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About the National Academy of Medicine
Founded in 1970 as the Institute of Medicine (IOM), the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) is one of three academies that make up the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (the National Academies) in the United States. Operating under the 1863 Congressional charter of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academies are private, nonprofit institutions that work outside of government to provide objective advice on matters of science, technology, and health.
Our mission: To improve health for all by advancing science, accelerating health equity, and providing independent, authoritative, and trusted advice nationally and globally.
Our vision: A healthier future for everyone.
The National Academy of Medicine is:
An independent, evidence-based scientific advisor. To carry out our work, we harness the talents and expertise of accomplished, thoughtful volunteers and undertake meticulous processes to avoid and balance bias. Our foundational goal is to be the most reliable source for credible scientific and policy advice on matters concerning human health.
A national academy with global scope. Although the National Academies were originally created to advise the U.S. government and advance the well-being of the U.S. population, our mandate is now much broader. The NAM includes members from across the globe and partners with organizations worldwide to address challenges that affect us all.
Committed to catalyzing action and achieving impact. We identify and generate momentum around critical issues in health; marshal diverse expertise to build evidence-based solutions; inspire action through collaboration and public engagement; and foster the next generation of leaders and innovators.
Collaborative and interdisciplinary. In partnership with the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and other stakeholders, the NAM draws on expertise across disciplines and domains to advance science, medicine, technology, and health.
An honorific society for exceptional leaders. The NAM has more than 2,000 members elected by their peers in recognition of outstanding achievement. Through a commitment to volunteer service, NAM members help guide the work and advance the mission of the NAM and the National Academies.
NAM Overview
Membership in the National Academy of Medicine
The NAM has more than 2,400 members elected in recognition of professional achievement and commitment to volunteer service in activities of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (the National Academies). The NAM elects no more than 90 regular members and 10 international members annually. For those at the top of their field, NAM membership reflects the height of professional achievement and commitment to service.
Election Criteria and Process
Membership in the National Academy of Medicine is based upon:
distinguished professional achievement in a field related to medicine and health;
demonstrated and continued involvement with the issues of health care, prevention of disease, education, or research;
skills and resources likely to contribute to achieving the Academy's mission; and
willingness to be an active participant in the work of the Academy.
The NAM Articles of Organization stipulate that at least one-quarter of the membership shall be selected from fields outside the health professions that interface with health and medicine, such as the natural, social, computational and behavioral sciences, as well as law, administration, and engineering.
The election of individuals to the National Academy of Medicine begins with a confidential nomination by two NAM members who are well acquainted with the candidate's work. In sponsoring the nomination, the NAM member affirms his or her personal assessment that the candidate meets the NAM's primary criterion of excellence and outstanding professional achievement in a field relevant to the mission of the NAM. Each year, up to 90 regular members and 10 international members are elected to the NAM by the regular membership body at large. The annual nomination cycle begins on November 1 and closes on February 1. The election takes place in late summer with new members announced in conjunction with the NAM Annual Meeting in October.
U.S. members of the Class of 2021 are:
Samuel Achilefu, PhD, Michel M. Ter-Pogossian Professor of Radiology and director of the Optical Imaging Laboratory, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine. For outstanding contributions in the field of optical imaging for identifying sites of disease and characterizing biologic phenomena non-invasively.
Alexandra K. Adams, MD, PhD, director, Center for American Indian and Rural Health Equity, and professor of sociology and anthropology, Montana State University. For her work partnering with Indigenous communities in the Midwest and Montana and pioneering community-engaged research methods.
Michelle Asha Albert, MD, MPH, professor, Walter A. Haas-Lucie Stern Endowed Chair in Cardiology, and admissions dean, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; and director, CeNter for the StUdy of AdveRsiTy and CardiovascUlaR DiseasE (NURTURE Center). For pioneering research at the intersection of psychosocial stress (including discrimination), social inequities, and the biochemical markers of heart disease, and her unique interdisciplinary lens that has illuminated root causes of cardiovascular disease and facilitated the identification of interventions to reduce cardiovascular disease risks for diverse racial/ethnic groups and women.
Guillermo Antonio Ameer, ScD, Daniel Hale Williams Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. For pioneering contributions to regenerative engineering and medicine through the development, dissemination, and translation of citrate-based biomaterials, a new class of biodegradable polymers that enabled the commercialization of innovative medical devices approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in a variety of surgical procedures.
Jamy D. Ard, MD, professor of epidemiology and prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine. For his varied use of individually tailored, state-of-the-art approaches to treat obesity, profoundly impact his patients' health and well-being, and reduce the burden of diseases associated with obesity, such as heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension.
John M. Balbus, MD, MPH, interim director, Office of Climate Change and Health Equity, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; and senior adviser for public health, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Institutes of Health. For leadership in confronting the health challenges of climate change — from developing the first risk assessment approaches to working at the interface of science and U.S. national policy.
Carolina Barillas-Mury, MD, PhD, distinguished investigator, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health. For discovering how plasmodium parasites manipulate the mosquito immune system to survive, and how these interactions maintain global malaria transmission.
Shari Barkin, MD, MSHS, William K. Warren Endowed Chair and professor of pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. For pioneering pragmatic randomized controlled trials in community settings, undertaken in collaboration with parents and community partners, and addressing health disparities in pediatric obesity.
Monica M. Bertagnolli, MD, Richard E. Wilson MD Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School; associate surgeon, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; and group chair, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology. For numerous leadership roles in multi-institutional cancer clinical research consortia and advancing the quality and scope of research to bring important new treatments to people with cancer.
Luciana Lopes Borio, MD, senior fellow for global health, Council on Foreign Relations; and venture partner, Arch Venture Partners. For expertise on scientific and policy matters related to biodefense and public health emergencies.
Erik Brodt, MD, associate professor of family medicine, Oregon Health & Science University. For leadership in American Indian/Alaska Native workforce development and pioneering innovative methods to identify, inspire, and support American Indian/Alaska Native youth to excel.
Kendall Marvin Campbell, MD, FAAFP, professor and chair, department of family medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston. For his work in assessing academic and community factors impacting the development of a diverse medical workforce to further health equity, co-developing a Center for Underrepresented Minorities in Academic Medicine, and creating a research group for underrepresented minorities in academic medicine, presenting and publishing his findings regionally and nationally.
Pablo A. Celnik, MD, Lawrence Cardinal Shehan Professor of Rehabilitation and director, department of physical medicine and rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; physiatrist-in-chief, Johns Hopkins Hospital; and director of rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medicine. For work that has transformed our understanding of the physiologic mediators of human motor learning and identified actionable mechanisms for augmenting its acquisition and retention.
David Clapham, MD, PhD, vice president and chief scientific officer, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI); group leader, HHMI Janelia Research Campus; and Aldo R. Castañeda Professor of Cardiovascular Research, emeritus, and professor of neurobiology, Harvard Medical School. For making paradigm-shifting discoveries in the field of ion channel signaling.
Mandy Krauthamer Cohen, MD, MPH, secretary, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. For creating a strategic alignment of Medicaid, public health, and behavioral health and human services designed to bring about critical improvements in health during her tenure as North Carolina's secretary of health and human services.
Daniel E. Dawes, JD, executive director, Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine. For national leadership in health equity, and whose groundbreaking books "150 Years of Obamacare" and "Political Determinants of Health" have reframed the conversation and led to actionable policy solutions.
Ted M. Dawson, MD, PhD, director, Institute for Cell Engineering; Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Professor in Neurodegenerative Diseases; and professor of neurology, neuroscience, and pharmacology and molecular sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. For pioneering and seminal work on how neurons degenerate in Parkinson's disease and providing insights into the development of disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson's disease and other neurologic disorders.
Job Dekker, PhD, Joseph J. Byrne Chair in Biomedical Research and professor, department of systems biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School; and investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute. For introducing the groundbreaking concept that matrices of genomic interactions can be used to determine chromosome conformation.
Nancy-Ann Min DeParle, JD, partner and co-founder, Consonance Capital Partners. For her leadership in the development and passage of the Affordable Care Act, major role as administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and work on various NAM committees.
Maximilian Diehn, MD, PhD, associate professor, vice chair of research, and division chief of radiation and cancer biology, department of radiation oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine. For developing and clinically translating novel diagnostic technologies for facilitating precision medicine techniques, and for integrating advanced precision medicine into the area of liquid biopsies.
Kafui Dzirasa, MD, PhD, K. Ranga Rama Krishnan Associate Professor, department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, Duke University Medical Center. For seminal contributions to the neuroscience of emotion and mental illness; for pioneering methods for massively parallel neural recordings and analysis thereof in mice; and for contributions to society through science policy and advocacy, a commitment to mentoring, and support for efforts to build a diverse and inclusive scientific workforce.
Katherine A. Fitzgerald, PhD, professor of medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School. For pioneering work on innate immune receptors, signaling pathways, and regulation of inflammatory gene expression.
Yuman Fong, MD, Sangiacomo Family Chair in Surgical Oncology, chair, department of surgery, City of Hope. For transforming the fields of liver surgery, robotics in surgery, imaging and display in medicine, and gene therapy.
Howard Frumkin, MD, DrPh, professor emeritus, University of Washington School of Public Health. For his work on health impacts from the environment, including those from climate change and other planetary processes, and on healthy pathways to sustainability.
Andrés J. Garcia PhD, executive director, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, and Regents' Professor, Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. For significant contributions to new biomaterial platforms that elicit targeted tissue repair, innovative technologies to exploit cell adhesive interactions, and mechanistic insights into mechanobiology.
Darrell J. Gaskin, PhD, MS, William C. and Nancy F. Richardson Professor in Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University. For his work as a leading health economist and health services researcher who has advanced fundamental understanding of the role of place as a driver in racial and ethnic health disparities.
Wondwossen Abebe Gebreyes, DVM, PhD, Hazel C. Youngberg Distinguished Professor, and executive director, Global One Health Initiative, Ohio State University. For leadership in molecular epidemiology and global health and fundamental insight into how animal agricultural and environmental systems influence public health, community development, and livelihood worldwide.
Jessica Gill, RN, PhD, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing. For reporting (along with her team) that acute plasma tau predicts prolonged return to play after a sport-related concussion.
Paul Ginsburg, PhD, professor of health policy, Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California (USC); senior fellow, USC Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics; and nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution. For his leading role in shaping health policy by founding three influential organizations: the Physician Payment Review Commission (now MedPAC); the Center for Studying Health System Change; and the USC-Brookings Schaeffer Initiative for Health Policy.
Sherita Hill Golden, MD, MHS, Hugh P. McCormick Family Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolism; and vice president and chief diversity officer, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. For identifying biological and systems contributors to disparities in diabetes and its outcomes.
Joseph Gone, PhD, professor of global health and social medicine, Harvard Medical School; professor of anthropology, Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences; and faculty director, Harvard University Native American Program. For being a leading figure among Native American mental health researchers whose work on cultural psychology, historical trauma, Indigenous healing, and contextual factors affecting mental health assessment and treatment has been highly influential and widely recognized.
John D. Grabenstein, RPh, PhD, president, Vaccine Dynamics, and retired U.S. Army colonel. For establishing vaccination services by pharmacists across the U.S. by developing nationally adopted policy frameworks and curricula that trained more than 360,000 pharmacists as vaccinators, enabling rapid, widespread delivery of COVID-19 and other vaccines; for advancing international vaccination and medical countermeasure programs; and for contributions to pharmacy national leadership development.
Linda G. Griffith, PhD, professor of biological and mechanical engineering and director, Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). For long-standing leadership in research, education, and medical translation; for pioneering work in tissue engineering, biomaterials, and systems biology, including developing the first "liver chip" technology; inventing 3D biomaterials printing and organotypic models for systems gynopathology; and for the establishment of the MIT Biological Engineering Department.
Taekjip Ha, PhD, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor, biophysics and biophysical chemistry, biophysics, and biomedical engineering, Johns Hopkins University; and investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute. For co-inventing the single-molecule FRET (smFRET) technology and making numerous technological innovations, which enabled powerful biological applications to DNA, RNA, and nucleic acid enzymes involved in genome maintenance.
William C. Hahn, MD, PhD, executive vice president and chief operating officer, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and William Rosenberg Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School. For fundamental contributions in the understanding of cancer initiation, maintenance, and progression.
Helena Hansen, MD, PhD, chair, research theme in health equity and translational social science, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. For leadership in the intersection of opioid addiction, race and ethnicity, social determinants of health, and social medicine; and for co-developing structural competency as clinical redress for institutional drivers of health inequalities.
Mary Elizabeth Hatten, PhD, Frederick P. Rose Professor and head, Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Rockefeller University. For foundational developmental studies of cerebellum that have broad significance for understanding human brain disorders, including autism, medulloblastoma, and childhood epilepsy.
Mary T. Hawn, MD, MPH, Emile Holman Professor and chair of surgery, Stanford University. For being a leading surgeon, educator, and health services researcher whose innovative work has built valid measurements for quality care, improved care standards, and changed surgical care guidelines.
Zhigang He, MD, PhD, professor of neurology and ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School; and Boston Children's Hospital principal member, Harvard Stem Cell Institute. For his breakthrough discoveries regarding the mechanisms of axon regeneration and functional repair following central nervous system injuries, providing foundational knowledge and molecular targets for developing restorative therapies to treat spinal cord injury, stroke, glaucoma, and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Hugh Carroll Hemmings Jr., MD, PhD, FRCA, senior associate dean for research, Joseph F. Artusio Jr. Professor, chair of the department of anesthesiology, and professor of pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine. For being a pioneer in the neuropharmacology of general anesthetic mechanisms on neurotransmitter release, including effects on voltage-gated ion channels critical to producing unconsciousness, amnesia, and paralysis.
Rene Hen, PhD, professor of psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. For discovering the role of neurogenesis in the mechanism of action of antidepressant medications and making seminal contributions to our understanding of serotonin receptors in health and disease.
Helen Elisabeth Heslop, MD, DSc (Hon), Dan L. Duncan Chair, professor of pediatrics and medicine, and director, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine. For pioneering work in complex biological therapies, leadership in clinical immunotherapy, and for being the first to employ donor and banked cytotoxic T cells to treat lethal virus-associated malignancies and infections in pivotal trials.
Renee Yuen-Jan Hsia, MD, MSc, professor of emergency medicine and health policy, and associate chair of health services research, department of emergency medicine, University of California, San Francisco. For expertise in health disparities of emergency care, integrating the disciplines of economics, health policy, and clinical investigation.
Lori L. Isom, PhD, Maurice H. Seevers Professor of Pharmacology and chair, department of pharmacology, professor of molecular and integrative physiology, and professor of neurology, University of Michigan Medical School. For discovering sodium channel non-pore-forming beta subunits and leadership in understanding novel neuro-cardiac mechanisms of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy.
Kathrin U. Jansen, PhD, senior vice president and head of vaccine research and development, Pfizer Inc. For leading the teams that produced three revolutionary vaccines: Gardasil, targeting human papillomavirus; Prevnar 13, targeting 13 strains of pneumococcus; and the Pfizer/BioNTech SARS-Covid-2 mRNA vaccine.
Christine Kreuder Johnson, VMD, MPVM, PhD, professor of epidemiology and ecosystem health, and director, EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute at the University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. For work as a pioneering investigator in global health, data science and technology, and interdisciplinary disease investigations and in identifying and predicting impacts of environmental change on health, and creating novel worldwide outbreak preparedness strategies and paradigm shifting synergies for environmental stewardship to protect people, animals, and ecosystems.
Mariana Julieta Kaplan, MD, chief, systemic autoimmunity branch, and deputy scientific director, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health. For seminal contributions that have significantly advanced the understanding of the pathogenic role of the innate immune system in systemic autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, and immune-mediated vasculopathies.
Elisa Konofagou, PhD, Robert and Margaret Hariri Professor of Biomedical Engineering and professor of radiology (physics), Columbia University. For leadership and innovation in ultrasound and other advanced imaging modalities and their application in the clinical management of significant health care problems such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer, through licensing to the major imaging companies.
Jay Lemery, MD, FACEP, FAWM, professor of emergency medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine. For being a scholar, educator, and advocate on the effects of climate change on human health, with special focus on the impacts on vulnerable populations.
Joan L. Luby, MD, Samuel and Mae S. Ludwig Professor of Child Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. For elucidating the clinical characteristics and neural correlates of early childhood depression, a crucial public health concern.
Kenneth David Mandl, MD, MPH, Donald A.B. Lindberg Professor of Pediatrics and Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School; and director, computational health informatics program, Boston Children's Hospital. For creating technological solutions to clinical and public health problems.
Jennifer J. Manly, PhD, professor, department of neurology and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center. For her pioneering work improving detection of cognitive impairment among racially, culturally, and socio-economically diverse adults that has had a profound impact on the field of neuropsychology, and her visionary research on the social, biological, and behavioral pathways between early life education and later life cognitive function.
Elizabeth M. McNally, MD, PhD, director, Center for Genetic Medicine, Elizabeth J. Ward Professor of Genetic Medicine, and professor of medicine (cardiology), biochemistry, and molecular genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. For discovering genetic variants responsible for multiple distinct inherited cardiac and skeletal myopathic disorders and pioneering techniques for mapping modifiers of single gene disorders by integrating genomic and transcriptomic data to define the pathways that mediate disease risk and progression.
Nancy Messonnier, MD, executive director, pandemic prevention and health systems, Skoll Foundation. For her efforts in tackling the COVID-19 pandemic and building a global preparedness and response system to prevent future pandemics.
Michelle Monje, MD, PhD, associate professor, department of neurology and neurological sciences, Stanford University Medical Center. For making groundbreaking discoveries at the intersection of neurodevelopment, neuroplasticity, and brain tumor biology.
Vamsi K. Mootha, MD, professor of systems biology, Harvard Medical School; investigator, Massachusetts General Hospital; investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute; and member, Broad Institute. For transforming the field of mitochondrial biology by creatively combining modern genomics with classical bioenergetics.
Lennart Mucke, MD, director, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes; and Joseph B. Martin Distinguished Professor of Neuroscience, department of neurology, University of California, San Francisco. For his leading role in defining molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms by which Alzheimer's disease causes synaptic failure, neural network dysfunctions, and cognitive decline.
Vivek Hallegere Murthy, MD, MBA, 19th and 21st surgeon general of the United States, Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. For being the first person to be nominated twice as surgeon general of the U.S., and leading the national response to some of America's greatest public health challenges: the Ebola and Zika viruses, the opioid crisis, an epidemic of stress and loneliness, and now the COVID-19 pandemic.
Jane Wimpfheimer Newburger, MD, MPH, Commonwealth Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; and associate cardiologist-in-chief, academic affairs, Boston Children's Hospital. For her world-renowned work in pediatric-acquired and congenital heart diseases.
Keith C. Norris, MD, PhD, professor and executive vice chair for equity, diversity, and inclusion, department of medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); and co-director, community engagement research program, UCLA Clinical and Translational Science Institute. For making substantive intellectual, scientific, and policy contributions to the areas of chronic kidney disease and health disparities in under-resourced minority communities; developing transformative methods for community-partnered research; and developing and implementing innovative programs that have successfully increased diversity in the biomedical/health workforce.
Marcella Nunez-Smith, MD, MHS, C.N.H. Long Professor of Internal Medicine, Public Health, and Management, and associate dean of health equity research, Yale School of Medicine. For notable contributions to health equity that have been distinguished nationally, including being named chair of the Governor's ReOpen CT Advisory Group Community Committee, co-chair of President Biden's Transition COVID-19 Advisory Board, and chair of the U.S. COVID-19 Health Equity Task Force.
Osagie Obasogie, JD, PhD, Haas Distinguished Chair and professor of law, University of California, Berkeley School of Law; and professor of bioethics, Joint Medical Program and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. For bringing multidisciplinary insights to understanding race and medicine and climatic disruptions that threaten to exacerbate health inequalities.
Jacqueline Nwando Olayiwola, MD, MPH, FAAFP, chief health equity officer and senior vice president, Humana Inc.; and adjunct professor, Ohio State University School of Medicine and College of Public Health. For innovation in health equity, primary care and health systems transformation, health information technology, and workforce diversity; being the architect of many profound delivery innovations for underserved communities; and leadership efforts in making the U.S. and other health systems more efficient, effective, and equitable.
Bruce Ovbiagele, MD, MSc, MAS, MBA, MLS, professor of neurology and associate dean, University of California, San Francisco; and chief of staff, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System. For leading several pioneering National Institutes of Health-funded research programs addressing the burden of stroke in vulnerable populations (racial and ethnic minorities, the socioeconomically disadvantaged, the uninsured, and rural dwellers) in the U.S. and Africa, as well as creating transformative NIH-supported training initiatives in both regions targeting individuals who are underrepresented in medicine and science.
Drew Pardoll, MD, PhD, Abeloff Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; and director, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy. For discovering two immune cell types and leadership in cancer immunotherapy, which has revolutionized oncology.
Guillermo Prado, PhD, MS, vice provost, faculty affairs; dean, Graduate School; and professor of nursing and health studies, and public health sciences and psychology, University of Miami. For his scholarship in prevention science, and for his effective youth- and family-focused HIV and substance-use prevention interventions, which have been scaled throughout school systems and clinical settings in the U.S. and Latin America.
Carla M. Pugh, MD, PhD, FACS, professor of surgery and director, Technology Enabled Clinical Improvement (T.E.C.I.) Center, department of surgery, Stanford University. For pioneering sensor technology research that helped to define, characterize, and inspire new and innovative performance metrics and data analysis strategies for the emerging field of digital health care.
Charles M. Rice, PhD, Maurice R. and Corinne P. Greenberg Professor and head, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University. For helping to identify the hepatitis C virus proteins required for viral replication and developing culture systems that enabled the discovery of direct-acting antiviral drugs that can cure virtually all infected patients who would otherwise risk premature death from liver failure and cancer.
Marylyn D. Ritchie, PhD, FACMI, professor, department of genetics; director, Center for Translational Bioinformatics; associate director, Institute for Biomedical Informatics; and associate director, Penn Center for Precision Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine. For paradigm-changing research demonstrating the utility of electronic health records for identifying clinical diseases or phenotypes that can be integrated with genomic data from biobanks for genomic medicine discovery and implementation science.
Yvette D. Roubideaux, MD, MPH, director, Policy Research Center, National Congress of American Indians. For pioneering the translation of evidence-based interventions to reduce incident diabetes and related cardiovascular complications among tens of thousands of American Indians and Alaska Natives.
Eric J. Rubin, MD, PhD, editor-in-chief, New England Journal of Medicine. For pioneering bacterial genetic tools being used to create the next generation of anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Renee N. Salas, MD, MPH, MS, affiliated faculty, Harvard Global Health Institute; Yerby Fellow, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; and attending physician, department of emergency medicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital. For rapidly advancing the medical community's understanding at the nexus of climate change, health, and health care through highly influential and transformative work, such as with the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change and the New England Journal of Medicine.
Thomas Sequist, MD, MPH, chief patient experience and equity officer, Mass General Brigham; and professor of medicine and health care policy, Harvard Medical School. For expertise in Native American health, quality of care, and health care equity.
Kosali Ilayperuma Simon, PhD, Class of 1948 Herman Wells Professor and associate vice provost for health sciences, O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University. For her scholarly insights on how economic and social factors interact with government regulations to affect health care delivery and population health.
Melissa Andrea Simon, MD, MPH, George H. Gardner Professor of Clinical Gynecology and professor of obstetrics and gynecology, medical social sciences, and preventive medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. For paradigm-shifting implementation research that has elevated the science of health care disparities and has transformed women's health practice, policy, and outcomes.
Anil Kumar Sood, MD, FACOG, FACS, professor and vice chair for translational research, department of gynecologic oncology and reproductive medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. For discovering the mechanistic basis of chronic stress on cancer and the pivotal role of tumor-IL6 in causing paraneoplastic thrombocytosis; developing the first RNAi therapeutics and translating multiple new drugs from lab to clinic; and devising and implementing a paradigm shifting surgical algorithm for advanced ovarian cancer, dramatically increasing complete resection rates.
Reisa Sperling, MD, director, Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment; associate neurologist, department of neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Massachusetts General Hospital; and professor of neurology, Harvard Medical School. For pioneering clinical research that revolutionized the concept of preclinical Alzheimer's disease.
Sarah Loeb Szanton, PhD, RN, FAAN, dean and Patricia M. Davidson Health Equity and Social Justice Endowed Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing. For pioneering new approaches to reducing health disparities among low-income older adults.
Sarah A. Tishkoff, PhD, David and Lynn Silfen University Professor, departments of genetics and biology; and director, Center for Global Genomics and Health Equity, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine. For being a pioneer of African evolutionary genomics research.
Peter Tontonoz, MD, PhD, professor and Francis and Albert Piansky Chair, department of pathology and laboratory medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles. For being a pioneer in molecular lipid metabolism, defining basic physiology and revealing connections to human disease.
JoAnn Trejo, PhD, MBA, professor of pharmacology and assistant vice chancellor, health sciences, faculty affairs, University of California, San Diego. For her discoveries of how cellular responses are regulated by G protein-coupled receptors in the context of vascular inflammation and cancer.
Gilbert Rivers Upchurch Jr., MD, Edward M. Copeland III and Ann and Ira Horowitz Chair, department of surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine. For making seminal contributions to the understanding of the pathogenesis of vascular disease and contributing greatly to the advancement of all aspects of vascular and surgical care.
Tener Goodwin Veenema, PhD, MPH, MS, FAAN, contributing scholar, Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. For her career-long dedication to advancing the science on climate change and health, particularly in the area of disaster nursing.
Leslie Birgit Vosshall, PhD, Robin Chemers Neustein Professor, Rockefeller University; and investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute. For building the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti into a genetic model organism for neurobiology and uncovering major insights into how these disease-vectoring insects select and feed on the blood of human hosts.
Rochelle Paula Walensky, MD, MPH, director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. For her work that motivated changes to HIV and COVID-19 guidelines, influenced public health practice, and provided rigorous evidence for decisions by the U.S. Congress, the World Health Organization, and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
Elizabeth Winzeler, PhD, professor, department of pediatrics, division of host microbe systems and therapeutics, University of California San Diego. For pioneering work on antimalarial drug development.
Cynthia Wolberger, PhD, professor, department of biophysics and biophysical chemistry and department of oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. For pioneering structural studies elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying combinatorial regulation of transcription, ubiquitin signaling, and epigenetic histone modifications, which have provided a foundation for drug discovery.
Anita K.M. Zaidi, MBBS, SM, president, gender equality; and director of vaccine development and surveillance and of enteric and diarrheal diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. For global leadership in pediatric infectious disease research and capacity development relevant to improving newborn and child survival in developing countries.
Shannon Nicole Zenk, PhD, MPH, RN, director, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health. For research on the built environment in racial/ethnic minority and low-income neighborhoods that enriched understanding of the factors that influence health and contribute to health disparities, demonstrating the need for multilevel approaches to improve health and achieve health equity.
Feng Zhang, PhD, James and Patricia Poitras Professor of Neuroscience, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. For revolutionizing molecular biology and powering transformative leaps forward in our ability to study and treat human diseases through the discovery of novel microbial enzymes and systems and their development as molecular technologies, such as optogenetics and CRISPR-mediated genome editing, and for outstanding mentoring and professional services.
International members of the Class of 2021 are:
Richard M.K. Adanu, MBChB, MPH, FWACS, FGCS, FACOG, rector and professor of women's reproductive health, University of Ghana School of Public Health. For spearheading human resource and research capacity building in Ghana and personally engaging in South-South research capacity building in sub-Saharan Africa.
Hilary O.D. Critchley, MBChB, MD, FRCOG, FMedSci, FRSE, professor of reproductive medicine, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh. For pioneering fundamental studies on endometrial physiology (including endocrine-immune interactions, role/regulation of local inflammatory mediators, and tissue injury and repair) that have made major contributions to the understanding of mechanisms regulating onset of menstruation/menstrual disorders.
Jennifer Leigh Gardy, PhD, deputy director, surveillance, data, and epidemiology, malaria team, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. For pioneering work as a big data scientist, harnessing innovation and communication to bring interdisciplinary problem-solving and leading-edge technologies to bear to elucidate infectious disease dynamics in the face of a changing climate, and for using the new domain of pathogen genomics to improve population health around the globe.
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, PhD, MSc, director general, World Health Organization. For undertaking the major transformation of the World Health Organization, promoting primary health care and equity, effectively controlling Ebola outbreaks, and leading the global response to COVID-19.
Tricia Greenhalgh, OBE, MA, MD, PhD, MBA, FMedSci, FRCP, FRCGP, FFPH, FFCI, FHEA, professor of primary care health sciences, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford. For major contributions to the study of innovation and knowledge translation in health care and work to raise the profile of qualitative social sciences.
Edith Heard, FRS, director general, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, and professor, Collège de France. For contributions to the fields of epigenetics and chromosome and nuclear organization through her work on the process of X-inactivation.
Matshidiso Moeti, MD, MSc, regional director for Africa, World Health Organization (WHO). For leading WHO's work in Africa, including interruption of wild poliovirus transmission, advocating proactive action on climate change and health, and responding to COVID-19, Ebola, HIV, and other public health priorities, and for transforming the organization to be more effective, results driven, and accountable.
John-Arne Rottingen, MD, PhD, ambassador for global health, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. For advancing the conceptual underpinnings on incentivizing innovations to meet major public health needs and secure widespread access.
Samba Ousemane Sow, MD, MSc, FASTMH, director-general, Centre pour les Vaccins en Développement, Mali (CVD-Mali). For groundbreaking vaccine field studies paving the way for implementing life-saving vaccines into Mali's Expanded Programme on Immunization; pioneering studies of disease burden and etiology of diarrheal illness and pneumonia, major causes of pediatric mortality in Africa; and leadership in control of emerging infections (Ebola, COVID-19) in Mali and West Africa.
Gustavo Turecki, MD, PhD, FRSC, professor and chair, department of psychiatry, McGill University; and scientific director and psychiatrist-in-chief, Douglas Institute. For work in elucidating mechanisms whereby early-life adversity increases lifetime suicide risk.
For more information about membership, contact Donna Duncan at dduncan@nas.edu
NAM Leadership
Victor J. Dzau, MD, President
Victor J. Dzau, MD, is the President of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM), formerly the Institute of Medicine (IOM). In addition, he serves as Vice Chair of the National Research Council. Dr. Dzau is Chancellor Emeritus and James B. Duke Distinguished Professor of Medicine at Duke University and the past President and CEO of the Duke University Health System. Previously, Dr. Dzau was the Hershey Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine and Chairman of Medicine at Harvard Medical School's Brigham and Women's Hospital, as well as Bloomfield Professor and Chairman of the Department of Medicine at Stanford University.
Dr. Dzau is an internationally acclaimed physician scientist and leader whose work has improved health and medicine in the United States and globally. His seminal work in cardiovascular medicine and genetics laid the foundation for the development of the class of lifesaving drugs known as ACE inhibitors, used globally to treat hypertension and heart failure. Dr. Dzau pioneered gene therapy for vascular disease and was the first to introduce DNA decoy molecules in humans in vivo. His pioneering research in cardiac regeneration led to the Paracrine Hypothesis of stem cell action and his recent strategy of direct cardiac reprogramming using microRNA. He maintains an active NIH-funded research laboratory.
Dr. Dzau is a leader in health and heath policy. At the NAM, he has led important initiatives such as Vital Directions for Health and Health Care, the Action Collaborative on Countering the US Opioid Epidemic, and the Action Collaborative on Clinician Well-Being and Resilience. Under his tenure, the NAM has advanced efforts to improve health equity and address racism throughout its programmatic activities, especially the Culture of Health Program. Most recently, the NAM launched a Grand Challenge in Climate Change and Human Health & Equity to reverse the negative effects of climate change on health and social equity by activating the entire biomedical community, communicating and educating the public about climate change and health, driving changes through research, innovation and policy, and leading bold action to decarbonize the health care sector.
As a global health leader, he helped design and launch the National Academies initiatives on Global Health Risk Framework; Global Health and Future Role of the US; Crossing the Global Quality Chasm and Human Genome Editing. The NAM Global Grand Challenge for Healthy Longevity represents his vision to inspire across disciplines and sectors to coalesce around a shared priority and audacious goal to advance health.
He has led the NAM's response to COVID-19, which includes numerous committees, reports, consultations and communication on a range of issues including public health, vaccine allocation, health equity and mental health. He has worked tirelessly to engage with the global response to COVD-19 by providing leadership as a member of the Global Preparedness Monitoring Board, co-chair of the G20 Scientific Expert Panel on Global Health Security, Advisor to the G20 High Level Independent Panel on Financing and a principal of the ACT-Accelerator which includes COVAX, the global collaboration for accelerating the development, manufacture and equitable distribution of COVID-19 vaccines.
He is active in advising science and health in US and globally. He has served as a member of the Advisory Committee to the Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), chaired the NIH Cardiovascular Disease Advisory Committee and NHLBI Cardiovascular Progenitor Cell Biology Consortium. Currently, he chairs the Cardiovascular Progenitor Cell Translational Consortium. He is a member of the Health and Biomedical Sciences International Advisory Council of Singapore, as well as a board member of the Imperial College Health Partners, UK and the Gairdner Foundation. He chairs the International Scientific Advisory Committee of the Qatar Precision Medicine Institute, the Scientific Boards of the Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University of Toronto and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow. He served on the Board of Health Governors of the World Economic Forum and chairs its Global Futures Council on Healthy Longevity.
Among his many honors and recognitions are the Max Delbreck Medal from Charite, Humboldt and Max Planck, Germany, the Distinguished Scientist Award from the American Heart Association, Ellis Island Medal of Honor, and the Henry Freisen International Prize. In 2019, he was named an Honorary Citizen of Singapore- the highest level of honor bestowed to a foreign citizen conferred by the President of Singapore. He has been elected to the National Academy of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, UK Academy of Medical Sciences, the Japan Academy, Mexican Academy of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Academia Sinica. He has received 16 honorary doctorates.
J. Michael McGinnis, MD, The Leonard D. Schaeffer Executive Officer
Michael McGinnis, MD, MA, MPP is the Leonard D. Schaeffer Executive Officer, Senior Scholar, and Executive Director of the NAM Leadership Consortium for a Value & Science-Driven Health System. He is also an elected member of the NAM (1999), Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Fellow of the American College of Epidemiology. He previously held continuous appointment at the federal level through the Carter, Reagan, Bush and Clinton Administrations at HEW/HHS (1977-1995) as the official with primary responsibility for disease prevention and health promotion policy.
Prior to his posts at the NAM, Dr. McGinnis was Senior Vice President at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (1999-2005); Chair of the World Bank & European Commission Task Force for Health Reconstruction in Bosnia (1995-6); Visiting Professor of Public Policy at Princeton and Duke (1996-9); Acting Director of the HHS Office of Research Integrity (1992-3); state director of World Health Organization smallpox eradication program in Uttar Pradesh, India (1974-5); and Coordinator of the U.S.-Eastern European Cooperative Health Programs (1972-4).
He is the architect of various national-level activities, including the Healthy People national health goals and objectives (HHS, 1979-ongoing); the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (HHS/USDA, 1980-ongoing); the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (independent, HHS-supported, 1984-ongoing); the Health & Society Scholars Program (RWJF, 2002-2017); the Young Epidemiology Scholars Program (RWJF, 2001-2012); the NAM Learning Health System initiative (NAM, 2006-ongoing); and the Action Collaboratives modus operandi of the National Academies (2009-ongoing).
His national-level chair duties have included: Interdisciplinary Association for Population Health Science Senior Advisory Group (2016-2019); National Governors Association Committee on Childhood Obesity (2008-10); Partnership for Prevention Health Professionals Roundtable on Preventive Services (2004-13); NIH State of the Science Panel on Multivitamins in Chronic Disease Prevention (2004-6); IOM Committee on Children's Food Marketing (2004-5); National Commission Clinical Preventive Service Priorities (1997-2000); HHS Working Group on Sentinel Objectives for Healthy People 2010 (1996-7); HHS Nutrition Policy Board (1978-1995); HEW Secretary's Task Force on Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (1977-9); and HEW Secretary's Task Force on Smoking and Health (1977-9).
Dr. McGinnis' scientific interest and leadership focus is population health and the determinants of health. He has authored approximately 200 articles and edited 20 books. He was educated at Berkeley (BA), UCLA (MA, MD) and Harvard (MPP). His national recognitions include the public health Distinguished Service Medal (1989), Health Leader of the Year Award (1996), Public Health Hero Award (2013), and the Fries Award for Improving Health (2018). In 1978, he married Patricia G. McGinnis and they live in Washington DC. His full CV is available here.
2021-2022 NAM Council
2021 - 2022 NAM Council Roster
Contact Jenna Ogilvie, Deputy Director of Communications, at jogilvie@nas.edu.
Contact Dana Korsen, Media Officer, at dkorsen@nas.edu or 202-334-2843.
To request permission to reproduce an NAM Perspective, NAM Special Publication, or a report of the National Academies, contact Barb Murphy at bmurphy@nas.edu. For permission to reproduce other NAM materials, contact Jenna Ogilvie at jogilvie@nas.edu. To purchase or download a free copy of a National Academies report, visit nap.edu.
To view open positions at the National Academy of Medicine, view our job listings. For more opportunities, visit the Academies career center.
For all other inquiries, e-mail NAMedicine@nas.edu.
The Keck Center
500 Fifth Street, NW
By Car from Ronald Reagan National Airport
1. Exit the airport to George Washington Memorial Parkway NORTH.
2. Exit to Memorial Bridge.
3. Bear LEFT after crossing Memorial Bridge into Washington, DC.
4. Take second LEFT onto Henry Bacon Drive, NW. You must turn LEFT at this point as your route will be blocked by Jersey walls.
5. Turn RIGHT at the traffic light onto Constitution Avenue, NW.
6. Turn LEFT onto Sixth Street, NW.
7. Cross E Steet, NW. and look to your right for the parking entrance immediately before the fire station.
By Car from Dulles International Airport
1. Exit the airport to Airport Access Road EAST.
2. Follow until Access Road merges with Interstate 66 EAST.
3. Follow I-66 EAST across the Roosevelt Bridge into Washington, DC. After the bridge, I-66 becomes Route 50 EAST/Constitution Avenue, NW.
4. Turn LEFT onto Sixth St, NW.
5. Cross E Street, NW. and look to your right for the parking entrance immediately before the fire station.
By Car from Baltimore/Washington International Airport
1. Exit the airport to Interstate 195 WEST.
2. Exit I-195 to MD-295 SOUTH (Baltimore-Washington Parkway) towards Washington, DC.
3. Follow MD-295 SOUTH to exit for Route 50 WEST to downtown Washington, DC.
4. Follow Route 50 WEST as it turns into New York Avenue, NE.
6. Cross F Street, NW, and look to your left for the parking entrance immediately after the fire station.
By Metro's Red Line
1. Take Metro's Red Line to the Judiciary Square station.
2. Exit the station by following signs to the Building Museum (F Street) exit, between Fourth and Fifth Streets, NW.
3. Turn LEFT and walk WEST on F Street, NW.
4. Cross Fith Street, NW, and turn LEFT.
5. Walk past the fire station parking lot. The next building on your right will be 500 Fifth Street, NW.
By Metro's Green or Yellow Line
1. Take Metro's Green or Yellow Line to the Gallery Place-Chinatown station.
2. Exit the station by following signs to Seventh and F Streets/Arena.
3. Turn LEFT and walk EAST on F Street NW, two blocks past the MCI Center.
4. Turn RIGHT on to Fifth Street, NW.
5. Walk past the fire station parking lot. The next building on your right will be 500 Fifth St, NW.
The National Academy of Sciences Building
2101 Constitution Ave, NW
1. Exit the airport to George Washington Memorial Parkway NORTH. Exit to Memorial Bridge.
3. Take second LEFT onto Henry Bacon Drive NW You must turn LEFT at this point as your route will be blocked by Jersey walls.
5. Turn LEFT at second light onto 21st Street, NW.
6. Parking lot entrance is on left before traffic light at intersection with C Street NW.
4. Turn LEFT at fourth light onto 21st Street, NW.
5. Parking lot entrance is on left before traffic light at intersection with C Street, NW.
5. Turn LEFT onto Ninth Street, NW.
6. Turn RIGHT onto Constitution Avenue, NW.
7. Turn RIGHT onto 21st Street, NW.
By Metro's Orange or Blue Line
1. Take Metro's Orange or Blue Line to the Foggy Bottom-GWU station.
2. Turn RIGHT on to 23rd Street, NW, when you exit the station.
3. Walk SOUTH on 23rd Street, NW, for approximately 7 blocks.
4. Turn LEFT on to C Street, NW, (after the State Department).
5. Cross 22nd Street, NW, and enter the NAS building through its rear entrance at 2100 C Street, NW.
The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center
100 Academy Drive
From the Los Angeles Area
1. Follow Interstate 405 South to Highway 73 South/SJH Toll Road.
2. Take Highway 73 approximately 2 miles and EXIT at University Drive.
3. Turn LEFT on University Drive and continue to California Avenue.
4. Turn RIGHT on California Avenue, then RIGHT at the first street, Academy. The center's address is 100 Academy Drive.
From the San Diego Area
1. Follow Interstate 5 North to Interstate 405 North.
2. Take the Jeffrey/University Drive off-ramp and turn LEFT.
3. Continue on University Drive approximately 3 miles to California Avenue.
4. Turn LEFT on California Avenue, then RIGHT at the first street, Academy. The center's address is 100 Academy Drive.
From the Riverside Area
1. Take the 91 Freeway West to the 55 Freeway South to Interstate 405 South.
2. EXIT at Jamboree Road West, toward the coast.
3. Continue on Jamboree Road to Campus Drive.
4. Turn LEFT at Campus Drive.
5. Turn RIGHT on University Drive.
6. At the second signal, California Avenue, turn LEFT.
7. Turn RIGHT at the first street, Academy. The center's address is 100 Academy Drive.


The Law Library is available for use to the general public as well as legal professionals. However, access to computers and the Westlaw legal research system requires a Tom Green County Public Library Card.
You may view our library card policy or download a library card application form prior to your visit.
The Library has several computer workstations available with Internet access that are free to use with your Tom Green County Public Library Card. We also offer two workstations with free access to Westlaw for conducting legal research, as well as access to the EBSCOHost Legal Collection.
Printers are available for public use at a fee of $.05 per page for black/white prints and $.25 per page for color prints. Copying is also available for $.10 per page for black/white prints, and scanning to email/media is also available for $.05 per page. A public fax machine is located on the first floor, and available for use.
Reference services are available at our 2nd Floor Information Desk. Even though personnel are not trained to conduct legal research on patrons' behalf, they are available to help you locate your desired materials.
Study rooms are available for patrons requiring a quiet area to meet and/or study reference materials. Although the rooms are not soundproof, they do offer a quiet place away from the public areas. Study rooms can be reserved through our 2nd Floor Information Desk with your library card.
For questions regarding our print collections, please contact the 2nd Floor Information Desk for a list of our current holdings. At this time, our law library print resources are not searchable via our online catalog.


HONG KONG (Reuters) - The United Arab Emirates will face China, East Timor and Syria at this month's Asian Games after the Asian Football Confederation conducted a partial redraw of the football competition on Friday following Iraq's late withdrawal.
The redraw was the second time the group phase of the competition had to be amended after organisers had not included the UAE and Palestine in the original selection when it was conducted in early July.
Iraq's decision on Thursday not to compete threw up further complications for organisers, leaving only three teams in their group while two other groups - featuring the late additions from the UAE and Palestine - contained five nations.
The football tournament at the Asian Games features teams comprising players aged 23 years of age and under, with coaches permitted to select three overage players.
The competition begins on Aug. 10, with the final to be played on Sept. 1.


Rolf Bachmann, a fellow 4D developer from Switzerland has published a HTML editor for 4D. More silently, but a great nice tool. It uses the 4D WebArea to edit the HTML and stores the source in a text field.
There is more, a JSON Editor. Just check it out.
Great tools – thank you Rolf!!


"... with reaction products: steam-hydrogen mixture and aluminum hydroxide. Aluminum powder reacts with water ..."
"... for producing hydrogen in the "aluminum + aqueous solution of alkali." The technique of laboratory studies ..."
"... . The analysis of the results of experimental studies on the method of hydrogen production in the "aluminum ..."
"... of stoichiometric composition with the production of hydrogen and rigid frame of very hot aluminum oxide ..."
"... . The objectives is to establish the degree of conversion depending aluminum (yield hydrogen) on parameters ..."
"... . For their supply, it is suggested to use hydrogen accumulation systems based on aluminum hydrides which ..."
"... involving generation of hydrogen at low temperatures below zero. In the experiments both granulated non ..."
"... The paper is devoted to the investigation of hydrogen production from magnesium oxidation ..."
"... of hydrogen energy elements and describes the features of membrane technology and characterization methods ..."
"... and application shaped monocrystals copper–aluminum–nickel, possessing effects of pseudoelasticity and shape ..."
"... This paper, based on the analysis of possible ways of storage and transporting hydrogen, considers ..."
"... of the literature on extreme behavior, particularly aluminum, and their own experiments and theoretical researches ..."
"... dehydrogenation of the latter with free hydrogen release, pure potassium and aluminum was developed on the basis ..."
"... This article discusses the implementation of national standards on the application of hydrogen ..."
"... of biogas stations due to the conversion of biomethane into hydrogen and further use of hydrogen in the fuel ..."
"... Serious constraining factors in the development of fuel hydrogen energy are: high production costs ..."
"... эффективности различных технологий аккумулирования электроэнергии в схемах фотоэлектрических станций и ..."
"... The sorptive technologies of coke-oven gas purification from hydrogen sulfide are considered ..."
"... The article deals with the safe design of the hydrogen storage tank, which includes a set ..."
"... of aluminides of IV-V groups metals: upon heating of compacted хМеH2+(1-х)Al→МехAl1-х+Н2↑, the hydrogen ..."
"... ) on the thermal decomposition of magnesium hydride phase. It is shown that ball-milling of powder mixtures of MgH2 ..."
"... of aluminum-silicon and iron-silicon flocculants-coagulants. We have been proposed methods of treating ..."
"... групповых децентрализованных потребителей в основном используются автономные дизельные электрические станции ..."
"... The review provides a brief history of hydrogen materials community as an important part ..."
"... Physical and kinetic fundamentals of direct and reverse hydrogen-induced diffusive phase (HIDP ..."
"... To increase the hydrogen mass in intermetallides of type LaNi3 proposed to replace part of the La ..."
"... We have developed the stand for the practical hydrogen power engineering course. This stand ..."
"... Реальная оценка естественной нестабильности ветроэлектрических станций важна для правильной ..."
"... to economic level, from population to education, etc. Consequently, they are not going to convert to hydrogen ..."
"... of mixture of high-disperse powders. The metal hydride accumulator of hydrogen on the basis of the studied ..."
"... станций и рациональные режимы функционирования основного оборудования станций. ..."
"... The paper analyzes the problems of combustion hydrogen in an oxygen medium for produce high ..."
"... to obtain hydrogen with a minimum content of carbon monoxide on the previously developed Ni/ZnO catalyst (20 ..."
"... A comparative analysis of methods of storing hydrogen in alternative energy sources ..."
"... the lunar day and night and includes flat-plate solar collector with hydrogen heat transfer agent ..."
"... and outputting the electric energy in accordance with the graph load consumers, hydrogen batteries were examined. ..."
"... of electric energy storage, the paper reviews the system based on utilizing hydrogen energy facilities ..."
"... of the oxidation of waste based on tungsten by steam as the main process in the technology of obtaining hydrogen ..."
"... . Ключевые слова: возобновляемые источники энергии; фотоэлектрическая станция; ветроэлектрическая станция ..."
"... Fundamentals of hydrogen treatment of materials (HTM) are analyzed and summarized. Aims and tasks ..."
"... for rational methane conversion to hydrogen-containing gas. ..."
"... fuel as a backup source. The proposed technologies of power generation based on hydrogen or low-power ..."
"... В статье исследовалась серия керамических мембранных катализаторов на основе оксида алюминия ..."
"... with low partial pressure of hydrogen: reconstruction in a hydride phase; destruction of metal-hydrogen ..."
"... Hydrogenation of eutectic alloy of composition 89 at. % Mg + 11 at. % Ni (Mg89Ni11) by hydrogen ..."
"... and hydrogen technologies taking into account requirements of legislative and normative-technical base ..."


I found a lump about 8 or so weeks before my yearly GYN visit. My doctor felt it at the time too, and while she wasn't overly concerned—she did order a breast ultrasound to make sure.
So I go to do that last week; they also did a mammogram—they said it was standard if you're over 30 (I'm 33), have never had one and where are breast concerns. So we do all that, and when done the tech said she was going to ice the images to the in-house radiologist, and she'd come back and tell me what he said.
So about 20 min later, her and the radiologist came in. He is at first talking about how it couldn't really be distinguished on imaging, but it may be an area of dense breast tissue. So he's asking me some questions about it and begins to palpate the area. And he's not showing concern until he gets to the area of concern and his eyes kinda pop up and he goes "oh, that definitely feels different there" and he grabs the ultrasound wand and stars doing that for a while. And then after doing that for a while, he was like "yea, I think it's just extra tissue. So as long as you don't have any new issues. Keep your yearly GYN appts, continue self checks and we'll see you at 40".
As soon as I left I regretted not asking more questions because he did not seem overly confident in his diagnosis. A friend of mine said she would for sure ask for a second opinion since this radiologist didn't seem overly sure. I've not received the report yet, so I'm hoping it has more definitive terms in there to put me at ease. Another friend recommended just seeing if they could see me at that imaging office and better explain the results. What do y'all think? I'm planning on asking my GYN if based on everything she'd recommend a second opinion, or a follow up sooner than a year.
My question was—do y'all know if the dense fibroglandular tissue is unmistakeable on imaging or can it look like other conditions? Because had he looked at the original images and been like "oh yea, that's for sure extra tissue" then I wouldn't be concerned. But he wasn't satisfied with the first set of images, came back to do his own and even then did the ultrasound for a while before he came to that conclusion.
I hate that yours ended up being cancer and that it wasn't detected at first! I pray that you are on the road to recovery! Thank you so much fo you're response. Between the concern I already had, and now your information/experience—I'm fairly sure that I am going to ask for a second opinion. Thank you so much, again!
-palpable nodular area in area of concern.
Saw this thread and really glad you are being proactive!! I wished I found this site before my cancer diagnosis.
The following is my personal experience with a fibroadenoma diagnosis and also just my personal opinions.
Early detection with mammography failed me in 2016 as I had dense breasts and a presumed "fibroadenoma" per ultrasound (my request) where no biopsy was recommended at the time. I went another year for that "yearly mammogram" and still nothing showed up. My doctor didn't feel the need to order another ultrasound the next year and told me that clinical exam felt normal. (I should have pushed for another ultrasound. I just didn't know...) My bouncy lumpy fibroadenoma changed one day to a rock hard lump five months after my last "normal" mammogram. During my biopsy, finally, when I knew in my heart it had to be cancer, the Radiologist kind of mumbled on her way out of the room that "maybe we should have biopsied that last time."(14 months earlier) The worst thing to hear while on the table facing a cancer diagnosis. Even the day of my biopsy when the clip was placed in the area of concern via ultrasound, the unilateral mammogram to confirm the clip placement etc.STILL did not show the tumor!!!! It's like it was invisible in mammography but did visualize in ultrasound.Then the MRI I had after biopsy to determine extent of disease not only showed the tumor, but numerous satellite lesions. It looked like fireworks went off in my breast!!! I had no idea that was the case and mammography showed NOTHING!!!!
The Radiologist mentioned that she couldn't dictate the mammogram during biopsy as normal because at that point, we knew where the lump was, so she had to leave the mammography report as "incomplete" BI-RADS 0 needed ultrasound to confirm, which the biopsy was via ultrasound. That was her way around the reading. So, who knows how long my tumor(s) were brewing in me? I never missed a mammogram appointment and had them each year on my dense breasts! Each year, my report was normal, but did mention dense breast tissue but did not recommend more imaging just mentioned follow up with clinical exams and yearly mammography. That's it.
Needless to say, if I could turn back time, I would have demanded an ultrasound with each mammogram due to my dense breast tissue. I just didn't know to keep asking for it. I would have paid cash for an ultrasound as well!!!! My dense breasts were a hassle all my life and I always wondered if those lumps would turn out to be a problem. Sure enough, they were ticking time bombs.No history of BC in my family. No risk factors other than dense breast tissue. My genetic screening was clean. All normal.
Did you have a biopsy? or how did they determine your tissue was normal? I have the same issue as you. More density on one side. I wish I could post pictures of my mammogram to see if this is like what showed up on yours.
I definitely understand your concern—I've been diligent with my monthly self checks since this appointment to try to see if the area is growing or changing. How long do you have to wait for your results?
They did recommend me having yearly screenings now (I'm 33, so wasn't due to start having those for a while)—but that was it. I told my Gynecologist's office about my concerns afterward —I love them and have always trusted them. They essentially said that since the report all indicated it was normal, to just continue with self breast checks and we'll have another screening in a year. But I plan to ask for a follow up screening sooner than that I think. Because I have the dense breast tissue—it's honestly hard to feel if it's changing.
Did your mammogram have similar results?
My mammogram and US is tomorrow... they said I'd meet with the radiologist after and on Friday I have an appointment with a NP who works for the breast care center. So, I'm assuming, I won't know much with certainty tomorrow.
I hope so... I have a list of questions to ask. Is it customary to ask for a copy of my images? I saw a sign in the waiting area that said it's within my rights to obtain copies of my images. This is a breast center, affiliated with a major hospital cancer center, so in terms of "second opinions", I'm not sure where I'd go... Most local MDs would probably refer to this hospital, maybe just not this particular branch. How long does it typically take to get a report? The sign said they have up to 30 days. I'll lose my mind!!
You weren't dismissed. Being dismissed is not being sent for testing. You were referred for both a high tech mammogram and ultrasound that apparently had nothing but benign findings. Do you think the radiologist is ignoring findings on your imaging because of your age?You would certainly be sent for biopsy for anything deemed to have even a 3% chance of being cancer. While breast cancer can hurt, it is way down on the list of causes of breast pain. Many women have painful breasts for no apparent reason or hormones or fibrocystic breasts. It is one of the most common reasons women go to the doctor. Perhaps you can get the MRI, but be aware that there still may be no explanation for your painful breasts.
You're right. I'm not being dismissed, they just don't see anything. Saw my mammo report and for both breasts it was a Birads - 1 with no suspicious areas seen.
The NP at the Breast center thinks I'm experiencing chest wall pain... not true breast pain. She thinks any breast pain I experience is hormonal. She said breast pain in and of itself is not a red flag for cancer and the nurse before her said that they consider breast pain to be pain rated as a constant severe pain, that requires intervention. Recommended IB profen. Performed a thorough breast exam herself and said she felt nothing abnormal. Said she would be happy to schedule an appointment with me again at any point if even for reassurance. I'm going back in 3 months.
Hi Lemon! I've been having a similar experience as you for over two years now. I had a 3D mammogram, 3 ultrasounds, and one MRI with benign findings and still have pain in the left breast for two years. No one can explain it. It's so frustrating. Perhaps it's my hormones changing, but you would think if we could go to the moon and back someone could explain my breast pain. I'm going back in for more testing this week after no screenings for two years. I just feel frustrated because everyone can feel my breast has a lump, but no one can see anything in the scans so I end up getting worked up while waiting for results and they want me to do this every year? I feel like the stress of it might actually cause cancer.
I'm sorry you have had to deal with that. Two years complaining of pain has got to be frustrating but it sounds like you've had a lot of imaging done (including the MRI) which should be somewhat reassuring.
The NP at the Breast Center said to me (and because I have anxiety I try to believe but it's still hard), that in her 38 years working from Manhattan to Boston (where we are), she's never seen pain alone be a symptom of breast cancer. I know others on here will disagree and I think it's important to pay attention to pain and any changes. Though my OBGYN mentioned she felt "dense tissue" in my painful breast, the NP felt nothing and said density cannot be felt- mammograms report density. She also said she would see me anytime I wanted. I'm going back in 3 months.
I totally get the concern and worry (believe me, I've lost so much sleep over worry, and still do). Did the lump show in the MRI? I'm guessing not? Has anyone mentioned removing the lump (if it's palpable, could it be removed?) I know nothing about this stuff so I'm just curious. I had two sebaceous cysts on my breast and both were surgically removed years ago (same spot). Both were far enough under the skin that surgery was the only option. The NP actually told me that most surgeons today would have left that alone but for me it was huge (size of a quarter completely visible) and I was young and wanted it gone. All that to say, could it be a skin issue?
Hi Lemon, Sorry it has taken me a minute to get back to you. I have a lumpy area with thickening. So far no lump has shown in imaging, just density. I started my long process to get new tests a few days ago (I don't have insurance). I saw a nurse practicioner at Planned Parenthood and she could feel the thick area and has given me a referral to a low cost diagnostic mammogram and Ultrasound. I have to wait until the right day in my cycle to get it done so not for a couple more weeks. The NP said it felt like a very large thick area which she thinks probably means it's hormonal, but she alsothinks I should ask for a biopsy if I want complete peace of mind.


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Bates County Jail & Law Enforcement Center Inmate Lookup, Bates County, MO
Bates County Jail & Law Enforcement Center
Butler, MO Bates County Jail & Law Enforcement Center View
As the Jail Administrator of the Bates County Law Enforcement Center it is my intent to fulfill our mission statement: Fairness, Integrity, Respect, Service, and Trust. F.I.R.S.T. in law enforcement is our goal. Through the hard work and dedication of our jail staff we strive to be fair to those held in our facility. We strive to carry out our duties with honesty and integrity. We will respect and command respect from those being held at the Bates County Law Enforcement Center. We promise to serve the Bates County community to ensure safety and peace of mind of the citizens. We will continue to work hard to earn the ongoing trust of the public we serve. The entire staff: jailers, dispatchers, transport officers, and kitchen staff are the back bone of The Bates County Law Enforcement Center. The effort put forth daily by these individuals is to be commended and appreciated. It may be answering a 911 call, transporting an inmate to court, or serving one of three square meals a day, no matter the task each officer works diligently to complete their assigned duties and always go over and beyond what is required of them. It is my hope that each one of them understands my admiration and appreciation of their service and attitude. The Bates County Law Enforcement Center was constructed in 2004 by a special tax issue passed by the citizens of Bates County and holds inmates for Bates County, The United States Marshall Service, surrounding city municipalities, and for all surrounding counties. Our facility will hold up to 100 inmates most of which are pre-trial or pre-sentence inmates. It is our responsibility to hold them, feed them, and keep them healthy. In addition we transport our inmates to both local and federal facilities for their court appearances. Inmates are served three balanced meals per day and receive a caloric intake in excess of 2000 calories a day.
Bates County Jail & Law Enforcement Center Contact Details
Address: 6 West Fort Scott Street, PO Box 60, Bates, MO
City: Butler
Mailing to Bates County Jail & Law Enforcement Center Inmates and Staff
Monday MALE INMATES 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.
Wednesday MALE INMATES 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.
Thursday MALE INMATES 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.
Friday FEMALE INMATES 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.
Saturday FEMALE INMATES 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.
Sunday MALE INMATES 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Betty White Celebrates 95th Birthday in 'Good Health,' Talks 'Golden Girls' Reboot
By Jackie Willis 9:54 AM PST, January 17, 2017
Like many of her fans, Betty White "can't believe" she's celebrating her 95th birthday.
"I keep thinking, 'Betty, you're 95 years old,'" she told Yahoo's Katie Couric in an interview posted on Tuesday. "I'm so blessed with good health and faculties and I've got memories and all that. You can't really expect that at 95."
White quipped, "I am the luckiest old broad on two feet!"
PHOTOS: Betty White's Best Moments
The Emmy-winning actress offered up advice for living a fulfilled life, telling Couric, "Keep busy and don't focus everything on you."
As for what she would tell her 25-year-old self, White didn't have any specific wisdom to impart. "I've been married three times and I probably still would've been married three times," she said. White married and divorced Dick Barker and Lane Allen in the 1940s, before marrying Allen Ludden in 1963. They were together for 18 years until his death in 1981.
WATCH: Betty White Reveals How She Got a Black Eye
When asked if she'd ever considered remarrying after Ludden's death, White joked, "Remarry, no. Fool around, sure."
White is perhaps best known for her role as Rose Nylund on The Golden Girls, and if given the chance, she'd happily reprise the beloved character. "I'd want to do it," she said of starring in a possible Golden Girls reboot, adding sarcastically, "I'm sure at 95, I'm sure they'd want me."
Prior to the sitcom airing in 1985, White was considered for the role of Blanche Devereaux but changed her mind when the part of Rose came up. "I loved her because she was so innocent," the actress said of her character. "Not the brightest nickel in the drawer, but she was fun to do."
WATCH: Terry Crews Lip Syncs The Golden Girls Theme Song to Betty White
ET was with White back when she turned 93, and the actress expressed her gratitude for still getting work well into her 90s. "Can you imagine being blessed at this age with still working at the career you love the best?" she gushed. "By now they should be saying, 'Yes, honey, you just stay in the rocker.'"
"You just don't expect that," White said of still working. "You think you'll fade off into the sunset. Well, the sun sets every night, but I just won't go away."
EXCLUSIVE: Betty White Reveals Her Hollywood Crush -- 'If I Ever Met Him, I Would Faint'
EXCLUSIVE: Betty White Reveals the One Thing She Still Wants to Do in Life
Betty White's Best Moments
Drew Barrymore's Beautiful Cookware Set Is 40% Off Now
20 Best Walmart Deals to Shop This Week: Tech, Home, Beauty and More


text:
Duncan Hines
Name Duncan Hines
Role Food critic
Born March 26, 1880 (1880-03-26) Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States
Occupation Businessman, writer, food critic
Died March 15, 1959, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States
Education Western Kentucky University
Books The Dessert Book, Adventures in Good Cooking, Adventures in Good Cooking and the Art of Carving in the Home
Parents Edward Ludlow Hines, Eliza Cornelia Duncan Hines
To tell the truth duncan hines comedy writer soapbox derby champ sep 10 1957
Duncan Hines (March 26, 1880 – March 15, 1959) was an American pioneer of restaurant ratings for travelers. He is best known today for the brand of food products that bears his name.
Was duncan hines a real person todayifoundout
Entrepreneurial career
Hines was born in Bowling Green, Kentucky, the son of a former Confederate soldier. His mother died when he was four and he was raised by his grandmother. Hines attended Bowling Green Business University, which later merged with what is now Western Kentucky University and worked in the American West for Wells Fargo and other companies before settling in Chicago.
Hines worked as a traveling salesman for a Chicago printer, and he had eaten many meals on the road across the United States by 1935 when he was 55. At this time, there was no American interstate highway system and only a few chain restaurants, except in large populated areas. Therefore, travelers depended on getting a good meal at a local restaurant.
Hines and his wife Florence began assembling a list for friends of several hundred good restaurants around the country. The list became popular and he began selling the paperback book Adventures in Good Eating (1935), highlighting restaurants and their featured dishes that Hines had personally enjoyed in locations across America.
One such listing in the 1939 edition read:
Corbin, KY. Sanders Court and Café
41 — Jct. with 25, 25 E. ½ Mi. N. of Corbin. Open all year except Xmas.
A very good place to stop en route to Cumberland Falls and the Great Smokies. Continuous 24-hour service. Sizzling steaks, fried chicken, country ham, hot biscuits. L. 50¢ to $1; D., 60¢ to $1
Sanders Court owner Colonel Harland Sanders later decided to focus on franchising his system for preparing chicken, forming the brand that came to be known as Kentucky Fried Chicken.
The book proved so successful that Hines added another which recommended lodging. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Hines wrote the newspaper food column Adventures in Good Eating at Home, which appeared in newspapers across the US three times a week on Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday. The column featured restaurant recipes adapted for home cooks that he had collected during his nationwide travels.
In 1952, Duncan Hines introduced Duncan Hines bread to the world through the Durkee's Bakery Company of Homer, New York. Principals Michael C. Antil Sr., Albert Durkee, and Lena Durkee were the bakery proprietors. This was Duncan Hines' first foray into baked goods. By 1953, Hines sold the right to use his name and the title of his book to Roy H. Park to form Hines-Park Foods, which licensed the name to a number of food-related businesses. The cake mix license was sold to Nebraska Consolidated Mills in Omaha, Nebraska, which developed and sold the first Duncan Hines cake mixes. In 1957, Nebraska Consolidated Mills sold the cake mix business to the U.S. consumer products company Procter & Gamble. The company expanded the business to the national market and added a series of related products.
Also in 1957, Hines appeared as a guest challenger on the TV panel show To Tell The Truth.
Duncan Hines died of lung cancer on March 15, 1959. He was buried in Fairview Cemetery of Bowling Green, Kentucky, in the same series of Hines family plots as Thomas Hines.
The Duncan Hines brand is now owned by Pinnacle Foods. Hines is widely honored in his hometown of Bowling Green, and a portion of U.S. Route 31W north of the city was named the Duncan Hines Highway after his death. A museum exhibit at the Western Kentucky University's Kentucky Museum in Bowling Green showcases Duncan Hines.
Hines often enjoyed ham and eggs as a supper meal in his later years.
Hines, Duncan (1935). Adventures in Good Eating. Chicago: Adventures in Good Eating, Inc.
Hines, Duncan (1938). Lodging for a Night. Chicago: Adventures in Good Eating, Inc. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
Hines, Duncan (1939). Adventures in Good Cooking (Famous Recipes) and the Art of Carving in the home. Bowling Green: Adventures in Good Eating, Inc. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
Hines, Duncan (1955). The Duncan Hines Barbecue Cook Book. Hemp and Company.
Hines, Duncan (1955). The Duncan Hines Dessert Book. Pocket Books.
Hines, Duncan (1955). Duncan Hines' Food Odyssey. Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
Hines, Duncan (2014). Hatchett, Louis, ed. The Duncan Hines Dessert Book. Forward by Jane Stern and Michael Stern (Reprint ed.). The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0865548107.
Duncan Hines Wikipedia
Let Me Explain, Dear
Lykke Friis
Adrianne Lobel


Her dynamic career has taken Jane to Hamilton Island, Australia as resident artist since 2008 and exhibiting in Bologna, Italy and Aix en Provence, France.
In 2016 Jane was invited to to the Maldives as resident artist on a creative cultural exchange.
This artist has a multiplicity of styles. The corporate sector have applied Jane's design skills to logos, illustrations and corporate art. Commission pieces and gallery works are held in private collections in Australia and globally.
Graduate of the Gordon Technical College Geelong, majoring in illustration and fine art, this artist's unique style combines bold texture, line and vivid colour.
Favourite painting mediums are Acrylics on canvas.
All of Jane's work is either Acrylics or Acrylics & Resin on canvas.


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Low birth weight and preterm birth increase the risk of autism in infants by about twofold, but more so for girls than for boys, according to a new study.
The research bolsters the suspected link between autism, low birth weight, and prematurity.
"We saw this difference in risk between boys and girls," says Diana Schendel, PhD, lead health scientist at the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities at the CDC in Atlanta. The gender finding was unexpected, she says, especially since autism is much more common in boys. Schendel is a researcher of the study, published in Pediatrics.
When the 565 boys and girls with autism were looked at separately, the boys had less than a twofold increased risk of autism if they were born at low birth weight, but the low-birth-weight girls had a threefold or higher risk, found Schendel and her CDC colleague Tanya Karapurkar Bhasin, MPH.
They also found that low birth weight (less than 5.5 pounds) and early preterm birth (less than 33 weeks' gestation) affected groups of children differently, depending on whether they had autism alone or autism and other developmental disabilities.
"There may be a lot of variation in the endpoint we call autism," Schendel tells WebMD. The study result, she says, "really is highlighting that we aren't looking for one cause of autism ." The study builds on previous research, some of which has also found a link between low birth weight and autism.
"What is new in this study is the in-depth look at the gender effect," she says. The analyses of different groups classified by number and type of disability also add new information.
The researchers examined the records of 565 children with autism, born in Atlanta from 1986 to 1993, matching them to a control group of children. They looked at whether the children were born early, small, or both, and whether they had autism and other developmental problems.
The children with autism were further divided into three groups: those who had autism but no other developmental disabilities, those with autism who also had an intellectual disability, and those with autism and more than one other developmental disability.
About one in 150 children in the U.S. now have autism or related disorders that fall on what is known as the autism spectrum, according to the CDC.
Overall, the researchers found that a birth weight below 5.5 pounds was associated with a 2.3-fold increased risk for autism. Although preterm birth earlier than 33 weeks was not statistically linked to autism for boys, there was a significant fivefold increased risk seen for girls with autism.
The researchers then looked at the subgroups, divided by type and number of disability, and found variations. For instance, the increase in risk for autism in low-birth-weight girls with mental retardation was fourfold, while the increased risk found in low-birth-weight boys just for developing autism was not statistically significant.
Schendel can't explain why the low-birth-weight girls were found to have a greater risk than the low-birth-weight boys. Both low birth weight and preterm birth are markers, she says, that something may have gone wrong during the pregnancy . The poor fetal growth resulting in low birth weight may be associated with developmental problems. Or, on the other hand, low birth weight may be a marker of a fetus that's already adversely affected neurologically, she says.
"We don't know if it's the low birth weight ... causing brain damage, or whether the brain damage has occurred and low birth weight is the consequence," she tells WebMD.
The study is scientifically solid, says Susan Hyman, MD, an autism researcher and an associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Rochester Medical Center,University of Rochester School of Medicine, N.Y. She chairs the autism expert panel of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Though previous research has yielded conflicting findings about the low birth weight-autism link, "I think this study comes close to laying the debate to rest," Hyman says.
"Pediatricians are very aware to monitor babies [born prematurely or at low birth weight] that require neonatal intensive care unit care for any sort of developmental difficulties," she says. But autism has not been targeted specifically; this study may make them more aware, she says.
Under the academy's developmental surveillance guidelines, Hyman says, children born early and small should be monitored for developmental disabilities. And the academy recommends routine screening for autism at 18, 24, and 30 months and also when there are parental concerns, she says.
While there's no "cure" to avoid low birth weight, Schendel advises pregnant women to seek prenatal care as early as possible.
"Discuss with your doctor your lifestyle," she says. It's important, for instance, for pregnant women not to smoke cigarettes and to avoid infections, among other healthy lifestyle habits.
Hyman adds: "Don't smoke, don't drink. Take your vitamins. Eat well. Sleep enough. Moderate exercise [as recommended by your doctor] is good. And don't worry. Stress is bad for pregnant women."


text:
package org.apache.causeway.regressiontests.cmdexecauditsess.generic.integtest.model;

import org.apache.causeway.applib.annotation.Action;
import org.apache.causeway.applib.annotation.Publishing;
import org.apache.causeway.applib.services.wrapper.Mixin;

import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;

@Action(
        commandPublishing = Publishing.ENABLED,
        executionPublishing = Publishing.ENABLED
)
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class Counter_bumpUsingMixin implements Mixin<Counter> {

    private final Counter counter;

    public Counter act() {
        return counter.doBump();
    }
}


text:
Scott G. Winterton, KSL, File
Nation's prosecutors gather in Salt Lake City to discuss best practices for 21st century
By Pat Reavy, KSL | Posted - Sep 27th, 2018 @ 2:32pm
SALT LAKE CITY — Prosecutors are looked to as the people who are supposed to keep their communities safe by ensuring criminals are found guilty in court and sentenced to jail or prison.
But the job of a county or district attorney has become more involved than that in recent years, according to Salt Lake County District Attorney Sim Gill. While the overall mission — to seek justice — hasn't changed, today prosecutors must make sure they are locking up the right people by considering factors such as mental health and drug addiction.
On Thursday, attorneys from across the nation began a two-day conference at the Little America Hotel focusing on the topic of "Best Practices for the 21st Century Modern Prosecutor."
"The role of the public prosecutor and of leadership has really become a much broader responsiblity. It's about fiscal management, it's about recidivism rate, it's about developing collaborative partnerships that are really trying to answer the ills of our society which are far more than simple prosecution," Gill said.
Prosecutors need to meet the needs of all demographics of their communities, including minorities and those in poverty, he said.
A roundtable discussion was held Thursday morning with the county attorneys of some of the largest jurisdictions in the U.S., including Los Angeles District Attorney Jackie Lacey; Denver District Attorney Beth McCann; Maricopa County, Arizona, Attorney William Montgomery; Arlington County, Virgina, Commonwealth Attorney Theo Stamos; and New York County District Attorney Cyrus Vance.
Lacey concurred that the role of prosecutors has "changed dramatically" over time, but the overall mission remained the same. Prosecutors today need to examine the root causes of crime and know data like recidivism rates and the racial demographics of crime victims.
She also said the modern prosecutor needs to not be apologetic for holding those who victimize people accountable.
"We've got to regenerate that spirit of pride that caused each of us to leave maybe a more lucrative lifestyle and dedicate our lives to making sure our communities are safe," she said.
McCann talked about the need to reform juvenile justice in her community, and finding better ways to deal with juveniles who commit violent crimes such as shootings, rather than locking them up in adult prison for 20 years to life.
"I really struggle with what is the appropriate thing to do with a 14-year-old who shoots and either kills someone or permanently maims that child for life?" she said. "I do belive that adolescent brains are not fully developed, and the areas that control impulse and judgment are the ones that are not fully developed."
Vance said while violent crime has dropped dramatically in New York City, advances in technology have created other opportunities for criminals.
"I simply don't think we have a clue on how to deal with cybercrime at the national level," he said. "Cybercrime is going to continue to explode. I believe we are not getting the national leadership from the federal government on how they can help us work in collaboration with them to address these massive cyberissues.
"I used to think when I was a young prosecutor that all I had to care about was Manhattan, downtown, uptown," he continued. "Today our defensive perimeter is in Europe. It's in Singapore. This is where people are attacking us from. So today, in our office, we have to think completely differently about how we defend Manhattan."
Montgomery said he is disturbed by a growing trend of politicization of the prosecution's function.
"I don't believe that there is progressive justice or conservative justice. There's no such thing as Republican justice or Democrat justice," he said.
While the prosecutors gathered at the conference may have differences of opinion on some topics, "I venture to say that when it comes to criminal justice issues, that there isn't much daylight between any of us, regardless of whether you have a particular party affiliation or run in a partisan election," he said.
Montgomery noted that criminals don't play politics or check voter registration cards before victimizing people.
All prosecutors agreed that another important aspect of their offices moving forward was establishing a connection with their communities and educating them on the job of prosecutors, as well as remain transparent with how decisions are made. They said they must let the public know about the good proactive work they're doing in addition to the people they are locking up.
Pat Reavy