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El yacimiento arqueológico de Cova Foradada se localiza en el término municipal de Calafell, comarca del Bajo Panadés (Cataluña, España), en lo alto del cerro de la Escarnosa, a una altura de 110 m sobre el nivel del mar y a 1860 m de la línea de costa actual. Se trata de una pequeña cueva en un afloramiento calcáreo, erosionado y redondeado por el efecto del agua. Está formada por dos salas a diferentes niveles unidas por una rampa. Al pie de esta se forma un relieve circular, se trata de una poza, la cual ha producido una nueva salida que conforma una boca inferior. Su nombre, Foradada, se debe a la forma circular y redondeada de su entrada superior.

El potencial arqueológico del yacimiento fue descubierto en el año 1997, fruto de un hallazgo fortuito, por parte de unos excursionistas, de diversos huesos humanos que, posteriormente, fueron atribuidos al Neolítico tardío. Desde el año 1998, se han sucedido una serie de campañas arqueológicas. Dirigidas en un inicio por Artur Cebrià (junto con M.R. Senabre en la excavación preventiva de 1997). En el año 1998, el arqueólogo municipal Josep Pou, realizó una inspección del yacimiento y en el año 1999 se realizó una nueva excavación preventiva. Posteriormente, se inició un proyecto científico de excavación e investigación destinado a conocer la dinámica de ocupación prehistórica de la cueva con el objeto de integrar dicho conocimiento dentro de las dinámicas poblacionales antiguas en las comarcas del Panadés. A partir del año 2015, la excavación ha sido codirigida por A. Cebrià i Juan Ignacio Morales. Actualmente, el yacimiento se encuentra prácticamente excavado en su totalidad. Se ha trabajado tanto en la sala superior como en la inferior. La primera de ellas cuenta con una sucesión de niveles carbonatados, donde únicamente se ha documentado la presencia de fauna pleistocena. La segunda sala, la inferior, es la que contiene todo el yacimiento arqueológico, el cual abarca una amplia horquilla cronológica que comprende desde el Paleolítico superior antiguo hasta una capa muy alterada de enterramientos colectivos del final del Neolítico y los inicios de la Edad de Bronce. Además, la presencia de algunos restos descontextualizados muestran que la cueva también fue utilizada durante la primera Edad del Hierro.

La investigación arqueológica de Cova Foradada ha documentado una secuencia estratigráfica que contiene una sucesión de ocupaciones esporádicas del Chatelperroniense, el Auriñaciense temprano y el Gravetiense.

Contexto geológico

Cova Foradada es un pequeño túnel kárstico constituido por formaciones de calcarenita de los períodos serravalliense-tortoniense (Mioceno) en contacto discordante con calcáreas y dolomitas de las edades valanginiense-barremiense (Cretácico inferior). La morfología actual de la cueva consta de una entrada circular que permite el acceso directo a la sala de excavación de ca. 14 m², donde una plataforma ascendente de travertino conduce a otra entrada más pequeña. Aún se desconoce la forma original del complejo kárstico y cómo se desarrolló, pero después de efectuar un sondeo en la plataforma de travertino cercana a la entrada superior, se encontraron materiales adicionales del Paleolítico superior que aún no han sido datados.

Las excavaciones en la sala principal permitieron descubrir una secuencia estratigráfica de ca. 2,5 m desde los niveles superiores del Neolítico hasta las espeleotemas de la base. Esta sucesión estratigráfica contiene 4 unidades litoestratigráficas y 10 niveles arqueopaleontológicos, 8 de los cuales con evidencias de uso/ocupación humana, desde el óptimo climático del Holoceno hasta el Pleistoceno superior. De arriba abajo son las siguientes:

1-Secuencia litoestratigráfica del Holoceno: comprende las Unidades I y II. Estas unidades han sufrido más bioturbación que las del Pleistoceno.

 Unidad I. Los sedimentos incluyen brechas de bloques de calcarenita y cantos rodados con arenas orgánicas finas y pequeños cantos, y un gran estrato tabular con una presencia importante de carbón y cenizas. Esta unidad ha sido severamente afectada, no solo por bioturbación sino también por actividades antrópicas. Las dataciones por 14C indican que se puede situar en el Holoceno medio. En base a su composición, está subdividida en dos subunidades arqueológicas, Ia y Ib.
 Unidad II. Es un estrato pequeño y lenticular de arcilla marrón que contiene abundantes bloques y cantos rodados de calcarenita procedentes del techo de la cueva. Ha sido severamente alterada por pisoteo, bioturbación y  traslado de sedimentos durante las actividades funerarias. La deposición original se asocia con el último período glacial y el Holoceno inferior.

2-Secuencia litoestratigráfica del Pleistoceno: abarca tres unidades mayores, III, IV y V, que han sido definidas en base a las características sedimentarias y litológicas excavadas siguiendo la inclinación y orientación natural.

Unidad III. Ocupa la parte central de la secuencia y es, de todas las unidades, la más compleja; no obstante, los restos arqueológicos hallados aquí son escasos. Está compuesta por grandes cantidades de arenas calcáreas amarillentas débilmente cimentadas y solo se conserva cerca de las paredes de la cueva. Está distribuida irregularmente por toda la sala de la excavación debido a que los procesos erosivos afectaron las subunidades superiores. Consta de tres niveles arqueológicos diferentes, IIIn, IIIg, IIIc, clasificados de acuerdo con los cambios sedimentarios. En la parte superior se encuentra el nivel arqueológico IIIn asociado con el Gravetiense temprano. El área excavada tiene menos de 2 m² y está constituida por una brecha de bloques de calcarenita rellenados con arena calcárea amarillenta y carbones vegetales. Se trunca al sur y solo se conserva en un pequeño sector al extremo norte de la sala de excavación, cerca de las paredes de la cueva. El siguiente nivel IIIc, que corresponde al Auriñaciense inferior, es el primer nivel arqueológico continuo en la secuencia pleistocena. Consiste en un estrato tabular de 0,3-0,4 metros de grosor, que contiene una cantidad masiva de arena calcárea de color marrón claro con algunos bloques de calcarenita. Contiene abundantes carbones vegetales, estructuras de combustión y piedras rojizas.

 Plataforma de travertino 2 (TP-2). Está estratificada entre la unidad III y la unidad IV, y se extiende a través de casi la mitad de la sala de excavación. Consiste en una brecha poco estratificada con forma de cúpula, de 0,5 metros de grosor, formada por cantos rodados de calcarenita rellenados con precipitados de calcita erosionada. Tiene contacto lateral con los niveles IIIg y IIIc, lo que indica que ya se había formado cuando la unidad III fue depositada. Su base está constituida por la unidad IV en toda su extensión.
 Plataforma de travertino 1 (TP-1). Estratigráficamente está superpuesta a la unidad III y probablemente la selló. Es un pequeño reducto de un depósito de travertino más grande y blando. Se ha identificado solo en el área norte de la excavación.

Unidad IV. Está constituida por una brecha estratificada de un grosor de 0,6 m, de un bloque de travertino parcial o totalmente rellenado con grandes cantidades de arena fangosa calcárea de color rojizo-amarillento. Esta unidad está distribuida homogéneamente en toda el área excavada. Aparece directamente bajo el nivel IIIc en las áreas centrales y sur de la excavación. En el norte está bien estratificada bajo los niveles IIIn, IIIc y TP2. Está formada por los subniveles IV, IV1 y IV2 separados por dos estratos tabulares, continuos de bloques de travertino. La IV2 está asociada a la ocupación CP. En la sala norte de la excavación, la plataforma de travertino TP2 separa la unidad III (recubriendo la plataforma) de la unidad IV (bajo la plataforma). En el resto de la cueva estas dos unidades tienen contacto directo. Durante la excavación solo se ha podido preservar una pequeña sección de los niveles debido a las escasas proporciones de la cueva y a la poca compactación de los sedimentos.

Unidad V. Esta unidad se encuentra en la base de la excavación y está formada por una brecha de bloques amarillos y placas de travertino rellenados con arena fangosa calcárea de color rojizo-amarillento, con un grueso de 0,6 m. Contiene estructuras criptocristalinas. La brecha cubre depósitos de marga y de calcilutita con impregnaciones criptocristalinas negras. Es arqueológicamente estéril.

Los rituales funerarios en el conjunto Holoceno

En el yacimiento de Cova Foradada de Calafell se recuperaron dos conjuntos de restos humanos en la Unidad I. La diferencia entre los dos conjuntos es el tratamiento funerario ya que se trata de una inhumación colectiva y un conjunto de restos humanos quemado.

El conjunto de inhumación colectiva está formado por más de 1300 restos óseos que datan del Neolítico Final-Calcolítico. Por otro lado se obtuvo una datación del Neolítico Antiguo o Cardial. Sin embargo, no se tiene seguridad respecto a esta adscripción cronológica ya que el resto datado se encontró conjuntamente con los otros. El conjunto de cremaciones consta de más de 1400 restos que, aunque no están datados, se ha propuesto una adscripción cronocultural al Bronce Final.

Junto a los restos humanos, se localizaron otros materiales arqueológicos como elementos de ajuar: puntas de saeta, fragmentos de lámina, numerosos decenarios de collares de esteatita, decenarios en otros materiales (piedra, hueso y concha) y un hacha pulida.

Conjunto de inhumación colectiva

En el conjunto de inhumación colectiva se encontraron todos los elementos anatómicos del esqueleto humano, entre ellos una enclusa de la cadena de huesecillos del oído. Sin embargo, en el conjunto predominan los huesos de las manos y los piés, principalmente falanges, junto con los huesos del esqueleto axial postcraneal, como las vértebras y costillas.  El número mínimo de individuos de este conjunto es de 18, de los cuales 13 eran adultos mayores de 17-18 años en el momento de la muerte, un adolescente de entre 10 y 13 años, un niño de entre 5 y 8 años, otro de entre 2 y 4 años, otro de entre 1 y 2 años y un niño neonatal que tenía unos 6 meses de edad al morir.

Mediante el estudio tafonómico se documentaron varios actores y procesos que afectaron de manera desigual, pero en general leve, la superficie de los huesos, destacando la buena conservación del conjunto. Los animales carnívoros, probablemente grandes y pequeños cánidos (lobos, perros y zorros) accedieron a los cadáveres una vez depositados en la cueva consumiendo algunas partes. Otras modificaciones que se han observado han sido las vermiculaciones producidas por las raíces, la afectación de la exposición subaèrea, las estrías causadas por el pisoteo (trampling) y movimiento de los sedimentos sobre los huesos, carbonataciones, disoluciones y precipitaciones de óxido de manganeso. Todas ellas en frecuencias bajas. Sin embargo, los ataques fúngicos y raíces modernas se registraron más frecuentemente. Además se localizaron modificaciones antrópicas sobre uno de los huesos. Se trata de un hueso semilunar que presenta un pulido intencional en una de las caras, el propósito del cual es desconocido, aunque se podría tratar de una preforma de un objeto ornamental o funcional.

Paleopatologías
Moreno-Ibáñez (2019) realizó un estudio de las paleopatologías que presentaba el conjunto. Se documentaron: patología dental, patología congénita de predominio vertebral, patologías infecciosas, traumatismos, patologías osteoarticulares, entesopatías, patologías tumorales, circulatorias e indeterminadas.

 Patología dental: la caries es la patología más documentada (23 piezas). Destaca el hallazgo de una hipoplasia marcada, que se relaciona con estrés sometido durante el crecimiento como infecciones, intoxicaciones o períodos de inanición. En otro caso se documentaron dos incisivos con abrasión mecànica externa, probablemente por uso como herramienta (tercera mano) que conferiría un desgaste dental de origen cultural.
 Patología congénita: dentro de éstas patologías se ha podido identificar un número de vértebras afectadas de escoliosis, presuntamente del mismo individuo, identificada por la asimetría de las facetas articulares superiores y exteriores, así como por la curvatura del proceso espinoso de las vértebras.
 Patología infecciosa: la mayoría de enfermedades infecciosas realizan cambios en los tejidos blandos que no dejan señales reconocibles en el registro arqueológico. Los restos documentados en Cova Foradada no permiten el diagnóstico con certeza de ninguna de estas patologías. Se ha encontrado signos de infección ósea sobre nueve elementos. Todos ellos presentan signos de aumento de porosidad del hueso de afectación predominantemente diafisaria y no articular, característico en las afecciones infecciosas.
 Traumatismos: los traumatismos son frecuentemente documentados en los restos fósiles. En este yacimiento se identificaron 4 fracturas antemortem, dos fracturas de cráneo y dos falanges, y 3 fracturas perimortem todas ellas sobre elementos craneales. En el conjunto cabe destacar un cráneo de una mujer de más de 50 años que muestra traumas antemortem y perimortem. Dos de los traumas antemortem están regenerados totalmente. Sin embargo, uno de los traumatismos localizado sobre el hueso parietal derecho, muestra un impacto de grandes dimensiones sin regeneración ósea. Esta fractura se produjo con un objeto contundente que probablemente fue la causa de la muerte.
 Patología osteoarticular: se identificaron dos vértebras cervicales y dos falanges del tercer dedo de una mano con signos de osteoartritis o artrosis. La artrosis se caracteriza por la destrucción del cartílago de la articulación provocando así la fricción entre los dos huesos dando lugar a la destrucción del hueso friccionado, y a la larga, la aparición de osteofitos (hiperostosis, o formación de hueso, de la zona friccionada).
 Entesopatías: se refiere a la formación de hueso en la zona de inserción de un tendón o un ligamento como consecuencia de un sobreuso, inflamación o traumatismos, así como también se relaciona con la edad. Se ha registrado entesopatía en una rótula derecha, dos fragmentos de vértebras torácicas superiores y una falange media del tercer dedo de la mano derecha.
 Patología tumoral: Se encontraron dos tumoraciones de pequeñas proporciones en dos falanges de una mano. Se trata de posibles osteocondromas, pero no se puede descartar que se trate de un condroma periostal.
 Patología circulatoria: se ha identificado una pieza con necrosis parcial del hueso, en la epífisis distal de la falange proximal del primer dedo del pie izquierdo, que podría corresponder a una osteocondritis disecante, caracterizada por una pérdida de aporte circulatorio del hueso. Esta patología está causada habitualmente por un traumatismo o por estrés mecánico.

Teniendo en cuenta las patologías documentadas sobre el conjunto, destaca que los individuos del conjunto de inhumación colectiva no presentaban patologías severas, tenían un estilo de vida activo, así como una mala higiene bucal. Se ha documentado también la evidencia de traumatismos intencionales, que es una prueba de violencia interpersonal. Mediante el estudio forense se concluyó que el traumatismo habría sido producido por detrás y posiblemente por un agresor diestro. El objeto causante del traumatismo mortal podría haber sido un objeto de superficie recta y apuntada compatible con una hacha de piedra pulida.

Posible inhumación del Neolítico Antiguo
El Neolítico Antiguo o Cardial comprende desde el inicio del Neolítico (los datos más antiguos al oeste del Mediterráneo son del 8000-7500 AP) hasta 6500 AP aproximadamente. Este período también es llamado cardial por la aparición de cerámicas con decoración por impresión del margen de la concha Cardium edule.

En la Unidad I del yacimiento Cova Foradada, como ya se ha comentado previamente, es donde se encontraron los restos humanos más antiguos.  Uno de ellos, un molar humano, se ha datado entre el año 7240-6960 AP, que comprende el Neolítico Cardial o Antiguo. En el conjunto se localizaron 6 fragmentos de cerámica con características del Neolítico Cardial, que presuntamente pudieron pertenecer al ajuar funerario de la inhumación en cuestión. Dos vasos presentan una decoración con cordón integrado en el borde dando el aspecto de bisel. Un tercero es un vaso de grandes proporciones con un cordón grueso aplicado a modo de decoración. Otro fragmento parecería de forma ovoide por su curvatura, donde se puede ver una decoración cardial arrastrada. El quinto se trata de un pequeño fragmento de pequeñas dimensiones de borde recto con labio plano que presenta una sola línea acanalada bajo el borde y en paralelo a éste.

Otro dato que sostiene la datación de los restos es el hallazgo de malacofauna marina más típica del período cardial que no del Neolítico Final-Calcolítico: Marginella sp. perforada en el ápex y numerosos efectivos de Columbella rustica.

La información de la que se dispone sobre las inhumaciones del período Neolítico Cardial en la península ibérica son escasas, por lo que no se puede deducir de ellas ninguna práctica funeraria homogénea. No obstante, sí se podría apuntar que se trataba de inhumaciones individuales en cueva o al aire libre. Algunos de estos podrían ser utilizados de forma sucesiva como espacios de inhumación colectiva, por lo que se encontrarían mezclados con otras inhumaciones de diferentes períodos como es el caso de Cova Foradada. Este esquema se repite en múltiples yacimientos de la Península. Bernabéu et al. (2011) observaron que esta conducta fue común en la península ibérica y Francia, donde se reciclaron estos depósitos en el Neolítico más reciente y hasta la Edad de Bronce, encubriendo actividades funerarias previas.

La persistencia a lo largo de los períodos descritos de estas necrópolis (ya sean colectivas o individuales) desde los inicios del Neolítico, llevan a pensar en un proceso de territorialización y de sedentarización, y podrían confirmar la presencia de un hábitat estable durante todo el período neolítico en el territorio.

Conjunto de cremación
La cremación de los cuerpos de los difuntos es una práctica que se generaliza en todo el noreste de la península ibérica durante el Bronce Final y que refleja profundos cambios sociales y culturales. Es característica de esta época la aparición de la Cultura de Campos de Urnas que llegó a la península ibérica a través de poblaciones migratorias de otros puntos de Europa cruzando los Pirineos o desde el Mediterráneo. El difunto podía ser quemado en una pira funeraria, o bien se podía quemar en el mismo lugar donde sería enterrado. Los restos se recogían posteriormente y se depositaban dentro de un recipiente que generalmente era cerámico aunque también podía estar hecho de elementos vegetales o de pieles que no se habrían conservado. Es también característico de este período encontrar pocos, o ninguno, elementos de ajuar.

En el conjunto de Cova Foradada no se encontró ningún resto cerámico datado del Bronce Final, ni elementos de ajuar metálicos, pero el estudio tafonómico forense que realizó Moreno-Ibáñez (2019) revela un conjunto de huesos quemados a altas temperaturas de forma homogénea que llevan a pensar en una intención funeraria. No se dispone de datación radiocarbónica por la alta combustión ni tampoco se han podido identificar la mayoría de huesos. Aun así, se ha podido estimar un número mínimo de individuos de 5 (3 adultos y 2 niños). La muestra del conjunto hace pensar que la cremación se realizó dentro de la cueva ya que se han encontrado restos de huesos de pequeña dimensión y gran número de astillas, hechos diferenciadores de la cremación en pira donde los restos posteriormente son recogidos de forma selectiva y, por lo tanto, hay una ausencia de huesos pequeños. El estudio tafonómico también ha permitido determinar una práctica de cremaciones primarias sucesivas dentro de la cueva.

La práctica de cremación no se introdujo de forma homogénea en el territorio, produciéndose una situación transitoria en la que conviviría con las inhumaciones. Se tienen evidencias de cremaciones en cuevas en la zona del Panadés y cercanías. El estudio tafonómico ha permitido proponer que el conjunto de restos humanos cremados de Cova Foradada podría corresponder a esta etapa de transición, una posible primera aculturación producida después del Neolítico Final-Calcolítico, pero antes de la integración cultural completa de las necrópolis de los Campos de Urnas.

El conjunto pleistoceno

Tecnología
Los restos de industria lítica son escasos a lo largo de toda la secuencia pleistocena de Cova Foradada. Un patrón común en la secuencia es el uso, casi exclusivo, de diversas variedades de sílex como materia prima de las herramientas allí halladas. La distribución geoespacial de las áreas de procedencia de los diferentes tipos de materias primas se sitúa entre 5 y 60 km de la cavidad, lo cual sugiere un rango de adquisición local-regional para todos los niveles del yacimiento.

Los conjuntos de industria lítica recuperados se caracterizan por una reducción fragmentada. Secuencias, en principio, relacionadas con dinámicas de ocupación de corta duración. Están ausentes en el conjunto los núcleos con un sistema de reducción estructurado. La única evidencia de la talla de industria lítica en la cueva procede de un número escaso de núcleos de talla bipolar manipulados sobre yunque en la unidad IV. Asimismo, la ausencia de restos de talla refuerza la hipótesis que la reducción de los núcleos y la configuración de las herramientas en pocas ocasiones  fue realizada en el yacimiento. Las lascas retocadas son el componente más significativo en el conjunto lítico de Cova Foradada, mayormente caracterizado por láminas y laminitas.

Los restos de industria lítica recuperados en los niveles IIIc y IV son tipológicamente diagnósticas y, aparte del contexto cronológico, son indicativos de sus complejos tecnológicos asociados. El nivel IV proporcionó un pequeño conjunto lítico en el que resaltaba la presencia casi exclusiva de herramientas chatelperronienses. Esto representa la expresión más meridional de este tipo de instrumentos en Europa, relacionada exclusivamente con la cultura chatelperroniense y, en principio, asociada a los grupos neandertales.

Este yacimiento representa la secuencia más meridional del Chatelperroniense y el Auriñaciense temprano documentada en Europa. Alejado de la influencia cántabro-pirenaica y cercano a la cuenca del Ebro, Cova Foradada amplía significativamente la distribución territorial de ambas culturas, proporcionando una referencia geográfica y cronológica importante para redefinir los límites territoriales donde se produjo la transición cultural y, a la vez, comprender la desaparición de los neandertales y la expansión de los humanos modernos en la península ibérica. Asimismo, también se puede considerar como uno de los últimos lugares donde posiblemente se produjo contacto directo entre las dos especies, neandertales y Homo sapiens sapiens.

Zooarqueología y análisis taxonómico
En las diferentes intervenciones arqueológicas realizadas en Cova Foradada se recuperaron más de 2000 restos del Pleistoceno. Entre todos estos restos hay una gran diversidad de especies.

Los mesovertebrados (pequeñas aves de la familia de los Corvidae, Phasianidae y otros pequeños paseriformes y lepóridos de los géneros Lepus y Oryctolagus) son el grupo taxonómico más abundante en todos los niveles de la secuencia estratigráfica pleistocena. El segundo grupo taxonómico más numeroso corresponde a los mamíferos carnívoros, representados por ocho especies distintas. El lince ibérico (Lynx pardinus), el oso pardo (Ursus arctos), el leopardo (Panthera pardus) y la hiena moteada (Crocuta crocuta) son los taxones más habituales en el conjunto. Los restos de zorro (Vulpes vulpes), de lobo (Canis /Cuon) y de león (Panthera leo) son más escasos. Los restos más abundantes hallados en la cueva son los de lince ibérico. Referente a los ungulados, se han documentado ciervos (Cervus elaphus), grandes bovinos (Bos / bison) y équidos (Equus sp.). Otros taxones solo están representados ocasionalmente, pero han tenido importantes implicaciones en la interpretación de la Cova Foradada. Por una parte, las Testudinae (veg. Testudo hermanni) están representadas por un ejemplar aislado en el nivel IIIc. Su presencia es indicativa de un clima suave y de la supervivencia de esta especie al NE de la península ibérica, tras su desaparición en esta región al final del paleolítico medio. Las grandes aves rapaces están representadas por restos del águila dorada (Aquila chrysaetos), el águila imperial ibérica (Aquila adalberti), el buitre común (Gyps fulvus) y  el milano real (Accipitridae cf. Milvus milvus). La mayoría de los huesos son falanges completas de individuos adultos. Su tafonomía indica interacciones entre rapaces y humanos.

Salvo pequeñas diferencias, la representación taxonómica y los perfiles esqueléticos y de mortalidad son similares en todos los niveles. La presencia de carnívoros, adultos y jóvenes, grandes aves rapaces, marcas de dientes en los huesos, egagrópilas y coprolitos todos mezclados, hacen suponer que los depredadores no humanos fueron los principales responsables de las acumulaciones de fósiles de fauna. El análisis de los restos depositados en Cova Foradada ha permitido interpretar que este espacio fue refugio de diferentes animales, principalmente el lince, y, también, que fue utilizado como percha de reposo por parte de las aves rapaces. No obstante, con mayor o menor grado, en todos los niveles excepto el V, se ha documentado la actividad antrópica sobre algunos de los restos de la fauna, especialmente en los restos de grandes mamíferos, aunque también hay un consumo importante de caza menor, especialmente conejos.

Elementos ornamentales

La falange proximal de la pata izquierda de un águila de grandes dimensiones, datada en 39.000 años de antigüedad ha sido uno de los últimos hallazgos en Cova Foradada. Los resultados del estudio tafonómico y las interpretaciones culturales han sido publicados en la revista Science Advances. Se trata de un ejemplar de águila imperial ibérica (Aquila adalberti), una especie endémica de la península ibérica.

La falange presenta 12 marcas de corte en la cara dorsal de la diáfisis. Los análisis tridimensionales de estas señales mostraron que la profundidad y micromorfología de las marcas son más pronunciadas que las que habría podido producir el roce de los sedimentos durante el pisoteo. Estos resultados apoyaron un indudable origen antrópico de las incisiones presentes en la pieza. Teniendo en cuenta la situación de las marcas de corte y las analogías hechas con conjuntos etnohistóricos y trabajos experimentales, se pudieron descartar que estas estuvieran relacionadas con el uso nutricional de las partes distales de las extremidades, por lo que se pudo proponer su posible uso con finalidades simbólicas u ornamentales.

El hallazgo de ornamentos personales en los yacimientos arqueológicos ha sido considerado una prueba del comportamiento simbólico de las poblaciones humanas del pasado, que se relaciona con la aparición de la «conducta humana moderna». El uso de talones de rapaces como ornamentos parece ser una de las evidencias de simbolismo más difundidas entre las poblaciones neandertales en Europa. Se han encontrado garras de rapaces en yacimientos datados a partir de ca. 130.000 años. La pieza localizada en Cova Foradada amplía el abanico geográfico y temporal conocido de este comportamiento, pues es la más antigua de la península ibérica y proporciona la primera documentación de su uso entre sus poblaciones.

La aparición recurrente de garras de rapaces a lo largo del Paleolítico medio, incluyendo la presencia entre las últimas poblaciones neandertales del Châtelperroniense, plantea la cuestión de la supervivencia de algunos elementos culturales del Paleolítico medio en los conjuntos transicionales al Paleolítico superior y posteriores.

Por otro lado, en el nivel IIIn se documentaron una gran abundancia de ornamentos perforados de conchas: gasterópodos y escafópodos marinos. Se han identificado 9 taxones diferentes: Homalopoma sanguineum, Tritia neritea, Tritia incrassata, Tritia reticulata, Nucella lapillus, Turritella communis, Bittium reticulatum, Nassarius circumcinctus y Antalis sp. Todas las especies documentadas están relacionadas con el Mediterráneo, con la excepción de N. lapillus, que sugiere un origen atlántico. En el nivel IV, junto a la falange de águila también se encontró un gasterópodo, Steromphala varia. La concha ha perdido toda su coloración externa permitiendo que la superficie perlada subyacente destaque. Ese espécimen de Steromphala es único en el yacimiento, ya que no se han observado otros ejemplos de este taxón entre el abundante conjunto de conchas, y también es la única concha marina no perforada encontrada en el lugar.

Notas

Referencias

Yacimientos arqueológicos de la provincia de Tarragona
Yacimientos neolíticos
Yacimientos arqueológicos de la Edad del Bronce
Cuevas paleolíticas de España
Cuevas prehistóricas de Cataluña
Calafell


As an attacker, throwing one perfect punch by itself can be effective but punches delivered in vollies of two, three, four, five, six or more become totally devastating.
As a defender, you can block, duck, or slip one punch fairly easily, but you'll have problems getting out of the way of five incoming, well thrown punches in sequence.
That specific sequence of punches forms a boxing combination. Boxers start by learning to throw individual punches but quickly progress to training that incorporates boxing combinations instead of single shots. Boxing combinations become the default attack and counter attack response and many trainers go as far as reprimanding their boxers for throwing a single jab in a fight or sparring situation.
Combinations take skill, stamina, and discipline to defend against and deliver. Just as you will train and prepare to throw combinations at your opponents, your opponents are training to throw them right back at you. Always expect a flurry of punches and when your opponent is unleashing combinations on you, you have to find the opportunity early to disrupt their flow and counter attack with a combination of your own.
You cannot possibly hope to slip or block every incoming punch and the more punches you let your opponent throw in the combination, the more likely one or more of them will connect. And when one does connect it raises the likelihood that the remaining punches in the combination will connect as well.
Once your opponent defeats your defense he or she seizes the initiative and can use the remaining punches in that combination to wreak havoc.
Let's consider the well-known 1-2 (jab, straight right). If your opponent lands a jab on you you are likely going to be momentarily stunned and your head may even get knocked back exposing your chin. The straight right immediately follows the jab and if it's timed correctly it's hitting that exposed chin or at very least connect somewhere as it follows the opening provided by the jab.
That's why it's important to nullify or counter attack as early into a combination as possible.
You can theoretically throw hundred punch boxing combinations over and over if you had perfect form and unlimited energy.
The next punch in a combination launches from the end position of the punch that happens before it requiring that you throw each punch, including recovery, correctly. Your technical form from beginning to end of your punch has to be perfect so that you are never off balance and your weight is positioned to allow for the next punch in the sequence.
This takes practice and attention to detail and your level of conditioning becomes very important. Boxing combinations require you to expend tremendous amounts of energy as you move through the sequence. You should be doing the proper boxing training to ensure you can last a whole fight whether it is one round or twelve.
You can theoretically throw hundred punch boxing combinations over and over if you had perfect form and unlimited energy1.
Boxing combinations flow. They are never awkward to perform as long as all the punches are performed in sequence and with technical precision.
Boxing combinations feel right when you deliver them correctly, and it is because your weight is shifting and setting you up for every punch in the combination.
Going back to the 1-2 combination - imagine throwing a jab. You throw out the jab and your left hand is far forward hitting your target. When throwing the jab you torqued your left hip clockwise (for orthodox fighters) to give your jab a little extra power. The position you are in at that moment of impact sets you up perfectly to throw a hard straight right because as you recover your hips and jab arm back into your guard, you've already started the counter-clockwise torque of your hips required to throw the straight right.
From there, let the momentum carry you and you start to transfer weight to your left leg, continue the torque of your hips and thrust your right fist to the same location your left was just at to complete the straight right motion and impacting on target milliseconds after the jab.
Taking that further - notice how your weight and body is now setup and in perfect position to throw a left hook to bring your weight back to the right.
When throwing combinations you shouldn't have to move your feet. Maintain a grounded base to generate the power needed to control the weight transfer that is happening throughout the combination. Your choice of punches will allow you to shift your weight and maintain balance until you choose to end the combination and move to a new attack position.
If you have to take a step, you did something wrong, because your weight ended up shifting too far or not far enough to allow you to deliver the next punch.
That's not to say you will never have to adjust your position while delivering combinations. It is highly unlikely your opponent will just stand there and let you beat on him. If he does - take advantage of it and consider yourself lucky.
In boxing - amateur and professional - the more punches you throw, the more will connect, the more damage will be done to your opponent, the more points you will score, and the more matches you will win. Obviously throwing combinations will help out in that goal.
So you want a list of boxing combinations?
There are potentially hundreds and thousands of combinations depending on how well conditioned you are and once you understand how they work you can come up with your own. But in the beginning you must master the basics.
Start with the four fundamental boxing combinations below and then move on from there. At some point, the essence behind boxing combinations will click in your head and you will understand why one punch follows the one before it. At that point you should be able to make up your own combinations.
Attach combination use to a trigger. You have to visualize when and how you would use this combination in a fight so you can train your mind to subconsciously recognize when the conditions are right to use it. If you have to think about when to use it - you've already missed your opportunity.
Visualizing triggers is harder to do on the offence than the defense. On the defense, your trigger is usually your response to a punch from from your opponent. For example - if you elbow block a body shot to your right side (orthodox boxers), that is your trigger to immediately throw a 6-3-2. Elbow block on the left side of your body = 5-2-3.
Once you identify a combination you want to learn, you have to drill it until you no longer have to think about it to throw it. It's all fine and good to start off thinking to yourself - 1-2, 1-2-3, 2-3-2 - but every time you think about what punch comes next you lose that split second and your timing gets messed up. Once you start a combination you throw it to completion and it eventually becomes a punch of its own. You can even name them if you like.
If you've taken the time to drill these boxing combinations to the point of perfection, then when a target opens up, the combination will instantly flow out when you need it.
When trying to learn new combinations - do one at a time.
Because if you don't you will end up with a bunch of imperfect combinations and none that really work well. They won't turn into punches of their own and they'll never really do what they are designed to do.
Focus on the technique of the combination. Don't start drilling it and throwing for speed until you have the technique and transition between each punch relatively perfect. Pay attention to everything - position, hand position, weight distribution, head position, and so on. This is where bad habits will creep in and bad habits form flaws in your combination that your opponent can use to disrupt your flow.
On the offense you have to visualize how your opponent might be setup that would make your combination effective. It might be that their front hand falls to shoulder height resulting in a 1-2. Maybe you visualize the front hand rising up as a trigger to go 3B-3H-2.
Drill it till you're sick of it. Dedicate entire rounds to one combination. Throw it over and over and over and over and over and over again. Get the picture? Do not mix other combinations in with it. You have to teach your muscles to work in a certain order for each combination and it has to come out as a reflexive action. Visualize the trigger - throw the combination - recover and move. Visualize the trigger - throw the combination - recover and move.
Once you've learned a combination to the point of it being instinctual you won't have to drill it as much but you can't forget it either. From time to time it should be a part of your training plan so you can prevent skill fade and keep the instinct alive and well.
So, a 1-1 is two jabs, a 1-1-1 is three jabs.
These combinations are an effective way to throw a bunch of punches from a distance. It is imperative you recover completely after each jab so subsequent jabs are delivered effectively and accurately.
One of the most important and famous of all combinations, the mighty 1-2. In this, you throw a jab which closes the distance and sets up the head for the power punch of the straight right delivered right after.
The objective with the jab is to snap your opponent's head back with your jab which exposes his chin. You then nail him with a right sending him to the mat. Throughout the whole sequence, you should feel firm on your feet, never off balance. If you do, you're not doing something right. It's one of two things, you are either reaching for the opponent or not recovering completely from your punches.
The other most important combination (good english eh), jab/straight right/left hook. This basically completes the 1-2.
Same objective for the first two punches, jab the head to expose the chin, nail the chin with the straight right. This creates a weight transfer to the left side which automatically sets you up to land a devastating left hook. Your target for the left hook is the right temple of your opponent - clobber it.
The right-left-right and the opposite left-right-left. The goal here is to time the weight shifts correctly. With every punch you throw, it should set you up nicely for the subsequent punch. The right shifts the weight over the left which is perfect for the left hook which subsequently puts the weight back over the right which naturally makes you want to throw the right again.
The challenge here is to ensure you are not just throwing a flurry of arm punches. You must get your body involved because that is where the power comes from. You'll devastate your opponent as you attack from two different angles (side/front).
That's part of the beauty of combinations. Delivered correctly, punches start hitting you from all different angles. It makes defense that much harder.
Perfecting these combinations will take some time but make sure you do, they are all natural and like all combinations must flow. You'll have a pretty good indication when you are doing them right because it will simply feel right, not to mention the power of your punches will increase.
The use of combinations while extremely effective, also requires extreme caution. It is easy to forget to recover after each punch or get sloppy in your technique. If you over expose yourself you can expect your opponent to disrupt your flow and you can kiss a few more brain cells bye bye.
You can use the boxing combination system taught in the Commando Boxing online boxing club to amass a virtually unlimited number of combinations and learn how to form your own.
A 1 Series combination is one that uses one type of punch (1-1, 1-1-1 for example). 2 Series = two types of punches (1-2, 1-2-1-2, 2-3, 3-2, for example). 3 Series = three types of punches and so on.
Personally I learn better when I understand the reasoning behind why something is done which is why I took the time to explain the theory behind boxing combinations rather than just give you a list of combinations to go learn. Maybe you don't care and just want the list - that's fine - whatever works for you. At any rate you should have a little more insight into how boxing combinations will make you a more effective boxer (or burn more calories if you're just using boxing workouts for fitness reasons).
That's the end of part one of this boxing combination series and focused primarily on how to throw boxing combinations. Part two will take a look at how to defend against boxing combinations to disrupt attacks early and take the initiative from your opponent. Until next time - Boxon.
P.S. Do you have a favorite boxing combination? Take a second a share it as a comment.
Nice post, Coach. Clear and concise.


text:
package ca.mali.dialogs.chapter8;

import ca.mali.hlalistener.ClassValuePair;
import ca.mali.hlalistener.LogEntry;
import ca.mali.hlalistener.LogEntryType;
import hla.rti1516e.exceptions.*;
import hla.rti1516e.time.HLAfloat64Time;
import hla.rti1516e.time.HLAfloat64TimeFactory;
import hla.rti1516e.time.HLAinteger64Time;
import hla.rti1516e.time.HLAinteger64TimeFactory;
import javafx.event.ActionEvent;
import javafx.fxml.FXML;
import javafx.fxml.Initializable;
import javafx.scene.control.Spinner;
import javafx.scene.control.SpinnerValueFactory;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.Level;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;

import java.net.URL;
import java.util.ResourceBundle;

import static ca.mali.hlalistener.PublicVariables.*;

/**
 * @author Mostafa Ali <engabdomostafa@gmail.com>
 */
public class NextMessageRequestAvailableServiceController implements Initializable {
   //Logger
    private static final Logger logger = LogManager.getLogger();

    @FXML
    private Spinner<Double> LogicalTimeSpin;

    /**
     * Initializes the controller class.
     */
    @Override
    public void initialize(URL url, ResourceBundle rb) {
        logger.entry();
        double currentValue = 0;
        double step = .1;
        try {
            if (logicalTimeFactory != null) {
                switch (logicalTimeFactory.getName()) {
                    case "HLAfloat64Time":
                        currentValue = ((HLAfloat64Time) currentLogicalTime).getValue();
                        break;
                    case "HLAinteger64Time":
                        step = 1;
                        currentValue = ((HLAinteger64Time) currentLogicalTime).getValue();
                        break;
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            logger.log(Level.WARN, ex.getMessage(), ex);
        }

        SpinnerValueFactory sVF = new SpinnerValueFactory.DoubleSpinnerValueFactory(0, Double.MAX_VALUE, 0, step);
        sVF.setValue(currentValue);
        LogicalTimeSpin.setValueFactory(sVF);
        logger.exit();
    }

    @FXML
    private void Cancel_click(ActionEvent event) {
        logger.entry();
        ((Stage) LogicalTimeSpin.getScene().getWindow()).close();
        logger.exit();
    }

    @FXML
    private void Ok_click(ActionEvent event) {
        logger.entry();
        LogEntry log = new LogEntry("8.11", "Next Message Request Available service");
        try {
            if (logicalTimeFactory == null) { //means not connected or federate is not execution member
                rtiAmb.getTimeFactory(); //this line will raise the appropriate exception
            }
            switch (logicalTimeFactory.getName()) {
                case "HLAfloat64Time": {
                    HLAfloat64Time logicalTime = ((HLAfloat64TimeFactory) logicalTimeFactory).makeTime(LogicalTimeSpin.getValue());
                    log.getSuppliedArguments().add(new ClassValuePair("Logical Time", HLAfloat64Time.class, logicalTime.toString()));
                    log.setSimulationTime(LogicalTimeSpin.getValue().toString());
                    rtiAmb.nextMessageRequestAvailable(logicalTime);
                    break;
                }
                case "HLAinteger64Time": {
                    if (!(LogicalTimeSpin.getValue() % 1 == 0)) {
                        throw new InvalidLogicalTime("The federate time is HLAinteger64Time, logical time cannot be double");
                    }
                    HLAinteger64Time logicalTime
                            = ((HLAinteger64TimeFactory) logicalTimeFactory).makeTime(LogicalTimeSpin.getValue().longValue());
                    log.getSuppliedArguments().add(new ClassValuePair("Logical Time", HLAinteger64Time.class, logicalTime.toString()));
                    log.setSimulationTime(String.valueOf(LogicalTimeSpin.getValue().longValue()));
                    rtiAmb.nextMessageRequestAvailable(logicalTime);
                    break;
                }
                default:
                    throw new Exception("Unknown Time Implementation");
            }
            log.setDescription("Next Message Available requested successfully");
            log.setLogType(LogEntryType.REQUEST);
        } catch (LogicalTimeAlreadyPassed | InvalidLogicalTime |
                InTimeAdvancingState | RequestForTimeRegulationPending |
                RequestForTimeConstrainedPending | SaveInProgress |
                RestoreInProgress | FederateNotExecutionMember | NotConnected |
                RTIinternalError ex) {
            log.setException(ex);
            log.setLogType(LogEntryType.ERROR);
            logger.log(Level.ERROR, ex.getMessage(), ex);
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            log.setException(ex);
            log.setLogType(LogEntryType.FATAL);
            logger.log(Level.FATAL, ex.getMessage(), ex);
        }
        ((Stage) LogicalTimeSpin.getScene().getWindow()).close();
        logEntries.add(log);
        logger.exit();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
"I am coaching the players' throw-in intelligence"
Liverpool's rise back to glory is one of Jurgen Klopp's most incredible - probably best - achievements. His peers - coaches, his players (past and present) - wax lyrical about his attention to detail, and perhaps his best trait: humility. And his recipe for winning is very simple: he surrounds himself with experts; experts on every possible intricate detail you can think of. Whether it's assistant coaches, Nutritionists, Psychologists, or one of the most talked about additions to the Klopp staff - Liverpool's throw-in coach Thomas Grønnemark.
For many 'old school' football fans, the idea of a throw-in coach might sound strange, but Liverpool's improvement in the throw-in department, and the amount of goals created via throw-ins (some are, admittedly 'pre-assists') captures Grønnemark's impact.
In the 17/18 season before Gronnemark arrived at Liverpool, the team kept possession after throw-ins under pressure only with 45.4%, which was the third last in the Premier League. In the first season with Liverpool, they improved to 68.4% and went from number 18th in the Premier League to No.1, and No. 2 in Europe just behind FC Midtjylland – another team coached by Gronnemark for throw-ins.
Today, Grønnemark works for teams like Ajax, RB Leipzig and Gent, alongside the English powerhouse Liverpool. As the first throw-in coach in the history of football, he basically wrote his own curriculum and created his own program. In a truly innovative fashion, now he is regarded as the top expert in throw-ins. As Altınordu FK, we are always looking for new innovative ways in football and Grønnemark's story is an inspiring innovation story.
Arda Alan Işık
Since you already established yourself in the football industry, I do not want to go into the classic questions of how this journey all started and everything. Because I think you told these stories already to other news outlets. I am more interested in your mindset in the beginning of this journey. You played football when you were young, then you did athletics and then bobsleigh, but after these you all of a sudden switched to throw-in coaching. How did this transition happen? How did you see and seize this opportunity as an innovator?
Thomas Grønnemark
You can say I've always been really innovative through my whole life, also as a kid doing weird things in school too. But you know, all these ideas started in the middle of my bobsleigh period in the Danish national bobsleigh team when I made this long throw-in in an indoor football match as a warmup against the German bobsleigh team. They were all stunned and I thought "Hey, if I can make a good throw-in, because I was able to do that as a footballer, why can't I teach all the players to do it?" The reason why I got this innovative idea was that I took all my ideas, knowledge and experience from football, athletics, bobsleigh and many other areas.
I think that's one of the reasons why I like to put different things together. I think a lot of people could learn from that because often we tend to stay where we are in life and use the experiences that you think are relevant right now. But I think everyone can have a big advantage of getting knowledge, not only from your own different backgrounds, but also from other people's different backgrounds. So, you know, I think that was like the spark what gave me that idea. And then six months later, I made a throw-in course there in the fall 2004. Because I was brave enough to ask a professional team first and not a youth team, I started at the Danish super league. So being innovative, trying to find knowledge and research, not only from your own background, but also from other people, I think that's one of the key elements to being innovative.
How do you see the impact you have made in the industry? We all know that the clubs are now approaching you, requesting your expertise and work. Do you know other research into throw-in, other ideas, like people who come up with different points of view maybe? Is there now a community around throw-in coaching? How has the football industry changed since you introduced this innovative way?
I think there's been changes to the football world regarding throw-ins. But as I can see, it's mostly two things: Firstly, teams try to copy Liverpool and try to do the same thing. I think one of the biggest mistakes around that is that a lot of people think my throw-in coaching is like a playbook in American football. When Liverpool scores after a throw-in some people say: "Hey, Roberto Firmino ran there, Mohammad Salah ran there, they created space and then the scored. If we do the same movements, we can also score." No, that's totally wrong. I'm coaching the players' throw-in intelligence; seeing space, seeing movements, a lot of different options and opportunities. So, in theory, my teams have thousands of options. I think our approach changes football. But I think a lot of teams are trying to copy the solutions.
Secondly, I see some teams who are like "Okay, we have two solutions in defence or two solutions in the midfield, and then we have two solutions in the final-third". But hey, if you only have two or three solutions in these areas it's way too easy for the opponents to read you. So, yes, on the one hand I've seen a lot of positive improvement in the football world, especially since I have been with Liverpool FC. But on the other hand, I also see a lot of people are taking a traditional approach to throw-ins. So, there is still a lot of things to be done, a lot of improvement and development.
This is very interesting because you say it is not clear set pieces or clear instructions. Then, is it some sort of instinct of the player or a way of improvisation? Because if it is not direct instructions, how do they improvise?
I like to come with an example from 10 years ago. We had Barcelona with tiki-taka. It was not like in Barcelona's training they said "Okay, Messi you run there. Xavi you run there and Iniesta you run 50 meters over there". No, they had a lot of drills to get the understanding as the whole team. And that meant that they could do this tiki-taka football thousands of ways around the pitch, because if they only had like three or four options, it would be way too easy to defend.
It's the same with my throw-in coaching. Of course, I'm in the staff, I'm learning the place and sometimes teams are only interested in long throw-ins. But most of my teams are focused more on the fast and clever throw-ins. So what I do there again is precision and teaching them basic space creation. Because football players are not used to create space when there is a normal throw-in, they don't know the basics. The length of runs, how to make decoy runs and how to observe your teammates running and etc. I'm also teaching them how to defend against opponent throw-ins. I'm teaching them the fast throw-ins; How to throw the ball fast and how to mark the opponents fast. But it is not as simple as some people think, "Hey, it's about throwing the ball fast all the time". No, that's one of the most stupid things you can do if you're throwing to a teammate who's under pressure.
Then I'm teaching them some basic tools of space creation. There are thousands of ways to create space, because you have different number of players, you have different amounts of space, you must find different angles. Then on top of that, I'm using what I'm calling individual throw-in superpowers because some players are good at protecting the ball, some are good with their first touch, some players are fast and so on. I create training plans according to the different needs of teams and players.
You have also talked about the importance of possession, controlling the ball in other interviews. When you have the ball you naturally don't concede a goal. This is a huge defensive bonus, but it also brings some sort of football philosophy with itself as well. It is going beyond only throw-ins. How your philosophy interact with the managers you work with? For instance, you worked with Jürgen Klopp at Liverpool and he has a clear football philosophy. How do you mediate between these philosophies?
First of all I like to say that I'm coaching everything around throw-ins. So not only the throw, but also the movement on the pitch, attacking and defending and so on. I spend a good amount of time to fit my coaching style into the club' playing style. Like Liverpool's strategy is counter-pressing and I adapted my coaching according to that. I had a long period with FC Midtjylland and in four years we scored 35 goals from long throw-ins, meaning nine goals per season. I fit in my coaching into their style of play. I was with Ajax and then play very differently than Liverpool. At every club I work for, I used to a lot of time to speak with the head coach, the managers, the sporting director and the players.
Added to that, I often do video analysis of the games. So I really try to feed my coaching in. It's not like I come and say, "Hey, I'm the throw-in coach. Now we have to do exactly what I say". No, I try to listen a lot. I try to analyze a lot. I think that's one of my strengths as a freelance coach, because yes, I'm traveling all around the world, so I must adapt to other people. So again looking both at the team's playing style I develop the progression of the team regarding the throw-ins. I use a lot of time to feed into the team's playing style.
I think you would still say that there are three types of throw-ins that you emphasize; long, clever and fast. I think your new book, which will be published soon, has the same title. Even though the tactics and strategies change, I think throw-ins mostly revolve around these three categories. Can you tell us a bit more about these categories?
Yeah, first of all, I would say that, that, that my book about the long, the fast and the clever throw-ins has not yet been published. I don't know when it will be published, perhaps in one year, perhaps in three years, perhaps in five years, I've already been writing over 110,000 words. So of course I've been writing a lot, but for me, it's both a matter of time to write the book, but it's also a matter of strategy. Would I publish now or would I keep my secrets a little bit longer? So let's see when the book would come out.
But again, long, fast and clever throw-ins, what are they exactly? First, the long throw-in. I'm using 30 different technical parameters using a video analysis tool. Most of my players improve between 5 and 10 meters, some even 15 meters. For example, I had a guy from Austria who improved from 25 to 40 meters. I had another player from FC Midtjylland, who improved from 24.25 meters to 37.90 meters, almost 14 meters. He was then sold to Borussia Mönchengladbach for 3-4 million Euros. I focus on widening the throw-in area, because the longer you can throw the more players you can throw to.
On the other hand, Liverpool and Ajax don't use the long throw-ins because that's not the club's playing style. Then we have the fast throw-ins, which means to get the ball fast, react fast and throw the ball fast. For example, in the last season at Liverpool we were the fastest team in the Premier League to throw the ball. Some might think "Hey, then we have to throw it fast". No, the real magic lies in getting it fast, reacting fast, and then see if there is a good option.
If there's a good, fast option without pressure, then throw it fast. But if there's not a good fast option then don't throw it. I've seen teams throwing a lot of bad, fast throw-ins because they're throwing into pressure. So that's the first part of fast throw-ins. The second fast throw-ins are counter-attack throw-ins. You can't be offside in a throw-in, so it allows to strike faster and midfielders to create running patterns. Because normally in a free kick or just a ball in the middle of pitch you have to be aware of offside, but you don't have to do that in a throw-in. Then it can be a dangerous weapon when it comes to counter-attacks. It's important to be organized, fast and to communicate with your teammates well.
Thirdly we have the clever throw in sets. First of all, again, I start by teaching the basics of space creation because players don't know how to create space in that way. Because they only do that in the middle of the pitch, or in traditional set pieces like corners and free kicks. With my basic space creation method players can develop solutions in many situations. I'm teaching the players all three different categories with all in all around 50 different options. That's only basic options and that evolves into thousands of options depending on the situation. Also I try to develop individual throw-in superpower of the players, when they have a special ability.
How has your philosophy changed since you started working with Jürgen Klopp and Liverpool? You said in an interview that it changed your way of working and your work deeply. How has your work changed since in 2018?
It has affected me a lot. Of course being a Champions League winner with Liverpool, winning the Premier League, winning the FIFA Club World Cup were very important. In the meantime, we made Liverpool go from number 18 in the premier league to number 1 in the premier league with regards to throw-in possession under pressure. Of course, it meant a lot. Now many clubs request my coaching. But it's also meant a lot to me because up till 2018, the clubs only wanted my knowledge around long throw-ins. And yes, it's been a huge success of course, but at that time up to 14 years clubs did not want my knowledge around the fast and clever throw-ins and I had so much knowledge around it, but they didn't care.
When Jürgen Klopp invited me to Liverpool and said "Hey, you have a free role. You can teach everything you want. We are hundred percent sure that you can make a difference for us". Then it was like a dream come true for me, not only to work for Liverpool, but to be able to use all my knowledge. And of course working with 8 to 10 professional clubs around the world per season, since the last four seasons, it's been giving me a lot of experience too. Coaching the best players in the world and working together with the best managers, head coaches, assistant coaches in the world. I've been a better coach since I joined Liverpool.
It's not always that people come up with an game-changing idea in an industry like football, because it's very old and people usually play with traditional ideas. What do you advise to people who want to come up with innovative ideas in football?
I'm also writing a book about this at the moment. So perhaps that book will come before my throw-in book. First of all, people should look really, really deep into their subjects. I think some people just scratch the main idea a little bit and say "Hey, that's perhaps not so clever or someone else has thought about that". You know, with my throwing coaching, I didn't only use knowledge from football, from athletics, from bobsleigh, from basketball. I also did a lot of observations in nature regarding awareness around birds and so. Because that's same kind of awareness you can use around both attacking, but also defending throw-ins.
I've been also using some knowledge from the Roman warfare, several thousand years ago, where the Roman army moved in special ways to utilize their troops the most. Sometimes I go to museums, look at art. Then sometimes I see a pattern in a picture where I'm thinking "Hey, that could be like a good basic pattern in throw-ins". I'm going really deep into different kinds of knowledge which can be related to my subject. I think people should look at many ways to collect knowledge.
Then look at your own past, look at your own experience too, because a lot of people are just throwing their knowledge away. They say "Now I'm in a new area. I have to concentrate on that". No, you might use your former knowledge to strengthen your product, your team or your company. I think sometimes people are not brave enough combine knowledge.
Then another thing is feedback or criticism. Of course you should get all the good feedback, but also negative criticism. I changed a lot of exercises because either a head coach, a manager, an assistant coach or players have said: "Hey, couldn't we do it that way", and instead of saying "Hey, it has to be this way because I'm the throwing coach" I've said, "Let me think about it" and then I've changed it. And you know, It's been much better.
Added to that, I'm often on social media, like Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram and so on. Especially on Twitter, sometimes people say negative stuff but instead of blocking them I give them some knowledge about my work. I tell them for instance "Hey, did you know that there's actually 40-60 throw-ins in a match or that you use 15 to 20 minutes in a match on throw-ins and throw-ins related situations?". And then this person suddenly says "That was interesting. Did you know, I'm actually working on this and we use this and this…" and suddenly you have new knowledge. A lot of negative criticism can actually be used to create development. Sometimes gold lies beneath those criticisms.
Good Luck, Burak İnce!
Altınordu Football Academy Accepted Guest Coaches From Abroad
From Japan to Spain: Wakatake and talent development

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


KUALA LUMPUR, 9 June: IQI Holdings Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of IQI Global inked two deals with Exsim Group yesterday at the Grand Hyatt Hotel. The first agreement which was officially signed between IQI's Group CEO, Kashif Ansari and Michelle Siew, Exsim's Head of Corporate Communications saw IQI acquiring 33,000 sq ft of office space in Millerz Square situated along Old Klang Road.
IQI's new command centre in Millerz Square will house its Malaysia office and regional training centre. The RM30 million acquisition will help accelerate IQI's growth as it caters to the regional real estate market.
Speaking at the signing ceremony, Ansari said, "IQI has chosen Malaysia as it regional hub as we are very much confident with the country's strong fundamentals – it has a strong economy, friendly investment policies, modern infrastructure and an educated labour force. The centre in OKR will serve as our regional training ground as well; our members from Canada and Australia will be able to share valuable knowledge and business know-how with our Asian teams here in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines.
Millerz Square is the first mixed development by Exsim Group that will offer 5 blocks of high-rise developments, which comprises one strata office tower housing 336 office suites units and four blocks of serviced apartments featuring 1,633 units. There will also be an art college within the development which will be complemented by F&B and retail outlets.
The second agreement signed with Exsim will see IQI's hospitality arm, MyKey Global managing 300 units of the developer's serviced accommodations, Expressionz Professional Suites at Jalan Tun Razak.
MyKey Global, IQI's latest subsidiary is a new name in the luxury short-term rental industry. The company's goal is to provide its guests with a 5-star accommodation experience. Moving forwards, MyKey Global will be working closely with property developers to expand its business to major cities domestically and internationally and will be adding an additional 500 rooms to its inventory every year.
"We are confident that these two collaborations between IQI and Exsim Group will make a long-lasting impact on the ever-dynamic Asia Pacific real estate market," concluded Ansari.


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About KOYO
Specializing in high quality Chinaware, we have nearly 30 years in experience providing for both the Western and Asian restaurant markets and hotel businesses around the U.S. and Canada. Our products are unique in its Japanese-influenced quality and design, in which a thoughtful functionality and universal simplicity are infused. We hope to our design communicates the warmth of tradition and community, as well as the sense of practicality that makes KOYO's products timeless.
We further extend our services to providing in-house custom logo imprints on our products so that you can proudly serve your customers in your business name.
Our centralized location of operation in El Segundo, CA, featuring a showroom, warehouse, and in-house custom imprint facility, allows for convenience and connection with the many restaurants.
For our product manufacturing, we own a high-end production facility in China that prides itself in its careful yet efficient performance that allows KOYO to provide for the fast-pace demands of the restaurant industry. With the ever-changing menu trends of today, the needs of our customers are our number one priority.
KOYO's Foundations
Established in year 1990, KOYO has long been a contributor and participant in the development of the Asian restaurant industry not only in the local areas of Los Angeles, but around the nation.
Akira Takahashi and his wife, Miyuki Takahashi, started their business in the humble setting of their own home in Hacienda Heights, California. With the help of Maki Takahashi, their eldest son, and occasionally Jun Takahashi, their younger son who was still attending school at the time, the couple initiated the manufacturing and restaurant-supply sales of KOYO's original brand products.
It was not long after that the Takahashi's began to establish a relationship with the Saikai Toki Trading Inc.'s USA branch owner, Hiroshi Okubo, with whom they eventually formed a partnership. KOYO switched from making direct production purchases from Japan to manufacturing and importing their products through the Saikai Toki Trading company. This new collaboration not only marked the beginning of a long-lasting friendship, but further served as a promising spark to the successful business it soon became.
In order to set their roots in a more commercial environment, the family moved the company's operations from their home to the neighboring City of Industry. It was soon after that KOYO picked up momentum and successfully entered themselves in the center of Little Tokyo, Downtown Los Angeles. As this closely-knit Japanese American community was continuing to thrive, KOYO's office nested itself near the corner of 2nd Street and Azusa Street where they operated through one of its busiest times amidst the bustling activities of the Japanese restaurant industry.
Since then, KOYO has experienced the ups and downs of any small family business – including the consequences of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis that pushed them to move locations, its revitalization upon much hard work that allowed them to move back into Little Tokyo, and finally, their efforts in continuing to improve and keep up with the times of ecommerce and customer convenience.
With the demand for customer parking in a crowded city like LA, and the fading importance of location due to the growth of ecommerce, KOYO transferred its office, warehouse, and showroom to its current location in El Segundo, California. To keep up with the demands, it also began manufacturing the products in a high-end facility in China through Japanese connections, where the company continues to improve its standards in design, quality, and functionality. Since this move in 2005, son, Maki Takahashi, along with long-term partner, Okubo, continues to run his parents' business in hopes of maintaining their legacy.


This amazing duvet is made from top quality microfibre filling and a 100% Cotton Percale 230 thread per square inch cover that gives it an extremely soft down like feel. It is non-allergenic and can be machine washed and tumble dried. The duvet is pocketed end-to-end to prevent cold spots and is finished with beautiful double stitched piped edges.


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Home / Central Data Catalog / Catalog History
Catalog History
Slovakia Protection Profiling and Monitoring - May-Dec 2022 2022 02/06/2023 02/06/2023
Romania Protection Profiling and Monitoring - May-Dec 2022 2022 02/06/2023 02/06/2023
Belarus Protection Profiling and Monitoring - May-Dec 2022 2022 02/06/2023 02/06/2023
Poland Protection Profiling and Monitoring - May-Dec 2022 2022 02/06/2023 02/06/2023
Moldova (the Republic of) Protection Profiling and Monitoring - May-Dec 2022 2022 02/06/2023 02/06/2023
Hungary Protection Profiling and Monitoring - May-Dec 2022 2022 02/06/2023 02/06/2023
Peru Interagency Flow Monitoring Tacna, 2022 2022 01/10/2023 01/10/2023
Central African Republic Refugees Reintegration Assessment - Individual - 2019-2020 2019 01/06/2023 01/06/2023
Mali Cash-Based Interventions Post-Distribution Monitoring - AUG 2021 2021 01/06/2023 01/06/2023
Mali Cash-Based Interventions Post-Distribution Monitoring - DEC 2020 2020 01/06/2023 01/06/2023
Central African Republic Refugees Transfer Intention - 2022 2022 01/05/2023 01/05/2023
Central African Republic Refugees Voluntary Repatriation - 2013-2019 2019 01/05/2023 01/16/2023
Peru Flow Monitoring Tumbes (Exits), Q2-Q3 2022 2022 01/05/2023 01/05/2023
Peru Flow Monitoring Tumbes (Entries), Q2-Q3 2022 2022 01/05/2023 01/05/2023
Peru Flow Monitoring Tacna and Puno, Q2-Q3 2022 2022 01/05/2023 01/05/2023
Peru Flow Monitoring Cusco and Madre de Dios, Q2-Q3 2022 2022 01/05/2023 01/05/2023
Peru Flow Monitoring Tacna and Puno, Q2 2022 2022 01/05/2023 01/05/2023
Central African Republic Protection Incidents Monitoring - Individual - Q4 2022 2022 01/05/2023 01/05/2023
Poland Multi-Sector Needs Assessment - 2022 2022 01/04/2023 01/04/2023
Chile Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 12/25/2022 12/25/2022
Bangladesh Cox's Bazar Panel Survey, High-Frequency Tracking Survey 2020-2021 2020 12/21/2022 12/21/2022
Iraq Movement Intention Survey in Sulaymaniyah Camps, 2020 2020 12/20/2022 12/20/2022
Iraq Movement Intention Survey in Erbil Camps, 2021 2021 12/20/2022 01/05/2023
Tanzania (United Republic of) Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey (SENS) in Kigoma Refugee Camps: Nyarugusu Burundian - Sept/October 2021 2021 12/19/2022 12/19/2022
Tanzania (United Republic of) Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey (SENS) in Kigoma Refugee Camps: Nyarugusu Congolese - Sept/October 2021 2021 12/19/2022 12/19/2022
India India Education Survey, 2021 2021 12/19/2022 12/19/2022
India Post-Distribution Monitoring of Cash-Based Intervention, 2021 2021 12/19/2022 12/19/2022
China Refugee's Children Education - 2021 2021 12/18/2022 01/04/2023
Malaysia Post-Distribution Monitoring of Cash-Based Intervention, 2021 2021 12/18/2022 12/18/2022
Pakistan Health Access and Utilization Survey 2022 2022 12/16/2022 12/16/2022
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Survey on Abandoned Houses of Refugees and Migrants from Venezuela, 2022 2022 12/16/2022 01/17/2023
Jordan Post Distribution Monitoring: Multi Purpose Cash Assistance Mid-Year 2022 2022 12/13/2022 01/05/2023
Tanzania (United Republic of) Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey (SENS) in Kigoma Refugee Camps: Nduta - Sept/October 2021 2021 11/29/2022 11/29/2022
Hungary Multi-Sector Needs Assessment - 2022 2022 11/29/2022 11/29/2022
Tanzania (United Republic of) Standardized Expanded Nutrition Survey (SENS) in Kigoma Refugee Camps: Mtendeli - Sept/October 2021 2021 11/24/2022 11/24/2022
Jordan Vulnerability Assessment Framework Population Survey for Refugees in Host Communities, 2022 2021 11/18/2022 11/18/2022
Tanzania (United Republic of) WASH KAP in Nduta Camp - April 2021 2021 11/14/2022 11/14/2022
Tanzania (United Republic of) WASH KAP in Mtendeli Camp - April 2021 2021 11/14/2022 11/14/2022
Tanzania (United Republic of) WASH KAP in New Nyarugusu Camp - April 2021 2021 11/14/2022 11/14/2022
Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, France, Italy, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, Spain, Turkey Survey of intentions and perspectives of refugees from Ukraine #2 - Sept 2022 2022 11/08/2022 11/08/2022
Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Standardised Expanded Nutrition Survey (refugees from Burundi, Central African Republic and South Sudan) - 2019 2019 10/31/2022 10/31/2022
South Africa Results Monitoring Survey - 2022 2022 10/26/2022 10/26/2022
Mozambique UNHCR-WFP Joint Assessment Mission in Maratane - 2020-2021 2021 10/18/2022 10/18/2022
Slovakia Multi-Sector Needs Assessment - 2022 2022 10/18/2022 10/18/2022
Zambia Joint WFP/UNHCR Needs Assessment Mantapala Settlement - 2020 2020 10/18/2022 10/18/2022
Central African Republic Protection Incident monitoring - Individual - 2019 2019 09/29/2022 09/29/2022
Niger Cash-based Intervention Post-distribution Monitoring in Tillabery Region of Niger in 2021 2021 09/29/2022 09/29/2022
Central African Republic Protection Incidents Monitoring - Individual - 2021 2021 09/29/2022 09/29/2022
Central African Republic Protection Incidents Monitoring - Individual - Q1 & Q2 2022 2022 09/29/2022 09/29/2022
Chad Standardised Expanded Nutrition Survey (East, South and Lake Region) - 2021 2021 09/29/2022 09/29/2022
Indonesia Socio-Economic IVR Survey - 2021 2021 09/26/2022 09/26/2022
Afghanistan Voluntary Repatriation 2021 2021 09/26/2022 09/26/2022
Peru Flow Monitoring Tumbes (Entries), Q2 2022 2021 09/24/2022 01/05/2023
Peru Flow Monitoring Tumbes (Exits), Q2 2021 2021 09/24/2022 01/05/2023
Jordan Vulnerability Assessment Framework Population Survey for Refugees Living in Camps, 2022 2021 09/24/2022 09/24/2022
Iraq Protection Monitoring of Refugees in Response to COVID-19, 2020 2020 09/24/2022 09/24/2022
Uganda Post-Distribution Monitoring of Cash-Based Interventions for Women at Risk - November 2021 2021 09/22/2022 09/22/2022
Afghanistan Post-Distribution Monitoring of Cash-Based Interventions - 2021-22 2021 09/19/2022 09/19/2022
Zimbabwe Energy Monitoring Framework Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Yemen Energy Monitoring Framework Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Tanzania (United Republic of) Energy Monitoring Framework Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
South Sudan Energy Monitoring Framework Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Niger Energy Monitoring Framework Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Kenya Energy Monitoring Framework Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Cameroon Energy Monitoring Framework Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Argentina Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Zambia Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
South Africa Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Chad Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Syrian Arab Republic Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
South Sudan Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Somalia Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Philippines Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Panama Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Nigeria Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Niger Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Namibia Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Morocco Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Kenya Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Jordan Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Ghana Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Djibouti Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Costa Rica Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Congo, Rep. Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Cameroon Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Bangladesh Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Angola Livelihoods Programme Monitoring Beneficiary Survey, 2021 2021 09/18/2022 09/18/2022
Niger Intention Survey of Nigerian Refugees in DIFFA Region 2021 2021 09/15/2022 09/15/2022
Pakistan Post-Distribution Monitoring of Cash-Based Interventions - 2022 2022 09/15/2022 09/15/2022
Peru Flow Monitoring Cusco and Madre de Dios, Q2 2022 2022 09/13/2022 01/05/2023
Peru Survey Directed to the Venezuelan Population Residing in the Country - 2022 2022 09/08/2022 09/08/2022
Afghanistan Multi-Sectorial Rapid Assessments - 2021 2021 08/26/2022 08/26/2022
Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Joint assessment of Refugees from Central African Republic in North and South Ubangi Living Outside of Camps – Oct 2021 2021 08/22/2022 08/22/2022
Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Joint Assessment of Refugees from Burundi in Lusenda and Mulongwe Refugee Camps – Jan 2021 2021 08/22/2022 08/22/2022
Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Joint Assessment of Refugees from South Sudan in the Sites in Biringi, Bele and Meri – Mar 2021 2021 08/22/2022 08/22/2022
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