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Mushrooms with mushrooms
We mix the two types of flour.
In another bowl, separate the yolk from the egg white.
Heat the milk a little and dissolve the yeast in it.
In the middle of the flour mixture we make a small hole where we put the yolks, salt, milk with yeast and melted butter. Mix well, cover the bowl with a clean towel and let it heat for about 20 minutes.
Until our dough rises, clean the mushrooms and put them in a pan in which we heated the butter together with the oil. Add the finely chopped garlic. We squeeze the lemon all over, to avoid blackening the mushrooms (I used champinion). Let it simmer until the water left by the mushrooms decreases. Season with salt and pepper and sprinkle with chopped green parsley.
The dough has risen so we will beat the egg whites with a pinch of salt and mix them lightly with the rest of the dough.
In a frying pan, heat a little oil and with a spoon take the dough and put it in the pan, stretching a little. Take a tablespoon of the dough until it is full, one tablespoon at a time.
Let it fry for about 2 minutes on one side, turn them over and let them fry again. They are taken from there and drained of oil.
And now we will arrange it like this: a piece of fried dough, we put a good spoonful of sour cream on it and we put mushrooms on top.
It is delicious.
This traditional mushroom stew recipe, passed down from generation to generation, is perfect for any season. Whether you want to add a few pieces of meat or you want to keep it vegetarian, this stew is delicious any preference you have. Its difficulty is low, and the ingredients can be found anywhere, either fresh in the market during the right season, or even preserved at the supermarket in winter. Here's how you can make a mushroom stew in your own kitchen, which you can pass on to future generations!
Ingredients for the mushroom stew:
1 kilogram of Champignon mushrooms
50 milliliters of tomato juice
1/2 bunch of fresh parsley
1-2 tablespoons oil
4 steps to prepare mushroom stew:
1. Peel the mushrooms, then cut the stalks. They are finely chopped and the hats are sliced. The garlic is cleaned and finely chopped, and the onion is cleaned, washed and cut into small pieces.
2. In a frying pan, put 1-2 tablespoons of oil, and when the oil is heated, put the onion to harden, until it becomes translucent. Add the finely chopped stalks, leave them to harden, then you can put the sliced mushroom caps and leave for another 2-3 minutes.
3. Add a cup of water or whatever amount of water is needed to cover the mushrooms and bring to a boil over low heat. After boiling, add salt, freshly ground black pepper and finely chopped garlic and simmer for about 10 minutes.
4. Pour the tomato juice, and leave it on the fire for another 10-15 minutes. Meanwhile, wash the fresh parsley and finely chop. Add when the preparation is ready and mix. Serve with hot or cold polenta, according to preference.
Mushroom dumplings - Recipes
I was going to have guests at the table. I decided to do it stars with telemea. They didn't work out for me. I do not know why. Don't ask me. I have no idea. I could only see the minutes go by and how I shuddered. And then I decided: I inaugurate the pan for the pancakes! I did it. The outcome: Miniclatite with cheese!
AndIngredients for Miniclatite with cheese
300ml milk,
2 eggs,
125 gr flour,
a tablespoon of oil,
Preparation for Miniclatite with cheese
Mix the yolk very well with the milk, a tablespoon of oil and then pour the flour in the rain, stirring constantly so as not to form lumps. It would be best to use the blender.
Then add the beaten egg whites, stirring slowly with the whisk, to incorporate. In principle, it is about the classic composition of pancakes, only that the dough should be a little thicker, something like a country cream, thick and pasty.
Heat the pan for the dumplings, grease with a little oil, put 2 tablespoons of the composition in each gaoace, turn the pan skillfully to spread the composition perfectly in each gaoace and bake for a few minutes on each side, just like the usual pancakes.
Take them out on a flat plate, keep warm. Put a teaspoon of small grated telemea and roll.
Fasting pies with mushrooms and spinach
To prepare these fasting pies with mushrooms and spinach, we do not need many ingredients. It is not a pretentious recipe and I am sure that you already have all the necessary ingredients at home. I don't often miss any of them.
Ingredients needed for the dough:
500 grams of white flour. I use 650 type flour from Lidl.
400 grams of water
an envelope of dry yeast
half a teaspoon of sugar
4 tablespoons oil
Ingredients needed for the filling:
about 300 grams of spinach. I used frozen spinach
a can of mushrooms
a tablespoon of flour
an onion of the right size
a garlic hat
5-6 tablespoons of tomato juice
How to prepare fasting pies
First of all, we take care of the dough, because it has to leaven. Put lukewarm water in a bowl and dissolve the yeast and sugar in it. Set the bowl aside until the yeast activates. It takes about 10-15 minutes. Separately, mix the flour with the salt. After the yeast has activated, mix the flour with the water, add the oil and start kneading. A soft, slightly sticky dough will come out. We let it grow until it doubles in volume.
Meanwhile, scald the spinach and drain it well. Then we grind it, along with the other ingredients. I used a mini chopper.
After the dough has risen, we turn it over on a countertop over which we sprinkled a generous layer of flour. We stretch it and make circles like donuts, with the help of a glass or a larger cup. Then, take a teaspoon with a filling tip and put it in the middle of the circle. Place another circle over the spinach and mushroom filling and press the edges with a fork.
Put the pies on baking paper and put them in the oven (170 degrees, top-down function and fan, or over medium heat in normal ovens) for 15-20 minutes. When you see that they are browning nicely it should be ready. If you don't want to make small pies but a fasting pie with mushrooms and big spinach, it's even easier. Divide the dough into two sheets, spread one in the pan, then place the filling evenly and place the second sheet on top.
Meat And Mushroom Pie
A simple but elegant entree, easy to make and yet very effective. The banal meat pie is reinterpreted in a modern note, with a subtle oriental scent to please even the most demanding diners. At least in my case, it was, and the pie tray had a very short life. The pie is also very suitable for a buffet table, in which case you cut it into 4-5 cm cubes, pricked with toothpicks to make the guests' work easier. Or you can keep the composition and change the way of packaging: individual bags with a meaty and tasty core. Regardless of the chosen option, it is important that it can be prepared in advance, and will be put in the oven at the right time.
Regarding the ingredients, I put the minced turkey pulp, but it also goes very well with chicken (possibly still the thighs and not the chest, so as not to get a stuffy filling). Then I put Champignon mushrooms because I had them, but other varieties work. The pie is served hot and is very good and the next day, reheated.
Ingredients (for 6 large portions): fine sheets of pie 10 pcs. (about 200 g) minced turkey or chicken 700 g eggs 3 pcs. Champignon mushrooms 250 g butter 80 g flour 3 tablespoons (60 g) sour cream (20% fat) 100 g dry white wine 125 ml soy sauce 2 tablespoons garlic 3 cloves onion 1 pc. (100 g) fresh dill 1 bunch of ground white pepper, salt
Preheat the oven to 200 degrees Celsius. In a large skillet, over medium heat, melt 30 g butter and sauté finely chopped onion and garlic. Add the minced meat and, stirring constantly, leave to whiten. With a spatula or wooden spoon, grind the meat so that it does not stick and form lumps. Add the cleaned and finely chopped mushrooms (I cut them with the blender). Stir and leave for two to three minutes.
Sprinkle the flour and mix so that it is incorporated without forming lumps. Pour the white wine and leave until the composition reaches boiling point. Add sour cream, soy sauce and half a teaspoon of white pepper. Homogenize and simmer for a minute or two on low heat. Meanwhile, separate the eggs as follows: one egg yolk in a small bowl, two yolks separately and the three egg whites in a low-fat, perfectly dry bowl. Match the composition of meat and salt mushrooms and turn off the heat. Leave for a few minutes to cool a bit, and add the two yolks and dill (cleaned, washed and finely chopped). Homogenize and move to a larger bowl.
Beat the egg whites with a little salt until you get a sticky foam. Gradually incorporate this foam into the meat and mushroom composition. Melt the remaining butter (50 g). Grease a tray or bowl with Jena butter (rectangular and large, close to the size of pie sheets). Carefully place a first sheet (the edges should stay up on the walls of the tray / bowl) and grease it with butter (with a brush). Do the same with three more sheets. Place over the last sheet, half of the meat composition.
Place another sheet of pie, grease it with butter and put another sheet. Grease with butter, including the edges. Put the rest of the composition, and on top come the other four sheets of pie, according to the same typical: sheet, greased with butter, sheet, greased, etc. Fold the edges of the sheets inward to seal the filling. Beat the yolk aside with a tablespoon of water and grease with it, in abundance, the surface of the pie (at this point, the folded edges will soften and stick over the last sheet). Put the tray / bowl in the oven and leave for about 40 minutes or until the pie gets a nice color on top.
Turn off the heat and let the pie breathe, about 10 minutes, before cutting it into pieces and serving it to diners.
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RECIPES Mushrooms with garlic
Served as a side dish or main course, the garlic mushrooms will be high & icircnight! The strong aroma of garlic makes them irresistible.
Ingredient:
800 g champignon mushrooms, cleaned and cut into slices
10 cloves of chopped garlic
200 ml dry white wine
half a bunch of chopped parsley
Method of preparation:
Heat the oil in a pan over low heat. Add the garlic and cook for 1 minute, until it starts to soften.
Put the mushrooms. Cook for 10 minutes in oil, then add the wine. Leave it on the fire for 15-20 minutes, until the water has evaporated and the mushrooms have a copper color. As soon as it mixes, be careful not to get caught in the pan.
When they are almost ready, season with salt and pepper. At the end add the parsley. Serve the mushrooms hot.
5 delicious mushroom recipes with which you can replace meat!
Mushroom dishes are very popular because they require affordable ingredients and are quite easy to prepare. If you like mushrooms and want to diversify the menu every day, we present below the top 5 best recipes. From the most common products you will get some dishes so delicious and fragrant that you will want to prepare them permanently. Choose your favorite recipe and surprise your loved ones with a special dinner.
Recipe no.1 & # 8211 Potatoes with mushrooms, in cream sauce
-400 g of mushroom mushrooms
-1 small bunch of parsley
-4-5 tablespoons vegetable oil (olive)
-300 ml of high fat cream
1. Preheat the oven to 200 ° C.
2. Wash and peel the potatoes. Cut them into thin slices, about 2-3 mm. Wash them well and let them drain for a few minutes.
4. Fry the potatoes in a pan with hot oil (with a thicker bottom) over medium heat. Match with salt and ground black pepper. Mix using a wooden spoon. Stir until you notice that the potato slices become sticky (they remove the starch).
5. Pour 1 tablespoon of olive oil into another pan and put it on the fire. Pour the mushrooms into the hot pan. Season with salt and mix. Fry until the mushrooms are ready.
6. Add the chopped garlic to the pan with the potatoes and pour in the cream. The cream should completely cover the potatoes. Lower the heat and cook for another 5 minutes, until the cream thickens a little.
7. Wash and chop the parsley. Take the potato pan off the heat and taste it. If necessary, add more salt or ground black pepper.
8. Add the fried mushrooms and parsley to the pan with the potatoes. Stir.
9. Pour the potatoes with sauce into a baking tin. Bake in a preheated oven for 20-30 minutes.
Recipe no.2 & # 8211 Smoked mushrooms with cream
-1 kg of mushroom mushrooms
-cream (with medium fat level)
1. Wash the mushrooms well and cut them into smaller pieces.
2. Arrange them in a saucepan. Pour water so that it completely covers the mushrooms. Put the pan on the fire and bring to a boil. Boil the mushrooms for 15-20 minutes.
3. Strain the mushrooms and let them drain for a few minutes.
4. Pour the mushrooms into an oil pan. Put it on the fire.
5. Peel and chop the onion. Add it to the pan with the mushrooms. Stirring periodically, fry over high heat until mushrooms and onions are browned.
6. Pour the cream into the pan. Match with salt and ground black pepper to taste. Stir.
7. Make a small fire and cover the pan with a lid. Stir-fry the mushrooms for another 15 minutes. Stir regularly.
8. Remove the pan from the heat and leave it covered for another 10 minutes. Serve the mushrooms as a garnish or as a main course.
Recipe no.3 & # 8211 Barley with pork and mushrooms, in clay pots
1. Boil the barley in a saucepan with water and a pinch of salt for 15 minutes. Drain it.
2. Cut the meat into smaller pieces. Fry it in a hot pan with oil until golden brown.
3. Peel and chop the onion. Peel a squash, grate it and squeeze the juice.
4. Add the onion to the meat pan and stir. Fry until the onion is soft.
5. Add the grated carrot to the pan and stir. Add the tomato paste and mix again. Fry for another 3 minutes. Match with salt, ground black pepper and spices to taste (khmeli-suneli, bay leaf, coriander, cumin).
6. Add the mushrooms and chopped garlic to the pan. Stir.
7. Mix the meat with the barley and arrange them in the clay pots. Pour water into the pots so that it covers the meat a little. Cover each pot with a lid.
8. Put the olives in the preheated oven for 1 hour. Before serving, stir and sprinkle with greens.
Recipe no.4 & # 8211 Chicken breast with mushrooms and bell peppers in sour cream sauce
1. Peel the onion and cut it in half into slices. Wash and peel the bell pepper. Remove the stalk with seeds and cut it into straws.
2. Cut the chicken breast into smaller pieces.
3. Fry the onion in a hot pan with oil until golden brown. Add the bell pepper and mix. Fry for 3 minutes.
4. Add the chicken breast to the pan and stir. Fry until all the liquid has evaporated. Match with salt and ground black pepper.
5. Add the mushrooms and a little water. Stir. If using boiled mushrooms, fry for another 5-10 minutes. Fry until the mushrooms are ready.
6. Pour the cream and a little milk (2 tablespoons). Stir and bring to a boil.
7. Take the pan off the heat and sprinkle the meat with chopped greens.
Recipe no.5 & # 8211 Julien with salmon and mushrooms
-1 salmon or trout steak (larger)
-4 mushroom mushrooms (larger)
1. Peel and chop the onion. Fry it in a pan with hot oil until it becomes semi-transparent.
2. Cut the mushrooms into smaller pieces or thin slices. Add them to the onion pan. Stir. Fry until almost ready.
3. Cut the fish into smaller pieces. Add it to the pan and stir. Match with salt.
4. Arrange the fish with mushrooms in small baking pans. Pour the cream into each form and sprinkle with grated cheese.
5. Place the molds in the preheated oven at 200 ° C for 10 minutes.
The common ancestor of fungi and animals was probably a flagellated unicellular organism that lived more than a billion years ago. A discovery in an 850-million-year-old slate in Canada is sometimes interpreted as a mushroom fossil. Alleged discoveries in China and Australia, 1.5 billion years old, have yet to be confirmed as fungi. The first largely undisputed discoveries date from the Ordovician geological period and can be attributed to arboreal mycorrhizal fungi. Fossil fungi have also been found in amber, among other things, on well-known coal deposits in Scotland and England, in the late Triassic, carnivorous in Germany, and in remarkable biodiversity in Cretaceous and Tertiary Canadian and Baltic Canadian amber. In some of these discoveries are found mushrooms that attacked termites and nematodes, being closed by the resin together with their hosts. [1] [2] [3]
While the vast majority of fungi that appear today no longer develop flagella, flagellate spores or gametes appear during the reproduction of the species in the cluster. Chytridiomycota. The fungi probably left the water before the plants and colonized the land surface. Since the first known terrestrial plants did not yet have real roots, but obviously living in symbiosis with mycorrhizal arboreal fungi from the Glomeromycota division, it is assumed that these fungi made it hardly possible for the plants to colonize this land. Successful passage of plants would not have been possible without the symbiosis with sponges. [4]
Systematic Modification
About 100,000 species are known in the Fungi Kingdom. According to current estimates (2017), however, there are between 2.2 and 3.8 million of them. [5] The Kingdom is divided as follows: [6]
Class I: Phycomycota
Class II: Eumycota
Subclass 1: Ascomycota
Section a: Protoascomycetes sin. Saccharomycetales
Section b: Euascomycetes (Plectascales, Pseudosphaeriales, Sphaeriales, Pezizales)
Section a: Holobasidiomycetes
Section b: Phragmobasidiomycetes sin. Heterobasidiomycetes (Uredinales, Ustilaginales)
Ontogenesis Modification
Due to the lack of chromatophores, mushrooms are not suitable for assimilation.
Some live as parasites or saprophytes on land or in freshwater, very rarely in the sea. Some species are not only heterotrophic for oxygen and nitrogen, but also for other active substances. Their fruiting body consists largely of hose-shaped branched cells, which often contain more than one haploid nucleus. Hyphae (walls, thin filaments) are composed mainly of chitin, only rarely of cellulose. The sum of the hyphae is called mycelium. Some single-celled organisms in the cluster Phycomycota, especially of Ascomycota, does not form mycelium. Eukaryotes Myxogastria sin. Myxomycetes, plasmodial viscous fungi, possess vegetative bodies formed completely differently. More or less all varieties can be grown.
Another part practices a form of symbiosis between them and plants in which a fungus comes in contact with the fine root system of a plant, called mycorrhiza. Here there are varieties with transversely septate hyphae like others, where this differentiation is missing. In aseptic forms, the entire mycelium can be viewed as a single multi-nuclear cell (syncytium). Also the septate forms of Ascomycetes and many Imperfect fungi they must be seen as sincere. Transverse walls are formed in these organisms only for the separation of the reproductive organs. The transverse walls retain a central cell nucleus of variable size due to premature cessation of wall synthesis by incarnating centripetal. This pore allows not only a plasma contact of neighboring cells, but also the crossing of cell nuclei like other cellular organs. Only in Basiomycetes is there a classification into true cells, comparable to those of higher plants. The hyphae of the upper fungi can materialize during the formation of the fruiting body in a quasi-tissue. These species cannot be grown in general. [6]
General characteristics of the Eumycota twig in brief Modification
Eukaryotic organisms
most are multicellular
heterotrophic organisms
populates any environment
nemotile
continuous growth
the presence of the cell wall
the cell membrane (when present) is made up of mycocellulose or mycosin
the presence of chitin, callus, etc. within the cell wall are completely missing
urea formation
multiplication by spores containing reserve substances: glycogen and fat droplets.
Ultrastructure Modification
To most representatives of the kingdom fungous the structure of the body is somewhat similar. Here are some common features:
Fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually.
Asexual reproduction Change
In the case of fungi, asexual (vegetative) reproduction is very common. Multiplication does not occur through the formation of sex cells, but through the formation of agametes (spores that form a new organism without fusion with another cell) that some species even lack. These sponges are called Imperfect fungi. There are different types of spores, for example: [6] [7] [8]
Arthrospores (powdery mildew): are caused by the rupture of hyphae in individual cells.
Ascospores: are vessels in the form of an elongated sac, in which the meiosis of fungi takes place and in which haploid ascospores are formed, which in turn represent a form of spread to some types of fungi. Sporulation is often necessary to quickly generate offspring, for example to overcome periods of hunger.
Blastospores: form as protuberances at the tips of the hyphae or in other positions and mature from the base. It separates without the formation of septa. If blastospores form on minor axes, they are called sympodiospores.
Chlamydospores: immobile, with coarse walls, intercalation develops (restricted to certain areas) or by swelling of the hyphae heads, both inside the hyphae and through the so-called germination. Terrestrial and aquatic fungi can develop them under unfavorable living conditions.
Conidiospores: by constriction at the tip of certain fungal hyphae, the so-called conidiophores are formed, from which the conidiospores are subsequently released. They are exospores.
Porospores: with thick walls are formed individually or at the vertices through pores in the cell wall of the hypora carrying spores and can also be formed as chains that grow from the base to the tip.
Sporangiospores: they form endogenously in special hyphae, so-called sporangia (in Phycomycota), sac-like fruit containers, inside which sporangiospores develop.
Zoospores: are found only in aquatic fungi, being flagellated spores that develop endogenously in zoosporangia.
Sexual reproduction Change
The principle of sexual reproduction that does not produce identical offspring, unlike asexual reproduction, is the formation of spores (meiospores) genetically new compounds after cell fusion (plasmogamy), nuclear fusion (karyogamy) and cell division (meiosis).
Mushrooms can form conidia with sexual spores. They are usually haploid, so they have only one simple set of chromosomes in their cell nuclei and only go through a short diploid phase with two sets of chromosomes during sexual reproduction. Two spores completely merge (including karyogamy, plasmogamy) and form a new diploid cell. Between them there is a phase with two nuclei in the fungi Basidiomycota and most fungi Ascomycota which is not known to other living things. In this phase, each cell contains two haploid nuclei of different "parental" origin. These processes are also possible alternatively, so that fungi can pass between haploid and diploid organisms, as well as between sexual and asexual reproduction. The course of sexual processes differs greatly in the different systematic departments of the fungi. Such varieties are called Perfect fungi. [9] [10]
Fungus fungi Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota they do not form fruiting bodies, but exist only as multi-nuclear mycelium. In them, the neighboring hyphae emit extensions, called gametangii, which combine in the shape of a yoke. The point of contact then swells, the separating cell walls dissolve and the multi-nuclear fusion product is isolated from the two gametangs by partitions. The diploid phase is achieved by fusing cell nuclei in pairs. [11] [12]
Finally, it should be noted that the formation of fruiting bodies is associated with a considerable increase in metabolic activity, because they form considerably more proteins and nucleic acids than in mycelium and due to this, increased energy consumption is required, which is it also reflects in a corresponding increase in oxygen consumption. [13]
Outline of reproduction types (possible) Change
Mushrooms act as a decomposer of dead organic materials (saprophytes), feed as parasites on other living things or live in a reciprocal (mutualistic) symbiosis with plants (mycorrhiza) or together with blue-green algae (lichens). Due to the very efficient distribution of spores, they are practically everywhere where a suitable substrate is available and can generally use a very wide range of food sources. [14]
Saprophytes: there are on the one hand species that grow on rich soil, leaves, garbage, horse manure, etc. (which they feed on), on the other hand sponges that can break down and use lignin almost exclusively. They are also the most important users in the breakdown of cellulose, hemicellulose and keratin. Together with bacteria and small animal organisms, they form humus from organic waste. The importance of fungi in the degradation of lignin and especially of the very lignin-rich trunks of dead trees is highlighted in several ways. Only fungi, especially certain varieties of the Basidiomycota cluster, which are grouped under the name "white rot fungi" (a term used to describe the decomposition of wood by fungi, when they mainly decompose brown lignin and remain colorless cellulose), are able to decompose. effectively larger pieces of dead wood. These organic nutrients are converted to inorganic substances, such as carbon dioxide or nitrates. Unlike bacteria, some of which can capitalize to a limited extent on available products of already partially degraded lignin, fungi with their hyphae actively enter the wood, having the enzymes needed for complicated and energy-intensive degradation. Oxygen is absolutely necessary for this degradation process. Where this is not the case, the wood is stored for a long time, for example in peat bogs) and is finally transformed into coal for long geological periods. [15] [16]
Parasites: when a fungus parasitizes a plant, it enters its cells with specialized hyphae, which allow the parasite to enter its host tissues and absorb nutrients from them (eg species such as Armillariella on softwoods). They penetrate the cell wall, but leave the cell membrane intact (otherwise the cell plasma would escape and the host cell would die), wrapping it only so that it is now surrounded by a double membrane. This process allows the removal of nutrients from the plasma of the host cell. Parasitic fungi are often specialized for certain host organisms. To find the right ones, they developed different methods. First of all, they produce large amounts of spores, thus increasing the chance that some of them will reach compatible host plants. Fungi out of order Weather in Pucciniales (rust fungi) for example infest mainly stems and leaves. They have a complex life cycle, which often includes changing hosts. A number of representatives are of economic importance because they affect agricultural crops (e.g. Puccinia graminis on cereals, Puccinia striiformis on wheat or Melampsorella caryophyllacearum on silver fir). Other species have learned to spread effectively through insects that visit host plants. Thus, certain yeasts that live in nectar are transported from flower to flower. Spores Monilinia fructigena, the causative agent of fruit rot of fruit trees, are spread by wasps, which at the same time provide access to the fungus by gnawing the fruit. Species of the order Ustilaginales they can live saprophytically in the soil for years without host plants. An example is Ustilago maydis (corn fire): up to 12 years later, infectious mycelium was found in a field affected by it that immediately parasitizes freshly sown plants again. [17] [18] Animals and humans can also suffer from fungal infections when they come in contact with fungal spores of the order Dermatophytes, such as Microsporum canis infesting mainly dogs and cats (20%), rarely humans [19] or the well-known athlete's foot (Tinea pedis). [20]
Mycorrhizans: are included in many families of large fungi of the Basidiomycota cluster (eg Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Cantharellaceae, Russulaceae, Suillaceae) where the mycelium of the fungus wraps around the roots of the trees as a mycelial sheath, penetrating not into the bark, but also into the bark. . But in much larger numbers there are very small fungi in the Glomeromycota division that form arboreal mycorrhizal associations, penetrating the cells of the bark. However, they are the most valuable mushrooms for nature. They form mycorrhizal associations with plants, transferring water and various inorganic substances, especially phosphates and minerals, to the roots, as the fine mycelium penetrates the soil closer than the suction roots could, receiving in turn carbohydrates, especially sugar, which it produces the plant through photosynthesis. Fungi could not live without this symbiosis because they are not able to produce organic matter. But in turn, some plants would survive very hard without the help of these fungi. There is a very close contact between the roots of the sponges and the roots of the trees. This better nutrition is especially noticeable in very poor soils. As for the tree fungi, it should be mentioned that sometimes they can prevent the growth of the plant. [21] [22]
Orchids are an extreme case, many of which are already dependent on their fungal symbiotic partners when their seeds germinate under natural conditions. Some orchids, for example Neottia nidus-avis, do not contain chlorophyll and therefore cannot photosynthesize, but get all the nutrients from the fungus, which they thus parasitize. [2. 3]
Lichens: they have a special position. They are fungi that harbor unicellular blue-green algae as symbionts and are therefore photoautotrophic, ie they are not dependent on external food sources due to the photosynthesis of their symbionts. Unlike any of the partners alone, they can colonize extreme habitats. However, the mushrooms in question are difficult to viable without their symbionts, while the latter can thrive and isolate. For lichens, the advantage of symbiosis is that a much wider range of habitats opens up for them. [24]
- Marine and xerophilous species
Mushrooms, especially from the Ascomycota cluster, are also widespread in marine habitats, ie in an extremely saline environment, being parasitic on plants and animals from the sea. They combat high osmotic pressure by properly enriching polyols (higher alcohols), mainly glycerin, but also mannitol and arabitol in the hyphae. The situation is similar to xerophilous molds and yeasts (extremophilic organisms that can live and reproduce in conditions with low water availability). They grow, for example, which can grow on pickled herring or marmalade. [25]
Most fungi are aerobic organisms. But some are anaerobic, they can either manage temporarily without oxygen (optional anaerobic), for example yeasts that ferment under these conditions, living on sugar (for them much more efficient than with aerobic respiration), or even lost the ability to use it at all (mandatory anaerobic) as species of the family Neocallimastigaceae, which live in the rumen of ruminants being specialized in the use of cellulose. [26]
Mushrooms can populate almost any living environment, subject to certain conditions, valid for most terrestrial species:
the presence of the organic substrate
lack of too much brightness
enough moisture.
For humans, fungi play both a positive and a negative role. See also below under "external links".
There are species that are easy to identify, but others, where confusion is possible and sometimes with a fatal result. Some examples in detail:
- The order Agaricales it is the most dangerous. Thus lethal species of the genus postponed (Amanita phalloides, Amanita verna, Amanita virosa) respectively quite toxic as Amanita gemmata, Amanita pantherina) or those of the kind Clitocybe with for example Clitocybe dealbata (+), Clitocybe fragrans, Clitocybe rivulosa (+) such as those in the genre Cortinarius (Cortinarius cinnamomeus, Cortinarius gentilis (+), Cortinarius orellanus (+), Cortinarius rubellus (+) or Cortinarius traganus), often have a great resemblance to edible varieties. Varieties of the genus Inocybe are all severely poisonous, while those of Gomphidius and family sponges Hygrophoraceae with all edibles. In addition, species declared edible are still collected in older mycological books, which in the meantime have proved as deadly as possible, such as Paxillus involutus or Equestrian tricholoma. Galerina marginata caused quite a few lethal poisons by confusing it with e.g. Flammulina velutipes or Kuehneromyces mutabilis, as and Pleurocybella porrigens.
- The order Bulletins includes species with white to yellowish pores (greenish-yellow) and others with reddish to red pores. In those with open pores there are no toxic smiles, but some are inedible due to the bitter taste (Boletus calopus, Boletus radicans, Tylopilus felleus). In those with red pores a confusion of edible species with poisonous ones, but not lethal, is quite slight, as for example with Boletus lupinus, Boletus rhodoxanthus or Boletus satanas).
- The order Cantharellales does not know inedible or even toxic mushrooms.
- The order Polyporales knows mostly edible mushrooms. Some species cannot be eaten, being bitter or hard.
- The order Russulales has its own rules. For the genres Lactarius, Lactifluus and Russula it matters, that all sponges without an unpleasant odor such as a sharp or inconvenient taste are edible. Even some of those hot ones could be eaten. [27] [28]
- The twig Ascomycota knows very toxic mold fungi (Hypomyces chrysospermus, Serpula lacrymans), but also for example very useful yeast. As for families with larger mushrooms it can be said that Morchellaceae-they are all edible, but Helvellaceae-they have poisonous or suspicious species among them, not always easy to identify, being thus only something for connoisseurs.
You can see more details on the description page of the mushrooms.
These mushrooms contain psychotropic substances such as psilocybin, psilocin, muscimol or ergot. The best known are psilocybin-containing fungi. Their effects are sometimes compared to those of LSD. These include exotic species, such as Psilocybe cubensis but also native species, such as Mycena pura, Pluteus salicinus or Psilocybe semilanceata. Amanita muscaria and Amanita regalis contain ibotenic acid and the toxic and psychotropic muscimol derivative, much more effective in the dry stage. Both substances are classified as delusional. [29] In addition to other toxic substances, Claviceps purpurea it also contains ergot. [30] Psychoactive mushrooms have had and still have a spiritual significance as entheogenic substances for various indigenous peoples. [31] Inexperienced mushroom pickers risk picking mushrooms that contain these substances. Unfortunately, many young people also experiment with these sponges without thinking about the harmful effects on health.
In the world, there are over 100 species of mushrooms used for therapeutic purposes, especially in China and Japan. They contain proteins, amino acids, vitamins, minerals and many other active microelements, becoming adjuvant agents in the complementary therapies of many diseases. [32] In Europe and North America, mushrooms have also been used for medicinal purposes since the early twentieth century. Drugs like the antibiotic penicillin are made from mushrooms. Other fungal metabolites lower cholesterol or help with malaria (Metarhizium pingshaense genetically engineered). [33]
- A large role is played by the mass cultivation of large edible saprophytic and parasitic fungi. The best known are Agaricus bisporus, Auricularia auricula-judae, Lentinula edodes, sin. Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus. [34] .
- Among single-celled mushrooms, sugar yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces, especially baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, But and Saccharomyces bayanus, Saccharomyces ellipsoides and Saccharomyces uvarum (there are over 1,500 species), are the best known mushrooms useful in this field. They produce alcohol and carbon dioxide by alcoholic fermentation and are used to bake a dough, in the preparation of beer, in the production of wine, in other alcoholic beverages such as certain (also low-alcohol) products of curdled milk (eg kefir). . [35] Yeast used today is usually grown, produced biotechnologically, but the one that lives naturally on the surface of grapes is still used in many cases, especially in wine production. In addition to lactic acid bacteria, the dough used in baking bread also contains yeast. [36] Mold fungus Botrytis cinerea it also plays a role in wine production. In cool, humid autumn weather, it causes rot on the grains, which causes the grain to pierce the skin. Later, they lose water, leaving behind a higher percentage of solids, such as sugars, fruit acids and minerals, resulting in a more concentrated and intense final product. Yquem Castle is the only Premier Cru Supérieur, largely due to the susceptibility of the vineyard to the so-called noble rot. [37] On the other hand, the fungus is very harmful to, for example, strawberries or tomatoes. [38]
- Many types of mold (Penicillium candidum, Penicillium camemberti, Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium glaucum etc.) play an important role in the maturation process of dairy products, especially sour dairy products and cheeses (eg Blue Stilton, Gorgonzola, Roquefort, infested with blue mold or Camembert and Brie cheese with white) . [39] [40] On the contrary, the rot of bread Rhizopus stolonifer which harms and for example sweet potatoes strawberries, papaya, plums or tomatoes is very toxic to humans and animals. [41]
The largest fasting are cultivated saprophytic fungi and parasites. Agaricus bisporus is the most important edible sponge grown worldwide. It was first raised in Paris by Olivier de Serres (1539-1619) during the reign of King Louis XIII of France. They followed Agaricus bitorquis, which performs stronger meat such as brown mushroom, derived from Agaricus silvaticus. [42] [43] Agaricus subrufescens sin. Agaricus blazei is a mushroom grown in the Far East and South America due to its famous medicinal properties, which have been attributed to it since ancient times, including against cancer. It is used in alternative medicine. [44] But scientific evidence is lacking to this day. [45] Worldwide, about 1.5 million tons of mushrooms have been produced annually (2011). At European level, about 60% of this quantity is produced, ie around 900,000 tonnes, with the main mushroom-producing countries being France, Poland, Italy and Hungary. Of all the mushroom species, Romanians prefer the species Agaricus (Champignon), while abroad the species is much more appreciated oyster, [46] and in East Asia the varieties Mu-Err and Shiitake.
A lot of money is also made with powders, tinctures and capsules from "medicinal mushrooms". But the effect is doubtful. [47]
If you want to surprise your guests or loved ones with an unusual and tasty dish, cook food with mushrooms . Juicy and delicate, they combine the taste of fresh fried mushrooms and fresh meat. If you spend a little more than usual, you will enjoy both children and adults with an unusual & quot; surprise & quot.
meat (beef or pork)
fresh mushrooms (white or shampoo)
salt.
Bake an onion and finely chop. Wash 500 grams of beef or pork under cold water, cut it into small pieces and twist it through a meat grinder (you can use minced meat, but not thawed). Put the minced meat in a deep bowl and add the same chopped onion, a chicken egg, salt and black pepper to taste. Mix everything in a homogeneous mass.
Prepare the mushroom filling for the chops. To do this, wipe the samples well with a paper towel if the white mushrooms are used for cooking, rinse well. Cut the dark lower legs of the mushrooms and cut them into small slices or pieces. Heat the pan and lightly fry the mushrooms (white mushrooms) with 1-2 tablespoons of vegetable oil, but do not bring to full preparation. Bake a medium onion and a carrot. Chop the onion well and fry the carrot. Put two tablespoons of vegetable oil, then add vegetables to the mushrooms and mix.
Take a little filling and form a circle with a diameter of about 14-15 centimeters and a thickness of 0, 5 cm. In the middle of the place of 1-2 tablespoons of mushroom filling, carefully connect the edges so that the filling does not fall and give them the shape of buns or balls. Press lightly upwards and turn in breadcrumbs. It's frying the bars of on both sides for 3-4 tablespoons of vegetable oil. served Burger with a side plate, watering them on the white sauce or sprinkling with freshly cut herbs.
Porcini mushrooms deteriorate very quickly, so for the preparation of meatballs it is best to use collected no more than 5 hours ago.
Instead of eggs and onions, you can add a piece of white bread or a bread weighing about 100 grams soaked in milk.
Video: MIKE TYSON TAKES MUSHROOMS ON IMPAULSIVE! (January 2022).
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Copyright 2022 \ Mushrooms with mushrooms...


text:
Q: How to swap the column values in a table with a single update query I have a table with columns
ID  NAME    GENDER
------------------
1   xxxxxxx m
2   yyyyyyy f
2   zzzzzzz f

Now, I want 'f' to be updated as 'm' and 'm' to be updated as 'f' with a single update query.
Kindly anyone help me out

A: You can do this with a case statement:
update tablename t
    set gender = (case when gender = 'm' then 'f'
                       when gender = 'f' then 'm'
                       else gender
                  end);

A: For mysql,
update tablename
set gender = if(gender = 'm','f',if(gender = 'f','m',null))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: What does `flock -u` actually do? I'm playing around with the command flock, which obtains and releases locks on files. For example, if I run
flock /tmp/mylock true

then it immediately exits, presumably obtaining and then releasing the lock. If I run
flock /tmp/mylock sleep 100

then it delays 100 seconds, again obtaining and releasing the lock. And, if I run the following in two separate shells:
flock /tmp/mylock sleep 100

and
flock /tmp/mylock true

then the second command is blocked, because it can't obtain the lock while the first command runs. Once the sleep 100 completes and the lock is released, the second command runs and exits. All good.
Here's the problem. If, during that 100 second delay, I run the following in a third shell:
flock -u /tmp/mylock true

then what happens? The man page for flock says:
   -u, --unlock
          Drop  a  lock.   This  is  usually not required, since a lock is
          automatically dropped when the file is closed.  However, it  may
          be  required  in special cases, for example if the enclosed com-
          mand group may have forked a background process which should not
          be holding the lock.

So, this should drop the lock, which should allow flock /tmp/mylock true to run, right? (I would also guess that the flock /tmp/mylock sleep 100 would immediately exit, but that's speculation.)
What happens? Nothing. flock -u /tmp/mylock true immediately exits, but flock /tmp/mylock true continues to be blocked, and flock /tmp/mylock sleep 100 continues to exit.
What does flock -u /tmp/mylock <command> actually do?
(All examples tested on Ubuntu 18.04.)

A: Here's an example with -u working with file descriptor 9 open on a file mylock, successfully unlocking 9 so that a backgrounded flock mylock can proceed.
Note that flock 9 cannot also have a command as in that case the "9" is taken to be a filename, not an fd.
bash -s <<\!  9>mylock 2>&1 |
 flock 9; echo gotlock1
 flock 9; echo gotlock2
 9>&- flock mylock bash -c 'echo start_sleep;sleep 8; echo end_sleep' &
 sleep 2
 flock -u 9; echo unlock; sleep .1
 flock 9; echo gotlock3
!

awk '{t2=systime(); if(t1==0)t1=t2; printf "%2d %s\n",t2-t1,$0; t1=t2}'

The first line makes bash run the following lines after opening fd 9, but also pipes stdout and stderr through the awk script seen at the end. This is just to annotate the output with the timing of the lines. The result is:
 0 gotlock1
 0 gotlock2
 2 unlock
 0 start_sleep
 8 end_sleep
 0 gotlock3

This shows the first 2 flock 9 commands run immediately. Then a flock mylock command is run in the background, after closing fd 9 just for this line. This command could have been run from a second window, for example. The output shows that it hangs, as we do not see start_sleep. This means that the preceding flock 9 did actually get an exclusive lock.
The output then shows that after sleep 2 and flock -u 9 we get the unlock echo, and only then does the background command get the lock and starts its sleep 8.
The main script immediately does a flock 9, but the output shows that this does not proceed until the background script ends with end_sleep 8 seconds later, and the main script outputs gotlock3.
The lslocks command sometimes shows 2 processes interested in the lock. The * means a wait:
COMMAND           PID  TYPE SIZE MODE  M      START        END PATH
flock           23671 FLOCK   0B WRITE* 0          0          0 /tmp/mylock
flock           23655 FLOCK   0B WRITE  0          0          0 /tmp/mylock

But it does not show the result of the first flock 9 on its own, presumably because there is no process with the lock, even though the file truly is locked, as we see when the background job cannot proceed.


text:
/* crypto/rand/md_rand.c */
/* Copyright (C) 1995-1998 Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This package is an SSL implementation written
 * by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com).
 * The implementation was written so as to conform with Netscapes SSL.
 *
 * This library is free for commercial and non-commercial use as long as
 * the following conditions are aheared to.  The following conditions
 * apply to all code found in this distribution, be it the RC4, RSA,
 * lhash, DES, etc., code; not just the SSL code.  The SSL documentation
 * included with this distribution is covered by the same copyright terms
 * except that the holder is Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
 *
 * Copyright remains Eric Young's, and as such any Copyright notices in
 * the code are not to be removed.
 * If this package is used in a product, Eric Young should be given attribution
 * as the author of the parts of the library used.
 * This can be in the form of a textual message at program startup or
 * in documentation (online or textual) provided with the package.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *    "This product includes cryptographic software written by
 *     Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)"
 *    The word 'cryptographic' can be left out if the rouines from the library
 *    being used are not cryptographic related :-).
 * 4. If you include any Windows specific code (or a derivative thereof) from
 *    the apps directory (application code) you must include an acknowledgement:
 *    "This product includes software written by Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com)"
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY ERIC YOUNG ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 * The licence and distribution terms for any publically available version or
 * derivative of this code cannot be changed.  i.e. this code cannot simply be
 * copied and put under another distribution licence
 * [including the GNU Public Licence.]
 */
/* ====================================================================
 * Copyright (c) 1998-2001 The OpenSSL Project.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
 *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
 *    distribution.
 *
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
 *    software must display the following acknowledgment:
 *    "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
 *    for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.openssl.org/)"
 *
 * 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to
 *    endorse or promote products derived from this software without
 *    prior written permission. For written permission, please contact
 *    openssl-core@openssl.org.
 *
 * 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"
 *    nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written
 *    permission of the OpenSSL Project.
 *
 * 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
 *    acknowledgment:
 *    "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
 *    for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/)"
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY
 * EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR
 * ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
 * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
 * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
 * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
 * OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 * ====================================================================
 *
 * This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
 * (eay@cryptsoft.com).  This product includes software written by Tim
 * Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
 *
 */

#define OPENSSL_FIPSEVP

#ifdef MD_RAND_DEBUG
# ifndef NDEBUG
#  define NDEBUG
# endif
#endif

#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#include "e_os.h"

#include <openssl/crypto.h>
#include <openssl/rand.h>
#include "rand_lcl.h"

#include <openssl/err.h>

#ifdef BN_DEBUG
# define PREDICT
#endif

/* #define PREDICT      1 */

#define STATE_SIZE      1023
static size_t state_num = 0, state_index = 0;
static unsigned char state[STATE_SIZE + MD_DIGEST_LENGTH];
static unsigned char md[MD_DIGEST_LENGTH];
static long md_count[2] = { 0, 0 };

static double entropy = 0;
static int initialized = 0;

static unsigned int crypto_lock_rand = 0; /* may be set only when a thread
                                           * holds CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND (to
                                           * prevent double locking) */
/* access to lockin_thread is synchronized by CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND2 */
/* valid iff crypto_lock_rand is set */
static CRYPTO_THREADID locking_threadid;

#ifdef PREDICT
int rand_predictable = 0;
#endif

const char RAND_version[] = "RAND" OPENSSL_VERSION_PTEXT;

static void ssleay_rand_cleanup(void);
static void ssleay_rand_seed(const void *buf, int num);
static void ssleay_rand_add(const void *buf, int num, double add_entropy);
static int ssleay_rand_nopseudo_bytes(unsigned char *buf, int num);
static int ssleay_rand_pseudo_bytes(unsigned char *buf, int num);
static int ssleay_rand_status(void);

RAND_METHOD rand_ssleay_meth = {
    ssleay_rand_seed,
    ssleay_rand_nopseudo_bytes,
    ssleay_rand_cleanup,
    ssleay_rand_add,
    ssleay_rand_pseudo_bytes,
    ssleay_rand_status
};

RAND_METHOD *RAND_SSLeay(void)
{
    return (&rand_ssleay_meth);
}

static void ssleay_rand_cleanup(void)
{
    OPENSSL_cleanse(state, sizeof(state));
    state_num = 0;
    state_index = 0;
    OPENSSL_cleanse(md, MD_DIGEST_LENGTH);
    md_count[0] = 0;
    md_count[1] = 0;
    entropy = 0;
    initialized = 0;
}

static void ssleay_rand_add(const void *buf, int num, double add)
{
    int i, j, k, st_idx;
    long md_c[2];
    unsigned char local_md[MD_DIGEST_LENGTH];
    EVP_MD_CTX m;
    int do_not_lock;

    if (!num)
        return;

    /*
     * (Based on the rand(3) manpage)
     *
     * The input is chopped up into units of 20 bytes (or less for
     * the last block).  Each of these blocks is run through the hash
     * function as follows:  The data passed to the hash function
     * is the current 'md', the same number of bytes from the 'state'
     * (the location determined by in incremented looping index) as
     * the current 'block', the new key data 'block', and 'count'
     * (which is incremented after each use).
     * The result of this is kept in 'md' and also xored into the
     * 'state' at the same locations that were used as input into the
     * hash function.
     */

    /* check if we already have the lock */
    if (crypto_lock_rand) {
        CRYPTO_THREADID cur;
        CRYPTO_THREADID_current(&cur);
        CRYPTO_r_lock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND2);
        do_not_lock = !CRYPTO_THREADID_cmp(&locking_threadid, &cur);
        CRYPTO_r_unlock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND2);
    } else
        do_not_lock = 0;

    if (!do_not_lock)
        CRYPTO_w_lock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND);
    st_idx = state_index;

    /*
     * use our own copies of the counters so that even if a concurrent thread
     * seeds with exactly the same data and uses the same subarray there's
     * _some_ difference
     */
    md_c[0] = md_count[0];
    md_c[1] = md_count[1];

    memcpy(local_md, md, sizeof md);

    /* state_index <= state_num <= STATE_SIZE */
    state_index += num;
    if (state_index >= STATE_SIZE) {
        state_index %= STATE_SIZE;
        state_num = STATE_SIZE;
    } else if (state_num < STATE_SIZE) {
        if (state_index > state_num)
            state_num = state_index;
    }
    /* state_index <= state_num <= STATE_SIZE */

    /*
     * state[st_idx], ..., state[(st_idx + num - 1) % STATE_SIZE] are what we
     * will use now, but other threads may use them as well
     */

    md_count[1] += (num / MD_DIGEST_LENGTH) + (num % MD_DIGEST_LENGTH > 0);

    if (!do_not_lock)
        CRYPTO_w_unlock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND);

    EVP_MD_CTX_init(&m);
    for (i = 0; i < num; i += MD_DIGEST_LENGTH) {
        j = (num - i);
        j = (j > MD_DIGEST_LENGTH) ? MD_DIGEST_LENGTH : j;

        if (!MD_Init(&m) ||
            !MD_Update(&m, local_md, MD_DIGEST_LENGTH))
            goto err;
        k = (st_idx + j) - STATE_SIZE;
        if (k > 0) {
            if (!MD_Update(&m, &(state[st_idx]), j - k) ||
                !MD_Update(&m, &(state[0]), k))
                goto err;
        } else
            if (!MD_Update(&m, &(state[st_idx]), j))
                goto err;

        /* DO NOT REMOVE THE FOLLOWING CALL TO MD_Update()! */
        if (!MD_Update(&m, buf, j))
            goto err;
        /*
         * We know that line may cause programs such as purify and valgrind
         * to complain about use of uninitialized data.  The problem is not,
         * it's with the caller.  Removing that line will make sure you get
         * really bad randomness and thereby other problems such as very
         * insecure keys.
         */

        if (!MD_Update(&m, (unsigned char *)&(md_c[0]), sizeof(md_c)) ||
            !MD_Final(&m, local_md))
            goto err;
        md_c[1]++;

        buf = (const char *)buf + j;

        for (k = 0; k < j; k++) {
            /*
             * Parallel threads may interfere with this, but always each byte
             * of the new state is the XOR of some previous value of its and
             * local_md (itermediate values may be lost). Alway using locking
             * could hurt performance more than necessary given that
             * conflicts occur only when the total seeding is longer than the
             * random state.
             */
            state[st_idx++] ^= local_md[k];
            if (st_idx >= STATE_SIZE)
                st_idx = 0;
        }
    }

    if (!do_not_lock)
        CRYPTO_w_lock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND);
    /*
     * Don't just copy back local_md into md -- this could mean that other
     * thread's seeding remains without effect (except for the incremented
     * counter).  By XORing it we keep at least as much entropy as fits into
     * md.
     */
    for (k = 0; k < (int)sizeof(md); k++) {
        md[k] ^= local_md[k];
    }
    if (entropy < ENTROPY_NEEDED) /* stop counting when we have enough */
        entropy += add;
    if (!do_not_lock)
        CRYPTO_w_unlock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND);

#if !defined(OPENSSL_THREADS) && !defined(OPENSSL_SYS_WIN32)
    assert(md_c[1] == md_count[1]);
#endif

 err:
    EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup(&m);
}

static void ssleay_rand_seed(const void *buf, int num)
{
    ssleay_rand_add(buf, num, (double)num);
}

int ssleay_rand_bytes(unsigned char *buf, int num, int pseudo, int lock)
{
    static volatile int stirred_pool = 0;
    int i, j, k;
    size_t num_ceil, st_idx, st_num;
    int ok;
    long md_c[2];
    unsigned char local_md[MD_DIGEST_LENGTH];
    EVP_MD_CTX m;
#ifndef GETPID_IS_MEANINGLESS
    pid_t curr_pid = getpid();
#endif
    int do_stir_pool = 0;

#ifdef PREDICT
    if (rand_predictable) {
        static unsigned char val = 0;

        for (i = 0; i < num; i++)
            buf[i] = val++;
        return (1);
    }
#endif

    if (num <= 0)
        return 1;

    EVP_MD_CTX_init(&m);
    /* round upwards to multiple of MD_DIGEST_LENGTH/2 */
    num_ceil =
        (1 + (num - 1) / (MD_DIGEST_LENGTH / 2)) * (MD_DIGEST_LENGTH / 2);

    /*
     * (Based on the rand(3) manpage:)
     *
     * For each group of 10 bytes (or less), we do the following:
     *
     * Input into the hash function the local 'md' (which is initialized from
     * the global 'md' before any bytes are generated), the bytes that are to
     * be overwritten by the random bytes, and bytes from the 'state'
     * (incrementing looping index). From this digest output (which is kept
     * in 'md'), the top (up to) 10 bytes are returned to the caller and the
     * bottom 10 bytes are xored into the 'state'.
     *
     * Finally, after we have finished 'num' random bytes for the
     * caller, 'count' (which is incremented) and the local and global 'md'
     * are fed into the hash function and the results are kept in the
     * global 'md'.
     */
    if (lock)
        CRYPTO_w_lock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND);

    /* prevent ssleay_rand_bytes() from trying to obtain the lock again */
    CRYPTO_w_lock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND2);
    CRYPTO_THREADID_current(&locking_threadid);
    CRYPTO_w_unlock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND2);
    crypto_lock_rand = 1;

    if (!initialized) {
        RAND_poll();
        initialized = 1;
    }

    if (!stirred_pool)
        do_stir_pool = 1;

    ok = (entropy >= ENTROPY_NEEDED);
    if (!ok) {
        /*
         * If the PRNG state is not yet unpredictable, then seeing the PRNG
         * output may help attackers to determine the new state; thus we have
         * to decrease the entropy estimate. Once we've had enough initial
         * seeding we don't bother to adjust the entropy count, though,
         * because we're not ambitious to provide *information-theoretic*
         * randomness. NOTE: This approach fails if the program forks before
         * we have enough entropy. Entropy should be collected in a separate
         * input pool and be transferred to the output pool only when the
         * entropy limit has been reached.
         */
        entropy -= num;
        if (entropy < 0)
            entropy = 0;
    }

    if (do_stir_pool) {
        /*
         * In the output function only half of 'md' remains secret, so we
         * better make sure that the required entropy gets 'evenly
         * distributed' through 'state', our randomness pool. The input
         * function (ssleay_rand_add) chains all of 'md', which makes it more
         * suitable for this purpose.
         */

        int n = STATE_SIZE;     /* so that the complete pool gets accessed */
        while (n > 0) {
#if MD_DIGEST_LENGTH > 20
# error "Please adjust DUMMY_SEED."
#endif
#define DUMMY_SEED "...................." /* at least MD_DIGEST_LENGTH */
            /*
             * Note that the seed does not matter, it's just that
             * ssleay_rand_add expects to have something to hash.
             */
            ssleay_rand_add(DUMMY_SEED, MD_DIGEST_LENGTH, 0.0);
            n -= MD_DIGEST_LENGTH;
        }
        if (ok)
            stirred_pool = 1;
    }

    st_idx = state_index;
    st_num = state_num;
    md_c[0] = md_count[0];
    md_c[1] = md_count[1];
    memcpy(local_md, md, sizeof md);

    state_index += num_ceil;
    if (state_index > state_num)
        state_index %= state_num;

    /*
     * state[st_idx], ..., state[(st_idx + num_ceil - 1) % st_num] are now
     * ours (but other threads may use them too)
     */

    md_count[0] += 1;

    /* before unlocking, we must clear 'crypto_lock_rand' */
    crypto_lock_rand = 0;
    if (lock)
        CRYPTO_w_unlock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND);

    while (num > 0) {
        /* num_ceil -= MD_DIGEST_LENGTH/2 */
        j = (num >= MD_DIGEST_LENGTH / 2) ? MD_DIGEST_LENGTH / 2 : num;
        num -= j;
        if (!MD_Init(&m))
           goto err;
#ifndef GETPID_IS_MEANINGLESS
        if (curr_pid) {         /* just in the first iteration to save time */
            if (!MD_Update(&m, (unsigned char *)&curr_pid, sizeof curr_pid))
                goto err;
            curr_pid = 0;
        }
#endif
        if (!MD_Update(&m, local_md, MD_DIGEST_LENGTH) ||
            !MD_Update(&m, (unsigned char *)&(md_c[0]), sizeof(md_c)))
            goto err;

#ifndef PURIFY                  /* purify complains */
        /*
         * The following line uses the supplied buffer as a small source of
         * entropy: since this buffer is often uninitialised it may cause
         * programs such as purify or valgrind to complain. So for those
         * builds it is not used: the removal of such a small source of
         * entropy has negligible impact on security.
         */
        if (!MD_Update(&m, buf, j))
            goto err;
#endif

        k = (st_idx + MD_DIGEST_LENGTH / 2) - st_num;
        if (k > 0) {
            if (!MD_Update(&m, &(state[st_idx]), MD_DIGEST_LENGTH / 2 - k) ||
                !MD_Update(&m, &(state[0]), k))
                goto err;
        } else {
            if (!MD_Update(&m, &(state[st_idx]), MD_DIGEST_LENGTH / 2))
                goto err;
        }
        if (!MD_Final(&m, local_md))
            goto err;

        for (i = 0; i < MD_DIGEST_LENGTH / 2; i++) {
            /* may compete with other threads */
            state[st_idx++] ^= local_md[i];
            if (st_idx >= st_num)
                st_idx = 0;
            if (i < j)
                *(buf++) = local_md[i + MD_DIGEST_LENGTH / 2];
        }
    }

    if (!MD_Init(&m) ||
        !MD_Update(&m, (unsigned char *)&(md_c[0]), sizeof(md_c)) ||
        !MD_Update(&m, local_md, MD_DIGEST_LENGTH))
        goto err;
    if (lock)
        CRYPTO_w_lock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND);
    if (!MD_Update(&m, md, MD_DIGEST_LENGTH) ||
        !MD_Final(&m, md)) {
        if (lock)
            CRYPTO_w_unlock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND);
        goto err;
    }
    if (lock)
        CRYPTO_w_unlock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND);

    EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup(&m);
    if (ok)
        return (1);
    else if (pseudo)
        return 0;
    else {
        RANDerr(RAND_F_SSLEAY_RAND_BYTES, RAND_R_PRNG_NOT_SEEDED);
        ERR_add_error_data(1, "You need to read the OpenSSL FAQ, "
                           "http://www.openssl.org/support/faq.html");
        return (0);
    }

 err:
    EVP_MD_CTX_cleanup(&m);
    return (0);
}

static int ssleay_rand_nopseudo_bytes(unsigned char *buf, int num)
{
    return ssleay_rand_bytes(buf, num, 0, 1);
}

/*
 * pseudo-random bytes that are guaranteed to be unique but not unpredictable
 */
static int ssleay_rand_pseudo_bytes(unsigned char *buf, int num)
{
    return ssleay_rand_bytes(buf, num, 1, 1);
}

static int ssleay_rand_status(void)
{
    CRYPTO_THREADID cur;
    int ret;
    int do_not_lock;

    CRYPTO_THREADID_current(&cur);
    /*
     * check if we already have the lock (could happen if a RAND_poll()
     * implementation calls RAND_status())
     */
    if (crypto_lock_rand) {
        CRYPTO_r_lock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND2);
        do_not_lock = !CRYPTO_THREADID_cmp(&locking_threadid, &cur);
        CRYPTO_r_unlock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND2);
    } else
        do_not_lock = 0;

    if (!do_not_lock) {
        CRYPTO_w_lock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND);

        /*
         * prevent ssleay_rand_bytes() from trying to obtain the lock again
         */
        CRYPTO_w_lock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND2);
        CRYPTO_THREADID_cpy(&locking_threadid, &cur);
        CRYPTO_w_unlock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND2);
        crypto_lock_rand = 1;
    }

    if (!initialized) {
        RAND_poll();
        initialized = 1;
    }

    ret = entropy >= ENTROPY_NEEDED;

    if (!do_not_lock) {
        /* before unlocking, we must clear 'crypto_lock_rand' */
        crypto_lock_rand = 0;

        CRYPTO_w_unlock(CRYPTO_LOCK_RAND);
    }

    return ret;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Max numer of questions per 24 hours excluding deleted one's?
Possible Duplicate:
Should deleted/closed questions count towards 6 questions in 24 hours rule?
6 questions per day including deleted questions?

I have posted 6 questions in past 24 hours, but have deleted one. Although currently, it doesn't count, and just thinks that 6 still have been asked.
As far as I understand, question limit is introduced initially to prevent people "asking everything they have a question about". This constraint would encourage person asking to only submit good, really important questions.
But in my case I've asked all that is important to me. Questions are considered by me to all be of a good quality. The one that was not - got removed immediately. The system should not think I've asked 6, and should take into consideration the removed question count on my opinion. What you think?

A: This has been discussed before on numerous occasions. It doesn't matter whether you deleted a question or not. The value of StackOverflow is primarily for the entire community, and not for any one user. It is highly unlikely that you can research, compose, write examples for, and eventually maintain more than six valuable questions in one day. Perhaps the questions are important to you because you want a quick solution to a complicated design task (going by some of your past questions), but in the vast majority of cases, such rapid-fire questions are of little value to the site and the community.

A: The limit is to prevent spamming the community with questions and not making progress independently.
If we allowed deleted questions not to count people could just delete the oldest one and continue in a loop, effectively having no throttle at all.  As soon as you got the answer you wanted, it'd encourage deletion of the question for those users.  We don't want to encourage this, it wastes the community's time to some degree and creates many duplicates, annoying those living in whatever tags you're focusing on.
That 6th question should count, you used the community's time looking at and answering it.  Deleted questions are not our goal.  Answering your question is not our direct goal either... answering a question others can find later and get benefit from, that's our goal.  Deleting your questions once you're done with them, when they can help others later is explicitly discouraged.


The drug liraglutide, taken at high doses, helps many with type 2 diabetes shed pounds, new research has found.
The higher 3-milligram dose, approved as a weight loss drug and sold as Saxenda, produces more weight loss than the lower 1.8 mg. dose, approved as a diabetes treatment and sold as Victoza. Over about a year, those on the high dose shed about 14 pounds, on average, while those on the lower dose lost an average of 11 pounds. Those on placebo dropped only four pounds.
"For patients who present with type 2 diabetes and obesity, use of liraglutide 3.0 mg is a unique medication that can address both chronic medical conditions," says Robert Kushner, MD, professor of medicine and endocrinology at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, and a study researcher. Experts know that a weight loss of 5 to 10 percent of body weight can help those with type 2 diabetes improve their condition and the other risks that accompany it, such as heart disease.
The study results were published Aug. 18 in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Novo Nordisk, the drug's maker, funded the trial, known as the SCALE Diabetes Randomized Clinical Trial.
Dr. Kushner and other researchers from several institutions in the U.K. and the U.S. randomly assigned 846 men and women who had diabetes to either the 3 mg. group, the 1.8 mg group, or the placebo group. All groups were advised to reduce their caloric intake by 500 calories a day and to increase their physical activity to 150 minutes a week or more. The study was conducted beginning in June 2011 and ran through January 2013.
All those in the study were overweight, with a body mass index (BMI) of 27 or higher. A BMI of 30 and higher is termed obese. The average weight of the participants was about 230 pounds. The men and women administered the drugs and placebo as an injection under the skin, using an insulin pen device. Those in the high dose group lost 6 percent of their body weight, or about 14 pounds. Those in the lower dose lost 5 percent, or about 11 pounds. Those on placebo lost only about 2 percent of their starting weight.
The higher dose drug also produced more lowering of blood sugar than the lower dose did, the researchers found. Side effects were more common in the drug groups than the placebo groups. Most common was nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation.
While the results are considered encouraging, one stumbling block is that the higher dose is not approved for diabetes treatment in the U.S. For that reason, insurance companies will not cover it when the doctor prescribes the higher dose for diabetes. Drug costs are substantial. The 3 mg dose can be about $1,000 a month. The lower dose can be about $500.
"Coverage is a significant problem for all anti-obesity medications," Dr. Kushner says. He is hopeful that pressure to encourage insurers to cover the medicine will be successful, with the argument to cover them supported by findings from the research.
Despite the generally good results for weight loss with the higher dose, Dr. Kushner says it is important for doctors to discuss realistic expectations and outcomes. People respond to the medicine in different ways, with some losing more weight than others.
The finding from the new study that the higher dose produces more weight loss is no surprise, says Maria Pena, MD, director of the Center for Weight Management at Lenox Hill Hospital, New York. She reviewed the findings. She has prescribed the drug for her patients with diabetes.
She says she first noticed the weight loss effect with some of her patients on Victoza. "Even on the low dose, we noticed weight loss," she says. The drug mimics a hormone made in the intestines that tells your brain it is full, experts say.
The downside, Dr. Pena agrees, is the cost of the drugs. "These medications are very expensive."


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Samsung Galaxy M30 could be the high-end model in the lineup.
It is known that Samsung is prepping to launch three new smartphones under the upcoming M series in India sometime this month. These are likely to be affordable smartphones and one of the devices is the Galaxy M30. While its details were not known for quite a long time, a recent report by AllaboutSamsung reveals a few aspects.
As per the report, the Galaxy M30 is expected to sport a triple camera setup at its rear similar to that on the company's Galaxy A7. The triple camera module is likely to comprise a 13MP primary sensor and two 5MP sensors. One of the 5MP sensor is believed to be an ultra-wide sensor while the other one is said to be used for depth sensing. But the other details about the cameras are yet to be revealed.
There are speculations that the smartphone will feature a large 6.38-inch FHD+ display with an Infinity-U notch. Similar to the Galaxy M20, this one is also believed to get the power from a capacious 5000mAh battery, which should let it last for at least two days. The other aspects of the upcoming Samsung smartphone include Android 8.1 Oreo, 4GB RAM and 128GB storage space.
Having said these details, we can expect the Samsung Galaxy M30 to arrive with highlighted features such as a juicy battery, large display and triple rear cameras.
It looks like Samsung is all set to compete against Chinese brands such as Oppo, Xiaomi, Vivo and Honor by launching the affordable and mid-range smartphones in the country. As of now, these brands have been giving a stiff challenge to the South Korean giant. For Samsung to regain its foothold in the market, it is important to launch feature-rich smartphones at affordable pricing.
Besides the Galaxy M30, the company is also expected to unveil the Galaxy M10 and Galaxy M20 in the lineup. We can expect the Galaxy M30 to be a high-end model and others to be relatively cheaper. For now, there is no word regarding the pricing of this one while the others are expected to be priced under Rs. 10,000 and Rs. 15,000.


New bathing options promote parent and baby bonding at Wyoming Medical Center - Oil City News Casper, Wyoming Community News Stream.
Brandi Roybal, R.N., gives Forrest James Dillon his first bath while his parents, Hannah and Zachery, look on. Delayed bathing gives parents the chance to participate in the first bath while learning infant-care tricks from the nurse. Photo courtesy Wyoming Medical Center.
Brandi Roybal, R.N., swaddles baby Forrest and puts him in the bath, blanket and all. Photo courtesy Wyoming Medical Center.
The Dillon family, Hannah, baby Forrest, and Zachery. Photo courtesy Wyoming Medical Center.
Swaddle baths, bathing while the baby is swaddled in a small blanket, decreases infant crying and unstable temperatures. Photo courtesy Wyoming Medical Center.