocrine therapy (n=58, 54%). PMRT was delivered to 34% of the patients.
Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics
2. Semiquantitative analysis of PET parameters
Most patients (97.2%) had 18F-FDG–avid tumors in the primary site, and 22 patients (20.2%) had 18F-FDG–avid tumors in axillary nodes. For whole body tumors (WT), the average SUVmax, MTV, and TLG was 4.79±3.07, 7.07±5.97 mL, and 20.22±26.0, respectively. For 18F-FDG–avid tumors in breast tissue (n=106), the average SUVmax, MTV, and TLG was 4.75±3.01, 5.92±5.02 mL, and 17.49±23.48, respectively. For 18F-FDG–avid tumors in axillary nodes (n=22), the average SUVmax, MTV, and TLG was 4.70±3.38, 4.09±4.14 mL, and 12.00±16.13, respectively.
Significant correlations were observed among three parameters (TLGWT vs. MTVWT, Spearman's rho=0.882; TLGWT vs. SUVmax WT, rho=0.718; MTVWT vs. SUVmax WT, rho=0.574; all p < 0.001). Differences in SUVmax WT, MTVWT, and TLGWT according to clinicopathologic parameters are shown in Table 2. A significantly higher mean SUVmax WT was observed for invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) tumors compared with non-IDC tumors (p < 0.001). Significantly higher mean values of SUVmax WT, MTVWT, and TLGWTwere observed in T2, high-grade (G3), estrogen receptor (ER)–negative, or progesterone receptor (PR)–negative, tumors than in T1, non-high grade (G1/2), ER+, or PR+ tumors, respectively (all p < 0.05). In addition, as T stage increased, SUVmax of breast, axillary nodes, and WT were increased and more FDG-avid tumors were found in axillary nodes (T1a, 0%; T1b, 13.3%; T1c, 20.5%; T2, 22.9%) (Table 3).
Comparisons of PET indices in whole body tumors according to clinicopathologic parameters (n=109)
Comparisons of PET indices in breast, lymph node, and WT according to T classification (n=109)
3. Recurrence
At the time of analysis, six patients (6%) had experienced any recurrences, three presented with locoregional recurrence and three presented with distant metastasis. Six patients (6%) died, either with (n=2) or without (n=4) disease progression. The 3-year RFS and overall survival (OS) rates were 95.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91.1% to 99.3%) and 91.8% (95% CI, 84.7% to 98.9%), respectively. The relationship between SUV results and tumor recurrence was examined; patients with any recurrence had higher levels of SUVmax WT, MTVWT, and TLGWT at baseline than those without any recurrence (Fig. 1A). Similar levels of SUVmax WT, MTVWT, and TLGWT were observed between patients who failed locoregionally or distally (all p=0.001; ANOVA with Bonferroni correction) (Fig. 1B).
Box plots of maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax WT), metabolic tumor volume (MTVWT), and total lesion glycolysis (TLGWT), as shown for any recurrence (Rec) (A) and locoregional recurrence (LRR) and distant metastasis (DM) (B).
4. Usefulness of PET for predicting recurrence
ROC curves were generated for SUVmax WT, MTVWT, and TLGWT (Fig. 2). In the ROC analyses, the areas under the curves (AUCs) were 0.824 (95% CI, 0.715 to 0.932) for SUVmax, 0.733 (95% CI, 0.574 to 0.892) for MTV, and 0.778 (95% CI, 0.629 to 0.928) for TLG. These results indicated that SUVmax WT was the most useful index for predicting patients at high risk of developing any recurrence. The relationship of SUVmax WT with the time of any recurrence was also assessed after adjusting for all available clinicopathological variables. In univariate analysis, increased SUVmax WT (considered as a continuous variable) showed significant association with poorer RFS (p=0.001). The significance of this relationship with RFS was retained in the stepwise multivariate regression analysis (p=0.004) (Table 4).
Receiver-operating characteristics curves for maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) of whole body tumors.
Stepwise univariate and multivariate analyses using Cox's regression method for disease-free survival in 109 patients
The method of Contal and O'Quigley was also used to objectively determine a cut-off point for SUVmax WT [9]. According to this method, the best predicted clinical performance was a threshold of 5.36, which provided a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 100%, 71%, 17%, and 100%, respectively. The patients were then divided into two groups (high- vs. low-risk) according to this cut-off point, and the characteristics of patients with SUVmax WT ≥ 5.36 were compared to those of patients with SUVmax < 5.36. PET-based high-risk patients (SUVmax WT ≥ 5.36) had more T1c-T2 (vs. T1a-T1b), high-grade, ER/PR negative, and IDC (vs. non-IDC) tumors than lowrisk patients (SUVmax WT < 5.36) (all p < 0.05). Three-year RFS was 85.4% in the PET-based high-risk group compared with 100% in the low-risk group (p < 0.001) (Fig. 3A). The prognosis was much worse when high SUVmax (≥ 5.36) was detected in axillary lymph nodes (p < 0.001) (Fig. 3B).
Relapse-free survival rates in the entire cohort (n=109) (A, B) and locoregional recurrence-free survival (C) in the no post-mastectomy radiotherapy cohort (n=72), according to high (≥ 5.36) and low (< 5.36) maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of whole body tumors (WT) (SUVmax WT), the primary tumor (Br) (SUVmax Br), or the axillary lymph nodes (LN) (SUVmax LN).
5. Locoregional recurrence in the no-PMRT cohort
In the no-PMRT cohort (n=72), an increased risk of locoregional recurrence was observed for the PET-based high-risk group, compared with the PET-based low-risk group (3-year locoregional recurrence-free survival, 92.9% vs. 100%; p=0.037) (Fig. 3C). However, age, T stage, number of positive lymph nodes, histologic grade, ER/PR/HER2 status, 18F-FDG–avidity in axillary nodes, and other factors did not show significant association with risk of locoregional recurrence.
In this study, we have described the efficacy of PET for identifying patients with T1-T2/N1 breast cancer with a high risk of disease recurrence after mastectomy and standard systemic therapy. We found an association of higher SUVmax WT with both poorer RFS in the entire cohort and a higher risk of locoregional recurrence in the no-PMRT cohort. The SUVmax cut-off value that best predicted prognosis was 5.36. Compared with tumors in the PET-defined low-risk group, tumors in the high-risk group were more likely to have the following characteristics: T1c-T2 (vs. T1a-T1b) stage, high grade, ER/PR negativity, and IDC (vs. non-IDC). In conjunction with conventional risk stratification that relies on multiple factors, preoperative 18F-FDG/PET information may enable identification of high-risk groups with enhanced accuracy. We hypothesize that once these select groups are identified, they may represent the population of T1-2/N1 breast cancer patients who might benefit from PMRT.
Previous retrospective studies have investigated the usefulness of PET in breast cancer, with findings similar to ours [10-14]. Osborne et al. [10] reported that ER– tumors had higher 18F-FDG-uptake than ER+ tumors (median SUVmax, 8.5 vs. 4.0). A study by Mavi et al. [11] reported that ER status alone (rather than PR or HER2 status) had an effect on FDG uptake (F=9.126, p < 0.01). Baba et al. [12] reported correlation of high SUVmaxwith larger tumor size, higher grade, and triple-negative tumors, as well as poor prognosis (5-year DFS: ≥ 4.16 [n=32], 80% vs. < 4.16 [n=28], 100%). Song et al. [13] reported that nodal SUVmax was the only determinant of DFS among well-known clinical variables in N1-3 patients (n=65), similar to our finding that high SUVmax in lymph nodes was associated with worse RFS than high SUVmax in the primary tumor. Nakajima et al. [14] reported association of MTV and TLG with tumor size, number of positive nodes, nodal ratio, nuclear grade, ER status, and triple negative status. Nakajima et al. [14] found that larger MTV was an independent risk factor for locoregional recurrence-free survival and DFS. In comparison with our cohort of patients, the cohort considered by Nakajima et al. [14] had different characteristics, including a higher proportion of T2 disease (63% vs. 44%), more biologically aggressive behavior (SUVmax, MTV, and TLG; median 7.2, 31.7, and 73.4 vs. mean 4.8, 7.1, 20.2), and lesser use of chemotherapy (62.4% vs. 86%). These differences may have increased the importance of MTV in the study by Nakajima et al. [14] as compared with our own. However, both studies found that the AUC of SUVmax was high (> 0.80), and the consistency of these findings should be highlighted.
Compared with other studies, our study had the following strengths: (1) the cohort consisted of a homogenous group of patients with pathologic T1-T2/N1 disease, who were treated with mastectomy and current standard adjuvant therapy. In addition, (2) we did not limit the investigation to metabolic (SUVmax) values, but also assessed volumetric (MTV) values and the combination of both indices (in the form of TLG). The relationships between these indices, RFS, and locoregional recurrence were then evaluated. Finally, (3) the analyses focused on an issue that is currently relevant in clinical practice.
From a cost-effectiveness perspective, it is not clear whether PET should be offered to all patients with T1-T2/N1 disease, in order to identify those at high risk of recurrence, and accordingly indicate PMRT. If our results are confirmed in other series, cost-effectiveness will present another clinical issue. Currently, National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) experts recommend against the routine use of PET in early breast cancer because of high false-negative rates in small or low grade breast tumors, low sensitivity for detection of nodal metastasis, low prior probability of distant metastasis, and (mainly) cost-ineffectiveness [15]. However, recent studies (including studies with prospective designs) have raised the possibility that PET may have a role in stage II breast cancer [15-19]. The following studies reported relevant results: Groves et al. [17] found that PET impacted cancer management in 16% of patients with stage II disease, Groheux et al. [15] reported that PET modified staging in 5.5% of patients with stage IA disease and 13% of patients with stage IB disease, and the Ontario Clinical Oncology Group Study reported that PET could influence surgical care by avoiding unnecessary SLN biopsies [16].
Our study has several limitations, including those that are inherent to retrospective analyses. Because of the small number of events (recurrences), it was not possible to perform a more complete statistical analysis. Longer follow-up is needed to clarify the relationship between 18F-FDG uptake and dormancy/late recurrence. Although the 5-year OS did not differ significantly according to the use of PET in our cohort (n=712; 5-year OS rate, 93.1% with PET vs. 91% without PET; p=0.412), it is possible that selection bias in our study sample resulted in a better prognosis in the PET group, affecting the results in terms of the cut-off value.
In conclusion, we found that a high SUVmax (≥ 5.36) was associated with an increased risk of locoregional recurrence, as well as any recurrence. Patients with high SUVmax in lymph node involvement appeared to have a much worse prognosis than those with high SUVmax in primary tumors. However, these findings are purely hypothesis generating; confirmatory studies with larger cohorts and longer follow-up periods are necessary before PET-defined risk assessment can be routinely adopted for early breast cancer. Efforts to define the optimal cut-off values of PET parameters are also necessary.
Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.
We thank Hye Sun Lee, MS, Department of Biostatistics, Severance Hospital, for statistical consultation and analysis of the data.
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No. (%) (n=109)
< 45 29 (27)
≥ 45 80 (73)
IDC 100 (92)
Non-IDC 9 (8)
T stage
T1 61 (56)
T1a 2 (2)
T1b 15 (14)
T1c 44 (40)
Negative 102 (94)
Positive 7 (6)
No. of positive lymph nodes
1 69 (63)
Percentage of positive lymph nodes
< 25 103 (94)
≥ 25 6 (6)
Histological grade
Estrogen receptor status
Negative 25 (23)
Positive 84 (77)
Progesterone receptor status
HER2 overexpression
Systemic chemotherapy and/or hormone therapy 105 (96)
Chemotherapy 94 (86)
AC±T 75 (69)
CMF 14 (13)
Unspecified 5 (5)
Hormone therapy 58 (53)
Post-mastectomy radiotherapy
No 72 (66)
Yes 37 (34)
IDC, invasive ductal carcinoma; LVI, lymphovascular invasion; ECE, extracapsular extension; AC, adriamycin cyclophosphamide; T, paclitaxel docetaxel; CMF, cyclophosphamide methotrexate 5-fluorouracil.
SUVmax
MTV (mL)
< 45 3.99±2.44 0.099 5.15±3.81 0.042 13.84±13.92 0.038
≥ 45 5.09±3.24 7.77±6.46 22.54±28.90
IDC 5.04±3.07 < 0.001 7.22±5.75 0.409 21.19±26.52 0.196
Non-IDC 2.01±1.08 5.49±8.32 9.47±16.79
T1 4.12±2.29 0.014 5.40±5.14 0.001 12.17±13.29 < 0.001
T2 5.65±3.70 9.19±6.33 30.46±33.71
Negative 4.75±3.10 0.570 7.01±6.00 0.671 19.90±26.39 0.551
Positive 5.42±2.84 8.04±5.92 24.97±20.37
No. of positive LNs
1 4.43±2.59 0.101 6.22±5.23 0.051 15.84±17.40 0.020
2, 3 5.43±3.71 8.54±6.90 27.79±35.37
Positive LNs (%)
1, 2 3.97±2.59 < 0.001 6.04±5.02 0.004 14.05±16.20 0.002
3 7.73±2.85 10.93±7.40 42.04±38.88
PET, positron emission tomography; SUVmax, maximum standardized uptake value; MTV, metabolic tumor volume; TLG, total lesion glycolysis; IDC, invasive ductal carcinoma; LVI, lymphovascular invasion; LN, lymph node; ECE, extracapsular extension.
WT SUVmax
Non-avid
T1a 0/2 (0) NA 2/2 (100) NA NA
T1b 1/15 (6.7) 1.84±0.39 13/15 (86.7) 3.00±2.80 3.55±2.03
T1c 0/44 (0) 4.80±1.97 35/44 (79.5) 3.64±2.15 5.59±2.00
T2 2/46 (4.2) 8.45±4.49 37/48 (77.1) 5.87±4.06 8.94±4.38
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation. PET, positron emission tomography; WT, whole body tumors; SUVmax, maximum standardized uptake value; NA, not applicable.
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysisa)
Age (≥ 45 yr vs. < 45 yr) 0.63 0.12-3.48 0.597 0.14 0.01-2.24 0.165
T stage (T1 vs. T2) 0.46 0.08-2.55 0.373 NI -
No. of positive LNs (1 vs. 2, 3) 0.77 0.14-4.22 0.761 0.19 0.01-3.74 0.276
Histological grade (1, 2 vs. 3) 0.63 0.12-3.44 0.593 0.02 0.00-0.73 0.032
Estrogen receptor status (positive vs. negative) 0.16 0.03-0.86 0.033 0.04 0.00-0.60 0.02
Progesterone receptor status (positive vs. negative) 0.76 0.15-3.76 0.734 NI - -
HER2 overexpression (positive vs. negative) 1.19 0.22-6.51 0.844 NI - -
Post-mastectomy radiotherapy (yes vs. no) 0.39 0.05-3.41 0.396 0.06 0.00-2.58 0.141
18F-FDG-avidity in axillary nodes (avid vs. non-avid) 4.30 0.87-21.29 0.074 NI - -
SUVmax (as continuous) 1.43 1.15-1.78 0.001 1.77 1.19-2.62 0.004
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; LN, lymph node; 18F-FDG, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose; SUVmax, maximum standardized uptake value.
Variables were entered into the multivariate regression model in a stepwise method if p < 0.20 and were removed at any point if p-value was > 0.20.


text:
Ukrainian Pioneer's First Winter, by Joan Leotta
A Ukrainian Pioneer's First Winter, by William Kurelek (Canada) 1973.
Ukrainian Pioneer's First Winter
Slogging through snow so
deep, so deep
Like the waters crossed to come
To this new land so
Like the snow in Ukraine it is
deep, so deep.
As they struggle toward
nearest neighbour's house,
do they recall their struggles
crossing watery depths?
Or do they think at all
trying to survive snow that's
Joan Leotta
This poem was written in response to the surprise challenge, ekphrastic poems on Canadian art.
Joan Leotta has been playing with words on page and stage since childhood in Pittsburgh. She is a writer and story performer. Her Legacy of Honor series feature strong Italian-American women. Her poetry and essays appear or are forthcoming in Gnarled Oak, the A-3 Review, Hobart Literary Review, Silver Birch, Peacock, and Postcard Poems and Prose among others. Her first poetry chapbook, Languid Lusciousness with Lemon, was just released by Finishing Line Press. Joan's picture books from Theaqllc, Whoosh!, Summer in a Bowl, Rosa and the Red Apron, and Rosa's Shell celebrate food and family. Her award-winning short stories are collected in Simply a Smile. You can find more about her work on her blog at www.joanleotta.wordpress.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As Molly reported on Sunday, "regulatory certainty" is the top priority at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency these says. The agency's new administrator, Scott Pruitt, extolled it in his speech to staff; he considers it the key to industry's ability to work within environmental constraints.
Copyright © 2019 Laws & Nature. All Rights Reserved.


text:
I Banū Umayya () erano un clan della tribù dei Quraysh di Mecca, così chiamata a causa di Umayya ibn ʿAbd Shams, figlio adottato da ʿAbd Shams ibn ʿAbd Manāf, da cui prese nome il clan dei Banū ʿAbd Shams dei Quraysh.

Dai B. Umayya deriva il nome "Omayyadi", dinastia califfale che regnò a Damasco dal 661 al 750 un califfato, quando fu scalzata dagli Abbasidi, ma che sopravvisse in al-Andalus dall'VIII secolo alla fine del terzo decennio dell'XI secolo, con sua capitale Cordova.

Personalità dei Banū Umayya
Abū Sufyān b. Ḥarb
ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān
Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān
Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya
Muʿāwiya ibn Yazīd
Marwān I
ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān
al-Walīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik
Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik
ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz
Yazīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik
Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik
al-Walīd b. Yazīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik
Yazīd b. al-Walīd
Ibrāhīm b. al-Walīd
Marwān b. Muḥammad b. Marwān

Bibliografia
Muṣʿab ibn ʿAbd Allāh Zubayrī, كتاب نسب قريش, Kitāb nasab Quraysh (Libro sulla genealogia dei Quraysh), ed. E. Lévi-Provençal, Il Cairo, Dār al-maʿārif, 1953.

Collegamenti esterni

Storia dell'islam
La Mecca
Quraysh
Popoli arabi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Bartenders mix and serve drinks to guests at restaurants, bars and pubs. It is often a lively and stressful environment where you can meet lots of people during the course of a shift. Most of us know that bartenders sometimes get to try their hand at amateur psychology, but we are less aware that cigarette smoke and lemon slices can cause them problems.
As a bartender you will often come into contact with different drinks, fruits and water when serving customers and keeping the bar area tidy. Wet work is hard on the skin and can cause hand eczema. The skin will then become dry, red and flaky with cracks and blisters that itch. The peel and juice from some fruits can also irritate the skin and lead to eczema on the hands.
Cigarette smoke can be an issue at outdoor establishments and can be very problematic if you have asthma.
While plastic gloves aren't that great for bar work, it is a good idea to have unperfumed hand cream with you. Rub it in during breaks and before and after a shift so that it can strengthen your skin and prevent eczema.
If you suffer from asthma, it's best to avoid problems by working in a smoke-free environment.
If you suffer from eczema or did so when you were little (atopic eczema), you should think carefully before deciding to become a bartender, as the work involved means that there's a risk that it will come back or get worse.
If you have any questions or want to know more about allergy and eczema when working as a bartender, get in touch with your school nurse or careers adviser.


Barefoot Festival 2019 Early bird tickets on sale now!
2019 is set to be such an amazing weekend, you'll find so much to do for all the family!
Barefoot Babies can be entertained, for the creative one's there's oodles of arts and crafts. Come and find peace and your inner self in a vast variety of chilled out workshops, cleanse your soul in gong therapy or just sit on the grass and sway to some live music.
When the stars come out so do the burlesque feathers to tantalise your taste buds, the fire show will amaze you and the bands and Dj's will have you dancing away at one of the most beautiful locations in Leicestershire.
Combining their original material with songs by the likes of Jaques Brel, Leornard Cohen, Tom Waits & Bertolt Brecht, Moscow Drug Club provide an intoxicating and intimate musical experience. You are cordially invited to share a wry smile with them as you enter the darkly comic world of Moscow Drug Club.
Talulah Blue is a regular at Barefoot Festival and is a familiar face on the UK cabaret scene. She has danced on stages from Europe to the Middle East, performing at exclusive parties and wowing audiences with vintage style and authentic glamour. At Barefoot Festival 2019 she will return with her spectacular Talulah Blue's Burlesque & Cabaret Extravaganza.
So What is Barefoot Festival?
Barefoot Festival™ is all about getting back to basics, getting grass in between your toes and taking time out from the pressures of modern life! Try something you've never done before, spend quality time with the family, meet like minded new friends. You won't find big fancy sponsors at Barefoot Festival™, we're a grassroots community gathering and all profits are ploughed right back into improving the facilities at our events. Relax, unwind and refresh yourself with a weekend in the beautiful great British countryside!
Barefoot Festival™, is a non profit making organisation and is mostly run through volunteers. We are always interested in your ideas, submissions and input and always want more people to be involved.
Want to see more? Then check out what we got up to at Barefoot Festival 2018!
Words just can't do Barefoot Festival™ justice, so at Barefoot Festival™ 2018 Dan Burgess made us a little video. Click to see what we got up to at Barefoot Festival™ 2018! Copyright Dan Burgess.


text:
Discussion-Based Events
Ideas that Shape the World
IHS Distinguished Fellows
Fellowship for the Study of Liberalism and a Free Society
2022 – 2023 Distinguished Fellows
We are proud to announce the 2022-2023 recipients of the IHS Fellowship for the Study of Liberalism and a Free Society, which explores the ongoing relevance of liberal principles within the academy and beyond. IHS Distinguished Fellows share an exemplary record of advancing these principles through their research and public engagement.
Jennifer Doleac
Jennifer Doleac is Associate Professor of Economics at Texas A&M University, where she studies the economics of crime and discrimination. She is President of Doleac Initiatives, a non-profit which encompasses several ventures related to criminal justice research and policy, including the Justice Tech Lab and the Criminal Justice Expert Panel. She organizes the Texas Economics of Crime Workshop (TxECW) and the Virtual Crime Economics (ViCE) seminar and also hosts Probable Causation, a podcast about law, economics, and crime.
St. John's University Law School
Kate Klonick
Kate Klonick is an Associate Professor of Law at St. John's University Law School. Her work explores the intersection of law and technology, especially the governance of online speech. In 2019, Klonick was the only scholar invited to observe the development of Facebook's Oversight Board, the independent body that hears appeals on content from Facebook users and advises the platform about its online speech policies. Her work on related topics has appeared in the Harvard Law Review, the Yale Law Journal, New Yorker, New York Times, Washington Post, The Atlantic, Slate, Lawfare, Vox, and many other publications.
Jacob T. Levy
Jacob T. Levy is the Tomlinson Professor of Political Theory, Chair of the Department of Political Science, and an associate member of the Department of Philosophy at McGill University. He studies questions of pluralism, liberalism, and non-ideal theory in historical and contemporary political thought. He is also the Founding Director of the Yan P. Lin Centre for the Study of Freedom and Global Orders in the Ancient and Modern Worlds at McGill and coordinates the Research Group on Constitutional Studies. His most recent book is "Rationalism, Pluralism, and Freedom" (Oxford, 2014).
Jennifer Brick Murtazashvili
Jennifer Brick Murtazashvili is a Professor in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, where she also serves as Director of the Center for Governance and Markets. Her work deals with questions of governance, security, and development from a bottom-up perspective. Her most recent book is "Land, the State, and War: Property Institutions and Political Order in Afghanistan" (Cambridge, 2021), written with Ilia Murtazashvili.
Previous Award Recipients
View Previous Fellows
© 2022 Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University
Here is the timeline for our application process:
An HR team member will review your application submission
If selected for consideration, you will speak with a recruiter
If your experience and skills match the role, you will interview with the hiring manager
If you are a potential fit for the position, you will interview with additional staff members
If you are the candidate chosen, we will extend a job offer
All candidates will be notified regarding the status of their application within two to three weeks of submission. As new positions often become available, we encourage you to visit our site frequently for additional opportunities that align with your interests and skills.


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text:
Parents: Congress Considers Sidewalk Safety Bill For School Zones
GJEL » Archives » Parents: Congress Considers Sidewalk Safety Bill For School Zones
There's no question about it: when it comes to reducing car accidents, pedestrian accidents, or bicycle accidents, states and local governments have been proposing the most interesting plans to save lives and prevent injuries. But so far, when the federal government gets involved, safety measures that often look like "no-brainers" on the local level get muddled by political ideology and Washington groupthink. This has already been the case for a federal distracted driving law and a federal teen drivers license law currently languishing in Congress. The next safety policy to be doomed by Washington policy is the Safe Routes to School program.
Initially, a group of Senators introduced a bill that would have put aside $600 million for pedestrian and bicycle safety near schools. As the recession continued and budgets were slashed, however, this sum grew more and more unlikely. So last week, a group of 12 Senators introduced a bill that would preserve $183 million for Safe Routes to School as a standalone program. But even this is a stretch due to continually tight budgets and the fact that the bill couldn't muster up a single Republican co-sponsor, reports Streetsblog.
Safe Routes to School is a catchall organization that promotes pedestrian and bicycle safety in school zones through a variety of measures, including adding new crosswalks, and encouraging more children to walk to school along with an adult supervisor. Currently, SRTS funds are only available for projects that serve grades K through 8. Among other improvements, the new bill would extend street safety projects through high school, as long as they were paired up with middle and elementary school projects.
"In many communities, the high school and the junior high are built very close together," said Margo Pedroso, deputy director of the Safe Routes to School National Partnership. "So if you're putting in a mile of sidewalk, for example, to a junior high and the high school is just a quarter mile away, it makes sense to do that extra quarter mile because you can serve a larger group of kids."
Already, too many pedestrians of all ages are vulnerable to dangerous and reckless drivers in cities. Even in tough economic times, the federal government should be very weary of programs that could make the roads even more dangerous for pedestrians and bicyclists… especially when they're children and teenagers.
Photo credit: aldrin_muya


Web development, design, research and maintenance; project management and support; training; associated software development.
How can Melchior help you?
"Technology is not an end in itself. It shouldn't be your starting point either. Think about what you want to achieve first, and how it will be implemented afterwards."


Meet "Jacky" (as mentioned on the back of two of these photos found at a flea market in Paris), a little girl who was certainly very used to being photographed! Outdoors or within the decors of a studio, Jacky had fun singing and playing to music-loving hens and rabbits. The studio seems at the same time very established (3 photos were taken in its decors, which saw ceremonious moments recording Jacky growing up) and improvised (one of the photos shows grass under the carpet, rivalling with its copy in the background panel).


In the Fall of 2011, my bank account was compromised by a stranger who spent $531.66 to buy two tickets to an Auburn versus Samford football game. The person who did this must have forgotten to update the shipping information for the tickets because one week later they arrived in my mailbox in Vermont. This past Fall I traveled to Alabama to photograph the two seats that I had inadvertently purchased for the game. The finished piece consists of four framed objects: The FedEx envelope that the tickets arrived in, the invoice, the two tickets and my photograph of the two seats.


Random-effects or fixed effect model?
The estimates of the parameter values for the fixed-effects model are very similar to those found for the random-effects model with the exception for the parameters associated with not living in an SMSA ( not_smsa ) and with living in the South ( south ). The random-effects model suggests that the wage level for someone living outside of a SMSA is 87.6 percent of the wage level of someone living in an SMSA; in the fixed-effects model, the wage level outside the SMSA is estimated to be 91.5 percent of the wage level of a woman living in a SMSA. The random-effects model estimates wages in the South are 91.6 percent the level of wages outside the South; the fixed-effects model fixes this wage premium at 91.6 percent.
Estimation of a Labor Supply Function. An important issue in labor economics is the responsiveness of the number of hours worked to wages. Because labor supply curves can, in theory, be backward-bending, the sign and size of the impact of wages on the amount of labor supplied is an empirical issue. In this project you are to estimate the demand for labor curve for a cross-section of adult males.
HI it = an dummy variable equal to 1 if individual i in year t has bad health and 0 otherwise.
The data used to estimate the life-cycle labor-supply parameters come from Waves XII-XXI (calendar years 1978-1987) of the PSID. The sample is selected on many dimensions and is similar to other research studying life-cycle models of labor supply. The sample is restricted to continuously married, continuously working, prime-age men aged 22-51 in 1978 from the Survey Research Center random subsample of the PSID. In addition the individual must either be paid an hourly wage rate or must be salaried, and he cannot be a piece-rate worker or self-employed. This selection process resulted in a balanced panel of 532 men over 10 years or 5,320 observations. The real wage rate, w it ,. is the hourly wage reported by the panel participant rather than the average wage (annual earnings over annual hours) to minimize division bias (Borjas 1981).


text:
The world is changing. With global warming on the rise, people are taking charge of their role in fossil fuel emissions. From recycling and composting, to embracing alternative energy sources, it seems there's always something more our society can be doing. In recent years, there's been a huge shift in the market to increase our sustainability: the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs). Rather than having an internal combustion engine that runs on fuel, EVs feature an electric motor that can be charged through electricity.
To encourage more drivers to make the switch to electric vehicles, the province of B.C. has announced new rebates to help make the purchase and installation of EV chargers more affordable. Here's what you need to know…
BC Rebates for Electric Vehicle Chargers
It's called the Go Electric EV Charger Rebate program! It can cover up to 50 per cent of the costs to install EV chargers to eligible homes and workplaces. The rebates can also go towards making apartment and condominium buildings EV ready, but more on that below. Since electric vehicle chargers can cost anywhere between $400 to $4,000 for single users, you can save money while increasing your EV convenience with government assistance.
The minister of environment and climate change strategy, George Heyman, notes that more and more people are switching to electric vehicles. As of 2020, 10 per cent of vehicle sales were electric cars. However, Heyman and the B.C. government are hoping that by 2026, electric vehicles will make up 26 per cent of the sales market.
"We're making it more affordable to own an electric vehicle and charging station, so people can improve their driving experience with no air and climate pollution, and lower fuel and maintenance costs overall."
– George Heyman
With the exciting announcement of rebates, you may be wondering how it all works. Well, to be eligible for the rebate program, your home and charging station must meet certain requirements. While these differ for single-family homes and condos/ apartment buildings, your electric vehicle charging station must:
Be a new Level 2 charging station;
Have a volt charge of 208 or 240;
Use a SAE J1772 standard plug head;
Condos, apartment buildings, and workplaces can receive a rebate covering up to $2,000 per eligible EV charger. With single-family homes, including townhouses and duplexes, receiving a maximum of $350 through the provincial rebate program.
The rebates can cover more than just the charger, also going towards the cost of making your building EV ready. To be eligible, your building needs to be able to accommodate high levels of EV charging. Specifically, when installing a new electric vehicle charging station in your apartment building, the parking space must have an energized outlet with a final connection point to handle the Level 2 charger. How do you make your home EV ready? By hiring certified electrical contractors to assist with the wiring, preparation, and installation of your new EV charger.
How Much Does It Cost to Charge an Electric Vehicle?
Not much! BPM Electric and the B.C. government are making the switch to electric vehicles simple and cost-effective. At the core, the goal of going electric is to increase the health of the planet by minimizing carbon emissions. However, EVs save more than the just the planet by helping you cut costs on gas as well.
Running an electric vehicle costs as little as $320 a year; that's less than one dollar per day. Since B.C. has some of Canada's highest fuel prices, switching to an electric vehicle can save you thousands on your annual gas bill. Depending on the type of fuel your car uses, a few trips to the gas station exceeds the cost of charging an EV.
BPM and Electric Vehicles
To ensure your building is approved by BC Hydro for the EV rebates, BPM Electric is here to assist. Our electrical contractors have the experience, training, and certification to install the EV infrastructure and charger into your building. Whether it be a single-family townhouse, a condo, or office building, we can provide thorough electrical assessments to help you save money with the Go Electric EV Charger Rebate. Contact our electricians today to get a quote on your electric vehicle charging station.


9 – 9:30 a.m. - Registration and light breakfast.
Understanding the risks of not complying with employment laws and regulations.
Update your knowledge of important employment laws and regulations, including FLSA, FMLA, discrimination laws, and harassment.
Learn about the current enforcement priorities of the federal administrative agencies (IRS, DOL, NLRB).
Claire Pancerz joined Holmes Murphy & Associates in 2011. She is a regulatory compliance professional with a background in law, compliance, sales, and marketing.
Claire has over 22 years in the industry.
Claire spent over 20 years with Aetna Inc., where she served in multiple positions, including Regional Marketing Director and Regional Compliance Director.
Claire spent over seven years leading Aetna's Legislative and Regulatory Analysis Unit.
Washington & Lee University School of Law – J.D.
Monica Burnett joined the Missouri Credit Union Association (MCUA) as the Vice President – Human Resources in 2011. For the previous seven years, Monica was employed by HRN Performance Solutions (formerly HRValue Group) as a Human Resource Generalist/Consultant. Through MCUA's partnership with HRN, Monica worked part-time as MCUA's dedicated HR consultant, and the remaining time worked with credit union clients across Missouri and the US on HR-related projects. Monica's experience includes employment compliance, strategic human resource consulting, performance management, compensation, recruiting, and mergers and acquisitions. Monica continues to work internally at MCUA on all employment-related functions, and is excited to work with Missouri's credit unions with their recruiting and employment compliance needs.
Monica has a Bachelor of Arts in Communication and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Tulsa. She is certified as a Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR) and is a current member of the national Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM) as well as CUNA's HR/TD Council.
The registration fee for the HR Conference is $99 per person. This fee includes all materials, speaker fees, meals and refreshment breaks.
The Missouri Credit Union Association (MCUA) is offering tiered pricing for eligible credit unions. The tiered pricing model is shown below.


My name is Alexandra and I'm a French Korean adoptee. I'm very happy to have recently joined G.O.A.'L especially the Birth Family Search team. I will do my best to help people on this journey. Some words to introduce myself: I arrived last summer in Korea and I'm currently studying Korean while I'm working for G.O.A.'L.
My role is to answer Korean adoptees' questions about and to help with the process of searching for birth family. First, the adoptee should upload all of their documents to their profile on the G.O.A.'L website. Following this step, we can then assess what we can do with the existing information. Every case is different. For example, sometimes we can call orphanages or hospitals to try to get more information. In other situations, we might also work with the police to try and locate the family.
If these steps don't yield any results, another option is to contact the Korean media.
Daily activities mainly consist of answering inquiries from Korean adoptees by email, translating from French to English or vice versa. I also design things like posters and logos. All the staff are also active in organizing some great events for the year such as ski trip that we just had.
We also receive some visitors in our office from time to time; people ask questions about the BFS process or Korean culture to better understand how Korean people behave or what birth family members' expectations are. Sometimes, we even receive some small presents like these French chocolates!
We also have meetings to advocate for adoptees' rights. G.O.A.'L is working to try to modify the Special Adoption Law to help Korean adoptees have better access to their own adoption information and be able to search in a more effective way.
For the BFS team, I'm working with Devin and Sylvia. I'm often contacting Jasmine, who manages the volunteers as soon as a Korean adoptee needs an interpreter to communicate with their birth family or if they want to visit their orphanage.
2016 will be an exciting year for me and I'm very proud to work with these talented people.


text:
Q: My application's text and size becomes smaller and smaller until it finally crashes. Why? I am using Samsung Galaxy S 4G (the new one). Previously, I tested this on the Dell Streak Tablet phone, as well as the HTC Desire, and it performed perfectly.
But now, when I start the application things are misaligned, and as I use the application the text becomes smaller and smaller, the graphics become skewed, until finally the app crashes.
Why is this? And how can I fix it?
I am NOT changing the size of anything ... like I said, I've used the same application on two other devices and nothing has made a difference. I am currently thinking it maybe has to do with the Manifest file, an SDK version issue? I read about a similar issue when someone changed language, the text got smaller, which was fixed with
<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="integer">

so I am looking into that.
Edit: The logcat output:
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377): FATAL EXCEPTION: main
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377): java.lang.RuntimeException: Unable to          start activity  ComponentInfo{a.company.organization/a.company.organization.travel.TravelTab}:     java.lang.RuntimeException: Unable to start activity    ComponentInfo{a.company.organization/a.company.organization.travel.TravelMap}:   android.view.InflateException: Binary XML file line #130: Error inflating class <unknown>
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at   android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2663)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at    android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2679)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.app.ActivityThread.access$2300(ActivityThread.java:125)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:2033)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:99)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:123)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:4627)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at java.lang.reflect.Method.invokeNative(Native Method)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:521)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:858)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:616)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at dalvik.system.NativeStart.main(Native Method)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377): Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: Unable to start activity ComponentInfo{a.company.organization/a.company.organization.travel.TravelMap}: android.view.InflateException: Binary XML file line #130: Error inflating class <unknown>09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2663)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.app.ActivityThread.startActivityNow(ActivityThread.java:2503)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.app.LocalActivityManager.moveToState(LocalActivityManager.java:127)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.app.LocalActivityManager.startActivity(LocalActivityManager.java:339)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at a.company.organization.tabcontrol.TabBarActivity.displayCurrentScreen(TabBarActivity.java:159)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at a.company.organization.tabcontrol.TabBarActivity.displayCurrentScreen(TabBarActivity.java:137)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at a.company.organization.tabcontrol.TabBarActivity.setCurrentTab(TabBarActivity.java:422)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at a.company.organization.tabcontrol.TabBarActivity.onCreate(TabBarActivity.java:369)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1049)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     ... 11 more
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377): Caused by: android.view.InflateException: Binary XML file line #130: Error inflating class <unknown>
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.view.LayoutInflater.createView(LayoutInflater.java:513)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at com.android.internal.policy.impl.PhoneLayoutInflater.onCreateView(PhoneLayoutInflater.java:56)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.view.LayoutInflater.createViewFromTag(LayoutInflater.java:563)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.view.LayoutInflater.rInflate(LayoutInflater.java:618)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.view.LayoutInflater.rInflate(LayoutInflater.java:621)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.view.LayoutInflater.rInflate(LayoutInflater.java:621)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.view.LayoutInflater.rInflate(LayoutInflater.java:621)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.view.LayoutInflater.inflate(LayoutInflater.java:320)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.view.LayoutInflater.inflate(LayoutInflater.java:276)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at a.company.organization.travel.TravelMap.onCreate(TravelMap.java:66)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1049)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2627)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     ... 20 more
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377): Caused by: java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.widget.ImageView.<init>(ImageView.java:108)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.constructNative(Native Method)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:446)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.view.LayoutInflater.createView(LayoutInflater.java:500)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     ... 32 more
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377): Caused by: android.content.res.Resources$NotFoundException: File res/drawable-mdpi/carousel_top_bar.png from drawable resource ID #0x7f020087
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.content.res.Resources.loadDrawable(Resources.java:1714)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.content.res.TypedArray.getDrawable(TypedArray.java:601)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.widget.ImageView.<init>(ImageView.java:118)
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     ... 36 more
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377): Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: width and height must be > 0
09-21 15:18:34.301: ERROR/AndroidRuntime(7377):     at android.graphics.Bitmap.nativeCreate(Nati
09-21 15:18:34.313: WARN/ActivityManager(6572):   Force finishing activity a.company.organization/.travel.TravelTab
09-21 15:18:34.316: ERROR/(6572): Dumpstate > /data/log/dumpstate_app_error

A: To fix this issue, you should restrict the sdk version. To do that for 2.0 and above add:
<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="5" android:maxSdkVersion="5" />

You should also modify the Manifest file to include:
<supports-screens android:smallScreens="true"
 android:largeScreens="true" android:resizeable="false"
 android:normalScreens="true" android:anyDensity="true"></supports-screens>

The resources I used for finding out about  is here, and for API Level to Platform level check I used this

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


They live in the north of Mexico, with this shot I started using my new Sigma 70-300 APO Macro, ¡what a Great lens!. Im just learning using it.
LUISJO ERES GRANDE!!!! TE AMO!!!
visita www.luisnajera.com Fotógrafo profesional en la ciudad de Chihuahua.


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Religion, moderate or extremist?
Recently at a presentation by the Washington Area Secular Humanists, the speaker was Don Evans, who spoke on the topic of whether religious moderation is as harmful as religious extremism. Here's an article by him on the same topic. Fortunately for me, he took the side that religious moderation is okay. That's good, because I participate in an organized religion and consider myself moderate.
But okay, so what's moderate? When we look at somebody else's religion, for instance Islam, from the outside, it's easy to decide that moderate Muslims, including all of the dozen or so Muslims that I know personally, are the ones who use their religious practice to form a fellowship, and do not expect anybody else to agree literally with their theology.
Why, then, can we not apply the same standard to our own religion? Here's an essay by John Shelby Spong, whom I consider to be a religious moderate. But within the Episcopal church, Spong is considered to be somewhere out on the fringe. We simply can't accept the idea that belief in the literal truth of the Nicene Creed is actually an extremist view.
In other words, the Episcopal church, one of the most progressively moderate of all denominations, is still about 80% extremist.
I won't bother to go very far into most other denominations because I really don't know what's happening within them, but perhaps the Roman Catholic church should be addressed. From its inception in 325 AD, the Roman Catholic church has been the most extremist of all denominations, in fact, they even excommunicated Bishop Arius for trying to introduce a few slight shreds of moderation. In modern times, Pope Benedict XVI has gone to extremes to reaffirm the extremist position and squelch the few small voices calling for moderation.
However, there's one area in which the Roman Catholic church, at least in the United States, has slipped out of extremist control in recent years, and that's in their parochial schools.
Back in the 1950's and 1960's, children entering public high schools from Roman Catholic parochial schools had a tough time of it. They were several years behind, and had a tough time catching up. People entering college from Roman Catholic high schools had it even worse. They had been so steeped in theological doctrine that the very concept of rational thought was total culture shock.
Since then, that situation has changed drastically. Recent graduates of the Roman Catholic parochial school system now actually have a significant edge over most public high school graduates when they enter college. Obviously, the proponents of moderation and rational thought have somehow intruded into their school system.
In church, I try to stay out of crybaby contests with the many extremists among my fellow congregation members. That would just damage the fellowship that I believe to be the fundamental purpose of religion. I believe that making decisions according to rational thought gets things done, and if others don't have time for rational thought because they're too busy trying to use theological magic, they're the losers.
Labels: extremism, moderation, religion


Synopsis: In my latest for The Athletic Toronto, I wrote about the Raptors 905 program putting a higher priority on winning alongside the development plan, which has led to a third straight playoff appearance.
Of all the minor oddities the G League entails, none is a tougher adjustment than a two-minute overtime period. Factor in the single-elimination playoff format that leads all the way to the finals, and it's difficult to find a game situation where the stakes are higher possession-to-possession than a G League playoff overtime game.
That's why, as the jump-ball went up Tuesday and Malcolm Miller managed to tip it but not gain possession, Jordan Loyd's eyes lit up. Loyd scrambled, lunged and corralled the opening possession of overtime, a huge difference in a two-minute period. Raptors 905 had come too far to this point for Loyd not to give everything for that ball. They'd fought through injuries and roster churn all year, shaken off a 4-of-24 shooting start to this game by locking down defensively against the Grand Rapids Drive and even weathered an 8-0 fourth-quarter run from the Drive that nearly precluded the extra frame.


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Peace Love & Seamoss™
In 2016, our journey began on how to create a healthier natural lifestyle, that we could pass down to our children. Organically grown from inspiration and helping our family and friends, Freshly Rooted Tribe Inc was established In 2019. Our brand focuses and strives to offer the best highest quality Irish Sea Moss with the convenience of a scoopable based product, eliminating preparation time, ready to go, and use to ultimately increase the chances of daily consumption. Starting off in the kitchen of our home, we now have a storefront as a place to educate and spread knowledge about this amazing superfood. From small beginnings comes great things!
Live the Freshly Rooted Tribe Life!
Reasons to Trust Freshly Rooted Tribe
A PASSIONATE FAMILY WITH ONE SECRET INGREDIENT: LOVE
FRT is more than a health and wellness brand, it is a lifestyle. It is a story of our family that wanted to evolve into greater health and wellness. Our goal is to change lives one jar at a time. And we do this with our secret ingredient: LOVE. This is more than just a job to deliver convenience and healthy products, it is our passion. We do this out of love for you and know we are truly committed to you and your family's health and well-being. There is seriously no greater reward than our customers reaching out to tell us about the difference on how FRT products have helped them. Today's world is so fast-paced that it has never been more critical to focus on one's health and we love being there to inspire, empower, and motivate our consumers to become stronger and healthier.
WE USE THE BEST WATER
Our sea moss does not touch any tap or plastic bottled water. We clean, soak, and jar with the cleanest water, Kangen water. What is Kangen water? It is strong alkaline water that is charged with a powerful antioxidant, hydrogen, one of the main molecules of water and live ions. It is the fountain of youth.
SIMPLE HIGH QUALITY INGREDIENTS
When we say all natural 100% wild harvested we really mean it. Our sea moss is never grown in pools, never farmed, and never grown on ropes. It is hand-harvested along the pristine waters of the Atlantic Ocean the same way they were harvested centuries ago, by hand in the wild, off rocks. We ensure that each jar that is handcrafted, offers the best clean taste with the most benefits, providing the highest degree of sea moss, unlike other sea moss you can find on the market.
PRODUCTION PROCESSES WITH HIGH STANDARDS AND PROTOCOLS
Lab tested for heavy metals, toxins, and radicals. Water Quality Testing. Processes in a food prep kitchen that follows high hygiene standards and protocols. All FRT staff are certified for food safety.
ALWAYS INNOVATING
We set the standard. We are constantly exploring and researching on high quality, FRESH products that deliver the ROOT to true health and wellness.
Peace love & seamoss ™
In the pristine cold waters of the Atlantic Ocean, our sea moss is wild-harvested sustainably to allow Mother Nature to provide for the world and its habitants. This powerful sea vegetable is the core of our philosophy. Every batch is made with love and crafted to perfection. Nothing ever added or left out, ever.
From Ocean To Jar
The market today is highly saturated with farmed and man made sea moss. We go above and beyond for you to make sure we deliver what nature provides. Our sea moss is purely made by Mother Nature. It is grown and harvested the way it has been harvested centuries ago, by hand and off rocks from the pristine waters of the Atlantic.
Harvest grounds are carefully chosen to be in compliance with Organic Certification to ensure the highest standards of quality, purity, and long-term sustainability.
Hand crafted using natural high quality ingredients the world provides. The ocean's nutrient-rich surf, the sun's radiance, and the moon's cycle create the perfect environment for sea moss to thrive and grow to its optimum state. Yielding minerals, vitamins, antioxidants for the human body to function with daily activities. Essential to self-care, the properties and energies of the ocean is the source of vitality. The ocean continues to spark our innovation, rejuvenating the body at a cellular level.
Quality Sea Vegetables
Because our sea vegetable is wild-harvested food from the sea, we annually test our sea vegetable for potentially harmful contamination. Our testing includes:
Pesticides and Herbicides
Petroleum Residues
Sustainably-harvested in some of the cleanest waters in the world and tested for microbes, heavy metals, radioactivity, and other pollutants
Nutritious Food
A good source of vegetable protein, dietary fiber, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, phosphorous, vitamins, anti-oxidants, iodine and other trace minerals
Wild Harvest takes patience. We rely on Our Irish Sea moss experts to sustainably hand-harvest just at the sea's surface. It is harvested by hand where it is cut just above the root to ensure the re-growth of the algae. They are harvested in the season to provide optimum nutrition and are organically certified by IOFGA. Our harvesting waters are tested quarterly to ensure the highest quality and we operate within HSE Guidelines.
What People Are Saying About Us Online
Claire Z.
Always friendly right when you enter the doors. Everyone is knowledgeable on all products. Love my seamoss and the freshly rooted tribe.
Jesse B.
Went here in search of a product they carry and ended up with a second family. Their knowledge and professionalism is always on point. Very welcoming environment whether it's to purchase something or inquire about products. A weekly pit stop for me and always a plus when I can run into Chris and exchange some great convo's.
Freshly Rooted Tribe
252 1st St, Benicia, CA 94510
orders@freshlyrootedtribe.com
© Copyright 2021 Freshly Rooted Tribe · Privacy Policy · Site Map


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2012 DMCA Rulemaking
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act prohibits "circumventing" digital rights management (DRM) and other "technological measures" used to protect copyrighted works. While this ban was meant to deter copyright infringement, many have misused the law to chill competition free speech and fair use. Every three years the U.S. Copyright Office convenes a "rulemaking" to consider granting exemptions to the DMCA's ban on circumvention to mitigate the harms the law has caused to legitimate non-infringing uses of copyrighted materials.
In the 2012 rulemaking, EFF asked the Copyright Office to protect the "jailbreaking" of smartphones, electronic tablets, and video game consoles – liberating them to run operating systems and applications from any source, not just those approved by the manufacturer. EFF also asked for legal protections for artists and critics who use excerpts from DVDs or downloading services to create new, remixed works. These exemptions build on and expand exemptions that EFF won in the 2009 rulemaking proceeding for jailbreakers and remix artists.
In October 2012, the Copyright Office renewed the exemption for smartphones in their final rulemaking, but did not extend it to other devices. The Copyright Office also reaffirmed the exemption for video remix, and expanded it to allow use of clips from online services.
AllDeeplinks BlogDocumentPress Release
- Any -FOIA Litigation DocumentFOIA Release
Storypage
Rip, Mix, Make: Tell the Copyright Office to Allow DVD and Web Video Remixing
The Problem – Video remixing (vidding, fan vids, political remix, etc.) is a vibrant form of creativity. Vidders create fun, challenging and important social and political commentary that is reaching ever broader audiences.
Read more about Rip, Mix, Make: Tell the Copyright Office to Allow DVD and Web Video Remixing
Document | January 19, 2012
2012 Exemption Requests
Read more about 2012 Exemption Requests


One of the many things one can do to make their website a little more professional-looking is to create custom error pages which will be displayed instead of the default generic error pages such as "404 - File Not Found". In addition to there being practical uses to this (example: one can include an option to allow users to notify you of dead links or even setup a script to notify you automatically) an attractive looking custom error page can make even your mistakes look good.
While the HostRocket Control Panel includes a "Custom Error Pages" tool which can be used to easily setup custom error documents, if preferred, one can also accomplish this manually by modifying the .htaccess file in their public_html directory.
In Microsoft Internet Explorer version 5.x and later, by default Microsoft's own "friendly" error pages will be displayed unless your custom error document is 512 bytes or larger. So in order to make sure that your error pages are displayed make sure that the size of all custom error pages exceed 512 bytes.


Christchurch is the second biggest airport in New Zealand behind Auckland and welcomed almost 7 million passengers in the year to the end of June 2018. So if you're going to visit this area, don't forget to make a stop at this interesting airport.
The city is the gateway to the South Island of New Zealand and that's why Christchurch has a lot of national and several international flights. Flights from and to Australia are especially popular. Air New Zealand, Jetstar, Virgin Australia, Emirates and Qantas serve the larger cities on the Australian east coast, and seasonally Air New Zealand also serves Perth on the west coast. Other international destinations are Emirates to Dubai via Sydney and Bangkok, Cathay Pacific to Hong Kong, Singapore Airlines to Singapore, China Southern to Guangzhou, Fiji Airways to Nadi and Air New Zealand to Nadi, Port Villa, Tokyo, Rarotonga, Osaka, Nagoya and Naha. There are several Air New Zealand and Air New Zealand Link flights to many desitinations all over New Zealand, Soundsair flies their PC12s twice a day to Blenheim and Air Chathams occasionally flies to the Chatham Islands with their Convair580s. Christchurch also hosts a few freight flights.
During the New Zealand summer there are also the planes operating on Antarctic flights out of the military apron, with USAF LC-130Hs being most common.
Written by Patrick Weis and Clive Grant. Updated January 2019.
Season We suggest September/October – April. This is the high season for the long haul services and there are additional flights during the New Zealand summertime timetable.
Mainly in use for arrivals and departures from both directions. Heavy planes (larger than A320/B737) only depart here in both directions.
11/29 Only 29 in use, (up to A320/737), when there are strong crosswinds for 02/20.
WHERE This spot is located in a corner right next to the Airport Fire Station at Grays/Avonhead Rd. You can park your car right next to the street here. Its a long walk from the terminal to this spot!
WHAT You can see all larger aircraft taxiing past you for Runway 02; arrivals and departures on Runway 02 beyond can also be taken from here but they are hidden from view behind the fire station until very late. ATRs, Dash 8s and smaller types departing from Runway 02 will usually take off from further down the runway. You can also take photos of traffic landing and departing on Runway 29 as well as traffic taxiing on the parallel taxiway beyond.
TIME Best light conditions are from sunrise to about 1pm for Runway 02 and from about 3pm till sunset for Runway 29.
MISC. A 3 step ladder is needed here, otherwise you'll have to take photos through the wire fencing. There are only rubbish bins here and there's no shade so take what you need with you; it's best if you can relax in your car. There is often heat haze for traffic on Runway 02.
FOCAL LENGTH An A320 taxiing to Runway 02 will only need about a 40-50mm lens. For traffic on Runway 02, up to 300mm will cover most things, although a 400mm lens is needed for smaller commuterliners. Up to 150-300mm will cover most Runway 29 traffic.
WHERE From the airport use Highway 1, turn right into Ryan Rd and continue until you see the approach. Park on the grass on the side of the road and spot the inbound planes.
WHAT This spot is good for arrivals on Runway 02 if there is too much heat haze on Spot #1.
TIME Light conditions are perfect until about 1pm.
MISC. There is some shade from trees on the side of the road but there's nothing else here so bring what you need.
WHERE When the sun moves around from Spot #2, just continue on Ryan Rd and then turn right into Pound Rd.
A 3 step ladder is very useful here, otherwise you'll need to take photos through the wire fencing. You can park the car right next to the street on the grass.
WHAT This is the best spot for touchdown and lineup shots for Runway 02 in the afternoon, although many departures will not use the full length of the runway. Some larger Runway 20 arrivals may also be possible from here although heat haze is likely to be a problem.
MISC. There is nothing here so bring what you need.
WHERE Continue on Pound Rd until it turns left. Park your car next to the street on the grass. Don't park after the traffic bar!
WHAT This spot is great if they take off on runway 29 and are heavily loaded, otherwise planes can be too high. It's also a good spot for arrivals if they exit the runway at the end.
MISC. There is some shade on the other side of the road but there is nothing else here so bring what you need.
WHERE Continue on Pound Rd to the other side of Runway 11/29. Park your car next to the street on the grass. Don't park after the traffic bar!
WHAT Departures on Runway 29 if they're not too high by here. Also there are low flying helicopters from the nearby hangars.
TIME Good spot in the morning until early afternoon.
MISC. There is some shade on the other side of the road. For facilities you can use the nearby Aeroclub.
WHERE To reach the Aeroclub follow Pound Rd until you see Helipro, turn right into the street and you will see the Aeroclub. Park your car in front on the large car park. Go inside the building, up the stairs and past the toilets and go into the big cafeteria where you will see the terrace.
WHAT This place is good for 02 and 20 departures and arrivals on the grass and asphalt runways in the afternoon, although for the asphalt runway, heat haze may be a problem due to the distance. It is also good for 29 departures in the morning provided they're not too high by here. You can also take shots of the parked planes at the Aeroclub.
TIME Light conditions are good from 1pm for Runway 02/20 and from sunrise till 2pm for Runway 29.
MISC. There is everything you need here except food. You can buy drinks at the machine at the bottom of the stairs.
WHERE Follow Pounds Rd from the Aeroclub until you see the Jessons Rd sign on the right hand side. Turn into the street and follow it until you get to the airport fence at the end. Park your car on the grass on the side.
WHAT This place is good for Runway 20 arrivals and departures and also for Runway 02 departures; occasionally 02 arrivals may also come this far down before vacating. Depending on the pilot, 20 arrivals may touch down in front of you. The bad thing at this spot is that you see and hear 20 traffic very late.
MISC. A 3 step ladder is very useful here, otherwise you'll have to take photos through the wire fencing. There are rubbish bins and some trees for shade.
WHERE This place is next to the busy McLeans Island Rd. Park on the grass next to the street and not on the cycle path!
WHAT From this spot you can only photograph planes on arrival for Runway 20 in the afternoon. You can see the planes much earlier here than at Spot #7.
TIME Light conditions are good from 1pm until sunset.
MISC. There are trees for shade but nothing else here so bring what you need.
WHERE This spot is located at the end of Harewood Rd and is easily reached from the terminals. You can park your car in the car park in Orchard Rd. If the gate is locked, you will need to take photos from here, in which case a 3 step ladder is very useful. If the gate is open, or if you decide to negotiate the bent down fence to the left of the gate, you can walk further onto the site and stand on the mound overlooking the fence. In this case a ladder is not required.
WHAT This place is good for Runway 20 arrivals in the morning, with some nice mountain scenery if the mountains are clear of clouds.
TIME Light conditions are perfect from sunrise till 12 noon.
WHERE For this spot park your car at Peter Leeming Rd or the airport car park and walk up to Wairakei Rd. You can also walk here from the terminal.
WHAT In Wairakei Rd you can take pictures of military aircraft parked on the apron. You can also walk further up to the NZ Post where you can shoot the parked aircraft on the apron through the wire fencing. Until 2pm, you can also take pictures of planes taxiing to or from the runway at very close range. As this is private ground you must leave this spot if someones tell you to go, but there is no problem as long as you just take your photos and go.
TIME Light conditions are perfect from sunrise till sunset depending on the angle of your photos.
MISC. Facilities are only available in the terminal.
WHERE You can park your car in Peter Leeming Rd or at the airport car park (15 min free) if you're here by car.
WHAT Here you can take pictures of the military planes parked on the apron from another angle. You can also take a picture of the Emirates with the sun behind it when it's leaving.
TIME Depending on the parking position, light conditions are fine from sunrise till sunset.
MISC. You'll find everything you need in the terminal.
WHERE For this spot park your car in Ivan Jamieson Place and walk to get the angle you like for your arrivals.
WHAT This place is good for aircraft arriving on Runway 29 in the morning/early afternoon.
TIME Light conditions are good from sunrise till 2pm.
WHERE It is no longer possible to drive all the way to this spot, so park your car at Spot #1 and walk down.
WHAT Here you can take pictures of planes lining up for departure on Runway 29, plus traffic touching down on Runway 29.
TIME Light conditions are perfect from 3pm until sunset.
MISC. A 3 step ladder is very useful, otherwise you'll have to take your photos through the wire fencing. There are some rubbish bins along the fence but there's nothing else here so bring what you need.
Great tips. It is very informative post. I would definitely try to follow your tips to live chat. Thanks for sharing this information with us.
We just have the information mentioned in our guide, sorry!
Christchurch now has an Emirates A380 instead of the 777 and it flies from Dubai-Sydney-Christchurch.
Cobham Intermediate is also good to go plane spotting.
If you go to the field which is what you will see after going through the classes.
It is a good location for 29 arrivals as they fly very low and you have a good view of the aircraft which means you can take several shots of each aircraft.
Thanks for the update Ryan, it's a little while ago since my stay at CHC.
these shots were taken during my Work and Travel year in Nz from August 2012-January 2013 during the time I lived in CHC.
Charter when I was there. The 777-200er of ANZ are more often in CHC. Just Check: https://www.christchurchairport.co.nz/en/flight-information/international-flight-schedules/ for the international Flights and Types. That was the plan I used most of the time for my spotting.