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will take place in several phases over the next two years, and will connect the cities of Tunis, Nabeul, Souse, Monastir and Sfax. Divona Telecom is already serving several hundred corporations on an existing WiMAX network. The company is owned by Planet Tunisie, the principal ISP in Tunisia, and Monaco Telecom, a Cable & Wireless subsidiary with operations in Monaco, Algeria, sub-Saharan Africa, Kosovo and Afghanistan.


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Super Mario Maker 2 – World Maker Update Trailer Streamed
April 20, 2020 April 20, 2020 Pak Hanu
Nintendo recently released a new update trailer for Super Mario Maker 2, which will add a huge variety of new features. First, the trailer featured a look at some of the new power ups that will be added to the game in the upcoming update.
The power ups include:
SMB2 Mushroom – Transforms Mario into his Super Mario Bros. 2 North American incarnation. With this power up Mario will be able to stand on enemies or pick them up like he does in Super Mario Bros. 2.
Frog Suit – The iconic suit from Super Mario Bros. 3 makes its return. Mario will be able to jump like a frog and will be able to swim faster in water. Additionally he will be able to run on the surface of the water.
Power Balloon – The Power Balloon from Super Mario World will also be making its' return. The power up allows Mario to inflate like a balloon and will be able to float through obstacles.
Super Acorn – This suit, which debuted in New Super Mario Bros. U, allows Mario to become Squirrel Mario. With the suit he is able to fly in the air and slowly decent down.
Boomerang Flower – The Boomerang Flower from Super Mario 3D Land allows Mario to throw boomerangs at enemies and objects.
The update will also feature the return of several of the iconic wearable items across the various Mario titles.
Cannon Box – The Cannon Box from Super Mario 3D World equips Mario with the ability to shoot cannonballs at enemies or objects. By charging the attack the cannonballs will be able to shoot farther.
Propeller Box – The Propeller Box from Super Mario 3D Land allows Mario to quickly spin and jump up higher or rush down faster.
Red Pow Box – The Red Pow Box is a new wearable mask that will be introduced with the new update. The Red Pow Box will allow Mario to quickly break several boxes or more with up to three uses.
Goomba Mask – The Goomba Mask from Super Mario 3D World will also be making an appearance. The mask will disguise yourself as a Goomba so enemies will not attack you.
Bullet Bill Mask – This mask is another new creation that will be introduced in the upcoming update. This mask will allow Mario the ability of horizontal flight.
Next, the trailer revealed that Koopalings will be added to the game in the upcoming update. Each Koopaling will have their own unique abilities.
Fourthly, the update revealed the various new parts that will be added to the game within the update.
The parts include:
Cursed Key – This item will also feature the return of Phanto from Super Mario Bros. 2. Similar to how in functioned in that game, players will need to quickly bring the key to the locked door before they are attacked by the Phanto.
ON/ OFF Trampoline – By activating switches players will be able to turn on and off the bouncy effects of trampolines.
Mechakoopa – The Mechakoopas from Super Mario World have returned. The Green Mechakoopas will function like they did in previous titles, however two new versions will be introduced as well. The Red Mechakoopas will be able to shoot homing missiles while the Blue Mechakoopas shoot lasers. The Blue Mechakoopas will also feature jets when used in the "Night Theme."
Fifthly, a new mode called "World Maker" will be introduced in the update. While it wasn't possibly previously, players will be able to create up to eight worlds with up to 40 stages. Players can use a variety of features such as hills and bridges to create unique worlds. Players will also also the various stages they created to fill out each of the worlds. Additional features include the ability to place in bonus stages as well as warp pipes that can be used to access other stages. The world themes include: underground, desert, snow, sky, forest, volcano, and space.
The free update will be available on April 22.
Source: Nintendo
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The Mandalorian' Season 3 Currently in Production

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SOLD! If you have a Seminary Walk condo to sell, give us a call to find out how we can help you.
Are you looking for a conveniently located condo near Old Town Alexandria, with easy access to 495 or the GW Parkway, close to King Street Metro? Are you looking for an updated condo with an easy commute to Ft Myer, Ft Belvoir or the Pentagon?
This sophisticated Seminary Walk condo may not only suit your needs, but its sophisticated updates may also meet your wants.
Natural light floods this condo from the floor to ceiling windows in the spacious living room, which has been freshly painted. The living room leads out to a large, private balcony for a breath of fresh air. And the open concept kitchen has been completely updated, with stylish cabinets, Silestone solid surface countertops, under cabinet lighting, ceramic tile backsplash and new ceramic tile floor, along with stainless steel appliances.
The low condo fee includes water, gas, exercise room and extra storage. Park, playground and basketball court are just across street, with easy access to a wooded jogging trail nearby. There's ample parking for owners and their guests, as well as additional storage and an outdoor community area with BBQ grills.
If this 2 bedroom, 2 bath Alexandria VA condo sounds as if it may be just what you are looking for, then get in touch with your agent to arrange a showing. If you are not already working with an agent, then just give me a call. I'll be happy to show it at your convenience.
Click to learn more about this property, including Market Stats and Photo Gallery.
Susan, This is very sophisticated and sleek looking. Best of luck finding the right buyer.
Dare I even ask how much a condo like in/near Old Town Alexandria is going for?
I certainly hope that this one is sold now, Susan. Great condo, wonderful location!
Congratulations on your new listing. Very nice house, and great job with your presentation.


Are recent stock market slumps a sign of things to come? Image credit: Svilen Milev.
Despite an alarming 2% drop during the course of the last trading week, markets closed at a slight increase.
The S&P 500 rose by 2.34 points to 1,379.85; the Dow Jones by 4.07 points to 12,815.
Whilst growth is reassuring, the rises equate to a mere 0.17% and 0.03% respectively, marking an uncertain period ahead, with many traders unsure whether the erratic behaviour of the market will continue when it opens today.
What is Causing the Slump?
With Indices some way off the high points of 2012 so far, this gradual decline is showing a marked difference to historical post-election economic behaviour.
Typically, the re-election of an incumbent president sees a significant boost to the economy yet, despite a slight peak on the day Obama was re-appointed, the trend has not yet been established this year.
Fears of the so-called fiscal cliff that is set for January 2013 are mounting, and will begin to affect both corporate and individual spending patterns unless Obama's government can agree to put a new budget in place before the end of 2012. As the date of imminent tax increases and public spending cuts inches nearer, the slowing of the US markets may very well be a reflection of investor uncertainty regarding the broader economic picture of the impending few months.
'Double-Dip Recession' On the Horizon?
Earlier in the year, experts warned that a market crash was imminent, with some predicting a slump of the same magnitude as in 2008. Thus far, however, market figures are a far cry from the low points seen early in the recession. The worldwide financial crises of 2008 saw all major markets go on to slump to unprecedented lows, with the Dow Jones dipping to under 7,000 points, and the S&P 500 to below 700, in 2009.
Since those spectacular crashes, extensive measures have been put in place to help the struggling economy. Quantitive Easing, which is still ongoing, has helped to prevent further slumps of the same magnitude, and is in place as an intended safeguard, preventing spending dipping so dramatically any time in the near future.
2012 Economy: What Happens Next?
As is to be expected following an event of such economic importance as a presidential election, political decisions could now hold the key to restoring economic stability. With the issue of the fiscal cliff still unresolved, billions of dollars worth of tax hikes and spending cuts could cause potentially disastrous ripples throughout the financial world. A stock market crash is not inevitable, however. If Washington can convince investors to trust its plans for economic stability, confidence in future investments can be restored.
Reuters. US Stock Index Futures Signal Mixed Open. (2012). Accessed November 12, 2012.
Until marketeers discover the new laws Obama and Congress are just now discussing things are damned until middle of January, at least.
The fiscal cliff would have hastened the markets decline. But make no mistake, we're still headed off the cliff…..it will just take a bit longer to get there.
Healthcare, expiring tax cuts, unemployment, and sluggish existing home sales all point to the inevitable downturn we're all expecting. Time to go "all cash".
The Economy is in a complete unbalanced mess, and there's silent panic, but of course no one will say this publicly.
Thanks for the article, Amanda. Could you also point to rising gold/precious metal prices as an indicator to an impending double dip? Wouldn't Quantitative Easing also mean a weaker dollar. which in turn would decrease the value of long-term investments? I'm not a market-watcher, but I care about my investments, especially when they decrease 7% in <2 months time.


The highly anticipated music video for Bad Meets Evil's "Lighters" has finally arrived. This video features Bruno Mars on a piano, Eminem in his basement and Royce escaping prison. All three eventually emerge to what they'd been singing for: a sky full of lighters. Click past the jump to view the video.


The Kiwanis Playground will be closed for renovations beginning September 5, 2018. The Playground is expected to reopen on or about September 28, 2018. For additional information please contact Doug Walker on 908.766.3850 x 144.


A couple of months after September 11, 2001, a parent called me, concerned about his son's grade.
"He had an A last quarter, and now we're looking at a C-. What's going on?" he insisted.
A first-year teacher, I hadn't yet developed the knowhow to read data for identifiable trends or patterns, but as I looked at the overall picture, it became clear that over the past months his son was not the only student who had increasingly turned in late and low-quality work. How had I missed this? "Do you think that Tyler is having a hard time wrestling with the news?" I asked.
"I think that's an easy excuse," he said. "I doubt that September 11 is impacting 8th grade English."
I turned seven the day after Ronald Reagan was shot, and not one teacher talked about it. On a cold, sunny, January day, the Challenger space shuttle blew up with a teacher from my state on board, but not one of my teachers addressed the tragedy. And the morning after our country entered the first Iraq war, not one teacher spoke of it to my senior class.
The morning after the 2016 election, a first-period 11th grade English class sat in front of me visibly subdued. I knew, from my own experiences, that if I did not acknowledge their discomfort and fear, they would learn nothing, except perhaps that I did not value their feelings. Upon reflection I still find myself asking, what can teachers do when events in the news affect our students and their ability to learn?
Teachers are understandably uncomfortable bringing the outside world into their classrooms for many reasons: What if something controversial comes up and parents complain? How will I ever get through my content? How do I facilitate an honest conversation without my own bias coming through? Can I allow students the space to process events without it consuming our day?
Though there is risk involved when talking about news or controversy, there are ways to integrate important current events in the classroom responsibly.
Show both sides. Sites like ProCon.org or Opposing Views help students understand opposing views of events, and their improved awareness can minimize their feeling of helplessness. When students are allowed to explore their concerns in school, they feel respected. Using these sights helps teachers to keep their own biases at bay.
Connect current events to the curriculum. Use immigration numbers in math. Connect current laws in question to earlier times in history. Investigate bias in science and connect it to bias in other areas. Show students how to read graphs and charts by using graphs and charts about news topics. Look at NFL concussion rates in health. Study speech styles of prominent newsmakers for English. If our curriculum is relevant, it can always be connected to something meaningful.
Include reflection in current events assignments. Many of us assign weekly current events, but do we ask our students to reflect upon them? Grant your students the space to write about what they think and feel. Does this news make them sad? Hopeful? Confused? Does it open questions for them? Help them understand that there's a big difference between consuming news and reflecting on it.
Invite guest speakers. Guest speakers provide your students with firsthand experiences and broaden their understandings of the greater community. When my brother-in-law from Egypt came in to talk to my students about the Middle East, he was the first Muslim Arab any of them had met. Stereotypes were broken down and students approached the news differently after that. After a Sudanese Lost Boy spent a day with my middle schoolers, they watched the news about Darfur with a renewed interest and a fresh perspective.
Show students ways to make a difference. If students are upset by the news and want to talk about it, encourage them to look at what is being done and how they can help or support. They might hold a fundraiser or write a letter to a legislator or a newspaper editor. When students actively contribute to solutions, they will be more optimistic, and less passive, about their world and their future.
Offer students outlets for expressing worries or concerns. When students become visibly upset about an event, a teacher saying, "It will be okay" or "don't worry" feels belittling. Instead, connect them with a school counselor or another adult who will listen and offer them ways to process their emotions. Whether or not you agree with how students feel, always acknowledge that their feelings are valid and offer them healthy routes to talk about it.
Following the events of September 11, I did a disservice to the students in Tyler's class. I led them on a forced march through the curriculum, reading Dracula without acknowledging the immense confusion they wrestled with. I know better now.


Here, through beautiful times and some excruciatingly painful ones, I have learned a little more deeply that God is good, and I can trust him. That doesn't mean I always do trust. In the days after receiving The Email, I was short of breath with anxiety. But I threw myself on God anyway, knowing that He welcomes me as I am and doesn't ask that I fix myself before running to His arms. That's something else I've learned here: there's one kind of trust in a child who isn't afraid to play with a puppy. There's another kind in a child who, fearing the puppy, runs to the safe arms of her daddy. Sometimes I'm that first little girl. More often, I'm the second.


Rural houses in Trilj are component part of Sinj countryside and Dalmatia tourist offer. In very town Trilj and in its surroundings there are 4 rural houses and households in villages: Caporice, Jabuka and Grab. Hotel Sveti Mihovil is situated near river Cetina, in town Trilj and provide all services of rural household. Through its travel agency, Avanturist club, it is carrying out all jobs and services, needed to rural tourism, like: Organization of excursions to nature by bicycles or on foot, rafting, canoeing on river Cetina, school and horses riding and photo safari. All guests and tourists who are coming to this nice town Trilj, have provided accommodation in hotel Sveti Mihovil, in 28 rooms and 2 apartments, beautiful view to River Cetina and nature on its banks. In basement, there is large restaurant which offers guests famous River Dishes and Sinj specialties. This rural household has combined accommodation object, restaurant, travel agency and location near river, and thereby made terms for top offer of rural tourism. For its quality and beautiful position, this restaurant with famous dishes, is visited by large number of passengers, guests and tourists.
Rural houses in Caporice are famous after good food in dalmatian countryside. Tavern Gola Brda is situated near River Cetina and provides guests good services of rural tourism. Its River Dishes and specialties from Trilj region are famous. Owner has renovated tavern in style of rural object with domestic souvenirs, tools, furniture and dinner sets. Guests odore such environment because it make pleasant and homely atmosphere. Large number of tourists and passengers visit rural houses in Caporice for their good offer and beutiful surroundings.
Rural household Bajic is situated 35 km far of seaside, north 3 km far of town Trilj, near river Grab and in village of same name. Rural houses in Grab are component part of rural household and cover numerous objects and contents, and they are: Restaurant Nase malo misto with domestic food and wines, excursions to nature by bicycles or on foot, hunt, fishing and swimming in river, farm with domestic animals and mill on river Grab, 600 years old. Rural Household Bajic is situated in beautiful nature, and in its restaurant offers various dishes from fireplace, spit, grill, river specialties and domestic wines. For its good offer and beautiful nature, large number of passengers, guests, tourist and excursionists are coming here.
Rural household Grubisic is situated near river Ruda, 2 km north od town Trilj, and it offers all services of rural tourism. Owner has built numerous objects and contents, so he could provide services of rural household. Rural houses in Jabuka have large restaurant Premijer, which offers guests river specialties, dishes from spit, grill, fireplace and ancient roman dishes. Village Jabuka is situated near road which runs from town Trilj to Kamensko, near border, so larger number of passengers, guests and tourists are coming here, so they could taste specialties of rural household Grubisic.
Rural houses in Trilj are famous after their beauty and top dalmatian dishes. Hotel Sveti Mihovil and rural houses in Grab, Jabuka and Caporice provides guests pleasant stay in countryside.


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British giant Aedas is now the world's biggest practice, but is size and adaptability any substitute for vision and flair?
CGI image of Al Bahr Towers in Abu Dhabi by Aedas.
Last week's news from the world of architecture is that there is a new global No 1 practice. It is British in origin, although now spread all over the world, which should inspire a warm glow in these troubled times. The firm in question, Aedas, has deposed the former leader, the American Aecom, in Building Design magazine's World Architecture 100 list of leading practices, which measures a practice's size by the number of architectural employees. Aedas has nearly 1,500 of them.
It is likely you haven't heard of either, still less be able to tell these similarly named practices apart. They don't get the same column inches as the Zahas, Rems, Franks and Normans, nor much by way of Stirling prize nominations. Aedas have, however, designed more than 1,000 schools. The West Kowloon Terminus, part of a programme to connect Hong Kong to the largest high-speed rail network in the world, is being built to their designs, and they have done their share of glassy tower projects in Abu Dhabi, Saigon and Chinese cities such as Shenyang and Wuxi that, like the architects, are both big and little known over here. They are working on a performance venue in Singapore that is something like a colossal beetle, and the new Crossrail station at Farringdon in London.
Aedas are part of a phenomenon – the rise of the very big architectural firm – that does more to shape the lives of more people than the work of celebrity designers. The company, what is more, is under 10 years old, albeit made out of the merger of practices founded decades ago, and in one case, the Yorkshire practice of Abbey Hanson Rowe, in the 1830s.
Brian Johnson, chairman of Aedas's European operation, describes its growth in pragmatic terms. They wanted to be able to compete for larger projects, and they wanted to be large enough to have a professionally managed business. They saw a boom coming in commissions for schools and other public buildings under the now infamous private finance initiative, and positioned themselves to take full advantage.
They joined up with a firm in Birmingham, then one in Hong Kong, to increase their geographic spread, and move into new areas of work, such as transport. If they see an opportunity in a particular place or a sector, they move into it. Because "there are only so many dead architects you can have in your practice's name", they chose Aedas, based on the Latin for "to build". They don't seek out glamour: their British offices are spread around the major cities, with quite a modest one in London.
They do well, says Johnson, because they are big. They can summon a large amount of expertise to huge projects at short notice. They can pay for the latest software and good research. They can make sure that they have up-to-date knowledge about technology and sustainability. They can afford to fund themselves when bidding for major contracts, for which architects don't get paid unless they win the job.
They aim to provide, in other words, an efficient, well-oiled, technically efficient service, which is suited to the scale and speed of modern projects, especially in the Far East, and to the demanding contracts under which architects have to work everywhere. They have an advantage in a world where architects can't survive without computing power, because they can afford to invest in it.
They are also the logical outcome of Margaret Thatcher's transformation of the British economy. Johnson points out that in the 1970s there were also large architectural practices, but they were part of the public sector, in the form of architects departments for local authorities and the health service. Thatcher's policies had them closed and privatised to the extent that only one in three local authorities now employ any architects on their staff. The likes of Aedas have soaked up the work that used to be done by employees of the state.
All of which is somewhat threatening to the old idea that architecture is somehow an art, or a craft, and about shaping spaces for inhabitation by the imagination and the body. Most of the strengths Johnson lists are technocratic, and about the processes of business.
Aedas would certainly like to be liked for the architectural quality of their designs, and to attract more attention from awards juries, but it is clear that their systems of delivery are their main selling points.
They have no house style, but allow their architects to choose their own, which also means they can choose the approach that works best in a given situation. For schools they can do the skimpy business-park-plus-bright-colours look – the almost inevitable outcome of the PFI process. In Abu Dhabi they can do big curves with an Islamic flavour, like everyone working else there. With their Kowloon station they channel Zaha Hadid's bunches of energetic curves. They can do Foster-ish, and Koolhaasian, and more sober Netherlandish styles, as the occasion demands.
In this they are neither the best nor the worst of the very big practices. Aedas differ from Aecom and some others in that they focus on architecture, whereas many of their competitors are enormous engineering firms with an architectural wing attached. At times their work does not seem so very different from that of the more esteemed Foster and Partners (sixth in the BD list, with 879 architectural staff): because all these architects are dealing with the same pressures and demands, their projects have a way of ending up quite similar to one another.
Aedas is what you get when you weigh up the way the modern world works, and adapt architecture to suit it. It is not about challenging or criticising, but trying to do a good job in the prevailing circumstances. It is about adaptation, not friction or resistance, because the financial forces to which they are responding can't really be bothered with such things. Architecture, in the place-making sense, is tolerated to the extent that it doesn't get in the way. The results can be more or less pretty, and when it is not it is because the forces behind them are not particularly pretty, either.
Aedas pose an important question, without entirely answering it: if businesses and governments want to make cities where almost everything is shaped by efficiencies and processes, what can architects do to make them better?


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Home > News > Remind-Ino: an alarm clock for everything
By Thomas Andreatta on May 27, 2021
Who says an alarm clock just has to beep, or annoy you in the mornings? Certainly not MakeUnited, who's put together an Arduino Nano verbal reminder project over on Instructables. His device lets you program a whole bunch of alarms that each play a specific MP3 file.
The REMIND-INO is styled to look like a vintage radio, as the maker's target audience is his grandparents. That being said I'm not a grandparent, and this would be an ideal way to substitute my inability to keep track of what time it is… ever.
There's no limit to the reminders or alarms you might program into the REMIND-INO, but MakeUnited has a couple of suggestions:
– Reminding people to perform tasks at specific times.
-Tell stories, read books, teach cooking recipes and even play songs.
-Keep track of appointments.
-Anything else you might need a timely verbal prompt for.
And because it's designed for an older demographic, he's kept the controls super simple.
When an alarm goes off, it continues to repeat the message until you hit the big, illuminated button on top. Or after five minutes, just so it doesn't become a major annoyance.
It's an amusing project, as you can see from the build-along video. But it's also easy to see how useful and practical it is. We see his grandparents being reminded to take pills, and to set off for an appointment. Alarms that anyone would find useful, regardless of age, and the verbal alert just makes it all the more effective.
The simplicity of the project would really keep the costs down too, and there's loads of room for expansion and innovation if you wanted to build on this ingenious project.
In case you need it, here's a reminder of where you can find the project on Instructables.
Arduinoarduino nanoopensource
About Thomas Andreatta
Never lose your phone again
How to emulate an Xbox controller with Arduino


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Post Type: Article
What Corporations and Smallholder Farmers Have in Common: Addressing the Challenge of Land Rights in Emerging Markets
Posted on September 7, 2020 September 8, 2020 by Amrit Bhandari
With clearly documented land boundaries, Portucel can finally identify landowners with surplus land and negotiate to access or lease it.
This article was originally published on the Next Billion website.
By: Mary Hobbs, Director for the Agriculture, Environment, and Business Office, USAID/Mozambique
Mozambican farmer Lucia Maurício farms about 10 hectares (25 acres) of land to feed her five growing children.
Portucel Executive Director Paulo Silva manages more than 13,000 hectares (32,000 acres) of eucalyptus farms in Mozambique to feed a growing multi-million-dollar global supply chain hungry for paper pulp.
They have more in common than you might think.
Both require the same foundation to achieve their goals: clear and documented land rights.
Just as clear and documented land rights allow farmers to invest in their land to improve their harvests and their lives, they allow investors and corporations to more easily identify farmers and communities with surplus land, and to negotiate to access or lease the land they need to keep their company running.
Land rights are an underappreciated precondition across the agriculture spectrum – from the largest agriculture companies to subsistence farmers, their foundation for success is documented and secure land tenure.
This may sound like a simple requirement, but in Mozambique and many other sub-Saharan African countries, that foundation had not yet been laid. According to the World Bank, only 10% of agricultural land in sub-Saharan Africa is documented. In Mozambique, where Lucia farms and Paulo works, the FAO says only about 20% of land is documented. Those figures haven't changed much in decades – trapping farmers like Lucia in poverty and providing hurdles to investment for investors like Paulo.
Most farmers in Lucia's village of Enhumua farmed without titles or deeds to the land they rely on. They farmed land passed down to them or bought on a handshake. The contours and boundaries of each parcel were rarely noted on paper.
And when land tenure is unclear or undocumented, both farmers and businesses suffer.
This was the case for Lucia. Previously she could not capitalize on the most fertile section of her land because of conflicting claims. The parcel was by the river, well irrigated, and blessed with rich, productive soil. But her neighbors also claimed the land. And this threat influenced the way she farmed. Instead of trying to maximize profits, she and her husband Calisto tried to minimize their risks. Despite the land's potential, she planted only corn on the parcel. She feared that if she planted other vegetables, which are much more profitable, her neighbors would take the investment as an irresistible invitation and seize some or all of her crop along with her land.
This type of conflict over land has long been common, and it intensified in 2010, when the government granted approximately 173,000 hectares of land in Zambézia province (which includes Lucia's village of Enhumua) to Portucel-Mozambique to establish large-scale eucalyptus farms. Zambézia is the second most populous province in Mozambique. So across Zambézia, villages like Enhumua do not have a lot of vacant and unused land.
Portucel staff immediately recognized the challenges of operating a business in such an uncertain environment when they began negotiating with villagers to lease land. In Namalapa village, not far from Enhumua, Joao Ernesto Prego received an unwanted surprise when Portucel claimed rights to 3.5 hectares of his land. Joao's nephew had signed over rights in exchange for a promise of lifetime employment with Portucel. Portucel had a signed document from the nephew, and Joao found he had little recourse.
As the company's eucalyptus farms sprouted across the horizon, similar stories – born of a tangled web of unclear and undocumented land tenure – multiplied. Eventually, as with many companies, Portucel ceased all land procurement negotiations and put future investments on hold while they worked out how to responsibly negotiate with and invest in communities where land tenure is undocumented and unclear. Land disputes can very easily escalate, creating tensions in a community that make it unsafe for families and businesses alike.
A bicyclist walks through Portucel's eucalyptus plantation.
The company's hopes for the future, along with those of Lucia and other farmers, soared when USAID and DFID-funded programs to document smallholders' land rights came to the region. The programs trained farmers like Lucia to document land boundaries with GPS technology.
Farmers walk the boundaries of their land, GPS in hand and witnesses in tow, to map their properties. Each farmer is provided with a certificate signed by local leaders that includes a satellite map of the farm, GPS coordinates, the farmers' names, and the names of community leaders and witnesses.
The certificates provide smallholders like Lucia and Calisto with their first documentation of their land rights. This added security has been transformative for Lucia, her community and Portucel. When farmers like Lucia have secure rights to property, they can negotiate with businesses to loan or lease their land, or arrange an out-grower contract with a company like Portucel and enter the global marketplace.
With clearly documented land boundaries, Portucel can finally identify landowners with surplus land and negotiate to access or lease it. They can also identify vacant parcels and pursue options for leasing that land from the government or communities.
Portucel hopes these changes will enable it to reduce its investment risk and increase the sustainability of its business. As Paulo Silva says, "Now, in a vast area of our holdings, we all know the right locations of the plots of people living there, creating better conditions for dialogue between the company, communities and individuals. This allows us to better plan for the future."
Martins Gabriel Paiva putting a new roof on his home.
Lucia certainly wasted no time in taking advantage of her newfound confidence in her land rights. She is planting a vegetable garden on her prized parcel and, with the proceeds from that harvest, will gain a measure of self-reliance heretofore unimaginable. She and her husband expect the vegetable plot will quadruple their income. Such a jump in their earnings would finally allow them to put a much-needed zinc roof on their home, support their children's education, and improve the productivity of their other fields with investments like fertilizer or better-quality seeds.
"We can farm as we please," says Lucia with a smile. "Life is good now."
Martins Gabriel Paiva, a village chief often called upon to settle land disputes, has also noted the change brought by better documentation of land rights. "In the past there was constant conflict over land," he says. "Now there is harmony."
Martins notes that Lucia's story is being replicated across the district. "The land thieves now know that every parcel has an owner," he says. "We are now kinder to each other. We have a community group that has the people's trust and it is working on building a community fishpond."
"Now," he adds, "we can improve our development."
Mary Hobbs is the Director for the Agriculture, Environment, and Business Office at USAID/Mozambique.
Photos courtesy of Mary Hobbs – USAID.
Are medium-scale farms driving agricultural transformation in sub-Saharan Africa?
Posted on November 19, 2019 November 20, 2019 by Amrit Bhandari
Strengthening land tenure security of local rural people to maintain land rights and support productivity investments by smallholder households remains crucial.
Rapid rural population growth has transformed settled areas from land-abundant areas where rural-born people would receive land as a birthright and where even migrants from different regions could often easily acquire land to areas of land scarcity where the value of land has skyrocketed in recent years.
T. S. Jayne, Milu Muyanga, Ayala Wineman, Hosaena Ghebru, Caleb Stevens, Mercedes Stickler, Antony Chapoto, Ward Anseeuw, Divan van der Westhuizen, David Nyang
This study was supported by: (i) the Food Security Policy Innovation Lab, led by Michigan State University and funded by USAID/Bureau for Food Security; (ii) the Agricultural Policy Research in Africa (APRA), led by the Institute of Development Studies/Sussex and funded by DfID/UK; (iii) the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); (iv) the Africa Agricultural Policy Unit at the World Bank; and (v) the Agriculture and Agroindustry Department, African Development Bank.
This study presents evidence of profound farm-level transformation in parts of sub- Saharan Africa, identifies major sources of dynamism in the sector, and proposes an updated typology of farms that reflects the evolving nature of African agriculture. Repeat waves of national survey data are used to examine changes in crop production and marketed output by farm size. Between the first and most recent surveys (generally covering 6 to 10 years), the share of national marketed crop output value accounted for by medium-scale farms rose in Zambia from 23% to 42%, in Tanzania from 17% to 36%, and in Nigeria from 7% to 18%. The share of land under medium-scale farms is not rising in densely populated countries such as Kenya, Uganda, and Rwanda, where land scarcity is impeding the pace of medium-scale farm acquisitions. Medium-scale farmers are a diverse group, reflecting distinct entry pathways into agriculture, encouraged by the rapid development of land rental, purchase, and long-term lease markets. The rise of medium-scale farms is affecting the region in diverse ways that are difficult to generalize. Findings indicate that these farms can be a dynamic driver of agricultural transformation but this does not reduce the importance of maintaining a clear commitment to supporting smallholder farms. Strengthening land tenure security of local rural people to maintain land rights and support productivity investments by smallholder households remains crucial.
Ever since the critical acclaim given to the Asian green revolution starting in the 1980s, it has been widely accepted that a smallholder-led growth strategy would also be the pathway for achieving economic transformation and mass poverty reduction in Africa. Over 90% of farms in South and East Asia were smaller than two hectares at the beginning of the Green Revolution (Hayami & Ruttan, 1971; Johnston & Kilby, 1975). Because small-scale farms also constitute the vast majority of farms in Africa, agricultural economists have generally accepted that a smallholder-led strategy also holds the best prospects for agricultural development in Africa (e.g., Hazell, Poulton, Wiggins, & Dorward, 2010; Mellor, 1995).
However, parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are witnessing rapid changes in farm size distributions. "Medium-scale" farm landholdings of five to 100 ha now account for a substantial and growing share of farmland in many African countries (Jayne et al., 2016).1 Perhaps ironically, the amount of land acquired by this category of African farmer since 2000 far exceeds the amount of land acquired by foreign investors (Jayne et al., 2014a). This might be considered a surprising development, but in retrospect, perhaps it should not have been. The dramatic rise in global food prices after 2007 initiated major foreign investment in African farmland. Why should not African investors have done the same?
Parallel to these developments, the region is witnessing changes in land tenure institutions that influence who is acquiring land (Boone, 2014; Knapman, Silici, Cotula, & Mayers, 2017). Parts of the region are experiencing a notable shift in the allocation of customary land, moving from a rights-based approach that secures access to land for localborn members of the community to market-based approaches in which land becomes a commodity for rent or sale. Although SSA's rural areas contain 20.3 million km2 of land, only 25% of the region is arable (CIA 2019). With an estimated rural population of 620 million people in 2017, the region is sparsely populated at 31 persons per km2. However, roughly 72% of SSA's rural population resides on only 10% of its rural areas (Jayne, Chamberlin, & Headey, 2014b). For this majority of the region's rural population, the average population density is 223.2 persons per km2. Hence, even though most of SSA might be considered "land abundant" and sparsely populated, a relatively large proportion of rural Africans face land scarcity, rapidly rising land prices, and perceptions of tenure insecurity (Knapman et al., 2017; Lawry et al., 2014; Wineman & Jayne, 2018). As population densities rise and land becomes scarcer in many areas, tenure security is becoming increasingly important, as research evidence shows that security of tenure generally promotes long-term land investments and agricultural productivity (Atwood, 1990; Goldstein, Houngbedji, Kondylis, O'Sullivan, & Selod, 2015; Holden, Deininger, & Ghebru, 2009; Place, 2009).
African policy makers and development organizations are increasingly interested in whether these new trends in farm size distributions are beneficial for small-scale farm households, who still constitute the vast majority of rural households in Africa, and whether they are promoting or retarding equitable forms of economic transformation in Africa. This study reviews the evidence on these policy issues.
To address these questions, we focus on the causes and consequences of the rise of medium-scale farms in Africa. This literature remains highly limited by the fact that accurate data on farms over 20 ha is not available in the majority of African countries. We therefore collected new primary data on medium-scale farms that are considered statistically representative of farms operating between 5 and 100 ha for particular districts or comparable administrative units in Malawi, Nigeria, and Senegal. While most of the studies attempting to analyze farm structure in Africa utilize Living Standards Monitoring Surveys (LSMS) or similar nationwide farm data sets, it is increasingly acknowledged that almost all of these datasets provide highly imprecise and most likely under-reported estimates of the numbers of farms operating over 10 ha of land. Evidence of this is provided in Section 2. However, even when utilizing these datasets, as we do for Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zambia in Section 3, it is shown that medium-scale farms are accounting for a rising proportion of national farmland and the value of crop production and marketed output. However, in other countries, especially those that are relatively densely populated, the data suggest that the number of medium-scale farms has grown relatively slowly or not at all, but we cannot tell with confidence whether this is a valid conclusion or an artifact of sampling designs that almost certainly under-report relatively large farms.
The causes and consequences of changing farm structure and the rise of medium-scale farms are discussed in Sections 4 and 5. Though the literature remains thin, emerging evidence indicates that medium-scale farms generate mostly positive spillover effects on smallholder farmers. In Section 6, we examine the characteristics of medium-scale farmers and the various pathways to becoming a medium-scale farmer. Section 7 examines how medium-scale farmers are acquiring their land and how these pathways differ from how small-scale farm household tend to acquire land. Section 8 reviews the evidence on changes in land tenure systems and security and how medium-scale farms may be indirectly influencing tenure systems. A summary of the main findings and policy implications of the study are presented in Section 9. In the process, we propose an updated typology of farms that reflects recent changes in the relative importance of different farm categories and sheds light on the heterogeneity found even among smallholder farms. Section 9 also addresses how land tenure security by members of local communities and vulnerable groups in particular may be enhanced even while evolving land institutions are encouraging market-based land transfers and the "commodification" of land in rural Africa.
USAID Land Champion: Stephen Brooks
Posted on June 21, 2018 June 21, 2018 by Adam Jennison
Tell us about yourself.
I am a Land Tenure and Resource Governance Advisor in the Land and Urban Office in USAID's Bureau for Economic Growth, Education, and Environment (E3). Within the Land and Urban Office, I advise and manage activities that touch upon natural resource governance issues associated with a range of topics, including coastal, forest, and marine tenure, community-resource mapping and customary rights. I also serve as the Land and Urban Office's point of contact on land governance in Asia as well as urban and water tenure issues globally.
Why is land governance important to USAID?
The consideration of land and resource governance is essential to addressing development issues globally. Understanding the complex relations between people, communities, institutions and the resources they rely on is central to responsible and transformative development. In the absence of strong resource governance systems and secure property rights, development efforts too often fail to produce lasting benefits that advance partner countries' journeys to self-reliance.
How is land and resource tenure connected to forest and marine issues?
In the development context, the focus of tenure work has largely been associated with agriculture and rural development. Now, we are increasingly seeing the importance of applying a tenure lens to issues associated with a range of resources beyond land, including forests and marine and coastal resources. For example, in some countries, recognizing a farmer's right to land does not necessarily confer rights over the trees growing on it (tree tenure), including trees associated with important tree crops. When the principles of tenure are taken offshore and applied to coastal and marine resources, they fit very nicely within ongoing discussions on how to improve coastal and marine-based livelihoods and the ecosystems they depend on. Specifically, using a tenure-responsive approach within coastal communities offers a framework to understand the complex layers of use rights that overlap each other in the coastal interface.
How is USAID working to transform communities through coastal resource management and mangrove forest restoration approaches that address tenure? What are some of the challenges?
Due to the dearth of information on coastal and marine tenure, USAID has worked with partners to develop a better understanding of resource governance constraints to improving coastal and marine-based livelihoods. Coastal communities are some of the most economically depressed and vulnerable in the world. Their incomes are almost entirely reliant on near- and offshore resources. With increased populations and coastlines facing greater pressures and threats, there is an increased need to understand the social and biophysical dynamics of these coastal systems. To date, the majority of research on coastal forest management focused on biophysical variables, with little consideration of the role of tenure. In partnership with the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), USAID conducted a global assessment of mangrove governance, with specific deep dives in Indonesia and Tanzania. The findings from the effort provided important guidance on specific tenure-related trends and considerations to inform future programming. For example, the findings highlighted the crucial role women play in coastal resource management and their lack of access to important economic development incentive programming. The work also highlighted the important role participatory planning processes serve in informing decentralized co-governance and natural resource management arrangements.
What are some of your biggest accomplishments in the land sector?
I consider the recently completed Tenure and Global Climate Change program to represent a significant achievement. I was lucky enough to be able to actively design, manage and guide many of the sub-tasks within Zambia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Ghana, Nepal, Bangladesh and the Philippines. Through this experience we improved global and Agency understanding of a wide range of issues: customary and community tenure over land and resources; the role of tenure in REDD+ programming, fisheries and coastal forest management; gender, resource rights and global climate change; and linkages between strengthened resource rights and deforestation-free commodity supply chains. Additionally, the program's contribution to the passing and recognition of the National Land Use Policy in Myanmar was a particularly exciting milestone for our work.
Over the past 30 years, USAID has served as a leader in elevating the importance of land and resource governance as a foundational consideration for successful development. And, although there are many challenges related to land, we continue to learn more every day about the necessary enabling conditions for appropriate and successful land and resource governance activities. I am truly grateful to be a part of this work and contributing to this legacy.
Designing the LandPKS App: Guidelines for Developing a Global App
Posted on June 20, 2018 January 5, 2023 by Adam Jennison
The LandPKS app (landpotential.org) helps users make more sustainable land management decisions by assisting users to collect geo-located data about their soils, vegetation and site characteristics; and returning back to users useful results and information about their site. The LandPKS app is a global app that can be used in any location around the world. As visible on the LandPKS Data Portal (landpotential.org/data-portal/), there have been LandPKS sites completed on 6 continents!
While being a global app has major advantages, it also comes with design challenges in order to assist our global users. In order to address this, we have developed three major design guidelines:
1. Simplicity
2. Usability
3. Usefulness
In order to maximize simplicity, the LandPKS team aims to minimize the number of components and screens. We aim to break tasks into manageable chunks so that users are not overwhelmed. Additionally, we strive to have the LandPKS app be as visual as possible by using simple graphics and charts. For example, in the vegetation monitoring module, LandCover, users select vegetation types based on simple images.
Selection of vegetation and cover types in the LandCover module of the LandPKS app. Users choose from these simple images to determine what types of vegetation are present at their site.
In order to maximize usability of the LandPKS app we aim to design the navigation of the app to be intuitive and seamless. Most importantly, the LandPKS app is designed and built to be useable by non-technical experts. Therefore, we aim to use minimal technical language, include question marks with brief text and/or graphical explanations, and include explanatory videos when needed. For example, in the LandInfo module, we include videos that help explain how to hand-texture the soil for a user who is not a soil scientist and may be unfamiliar with how to hand-texture the soil.
Lastly, we focus on the usefulness of the LandPKS app globally. This includes soliciting feedback from our users in order to help mold the LandPKS app to meet their needs. The LandPKS team conducts a bi-annual online user survey to gain feedback about various components of the app. We also spent a month in Tanzania last year testing the app with smallholder farmers and agricultural extension agents, making sure they found the app useful and were able to understand the outputs.
While the effort to create a global app is guided by the three steps outlined here, it is still very much a work in progress. The LandPKS app Version 3.0 is free and available now on the Google Play Store and iTunes Store. Learn more about the LandPKS app on the landpotential.org website. The LandPKS app was developed by the LandPKS Team for the Land-Potential Knowledge System (LandPKS) with support from USAID and USDA-ARS. Please contact us at contact@landpotential.org with any questions, comments, or feedback.
Evaluation of the Community Land Protection Program in Liberia
Posted on June 20, 2018 September 17, 2019 by John Dwyer
The evaluation found that participation in CLPP is positively associated with perceptions of improved local land governance.
USAID's E3/Land and Urban Office, Namati and the International Development Research Centre jointly funded a rigorous midline evaluation of the Community Land Protection Program (CLPP) in rural Liberia. While previous research has focused on the effects of individual land titling programs, there is little quantitative evidence of the effects of supporting communities to protect and govern their own community land. This evaluation fills this knowledge gap by investigating the effects of CLPP on improving resource governance, tenure security, community empowerment and livelihoods.
Developed by Namati and funded by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development, CLPP is a global program that seeks to empower communities to successfully protect their community land rights. In Liberia, the CLPP was implemented from 2016-2017. The midline evaluation used a set of matched comparison communities together with baseline and midline data for 818 households in 57 communities spread across three counties.
CLPP OverviewLiberian ContextEvaluation DesignBaseline FindingsMidline Findings
CLPP STAGES, ACTIVITIES & OUTCOMES
The midline evaluation of CLPP looked at both mid-term and long-term outcomes to detect any mid-term results and to track progress toward long-term results, consistent with CLPP's theory of change. Midline data collection occurred before all the program stages of the CLPP implementation had finished. The percentage of communities that completed each stage of the CLPP's activities at midline data collection is presented below.
Community Land Protection Program Midline Performance Evaluation Report
LIBERIAN CONTEXT
Communally managed land and natural resources provide an essential input into communities' social, political, and economic sustainability in developing countries, particularly in agrarian societies. Many communities in Liberia and throughout the developing world use unwritten rules and norms to manage this community property. Since they generally lack official documentation, they are disadvantaged in the face of legal norms that protect land rights based on the possession of formal written records. In Liberia, communities are increasingly pressured by international and domestic investors and the national government due to the demand for land and natural resources.
Since the late 1960s, several African nations have passed laws that recognize and support the central role of communal tenure in rural land administration and management. In some instances, communal land rights have received the same standing as state-issued land rights and included the integration of customary rules and dispute resolution bodies into the national formal system. This trend is also evident in Liberia, where new land reforms provide a potential legal framework for protecting community land.
Two land and property rights issues need to be definitively addressed as Liberia proceeds with post-conflict reconstruction. The first is the issue of the legal status of customary land rights, and the second is the issue of ownership of trees and other forest resources on community forest lands. Key reforms undertaken by the Liberian Government put it on the right track to resolving these issues: the establishment of the Land Commission (2009) and Land Authority (2017) to settle the question of customary land rights, and the enactment of the 2009 Community Rights Law, which returns ownership of forest resources to communities and adoption of the Land Rights Policy (2013).
EVALUATION DESIGN
The evaluation used a set of matched comparison and treatment communities at baseline and midline to investigate whether and how CLPP efforts:
Strengthen land tenure security;
Improve perceptions of governance and increases local leaders' accountability;
Help communities to document their land boundaries and to codify rules;
Protect women's land rights and the land rights of marginalized groups; and
Lead to conservation and sustainable natural resource use.
The CLPP midline evaluation used three primary sources of baseline and midline data from 57 communities including household surveys, community leader surveys and focus group discussions. As shown below, the three counties included in the study are Lofa, River Gee and Maryland counties. Baseline data collection took place prior to the start of program activities in 2014 and midline data collection occurred in 2017.
The CLPP evaluation was initially designed to study 90 communities. However, funding constraints and the Ebola outbreak prompted the implementing organization to reduce the number of communities involved in CLPP in 2016. Due to these constraints, midline data was only collected in a subset of the original CLPP communities. Accordingly, this evaluation is based on this limited sample. If available, additional resources for future program implementation and an endline evaluation will present a valuable opportunity to study the long-term effects of the CLPP activities across the original study area.
For more information about the evaluation design, see the CLPP Pre-analysis Plan.
Land & Natural Resource Governance
The most important authorities for land and natural resources across rural communities in Liberia are elders and traditional landlords. While these customary governance structures are often not inclusive or democratic, baseline results indicated that 67% of community members felt their leaders were trusted and honest.
Despite this relatively high satisfaction with community leaders, some community members were divided in their perception of their leaders. Community members indicated that they believed their leaders were involved in illegal activities regarding community property (31%) and that they made land use decisions that favored traditional landlords or elders (45%). While this last finding is consistent with customary norms, these decisions may come at the expense of more vulnerable groups.
Community Land & Legal Knowledge
Baseline results indicated that respondents were divided on their knowledge of community property rights. Forty-four percent incorrectly stated that without a written document, the community did NOT own their communal lands.
Additionally, 54% of respondents stated that the Government of Liberia owns the community's land and natural resources. Given the current interpretations of Liberian law and policy, it is the community and NOT the government of Liberia that owns a community's land and natural resources.
These findings confirmed that additional legal knowledge through CLPP could help community members more effectively claim their rights.
Tenure Security
Baseline findings also suggested that respondents were aware of threats to tenure security, largely due to unresolved boundary disagreements with neighboring communities. Approximately one quarter (24%) of community members stated that it was likely that neighboring communities would encroach on their land in the future and almost half of community members (43%) stated that they could only identify some of the boundaries of their community land.
For more information about baseline findings, see the CLPP Baseline Evaluation Report.
The evaluation found that participation in CLPP is positively associated with perceptions of improved local land governance. As seen in the graph below, households in communities that participated in CLPP activities show a significant increase in their satisfaction, perceived accountability, capacity, and transparency of leaders.
Households in CLPP communities are also significantly more likely to report that their community has written land rules as a result of the bylaws drafting process, which about 90% of CLPP communities had started at the time of midline data collection. Households in CLPP communities also reported higher satisfaction with land rules. A group of youth in one CLPP community in Maryland explained new rules and regulations surrounding forest access in their town:
While evaluation findings show that households in CLPP communities are significantly more likely to participate in the creation of land rules, household participation levels in enforcing land rules fell across both households in CLPP communities and comparison communities.
The reason for these observed decreases in community participation in rule monitoring and enforcement could be that leaders were completing these tasks themselves more effectively, people were following the rules more (necessitating less enforcement), or that the program emboldened community members to oppose laws they consider 'bad'.
There is strong qualitative evidence that CLPP's boundary identification activities increased community members' knowledge of community land boundaries. However, there are no statistically significant results in the survey data.
To assess tenure security, the evaluation measured household perception of encroachment on communal land across a variety of actors (neighboring households, neighboring clans, elites, investors, and government officials). The evaluation does not find clear evidence that CLPP had an impact on perceived tenure security or prevalence of land conflicts in the 10 months since the program began. One possible explanation for the lack of improvement on tenure security indicators might be that the program has not yet completed its activities.
A descriptive analysis for tenure security trends for communal land shows that fear of land expropriation by neighboring households and clans has decreased over time, but decreased more dramatically in comparison households versus CLPP households. This result is likely due to the program reviving a discussion of dormant land disputes and alerting community members of potential risks. If so, perceived tenure security may improve once the boundary harmonization processes are complete.
Additionally, fear of encroachment by elites and investors increased in both CLPP and comparison households, but this change is NOT statistically significant. Concerns about elite or investor encroachment may stem from ongoing uncertainty around the status of the Land Rights bill. Although no concessions are operating in the study area, the lingering impact of large scale-land acquisitions in recent years may also play a role.
In contrast, community leaders in CLPP communities are more likely to say that the local government respects their land boundaries. A youth leader in a CLPP community in Lofa described how the local government assisted with a dispute with an investor:
Overall, the contradictory findings on the impacts of CLPP on tenure security perceptions indicate that evidence on this outcome is mixed and inconclusive.
Evaluation findings show an increase across both CLPP communities and comparison communities in their knowledge of formal laws related to women's inheritance. While women in CLPP communities are more likely to report that they attended a land meeting (68%) compared to women in comparison communities (57%), their overall decision-making authority is still limited. When households and leaders were asked to rank decision-making power by a variety of community members, women ranked far lower than other groups. Though women showed a small trend upward from baseline to midline, there was no significant difference between CLPP households and comparison households.
In addition to increased participation and knowledge about women's land rights, CLPP's theory of change includes a shift in gender norms. Without changes in norms, increased knowledge may not be sufficient to change behavior or outcomes. The evaluation used a survey experiment to test whether highlighting the women's rights component of legal reforms affects a respondent's support of the reform. Results indicated that respondents were less likely to be supportive of land reform if they were told that reform would involve giving women equal rights to inherit, own, use and sell land in their community. Overall, support for land reform in either scenario is still very high.
Given the difficulty in effecting gender norms, changing the gender balance of leadership positions will likely be a difficult barrier to overcome. The evaluation finds no change in the number of women serving in community leadership due to CLPP. The geographic distribution of women in leadership positions at midline is shown below.
Additionally, while male and female leaders expressed initial support for women's equality, they later qualified their responses with a series of restrictions on women's inheritance requirements, such as the requirement that women must have had children or marry her husband's brother.
All photos by Kate Cummings / The Cloudburst Group.
Farmers Need to Start Seeing their Farms as a Business
Posted on June 18, 2018 December 14, 2020 by Adam Jennison
Q&A with Mauricio López, Colombia's National Chocolate Company's Development Manager in Tolima
Mauricio López (R) explains a cacao grading card.
In 2017, USAID in partnership with Tolima's regional government and mayors in southern Tolima established a Public-Private Partnership that would increase productivity in the cacao value chain. The PPP is valued at more than $5.6 million pesos and includes over 1,000 cacao producers as well as private sector partner Compañía Nacional de Chocolates (CNC). Mauricio López Gómez, CNC's Purchasing and Agricultural Development Manager in Tolima, explains the challenges that cacao farmers face in southern Tolima, and how the private sector is now trying to provide them with reliable market access.
How does your company view the relationship between cacao growers and buyers?
The company's main objective is to reach farmers directly, and for sales to be made between the farmer associations and the company, without having to resort to intermediaries. This ensure more money stays with the farmers.
How do you sustain this relationship?
In 1958, the company created an area called Purchasing and Agricultural Development. This department is responsible for marketing the product and is involved in developing projects for farmer associations and cacao growers throughout Colombia.
How does this approach fit within the public-private partnership?
Under the framework of the Public-Private Partnership, we offer support for everything related to technical assistance, training and workshops, nursery management and seeds and grafting. In addition to this, we work directly with farmer associations on marketing.
The Sweet Expression of Panela
Posted on June 5, 2018 December 14, 2020 by Adam Jennison
How public policy tools and a public-private partnership is giving Cesar's sugarcane farmers the chance to flourish.
La Panelita
Five years ago, sugarcane farmers in Cesar had few outlets for their products. Although Colombia is known for its panela—unrefined cane sugar—in this corner of the Caribbean, in the department of Cesar, sugarcane farmers have spent years either sending their cane harvests to processors down south or producing panela on a small scale for community consumption.
But the future of panela in Cesar looks bright. Thanks to a recent spur to market high-quality panela, the industriousness of an indigenous community, and a USAID partnership with the regional government, Cesar's panela is going from local to national to international.
Four years ago, Samuel Coronel paid a neighbor US$40 for ten sugarcane cuttings to plant on some open land on his farm, located in the town of Los Encantos, high in the Sierra Perijá on the Colombia-Venezuela border. After one cycle, he multiplied coverage, and so on, until he eventually covered 20 hectares of land. A few years later, he purchased a mechanized cane mill, what he saw as a critical step to convince his neighbors of the potential of panela. Coronel's hard work inspired neighbors to grow sugarcane, but they still needed market channels, certifications, group synergy and a regional and local government that would create an enabling environment.
Milling Organic
In 2017, as a result of collaboration between USAID and Cesar's regional government, sugarcane growers, government entities and the private sector came together to outline a road map to build a prosperous panela value chain.
The resulting public-private partnership (PPP)—valued at nearly US$1 million—includes over 300 producer families and private sector players like top Colombian panela firm Doña Panela and the regional Chamber of Commerce. As a first step, USAID financed a value chain analysis of panela in Cesar, which identified the capacities of dozens of farmer cooperatives and evaluated more than 40 sugarcane mills in six municipalities.
At the center of the partnership is the indigenous Arhuaco farmer cooperative Seynekum, based in Pueblo Bello, which leads Cesar with an average annual production of 45 tons. In May 2017, Coronel and other farmers in the partnership visited the Seynekum milling and packaging operation to learn how Seynekum, in just seven years, went from a small-scale farm to becoming Colombia's only organic and fair-trade certified panela producer.
"We believe that growers must stop seeing the cane as their final product, and instead see panela as a way to add value and the best way to complement their coffee crops. With panela, they have a product to market for the other eight months of the year," says Claribeth Navarro, legal advisor and president of Seynekum.
After all, what is coffee without panela to sweeten it? Santander-based Doña Panela previously helped Seynekum reach its potential and continues to buy and market Seynekum's organic panela under the Doña Panela label. This year, Seynekum created its own brand and is trying to replicate the model with third-party growers like Coronel. Since Seynekum has certified its panela with Colombia's food regulatory authority, hundreds of growers stand to benefit via Seynekum. If good enough, their panela could finally travel to markets beyond their communities.
"As campesinos, we see the purchasing prices of coffee and panela falling, but when we go into the store, the consumer continues to pay the same price. It's difficult to make any progress in this panorama," says Samuel Coronel. "Partnering with Seynekum allows us to cross that barrier and improve production." Seynekum recently visited Coronel's mill and outlined what steps needed to be taken to meet the organic and free trade requirements.
USAID-facilitated PPPs in Cesar have mobilized approximately US$12.7 million, benefiting more than 3,000 farmers.
Samuel Coronel's mill.
Samuel Coronel with freshly milled cane juice, on his farm in Los Encatos, high in the Sierra Perijá, Cesar.
Six Lessons from the First Investor Survey on Land Rights
Posted on May 25, 2018 February 26, 2019 by Adam Jennison
Last year, USAID and our partners set out to answer a critical question that is essential to informing how we work with businesses, communities and governments on land rights and economic growth: how does the private sector think about and deal with risks to their investments stemming from unclear or weak land tenure and property rights?
To date, there had been no systematic study of how investors and business operators actually assess and seek to mitigate land tenure risks. Without a clear understanding of these issues, USAID and other development agencies are limited in our efforts to develop policies, programs and partnerships that create win-win scenarios for both businesses and local communities.
Read the full piece on the Global Landscapes Forum website.
Land Formalization Pilot in Ovejas
Posted on May 23, 2018 December 14, 2020 by John Dwyer
Over ten months, the USAID-funded Massive Land Formalization Pilot teams work six days a week, 6am-3pm, walking off every single property, parcel, & farm in an area measuring 500sq. kilometers. At 200m above sea level, 100 kilometers from the Caribbean ocean, the terrain is hot, humid, buggy, muddy, rainy, boggy, and dotted with unfriendly plants that sting, stick, and poke, plenty of mosquitoes, spiders, scorpions, an odd snake or two. Mid day sun, brutal. Rainy season, relentless.
The teams–many of whom grew up in these parts–deal not only with extreme climate conditions, but unpredictable landowners, who never show up. Technology that doesn't always respond. Dead batteries at the end of the day.
Land conflicts: neighbors, families, property boundaries, divisions, forgotten inheritances, and the never-ending saga of a government that has completely abandoned land administration for at least the last 20 years.
This is the face of land formalization in 2018 Colombia!
USAID Land Champion: Jennifer Chow
Posted on May 23, 2018 May 23, 2018 by Adam Jennison
Jennifer Chow is a Senior Policy Advisor in the Global Engagement and Strategy Office in USAID's Bureau for Food Security. We spoke to her about why land is important to improving food security and advancing development.
Can you tell us a little bit about yourself?
I provide policy and strategic guidance on global food security issues with US Government leadership, other donors, international organizations and other development partners. I also provide input to help shape international norm-setting principles and voluntary guidelines. I try to make sure this policy guidance reflects the work of USAID on the ground and the development priorities of our government, and in turn that our work reflects global priorities and best practices, and that we at USAID focus on emerging issues so that our resources and efforts are effective and well-coordinated.
A lot of this work includes finding common ground and identifying opportunities to work better with other development partners (as well as within our own government) and building trust and long-term working relationships. I also focus on addressing issues such as resource governance, land tenure & property rights and responsible investment as part of a holistic global food security agenda.
Why is land important to USAID?
In general, I think land represents at least two critical things to everyone: 1) it is an economic asset which can be transacted (bought, sold, rented, mortgaged, etc) and 2) it is a livelihood asset which can provide shelter, a home, food, storage, safety & protection and other benefits.
Investments in land are often part of the essential economic stability and food security picture for families, communities and countries, which makes land an important part of our larger development vision. The support we provide in the countries where we work and the partnerships we shape can be critically altered by policies or dynamics around land.
What is the connection between land tenure and food security?
One simple example is that tenure security can lead to investments to improve the land as well as increase food productivity. For farmers in particular, it's important to have a stake in the land and a sense of security that you will actually be able to reap what you sow. It's important to understand that nurturing the soil will yield benefits next season, that you can treat the land as an investment for future generations. All of these factors fundamentally motivate farmers (and others) to build sustainable irrigation and crop rotation systems, or use other climate-smart and holistic agriculture practices involving precision farming, different energy use, tillage and fertilizer practices. Land, and the soil and other conditions related to it, are critical for growing food, for contributing to reliable sources of nutrition and income and for developing or contributing to trade and markets.
How is USAID working to fight hunger, strengthen land rights, and/or support responsible investments?
USAID provides technical expertise and capacity building to help governments structure, enact and implement policies and procedures related to land and resource rights. We encourage inclusivity, help connect people to processes and facilitate discussions. We also create and provide guidelines and checklists for companies, communities and governments to approach land rights and responsible investment issues in a comprehensive manner. We incentivize this behavior through partnerships with companies, non-governmental organizations and government partners; through programs on the ground; through monitoring and evaluation; and through continuously pushing for transparency and consistency.
Through extensive consultation and learning from past experience, including from the first five years of the Feed the Future initiative, USAID developed a new Global Food Security Strategy for 2017-2021. It represents a whole-of-government approach with agency-specific implementation plans. It has Congressional support (and mandates) via the Global Food Security Act of 2016. It goes into detail about how we will contribute to the achievement of global food security and the Sustainable Development Goals while elevating nutrition and resilience and emphasizing market-led development.
USAID also coordinates with other development partners on land mapping activities and on using surveying tools and data to inform better policies and programs. We also partner with companies and NGOs to pilot the implementation of responsible investment guidelines, to document concerns and needs from various stakeholders and to develop win-win scenarios for investors and communities.


Looking out of the many windows in the Villas or sitting on the patio, you will see the 8,400 feet high Rincon Peak and the lovely hills and valleys that surround it. The sunrises and sunsets are very special here. The Sonoran desert is one of the most beautiful in the world because the summer monsoon rains support many varieties of trees, shrubs, birds and animals. Animals peek into the back patios, an amazing variety of birds are ever present, and the astounding cactus flowers bloom often.
Close by is the Saguaro National Park with its stunning saguaros and other cacti. Nearby Colossal Cave is a treat for visiting children and adults.
Arizona's second largest city, with a population close to one million, still has the appeal and accessibility of a smaller city.
Dining out in Tucson is very special these days. Many interesting and excellent restaurants operate in Tucson. The city has very recently been designated "the best 'under-the-radar' food city in America" by Wine Enthusiast magazine. It is also the only city in the United States to be designated a "World City of Gastronomy" by UNESCO.


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Wielbowne (ukr. Вельбівно) – wieś na Ukrainie w rejonie ostrogskim, obwodu rówieńskiego.

Historia
Pierwsza wzmianka o wsi pochodzi z roku 1542 (podział ziemi księcia Ili Ostrogskiego pomiędzy Beatą i Halszką). W 1576 roku Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski zajął Ostrog i ziemię ostrogską. W 1593 wieś została przekazana Olizaru Jerliczu. Do 1621 r. własność Jarosława Ostrogskiego, potem do 1654 roku – A.-A. Chodkiewicza. Od 1654 roku do końca XVIII wieku należała do książąt Jabłonowskich. W 1780 roku książę Jabłonowski wydzielił ziemię pod budowę Kościoła Przemienienia Pańskiego (w 1941 roku kościół spalili Niemcy, w 1990 rozpoczął budowę nowej cerkwi na miejscu starego kościoła), istniała szkoła parafialną dla 25 chłopców. W latach 1917-1919 pod panowaniem trzech mocarstw, wielu mieszkańców wsi zapisało się do 1 Konnej Armii Czerwonej.

W okresie międzywojennym w miejscowości stacjonowała strażnica KOP "Wielbowno".

W latach 1939-1941 pod panowaniem ZSRR, 1941-1944 – okupacja niemiecka. Potem ponownie władza radziecka. W latach 50. XX wieku została wybudowana nowa 8-letnia szkoła, kołchoz, przedszkole. W 1980 roku zbudowano nową 10-letnią szkołę. W 2009 przywrócono nazwę Wielbowne (w czasach ZSRR wieś nazywała się Wilbiwne).

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

 Wielbowne na stronie Rady Najwyższej Ukrainy

Wsie w obwodzie rówieńskim
Rejon ostrogski

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Darlinghurst area is well known for its coffee and cafe culture, I guess I can mention more than 5 great cafes and coffee shops which located in this area and now I can add Edition Coffee Roaster on my list. This coffee shop is located on the junction of Liverpool street and Crown street. I was a little confused when I arrived at this shop because it didn't have any signage. I asked one of its friendly staff and yes I was on the right place.
I did a quick google about this coffee shop and check the menu via zomato apps and it was so interesting. Edition Coffee Roaster changes the menu periodically and of course I can't find the menu which I googled earlier but I didn't have to worry because their menu at that moment even more interesting. This place served a very unique Scandinavian - Japanese fusion food. Yes you read it right Scandinavian - Japanese fusion or I might say Nordic - Japanese food. The interior is minimalist with a touch of beehive / hexagonal shape tiles on the counter.
Me and my friends ordered Yuzu kosho skagen, Sakasama Yakuza Poached pineapple hotcake, Smoked pineapple ocean jacket with udon and Kuro Ushi. I was not familiar with the name of the menu at all which made me become more and more curious.
Yuzu kosho skagen is basically a light meal, a mixture of Japanese pepper prawns, apple, potato and radish on the topped of Rye crips. Sakasama Yakuza poached pineapple hotcake or you just order "Pineapple hotcake" the staff will directly knew it. It a hot type dessert which has Espresso mousse and blackberry powder on the top of generous size of pineapple hotcake.
My meal was udon noodles with pan fried ocean jacket, smoked pineapple dashi and Japanese herb salad. I really like the pan fried ocean jacket, I like the smokey flavor on it, it feels like I want to order another ocean jacket alone. The last one was Kuro Ushi, if you just read the menu with out notice the ingredient right under the menu, I don't think you will guess it is a burger, yess it was a burger anything but ordinary burger. It was a Black Angus steak with miso onions, konbu mushroom gravy, american cheese with milk bun. The portion is quite big and a perfect choice for lunch, yup I will only recommend you to order this one if you are really hungry, because our another orders were quite lack in size.
Overall, I really enjoy my time at Edition Coffee Roaster, well except for the price (it was too pricey) and the meal size. But still, I can not wait for another unique meal on the menu or maybe they already prepare a list of new menu for next season?


When her dentist said she would either need a dental implant or a partial denture, Rita, being a retired registered nurse, realized the gravity of the decision. Until now, Rita had always thought, implants were only cosmetic! She now understood the placement of a dental implant would mean giving support and strength to an area that would otherwise be weak. Her decision was not only functional; it was also a health concern.
Not only did getting an implant NOT HURT, but there were also fewer visits than I originally thought!
For many of you, I was in your shoes just a few years ago.
My dentist said I was facing a denture situation and I was not happy about it!
So, I called United Smile Centre.
I am now enjoying my permanent teeth.
I am blessed to still be active and I'm enjoying my social life.
I still make visits to two nursing homes for two of my friends and have the confidence that if I ever have to be in a nursing facility, I will know where my teeth are. I highly recommend the all-on-four procedure.
Mary Ann has had her All-on-4® for more than 8 years and she loves it! She enjoys her time with friends and family with more confidence because of her All-on-4®.
Curtis had 2 factors working against him, first he grew up in Colorado and at that time the drinking water had too much fluoride and this damaged his teeth, and secondly, he had a genetic disposition to develop periodontal disease. These factors gave Curtis a disadvantage for a healthy mouth and a beautiful smile. Fortunately for Curtis United Smile Centres gave him a second chance at both.
Curtis came in from a referral by his general dentist Dr. Ann Carnes in Elizabethtown, KY. Dr. Ann suggested that Curtis meet with Dr. Ken Parrish of United Smile Centres for a free consultation and CT scan. Because Curtis had been given such gloomy advice previously he was apprehensive but hopeful. He found the team at United Smile Centres very optimistic about his condition. Dr. Parrish gave him a full treatment plan that outlined his visits and his exact cost.
Curtis decided to go with the All-on-4® option for the replacement of his teeth. Curtis said "all appointments went as expected." Now he can eat anything he wants...he can even bite all the way thru a piece of celery.


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Q: Building a dynamic projection for EF (to dynamically select columns) In my team, I was asked to develop some kind of 'generic dashboard' that we can use for a lot of places in our application.
Basically, what they want the user to be able to do is make a column and filter selection on a set of data and save that filter.
Now on some data sets, the amount of columns reaches well over 100. Naturally, I don't want to get all of these from our data layer. We are using Entity Framework 5.0 on top of SQL Server at the moment.
Now, my plan was to make some kind of object to represent the column selection and filter. Translating the filters to an EF query, so the where clauses and sorting will be correct should not be a problem (build predicates dynamically or generate entitySQL). The part that I can't wrap my mind around is how I can do a dynamic field selection. As I said, I don't want to fetch any data I'm not going to return.
So, how do I go from a list of column names to a data projection I can use?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: El inicio de sesion de laravel dejo de funcionar? Por alguna extraña razon, no me deja iniciar sesion en laravel, solamente registrandome como nuevo usuario o recuperando contraseña alguien sabe a que se debe esto?
Todo lo que cambie fue en la vista de login
@extends('layouts.app')

@section('content')

{{ __('Login') }}

                    <form method="POST" action="{{ route('login') }}">
                        @csrf

                            {{ __('E-Mail Address') }}

                                <input id="email" type="email" class="form-control @error('email') is-invalid @enderror" name="email" value="{{ old('email') }}" required autocomplete="email" autofocus>

                                @error('email')

                                        {{ $message }}

                                @enderror

                            {{ __('Password') }}

                                <input id="password" type="password" class="form-control @error('password') is-invalid @enderror" name="password" required autocomplete="current-password">

                                @error('password')

                                        {{ $message }}

                                @enderror

                                    <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="remember" id="remember" {{ old('remember') ? 'checked' : '' }}>

                                        {{ __('Remember Me') }}

                                <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">
                                    {{ __('Login') }}
                                </button>

                                @if (Route::has('password.request'))

                                        {{ __('Forgot Your Password?') }}

                                @endif

                    </form>

@endsection

Despues añadi unos campos a la tabla user pero dudo que esto afectara esta parte, ya intente con

composer dummp-autoload

y limpiando el cache de laravel y el del navegador web