text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}

Local moments formed on atoms from strongly-correlated $f$-electrons interact with each other to produce a plethora of magnetic phases in lanthanide compounds~\cite{Mackintosh1}. They typically interact by spin-polarizing the itinerant pervasive valence electron sub-system in line with the famous Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yoshida (RKKY) paradigm~\cite{Mackintosh1,Hughes1}. The transitions between magnetic phases are frequently continuous (second-order). In many cases, however, the magnetic state is strongly coupled to the crystal structure and discontinuous (first-order) magnetic phase transitions occur along with sudden crystal volume~\cite{Lewis_2016,doi:10.1063/1.1375836,PhysRevB.67.104416} and symmetry~\cite{PhysRevLett.78.4494,PhysRev.126.104} change.
In principal, magnetic materials which undergo such discontinuous effects are very valuable for technological applications -
 response to small or moderate external fields can lead to large changes of temperature, volume, magnetization, and other thermodynamic quantities. Such functionality can exploit strong magnetoresistance~\cite{doi:10.1063/1.2399365}, magnetostriction~\cite{Nikitin_2011}, magnetic shape memory~\cite{ShapeMemoKainuma,ShapeMemoManosa}, and caloric effects for solid-state cooling~\cite{PhysRevLett.78.4494,ShapeMemoManosa,Matsunami1,PhysRevX.8.041035}.

First-order magnetic phase transitions, however, have a downside in that they are almost always accompanied by significant hysteresis~\cite{doi:10.1002/ente.201800264}.
A striking exemption is the Eu$_2$In compound~\cite{Eu2In1} which exhibits a phase transition from a paramagnetic (PM) to a ferromagnetic (FM) phase at a Curie temperature of $T_c\approx$ 55K. Although the transformation is strongly first-order with an associated giant magnetocaloric effect (MCE), it exceptionally shows no thermal hysteresis~\cite{Eu2In1}.
The transition is isosymmetric for this orthorhombic crystalline material (Fig.\ \ref{FIG1}(a)) and no substantial change of lattice parameters occurs at the magnetic discontinuity. This implies negligible magnetostructural coupling and a possible purely electronic origin for the transformation.
PM-FM magnetic phase transitions observed in other RE$_2$In compounds (RE -rare earth)~\cite{McAlister_1984,PALENZONA1968379} are all second-order with smaller, although still significant, MCE~\cite{doi:10.1063/1.362319,BHATTACHARYYA20121239,ZHANG2009396,BHATTACHARYYA20091828,Zhang_2009,ANH2006132,refId0,doi:10.1063/1.3130090}. With the exceptions of Eu and Yb, RE$_2$In compounds generally crystallize into a hexagonal Ni$_2$In-type structure (Fig.\ \ref{FIG1}(b)), which is a continuous distortion of the orthorhombic structure observed in Eu$_2$In.

Lanthanide atoms are typically trivalent in a solid (nominal 5$d^1$6$s^2$ valence electron configuration), donating three valence electrons per atom to the electron glue in which the atomically-localized $f$-electron magnetic moments sit~\cite{Mackintosh1}. The gain in $f$-electron correlation energy that results from a half-filled $f$-electron shell makes an exception of Eu, steering it towards divalency instead and producing a magnetic moment per atom of $\approx$ 7 $\mu_B$ from the seven localized $f$-electrons~\cite{Eu2In1}. In this paper we show with an {\it ab initio} theory that the divalency causes the Fermi energy $E_\text{F}$ of Eu$_2$In to be positioned so that there is a positive feedback from the itinerant valence electron sub-system on the magnetic interactions among the $f$-electron magnetic moments. This results in a first-order PM-FM transition which is devoid of any magnetostructural coupling.

The electronic mechanism we have discovered appears in both orthorhombic and hypothetical hexagonal Eu$_2$In but is absent in any of the other RE$_2$In counterparts such as Gd$_2$In.  We have found that the itinerant electron positive feedback driving the first-order character in Eu$_2$In is caused by a Fermi surface (FS) topological transition. Around $E_\text{F}$ there are Eu $d$ - In $p$ electron bonding states with pronounced $d$-character and strong susceptibility to spin polarization. This illustrates a general point that in a material where a rare earth metal can be be coaxed into a divalent state its valence d-electrons will participate in a rich range of magnetic interactions.  In Eu$_2$In the change of FS topology is brought about by the spin-polarization of these states produced by the magnetic field which is set up by the alignment of Eu-moments as ferromagnetic order develops. In turn it further strengthens the interactions among the moments, underlying the origin of the first-order transformation.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,scale=0.77]{./FIG1.pdf}
\caption{Crystallographic unit cells of (a) orthorhombic Eu$_2$In and (b) hexagonal Gd$_2$In systems. Non-equivalent RE positions, RE$_a$ and RE$_b$, are drawn using red and blue, respectively.}
\label{FIG1}
\end{figure}

The paper is organized as follows. In section \ref{mechanism} we describe the purely electronic mechanism driving the discontinuous magnetic phase transition of Eu$_2$In using a first-principles disordered local moment theory. These results are compared with those for trivalent Gd$_2$In in order to illustrate how the divalent state of the rare earth underpins the first-order character. We describe the role of the FS topological change in subsection \ref{FS}. Section \ref{free} shows how the magnetic phase transitions are described in the theory along with temperature-dependent magnetocaloric properties via the minimization of a first-principles Gibbs free energy. Further details on the theoretical formalism are given in section \ref{formalism}. Finally, in section \ref{conc} we present our conclusions.

\section{Itinerant electron positive feedback mechanism}
\label{mechanism}

The evidence for the itinerant electron positive feedback mechanism starts with the upper panels of Fig.\ \ref{FIG2}(a,b). The figure shows the sub-lattice resolved and spin polarized densities of states (DOS) of the valence electrons above $T_c$ in the PM state for both orthorhombic Eu$_2$In and hexagonal Gd$_2$In, obtained using our density functional theory (DFT)-based disordered local moment (DLM) theory~\cite{0305-4608-15-6-018,Hughes1}. We have modelled the local $f$-electron moments as being randomly orientated (in a disordered local moment, DLM, state) so that there is no overall magnetization. The FM phase at lower temperatures, shown in Fig.\ \ref{FIG2}(c,d), is described by the magnetic order parameter of the system, $\textbf{m} =\frac{\textbf{m}_a+\textbf{m}_b}{2}= \frac{\langle \hat{e}_a \rangle + \langle \hat{e}_b \rangle}{2}$, where $\hat{e}_{a(b)}$ denotes an orientation of a local moment on a site on the RE sublattice $a (b)$, $\textbf{m}_{a(b)}\equiv\langle\hat{e}_{a(b)}\rangle$ is a local order parameter, and so $\textbf{m}$ specifies the corresponding total magnetization average. Note that for the PM state $\textbf{m}_{a(b)}=\textbf{0}$, i.e.\ $\textbf{m}=\textbf{0}$, and for the full FM order $\textbf{m}=1 \hat{u}_\text{FM}$, where $\hat{u}_\text{FM}$ is a unit vector along the overall magnetization direction of the system at zero-temperature. For both the divalent Eu and trivalent Gd atoms we have obtained local moments which are roughly 7$\mu_B$ in magnitude consistent with their half filled atomic $f$-shells ($\mu_{\text{Eu}_a}=7.17\mu_\text{B}$ and $\mu_{\text{Eu}_b}=7.12\mu_\text{B}$ for Eu$_2$In, and $\mu_{\text{Gd}_a}=7.23\mu_\text{B}$ and $\mu_{\text{Gd}_b}=7.13\mu_\text{B}$ for Gd$_2$In). The positive (negative) values in the figure show $+$ ($-$) the average of the DOS spin-polarized parallel (anti-parallel) to an overall magnetization direction $\hat{u}_\text{FM}$. In the PM states ($\textbf{m}=\textbf{0}$) the majority and minority spin DOS are identical reflecting the zero overall spin polarization of their electronic structures.  In the ferromagnetically-ordered states ($\textbf{m}\neq\textbf{0}$) the $f$-electron local moments have orientational bias towards $\hat{u}_\text{FM}$ which produces an internal magnetic field. As a consequence the electronic structures averaged over the local moment orientations show spin-polarization (Fig.\ \ref{FIG2}(c,d)).

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,scale=0.68]{./FIG2.pdf}
\caption{Sub-lattice-resolved spin-polarized densities of states (DOS) of the $s$, $p$ and $d$ valence electrons of orthorhombic Eu$_2$In (left panels) and hexagonal Gd$_2$In (right panels). RE non-equivalent sub-lattices are labeled $a$ and $b$. The upper panels show the DOS for the paramagnetic DLM state where the magnetic order parameters $\textbf{m}_a=\textbf{m}_b=0$. The lower panels show the DOS for partially ferromagnetically ordered compounds with $\frac{\textbf{m}_a+\textbf{m}_b}{2}=0.5\hat{u}_\text{FM}$. In each figure positive (negative) values correspond to the average of the DOS of electrons spin-polarized parallel (anti-parallel) to the direction of overall magnetization of the system,  $\hat{u}_\text{FM}$. Some features in the DOSs are shown by numerical labels. The Fermi energy $E_\text{F}$ is indicated by a vertical gray dashed line.}
\label{FIG2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,scale=0.27]{./FIG3.png}
\caption{
(a) Eu$_2$In's Bloch spectral function $A_B (\textbf{k}= (k_x,k_y,0),E_\text{F})$ at the Fermi energy for the majority spin electrons in the (a) PM ($|\textbf{m}_a|=|\textbf{m}_b|=0$) and (b-d) FM states for values of the magnetic order parameters $|\textbf{m}_a|=|\textbf{m}_b|=0.3$, $0.5$ (near the first-order PM-FM transition (see Figs.\ \ref{FIG5} and \ref{FIG6})) and $0.7$, respectively. Panel (a) shows characteristic reciprocal space points ($\Gamma$, S, X, Y). $k_x$ ($k_y$) is the value along the $x$ axis ($y$ axis) in the figure and specifies the $b$ axis ($a$ axis) in the crystal.}
\label{FIG3}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Fermi surface topological change}
\label{FS}

The electronic structures of the two materials have similar general features which can be gauged by the labels 1, 2, 3 and 4 in Fig.~\ref{FIG2}. There are RE-In bonding states incorporating RE $d$ and In $p$ electron hybridization at the lower energies (labels 2-3). Non-bonding unhybridized RE and In states are observed at higher energies (label 4). The low energy RE $d$ - In $p$ band's susceptibility to being spin polarized by the internal magnetic field, which is set up when the lanthanide $f$-moments align in the FM state, can be seen from the nearly rigid shift of features of the majority and minority spin electron DOS.  The spin splitting along the energy axis of the DOS for a partially ordered FM state ($\textbf{m}=0.5\hat{u}_\text{FM}$) is approximately 0.1eV. The game changing difference between the two materials is the lower position of Eu$_2$In's  Fermi energy compared to that of Gd$_2$In simply because Eu is divalent whereas Gd is trivalent. Eu$_2$In's  Fermi energy lies near the top of the Eu-In $pd$ bonding complex such that the interaction between the Eu local $f$-moments is mediated by these electrons. When the system ferromagnetically orders the majority spin DOS fills further while the minority spin states depopulate.  On the other hand, $E_\text{F}$ of Gd$_2$In is much higher, well out of this $pd$ structure.

The interactions between RE local moments in many intermetallics depend on the response of the surrounding valence electrons to the local magnetic fields produced by the moments. Such an itinerant electron spin susceptibility is proportional to the DOS at the Fermi energy, $n(E_\text{F})$. In Eu$_2$In the states around $E_\text{F}$ are rigidly exchange-split by the magnetic field set up by the overall FM order of the RE moments and so $n(E_\text{F})$ develops a marked dependence on $\textbf{m}$, if $E_\text{F}$ is near the top or bottom of a band. There are features analogous with itinerant electron metamagnetism as described by Wohlfarth and Rhodes~\cite{doi:10.1080/14786436208213848} and reported by Fujita \textit{et al}.\ as a factor behind the first-order PM-FM transition in La(Fe$_x$Si$_{1-x}$)$_{13}$ materials, which shows small hysteresis, and other compounds~\cite{doi:10.1063/1.370471,OHTA2005431}. A similar effect causes Eu$_2$In's DOS at $E_\text{F}$ to increase as the overall magnetization $\textbf{m}$ grows. This ultimately strengthens the magnetic interactions and drives the first-order PM-FM transition. In Eu$_2$In this is the only relevant effect with a negligible coupling to the crystal structure and a full removal of hysteresis.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,scale=0.35]{./FIG4.pdf}
\caption{
(a) Gd$_2$In's Bloch spectral function $A_B (\textbf{k}= (k_x,k_y,0),E_\text{F})$ at the Fermi energy for the majority spin electrons in the (a) PM ($|\textbf{m}_a|=|\textbf{m}_b|=0$) and (b) a partially ordered ferromagnetic state ($|\textbf{m}|=0.5$). Panel (a) shows characteristic reciprocal space points ($\Gamma$, M, K).}
\label{FIG4}
\end{figure}

Further scrutiny of the Fermi surface uncovers how this itinerant electron positive feedback effect occurs. Examination of the wave-vector $\textbf{k}$-dependence of the Bloch spectral function, $A_B (\textbf{k}= (k_x,k_y,k_z),E_\text{F})$,~\cite{PhysRevB.21.3222,PhysRevB.73.205109} reveals van Hove singularities in the  majority spin electronic structure of Eu$_2$In when the $f$ local moment FM order becomes large enough (see Fig.\ \ref{FIG3}(c)). Eu $d$ - In $p$ hybridized states become sufficiently spin-polarized to cause a topological change to the majority spin FS. This occurs when the Eu local moment magnetic order exceeds a critical value and a valence band fills (see Fig.\ \ref{FIG2}). Fig.~\ref{FIG3} illustrates the effect by a comparison of the Fermi surface of the valence electrons in the PM state ($\textbf{m}=\textbf{0}$) with the majority spin Fermi surface when there is increasing partial ferromagnetic order of local Eu $f$-moments, i.e.\ for increasing values of $\textbf{m}$. For the $k_z=0$ plane of the PM Fermi surface (Fig.\ref{FIG3}(a)), there is a dog bone structure aligned with the $a$ axis with its middle at $k_x= \frac{\pi}{a}$. With sufficient $f$-moment FM order ($\textbf{m}=0.5 \hat{u}_\text{FM}$) some majority spin $pd$ bands become completely occupied so that an  intense feature in the Bloch spectral function manifests at the Brillouin zone boundary perpendicular to the $b$ axis (Fig.\ref{FIG3}(c)). Substantial Fermi surface nesting (Kohn anomalies) occurs for reciprocal lattice vectors along the $b$ axis which enhances the magnetic interactions stabilizing ferromagnetism further.
On the other hand, Gd$_2$In's Fermi surface shows more free electron-like features compliant with its more conventional RKKY-like interactions. Fig.\ \ref{FIG4} shows that in Gd$_2$In such a topological change is absent and only a small smearing occurs as ferromagnetic order varies.

\section{First Principles Theory for the Gibbs free energy}
\label{free}

The {\it ab initio} theory used here subsumes the valence electron effects presented in section \ref{FS}. Both Eu$_2$In and Gd$_2$In have the relative simplicity of an S-state for each  lanthanide atom's localized $f$-electrons so that crystal field and spin-orbit coupling effects are small. The relevant degrees of freedom are described, taking the large S limit, as unit vectors $\{ \hat{e}_n\}$ specifying the orientations of the local $f$-electron spin moments at crystal sites $\{n\}$, with averages $\{\textbf{m}_n=\langle\hat{e}_n\rangle\}$. These moment orientations fluctuate on a time scale much longer than other electronic motions and each configuration $\{\hat{e}_n\}$ imposes a transient non-collinear spin-polarization on the systems' valence electrons. As shown elsewhere~\cite{PhysRevB.99.144424,PhysRevB.89.054427} from this premise an \textit{ab initio} Gibbs free energy can be constructed,
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{G}_1= \Omega \big(\{\textbf{m}_n\},\textbf{H},T \big)-TS,
\label{EQ1}
\end{equation}
where $\Omega\big(\{\textbf{m}_n\},\textbf{H},T\big)$ is the magnetic energy of the material, which can include the effect of an external magnetic field $\textbf{H}$, and $S=\sum_n S_n$ is the total entropy of the local moments.
$\Omega \big(\{\textbf{m}_n\},\textbf{H},T\big)$ is obtained as an average over local moment configurations of the grand potential, $\Omega_c(\{\hat{e}_n\},\textbf{H},T)$, of the interacting electrons with spin polarization constrained to $\{\hat{e}_n\}$~\cite{0305-4608-15-6-018}. The equilibrium state of the system for specific values of the temperature, $T$, and $\textbf{H}$, is given by the set of order parameters $\{\textbf{m}_n\}$ which minimizes the Gibbs free energy function $\mathcal{G}_1$~\cite{PhysRevB.99.144424}. See subsection \ref{formalism} for further details on the first-principles calculation of $\mathcal{G}_1$.

The separation of electronic degrees of freedom into relatively slow local moments and the faster remaining ones introduces two distinct temperature effects. There is the thermal disordering of the local moment orientations described by an explicit dependence on $\{\textbf{m}_n\}$, and also the particle-hole excitations within each spin polarization-constrained many electron system. Formally, the grand potential $\Omega_c(\{\hat{e}_n\},\textbf{H},T)$ is provided by density functional theory~\cite{PhysRev.137.A1441,0305-4608-15-6-018}. It is a functional of the electronic charge and magnetization densities and minimizes with respect to them subject to the spin polarization constraint $\{\hat{e}_n\}$~\cite{0305-4608-15-6-018}.  The sums over Kohn-Sham single electron energies to produce the charge and magnetization densities and other quantities are weighted by the Fermi-Dirac distribution and depend, therefore, on $T$. Since $\Omega \big(\{\textbf{m}_n\},\textbf{H},T \big)$ is the average of $\Omega_c(\{\hat{e}_n\},\textbf{H},T)$ over local moment configurations, it includes a temperature dependence from single electron-hole excitations. This dependence filters through the calculation of magnetic phase diagrams and can introduce a sizable contribution to caloric properties~\cite{PhysRevB.89.054427}. It also makes the interactions between the local moments temperature-dependent in principle as we find for Eu$_2$In.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,scale=1]{./FIG5.pdf}
\caption{(a,b) Dominant magnetic interactions, $\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{ab}$, in Eu$_2$In and Gd$_2$In between sub-lattices $a$-$b$ as functions of ferromagnetic order $m=|\textbf{m}|$ and for different temperatures. (c,d) Gibbs free energies, $\mathcal{G}_1$, of these compounds against $m$ above, at, and below their Curie temperatures $T_c$.}
\label{FIG5}
\end{figure}

As demonstrated in our studies of the magnetic phases and caloric properties of FeRh alloys~\cite{PhysRevB.89.054427}, heavy lanthanide elements~\cite{PhysRevLett.118.197202} and Mn-rich materials~\cite{PhysRevB.99.144424, PhysRevB.95.184438}, the dependence of $ \mathcal{G}_1$ on $\{\textbf{m}_n\}$ is established by a linear regression analysis of the magnetic energy $\Omega$, which is described in section \ref{formalism}, calculated for a large number of prescribed averages $\{\textbf{m}_n\}$ and fixed $T$. For Eu$_2$In and Gd$_2$In, $\mathcal{G}_1$ has lowest values for ferromagnetic configurations, i.e.\ it minimizes with respect to $\{\textbf{m}_a,\textbf{m}_b\}$ describing a FM phase. The internal energy per unit cell is fit well by the expression
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \Omega \big(\textbf{m}_a,\textbf{m}_b,\textbf{H},T \big) = \Omega_0- \textbf{H} \cdot (\textbf{m}_a + \textbf{m}_b) \nonumber \\
& & -\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{aa}(\textbf{m}_{a},\textbf{m}_{b},T)\textbf{m}_a\cdot\textbf{m}_a -\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{bb}(\textbf{m}_{a},\textbf{m}_{b},T)\textbf{m}_b\cdot\textbf{m}_b  \nonumber \\
& & -\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{ab}(\textbf{m}_{a},\textbf{m}_{b},T)\textbf{m}_a\cdot\textbf{m}_b,
\label{EQ2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Omega_0$ is a constant, and $\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{aa}$, $\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{ab}$ and $\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{bb}$ compactly comprise the magnetic interactions between sub-lattices $a\text{-}a$, $b\text{-}b$, and $a\text{-}b$, respectively. They depend on the extent of the overall ferromagnetic order of the system, $\textbf{m}=\frac{\textbf{m}_{a}+\textbf{m}_{b}}{2}$, and also explicitly on the temperature via the electron-hole excitations. We have found that for both Eu$_2$In and Gd$_2$In the intersublattice interactions $\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{ab}$ dominate and determine the magnetic phase behavior. Their magnetic order parameter and temperature dependencies obtained in section \ref{formalism} are shown in Fig~\ref{FIG5}(a,b). Eu$_2$In's $\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{ab}$ increase significantly with increasing $\{\textbf{m}_{a},\textbf{m}_{b}\}$  up to magnitudes of $m=\left|\frac{\textbf{m}_a+\textbf{m}_b}{2}\right|\approx 0.6$ before dropping back slightly for larger values. This behavior tracks the DOS at $E_\text{F}$ and the FS evolution with $m$ shown in Figs.~\ref{FIG2}(a,c) and \ref{FIG3} and captures the itinerant electron positive feedback in Eu$_2$In. The greatest rate of increase coincides with the change of FS topology around $\textbf{m} = 0.5\hat{u}_\text{FM}$.
Inspecting the explicit dependence of the magnetic interactions on temperature shows that lowering $T$ strengthens the FS role. This means that the dependence of the local moment interactions on the extent of the spin polarization of the valence electrons increases as $T$ decreases. For Gd$_2$In opposite trends are found in line with the absence of the mechanism for this material - its $\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{ab}$ is insensitive to increasing $m$ up to values of 0.6 before decreasing, and shows negligible temperature dependence.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,scale=0.78]{./FIG6.pdf}
\caption{The heat capacity, $c$, isothermal magnetic entropy change, $\Delta S$, and total magnetic order parameter, $|\textbf{m}|=m$, in applied magnetic fields up to 2 Tesla calculated from the theory for (a) Eu$_2$In and (b) Gd$_2$In. The sharp PM-FM first-order transition found in experiment in Eu$_2$In is evident, although at a somewhat higher temperature (140K rather than 55K). The same theory finds a second-order transition in Gd$_2$In in agreement with experiment.}
\label{FIG6}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{FIG5}(c,d) the free energy $\mathcal{G}_1$ is plotted against $m$, the extent of ferromagnetic order.  Eu$_2$In's plot shows a clear discontinuous PM-FM phase transition at $T_c =140$K. This leads to the first-order behavior of the heat capacity and magnetization which we plot in Fig.\ \ref{FIG6}(a). Fig.\ \ref{FIG6}(a) also shows its corresponding MCE, described by the entropy change $\Delta S$ produced by the change of magnetic order and obtained by minimizing $\mathcal{G}_1$. $\Delta S$ is giant and its value is in good qualitative agreement with experimental measurements at 1 and 2 Tesla~\cite{Eu2In1}.
Eu$_2$In's free energy, magnetization, heat capacity and MCE are in sharp contrast with the second-order behavior obtained for Gd$_2$In and with its smaller MCE, as depicted in Figs.~\ref{FIG5}(d) and \ref{FIG6}(b).
Although the Curie transition temperatures $T_c$ provided by our first-principles theory are above experimental findings, their values are low and capture the experimental trend of $T_c\text{(for Eu$_2$In)}<T_c\text{(for Gd$_2$In)}$. We point out that our treatment of the overall effect of the magnetic interactions is based on a mean-field theory, which typically overestimates the value of $T_c$.

\subsection{Details of Theoretical Formalism and Calculational Method}
\label{formalism}

The calculation of the first-principles internal magnetic energy in Eq.\ (\ref{EQ2}), $\Omega\big(\textbf{m}_a,\textbf{m}_b,\textbf{H},T \big)$, is the central component of the Gibbs free energy presented in Eq.\ (\ref{EQ1}) above. We calculate $\Omega\big(\textbf{m}_a,\textbf{m}_b,\textbf{H},T \big)$ by constructing a mean-field theory to efficiently describe different magnetically constrained states of the grand potential $\Omega_c(\{\hat{e}_n\},\textbf{H},T)$, which provides the average $\Omega=\langle\Omega_c(\{\hat{e}_n\},\textbf{H},T)\rangle$.
A simpler trial Hamiltonian $\mathcal{H}_0=-\sum_n\textbf{h}^\text{int}_n\cdot\hat{e}_n$ setting a site-dependent magnetic field $\textbf{h}^\text{int}_n$ is used to capture the overall effect of the magnetic interactions~\cite{0305-4608-15-6-018}.
An advantage of our approach is that averages over the phase space of magnetic configurations $\{\hat{e}_n\}$ with respect to the corresponding single-site trial probability distribution, $\{P_n(\hat{e}_n)=\exp\left[\beta\textbf{h}^\text{int}_n\cdot\hat{e}_n\right]\}$ where $\beta=1/k_\text{B}T$ is the Boltzmann factor, can be performed using the Coherent Potential Approximation (CPA)~\cite{PhysRev.156.809,PhysRevB.5.2382}. This technology is implemented within the Multiple Scattering Theory (MST) formalism of DFT known as the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) method~\cite{KORRINGA1947392,PhysRev.94.1111,doi:10.1080/00018737200101268}.
The probability of each configuration is given by $P(\{\hat{e}_n\}) = \prod_nP_n(\hat{e}_n)$, and the corresponding partition function is $Z_0 =\prod_n{Z_{0,n}}=\prod_n{\int{\text{d}\hat{e}_n\exp\left[\beta\textbf{h}^\text{int}_n\cdot\hat{e}_n\right]}}=\prod_n{4\pi\frac{\sinh\beta h^\text{int}_n}{\beta h^\text{int}_n}}$~\cite{0305-4608-15-6-018}. The local moment order parameters, which are the inputs in our theory, are therefore given by
\begin{equation}
\bigg\{\textbf{m}_n\equiv\langle\hat{e}_n\rangle=\int\text{d}\hat{e}_n P_n(\hat{e}_n)\hat{e}_n
=L(\beta h^\text{int}_n)\hat{h}^\text{int}_n\bigg\},
\label{EQmn}
\end{equation}
where $L(\beta h^\text{int}_n)=\frac{-1}{\beta h^\text{int}_n}+\coth(\beta h^\text{int}_n)$ is the Langevin function of $\beta h^\text{int}_n$.

We have found that the dependence of $\{\mathcal{S}_{aa},\mathcal{S}_{bb},\mathcal{S}_{ab}\}$ on $\{\textbf{m}_a,\textbf{m}_b\}$ in Eq.\ (\ref{EQ2}) can be described well by
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{aa}=\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{aa,0} & +\mathcal{S}^{(4)}_{aa}\textbf{m}_a\cdot\textbf{m}_a+\mathcal{S}^{(6)}_{aa}(\textbf{m}_a\cdot\textbf{m}_a)^2, \\
\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{bb}=\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{bb,0} & +\mathcal{S}^{(4)}_{bb}\textbf{m}_b\cdot\textbf{m}_b+\mathcal{S}^{(6)}_{bb}(\textbf{m}_b\cdot\textbf{m}_b)^2, \\
\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{ab}=\mathcal{S}^{(2)}_{ab,0} & +\mathcal{S}^{(4)}_{ab,1}\textbf{m}_a\cdot\textbf{m}_a+\mathcal{S}^{(4)}_{ab,2}\textbf{m}_b\cdot\textbf{m}_b \\
 & +\mathcal{S}^{(4)}_{ab,3}\textbf{m}_a\cdot\textbf{m}_b+\mathcal{S}^{(6)}_{ab,1}(\textbf{m}_a\cdot\textbf{m}_a)^2 \\
 & +\mathcal{S}^{(8)}_{ab,1}(\textbf{m}_a\cdot\textbf{m}_a)^3
.
\label{EQSm}
\end{split}
\end{equation}
In our theory such a magnetic order dependence generates multi-site local moment correlations, i.e.\ higher order than pairwise, in the free energy $\mathcal{G}_1$, as can be seen by introducing Eq.\ (\ref{EQSm}) into Eq.\ (\ref{EQ2}).
Their presence is a consequence of $\Omega_c$ being a very complicated function of $\{\hat{e}_n\}$ beyond a Heisenberg picture, and they can be driving factors behind a free energy form which minimizes for first-order magnetic phase transformations~\cite{PhysRevB.99.144424}, as shown in Fig.\ \ref{FIG6}(a). High order terms in Eq.\ (\ref{EQSm}) have been conveniently arranged in order to produce multi-site local moment correlations in the free energy without repeating terms.

Our DFT-DLM codes are designed to provide the pairwise coefficients $\{\mathcal{S}_{aa,0}^{(2)},\mathcal{S}_{bb,0}^{(2)},\mathcal{S}_{ab,0}^{(2)}\}$ from a linear response of the paramagnetic state~\cite{0305-4608-15-6-018,PhysRevLett.82.5369}. They also give the site-dependent internal magnetic fields $\{\textbf{h}^\text{int}_n\}$ as functions of $\{\textbf{m}_n\}$~\cite{0305-4608-15-6-018},
\begin{equation}
\textbf{h}_{i}^\text{int}(\{\textbf{m}_n\}) \equiv-\nabla_{\textbf{m}_{i}}\big\langle\Omega(\{\hat{e}_n\})\big\rangle.
\label{EQh}
\end{equation}
A calculation of $\{\textbf{h}^\text{int}_n\}$ at many different states of ferromagnetic order, prescribed by $\{\textbf{m}=\frac{\textbf{m}_a+\textbf{m}_b}{2}\}$, enables a linear regression analysis of Eq.\ (\ref{EQh}), from which we obtain the dependence on $\{\textbf{m}_a,\textbf{m}_b\}$ given in Eq.\ (\ref{EQSm}) using Eq.\ (\ref{EQ2}). This enables higher order correlation coefficients to be obtained~\cite{PhysRevB.99.144424}.
The remaining entropy term in Eq.\ (\ref{EQ1}) to complete the free energy is calculated analytically by performing the following single-site integrals
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
 & S_n(\lambda_n)=-k_\text{B}\int{\text{d}\hat{e}_n P_n(\hat{e}_n)\log P_n(\hat{e}_n)} \\
              &   =k_\text{B}\left[1+\log\left(4\pi\frac{\sinh\beta h^\text{int}_n}{\beta h^\text{int}_n}\right)-\beta h^\text{int}_n\coth \beta h^\text{int}_n\right].
\label{EQS}
\end{split}
\end{equation}

The first-principles data of $\{\textbf{h}^\text{int}_n\}$ used to perform the analysis described above has been generated for values of $\{\textbf{m}_n\}$ ranging as $m_a=0\rightarrow0.9$ and $m_b=0\rightarrow0.9$ and several $m_a/m_b$ ratios. The nine higher than pairwise coefficients in Eq.\ (\ref{EQSm}), comprising coupling up to eighth order, were fitted using approximately 100 independent data points for each material.
Their numerical error associated with the linear regression is in general 0.1meV or smaller.
This calculation was repeated for a series of temperatures ranging as $T=50,75,100,125,150,200$K to extract their temperature dependence.
The results obtained are shown in both Figs.\ \ref{FIG5}(a,b) and \ref{FIG7}, and table \ref{Tab1}, which show that $\mathcal{S}_{ab}^{(2)}$s in Fig.\ \ref{FIG5}(a,b) are the dominant correlations in both Eu$_2$In and Gd$_2$In.
We point out that for Gd$_2$In constant values are given in table \ref{Tab1} demonstrating a negligible temperature effect, as can also be seen in Fig.\ \ref{FIG7}(c,d).

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[clip,scale=0.85]{./FIG7.pdf}
\caption{$\mathcal{S}_{aa}^{(2)}$ amd $\mathcal{S}_{bb}^{(2)}$ as functions of $m=\left|\frac{\textbf{m}_a+\textbf{m}_b}{2}\right|$, as given in Eq.\ (\ref{EQSm}), obtained for (a,b) Eu$_2$In and (c,d) Gd$_2$In. Results are plotted for different temperatures, $T=50$K, 100K, 150K, and 200K, from which the $T$-dependence provided in table \ref{Tab1} has been calculated.}
\label{FIG7}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
Interaction & Eu$_2$In & Gd$_2$In \\[0.1cm]
\hline
$\mathcal{S}_{aa,0}^{(2)}$ & 7.78meV+0.00548$\frac{\text{meV}}{\text{K}}$ $\cdot T$(K) & 3.4meV \\[0.15cm]
$\mathcal{S}_{bb,0}^{(2)}$ & 3.18meV+0.00425$\frac{\text{meV}}{\text{K}}$ $\cdot T$(K) & 2.6meV \\[0.15cm]
$\mathcal{S}_{ab,0}^{(2)}$ & 21.1meV+0.00973$\frac{\text{meV}}{\text{K}}$ $\cdot T$(K) & 38meV \\[0.3cm]

$\mathcal{S}_{aa}^{(4)}$ & 1.62meV-0.00414$\frac{\text{meV}}{\text{K}}$ $\cdot T$(K) & -0.16meV \\[0.15cm]
$\mathcal{S}_{bb}^{(4)}$ & 1.05meV-0.00266$\frac{\text{meV}}{\text{K}}$ $\cdot T$(K) & 0.01meV \\[0.15cm]
$\mathcal{S}_{ab,1}^{(4)}$ & 9.01meV-0.0227$\frac{\text{meV}}{\text{K}}$ $\cdot T$(K) & 1.6meV \\[0.15cm]
$\mathcal{S}_{ab,2}^{(4)}$ & 7.59meV-0.0202$\frac{\text{meV}}{\text{K}}$ $\cdot T$(K) & -0.06meV \\[0.15cm]
$\mathcal{S}_{ab,3}^{(4)}$ & 8.98meV-0.0239$\frac{\text{meV}}{\text{K}}$ $\cdot T$(K) & -0.24meV \\[0.3cm]

$\mathcal{S}_{aa}^{(6)}$ & -24.8meV+0.0613$\frac{\text{meV}}{\text{K}}$ $\cdot T$(K) & -4.2meV \\[0.15cm]
$\mathcal{S}_{bb}^{(6)}$ & -3.42meV+0.00897$\frac{\text{meV}}{\text{K}}$ $\cdot T$(K) & 0.08meV \\[0.15cm]
$\mathcal{S}_{ab,1}^{(6)}$ & -4.49meV+0.0114$\frac{\text{meV}}{\text{K}}$ $\cdot T$(K) & 0.70meV \\[0.3cm]

$\mathcal{S}_{ab,1}^{(8)}$ & 12.48meV-0.0323$\frac{\text{meV}}{\text{K}}$ $\cdot T$(K) & 1.5meV \\[0.15cm]
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Temperature-dependent local moment-local moment correlations numerically reproducing the \textit{ab-initio} data $\{\textbf{h}_n^\text{int}\}$ against extent of ferromagnetic order $\{\textbf{m}_a,\textbf{m}_b\}$ obtained from Eq.\ (\ref{EQh}) and using Eqs.\ (\ref{EQ2}) and (\ref{EQSm}). Results are shown for both orthorhombic Eu$_2$In and hexagonal Gd$_2$In. Since results for Gd$_2$In have a negligible dependence on $T$ we only show them at $T=150$K as a reference.}
\label{Tab1}
\end{center}
\end{table}

The minimization of the free energy $\mathcal{G}_1$ with respect to $\textbf{m}_a$ and $\textbf{m}_b$ at different temperatures provides the magnetization plots in Fig.\ \ref{FIG6}.
We found that the local order parameters that minimize $\mathcal{G}_1$ generally satisfy ratios equal to $r=m_a/m_b\approx 0.8$ and $r=m_a/m_b\approx 1$ for orthorhombic Eu$_2$In and hexagonal Gd$_2$In, respectively, at high temperature. The isothermal entropy changes for the evaluation of the magnetocaloric effect are calculated using Eq.\ (\ref{EQS}) and minimized curves of the Gibbs free energy at different values of an applied external magnetic field $\textbf{H}$~\cite{PhysRevB.99.144424,doi:10.1063/5.0003243}. The heat capacity is obtained using the same calculations and that $c=T\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}$.

To ensure that the exchange-correlation potential remedies the self-interaction of localized 4$f$-rare earth electrons, we introduce a local self-interaction correction (LSIC)~\cite{PhysRevB.71.205109,PhysRevMaterials.1.024411} in our treatment of Eu$_2$In and Gd$_2$In.
Owing to the spherical potential approximation of our multiple scattering formalism, the LSIC follows by correcting electronic states with spin and angular momentum quantum labels~\cite{PhysRevMaterials.1.024411}.
We model Eu$_2$In and Gd$_2$In in adherence to Hund's first rule, by applying the LSIC to half a shell of the 4$f$ electrons at rare-earth sites, which describes divalent and trivalent behaviors for Eu and Gd, respectively.
The corresponding DLM paramagnetic self-consistent potentials, whose local moment axis rotation was employed to generate the magnetic order dependent- ab initio data, were obtained using the Hutsepot code~\cite{D_ne_2009}.

In our calculations we employed a muffin-tin approximation. The maximum angular momentum value used in the expansions to solve the scattering single-site problems was $l_\text{max}=3$.
The lattice parameter values used were taken from experiment~\cite{Eu2In1,PALENZONA1968379} as $a=5.57$\AA, $b=10.30$\AA, and $c=7.44$\AA\, for Eu$_2$In, and $a=b=5.41$\AA, and $c=6.75$\AA\, for Gd$_2$In.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{conc}

In conclusion, we have found a purely electronic mechanism for an exceptional non-hysteretic first-order magnetic transition with a huge magnetocaloric response in Eu$_2$In. Our {\it ab initio} theory accurately describes the transition, heat capacity, and magnetocaloric trends. The magnetism of the itinerant valence electrons whereby a topological Fermi surface transition is triggered by spin polarization plays the central role. Near filling of bands with significant $d$-character and strong spin susceptibility enables the interactions between $f$-electron moments to deviate sharply from RKKY form and to strengthen as ferromagnetic order develops. For Eu$_2$In the favourable $E_\text{F}$ electronic structure is directly linked to strong $f$-electron correlations and Hund's first rule, which make Eu atoms divalent.  For the trivalent counterpart, Gd$_2$In, the effect is absent. We note that itinerant electron positive feedback also appears to drive the first-order magnetic transitions in other important magnetocaloric compounds such as La(Fe$_x$Si$_{1-x}$)$_{13}$~\cite{doi:10.1063/1.370471} and FeRh~\cite{PhysRevB.89.054427}. In these systems, however, the magnetic transitions have structural change repercussions which lead to detrimental thermal hysteresis~\cite{doi:10.1002/ente.201800264}. The present work consequently represents a theoretical benchmark for the search of hysteresis-free, discontinuous, magnetic phase transitions where itinerant electron response to and influence on  magnetic moment order replaces the need for magnetostructural coupling.

\begin{acknowledgments}

The present work forms part of the \href{https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/theory/research/electrstr/pretamag/}{PRETAMAG project}, funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Grant No. EP/M028941/1.
E.\ M.-T.\ acknowledges funding from the DAAD short-term grant.
The research work at Ames is supported by the Critical Materials Institute, an Energy Innovation Hub funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Manufacturing Office. The Ames Laboratory is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by Iowa State University of Science and Technology under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11358.
This work madeuse of computational support by CoSeC, the ComputationalScience Centre for Research Communities, through CCP9.

\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Known and loved for her collections' whimsical prints and feminine flounce, beloved British designer Mary Katrantzou celebrated her 10-year anniversary with online retailer Matches Fashion by presenting an exclusive new line.
Olivia Buckingham sits down with the designer and chats milestones and the next decade at Matches Fashion's new townhouse on 5 Carlos Place in London.
My work is thematic. I design for women who want to stand out and communicate their aesthetic through the clothes they wear. Narrative is very important and it's translated through print, textile innovation, precision cut silhouettes and the harmony that is created between them.
My world is feminine, bold, intelligent and full of colour. It is authentic and inclusive. To me, fashion should be a projection of our personality and what we value.
Do you design with a particular woman in mind?
I don't have one muse. I design for strong women who want to stand out and who occupy different roles in their lives. Working as an image maker allowed me to create a very visual world. I have always wanted to challenge the boundaries of imagination and what is considered desirable in fashion.
How important is the female form when it comes to your design aesthetic?
I am a maximalist but also a purist. I work on collaging elements that are seemingly disconnected but their placement on the female body forms an underlying harmony. Women get to experiment with different styles while being confident in their own inherent sense of style. That's what fashion should be about. Experimentation, protection and projection.
You studied design textile in interiors: what made you switch to fashion design?
I grew up around design but not around fashion. It was only when I moved to London, that fashion presented itself to me. I went into my MA at Central Saint Martin's with a very limited knowledge of fashion and was surrounded by peers who had already worked in the industry and wanted to start their own label.
It was exciting playing catch up with decades of fashion history. I had incredible mentors such as Professor Louise Wilson at Central Saint Martins who encouraged me to build my own brand.
How have you and your designs evolved over the 10 years that you've been in the industry?
The brand in its inception was very singular. I employed the advances in technology to precision engineer prints around the female figure, focusing on textile innovation and pushing the boundaries of what you can create through print.
Now my focus has shifted to the narrative, to the reason that a woman feels attracted to the uniqueness of my vision. It's about filtering beauty through design and creating a world that can become a means to communicate one's aesthetic. Women have very diverse roles that they occupy and it's our responsibility to design with that woman in mind.
What would you call "your iconic" moment in the last ten years?
The SS19 show that marks the 10th anniversary of the brand was a very special moment. We partnered also with Matchesfashion.com to create a "time machine" through the re-edition of 10 looks that represent important moments in the history of the brand. There is no one icon but several moments though this incredible journey.
As an image-led brand, I would love to explore new fields outside ready-to-wear, such as jewellery and interiors. My aim is to expand the brand beyond today's offering, while keeping its authenticity.
Images are the only things I really collect. My archive would be my most prized possession.
Luxury is not about value. It is something cultivated and emotional.


We know that this may be your little one's first extended time away from home. Here at Cornerstone, we create a safe, warm and nurturing experience.
With lots of caring, individualized attention, we'll support your child to explore, learn, grow and find wonder in every day. Our staff will build on your child's growing sense of independence and exploration. We'll channel all of that wonderful energy into safe and nurturing experiences that foster your toddler's development.
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Flux is inclusive through form and technology. At the core of the product are three features which address key user challenges; an accessible interface, magnetic location and a temperature control system.
An interaction which doesn't rely on visual cues, but instead involves touch and voice, is crucial in creating an accessible interface. Temperature is controlled using clicking dials which provide haptic feedback, and timers can be set through voice.
Effective induction cooking requires correct alignment of the cookware to the coil below, this can be difficult to achieve with limited vision. Within Flux, electromagnets under the hob surface guide users, creating a satisfying and reassuring experience.
The multitasking required for temperature regulation can place a high cognitive load on users with sight loss. Flux facilitates a new way of cooking to counteract this, an control loop enables constant temperature cooking, for less user input and more consistent results.
By harnessing technology and form, Flux creates a safe space for experimentation and enables a love of cooking for those with or without a visual impairment.


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Apartheid and Trump, or Gas Station Confrontation
By Natasha Distiller
I recently heard an excellent speaker—an older gay man who dedicated his life to advocating for children in the school system—talk about the importance of compassion in these fraught political times.
"I grew up with the people who voted for Trump," he said. "They are not my enemy. If we see each other as enemies now, we will never get anywhere. We have to see and value the humanity we all share. Otherwise nothing can change."
I appreciated his message, but I find it hard to put into practice.
I, too, come from a specific community whose values I emerged from and struggle with. The complexities of speaking up, speaking out, and mutual compassion at this point in history came into focus for me at a gas station in Berkeley the other day.
I was standing outside my car, the cool wind making me shiver, the sharp smell of the gasoline making me wince. The card reader on the pump wasn't working. A young white man, an employee of the station, approached me to offer assistance. After he had fixed the problem, he hung around to talk with me while I pumped gas. He soon asked, as many people do, where I'm from.
"No way!" he exclaimed, on hearing my answer. "My dad's from South Africa! I've never been."
"It's a beautiful place," I replied, "You should go sometime."
I should have known from the sideways glance he gave me.
"I dunno. I don't know much about Nelson Mandela," he said, "but didn't he try to blow up a post office or something?"
Its been a while since I've encountered this kind of white South African—or, in this case, offspring of white South African. And I've had 45 years to learn to navigate these kinds of conversations, part of which is giving myself permission to pick my battles.
At the same time, I have also learned that silence is complicity. So here I am at this gas station in America, in the late winter sun, looking at a stranger I don't know at all and suddenly dislike intensely, being forcibly reminded of an unpleasant aspect of home.
"Well," I said slowly, "Arguably, he had good cause."
"What cause was that?" he asked, knowingly, sneeringly.
"Apartheid," I said.
Apartheid, the system of legislated racial oppression that emerged from centuries of colonial brutality, that structured every aspect of every person's life, that exploited, dispossessed, raped, starved, beat, and murdered millions of black South Africans and other people of color in the land that had once been theirs. The system that denied the value of African languages and cultures, that destroyed family systems and impacted ways of life, forcing them to change to accommodate the colonizers' desire for profit. The system whose inheritances continue to haunt the people of my homeland, all of us, in various ways. Apartheid, whose tagline was "separate but equal," but whose stark lesson was that separate is never equal.
The young man is the child of a father who grew up in my country, who left it as I left it, albeit perhaps two decades later and at a very different historical moment, whose children are American, as mine are. This young man raised his head and looked me clear in the eye with a certainty, a smugness, that took my breath away.
"It's just separateness," he said. "What's wrong with that?"
I felt my breath shorten. My chest constricted, and for a moment I was speechless.
"It's not 'just separateness'," I managed to say. Then I had to decide if I was going to say more, say something about the meaning of "separation" to this stranger, this young, arrogant, man, who had clearly thrown a challenge at my feet and stood waiting to see if I would pick it up.
Mostly I was reeling at the memories of encounters like these, encounters I had not had since moving to Berkeley. I was trying to make sense of how it could be that a past I thought was over could suddenly, unexpectedly, erupt into my present moment, and then I remembered: oh yes. Trump. That's why this young man is being so brazen with me, and so clearly enjoying it. He feels like he has permission.
"My grandfather was a judge during apartheid," he went on, with that same challenge in his eyes. I knew what that meant. I knew what the laws of apartheid had done, as did he.
"Thank you for your help," I said formally, and walked away from him.
I was struck even at the time by how I felt compelled to be polite.
Partly because I wanted to end the encounter.
Partly, no doubt, because of my feminine socialization, and the immediate and uncontrollable way I felt the threat of his masculinity between us and acted to try to diffuse it.
Mostly because I wanted, in that moment, to be better than him.
But I continue to sit with some self-judgment around my politeness, because of how it insulated me. It was clear to him that I did not agree with him, but I did not answer his challenge. I let his assertion of his right to his racism stand.
So I have had three thoughts about all this. The first is to notice the way that apartheid South Africa erupted here and now in Berkeley, California. On the one hand, this is a sign of the times. On the other, it helps me to understand some of the many ways some of my clients are triggered by the political climate, as past experiences erupt into the present in unexpected ways thanks to our current context.
The second is to notice, again, how hard it can be to speak up. I chose not to engage. I remained silent. The many painful complicities between that young man and me are strong. I feel this, and I struggle with it. I felt both powerless and threatened – but of course, objectively, I was neither. The same cannot be said of many people of color, immigrants, poor people, and other kinds of queers who do not have the class and race privileges I do.
The third thought connects to the first two. Could I have found compassion for this young man? Could I have tried to engage him with kindness, have explored the reasons for his racism and tried to talk him into a different perspective through our shared whiteness, our shared South African connections? Could I have taken responsibility for him, and through that for the system he stands for that benefits me?
The truth is, I did not want to. I want to distance myself from white people like him, not find kindness—literally, a recognition of kinship—between us. I think the ability to embrace everyone is a fine spiritual aspiration to have, and I salute the evolved soul of the presenter at the conference, a gay man who survived working in the school system before gay was at least somewhat ok, and emerged from that experience a stronger, better human being than I am.
But finding compassion for the people who agreed with Trump, who handed him the presidency, for, in other words, white people who are in some ways like me, that is too painful right now. It takes me too close to home.
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Natasha Distiller
Natasha Distiller is in private practice in Berkeley. She combines working as a therapist with writing and teaching about social and gender justice. Visit her website at www.natashadistiller.com for more about her work, or visit her Facebook page at https://www.facebook.com/counselingfromtheheartandmind/.
Posted in CULTURE, THE REAL YOU and tagged apartheid, Boundaries, confrontation, misogyny, Politics, racism, Self Care, separate but equal, Separation, south africa, Trump
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When Circles wanted to develop a presentation that introduced their concierge service, they decided for something a step beyond the standard Power Point deck. A dramatic flash trailer was developed to showcase the service to the end users: their customer's employees. The result: a coming attraction the employees could look forward to.


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Home > Selector Magazine > Wine > Blood Ties in the Vines
Blood Ties in the Vines
Understanding what it means to work in a family business is very difficult without having experienced it first-hand.
Average tenure in a job these days is about three years. But working in a family business could be for life, and it brings to bear many other pressures and considerations.
"We really understand that we're not here for a short time," says Katherine Brown, a fourth generation winemaker at Brown Brothers and part of Australia's First Families of Wine.
"When you're working in a family business, you're not striving for your own career. You're striving for the whole entire business, for a brand that usually has your name in it.
"Every vintage means so much to you because it's another page in the history books, rather than just another product to get on the shelf."
Angela Miranda of Lou Miranda Estate likely has more perspective on this than most. In February this year she returned to the family wine business after 14 years with Pernod Ricard Winemakers, the monolith behind Jacob's Creek, G.H. Mumm Champagne and myriad other brands.
"It's very different. Coming back here, I'm doing it for myself and the family," she says. "The volumes are small, but I'm involved with everything from grape to bottle. In larger companies, you usually don't get to see quite as much.
"I'm not used to doing interviews, either! I'm usually behind the scenes."
Much of Angela's time at Pernod was spent travelling to emerging wineries in China, India and New Zealand. Prior to that, she worked in the company's North American and British divisions, and she has done vintages in Italy and South Africa.
Today, overseas experience is a rite of passage for any winemaker seeking to carry on the family tradition.
"The greatest thing Dad always said was, 'go and learn in other people's wineries in a different style and technique and then you'll be more prepared when you come home'," says Ben Portet, of Dominique Portet in the Yarra Valley.
"So for five or six years I travelled the world and worked in different countries and different wineries and it just gave me a lot more insight. Make mistakes in other people's wineries first, I think that's the most important part!"
Armed with his global experience, Ben convinced the family to invest heavily in cutting edge equipment on his return.
"Dad never once resisted, he's always been a bit of a trailblazer in terms of technology," he says. "So in 2012, we put in a state-of-the-art sorting machine that allows us to sort each bunch, berry by berry, and that's had a huge impact. We've been able to get a lot more purity and balance in the wines, and a level of detail that we couldn't get without it."
Generation next
Ben Portet's immersion in the wine industry began at an early age, though he says father Dominique never pushed him to follow in his footsteps.
"We all fell in love with wine anyway. I was on the bottling line at age 14 and as we progressed through school, the weekends and the holidays would be spent in the vineyard," he says.
It looks as though the die may already be cast for his two young sons, aged five and two.
"We let them smell a glass of wine and try to guess what variety it is," he says. "The five-year-old is a bit confused between Chardonnay and Cabernet at the moment, so we're just trying to focus him on the colour."
The next generation is front of mind at Crittenden Wines on the Mornington Peninsula, too.
Named the 2010 Australian Young Gun of Wine, Rollo Crittenden has taken the baton from his father Garry, a true pioneer of the region.
"I have two boys and my sister has two children as well, a boy and a girl," says Rollo. "That helps us to have a fairly long-term view of the business and the importance of sustainability, because we're not just doing it for us, we're doing it for future generations – if they want to be involved."
The multi-generational perspective drove Crittenden Wines' investment in improving the soil health in its estate vineyard, planted in 1982, which remains its primary fruit source.
And Rollo believes their family dynamic has played an integral role in defining the company culture.
"Between my sister Zoe, myself and my parents, I think that the energy you put into a family business is infectious to the other staff," he says. "I think they feel like they're part of something, not a faceless corporate beast.
"A lot of our employees have families. We're very sympathetic to the needs of families, and I think that has given us a great culture. We're lucky that we have a very engaged, very driven team, and I think that it gives everyone the opportunity to be a part of something that they're invested in."
a to z of family
In the Barossa, Janelle and Kristen Zerk are continuing their family's winemaking tradition, while treading their own path.
"Our heritage dates back six generations in grape growing and winemaking in the Barossa Valley," says Janelle. We grew up on the Zerk vineyard that has been in our family over 170 years."
The Zerks were among the earliest German settlers in the Barossa Valley, originally putting down roots in Hoffnungsthal, which adjoins the family property.
"Kristen and I put ourselves through university and worked for many other companies large and small, before deciding that we could do it for ourselves," says Janelle.
While there are several generations of grape growers and winemakers on both sides of their family, Janelle and Kristen went it alone, founding Z Wine in 1999.
"We continue to purchase a small amount of fruit from the family vineyard, but we work with 10 other grape growers across the Barossa and Eden Valleys," says Janelle. "I feel that it would be extremely special if one of the next generation takes over the winemaking, but not essential."
To read the full story, pick up the latest issue of Selector Magazine.
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Râul Schinoasa (în ) este un râu care străbate sudul Republicii Moldova și sud-vestul Regiunii Odesa din Ucraina, afluent de stâng al râului Cogâlnic.

Date geografice

Are o lungime de 53 km și o suprafață a bazinului de 343 km². Râul izvorăște de lângă Dealul Ciuhurean (239 m), din apropierea satului Sagaidac (Raionul Cimișlia, Republica Moldova), curge pe direcția sud, străbate teritoriile raioanelor Cimișlia și Basarabeasca din Republica Moldova, traversează frontiera dintre Republica Moldova și Ucraina, trecând apoi în Raionul Tarutino din Regiunea Odesa (Ucraina). Pe măsură ce coboară spre vărsare străbate o zonă joasă din Bazinul Mării Negre și se varsă în râul Cogâlnic, în apropierea satului Leipțig. El are un debit foarte mic, iar în verile mai secetoase poate chiar seca pe unele segmente. Apele sale sunt folosite în irigații.

Râul Schinoasa traversează următoarele sate: Sagaidac, Satul Nou, Selemet, Mihailovca, Bogdanovca, Iserlia, Petrești (Peterstal), Curudgica, Colăceni și Leipțig.

Râuri din Republica Moldova
Râuri din regiunea Odesa

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Part-time workers
Part-time working is on the rise and it's an option that can suit both employers and staff who are seeking flexible working arrangements. The law on part-time working isn't complex but there are some points which need to be considered.
Last reviewed 14 October 2022.
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What is part-time work?
There is no specific number of hours that makes one worker part-time and another full-time. A part-time worker legally just means any worker who works less than the normal full-time hours in that workplace. While there is no set number of hours someone has to work to be considered full- or part-time, full-time workers usually work at least 35 hours per week.
The rules apply to 'workers' which covers some consultants and contractors, as well as employees. For more information on the differences between workers, employees and consultants, read Consultants, workers and employees.
What legal issues does part-time working raise?
Under the Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000, part-time workers have specific legal protections prohibiting less favourable treatment as compared to full-time workers. This particularly impacts:
wages and other pay rates (eg sick pay and family leave payments, like maternity pay)
leave rights (eg holiday, sick leave and various types of family leave)
workplace pensions
career opportunities and development
selection for promotions transfers or redundancy
Part-time workers are statistically more likely to be female than male. So, treating part-time workers less favourably may also be indirect sex discrimination under the Equality Act 2010. This is where a working practice applies to the whole workforce but one person (or group) is put at a disadvantage because of their sex. For more information, read Equal opportunities and discrimination.
Pay and leave benefits are calculated on a pro-rata basis. Pro-rata means in proportion to the hours worked. This means that part-time workers should receive a pro-rated proportion of pay and benefits received by a comparable full-time worker, according to the proportion of full-time hours they work. These terms should be written into their Employment contract.
A comparable full-time worker is someone who:
works for the same employer and at the same place (where no comparable full-time worker works at the same place, at a different place)
works under the same type of contract (eg not some working under an apprenticeship agreement)
is paid fully or partially by reference to the time they work
performs the same or similar work, and
has similar levels of skills, qualifications and experience
Holiday entitlement should be pro-rated but it is permissible to only give bank holidays that fall on the normal days of work of a part-time staff member.
For pay, it is generally a straightforward exercise to pro-rate the entitlements.
However, some benefits cannot readily be pro-rated, such as a company car, insurance benefits or gym memberships and employers sometimes simply withhold these benefits from part-time staff. For benefits that are withheld from part-time workers, the employer will have to show that this is objectively justified. To be an objective justification the reason for the different treatment must be:
necessary to achieve a legitimate aim or business objective, and
a necessary and appropriate way to achieve this objective
This may require showing that less discriminatory alternatives were considered but were not practicable (eg because the costs involved were disproportionate). One route to consider is providing a pro-rated cash equivalent of the benefit.
What if a part-time worker is treated less favourably?
Any part-time workers who believe they are treated less favourably than full-time workers should speak to their employer or trade union representative. Doing this can help resolve any issues without the need for a formal process.
Part-time workers are also entitled to a written statement of reasons for any treatment that is less favourable than that of full-time workers. Requests for a statement of reason should be made in writing and employers must provide the statement within 21 days of the request being made.
Where the employer fails to provide a justifiable reason or the worker is not satisfied that the reason given was objectively justified, they may be able to bring a case to an Employment Tribunal.
Sometimes part-time workers are viewed as less committed staff members or not taken seriously in the workplace because of their part-time status. This is unlawful and part-time workers should be given the same access to training, promotion and other opportunities as full-time workers.
Bear in mind that a request to work part-time may qualify as a statutory flexible working request requiring a formal process and response. It's worth having a Flexible working policy in place to ensure that rights are upheld and obligations are met. For more information, read Flexible working. Even if it does not qualify as a flexible working request, there may be issues of sex discrimination to look out for.
Employers may offer overtime pay to staff who work more hours than the employment contract says. Under the law, part-time workers are not entitled to overtime pay unless they have worked more than the hours normally worked by a full-time worker. However, employers may have a different overtime policy (eg allowing part-time workers to receive overtime pay if they work more than their normal hours). As a result, employers should check their internal policies and relevant employment contract before offering (or refusing to offer) overtime and overtime pay to part-time workers.
Employees should not be selected for redundancy on the basis that they are part-time and care should be taken to ensure that the selection criteria are adjusted so that they are fair to part-time staff.
If you have any questions about part-time workers and their rights, Ask a lawyer.
Checklist for new employers
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Fixed-term employment contracts
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Probation letter
Inform employees about the outcome of their probation period
Set out your equal opportunities recruitment process


stuart | December 11th,2010 | General | Comments Off on It's Alive!!!
This entry was posted on Saturday, December 11th, 2010 at 17:27	and is filed under General. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


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Boy Killed During Robbery Of Nike Air Jordan Sneakers
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Ford shot and killed the boy after planning to meet and buy the Air Jordans from him. They were in the back of an SUV at the time of the shooting and the boy also had a 24-year-old friend with him.
"Ford fired a shot, injuring the 24-year-old in the arm," the prosecutor's office says. "As a result the 24-year-old fired his weapon. It is alleged that Ford fired his weapon again, fatally wounding [the boy]. As a result of his wounds [the boy] fell out of the vehicle and the car hit a fence."
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