text:
<?php

/**
 * This code was generated by
 * \ / _    _  _|   _  _
 * | (_)\/(_)(_|\/| |(/_  v1.0.0
 * /       /
 */

namespace Twilio\Tests\Integration\Verify\V2\Service;

use Twilio\Exceptions\DeserializeException;
use Twilio\Exceptions\TwilioException;
use Twilio\Http\Response;
use Twilio\Tests\HolodeckTestCase;
use Twilio\Tests\Request;

class VerificationTest extends HolodeckTestCase {
    public function testCreateRequest(): void {
        $this->holodeck->mock(new Response(500, ''));

        try {
            $this->twilio->verify->v2->services("VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX")
                                     ->verifications->create("to", "channel");
        } catch (DeserializeException $e) {}
          catch (TwilioException $e) {}

        $values = ['To' => "to", 'Channel' => "channel", ];

        $this->assertRequest(new Request(
            'post',
            'https://verify.twilio.com/v2/Services/VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX/Verifications',
            null,
            $values
        ));
    }

    public function testCreateVerificationResponse(): void {
        $this->holodeck->mock(new Response(
            201,
            '
            {
                "sid": "VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "service_sid": "VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "account_sid": "ACaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "to": "+15017122661",
                "channel": "sms",
                "status": "pending",
                "valid": false,
                "date_created": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "date_updated": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "lookup": {},
                "amount": null,
                "payee": null,
                "send_code_attempts": [
                    {
                        "time": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                        "channel": "SMS",
                        "attempt_sid": "VLaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
                    }
                ],
                "sna": null,
                "url": "https://verify.twilio.com/v2/Services/VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa/Verifications/VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
            }
            '
        ));

        $actual = $this->twilio->verify->v2->services("VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX")
                                           ->verifications->create("to", "channel");

        $this->assertNotNull($actual);
    }

    public function testCreateVerificationWhatsappResponse(): void {
        $this->holodeck->mock(new Response(
            201,
            '
            {
                "sid": "VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "service_sid": "VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "account_sid": "ACaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "to": "+15017122661",
                "channel": "whatsapp",
                "status": "pending",
                "valid": false,
                "date_created": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "date_updated": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "lookup": {},
                "amount": null,
                "payee": null,
                "send_code_attempts": [
                    {
                        "time": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                        "channel": "whatsapp",
                        "attempt_sid": "VLaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
                    }
                ],
                "sna": null,
                "url": "https://verify.twilio.com/v2/Services/VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa/Verifications/VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
            }
            '
        ));

        $actual = $this->twilio->verify->v2->services("VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX")
                                           ->verifications->create("to", "channel");

        $this->assertNotNull($actual);
    }

    public function testCreateVerificationEmailResponse(): void {
        $this->holodeck->mock(new Response(
            201,
            '
            {
                "sid": "VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "service_sid": "VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "account_sid": "ACaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "to": "mail@email.com",
                "channel": "email",
                "status": "pending",
                "valid": false,
                "date_created": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "date_updated": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "lookup": {},
                "amount": null,
                "payee": null,
                "send_code_attempts": [
                    {
                        "time": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                        "channel": "EMAIL",
                        "attempt_sid": "VLaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
                    }
                ],
                "sna": null,
                "url": "https://verify.twilio.com/v2/Services/VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa/Verifications/VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
            }
            '
        ));

        $actual = $this->twilio->verify->v2->services("VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX")
                                           ->verifications->create("to", "channel");

        $this->assertNotNull($actual);
    }

    public function testCreateVerificationWithRateLimitsResponse(): void {
        $this->holodeck->mock(new Response(
            201,
            '
            {
                "sid": "VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "service_sid": "VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "account_sid": "ACaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "to": "+15017122661",
                "channel": "sms",
                "status": "pending",
                "valid": false,
                "date_created": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "date_updated": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "lookup": {},
                "amount": null,
                "payee": null,
                "send_code_attempts": [
                    {
                        "time": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                        "channel": "SMS",
                        "attempt_sid": "VLaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
                    }
                ],
                "sna": null,
                "url": "https://verify.twilio.com/v2/Services/VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa/Verifications/VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
            }
            '
        ));

        $actual = $this->twilio->verify->v2->services("VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX")
                                           ->verifications->create("to", "channel");

        $this->assertNotNull($actual);
    }

    public function testCreateVerificationSnaResponse(): void {
        $this->holodeck->mock(new Response(
            201,
            '
            {
                "sid": "VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "service_sid": "VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "account_sid": "ACaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "to": "+15017122661",
                "channel": "sna",
                "status": "pending",
                "valid": false,
                "date_created": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "date_updated": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "lookup": {
                    "carrier": {
                        "mobile_country_code": "311",
                        "type": "mobile",
                        "error_code": null,
                        "mobile_network_code": "180",
                        "name": "T-Mobile USA, Inc."
                    }
                },
                "amount": null,
                "payee": null,
                "send_code_attempts": [
                    {
                        "time": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                        "channel": "sna",
                        "attempt_sid": "VLaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
                    }
                ],
                "sna": {
                    "url": "https://mi.dnlsrv.com/m/id/ANBByzx7?data=AAAglRRdNn02iTFWfDWwdTjOzM8o%2F6JB86fH%2Bt%2FFftUPj0pFA0u8%2FibWuYwzmMeMOtdTwYlsO8V%2FXF%2BJmngMhbeGKYhHeTOF2H9VrGEYKcEEklPxHgb5GgL3XtYa33j3lIU%2By6InvoV%2FowWHBzA0QeFPBh6vmJ8LoUPJqGE7q0PRz618Z4ym1AGq%2BaomSq9PlP4rCduv9Cmtxu%2FrvPSBwocs0GCWDE8seK8t9epmPQW7gwODxkAiKr9UxhJd9KvmBVuAQPf%2BoFQVo86USXkhXqTvUzB2bNUYY9FCy3CWgZFTOa1D3H1CVxf1eHzYIswNA7SmOzP%2FBX8g6%2B0hkzwMRkcit3gBNs4evAVJiqAgYvUlrtGwwv9bFx4X7jWSHY4%3D&cipherSalt=yANeDq09bwM38SJs"
                },
                "url": "https://verify.twilio.com/v2/Services/VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa/Verifications/VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
            }
            '
        ));

        $actual = $this->twilio->verify->v2->services("VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX")
                                           ->verifications->create("to", "channel");

        $this->assertNotNull($actual);
    }

    public function testUpdateRequest(): void {
        $this->holodeck->mock(new Response(500, ''));

        try {
            $this->twilio->verify->v2->services("VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX")
                                     ->verifications("sid")->update("canceled");
        } catch (DeserializeException $e) {}
          catch (TwilioException $e) {}

        $values = ['Status' => "canceled", ];

        $this->assertRequest(new Request(
            'post',
            'https://verify.twilio.com/v2/Services/VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX/Verifications/sid',
            null,
            $values
        ));
    }

    public function testUpdateVerificationResponse(): void {
        $this->holodeck->mock(new Response(
            200,
            '
            {
                "sid": "VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "service_sid": "VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "account_sid": "ACaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "to": "+15017122661",
                "channel": "sms",
                "status": "canceled",
                "valid": false,
                "date_created": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "date_updated": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "lookup": {},
                "amount": null,
                "payee": null,
                "send_code_attempts": [
                    {
                        "time": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                        "channel": "SMS",
                        "attempt_sid": "VLaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
                    }
                ],
                "sna": null,
                "url": "https://verify.twilio.com/v2/Services/VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa/Verifications/VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
            }
            '
        ));

        $actual = $this->twilio->verify->v2->services("VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX")
                                           ->verifications("sid")->update("canceled");

        $this->assertNotNull($actual);
    }

    public function testApproveVerificationWithPnResponse(): void {
        $this->holodeck->mock(new Response(
            200,
            '
            {
                "sid": "VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "service_sid": "VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "account_sid": "ACaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "to": "+15017122661",
                "channel": "sms",
                "status": "approved",
                "valid": true,
                "date_created": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "date_updated": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "lookup": {},
                "amount": null,
                "payee": null,
                "send_code_attempts": [
                    {
                        "time": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                        "channel": "SMS",
                        "attempt_sid": "VLaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
                    }
                ],
                "sna": null,
                "url": "https://verify.twilio.com/v2/Services/VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa/Verifications/VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
            }
            '
        ));

        $actual = $this->twilio->verify->v2->services("VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX")
                                           ->verifications("sid")->update("canceled");

        $this->assertNotNull($actual);
    }

    public function testFetchRequest(): void {
        $this->holodeck->mock(new Response(500, ''));

        try {
            $this->twilio->verify->v2->services("VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX")
                                     ->verifications("sid")->fetch();
        } catch (DeserializeException $e) {}
          catch (TwilioException $e) {}

        $this->assertRequest(new Request(
            'get',
            'https://verify.twilio.com/v2/Services/VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX/Verifications/sid'
        ));
    }

    public function testFetchVerificationResponse(): void {
        $this->holodeck->mock(new Response(
            200,
            '
            {
                "sid": "VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "service_sid": "VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "account_sid": "ACaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa",
                "to": "+15017122661",
                "channel": "sms",
                "status": "pending",
                "valid": false,
                "date_created": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "date_updated": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                "lookup": {},
                "amount": null,
                "payee": null,
                "send_code_attempts": [
                    {
                        "time": "2015-07-30T20:00:00Z",
                        "channel": "SMS",
                        "attempt_sid": "VLaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
                    }
                ],
                "sna": null,
                "url": "https://verify.twilio.com/v2/Services/VAaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa/Verifications/VEaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
            }
            '
        ));

        $actual = $this->twilio->verify->v2->services("VAXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX")
                                           ->verifications("sid")->fetch();

        $this->assertNotNull($actual);
    }
}


What is it like to work at MOTION CANADA?
What are people saying about the leadership at MOTION CANADA?
What are people discussing at MOTION CANADA?
How much does MOTION CANADA pay their employees?
What jobs are available at MOTION CANADA?


text:
Home Breaking News Godrej Appliances introduces India's most energy efficient 5-star inverter AC
Godrej Appliances introduces India's most energy efficient 5-star inverter AC
NewZNew (Chandigarh) : Godrej Appliances, one of India's leading players in the Home Appliances industry, has always endeavored to push research & development in its relentless effort to ensure that its products consume as little energy as possible. The core design features of the company's products are based on the pillars of energy efficiency, driven by the company's commitment to the environment. In line with this philosophy, Godrej appliances today launched India's most energy efficient air conditioner under its premium sub-brand NXW with an ISEER of 5.2.
ISEER or Indian Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio is a new rating system introduced by BEE (Bureau of energy efficiency) in June 2015, for inverter ACs. ISEER calculates efficiency as a ratio of the total amount of heat that an AC can remove from indoor air to the total annual amount of energy consumed by the AC to do that over a period of a year. Essentially, it rates ACs based on how much power they consume to cool a certain amount of air. So a more efficient AC will use less power to cool a larger volume of air than a less efficient one. The higher the ISEER awarded to an AC, the more energy efficient it is. The minimum ISEER required for an inverter AC to be rated as 5-star is 4.5.
It also broadens the NXW brand's premium range of products, with Godrej having launched super-premium refrigerators under the banner early this fiscal. Inverter ACs is the fastest growing segment with 75% growth every year and 10% contribution to industry sales. After having achieved 15% market share in the premium and 5-star AC segment, Godrej Appliances plans to have a market share of 15% in the 5-star inverter AC segment with this launch.
While strengthening its premium portfolio, this strategic launch of NXW AC also keeps in mind the environment and consumer concern. It perfectly follows the long-held brand philosophy of Godrej Appliances as a pioneer and leader in green technology revolution across the appliances industry with achievements both in green products and green manufacturing.
Godrej NXW ACs work on the Green Balance technology using R290- the most Energy Efficient Refrigerant which has 0 ozone depletion potential (ODP) and the lowest Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 20, as against an industry average of 1810, making them the most energy efficient and the greenest AC range in the country. This launch builds on the company's reputation for developing products that are on the cutting edge of the energy efficiency envelope.
Commenting on the launch, Kamal Nandi, Business Head and EVP – Godrej Appliances, said, "Global temperatures have been rising and phenomena like Ozone Depletion and Global Warming have become an inescapable reality today. Reports suggest that the five-year period from 2011 to 2015 has been the hottest on record and we are witnessing more and more usage of air conditioners even in winters, and higher and prolonged usage rest of the year. Air Conditioners, because of the usage of ozone depleting refrigerants and being among the highest guzzlers of electricity are a serious threat to the environment. As an organization, Godrej is always in the process of evolving new technology which justifies our customers' trust in us and underlines our commitment to the environment. The NXW range of ACs, designed in keeping with Godrej Appliances' culture of driving innovation sustainably, is the most energy efficient and the greenest range of inverter air conditioners available in the country today."
Anup Bhargava, Product Group Head- Air Conditioners, Godrej Appliances, said, "We have designed NXW to be the best 5-star inverter AC in the industry with the highest efficiency of 5.2 ISEER, offering 31% power savings over a 5-star non-inverter AC. This AC has been specially designed to suit the Indian climatic conditions while delivering high efficiency – and therefore comes packed with advanced technology and features such as 3X BLDC Motor Technology; Parallel Flow Condenser with Nano-Coating Technology; Moisture Resistant Conformal Coating on PCB; Intelligent Air Throw as well as User defined Air Throw along with many other features which deliver comfortable cooling."
The NXW range of ACs will be available in two different cooling capacities of 5000 W and 3440 W. Godrej Appliances' NXW Air Conditioners club classy aesthetics with smart features and new technology. They are priced between the range of Rs. 57500 and Rs. 66300. Focus will be on creating service as a key differentiator. To make it even more delightful for consumers, Godrej Appliances is offering a 10-year compressor warranty and a 5-year condenser warranty.
This product will be available across all channels and leading stores.
Previous articleKG Kids Graduate to Class 1 at New Public School
Next articleGuinness World Record Holder Ishika Taneja all set to take her brand ALPS, to a new High
Paynear is now Payswiff
40 kg heroin seized in Punjab
Samsung Launches Next Generation Flagship Galaxy S10
Bigger CERA Style Studio opens in Manimajra
Black Friday in poll-bound J&K: 11 security men, 6 terrorists dead in four attacks
Tata Motors launches its much-awaited SUV – Harrier
Pakistani Taliban Attack on Peshawar School Leaves 145 Dead
Petrol Pump Dealers Association Punjab (PPDAP) office bearers go on hunger...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ocular morbidity prevalence among school children in Shimla, Himachal, North India
Madhu Gupta1, Bhupinder P Gupta2, Anil Chauhan3, Ashok Bhardwaj4
1 Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
2 Department of Community Medicine, Giyan Sagar Medical College and Hospital, Ram Nagar, Banur, District Patiala, India
3 Department of Ophthalmology, Rajindra Prasad Medical College, Tanda, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
4 Department of Community Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
Date of Submission 02-Sep-2007
Date of Acceptance 14-Jun-2008
Date of Web Publication 17-Feb-2009
Madhu Gupta
House Number: 3472, Sector: 37-D, Chandigarh (U.T.)-160 036
Background: Data on eye diseases among school children is not readily available. Considering the fact that one-third of India's blind lose their eyesight before the age of 20 years and many of them are under five when they become blind, early detection and treatment of ocular morbidity among children is important.
Aim: To estimate the prevalence of ocular morbidity among school children of age 6-16 years.
Settings: Government and private coeducational schools in urban area of Shimla.
Design: Cross-sectional
Materials and Methods: Government and private coeducational schools selected by stratified random sampling. About 1561 school children, studying in elementary through secondary class in these schools were examined from August 2001 to January 2002 in Shimla. A doctor did visual acuity and detailed ophthalmic examination.
Statistical analysis: The Chi-square test was used to test differences in proportions. Differences were considered to be statistically significant at the 5% level.
Results: Prevalence of ocular morbidity was 31.6% (CI=29.9-32.1%), refractive errors 22% (CI=21.1-22.8%), squint 2.5% (CI=2.4-2.6%), color blindness 2.3% (CI=2.2-2.4%), vitamin A deficiency 1.8 % (CI=1.7-1.9%), conjunctivitis 0.8% (CI=0.79-0.81%). Overall prevalence of ocular morbidity in government and private schools did not show any statistical significant difference. Prevalence of conjunctivitis was significantly (P<0.5) more in government schools.
Conclusion: A high prevalence of ocular morbidity among high-school children was observed. Refractive errors were the most common ocular disorders.
Keywords: Ocular disorders, ocular morbidity, prevalence, refractive errors, school children
Gupta M, Gupta BP, Chauhan A, Bhardwaj A. Ocular morbidity prevalence among school children in Shimla, Himachal, North India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2009;57:133-8
Gupta M, Gupta BP, Chauhan A, Bhardwaj A. Ocular morbidity prevalence among school children in Shimla, Himachal, North India. Indian J Ophthalmol [serial online] 2009 [cited 2021 Jan 20];57:133-8. Available from: https://www.ijo.in/text.asp?2009/57/2/133/45503
Visual impairment is a worldwide problem that has a significant socioeconomic impact. Childhood blindness is a priority area because of the number of years of blindness that ensues. Data on the prevalence and causes of blindness and severe visual impairment in children are needed for planning and evaluating preventive and curative services for children, including planning special education and low vision services. The available data suggest that there may be a tenfold difference in prevalence between the wealthiest countries of the world and the poorest, ranging from as low as 0.1/1000 children aged 0-15 years in the wealthiest countries to 1.1/1000 children in the poorest. [1] It is estimated that the cumulative number of blind-person-years worldwide due to childhood blindness ranks second only after the cumulative number of blind-person-years due to cataract blindness. [2] Considering the fact that 30% of India's blind lose their eyesight before the age of 20 years and many of them are under five when they become blind, the importance of early detection and treatment of ocular disease and visual impairment among young children is obvious. [3]
Children do not complain of defective vision, and may not even be aware of their problem. They adjust to the poor eyesight by sitting near the blackboard, holding the books closer to their eyes, squeezing the eyes and even avoiding work requiring visual concentration. This warrants early detection and treatment to prevent permanent disability. Effective methods of vision screening in school children are useful in detecting correctable causes of decreased vision, especially refractive errors and in minimizing long-term visual disability. [3]
Seventy-five per cent of all school age children are school-going children. The dropouts mostly belong to families with low socioeconomic status, minimal family education and economic necessity for wage earning to support the family. [4],[5] Children in the school-going age group (6-16 years) represent 25% of the population in the developing countries. They offer significantly representative material for these studies as they fall best in the preventable blindness age group, are a controlled population i.e., they belong to a certain age group and are easily accessible and schools are the best forum for imparting health education to the children. Schools are also one of the best centers for effectively implementing the comprehensive eye healthcare program. [3] Hence, this study was conducted with the objective of estimating the prevalence of ocular morbidity among school children.
The study was conducted in the urban area of Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh, North India among school-going children of class one to tenth (age 6-16 years) from selected schools from August 2001 to January 2002. Shimla is situated in North West Himalayas. It has a total population of 721,745 with 23% (166,833) in the urban area and 77% (554,914) in the rural area. Economy is mainly based on agriculture. Municipal Corporation runs the administration in the urban area. Major religion is Hindu, languages spoken are Hindi and Pahari, major culture and traditions are Pahari. [6]
Under the municipal corporation of Shimla, there were 120 schools. Out of which 104 (87%) were coeducational and 16 (13%) single sex systems (seven only boys and nine only girls) as per data available at district education cell in 2001. Total school children from class one to tenth were 61,600 (52,000 in coeducational schools and 9600 in single sex system schools). Since coeducational schools represented 84.4% of student population and had equal representation from both sexes, only these were included in the study. There were 77 government (56 primary, four secondary, 17 higher secondary,) and 27 private coeducational schools (24 higher secondary, three primary). The formula used for calculating sample size was N= t 2 PQ/d 2 , where t=1.96 at 95% confidence level; d=precision- 2.5%; P= reported prevalence 30% (0.30); Q=1-P = 70% (0.70). Sample size was calculated to be 1344 school children. By stratified random sampling, seven government (five primary, two higher secondary) and two private coeducational schools (both higher secondary) were selected randomly with proportionate representation from each category of schools.
Children studying in single sex system schools and coeducational schools did not differ much in terms of culture, religion, ethnic values and socioeconomic status. However, the difference existed in private and government schools in terms of more fees per month and better infrastructure like bigger classrooms, better chairs and tables for the students, open space to play for students in private schools. Hence, generally children from upper and high middle socioeconomic status got admission in these schools. In government schools, school fees were minimal and students from all the socioeconomic strata got admissions.
The principals of the selected schools were informed about the study and permission for the visit to the selected schools was sought personally. The principals of the selected schools informed the parents of the students regarding the study and permission was taken through school diaries.
The data collection instrument was a pretested structured questionnaire. It was pretested in a randomly selected coeducational school which was not included in the study. Queries from children were asked in Hindi language, while information was filled in English language by the principal investigator, a postgraduate in community medicine. She had been trained in these procedures by a qualified ophthalmologist during her MD thesis work. Visual acuity (unaided) was assessed by using Snellen's chart, color blindness was checked by using Ishihara's chart, axis deviation was assessed by cover/ uncover test and torch examination of the eye was done.
The first part of the questionnaire dealt with information regarding the child like age, sex, residential address, class in which studying and chief complaints related to eyes. Second part of the questionnaire included detailed examination of eye for diagnosing ocular morbidity and recording of vitamin A deficiency signs and their ocular manifestations. The cutoff of uncorrected visual acuity for defining ocular morbidity due to refractive error in this study, was taken as a visual acuity of <20/30 Snellen in the worst eye. Visual acuity worse than 20/400 was recorded as count fingers (CF at a certain number of feet), hand motion (HM at a certain number of feet), light perception (LP), or no light perception (NLP). The conversion of Snellen acuity to count fingers acuity was then obtained. [7] The WHO clinical staging for trachoma and xeropthalmia was used. [8],[9] Vitamin A deficiency was diagnosed if there was history of night blindness, or on examination there were signs of conjunctival xerosis, Bitot's spots, corneal xerosis or keratomalacia. Vitamin C deficiency was diagnosed if there was history of bleeding gums and on examination there were conjunctival hemorrhages. Congenital disorders were also looked for like heterochromia iridium, ptosis, irregular pupil, erected upper lacrimal puncta, congenital cataract.
Examinations were performed in the respective school compounds. Due consideration was given to the length of the room, so that it should be longer than 20 feet and also to lighting, while selecting it. Similar method of examination was followed in government and private schools. All the children present in the class at the time of visit were examined in one sitting. Maximum efforts were put to include all the students of the class. Absentees were tracked for up to five consecutive days.
After checking the questionnaire for errors the data was entered into a computer database and analyzed using Epi info 2000 statistical software. The Chi-square test was used to test differences in proportions. Differences were considered to be statistically significant at the 5% level.
A total of 1601 (814 in government and 787 in private schools) children of age 6-16 years were enrolled from elementary through tenth class in the selected schools. Out of these, 40 children could not be contacted because they were absent for more than five days of follow-up. Hence, a total of 1561 (794 in government and 767 in private schools) school children were examined for ocular morbidity. Response rate was 97.5% in both types of schools. Males (52.08%) and females (47.91%) had almost equal representation in both types of schools [Table 1].
Overall prevalence of ocular morbidity among school children of age 6-16 years was 31.6% [Table 2]. Refractive errors (22.0%) constitute the major cause of ocular morbidity followed by squint (2.5%), color blindness (2.3%), vitamin A deficiency (1.8%) and conjunctivitis (0.8%). Similar prevalence of ocular morbidity among government (30.7%) and private schools (32.7%) was observed. Prevalence of refractive errors in government schools (21.5%) and private schools (22.6%) was also similar. However, the prevalence of conjunctivitis was significantly more (1.5%) among government school children as compared to children (0.1%) in private schools ( P <0.05). For the rest of the ocular morbidities prevalence did not vary significantly with type of school.
There was no sex preponderance for overall prevalence of ocular morbidity [Table 3]. However, prevalence of color blindness was significantly ( P <0.05) more among males (3.9%) as compared to females (0.53%). Females (39.5%) presented with significantly more complaints related to eyes like defective vision, watering of eyes, pain in and around eyes, redness of eyes as compared to males (18.9%). Nearly half (41.9%) of the males who had been diagnosed as suffering from one or other ocular disorder, were asymptomatic. Self-reported ocular symptoms by females were more sensitive (100%) and less specific (87%) as compared to males (sensitivity 58%, specificity 97%).
Overall prevalence of ocular morbidity decreased significantly with age in government schools [Table 4]. However, it increased up to 10-12 years then declined significantly in private schools also ( P <0.05). Prevalence of squint decreased significantly after 10 years of age in both the schools ( P <0.05). Prevalence of refractive errors increased significantly after 10 years of age in private schools.
The current work, conducted in Shimla, confirms the high prevalence of overall ocular morbidity and refractive errors among high school students in urban North Indian area and highlights the urgent need to implement at school level health facility-based, cost-effective strategies, and appropriate eye care programs targeting school children to reduce the burden of visual impairment among the younger population.
Population-based data concerning prevalence of ocular morbidity among children are not readily available for India. For the available studies results are not comparable because of different methodologies/criteria used in those studies. The prevalence of ocular morbidity of 31.6% among school children of age 6-16 years in this study is similar to a study conducted in Delhi, where prevalence was reported to be 34.04% in the 5-14 years age group. [10] However, higher prevalence of ocular morbidity has been reported from neighboring states like Haryana (58.8% in 4-18 years) and Rajasthan (71.7% in 4-16 years) and also from Hyderabad in South India (43.5% in 3-16 years). [11],[12],[13] It was because of the higher prevalence of trachoma and conjunctivitis found in these two northern states and of refractive errors found in South India. Moreover, the range of age groups covered in the above mentioned studies was also more as compared to the present study. Lower prevalence (15%) of ocular morbidity has been reported from Kolkata, West India among school children of 5-13 years, because of lower prevalence of refractive errors (2%) and smaller age group covered in that study. [14] Review of international studies revealed lower prevalence of 15.6% of ocular morbidity in children aged 7-19 years in rural area of Tanzania, Africa. [15] International differences in prevalence may also be explained by racial and ethnic variations, partly due to different lifestyles and living conditions in addition to different methodologies used.
Higher prevalence of conjunctivitis in children studying in government schools as compared to private schools as observed in this study could be because many of the students in government schools belong to lower socioeconomic status and are more likely to have poor personal hygiene. [16]
Poor vision in childhood affects performance in school or at work and has a negative influence on the future life of a child. Moreover, planning of the youth's career is very much dependent on visual acuity, especially in jobs for the navy, military, railways and aviation. Refractive errors are the most common reasons of the outpatient visit to an ophthalmic surgeon or an ophthalmic assistant. The overall incidence has been reported to vary between 21% and 25% of patients attending eye outpatient departments in India. [17] Similar prevalence of refractive errors has been observed among children of 12-17 years in Ahmedabad city. [18] From South India, higher (32%) prevalence rate of refractive errors among school children of age 3-18 years as compared to the present study was observed, because of higher case detection rate in that study by an optometrist. [13] However, low prevalence of refractive errors of 2% has been reported from Eastern India by Datta et al ., among primary school children of 5-13 years, which could not be explained. [14] Internationally, lower prevalence of refractive errors (2.7-5.8%) has been reported among children of age 5-15 years from Africa, Finland, Chile and Nepal as compared to the present study. [15],[19],[20],[21] These differences may be explained by the different diagnostic criteria used by different authors, racial or ethnic variations in the prevalence of refractive errors, different lifestyles or living conditions (e.g. reading, watching TV, or using computer/ visual display units, nutrition) or medical care (e.g. unnecessary or overcorrection of refractive errors which may worsen the refractive error by inhibiting natural "emmetropisation").
Similar prevalence of color blindness has been observed in an earlier study conducted in this part of the country. [22] Comparable results (2.9% in 4-16 years) have also been reported from Rajasthan. [12] However, lower prevalence of color vision defects (0.11%) has been reported by Pratap et al ., from North India. [23] A different study population (children who attended eye care centre in the last 18 months) in their study may explain this. Children are less likely to attend eye care centres for colour blindness.
Prevalence of squint as reported by Pratap et al ., of 2.8% of primary squint and that of paralytic squint as 0.42%, is comparable with the results of the present study. [23] However, higher (7.4% in 5-15 years) and lower (0.2-0.6% in 4-18 years) prevalence of squint has been reported from Haryana, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Delhi. [11],[12],[14],[24] Studies done abroad also revealed lower prevalence of squint (0.5%) by Wedner et al ., among children of 7-19 years in Tanzania, Africa. [15]
Vitamin A deficiency up to an extent of 5.4-9% in 4 to 16 years has been reported from Rajasthan and Kolkata respectively as compared to 1.8% in the present study. [12],[14] This can be explained by lower socioeconomic status associated with unhealthy dietary pattern of children in those studies. Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency decreased with age in the present study, which is comparable to the Desai et al ., study. [12] The prevalence of night blindness (0.41%) in the present study is comparable to results of earlier studies showing prevalence to vary from 0.29-0.3% in Haryana and North India. [11],[23] Internationally, Wedner et al ., reported the prevalence of night blindness as 5.3% and bitot's spots as 0.6% among school children of age 7-19 years in Tanzania. [15] Since their study was done in the rural area, where children belonged to low socioeconomic status and had poor nutritional status, prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was high.
Higher (3-17.5%) prevalence of conjunctivitis has been reported in other parts of India. [11],[12],[14],[23] However, Robinson et al ., reported 1.5% prevalence of conjunctivitis among children of 1-17 years in North America, which is similar to this study. [25] Variation in the prevalence of conjunctivitis can be explained by difference in socioeconomic status, personal hygiene of children and seasonal variations of occurrence of conjunctivitis. Low prevalence of congenital disorders was found to be the same as it has been observed in other studies from India. [11],[12]
Marginal difference in the prevalence of ocular diseases among males and females in the present study is comparable to results of the study by Sehgal et al ., in Delhi (males 46.1% and females 48.3%). [10] However, Khurana et al ., reported higher prevalence in females (73.5%) as compared to males (49.4%) in Haryana. [11] In their study, prevalence of infectious diseases like trachoma, conjunctivitis and blepharitis was high among females because of increased use of common ocular cosmetic material. Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was found to be more among males as compared to females in this study contrary to the results of other studies. [12],[14] This difference was more appreciable with prevalence of night blindness. However, being subjective, the symptom of night blindness cannot be relied upon completely. Color blindness is a sex-linked disease hence it was found to be significantly higher amongst males in this study.
In almost all studies conducted in India, the prevalence of ocular morbidity decreased with age, the results of our study also confirmed this finding in an urban North Indian hilly area. [11],[12],[13],[14] The decrease in prevalence of ocular defects with increasing age of children may be due to age dependence of eyeball and improved ophthalmic hygiene as a result of health education. Higher prevalence of refractive errors in the younger (6-10 years) age group could be because of high prevalence of age-related hypermetropia in young children as is also observed from other studies in North India. [12],[17],[18]
The results of the study strongly suggest that screening of school children for ocular problems should be done at regular intervals and it should be one of the prime components of the School Health Program. For this, school teachers should be oriented and trained in identifying common eye problems among school children so that these children can be referred for prompt treatment. They should also impart awareness regarding ocular hygiene among school children. In this manner the incidence of preventable causes of blindness among school children will be minimized. Identification of color vision defects with concurrent vocational counseling should also be done at the earliest in school children to save the child from frustration later on and help him to choose a suitable vocation.
The limitation of this study could be overlooking seasonal variation in the ocular morbidity as the study period mainly involved winter months.
It was concluded that high prevalence of ocular morbidity among high school children was observed in urban Shimla. Refractive errors were the most common ocular disorders. School health programs should focus on the ocular health of children. Health education activities should be intensified in schools and also in the community regarding signs and symptoms of ocular disorders. Finally, the aim of all blindness control programs should be to propagate awareness in the masses of eye care and to teach the essentials of ocular hygiene and eye healthcare.
We are thankful to all the study school principals for allowing us to carry out this study in their respective compounds.
Gilbert CE, Anderton L, Dandona L, Foster A. Prevalence of visual impairment in children: A review of available data. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 1999;6:73-82.
Foster A. Worldwide blindness, increasing but avoidable. Semin Ophthalmol 1993;8:166-70.
Vision screening in school children. Training module. Danish Assistance to the National Programme for Control of Blindness. New Delhi, India: 1.
Bhagyalakshmi J. Presenting Educational Science: What next?" Yojana 2001;45:48-9.
Drop out in Himachal Pradesh. Avilable from http://www.indiastat.com/india/showtable.asp?secid=363047andptid=6373andlevel=4. [last accessed on 2008 Apr 13].
Shimla fact file. Available from: http://hpshimla.nic.in/sml_fact.htm. [last accessed on 2007 May 10].
Watt WS. How visual acuity is measured. Available from http://www.mdsupport.org/library/acuity.html. [last accessed on 2007 Jul 9].
Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, Taylor HR. A simple system for assessment of trachoma and its complications. Bull World Health Organ 1987;65:477-85.
Sommer A. Field guide to the detection and control of xerophthalmia. 2 nd ed. Geneva: WHO; 1982.
Sehgal K, Kant L, Jain BK, Lal K. Prevalence of Eye diseases in a semi urban area. Indian J Public Health 1984;28:189-93.
Khurana AK, Sikka KL, Parmar IPS, Aggarwal SK. Ocular morbidity among school children in Rohtak city. Indian J Public Health 1984;28:217-20.
Desai S, Desai R, Desai NC, Lohiya S, Bhargava G, Kumar K. School eye health appraisal. Indian J Ophthalmol 1989;37:173-5.
Kalikivayi V, Naduvilath TJ, Bansal AK, Dandona L. Visual impairment in school children in Southern India. Indian J Ophthalmol 1997;45:129-34.
Datta A, Choudhury N, Kundu K. An epidemiological study of ocular condition among school children of Calcutta Corporation. Indian J Ophthalmol 1983;31:505-10.
Wedner SH, Ross DA, Balira R, Kaji L, Foster A. Prevalence of eye diseases in primary school children in a rural area of Tanzania. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:1291-7.
Conjuctivitis. Community Eye Health 1999;12:20. Available from http://www.jceh.co.uk/download/ceh_12_30_020.pdf. [last accessed on 2008 Aug 7] .
Goswami A, Ahmed E, Shaha PL, Roy IS. An epidemiological pattern of cases of refractive errors. J Indian Med Assoc 1978;72:227-8.
Sethi S, Kartha GP. Prevalence of refractive errors in school children (12-17 years) of Ahmedabad City. Indian J Community Med 2000;25:181-3.
Laatikainen L, Erkkila H. Refractive errors and other ocular findings in school children. Acta Ophthalmol 1980;58:129-36.
Maul E, Barroso S, Munoz SR, Sperduto RD, Ellwein LB. Refractive error study in children: Results from La Florida, Chile. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129:445-54.
Negrel AD, Maul E, Pokharel GP, Zhao J, Ellwein LB. Refractive error study in children: Sampling and measurement methods for a multi-country survey. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129: 421-6.
Sharma V. Prevalence and pattern of colour vision defects in school going children by ishiara plates: 1997. (Unpublished source).
Pratap VB, Lal HB. Pattern of paediatric ocular problems in North India. Indian J Ophthalmol 1989;37:171-2.
Chaturvedi S, Aggarwal OP. Pattern and distribution of ocular morbidity in primary school children of rural Delhi. Asia Pac J Public Health 1999;11:30-3.
Robinson B, Acron CJ, Millar CC, Lyle WM. The prevalence of selected ocular diseases and conditions. Optom Vis Sci 1997;74;79-91.
1 Study of Vision Problems in Schools in Libreville and Owendo, Gabon
Simon Ategbo,Jean Koko,Edgar Brice Ngoungou,Eliane Kuissi,Christelle Moyou Tchapbou,Steeve Minto'o,Emmanuel Mve Mengome,André Moussavou
Open Journal of Pediatrics. 2014; 04(04): 300
2 Ocular Morbidity among Street Children in Kathmandu Valley
Mukund Pant,Gauri Shankar Shrestha,Niraj Dev Joshi
Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2014; : 1
3 Refractive Error and Visual Impairment in Private School Children in Ghana
Ben D. Kumah,Anne Ebri,Mohammed Abdul-Kabir,Abdul-Sadik Ahmed,Nana Ya Koomson,Samual Aikins,Amos Aikins,Angela Amedo,Seth Lartey,Kovin Naidoo
Optometry and Vision Science. 2013; 90(12): 1456
4 Ocular morbidity among school-going children in the Union Territory of Chandigarh
Neeti Gupta,Sudesh Kumar Arya,Dinesh Walia,Archana Mallik,Sunandan Sood
International Ophthalmology. 2013;
5 Ocular Morbidity among the Children of Squatter Settlements in Kathmandu
Gauri Shankar Shrestha,Sarita Manandhar,Niraj Dev Joshi,Jeevan Kumar Shrestha
Optometry and Vision Science. 2013; 90(9): 1012
6 Study of referral pattern to ophthalmology outpatient department from various departments in the medical college
Joshi, R.S.
Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 2011; 109(2): 79-92
7 Prevalence of clinical vitamin A deficiency among primary school children in urban slums of Ahmedabad: A cross sectional study
Chauhan, N.T., Trivedi Atul, V., Khan Iqbal, M., Talsania Niti, J.
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2011; 5(8): 1627-1630
8 Incidence of color blindness among some endogamous groups of Bathinda district, Punjab
Singh, A., Chahal, S.M.S.
Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology. 2010; 4(1)
9 Nutritional status of vitamin A in preschoolers with ocular diseases | [Estado nutricio de vitamina A en preescolares con padecimientos oculares]
Villaseñor-Fierro, E.T., Vásquez-Garibay, E., Romero-Velarde, E., Kumazawa-Ichikawa, M., Villalpando-Hernández, S., Vélez-Gómez, E.
Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion. 2009; 59(3): 266-270
10 Color vision deficiency in medical students of Karachi
Imran, E., Farooqui, F.-U.-R., Afshan, G., Iqbal, T., Shibly, Z., Ahmed, N.
Medical Forum Monthly. 2009; 20(6): 26-29
Gupta M
Gupta BP
Chauhan A
Bhardwaj A
Ocular disorders
ocular morbidity


It has already been a month since the new version of Joomla was released. If you didn't read the Joomla.org official website, you probably noticed in your Joomla website's back-end that there is a new updated available.
But let's see what is different with the new version. Joomla 3.5 introduces 34 new features, the most important being the support for the recently released PHP 7 language. This new update of PHP comes with significant improvements at the performance level. That said, your Joomla 3.5 site will be even faster than before (sure if your server supports PHP 7 already).
The Protostart template now supports custom css added by user. This allows the developer to customize the template more easily.
New buttons has been added to the article editor toolbar which allows you to easily insert images, add a read more button or insert a module in your article.
Image upload is easier now too. Just drag and drop the image into the content from your computer and the system will automatically upload it to your website. This feature works in other parts too where TinyMCE is used.
You can learn more about Joomla 3.5 here.


Today is a Friday…last Friday in May 2013. Sounds kind of final.
The storm clouds have gathered over Missouri once again. Predictioners aka weather guesser or meteorologists think we shall receive 3-5 inches of rain in the region between now and Sunday. I want to hop in a time machine and go back and either take the present lotto numbers to my past self or…train to predict the weather for TV. Best job there is. These people are not held to any standards of excellence. If they get the forecast right 2-3 times a week they are rock stars and the rest of the time the punchline to many jokes.
Happy Friday Gol'darn it to heck!


text:
Washington Capitals' Stanley Cup runneth over -- with puppies in their 2019 canine calendar
The 2019 Caps Canine Calendar cover, now available through Monumental Sports & Entertainment Foundation. All proceeds benefit Homeward Trails Animal Rescue. All photography and photo retouching was generously provided by Virgil Ocampo Photography.
(L) Braden Holtby holds Border Collie/shepherd mix Hamilton (R) Dmitry Orlov with Chihuahua/beagle mix Nikita from Homeward Trails, Alex Ovechkin with his black Lab Blake, and Evgeny Kuznetsov with the Stanley Cup. (Virgil Ocampo Photography)
Posted Nov 21 2018 11:58AM EST
Updated Nov 28 2018 11:31AM EST
WASHINGTON - It's a little more than a month until 2019 and the new year is already looking pretty adorable -- with the release of the Washington Capitals' 2019 Calendar, and no we're not talking about the players!
The calendar, which is now available, features photos of Caps players posing with their own dogs, as well as pups up for adoption from Homeward Trails and the Stanley Cup. One hundred percent of proceeds from calendar sales with benefit Homeward Trails Animal Rescue.
In one photo, Dmitry Orlov poses with Nikita, a Chihuahua/beagle mix from Homeward Trails Animal Rescue, Alex Ovechkin with his black Lab Blake, and Evgeny Kuznetsov with the Stanley Cup. In another, Braden Holtby holds Hamilton, a Border Collie/shepherd mix from Homeward Trails Animal Rescue.
The Capitals have raised nearly $250,000 for Homeward Trails through sales of the Canine Calendar since 2014.
Homeward Trails is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization that provides pet adoption in Virginia, Washington, D.C., and Maryland. They work to find fur-ever homes for dogs and cats from high-kill shelters or whose owners can no longer care for them. The organization facilitates adoptions from area shelters and support a large network of foster care providers.
The 2019 Caps Canine Calendars are available for $20 at the team store and at merchandise stands throughout Capital One Arena, online and at the team store at MedStar Capitals Iceplex.
The Caps say all photography and photo retouching for the calendar was generously provided by Virgil Ocampo Photography.
Former Redskins defensive lineman Albert Haynesworth says he needs kidney transplant
(AP) -- Former Tennessee Titans All-Pro defensive lineman Albert Haynesworth says on social media that he needs a kidney transplant.
The 38-year-old Haynesworth posted on Instagram that he's been battling kidney disease for a few years. He shared a photo of himself in a hospital bed and wrote that his kidneys failed him Sunday and he's looking for a donor.
World Cup champions and their fans celebrate in New York
By FOX 5 NY STAFF , STACEY DELIKAT
Members of the U.S. women's soccer team waved from floats as fans cheered during a victory parade up the Canyon of Heroes in Lower Manhattan Wednesday.
'Ticker-tape' - named for the long strands of ticker tape that used to be showered down from office buildings, but has since been replaced with paper confetti-- rained down on the FIFA Women's World Cup champions.
Co-captain Megan Rapinoe and her teammates shared a float with Mayor Bill de Blasio and U.S. Soccer Federation president Carlos Cordeiro. Rapinoe struck her now-famous victory pose, took a swig of Champagne and handed the bottle to a fan.
Senator introduces bill to withhold 2026 World Cup funds until USWNT paid equally
By Gabrielle Moreira
Democratic Sen. Joe Manchin, of West Virginia, introduced a bill Tuesday that would prohibit federal funds from being used for the 2026 World Cup unless the men's and women's national teams are paid equally.
Manchin's office issued a press release stating that the senator was inspired to create the bill after receiving a letter from Nikki Izzo-Brown, head coach for women's soccer at West Virginia University.
"The clear unequitable pay between the U.S. men's and women's soccer teams is unacceptable and I'm glad the U.S. Women's Soccer Team's latest victory is causing public outcry," Manchin said in a statement. "They are the best in the world and deserve to be paid accordingly."


text:
Nothing's finished
Noah Levine
Digital Esthetics, Dental Lab Products-2011-09-01, Issue 9
It's not uncommon for a lab with a complete in-house CAD/CAM system to open up excess capacity as an outsource option for other labs. That can be a way to maximize return on the technology investment, but it doesn't make the lab into a milling center. Creating a milling center in the truest sense of concept means building a business dedicated to providing dental labs with access to CAD/CAM produced parts that can then be finished into restorations ready for the prescribing dentist to place into the patient's mouth.
It's not uncommon for a lab with a complete in-house CAD/CAM system to open up excess capacity as an outsource option for other labs. That can be a way to maximize return on the technology investment, but it doesn't make the lab into a milling center.
Creating a milling center in the truest sense of concept means building a business dedicated to providing dental labs with access to CAD/CAM produced parts that can then be finished into restorations ready for the prescribing dentist to place into the patient's mouth.
Business of production
Chris Brown, Business Manager of Apex Dental Milling in Ann Arbor, Mich., said milling centers provide knowledge, technology and precision to labs, but because they don't provide completely finished products, they are never in direct competition. Milling centers fill a need in the industry, but they follow a completely different business model than dental labs.
"Setting up a dedicated milling center to support other laboratories and to not have any final products that you ship yourself, that's a challenge," Brown said. "With the other profit centers within a laboratory, it's easier for a lab to add milling equipment than it is to set up to just be a milling center. The profit margin on production is much smaller at a milling center than it is at a full-service laboratory."
Still, there's a reason milling centers exist, and Brown believes this is because of the efficiencies of specialization. Dental labs produce custom products made to meet the individual specification of each case, but digital design and computer-driven production allow for some steps to be automated, and a milling center provides labs with access to the expensive technologies required for this automation.
"Efficiencies in manufacturing are starting to work their way into the dental lab world," he said. "Just as GM, Ford and Chrysler don't make every single part that they put in a vehicle-they outsource the fabrication of certain parts to people who are very good at doing that-now you're seeing that same sort of philosophy behind milling centers."
While the business case makes sense for the industry, it must make sense for the individual milling centers if they are going to survive and thrive. Brown said starting Apex required a huge investment in expensive milling hardware, and the center needed a solid plan to make sure there would be a timely return on that investment. It's also important for milling centers to completely examine the costs associated with the equipment being purchased. Costs for training, installation, electrical and other utility connections, and maintenance all must be a part of the equation. Brown stressed the importance of separating wants and needs and starting with a manageable investment plan with built-in scalability.
"If you're going to make a financial investment, you've got to know it's going to pay for itself within a certain period of time, because if a new material comes out, you're going to want to be able to work with it and that may mean a new capital investment," he said.
Expertise required
Purchasing the mills and related technologies is part of the process, but successfully running a milling center takes in-depth knowledge of how those systems work. Brown came to the dental milling world with a background in engineering and general manufacturing. While learning about the specifics of dental restoration production was a hurdle, he was already comfortable running the CAD/CAM technology at the heart of Apex.
While every mill operates slightly differently, Brown and his staff make it their business to know the systems inside and out. A dedication to understanding how these mills function and how to use the software that controls them most effectively is critical to success.
"It is complex machinery," he said. "Things go wrong. You need to be able to recognize when there's an issue with product, what the cause is and how to rectify it."
This knowledge also leads to being able to use these mills to create a superior product. A milling center must produce parts that meet the expectations of the labs that will be finishing them, while simultaneously maximizing the center's own use of materials, time and energy. Brown said he and his staff at Apex approach this task with confidence because of their dedication to mastering the nuances of milling dental materials.
"We are strong in milling knowledge and expertise. We're strong in scan and design," he said. "We use multiple scanners; we use multiple CAD packages. We recognize certain types of cases that will be best handled with different systems and different mills."
More than frameworks
That knowledge is an asset for a milling center in multiple ways. It's critical for achieving optimal results from the mill, but it's also a resource for customers. Brown and his staff are ready to suggest material options and milling strategies the lab might not have thought about. In some cases he has shared his expert opinion with the prescribing dentist to help keep a case on a path toward an optimal outcome.
"What we do in a day some of our customers are lucky to do in a month," Brown said. "We see so many different cases, so many different types of preparations, so many different scenarios that we see what works."
A milling center needs to be ready to effectively translate milling and laboratory terminology and nuances. Every employee at the milling center doesn't need this knowledge but it must be a part of the business.
"You need the ability to interact with laboratories and doctors at their level, but you need to have the mechanical and technological background-especially if you're going with open architecture systems-to plug it all in and make it work," Brown said.
Primed for growth
Currently milling centers such as Apex provide scan and design services as well as milling, something Brown said will be the norm until scanners and design software become more common. When labs do have the ability to scan and design their own parts and full contour restorations, Brown believes there could be a business that exists to provide those labs with access to high quality milling.
But even if the industry moves in that direction, milling centers will still play an important role by giving labs access to the precision production large-scale mills are capable of providing. This would allow for even more specialized production in the industry, as the milling centers could be the experts in new materials and new production technologies, while the labs retain their expertise in designing and finishing restorations.
"I like the concept of a milling center that can through volume afford to make the investment in the big equipment and let the laboratories stick to scanning, designing and finishing, and putting the personal touch on their cases. It's what they're great at," Brown said.
News | CAD/CAM


The "Pocket Pal" Jet Tips are packaged, containing four colour coded tips. This tip is designed for use at home for irrigation and or delivery of medication up to 5 to 6 mm. Special rubber tip design provides gum massage and promotes circulation. User friendly.


text:
Q: how to return 200OK before the function is completed I write a bot for Vkontakte on Django(2.2.4), with the vk_api library
Some of the functions are quite long (performed in 5-7 seconds). But Vkontakte requires the server to respond no longer than 3 seconds. If the response is delayed, the request is sent again, and the bot starts sending the same message many times after a while. (I Use The Callback Api)
I will describe my problem briefly

*

*my function runs for more than 6 seconds

*the 200OK response must be sent in less than 3 seconds
Is it possible to solve this problem without major changes in the code?
# views.py
@csrf_exempt
def MainBotView(request):
    # i need something like return HttpResponse('ok') here

    ... my slow code ...

    return HttpResponse('ok') # but I don't need it at the end

(I use pythonanywhere and Celery perhaps does not work there)
Should I use threading? How?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


+In the DPDK, it is identified by name and uses a mempool handler to store free objects.
+The default mempool handler is ring based.
+There are two aspects to a mempool handler.
+relevant mempool handler callback (ops) structure.
+will need to be modified to use a new mempool handler.
+ * @internal Wrapper for mempool_ops dequeue callback.
+ *   - <0: Error; code of dequeue function.
+ * @internal wrapper for mempool_ops enqueue callback.
+ *   - <0: Error; code of enqueue function.
+ *   Opaque data that can be passed by the application to the ops functions.
+ * Macro to statically register the ops of a mempool handler.


This stunning seafood starter shows that pesto knows no bounds. Use Asian flavours like palm sugar, chilli, fish sauce and coriander to make a heady sauce to go with deep-fried squid.
For the palm sugar and coriander pesto, place all the ingredients in a pestle and mortar and pound to a paste.
For the squid, clean, score and prepare the squid. Pull the tentacles away from the body of the squid and remove the quill. Rinse inside the body of the squid under cold running water. Pull the ears (wing-like flaps) from the body. Pull the purplish skin from the ears and body to leave only the white meat.
Either slice the body of the squid into rings, or cut down one side of it, open it out, scrape away any traces of guts left inside the body, then score the inside lightly in a cross-hatch pattern.
Dry off the squid with kitchen roll before cooking.
Prepare a plate of flour, a bowl of the egg and a plate of breadcrumbs.
Dip the prepared squid in the flour, then the egg and panko breadcrumbs and place in the deep fat fryer. Cook for a couple of minutes until golden-brown and crisp. Tip onto a plate lined with kitchen roll to drain.
To serve, place each squid on a serving plate and drizzle the pesto over. Garnish with coriander cress and mitzuna dressed with the rapeseed oil, topped with lime wedges, spring onions and chilli.


Introducing Personal Finance, a money management tool now included in online and mobile banking. With customized budgeting tools, smart expense tracking, and mobile access, you can manage your finances with ease, from anywhere.
At GSB banking is about more than a bottom line. It's an opportunity to do good for our customers, and in the communities we serve. We seize that opportunity every day, with every customer. It's what we've been doing for 150 years. Bank with us and see—banking is believing.
It's Not Always Easy To Put Yourself First.
We believe you deserve more than a big bank with a short attention span. You deserve a bank that puts you first. Our goal is to meet your needs, whether that's business or personal banking or a recommendation for a good plumber. You can't always put yourself first, but we can.
Earn 10 cents per purchase, get rewarded for using your debit card and enjoy ATM fee reimbursement anywhere in the US. Personal checking pays with Make Cents Checking.
Maximize the equity in your home with a convenient, flexible Champion HELOC. We offer great rates and—did we mention?—tons of flexibility.
To us, great merchant card services should include low rates, local support and solid technology, like Clover. Are you sure you're getting the best rates from your card processor? Call us today for a free statement review.
From online banking and remote deposit to sweep accounts and positive pay, our cash management tools help you keep all the parts of your business moving.
When it was time to expand our business, Gorham Savings Bank was there to help us at every step. The loan process went quickly – a big benefit of using a community bank with local decision-making. Thanks to Gorham Savings Bank we were able to keep up with business without missing a beat, and now, business is better than ever.
At its best, banking is about people. It's about coming together to build something we can all believe in. We believe banking can be a force for good, let us show you how.


Last week, ELEW journeyed to Miami for his second annual appearance at the Art Basel Festival. In addition to three late night performances at the Delano South Beach Hotel (one of which was attended by Kanye West), he also participated in this year's edition of Pop Up Piano Miami, which consisted of a series of pop-up performances by different pianists at eight pianos from Steinway & Sons Miami strategically placed across the Wynwood, Midtown Miami, Downtown Miami, and Design District areas. Read Miami.com's coverage of ELEW's Art Basel trip at this link.


text:
The War That Never Ends
Vietnam looms over the war on terror
WIB politics January 30, 2018 Maj. Danny Sjursen
Vietnam. It's always there. Looming in the past, informing America's future. A 50-year-old war, once labeled the longest in our history, is still being...
Vietnam. It's always there. Looming in the past, informing America's future.
A 50-year-old war, once labeled the longest in our history, is still being refought by one group of Americans. The military high command. And almost half a century later, they're still losing it … and blaming others for doing so.
Of course, the U.S. military and Washington policymakers lost the war in Vietnam in the previous century and perhaps it's well that they did. The United States really had no business intervening in that anti-colonial civil war in the first place, supporting a South Vietnamese government of questionable legitimacy and stifling promised nationwide elections on both sides of that country's artificial border.
In doing so, Washington presented an easy villain for a North Vietnamese-backed National Liberation Front insurgency, a group known to Americans in those years as the Vietcong.
More than two decades of involvement and, at the war's peak, half a million American troops never altered the basic weakness of the U.S.-backed regime in Saigon. Despite millions of Asian deaths and 58,000 American ones, South Vietnam's military could not, in the end, hold the line without American support and finally collapsed under the weight of a conventional North Vietnamese invasion in April 1975.
There's just one thing. Though a majority of historians subscribes to the basic contours of the above narrative, the vast majority of senior American military officers do not. Instead, they're still refighting the Vietnam War to a far cheerier outcome through the books they read, the scholarship they publish and the policies they continue to pursue in the Greater Middle East.
At top — Pres. Richard Nixon discusses 'Vietnamization.' Above — U.S. Army soldiers in Vietnam in 1966. Photos via Wikipedia
The big rewrite
In 1986, future general, Iraq-Afghan War commander, and CIA director David Petraeus penned an article for the military journal Parameters that summarized his Princeton doctoral dissertation on the Vietnam War.
It was a piece commensurate with then-major Petraeus's impressive intellect, except for its disastrous conclusions on the lessons of that war. Though he did observe that Vietnam had "cost the military dearly" and that "the frustrations of Vietnam are deeply etched in the minds of those who lead the services," his real fear was that the war had left the military unprepared to wage what were then called "low-intensity conflicts" and are now known as counterinsurgencies.
His takeaway — what the country needed wasn't less Vietnams but better-fought ones. The next time, he concluded fatefully, the military should do a far better job of implementing counterinsurgency forces, equipment, tactics and doctrine to win such wars.
Two decades later, when the next Vietnam-like quagmire did indeed present itself in Iraq, he and a whole generation of COINdinistas — like-minded officers devoted to his favored counterinsurgency approach to modern warfare — embraced those very conclusions to win the war on terror.
The names of some of them — H.R. McMaster and James Mattis, for instance — should ring a bell or two these days. In Iraq and later in Afghanistan, Petraeus and his acolytes would get their chance to translate theory into practice. Americans — and much of the rest of the planet — still live with the results.
Like Petraeus, an entire generation of senior military leaders, commissioned in the years after the Vietnam War and now atop the defense behemoth, remain fixated on that ancient conflict. After all these decades, such "thinking" generals and "soldier-scholars" continue to draw all the wrong lessons from what, thanks in part to them, has now become America's second longest war.
David Petraeus in Iraq in 2008. U.S. Army photo
Rival schools
Historian Gary Hess identifies two main schools of revisionist thinking. There are the "Clausewitzians," named after the 19th-century Prussian military theorist, who insist that Washington never sufficiently attacked the enemy's true center of gravity in North Vietnam. Beneath the academic language, they essentially agree on one key thing: the U.S. military should have bombed the North into a parking lot.
The second school, including Petraeus, Hess labeled the "hearts-and-minders." As COINdinistas, they felt the war effort never focused clearly enough on isolating the Vietcong, protecting local villages in the South, building schools and handing out candy — everything, in short, that might have won Vietnamese hearts and minds.
Both schools, however, agreed on something basic. That the U.S. military should have won in Vietnam.
The danger presented by either school is clear enough in the twenty-first century. Senior commanders, some now serving in key national security positions, fixated on Vietnam, have translated that conflict's supposed lessons into what now passes for military strategy in Washington.
The result has been an ever-expanding war on terror campaign waged ceaselessly from South Asia to West Africa, which has essentially turned out to be perpetual war based on the can-do belief that counterinsurgency and advise-and-assist missions should have worked in Vietnam and can work now.
The leading voice of the Clausewitzian school was U.S. Army colonel and Korean War and Vietnam War vet Harry Summers, whose 1982 book, On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War, became an instant classic within the military.
It's easy enough to understand why. Summers argued that civilian policymakers — not the military rank-and-file — had lost the war by focusing hopelessly on the insurgency in South Vietnam rather than on the North Vietnamese capital, Hanoi. More troops, more aggressiveness, even full-scale invasions of communist safe havens in Laos, Cambodia and North Vietnam, would have led to victory.
Summers had a deep emotional investment in his topic. Later, he would argue that the source of post-war pessimistic analyses of the conflict lay in "draft dodgers and war evaders still [struggling] with their consciences."
In his own work, Summers marginalized all Vietnamese actors, failed to adequately deal with the potential consequences, nuclear or otherwise, of the sorts of escalation he advocated and didn't even bother to ask whether Vietnam was a core national-security interest of the United States.
Perhaps he would have done well to reconsider a famous post-war encounter he had with a North Vietnamese officer, a Colonel Tu, whom he assured that "you know you never beat us on the battlefield."
"That may be so," replied his former enemy, "but it is also irrelevant."
Whatever its limitations, his work remains influential in military circles to this day. I was assigned the book as a West Point cadet!
A more sophisticated Clausewitzian analysis came from current National Security Adviser H.R. McMaster in a highly acclaimed 1997 book, Dereliction of Duty. He argued that the Joint Chiefs of Staff were derelict in failing to give Pres. Lyndon Johnson an honest appraisal of what it would take to win, which meant that "the nation went to war without the benefit of effective military advice."
He concluded that the war was lost not in the field or by the media or even on antiwar college campuses, but in Washington, D.C., through a failure of nerve by the Pentagon's generals, which led civilian officials to opt for a deficient strategy.
McMaster is a genuine scholar and a gifted writer, but he still suggested that the Joint Chiefs should have advocated for a more aggressive offensive strategy — a full ground invasion of the North or unrelenting carpet-bombing of that country.
In this sense, he was just another "go-big" Clausewitzian who, as historian Ronald Spector pointed out recently, ignored Vietnamese views and failed to acknowledge — an observation of historian Edward Miller — that "the Vietnam War was a Vietnamese war."
H.R. McMaster. Photo via Wikipedia
A small, forever war
Another Vietnam veteran, retired Lt. Col. Andrew Krepinevich, fired the opening salvo for the hearts-and-minders. In The Army and Vietnam, published in 1986, he argued that the NLF, not the North Vietnamese Army, was the enemy's chief center of gravity and that the American military's failure to emphasize counterinsurgency principles over conventional concepts of war sealed its fate.
While such arguments were, in reality, no more impressive than those of the Clausewitzians, they have remained popular with military audiences, as historian Dale Andrade points out, because they offer a "simple explanation for the defeat in Vietnam."
Krepinevich would write an influential 2005 Foreign Affairspiece, "How to Win in Iraq," in which he applied his Vietnam conclusions to a new strategy of prolonged counterinsurgency in the Middle East, quickly winning over The New York Times's resident conservative columnist, David Brooks, and generating "discussion in the Pentagon, CIA, American Embassy in Baghdad and the office of the vice president."
In 1999, retired army officer and Vietnam veteran Lewis Sorley penned the definitive hearts-and-minds tract, A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam. Sorley boldly asserted that, by the spring of 1970, "the fighting wasn't over, but the war was won."
According to his comforting tale, the real explanation for failure lay with the "big-war" strategy of U.S. commander Gen. William Westmoreland. The counterinsurgency strategy of his successor, Gen. Creighton Abrams — Sorley's knight in shining armor — was a war-winner.
Critics noted that Sorley overemphasized the marginal differences between the two generals' strategies and produced a remarkably counterfactual work. It didn't matter, however. By 2005, just as the situation in Iraq, a country then locked in a sectarian civil war amid an American occupation, went from bad to worse, Sorley's book found its way into the hands of the head of U.S. Central Command, Gen. John Abizaid, and State Department counselor Philip Zelikow.
By then, according to the Washington Post's David Ignatius, it could also "be found on the bookshelves of senior military officers in Baghdad."
Another influential hearts-and-minds devotee was Lt. Col. John Nagl. He even made it onto The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. His Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam followed Krepinevich in claiming that "if [Creighton] Abrams had gotten the call to lead the American effort at the start of the war, America might very well have won it."
In 2006, the Wall Street Journal reported that Army Chief of Staff Gen. Peter Schoomaker "so liked [Nagl's] book that he made it required reading for all four-star generals," while the Iraq War commander of that moment, Gen. George Casey, gave Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld a copy during a visit to Baghdad.
Petraeus and current secretary of defense Mattis, co-authors in 2006 of FM 3-24, the first military field manual for counterinsurgency since Vietnam, must also be considered among the pantheon of hearts-and-minders. Nagl wrote a foreword for their manual, while Krepinevich provided a glowing back-cover endorsement.
Such revisionist interpretations would prove tragic in Iraq and Afghanistan, once they had filtered down to the entire officer corps.
Reading All the wrong books
In 2009, when former West Point history professor Col. Gregory Daddis deployed to Iraq as the command historian for the Multinational Corps — the military's primary tactical headquarters — he noted that corps commander Lt. Gen. Charles Jacoby had assigned a professional reading list to his principal subordinates.
To his disappointment, Daddis also discovered that the only Vietnam War book included was Sorley's A Better War. This should have surprised no one, since his argument — that American soldiers in Vietnam were denied an impending victory by civilian policymakers, a liberal media and antiwar protestors — was still resonant among the officer corps in year six of the Iraq quagmire. It wasn't the military's fault!
Officers have long distributed professional reading lists for subordinates, intellectual guideposts to the complex challenges ahead. Indeed, there's much to be admired in the concept, but also potential dangers in such lists as they inevitably influence the thinking of an entire generation of future leaders.
In the case of Vietnam, the perils are obvious. The generals have been assigning and reading problematic books for years, works that were essentially meant to reinforce professional pride in the midst of a series of unsuccessful and unending wars.
Just after 9/11, for instance, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Richard Myers — who spoke at my West Point graduation — included Summers's On Strategy on his list. A few years later, then-Army Chief of Staff Gen. Peter Schoomaker added McMaster's Dereliction of Duty.
The trend continues today. Marine Corps Commandant Robert Neller has kept McMaster and added Diplomacy by Henry Kissinger. Current Army Chief of Staff Gen. Mark Milley kept Kissinger and added good old Lewis Sorley. To top it all off, Secretary of Defense Mattis has included yet another Kissinger book and, in a different list, Krepinevich's The Army and Vietnam.
Just as important as which books made the lists is what's missing from them: none of these senior commanders include newer scholarship, novels or journalistic accounts which might raise thorny, uncomfortable questions about whether the Vietnam War was winnable, necessary or advisable, or incorporate local voices that might highlight the limits of American influence and power.
Most of the generals leading the war on terror just missed service in the Vietnam War. They graduated from various colleges or West Point in the years immediately following the withdrawal of most U.S. ground troops or thereafter. Petraeus in 1974, future Afghan War commander Stanley McChrystal in 1976, and present National Security Adviser H.R. McMaster in 1984.
Secretary of Defense Mattis finished ROTC and graduated from Central Washington University in 1971, while Trump's Chief of Staff John Kelly enlisted at the tail end of the Vietnam War, receiving his commission in 1976.
In other words, the generation of officers now overseeing the still-spreading war on terror entered military service at the end of or after the tragic war in Southeast Asia. That meant they narrowly escaped combat duty in the bloodiest American conflict since World War II and so the professional credibility that went with it.
They were mentored and taught by academy tactical officers, ROTC instructors and commanders who had cut their teeth on that conflict. Vietnam literally dominated the discourse of their era — and it's never ended.
Petraeus, Mattis, McMaster and the others entered service when military prestige had reached a nadir or was just rebounding. And those reading lists taught the young officers where to lay the blame for that — on civilians in Washington or on a military high command too weak to assert its authority effectively. They would serve in Vietnam's shadow, the shadow of defeat, and the conclusions they would draw from it would only lead to twenty-first-century disasters.
James Mattis. U.S. Army photo
Generational war
All of this misremembering, all of those Vietnam "lessons" inform the U.S. military's ongoing "surges" and "advise-and-assist" approaches to its wars in the Greater Middle East and Africa. Representatives of both Vietnam revisionist schools now guide the development of the Trump administration's version of global strategy.
Pres. Donald Trump's in-house Clausewitzians clamor for — and receive — ever more delegated authority to do their damnedest and what retired general Edward Meyer called for back in 1983. "A freer hand in waging war than they had in Vietnam." In other words, more bombs, more troops and carte blanche to escalate such conflicts to their hearts' content.
Meanwhile, Trump's hearts-and-minds faction consists of officers who have spent three administrations expanding COIN-influenced missions to approximately 70 percent of the world's nations.
Furthermore, they've recently fought for and been granted a new "mini-surge" in Afghanistan intended to — in disturbingly Vietnam-esque language — "break the deadlock," "reverse the decline" and "end the stalemate" there.
Never mind that neither 100,000 U.S. troops nor 16 full years of combat could, in the term of the trade, "stabilize" Afghanistan. The can-do, revisionist believers atop the national security state have convinced Trump that — despite his original instincts — 4,000 or 5,000 more troops and yet more drones, planes and other equipment will do the trick. This represents tragedy bordering on farce.
The hearts and minders and Clausewitzians atop the military establishment since 9/11 are never likely to stop citing their versions of the Vietnam War as the key to victory today. That is, they will never stop focusing on a war that was always unwinnable and never worth fighting. None of today's acclaimed military personalities seems willing to consider that Washington couldn't have won in Vietnam because, as former Air Force Chief of Staff Merrill McPeak, who flew 269 combat missions over that country, noted in the recent Ken Burns documentary series, "we were fighting on the wrong side."
Today's leaders don't even pretend that the post-9/11 wars will ever end. In an interview last June, Petraeus — still considered a sagacious guru of the Defense establishment — disturbingly described the Afghan conflict as "generational."
Eerily enough, to cite a Vietnam-era precedent, Gen. Creighton Abrams predicted something similar. speaking to the White House as the war in Southeast Asia was winding down. Even as Pres. Richard Nixon slowly withdrew U.S. forces, handing over their duties to the South Vietnamese army, the general warned that, despite the South Vietnamese's improvements, continued U.S. support "would be required indefinitely to maintain an effective force."
That war and its ill-fated lessons will undoubtedly continue to influence U.S. commanders until a new set of myths, explaining away a new set of failures in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere, take over, possibly thanks to books by veterans of these conflicts about how Washington could have won the war on terror.
It's not that our generals don't read. They do. They just doggedly continue to read the wrong books.
In 1986, Petraeus ended his influential Parametersarticle with a quote from historian George Herring. "Each historical situation is unique and the use of analogy is at best misleading, at worst, dangerous." When it comes to Vietnam and a cohort of officers shaped in its shadow, "dangerous" hardly describes the results. They've helped bring us generational war and, for today's young soldiers, ceaseless tragedy.
Maj. Danny Sjursen is a U.S. Army strategist and former history instructor at West Point. He served tours with reconnaissance units in Iraq and Afghanistan. He has written a memoir and critical analysis of the Iraq War, Ghost Riders of Baghdad: Soldiers, Civilians, and the Myth of the Surge. He lives with his wife and four sons near Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Follow him on Twitter at @SkepticalVet.
The views expressed in this article are those of the author, expressed in an unofficial capacity, and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense or the U.S. government. This story originally appeared at TomDispatch.


text:
Digital Marketing Researches & Reports
/ Researches / PR Tech, the Future of Technology in Communication Report, 2019 | USC Annenberg Center for Public Relations
PR Tech, the Future of Technology in Communication Report, 2019 | USC Annenberg Center for Public Relations
Digital PR | Global
Technology changes so rapidly that it's hard to keep up. Every day, a new app, device or platform is piled onto the growing tech stack available to media, marketers, and communicators. Like it or not, future success relies upon the ability to utilize these new tools for analyzing complex data, engaging diverse audiences and measuring the impact of campaigns at every step of the customer journey. The world is heading towards a rapid replacement or complementation of traditional forms of communication with those based on new technologies. Although no one doubts that new technologies play an important role in the contemporary world it is quite difficult to predict the exact pace of growth of technological advances.
The Key Findings of The "PR Tech, the Future of Technology in Communication, 2019" Report:
Selling products and services is ranked as the most important communication goal for organizations by surveyed CEOs with a rate of 44%.
Financial reporting is ranked as the most news content type that surveyed PR professionals predict to be written by artificial intelligence in five years ahead with a rate of 35%.
Customer experience optimization is ranked as the area of communication that surveyed CEOs mentioned that they would advance it through the use of new technology with a rate of 33%.
The pressure of delivering a measurable ROI is ranked as the primary driver for technology use in agencies/departments by surveyed PR professionals with a rate of 28%.
YouTube is ranked as the most communication platform that will be the most important to enhance the effectiveness of communication strategies with a rate of 48%.
Big data analytics technology skills are ranked as the most important skills that future PR/communication professional needs to be successful in dealing with it at a rate of 65%.
A Graph Shows The Primary Drivers For Agencies/Departments to Use Technology, 2019.
The Content of The "PR Tech, the Future of Technology in Communication, 2019" Report:
Methodology.
Data was collected through an online survey fielded by the USC Annenberg Center for Public Relations (CPR) and distributed through PR-related email lists and social media groups. The survey was live between January 7, 2019, and February 15, 2019, the sample included in the analyses encompasses 1,563 responses from PR professionals, of which 803 were PR professionals working in agency/consultancy establishments and 760 workings as in-house PR professionals. 65.6% of the PR professionals were from the United States and the remaining 34.4% from other countries.
Digital Public Relations Communications
Public Relations Technology
Technology in Communication
USC Annenberg Center for Public Relations (CPR)
Located in Los Angeles at the University of Southern California, the Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism is a national leader in education and scholarship in the fields of communication, journalism, public diplomacy, and public relations. With an enrollment of more than 2,200 students, USC Annenberg offers doctoral, master's and bachelor's degree programs, as well as continuing development programs for working professionals across a broad scope of academic inquiry. The school's comprehensive curriculum emphasizes the core skills of leadership, innovation, service, and entrepreneurship and draws upon the resources of a networked university located in the media capital of the world.


text:
Satisfaction Guaranteed typically refers to a legally-binding express guarantee of satisfaction in the contract of a sale of goods.
Satisfaction Guaranteed may also refer to:
Satisfaction Guaranteed (manga)
"Satisfaction Guaranteed" (short story), a short story by Isaac Asimov
"Satisfaction Guaranteed", a song by The Firm
"Satisfaction Guaranteed", a song by Christina Milian from her 2001 self-titled album
Satisfaction Guaranteed, a 2004 compilation album by Teddy Pendergrass
"Satisfaction Guaranteed", a song by Alyssa Reid from her 2014 album, Time Bomb
Satisfaction Guaranteed, a 2014 mixtape by Junglepussy
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Satisfaction Guaranteed.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satisfaction_Guaranteed&oldid=859370551"


text:
PageantsNEWS.com
Search Translated Content
Kelly Van Den Dungen on the road to Miss Grand International 2017
Pageants NEWS
The gorgeous Kelly Van Den Dungen will have the opportunity to represent the Netherlands at the prestigious Miss Grand International Contest later this year. The pageant aimed at participating in creating peace and stopping war. Headquartered in Bangkok , Thailand , under the auspices of the Miss Grand International Organization by Nawat Itsaragrisil and Yuphiyao Thaivisut. The current title holder is Ariska Putri Pertiwi from Indonesia , where Ariska is the first Asian woman to earn the title.
Lets know a little more about the beautiful Kelly and how she will prepare the international contest through this interview!
You will represent the Netherlands at Miss Grand International 2017 later this year. How will you prepare the pageant ? And how do you feel ?
I am being prepared for the international pageant by the team of 12 Months of Beauty.
One of the prizes I won at Miss Grand Netherlands 2017 is coaching by their personal trainer, Brian Blijd. He is coaching me mentally and physically and makes sure I can focus completely on the Miss Grand International pageant and that I am in good shape. Besides that I also get catwalk training by Glendance and english diction lessons.
For the competition I have a team working on my wardrobe. My evening gown will be designed by dutch designer Bjorn Kersten and will be completed with jewellery by BaroQco Jewels from Indonesia.
I will be fit and self-confident when I leave for Vietnam
You made the top 3 at Miss Netherlands last year. What was your most memorable moment from the pageant ?
I've had many memorable moments at the Miss Netherlands pageant. I think that the moment I heard that I've made it through the final was one of the greatest moments of my life. When I heard that I made it through to the finals I was in Ibiza with 14 other great girls who I can call friends from that moment. The final show was also unforgettable. The show gave me a lot of energy and inspired me to get on participating in pageants. I didn't give up and now I am Miss Grand Netherlands 2017 and I will represent my country at one of the biggest beauty pageants in the world.
What inspired you to walk on the course of beauty pageants?
When I was younger I looked at how confident women in the beauty pageants were and wished I could be on that stage some day. I was inspired by them to follow my dreams and not to give up on my dreams. I hope that some day I can be the inspiration to other girls to follow their dreams.
Social media seem to play a major role in pageantry nowadays. Do you think this is advantageous to you? Why or why not?
I think that the major role of social media is an advantage for me. Beauty pageants are not very popular in the Netherlands, but thanks to social media I can reach a bigger public in countries where pageants are very popular so they can start following me. Thus social media gave me the change to introduce myself to the world and makes me reach so many more people in the world.
What has been the biggest challenge you have faced in your life
A couple days ago I've heard that I passed my bachelor degree at the university of applied science. I finished my studies while preparing for the Miss Grand International pageant in Vietnam and I am proud of having accomplished this, as that is a very busy period as well. A good education is important for everybody, it will help me in the rest of my life professionally and personally and in my decisions. Participating in pageants gives me more self confidence, so I can be a stronger woman.
You'd Might Also Like...
Central & South America Miss Brasil 2015 Favoritas Pageants NEWS
Miss Universe Dayana Mendoza, Miss Universe 2008 from Venezuela for Equilibrio Magazine. Pageants NEWS
Beauty Advices...
Beauty & Fashion Rosie Huntington-Whiteley without makeup Pageants NEWS
Miss Universe Miss Universe 2015 Pia Wurtzbach without makeup Pageants NEWS
Website Info...
Website Adverts
Newsletter & Email Adverts
Social Media & Web Sponsored Posts


text:
Kanton Nocé () byl francouzský kanton v departementu Orne v regionu Dolní Normandie. Tvořilo ho 12 obcí. Zrušen byl po reformě kantonů 2014.

Obce kantonu
 Berd'huis
 Colonard-Corubert
 Courcerault
 Dancé
 Nocé
 Préaux-du-Perche
 Saint-Aubin-des-Grois
 Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière
 Saint-Jean-de-la-Forêt
 Saint-Maurice-sur-Huisne
 Saint-Pierre-la-Bruyère
 Verrières

Nocé

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia