text:
Posts tagged "Christian Louboutin"
L'Histoire de Mode #1~Stiletto
A stiletto heel is a long, thin, high heel found on some boots and shoes, usually for
women. It is named after the stiletto dagger, the phrase being first recorded in the early 1930s.
Stiletto heels may vary in length from 2.5 centimetres (1 inch) to 25 cm (10 inches) or more if a
platform sole is used, and are sometimes defined as having a diameter at the ground of
less than 1 cm (slightly less than half an inch). Stiletto-style heels 5 cm or shorter are called
kitten heels. Not all high slim heels merit the description stiletto. The extremely slender
original Italian-style stiletto heels of the late 1950s and very early 1960s were no more
than 5mm in diameter for much of their length, although the heel sometimes
flared out a little at the top-piece (tip). After their demise in the mid-late 1960s,
such slender heels were difficult to find until recently due to changes in the way
heels were mass-produced. A real stiletto heel has a stem of solid steel or alloy. The
more usual method of mass-producing high shoe heels, i.e. moulded plastic with an
internal metal tube for reinforcement, does not
achieve the true stiletto shape.
Relatively thin high heels were certainly around in the late 19th
century, as numerous fetish drawings attest. Firm photographic
evidence exists in the form of photographs of Parisian singer Mistinguett
from the 1940s. These shoes were designed by Andre Perugia, who began
designing shoes in 1906. It seems unlikely that he invented the stiletto, but
he is probably the first firmly documented designer of the high, slim heel. The
word stiletto is derived from stylus, meaning a pin or stalk. Its usage in footwear
first appeared in print in the New Statesman magazine in 1959: "She came …forward,
her walk made lopsided by the absence of one heel of the stilettos".
High heel shoes were worn by men and women courtiers. The design of the
stiletto heel originally came from the late Kristin S. Wagner but would
not become popular until the late 1950s. The stiletto heel came with the advent of
technology using a supporting metal shaft or stem embedded into the heel, instead
of wood or other, weaker materials that required a wide heel. This revival of the
opulent heel style can be attributed to the designer Roger Vivier and such designs
became very popular in the 1950s.
As time went on, stiletto heels became known more for their erotic
nature than for their ability to make height. Stiletto heels are a common
fetish item. As a fashion item, their popularity was changing over time.
After an initial wave of popularity in the 1950s, they reached their most refined
shape in the early 1960s, when the toes of the shoes which bore them became as
slender and elongated as the stiletto heels themselves. As a result of the overall sharpness
of outline, it was customary for women to refer to the whole shoe as a "stiletto", not
just the heel, via synecdoche (pars pro toto). Although they officially faded from the
scene after the Beatle era began, their popularity continued at street level, and women
stubbornly refused to give them up even after they could no longer readily find them in
the mainstream shops.
A version of the stiletto heel was reintroduced as soon as 1974
by Manolo Blahnik, who dubbed his "new" heel the Needle. Similar heels were stocked at
the big Biba store in London, by Russell and Bromley and by smaller boutiques. Old,
unsold stocks of pointed-toe stilettos, and contemporary efforts to replicate
them (lacking the true stiletto heel because of changes in the way heels
were by then being mass-produced) were sold in street fashion markets
and became popular with punks, and with other fashion "tribes" of the
late 1970s until supplies of the inspirational original styles dwindled in
the early 1980s. Subsequently, round-toe shoes with slightly thicker
(sometimes cone-shaped) semi-stiletto heels, often very high in an attempt
to convey slenderness (the best example of this being the shoes sold in
London by Derber), were frequently worn at the office with
wide-shouldered power suits.
The style survived through much
of the 1980s but almost completely disappeared during the 1990s,
when professional and college-age women took to wearing shoes
with thick, block heels. However, the slender stiletto heel staged
a major comeback after 2000, when young women adopted
the style for dressing up office wear or adding a feminine
touch to casual wear, like jeans. Stiletto heels are particularly
associated with the image of the femme fatale. They are often
considered to be a seductive item of clothing, and often
feature in popular culture.
Stilettos give the optical illusion of a longer, slimmer leg, a smaller foot,
and a greater overall height. They also alter the wearer's posture and gait,
flexing the calf muscles, and making the
bust and buttocks more
prominent.
All high heels counter the natural functionality of the foot,
which can create skeleton/muscular problems if they are worn
excessively. Stiletto heels are no exception, but some people assume
that because they are thinner they must be worse for you. In fact, they are
safer to wear than the other extreme of high heel fashion, the platform shoe.
Despite their impracticality, their popularity remains undiminished – as Terry
DeHavilland (UK shoe designer) has said, "people say they're bad for the
feet but they're good for the mind. What's more important?"
Stiletto heels concentrate a large amount of force into a small area.
The great pressure under such a heel (greater than that under the feet of an elephant.)
can cause damage to carpets and floors. The stiletto heel will also sink into soft
ground, making it impractical for
outdoor wear on grass.
Jimmy Choo, Cole Haan, Sergio Rossi, Burberry, Louboutin, Guess, MIA, Madden
DeSquared F/W 10 (look familiar?)
February 4, 2011 | Categories: 1930 by Chris Jackson, Fashion, Fashion History, L'Histoire de Mode | Tags: 1930, 1930 by Chris Jackson, Accessory, Balenciaga, Bone Heels, Burberry, Calvin Klein, Chris Jackson, Christian Dior, Christian Louboutin, COle Haan, D2, Daily Updates, Desquared, Ducati, Ed Hardy, F/W 10, Fall Winter 2010, fashion, Fashion history, Guess by Marciano, Guess Jeans, H&M, High Fashion, History, Jimmy Choo, L'Histoire de Mode, Louboutin, MIA, Photography, Sergio Rossi, Sexy, Skeletal Stiletto, Spinal Bones, Spine Heels, Steve Madden, Stiletto | Leave a comment
This or That ~ Feel free to commment
Leather European fetish boots circa 1900
Stella McCartney's stretch over boot, Christian Louboutin's black suede boot, & a pair from Delman
The 1900 Leather fetish boots take the cake in my opinion.
Sure the heel is not that sexy but come on, they don't make
boots like this anymore: velvet lined boots, hand crafted
wooden heels, and leather molded on a real woman's leg
to make a perfect fit. Plus they're freaking amazing, I have a
shoe fetish now!!
Opinions always welcome, I will respond as soon as I see them posted!
January 25, 2011 | Categories: Fashion, This or That | Tags: 1900, Accessory, Bondage, Boots, Christian Louboutin, Couture, Delman, European, fashion, Fetish, Fetish boots, Handmade, High Fashion, Leather, Opinion posts, Sexy, Stella McCartney, Velvet, wodden heels | 2 Comments


Hem Naraenpur is a village situated in Bahadurpur Block of Darbhanga district in Bihar. Situated in rural part of Darbhanga district of Bihar, it is one of the 172 villages of Bahadurpur Block of Darbhanga district. As per the government register, the village number of Hem Naraenpur is 227325. The village has 77 homes.
Hem Naraenpur's population is 341. Out of this, 162 are males whereas the females count 179 here. This village has 62 kids in the age bracket of 0-6 years. Out of this 26 are boys and 36 are girls.
Literacy rate in Hem Naraenpur village is 61%. 211 out of total 341 population is literate here. Among males the literacy rate is 75% as 122 males out of total 162 are literate whereas female literacy rate is 49% as 89 out of total 179 females are educated in this Village.
The dark portion is that illiteracy rate of Hem Naraenpur village is 38%. Here 130 out of total 341 people are illiterate. Male illiteracy rate here is 24% as 40 males out of total 162 are illiterate. Among the females the illiteracy ratio is 50% and 90 out of total 179 females are illiterate in this village.
The number of working individual of Hem Naraenpur village is 100 still 241 are un-employed. And out of 100 employed people 0 persons are entirely dependent on cultivation.


text:
Zingari
A minister in the Conte government, as soon as he took office after the 2018 elections, said publicly that he wanted to take a census of the Roma; and added that it would be nice to be able to kick them out of our country. This minister was in a way "right" – if by "right" we mean the ability to interpret the most widespread popular sentiment and therefore to gather consensus – in fact it is undeniable that there are many in our country who resent the Roma, and/or are afraid of them.
Yes, but which Roma are we talking about? There are at least two different stories about them: the one in the Balkans and the one in Western Europe. As far as the Balkans is concerned, it's a simple story: they were all enslaved, or made to work just to pay taxes. There were Roma chiefs who acted as mediators with the local lord, guaranteeing him respect for the most elementary model of submission: power goes from the top to the bottom (the lord dominates the people), while goods go from the bottom to the top (from the people to the local lord). In return they bargained for certain advantages: they could manage justice internally, and they kept the right to nomadism. When one is subservient, there is no problem.
In Italy and in the Christian lands, the Roma have been branded a "cursed people" since the Middle Ages – like all infidels – but there is another reason: a nomadic people in a continent of settled peoples is in itself a loose cannon, and always perceived as a threat (just like that other people there). Official history, moreover, has no doubts: the entire evolution of mankind, as we learned in school, is due to the emergence of sedentary civilisations. It began with the first agricultural kingdoms that guaranteed stability, peace and rules for social coexistence. The home is the very symbol of civilisation, along with our family model. The standard of living over the centuries has risen to unimaginable levels for those who fit the model. It is the sedentary who leave permanent traces, from written culture to architecture. Conversely, people who did not become sedentary are considered inferior, or ignorant, or parasites. It is really surprising to see how stories from 700 years ago are still so firmly rooted in our imagination today: this story is a kind of manual on how a stereotype is born.
Here at the beginning, the Roma leaders pretend to be counts and dukes of a people of Egyptian pilgrims, converted and on a journey of atonement. During this journey, they get donated goods from local lords to distribute to their people and thus escape the dominance/subjugation model. Several chronicles between 1417 and 1430 (independent of each other and therefore plausible) report the same story: "We are Egyptians but Christians, we must atone for our apostasy which condemns us to a pilgrimage of seven years before we can return to our land. Help us. These are our letters of introduction. Letters signed by the Pope or the Holy Roman Emperor. The same scenes in Italy, in Holland, in Provence. Of course, the letters were forgeries, and after seven years the Roma continued to wander quietly.
By presenting themselves as pilgrims, the Roma fitted into the accepted ways of mobility in the territory. In this way, they were able to ask for and receive alms from Western Europeans. These alms were accompanied by other activities: divination, horse trading and street shows.
They are often accused of stealing, and in several cases there are episodes of tension with the local communities. A friar from Bologna describes them as "the finest thieves you will ever see". They claim to be pilgrims but behave like predators, they exploit the credulity of the natives, they dress badly but without being poor, they ask for alms as if it were a tribute to be collected. They conquer a continent without using force, but with cunning.
In the course of the century, alms changed their meaning: they were given so that the gypsies would leave, or so that they would not enter the city at all. In Tuscany, even in the 19th century, sinte rosengre regularly presented themselves to the local lords to collect their due (in the form of 'alms'). When the pilgrimage is passed on to the next generation, it ceases to be such and becomes the wandering of beggars.
From this moment on, they also become the target of repression. Modern, post-feudal Europe was built through a bloody struggle against the vagrants and the poor. The attempt of the cursed people to escape the mercantile logic through the gift economy clashes violently with the new system.
Basically, the Roma are persecuted because they refuse to submit to wage labour. They are bearers of an irreducible otherness, destabilising and seen as diabolical. Examples of anti-Gypsy legislation first appeared in Switzerland and northern Italy from 1471 onwards, and since then they have spread like wildfire to the most remote parts of Europe within about 70 years.
Listen to: Franco Battiato, Nomads (1988).
Even among scholars, however, there are a few heretics who question our common sense of 'settled superiority'. For example, the American political scientist James Scott in his book Le origini della civiltà (Alessandro Vanoli wrote about it in La Lettura on 28 October 2018): 'What if we were wrong? What if we are exaggerating the importance of such forms of sedentarisation?" he wondered. "In terms of human well-being, field work very often proved to be anything but beneficial. Moreover, we are beginning to realise how fragile ancient states were in the face of disease, famine and war… After all, from the Gauls to the Sioux, history is full of examples of whole populations who fought to the last to avoid being controlled by a state. Seen in this way, history would seem to be a continuous challenge between those who move and those who stand still, and even if those who stand still tend to prevail, this does not mean that those who move stop doing so.
But now let's change the subject and talk about….
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« Yang and beautiful

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Personality: I am usually quiet, but I can be funny. I am kind and I love to hunt. I am very sassy and I can snap quickly if I get too annoyed. I am a certain type of bi-polar where I can get pretty angry at any point of a discussion. I am not faint at heart and I never, EVER cry or yelp out loud. I am not hindered easily.
Eyes: Somewhat mix of my pelt's colors.


Product prices and availability are accurate as of 2019-04-23 07:31:37 UTC and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on http://www.amazon.co.uk/ at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.
With so many drone products on offer recently, it is great to have a name you can purchase with confidence. The Attop ® - Drone Quadricopter 2.4GHz Gyroscope 360° eversion - Built in Camera Photo and Video is certainly that and will be a superb gift.
For this reduced price, the Attop ® - Drone Quadricopter 2.4GHz Gyroscope 360° eversion - Built in Camera Photo and Video comes widely recommended and is a regular choice amongst lots of people who visit our site. Attop have provided some innovation touches and this means great reasonable discounted prices.


text:
license: Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
         or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
         distributed with this work for additional information
         regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
         to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
         "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
         with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

           http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

         Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
         software distributed under the License is distributed on an
         "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
         KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
         specific language governing permissions and limitations
         under the License.
---

FileReader
==========

FileReader is an object that allows one to read a file.

Properties
----------

- __readyState:__ One of the three states the reader can be in EMPTY, LOADING or DONE.
- __result:__ The contents of the file that has been read. _(DOMString)_
- __error:__ An object containing errors. _(FileError)_
- __onloadstart:__ Called when the read starts. . _(Function)_
- __onprogress:__ Called while reading the file, reports progress (progess.loaded/progress.total). _(Function)_
- __onload:__ Called when the read has successfully completed. _(Function)_
- __onabort:__ Called when the read has been aborted. For instance, by invoking the abort() method. _(Function)_
- __onerror:__ Called when the read has failed. _(Function)_
- __onloadend:__ Called when the request has completed (either in success or failure).  _(Function)_

Methods
-------

- __abort__: Aborts reading file.
- __readAsDataURL__: Read file and return data as a base64 encoded data url.
- __readAsText__: Reads text file.

Details
-------

The `FileReader` object is a way to read files from the devices file system.  Files can be read as text or as a base64 data encoded string.  Users register their own event listeners to receive the loadstart, progress, load, loadend, error and abort events.

Supported Platforms
-------------------

- Android
- BlackBerry Widgets (OS 5.0 and higher)

Read As Data URL Quick Example
------------------------------

	var win = function(evt) {
		console.log(evt.target.result);
	};
	var fail = function(evt) {
		console.log(evt.target.error);
	};

    var paths = navigator.fileMgr.getRootPaths();
	var reader = new FileReader();
	reader.onload = win;
	reader.onerror= fail;
	reader.readAsDataURL(paths[0] + "readme.txt");

Read As Text Quick Example
--------------------------

	var win = function(evt) {
		console.log(evt.target.result);
	};
	var fail = function(evt) {
		console.log(evt.target.error);
	};

    var paths = navigator.fileMgr.getRootPaths();
	var reader = new FileReader();
	reader.onload = win;
	reader.onerror= fail;
	reader.readAsText(paths[0] + "readme.txt");

Abort Quick Example
-------------------

	var aborted = function(evt) {
		console.log(evt.target.error);
	};

    var paths = navigator.fileMgr.getRootPaths();
	var reader = new FileReader();
	reader.onabort = aborted;
	reader.readAsText(paths[0] + "readme.txt");
	reader.abort();

Full Example
------------

    <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
                          "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">

        <title>Contact Example</title>

Example

Read File

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Novak Djokovic goes gluten free.
Patty Schnyder ODs on OJ.
A middle-aged man who described himself as a "natural therapist" somehow convinced Schnyder that it would help her game to drink three litres of orange juice a day, and to become a vegan. This same consultant also claimed he had found the cure for AIDS and cancer, and treated Schnyder's injuries with hot wax and rolling pins covered in needles. Schnyder and the "natural therapist" became lovers, and her parents were so concerned about their daughter's orange juice consumption, and other issues, that they hired a private detective to investigate. The result was not what mum and dad would have wished for; the Swiss dumped the therapist and married the private detective, though the wedding had to be postponed until after he had completed a prison sentence for fraud.
Even more shocking than the Frenchwoman's refusal to wear a corset on court, or that she sometimes flashed a bit of ankle, and occasionally wept between points when events were turning against her, was the way she sipped from a brandy flask on court. Lenglen, who was handed the flask by her father between sets, sipped casually, as if there was nothing odd about drinking spirits during a match. Fortified by the brandy, Lenglen often played better on the resumption than she had been when sober.
Martina Navratilova Big Mac's across America.
Before Navratilova introduced women's tennis to nutrition and gym-hardened calves and biceps, she was a tubby teenager who had just defected from Czechoslovakia. On her arrival in the United States, she was so enamoured by the fast-food chains that she put on a great deal of weight and someone gave her the unflattering nickname of 'The Great Wide Hope'. "Yes, I Big Mac'd across America," Navratilova has recalled of those days, though she soon banned cheeseburgers and binged instead on steamed vegetables.
During the summer of 2001, Ivanisevic spent his mornings watching Teletubbies, his afternoons playing tennis, and his evenings sitting at the same table of the same restaurant, ordering the same food. After a starter of fish soup, he had lamb and chips, and then ice-cream with hot chocolate sauce.
Venus Williams no longer dodges salad.
Mardy Fish stops eating pizzas and burgers.
Not for him the tennis orthodoxy of fuelling for a match the night before by having a dry chicken breast or a plate of pasta; this young Canadian has a steak and he has it medium rare, so still a little bloody. "It's always steak and it's always medium rare," said Raonic, and as he moves up the rankings, the meat will doubtless become more expensive.
go for vegetarian thali with seasonal fruits and vegetables it provides you all most all needed amino acids , essentials fatty acids , and required amounts of carbohydrates ,macro & micro minerals and anti oxidants and protects your brain and belly. and can stay fit , live long. in my family almost every one lived beyond 75 years that too with any medical help. .


It's Sunday. At lunch, Jean observes his family. They ask him questions, but don't listen to his answers; they give him advice but don't follow it themselves; they fawn over him and smack him, but that's normal, it's Sunday lunch.


I was rather taken with this history of blogging, being a cat lover myself - not a crazy Brigitte Bardot type dotty old bat with 50 rescued moggies doing a wall of death jumping from curtains to chair tops to kitchen work-surfaces to tiny window into the garden without once touching down paw to tile - having just the one, Ulysse.
I haven't actually blogged about him much mainly because he keeps himself to himself so I don't see what he gets up to. I know he's the chef du quartier and sees off intruders without much injury, to himself at least. It's only now that the weather is getting cooler that he is deigning to spend more time in our company. Asleep.
Funny how the History of Blogging sounds different if you replace 'cat' with 'dog'. It's just not the same.
Is this what blogging boils down to really though? Telling cat tales? Ultimately, probably, yes. But you're getting into deep water if you ask 'what is the meaning of blogging?', almost as much as if you ask 'what is the meaning of life?'. You can answer both with 'existence'. A blogger's desire to exist visibly - I blog online, therefore I am - is palpably linked to the point of his/her existence. If nobody sees you, are you really there?
So, to celebrate the reaffirmation of my existence, for your pleasure and your joy, I offer you the latest cat cartoon from Simon's Cat.
The ultimate in cat blogging.


text:
News Coverage from USA
Under scrutiny, Raiders Mike Mayock used to dish it himself
29.04.2019 by news coverage
Jarrett Bell
Published 7:19 AM EDT Apr 29, 2019
ALAMEDA, Calif. – Just like old times, Mike Mayock was game for the traditional "Stump the Truck" exercise he used to engage in during his years as lead draft guru for the NFL Network.
Only this time, Mayock was actually on the clock.
The Oakland Raiders' rookie GM nonetheless decided to play along during the latter stages of the draft on Saturday after a getting a text-message request from one of his former colleagues, producer Charlie Yook. And yes, he stumped the crew in the production truck – the objective is to dig up highlight footage of an obscure prospect – by texting back the name of Quinton Bell.
The twist? Bell, a defensive end from Prairie View A&M, was the Raiders' seventh-round pick and Mayock's final selection in his debut draft. The timing was such that the crew on the set at Mayock's old job mentioned his "stump" pick at nearly the precise moment when the real pick was announced at the draft in Nashville.
More: New York Giants draft choice Corey Ballentine shot and injured, college teammate killed
More: NFL draft grades 2019: Patriots' class among best, Giants' haul confounds
Want news from USA TODAY on WhatsApp? Click this link on your mobile device to get started
"I thought we could have a little fun with it, and it was cool," Mayock said after the draft.
It was an interesting convergence of old job meets new job. The selection of Bell symbolized of how the process is supposed to work as Jon Gruden's personnel chief. Internally, scouting coordinator Teddy Atlas III kept pushing for Bell, a 240-pounder who runs the 40 in 4.4. Mayock was ultimately convinced. Add with the made-for-TV element, theatre won – at least on that pick.
Yet whether the Raiders will be big winners in replacing ousted GM Reggie McKenzie with Mayock – with no experience calling war room shots – is still to be determined.
The Raiders, coming off a 4-12 finish, just had arguably the most important draft in franchise history, with three first-round picks and four choices among the top 35. Since 2002, Oakland (which will soon be Las Vegas) has had one winning season, one playoff berth.
For all the pressure on Gruden, who came from TV himself last year with a 10-year contract worth $100 million, there's a new layer with the unconventional hire of Mayock. How Mayock operated – and after sending many of the scouts home, due to trust issues – was one of the most compelling storylines of the draft.
When Mayock ran into Ozzie Newsome while out for dinner during the Senior Bowl week, he asked the Ravens' long-time GM if he had any advice.
"He said, 'Mike, all I can tell you is that having an opinion is a hell of a lot easier than making a decision,' " Mayock recalled of the exchange with Newsome. "You kind of feel the weight of that in the draft room."
He knows. Shortly after the draft — when the Raiders selected four players who played for either Clemson or Alabama in the national championship game, and placed a premium on leadership — Mayock joked that would have essentially been Miller Time at that point. Not now. He must live with the picks, beginning with defensive end Clelin Ferrell, whose selection at No. 4 overall stunned draftniks.
"The difference is just ownership, skin in the game," said Mayock of the TV comparison. "It just meant something different this week for me."
On TV, Mayock approached his role as if he were the GM for 32 teams. Now he's the GM of one, although a feel for the other 31 is essential.
"His leadership in a tough situation was impressive," Gruden, the Raiders coach, told USA TODAY after the draft. "He came out of television and had an unbelievable amount of intel on the players because of what he's been doing for the last few years."
We'll see. The instant grades (from the likes of USA TODAY's Nate Davis) don't matter so much now. The quality of any team's draft class will be revealed in time.
Even so, that didn't stop Gruden from some quick, post-draft analysis as he chatted in the parking lot at the team's headquarters. "I think we had a good draft … as long as the coaching doesn't screw it up."
During his years at the NFL Network, Mayock developed immense respect. He was, after all, one who rated Khalil Mack (traded away last year by Gruden) as the best player in the 2014 draft. And he pounded the table for Alvin Kamara, who turned out to be a steal for the Saints.
But, remember this: Mayock also rated Johnny Manziel over Derek Carr and Teddy Bridgewater, and thought Blaine Gabbert was a better prospect than Cam Newton. Oops.
Maybe Ferrell, Mayock's first pick as GM, will come to represent whether this works for the Raiders. After Mack was dealt to the Bears, the Raiders defense ranked last in the NFL in sacks and scoring. It will be easy for fans and observers to judge Ferrell by a Mack standard.
Already, at least one former Raiders executive, Mike Lombardi, questioned the methods that led to the pick – and noted in his column for The Athletic that the late Al Davis would have never drafted a player without having a 40 time. Ferrell didn't run the 40 at the combine, Clemson's pro day or private workouts.
"Does it bother me that he didn't run a 40? Yeah, a little bit it does," Mayock said. "Especially because he's such a hard worker and everything. Jon and I had the conversation … it kind of went to I just said, 'Listen, we've got three years of tape. If we can't figure out if this kid can rush the passer and set an edge, it's on us, not on him.' "
The performance of the players will provide a certain bottom-line measurement for Mayock, in concert with the team's won-loss record as Gruden seeks to ignite the type of resurgence with the franchise that he achieved during his first stint as Raiders coach from 1998-2001. Yet the chemistry between the two – Gruden has ultimate say in personnel decisions, but is relying on Mayock to make the picks – also has a make-or-break dynamic.
McKenzie, who has since landed with the Dolphins as Assistant GM, stayed aboard after Gruden's hire despite opportunities for potential GM jobs elsewhere. Yet less than a year later, he was out, seemingly due to a lack of chemistry and philosophy. Now Gruden is working alongside a long-time friend, touting their similar philosophies in viewing players – although both admit they've had constructive debates when fueled by different opinions.
"You have to work with somebody," Gruden said. "Some head coaches have more authority to make picks than others, but I've always deep down felt if you had the right battery – a combination of scouting and coaching and studying, can get along with people, respect each other – it could be a unique situation."
No doubt, it's unique. It was striking to hear Gruden talk about how Mayock energizes him. Energy is one of the trademarks of Gruden's coaching style – as in nobody brings more. Maybe he's met a match.
During the draft, Gruden said the environment was spiced by ribbing with Mayock.
"Every time one of the guys he liked more than me got drafted, he'd rub it in my face a little," Gruden said. "Then when my guys got picked … we had a lot of back and forth."
Mayock mentioned how he needed to get it right in assessing whether to trade up or back, and still draft targeted players.
"You're trying to tell Coach Gruden, 'Trust me, if we trade back 10 spots, our guy's still going to be there and we'll pick up another pick,' " Mayock said. "And Jon's staring at you and you're just sitting there going, 'Man, it's a lot different than NFL Network … and that guy better be there in 10 picks.' "
The draft is over, but Mayock is undoubtedly still on the clock.
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News Coverage from USA © 2021. All rights reserved


Anyways, ummm...yeah so now we got the old chat box back even though I'm still not really sure how to change the colour now. And it tooks damned awesome!
So I hope you enjoy the chatbox and...I hope to see you real soon. Don't forget to comment, share and get more viewers.


This was my answer on a recent Wednesday evening, every time I was asked "How are you?" or "How was your day?" Seeing babies come into the world just doesn't get old. And it certainly defines a day.
Tyler's birthday was so special. His birth was beautiful. His mom's strength, calm, and focus as she and her son worked together to bring him into the world were remarkable. He was in a position sometimes called "sunny side up," which unfortunately meant his mom's labor was probably more painful in her back than it would have been otherwise, but it also meant when he emerged from his cozy home of nine months, I had the great privilege of seeing his face right away. If his eyes had been open he would have been looking right at me. The sight of his sweet face took my breath away. "Look, there's his face!" I whispered to his dad, TJ.
The first time I met Sarah was in her backyard. A mutual friend had suggested we hang out, like a blind playdate, one afternoon when I was feeling especially stir-crazy at home with my own kids. She assured me Sarah wouldn't find it weird to have a stranger over to her house without even having that mutual friend there as a buffer. I nervously agreed and showed up with my two kids. As soon as we were there, I understood that what my friend had told me was true. Sarah welcomes everyone who comes to her house as if you're an old friend. Eat her food, let your kids make a mess with her kids, take a nap on her couch (I've witnessed this from another visitor since that first time we met, but I haven't personally done this… yet)—it's all good! She is unruffled by such things.
I've heard Sarah tell others since that first day that I met her that she views her house as a place meant for sharing. She has publicly professed that her house is messy so that other people feel comfortable there rather than feeling some sense of formality. And she'll tell you this without a hint of self-consciousness. I admire her confident and relaxed approach to hospitality.
And it's not just hospitality! When Sarah first told me she was pregnant, and I half-jokingly asked if she wanted a doula at her birth, she said, "I'm not particular about how my babies are born as long as they're healthy." And she really meant it. Of course everyone's goal is a healthy baby, but most women also have strong opinions about how they get to that outcome. Her "come what may" attitude that had served her well in previous births was genuine, and it remained so throughout Tyler's birthday as well. As I'm accustomed to women with very strong feelings about how they have given or will give birth, Sarah's neutrality was surprising. As her fourth child's birthday came and went, though, I learned that her neutrality is a blessing that is full of wisdom, and I hope some of it rubbed off on me.
It's that laid-back, warm hospitality and that open-armed embrace of all circumstances that came to mind again and again as I spent the day with Sarah and TJ in Labor and Delivery. They may have been en route to meeting their son, Tyler, but for most of the day it appeared as if they were just hanging out with a friend (that's me!). They shared stories without even a hint of a facade about so many aspects of their lives—homeschooling, their Christian faith, TJ's work history, their church history, previous births, dynamics between their children, exercise, friendships, etc. I was grateful to be welcomed into such transparent conversation throughout the day, and I was personally blessed by their wise counsel as a couple of parents/Christians/married people just a little way ahead of me on the road. As Sarah shared with me later, the day "felt like a car trip where you get good conversation in. It was really wonderful!" I don't know many people who would describe their labor to have a baby like that.
But Sarah would. Because the story of Tyler's birth is a smaller version of the story of who Sarah and TJ are and how they choose to live. Stay calm and relaxed, roll with whatever is happening, welcome whoever joins you along the journey, share your life with honesty and warmth, and enjoy each other's company.
When her contractions took a little hiatus, there was no fuss or worry. We just chatted. Then we all napped. When Sarah felt a little woozy after her epidural, she calmly relayed how she was feeling to her husband, me, and the nurse so that we could all work together to make sure she and Tyler were alright. The potential stress of that moment could have easily tipped most people into a panic, but the Burnses took it all in stride. When the contractions became more painful as our conversation about church was going deep, Sarah asked TJ to keep talking in order to distract her. As TJ and I pressed our fists into Sarah's hips and quietly reminded her to unwrinkle her brow or unclench her jaw, she never failed to end a contraction with a sigh and a, "Thanks, guys." The atmosphere in the room was one of peace and camaraderie as it had been all day.
And all day, I couldn't help but think of that birth room as a microcosm of this couple's approach to life. In many ways, it was just another day. On the other hand, it was a day so special that it called for high spirits, for joy, for laughter, for letting go of every potential anxiety. And from all my interactions with Sarah or TJ, that seems to be how they treat every day. With gratitude, with joy, and with hands that are open to let go of life's worries and welcome other people into their lives.
There was so much wisdom in the way those two approached writing the story of their newest son's birth—wisdom not just for birth but for all of life, as well. I'm grateful to have spent that day in that microcosm and to have had the chance to learn from them. Thank you, Sarah and TJ, for treating strangers as friends until they become just that.
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text:
The 'Steve Jobs' of Cannabis Started As a Patient
RxLeaf April 11, 2019 1 comment
Weed millionaire started his cannabis journey by treating epilepsy.
Joshua Haupt was just 14-years-old when he had a terrible experience that would change the trajectory of his life. What had started as a regular school day ended in emergency. Haupt had a seizure while eating breakfast and was rushed to the hospital, where doctors diagnosed him with epilepsy. This disease, however, led him to become a top cannabis entrepreneur and weed millionaire. And now, at the age of 32, Haupt is nicknamed the "Steve Jobs" of cannabis.
A Young Man Takes Health To The Garden
Initially, Haupt tried prescribed pharmaceuticals. These lessened the seizure activity, but the side effects were negatively impacting his life. He started to gain weight and that was followed by serious hair loss. By the age of 22, he'd had enough.
Haupt took over the family garden to grow cannabis to treat his epilepsy. His family was not entirely on board with the decision, but he wouldn't be discouraged. It was obvious that cannabis was helping him, and by the time he turned 24, he was off pharmaceuticals and only using cannabis.
Weed Millionaire Grows Green Thumb Into Fortune
Haupt grew up with a passion for gardening. He was a natural green thumb and, as a result, his cannabis plants skyrocketed. Quite literally! His plants were so big that he was able to get 3 times more product than the average grower. But, he decided not to keep his talents to himself. After all, other patients across the globe may need help with their grow ops.
Haupt is still on the 'natural' side of the debate. He acknowledges the FDA-approved pharmaceutical, called Epidiolex, but prefers to stay with cannabis. Epidiolex is a cannabis-based pharmaceutical, made from CBD extract and used for the treatment of epileptic conditions such as Dravet Syndrome. This pharma product seems to be the reason why CBD was de-scheduled in 2018.
Joshua Haupt has certainly traveled a long road. Many people doubted him and criticized home remedies, like cannabis. But he quickly showed them that all it takes is a little motivation to take charge of your health and determination to make a cannabis business bloom. The rest would follow from there.
Extraordinary Career Path
Haupt's parents were a big influence for his grit and drive. Dad declared he'd never work as someone else's employee again and became an entrepreneur. His mother supported his dad's decision and Haupt watched them work hard for success in their own start-up.
Using that inspiration, Haupt grew his reputation in the cannabis industry by applying the skills he learned from an anonymous mentor. Under this tutelage, he was able to further increase the yield per plant to the holy grail of three pounds per indoor grow light.
And it didn't take long for people to notice the enormous harvests. Haupt became a grow celebrity – a guru for 'how to' transform a small seed into months worth of medicine.
Via HuffPost; Joshua Haupt, the weed millionaire
Weed Millionaire Shares His Secrets in a Book
It took Haupt two and a half years to create a top-selling guidebook for standard operations in a grow business: Three a Light. Each book sells for $300 and promises a 100% money back guarantee.
Then he took it one step further. Alongside his green thumb manual, Haupt developed, "Success Nutrients", a nutrient supplement made specifically for cannabis plants. The nutrient ratios needed for cannabis aren't always the same as those for other plants. This supplement is meant to help novice growers increase their yields.
Seizure Free and Thriving
The seizure-free father of two has since sold his nutrient and guidebook companies, Success Nutrients and Pono Publications. This comprises a good portion of his fortunes. Medicine Man Technologies bought Haupt's companies in 2017, for 7 million shares. Haupt is not out of the business, as he still owns 4.4 million shares (worth around $9 million) of Medicine Man.
And of course, he still grows in the two cannabis grow facilities he owns in his home state.
Update: As of March 2019, Haupt's book, Three A Light, is back in stock. Haupt is still happy, healthy, and living his best life with his wife and children, in Colorado. Further, Medicine Man Technologies recently announced it would be buying up eleven other Colorado businesses.
RxLeaf December 22, 2021
How To Roll a Cannabis Cigar (Thai Stick)
RxLeaf October 7, 2021
Big Pharma has Controlled Medicine in America Since 1910
Matt Weeks February 26, 2021
One Teaspoon of Carbofuran Can Kill. Is it in Your Cannabis?
Jay Macz
So much for poor sick people buying his book. I'm all for him making a buck, but christ, $300! Shameful.


Here's a new upload from James Kalm of new paintings by Thornton Willis on exhibition at the Elizabeth Harris Gallery until April 23 . The "Step-Up" paintings are described as the next step in this painter's evolution, and show us the artist's masterful brushwork, along with a preference for an intense palette. Includes an interview with Thornton Willis.


The Ultimate Incognito is made to be worn inside or outside the waistband. Inside carry is the same as the orginal Incognito holster. Outside carry can be worn through the belt. The belt will travel through the belt channel and then run through the belt slot to wrap the gun/holster into the body to maximize concealment. The Ultimate Incognito is made and designed by Next Holster.


[WeblogicDeploymentPlugin] - Not properly build causes expected (configured=org.jenkinsci.plugins.deploy.weblogic.trigger.DeploymentTrigger) (currents=hudson.triggers.TimerTrigger$TimerTriggerCause@5) : The plugin execution is disabled.
So, Could please tell me how to use deploy periodically for maven projects.
I'm also facing same problem.
Ye Gaung added a comment - 2012-12-03 09:51 I'm also facing same problem.
For me, "Deployment policy" selection is seem like never work. Because I tried out for the following option but deployment never do and it say the plug-in execution is disabled on console.
Sorry for the so late response.
It will be fixed in the 2.4 version.
Raphael CHAUMIER added a comment - 2013-07-23 08:13 Sorry for the so late response. It will be fixed in the 2.4 version.


When Heroes premiered on NBC, it was a bona fide phenomenon, and although the later seasons never lived up to the promise of the first season, the show left a legacy of long-form storytelling behind. And now that the show has returned in ambitious (if under viewed) fashion, there are many new stories to tell.
Heroes Reborn: Collection One brings us three stories set in the Heroes Reborn universe: the first reimagines the pilot episode, the second takes us into the backstory of Father Mauricio, and the third explores one of the series' new villains, as a corrupt cop and a drug dealer do battle, only to find themselves swept up in a greater conspiracy as the U.S. government's Evo hunters cross paths with another shadowy force.
These three tales are an intriguing way to expand upon the universe of the reboot, but fans of the original series should be warned: these stories don't have much in the way of ties to the original, save for an occasional namedrop here or there.
Although the third story is pretty take-it-or-leave-it, the first two complement the new series nicely, adding gentle touches and refreshing color to the world of the show.


It springs wonder how technology has amassed remarkable improvement in the last few decades. Read full Lenovo Flex 6 14 inch laptop review.
Computer revolutionized the way we used to do works. Slowly but steadily, it crept into our living space, allowing us to establish connection with the world, dig up information and even do shopping right from our home.
But technological advancement never stopped there. The big size computer slowly gave way to small size desktops and then, laptops and notepads. You can learn more about the Lenovo Flex 6 14 inch Laptop Review.
The laptops are a favourite with all and sundry, especially the students, office-goers and frequent travellers. They always look for lightweight systems that they can easily carry.
Laptops perfectly suit their purpose. The computer manufacturing industry is buzzing with new ideas.
The companies are in tight competition to mate the latest technology with innovative design concept.
In this article, we will limit our focus to pros and cons of Lenovo Flex 6 14" 2-in-1 laptop to help you understand whether it deserves your hard-earned money. Read More about 10 best Lenovo laptops.
Lenovo has made the versatile laptop with the best components in multiple compartments under the lid, it borrows power from amazingly speedy 8th generation Intel core processor and 8 GB of DDR4 RAM.
The 14-inch touch screen offers incredibly neat and nice pictures. Lenovo has installed 256GB of HDD to allow the users to go on adding important files, photos, videos and songs.
The maker has also planted a NVIDIA graphics card to ensure the best quality outputs.
The system is flexible and adaptable. You can easily convert it into tablet and back to laptop. The device looks extremely stylish. It is engineered to offer the best entertainment experience.
Thanks to integration of Dolby Digital Audio and Harmon Speakers, You will always get to experience amazing special effects.
It is impossible not to speak of Lenovo while discussing about computers (both laptop and desktop). The brand has picked up admiration from different segments with varying needs and pocket sizes.
This easy-to-covert versatile 14-inch laptop comes with all the power and features that you need to streamline your personal and high-end professional works.
The 8th generation Intel i5 processor along with 8 GB of DDR4 RAM provides fast bootup and smooth multitasking. Read top laptop brands by our team.
If it comes to display, the laptop is packed with necessary features to produce amazing detailing and bright images. The touch-sensitive screen produces fast pen responsiveness.
You can easily switch from laptop to tablet mode and vice versa. Do your daily chores, enjoy a short break, watch movies, play games – the system will never fail to ensure the best user experience for you.
And if you are finical about design, this Lenovo convertible model is something to take pride in. Polished with perfect aluminium finishing, the system looks ultra smart and super stylish.
Last but not the least, it comes with the right number ports to allow you to stay connected with Internet and use multiple external devices as per your choice.
When 8th generation Intel i5 processor works behind the screen, there is no reason to grow sceptical about its power and performance.
The powerhouse in combination with 8 GB of DDR4 RAM ensures speedy boot and reboot.
The combination also guarantees super fast speed and smooth performance.
Its function is not limited to only high-end professional works. In fact, it comes packed with necessary elements to allow the users to enjoy entertainment and gaming to full extent.
You can run memory-hungry apps and play high-end games without having to worry about the system running slow.
The system is highly versatile, implying that it allows the users to do multiple tasks with ease and never goes slow even if multiple tabs are open.
The Lenovo flex model is light and slim enough to make it to the ultraportable category. However, it feels little bit thicker and heavier than its other competitors available at higher price ranges.
Its plastic cover looks simple and professional. The cover feels strong and durable. The slightly tapered lid contains the company logo. The polished aluminium surface makes the system shiny and strong.
Without any doubt, the device is durable. The lid is immune to fingerprints but unfortunately attracts oily smudges.
The system, offering convertibility on the highest level, features 360-degree hinge. The feature allows effortless transition from laptop mode to tablet mode and back.
The flex features twin sturdy hinges that hold the display in the right place and minimize wobble. The feature definitely adds to one's visual and overall entertainment experience.
The Lenovo Flex 6 features 14" full-HD display. With reasonable detailing, brightness and sharpness, display quality is quite satisfying.
However, if compared with other more or less same-priced competitors known for offering amazing display, this Flex version falls short on brightness.
During our tests, it produced 224 nits at the centre of the screen (maximum brightness) and it is much below 250-nit low water mark needed for comfortable indoor viewing.
You will hardly experience any problem while doing works at your workplace but it is unlikely to enjoy a good experience when you are looking at the screen outdoors or sitting by an open window. In fact, you may have to squint your eyes to see the images.
A good point about the Flex version is the viewing angles feel pretty good. The screen looks slightly dim when viewed from extreme angles. The display unit shows no inverse colours, which are common to cheaper displays.
The touch screen responds quickly to swipes and taps. Lenovo also offers excellent pen support for its Flex 6 system.
The touchscreen is perfectly built for Lenovo's Active Pen coming with a plastic USB pen holder and pressure sensitivity on 2,048 levels but you have to pay for the accessory.
Lenovo has packed a discreet NVIDIA GeForce MX130 graphics card in the slot. The aim is to produce a more powerful and fascinating visual delight for the users.
From simple computing needs to complex professional purpose, gaming to entertainment, the system is designed to deliver speedy performance and pleasant experience for the users.
The hard drive installed in the Lenovo Flex 6 version is spacious enough to store a larger number of byte-hungry files containing words and images, music and movies and many more.
You can go on creating documents and downloading files; the storehouse is unlikely to be saturated even in remote future.
The system integrates a 256 GB of solid HDD. That explains why the system continues running at a consistently high speed for whatever apps are run on it.
The Flex 6 version from Lenovo's stable offers an average battery life. On a single recharge, it goes on for nearly 7.5 hours.
Many laptops in the same or even lower price ranges have a longer battery life but still, it is not bad either if we consider that the system comes with 45 watt-hour battery capacity.
The Lenovo Flex 6 is packed with a host of brilliant features. Major specifications apart, there are much more for your amazement.
Equipped with Harmon speakers and Dolby Digital Studio, the Lenovo Flex 6 is built to be an entertainment hub.
Decent detailing and bright display coupled with outstanding sound quality adds to your multimedia and entertainment experience.
With the system, you can build up a home Theatre like experience at your home. Check out Lenovo Flex 6 manual.
The laptop comes with multiple ports for plugging an array of external devices. Its full array of ports includes USB 3.0, USB-C 3.0 and HDMIN. The device allows you to stay connected with AC WiFi.
The backlit keyboard coming with slightly concave keys feels pretty good. Lenovo has abstained from a 10-key numeric keypad in favour of creating a roomy option. The Flex's trackpad feels ultra smooth and responsiveness.
The midsize trackpad does not register false swipes but you need to exert a decent amount of pressure for a click.
Flex features a fingerprint reader right beneath its keyboard's bottom-right corner.
The feature enables you to unlock your profile on Windows and also open the Hello-compatible apps on the OS with only a single touch.
During our tests, we made a good use of the fingerprint reader and experienced no problems.
It packs a webcam with 720p. The webcam sits on the top bezel of the display area. It felt pretty decent despite being a little noisy sometimes.
Still, it is strong enough to capture sharp and bright videos and perfect for Skype chatting at home as well as on the go.
The laptop has a got a high-price tag. Built for professional works as well as entertainment, it has registered a decent amount of sale in the market. Most users are fascinated by its design and performance.
According to them, the plastic chassis along with aluminium finishing has given it some touches of sophistication in disguise of super simplicity.
The premium design feels solid and durable, enabling them to get dividends on their spending for a long time.
The PC MAG feels Lenovo Flex 6 14" inch device is made to produce powerful performance. No lag in high speed and consistently speedy performance justify one's spending on the device.
For any work done or any app run on it, the system takes your daily work experience or entertainment delight to the next height.
The users are not super happy with display quality. However, they are not unhappy with the brightness and clarity of images.
In daylight, the images don't look bright enough for easy viewing and that is a hitch with this Flex device. However, wider viewing angle is a big plus of the system.
Surely, it is an amazing device featuring both convertibility and versatility in a single system. It is easy to switch between laptop mode and touchpad mode.
The ultra slim and portable device is designed to deliver performance up to much articulated promises, thanks to a decent combo of 8th generation Intel processor, high powerful RAM and massive storage space.
The spec chart looks impressive and so its design as well as performance. The multitasking system can effortlessly manage an array of works simultaneously.
Equipped with Harmon speakers and Digital Dolby Audio, the convertible and versatile laptop will help you experience the special effects of high-end games and movies.
Lenovo Flex 6 model feature an amazing and interesting spec chart. The touchscreen device offers a speedy and comfortable typing experience. The display screen features quick responses even with soft touches and swipes.
Equipped with a fleet of ports, it enables you to plug in a number of external devices and stay connected via internet. Wi-Fi connection is enabled on the system.
Overall we can really boost of its sleek design with a strong built. A strong built is still offering the best solutions in the case of multi tasking.
It is being seen that this most affordable lappy is offering something which is deserved by millions of Lenovo customers.
In fact there are so many models which are not allowing many such features even with high price but this baby rocked the world.
It is having so many arrays of ports which allow you to find out the what more fun is there for you.
Speakers are great, its just that you have to carry a power bank every time to stay much more updated.
The big drawback of Lenovo Flex 6 14" screen is its dim display. The disappointing graphics performance is a shame, as a discreet graphics card has been installed under the hood.


text:
Genetic Analysis Workshop 19: Sequence, Blood Pressure and Expression Data. Proceedings.
Prioritization of family member sequencing for the detection of rare variants
Rachel Sippy1,
Jill M Kolesar1, 2,
Burcu F Darst1 and
Corinne D Engelman1Email author
The advent of affordable sequencing has enabled researchers to discover many variants contributing to disease, including rare variants. There are methods for determining the most informative individuals for sequencing, but the application of these methods is more complex when working with families. Sets of large families can be beneficial in finding rare variants, but it may be unfeasible to sequence all members of these family sets.
Using simulated data from the Genetic Analysis Workshop 19, we apply multiple regression to identify cases and controls. To find the best controls for each case, we used kinship coefficients to match within families. Selected cases and controls were analyzed for rare variants, collapsed by gene, associated with hypertension using the family-based rare variant association test (FARVAT).
The gene with the strongest simulated effect, MAP4, did not meet the Bonferroni corrected significance threshold. However, analysis of cases and controls using our selection method substantially improved the significance of MAP4, despite the reduction in sample size.
Taking the additional steps to select the optimal cases and controls from large family data sets can help ensure that only informative individuals are included in analysis and may improve the ability to detect rare variants.
Systolic Blood Pressure
Rare Variant
Kinship Coefficient
Genetic Analysis Workshop
Impute Genotype
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is an important tool in the discovery of rare variants that influence disease. Family-based association studies have likewise been crucial in the fine-mapping of genetic variants contributing to complex disease. Decreased sequencing costs have made it increasingly feasible to sequence large families or even large sets of families, but WGS remains too expensive for most studies. To address this, a subset of family members may be selected for WGS, but it can be difficult to determine which configuration of family members will have the greatest power to detect rare variants. Extreme phenotyping is an approach that compares individuals at opposite ends of the phenotypic spectrum with the thought that rare causal variants will be enriched for in the extremes of complex traits [1–3]. The appeal of this approach is its cost-effectiveness; however, the decrease in cost relies on the ability to cheaply phenotype many more patients than will be sequenced [3]. A drawback is the decreased sample size, which can result in loss of power. We modified the process of extreme phenotyping and combined it with family-based selection to make the best use of the data. We defined our cases and controls as individuals with extremes of unexplained variation in systolic blood pressure (SBP) after adjusting for covariates in a regression analysis; these individuals are most likely to have a genetic component explaining their SBP [1, 4]. As a second step, we used kinship coefficients to eliminate those individuals who are least likely to contribute useful genetic information to the analysis because they are either too closely related (eg, parent–child) or unrelated.
We analyzed replicate 1 of the simulated data set from the Genetic Analysis Workshop 19 (GAW19) T2D-GENES Project 2, a family data set with WGS data [5], with knowledge of the simulation model. The provided data set consisted of family-based WGS data and simulated phenotypes for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and SBP. Covariates included sex, age, hypertensive status, antihypertensive medication use, and smoking status. Prior to modeling, families without sequencing data available for any family member were omitted. The remaining sample consisted of 261 individuals with hypertension and 458 individuals without (base cases and controls; Table 1).
Descriptive characteristics of base population, potential cases and controls, and selected cases and controls
Base cases (n = 261)
Base controls (n = 458)
Potential cases (n = 170)
Potential controls (n = 277)
Selected cases (n = 128)
Selected controls (n = 188)
Selected cases vs. controls
Genes excluded
Gene sets
52.4 (17.3)
<0.0001
SBP (mm Hg)
143 (9.5)
116 (13.0)
DBP (mm Hg)
DBP diastolic blood pressure, NA not applicable, NS not significant, SBP systolic blood pressure
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) and range, n (%), or p values
Mean values were compared using a t-test; proportions were compared with a chi-squared test
Extremes of unexplained variation
To define cases and controls, we modified an approach that selects participants with variation in their phenotype that is unexplained by known nongenetic risk factors, and thus are most likely to have a genetic component [1, 4]. Using SBP as the outcome, we used multiple regression to adjust for the following nongenetic variables that affect SBP: age, sex, smoking status, and antihypertensive medication use. The original data were longitudinal; for subjects with hypertension, the first year with this diagnosis was used in the model. If the year used had missing data and the next year had more complete data, that next year was used. For those without hypertension, the year with the most complete data was used. Subjects with hypertension who were above the regression line were those with unexplained high SBP and were selected as potential cases (n = 170; see Table 1). These cases are identified in red in Fig. 1. Subjects without hypertension who were below the regression line were those with unexplained low SBP and were selected as potential controls (n = 277; see Table 1). These potential controls are identified in blue in Fig. 1.
Modeling for selection of cases and controls. The base population used in modeling (n = 719) were plotted with their observed systolic blood pressure (SBP) and their expected SBP as predicted by multiple regression. Subjects in red are hypertensive above the mean and were designated as cases (n = 170). Subjects in blue are nonhypertensive below the mean and were designated as controls (n = 277)
Prioritization of subjects
The process for control selection is outlined in Fig. 2. Modeling resulted in several controls being available for each case; however, the familial relationship between these potential controls and cases had not yet been taken into consideration. Family structure was determined by kinship coefficients calculated with the family-based rare variant association test (FARVAT) using pedigree data [6]. Controls who were unrelated to any case were excluded, as they were genetically uninformative. In addition, parent–child pairs may be less powerful in association analyses as a result of overmatching [7], so controls who were parents of cases were excluded. Only nonparent controls who were related to cases (ie, with a nonzero kinship coefficient) were included in the analysis, and any cases without a related control were excluded. This resulted in some cases with multiple controls, and in other cases with only a single control.
Selection of cases and controls. Multistep process using modeling to choose potential cases and controls, and kinship coefficients to select cases and controls
Quality control of sequencing data
In addition to the quality control (QC) performed by the organizers of Genetic Analysis Workshop prior to release [5], further QC steps were taken using VCFtools version 0.1.12a [8] for chromosome 3, which initially included 1,757,452 sites among 464 sequenced individuals. No individuals were missing more than 10 % of calls, and thus, none were removed. Sites with a call rate of less than 95 % were removed (210,954 sites), as were sites that were out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium within the founders (6903 sites removed using n = 91 founders) at a p value cutoff of less than 2.9 × 10−8 (Bonferroni corrected: 0.05/1,546,498 = 3.2 × 10−8) leaving a total of 1,539,595 sites. Sites that did not pass QC were then removed from the data set of imputed genotypes that included 959 subjects (both sequenced individuals and those with imputed genotypes using the 464 sequenced subjects as input for the imputation). This data set contained 1,215,399 imputed sites, of which 87,555 sites were removed as a result of the aforementioned QC process, leaving 1,127,844 sites for analysis.
Gene-based annotation was performed with the sites remaining after QC using ANNOVAR (Annotate Variation) [9] and the human genome RefSeq database based on hg19. Sites in intragenic regions or outside of a gene were mapped to the closest gene. Those that were further than 5 kbp from a gene were excluded, as the simulation model selected causal variants that were within this range, which left 566,962 sites (560,882 out of range).
Sequencing data from chromosome 3 for each set of cases and controls (base, potential, and selected) were analyzed using FARVAT [10]. FARVAT allows for the use of a dichotomous outcome and takes little computational time. FARVAT provides burden-, variance component–, and SKAT-O–type tests, and additionally provides the Pedigree Combined Multivariate and Collapsing (PedCMC) [11] and collapsing-based tests [12]. We utilized the variance component-type test as this test performs well for genes with functional rare variants having effects in the opposite direction, as is likely to be the case for most genes [6]. Users have the option to specify an offset to improve statistical efficiency. We chose the disease prevalence-based offset, using the hypertension prevalence of 0.26 among Hispanic adults as reported by the National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES) [13]. In addition, age and sex were included as covariates.
Table 1 provides descriptive results of potential and selected cases and controls. Gene sets on chromosome 3 were analyzed by FARVAT; some gene sets were excluded, as FARVAT will not analyze gene sets with only 1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). FARVAT recalculates minor allele frequency among each set of individuals being analyzed, resulting in a different number of gene sets for each set of cases and controls, as shown in Table 1. After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (p = 0.05/1389 = 0.000036), none of the genes reached significance for any of the 3 sets of cases and controls. Because MAP4 was simulated to be significantly associated with SBP, Table 2 includes the results for MAP4, along with the 10 most significant genes for each analysis, which tended to vary. Of the genes on chromosome 3, only MAP4, FLNB, and ABTB1 were simulated to have an effect on SBP, explaining 7.79 %, 0.29 %, and 0.13 % of the total variance in SBP. Although MAP4 did not meet the Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold, analysis of potential cases and controls showed improved significance for MAP4 over the analysis of all individuals in the base population, and analysis of selected cases and selected controls further improved the significance of MAP4. Figure 3 displays quantile-quantile plots of each analysis; these plots show no inflation of the observed p values, indicating that type I error was controlled.
Analysis of genes associated with hypertension in simulated data
Base cases & controls (n = 719)
Potential cases & controls (n = 447)
Selected cases & controls (n = 316)
PAQR9-AS1
MIR4790
CHMP2B
CSPG5
RUVBL1-AS1
SEMA3B
TMIE
SPSB4
FGD5-AS1
ERICH6-AS1
LOC102724699
MBNL1
SEC22C
DPPA2P3
ATRIP
IMPDH2
CIDEC
MAP6D1
PLXNB1
DLG1-AS1
IGSF10
Analysis of genes on chromosome 3 among different sets of cases and controls. MAP4 is shown in bold, as it has the strongest simulated effect on systolic blood pressure
Quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plots of analyses. Q-Q plots of each analysis, including base population, potential cases and controls, and selected cases and controls
The potential power of family data is appealing for the discovery of rare variants that contribute to complex disease. Family data sets can contain hundreds or thousands of individuals, and WGS may not be feasible for every individual in every family. Frequently, researchers will select some family members for sequencing and then impute sequencing data for the remaining family members using existing genome-wide SNP data, however, this can still be costly and the accuracy of imputation varies depending on the approach used [14, 15]. As an alternative, it is possible to limit analyses to fewer family members yet bypass imputation. Careful selection of cases and controls is key to narrow the potential candidates for sequencing. Our multistep approach can be applied to any outcome and allows elimination of those individuals who are least likely to have a genetic component to their outcome, with further elimination of those individuals who will be genetically uninformative to a rare variant association analysis. Multiple factors contribute to complex disease, and it may be important to consider all of these factors in the effort to find genetic determinants. By using multiple regression, we were able to take several covariates into consideration; each of these covariate phenotypes is easily and inexpensively obtained. The inclusion of these covariates allowed us to focus our attention on those individuals with unexplained and, likely, genetic hypertension. Through this approach, cases and controls were not simply defined as those with the highest and lowest blood pressures, respectively, but rather those with blood pressure that is higher or lower than expected given their age, sex, smoking habits, and blood pressure medication usage. The use of theoretical kinship coefficients ensured only genetically informative individuals were included in the analysis. As with any selection process, the sample size decreased as the requirements for inclusion became more stringent. While this decrease reduces costs, loss of power from decreased sample size is a serious concern. In addition, the combination of multiple phenotypic components into a case definition forces the use of a dichotomous outcome during analysis, which generally results in a loss of power. However, we found that the signal for MAP4, the gene with the strongest simulated effect on SBP, improved with each step of the selection process, indicating that our selection process overcame the loss of power because of a decrease in sample size and dichotomization of a quantitative trait.
Family data can be useful for the detection of rare variants, but must be carefully analyzed. There are options to prioritize the selection of cases and controls for sequencing and analysis. Careful case definitions, combined with information on family structure, can help ensure that only the most informative individuals are chosen for sequencing. This can help keep costs low and, potentially, improve the ability to detect rare variants. However, loss of power is a real concern, meaning the selection process may only yield meaningful results if there is a large base population from which to select.
We would like to thank Jace Otting for his assistance with data programming. This research was supported in part by a core grant to the Center for Demography and Ecology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (P2C HD047873).
This article has been published as part of BMC Proceedings Volume 10 Supplement 7, 2016: Genetic Analysis Workshop 19: Sequence, Blood Pressure and Expression Data. Summary articles. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/supplements/volume-10-supplement-7. Publication of the proceedings of Genetic Analysis Workshop 19 was supported by National Institutes of Health grant R01 GM031575.
RS completed analysis and writing. JMK assisted with writing and data summaries. BFD cleaned and prepared sequencing data. CDE supervised all efforts. All read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 WARF Building, Madison, WI 53726, USA
School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
Lanktree MB, Hegele RA, Schork NJ, Spence JD. Extremes of unexplained variation as a phenotype: an efficient approach for genome-wide association studies of cardiovascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3(2):215–21.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
Lee S, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M, Lin X. Rare-variant association analysis: study designs and statistical tests. Am J Hum Genet. 2014;95(1):5–23.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
Li D, Lewinger JP, Gauderman WJ, Murcray CE, Conti D. Using extreme phenotype sampling to identify the rare causal variants of quantitative traits in association studies. Genet Epidemiol. 2011;35(8):790–9.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
Spence JD, Barnett PA, Bulman DE, Hegele RA. An approach to ascertain probands with a non-traditional risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1999;144(2):429–34.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Blangero J, Teslovich TM, Sim X, Almeida MA, Jun G, Dyer TD, Johnson M, Peralta JM, Manning AK, Wood AR, et al. Omics squared: human genomic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic data for Genetic Analysis Workshop 19. BMC Proc. 2015;9(8):S2.Google Scholar
Choi S, Lee S, Cichon S, Nothen MM, Lange C, Park T, Won S. FARVAT: a family-based rare variant association test. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(22):3197–205.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Yan T, Yang YN, Cheng X, DeAngelis MM, Hoh J, Zhang H. Genotypic association analysis using discordant-relative-pairs. Ann Hum Genet. 2009;73(1):84–94.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Danecek P, Auton A, Abecasis G, Albers CA, Banks E, DePristo MA, Handsaker RE, Lunter G, Marth GT, Sherry ST, et al. The variant call format and VCFtools. Bioinformatics. 2011;27(15):2156–8.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
Wang K, Li M, Hakonarson H. ANNOVAR: functional annotation of genetic variants from high-throughput sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010;38(16):e164.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
Jiang D, McPeek MS. Robust rare variant association testing for quantitative traits in samples with related individuals. Genet Epidemiol. 2014;38(1):10–20.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Zhu Y, Xiong M. Family-based association studies for next-generation sequencing. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90(6):1028–45.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
Morris AP, Zeggini E. An evaluation of statistical approaches to rare variant analysis in genetic association studies. Genet Epidemiol. 2010;34(2):188–93.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
Nwankwo T, Yoon SS, Burt V, Gu Q. Hypertension among adults in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2013;133:1–8.Google Scholar
Song S, Shields R, Li X, Li J. Joint analysis of sequence data and single-nucleotide polymorphism data using pedigree information for imputation and recombination inference. BMC Proc. 2014;8 Suppl 1:S20.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
Hinrichs AL, Culverhouse RC, Suarez BK. Genotypic discrepancies arising from imputation. BMC Proc. 2014;8 Suppl 1:S17.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar


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Plaintiff Attorney Legal Information Center
Example Pretrial Documents for Plaintiff's Lawyers
Change Venue Motion
Sample Motion to Quash Deposition
Motion to Quash Videotaped Deposition
Example Motion to Quash Videotaped Deposition
Below is an example of a motion to quash a videotaped deposition. This was a defense motion filed because the defense lawyer does not like that we videotape depositions. It was silly but we are putting it up so people can see the form of such a motion in Maryland. Elsewhere, we have a motion to quash in federal court.
MOTION TO QUASH PLAINTIFFS' NOTICE OF VIDEOTAPE DEPOSITION
Defendant, Scarlett Johansson, by her attorney, pursuant to Maryland Rule 2-412, hereby moves this Court to quash Plaintiffs' Notice of Videotape Deposition, and for reason states:
Maryland Rule 2-412 mandates that a party desiring to a take a deposition serve notice of the deposition on other parties. "The notice shall state the time and place for taking the deposition ...." Md. Rule 2-412(a).
Courts have interpreted the Rule rigidly, requiring that a notice of deposition include the time and place for taking the deposition. See Womble v. Miller, 25 Md. App. 656, 665, 336 A.2d 138, 144 (1975).
In the case at hand, Plaintiffs have served Defendant with a Notice of Videotape Deposition, advising that Plaintiffs intend to take the deposition of witness Kenneth York for use at trial. See Plaintiffs' Notice of Videotape Deposition, attached as Exhibit I.
The Notice states: "Because Mr. York is a Merchant Marine and the schedule of his ship may vary with weather conditions, the date, time, and location of his deposition will be agreed upon by and between counsel of record in accordance with his ship's itinerary ...." See id.
Plaintiffs' Notice of Videotape Deposition plainly violates Rule 2-412(a). The Notice does not state the time and place for taking the deposition but merely puts forth that the time and place will be agreed upon at some time in the future.
In effect, Plaintiffs' Notice provides no notice to Defendant at all.
By mandating that "notice shall state the time and place for taking the deposition," Rule 2-412(a) could not have intended a notice of deposition to be sufficient by setting forth merely that the time and place will be agreed upon at some point in the future.
Because Plaintiffs' Notice of Videotape Deposition plainly violates Rule 2-412(a) and does not serve the purpose of providing sufficient notice to Defendant, Plaintiffs' Notice should be quashed.
WHEREFORE, Defendant, Scarlett Corso, respectfully requests that this Honorable Court quash Plaintiffs' Notice of Videotape Deposition.
POINTS AND AUTHORITIES
Maryland Rule 2-412 (2009).
Womble v. Miller, 25 Md. App. 656, 336 A.2d 138 (1975).
Womble v. Miller
Womble is an oft-cited case deposition dispute cases although it really has no application to the defense motion above. In Womble, the plaintiff failed to appear for one deposition and would not answer any questions at a second deposition. The sanction imposed by the trial court was that the plaintiff was sanctioned (a crushing $137 in the 1970s). The Maryland Court of Special Appeals affirmed, finding that although a deponent appeared for his deposition, his refusal to answer questions constituted a violation of what the Maryland Rules. Accordingly, the trial court had the authority to sanction a party who fails to appear at their deposition.
Wilson v. NBS
Another frequently cited case in these type of disputes is Wilson v. N.B.S., 130 Md. 430, 444 (2000). In this case, the court found that, "Maryland case law teaches that merely because a specific discovery failure is not covered expressly by the sanctions rule, in and of itself, does not means that the rule is inapplicable."
In Wilson, the Court of Special Appeals looked at whether the trial court could impose sanctions in a lead paint case, where the alleged victim, a minor child, did not appear for a court ordered psychological examination. There is no specific authority in the rules for imposing a sanction in that situation. Still, the Maryland Court of Specials affirmed the trial court's dismissal of the case. The court found that when the conduct of a party "technically does not constitute a failure to abide by the rules of discovery, the court nevertheless may have rule-based sanctions authority under Rule 4-333."
Sample motions
Sample deposition notice
Example Motion to Quash Videotaped Deposition | Maryland Personal Injury Lawyers


Job Goal: To create a flexible elementary grade program and a class environment favorable to learning and personal growth.
Supervision: Reports to the Building Principal. Supervises personnel as designated by the Principal or the Superintendent.
1. Establishes effective rapport with pupils; to motivate pupils to develop skills, attitudes and knowledge needed to provide a good foundation for upper elementary grade education, in accordance with each pupil's ability.
2. Establishes good relationships with parents and with other staff members.
3. Teaches reading, language arts, social studies, mathematics, science, art, health, physical education, and music to pupils in a classroom, using the course of study adopted by the School Committee and other appropriate learning activities.
4. Instructs students in citizenship and basic subject matter specified in state law and administrative regulations and procedures of the school.
5. Develops lesson plans and instructional materials and provides individualized and small group instruction in order to adapt the curriculum to the needs of each pupil.
6. Translates lesson plans into learning experiences so as to best utilize the available time for instruction.
7. Establishes and maintains standards of pupil behavior needed to achieve a functional learning atmosphere in the classroom.
8. Evaluates pupils' academic and social growth, keeps appropriate records, and prepares progress reports.
9. Communicates with parents through conferences and other means to discuss pupil's progress and interpret the school's program.
11. Creates an effective environment for learning through functional and attractive displays, bulletin boards, and interest centers.
12. Maintains professional competence through in-service education activities provided by the school and self-selected professional growth activities.
13. Selects and requisitions books and instructional aids; maintains required inventory records.
14. Supervises pupils in out-of-classroom activities during the assigned working day.
15. Administers group standardized tests in accordance with the school testing program.
16. Participates in curriculum development programs as required.
17. Participates in faculty committees and the sponsorship of pupil activities.
18. Any other duties as may be assigned by Administration.
BACHELOR'S DEGREE. MASSACHUSETTS DESE LICENSURE FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD K-3 AND OR ELEMENTARY LICENSURE 1-6.
Preferred experience with Early Reading Intervention, Bay State Reading Institute/Momenta literacy strategies, Fastbridge Assessment System and Data-Wise decision making.
Physical Requirements: The position requires a moderate amount of walking, standing, sitting and climbing stairs and step stool whenever necessary. Activities also include moderate physical exertion in body movement such as reaching, bending, twisting, grasping, pushing, and pulling of objects. The position requires lifting objects of 20 pounds on a frequent basis, and over 20 pounds occasionally. There is a frequent requirement of fine manipulation associated with the required use of a computer, typewriter, keyboard, calculator, and other business machines.


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MUMBAI 26/11 : A DAY OF INFAMY
Mumbai -26/11 saw a mix of commando-style attacks typical of the special
forces of an army and indiscriminate killing of civilians typical of the Lashkare-
Toiba (LeT), the Pakistani jihadi organization. The meticulous planning, the
thorough training of the 10 LeT terrorists, who carried it out, and the close coordination
of the attacks from the command and control of the LeT had the stamp
of Al Qaeda and Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence with both of which the LeT
has a close relationship.
The LeT terrorists attacked a mix of targets—innocent Indian civilians in public
places, Jewish people in a religious-cum-cultural centre and members of the Indian
and foreign social and business elite in two five-star hotels. The attacks on the Jewish
centre and the hotels lasted over 60 hours and were continuously telecast live by
the TV channels.
The success of the terrorist attacks, mounted from the sea, highlighted once again
the serious deficiencies in India's national security apparatus and the role of Pakistan
in the spread of terrorism across the world. Have we drawn the right lessons in
respect of both? Can the Indian people expect at least now a more robust counterterrorism
policy to prevent another 26/11?
A day of Infamy
B Raman
www.lancerpublishers.com 2009 ISBN: 978-1-935501-16-9 Hb pp 242
Published in October 2009
DALAI LAMA'S VISIT TO TAWANG: STUDIED AMBIVALENCE
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, who discussed India-China bilateral issues with Prime Minister Wen Jiabo of China, on two occasions during his visit to Hua Hin in Thailand for the summit with ASEAN leaders, has maintained a studied ambivalence on the question of the reported plans of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to visit Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh next month to declare open a hospital constructed with assistance from the Tibetan exile community in India. China has repeatedly protested against the proposed visit. The latest protest was handed over by the Chinese Ambassador in New Delhi to the Ministry of External Affairs on the eve of the Hua Hin meeting between the two leaders.
2. Bilateral issues figured in the meeting of the two Prime Ministers in the margins of the summit on October 24,2009, as well as during a dinner hosted by the Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva for the participants in the summit. While the subject of the Dalai Lama's proposed visit did not appear to have figured at the bilateral meeting, it did figure during the discussions at the dinner as reportedly stated by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh himself during his interactions with the Indian journalists, who had accompanied him. It is not clear whether the Thai dinner preceded the bilateral meeting or followed it.
3.Dr.Manmohan Singh was careful in the formulation of his remarks on the Dalai Lama visit. He said: "I explained to Premier Wen that Dalai Lama is our honoured guest and he is a religious leader.We do not allow Tibetan refugees to indulge in political activities and proof of that is that we took resolute action against some Tibetans during Olympics (torch relay) last year following reports that some Tibetan refugees might create problems."
4.The most significant part of his formulation came in reply to a question from a journalist on the Dalai Lama's proposed visit to Arunachal Pradesh.Dr. Singh said HE WAS NOT AWARE OF THE DALAI LAMA'S PLANS. (Emphasis mine)
5. The proposed visit of His Holiness to Tawang in response to a local invitation from Arunachal Pradesh had been figuring in media reports for nearly two months now and the Chinese have repeatedly protested against it.India's Minister for External Affairs, Shri S.M.Krishna, had said that His Holiness was free to visit any part of India.
6. Till now, the Prime Minister himself had maintained a total silence on the issue. To have ruled out the visit would have been politically unwise for the Congress (I) in view of the recent elections in Arunachal Pradesh. Now that the elections are over and the Congress (I) has retained power, the Prime Minister no longer seems to feel the need to observe political caution on the subject lest the electoral fortunes of the Congress (I) be affected.
7.Is he preparing the ground for ending the controversy and defusing the tension with Beijing on the subject by quietly persuading His Holiness to postpone the visit for some personal reasons? (26-10-09)
(The writer is Additional Secretary (retd), Cabinet Secretariat, Govt. of India, New Delhi, and, presently, Director, Institute For Topical Studies, Chennai. He is also associated with the Chennai Centre For China Studies. E-mail: seventyone2@gmail.com )


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The Mineral pyrolusite
Pyrolusite is the most common manganese mineral. It is one of several manganese oxide minerals, which are all dark gray to black in color and may be very difficult to distinguish from one another, especially when in massive form. Wad is a term used to describe a combination of several unidentified manganese oxides, which may include a combination of Pyrolusite, Manganite, Psilomelane, and Romanechite.
Pyrolusite is known for its finely fibrous acicular crystal habits. These forms are usually sooty and will likely smudge the hands when touched.
Pyrolusite is named from a combination of the Greek words "Pyr" - fire, and "Louein" - to wash, since this mineral was once used as an agent to remove green and brown tints during the manufacture of glass.
Chemical Formula MnO2
Composition Manganese dioxide
Color Dark gray to black, sometimes with a bluish tint
Streak Bluish black to black
Hardness 6 - 6.5
Crystal System Tetragonal
3D Crystal Atlas
(Click for animated model)
Crystal Forms
and Aggregates Individual crystals are rare, and when they do occur, they are in thin, sharp crystals with steep triangular edges or rectangular blocky crystals. Crystals are usually deeply striated or etched in parallel lines. Large crystals are more often pseudomorphs of Pyrolusite after Manganite. More commonly in finely packed fibrous, acicular and radial forms composed of very fine needles or fibers. Also in intersecting radiating veins, in bladed groups, reniform, botryoidal, [statalctitic%] grainy, massive, concretionary, and earthy.
Transparency Opaque
Specific Gravity 4.4 - 5
Luster Metallic, dull
Cleavage 1,1
Fracture Splintery, uneven
Tenacity Brittle
Other ID Marks Leaves black powdery residue upon contact with surfaces.
In Group Oxides; Simple Oxides
Striking Features Crystal habits, streak, and powdery residual
Environment In the oxidized zone of hydrothermal replacement deposits, and in acid-rich bogs as an alteration product.
Rock Type Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic
Popularity (1-4) 1
Prevalence (1-3) 1
Demand (1-3) 1
Pyrolusite AUCTIONS
Polianite
- Uncommon form of Pyrolusite that has larger, individual crystals.
Pyrolusite is one of the most important ores of manganese. It is also a component of the production of steel, and was once used for the manufacture of batteries. It is also used in the preparation of chlorine, and as an agent in coloring and dyes.
NOTEWORTHY LOCALITIES
Pyrolusite is a very common mineral worldwide. However, most forms are in uninteresting massive and earthy habit. Only localities that produced specimens worthy of collections are mentioned here.
Some of the best Pyrolusite specimens have come from the Imini mine, Ouarzazate Province, Morocco, in the form of lustrous crystal sprays. Many localities in Germany produce good examples of Pyrolusite. Especially noteworthy are are Ilfeld, Nordhausen, Harz Mountains, Thuringia; and Gremmelsbach, Triberg, Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg. Micro crystal tufts come from the Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg.
Rounded crystal groups and bladed aggregates of Pyrolusite have come from Cartagena Mountains, Murcia, Spain; and sharp crystal sprays from Serra da Mina Mine, Cercal, Setúbal District, Portugal. Relatively large crystals of Pyrolusite came from the Iron Monarch Quarry, Iron Knob, South Australia. Most crystallized Pyrolusite from this locality is actually a pseudomorph after Manganite.
In the U.S., an unusual type of Pyrolusite in groupings of uniquely large crystals is known from Las Cruces, Doña Ana Co., New Mexico. Other important U.S. localities include the Taylor Mine, Alberta, Baraga Co., Michigan; and Negaunee, Marquette Co., Michigan.
COMMON MINERAL ASSOCIATIONS
Hematite, Calcite, Quartz, Limonite, Manganite, Psilomelane, Goethite, Rhodonite
DISTINGUISHING SIMILAR MINERALS
Psilomelane, Romanechite and other manganese oxides - May be very difficult to distinguish, although they don't often form in the lustrous compact crystal groups as Pyrolusite.
Manganite - Does not powder the finger upon contact.
Hematite (when reniform or botryoidal) - Slightly attracted to magnetic fields, has a red streak.
Goethite - Usually has a duller luster, doesn't smudge the hands.
pyrolusite PHOTOS
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