text:
\section{Introduction}
\indent
   The last two years have seen the first observations of the
electromagnetic
penguins in $B$ decays by the CLEO collaboration.
These include the measurements of the exclusive decay rate,
$\BR (B \ra K^\star + \gamma) = (4.5 \pm 1.0\pm 0.9) \times 10^{-5}$ \cite{CLEOrare1}, and the
inclusive rate $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma) =(2.32 \pm 0.67) \times 10^{-4}$ \cite{CLEOrare2},
yielding  $R(K^*/X_s) \equiv \Gamma (B \ra K^\star + \gamma )/\Gamma (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma) =0.19 \pm 0.09$.
 In addition, the charged and neutral
$B$-meson decay rates are found equal within experimental measurements.
 The inclusive decay rate is
 in agreement with the predictions of
the standard model \cite{ag1,Ciuchini,Buras94}, with the rate
estimated as $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma) = (2.55 \pm 1.28) \times 10^{-4}$
 assuming $\vert V_{ts}\vert/\vert V_{cb}\vert=1.0$ \cite{ag95}. Conversely, one can vary
the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa
 (CKM) matrix element ratio and determine it from $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$,
which yields $\vert V_{ts}\vert/\vert V_{cb}\vert=1.10 \pm 0.43$.
 The ratio $R(K^*/X_s)$
 is well explained by the QCD-sum-rule
based estimates of the recent vintage \cite{abs93,bksnsr} and by
 wave-function models combined with vector meson dominance
(local parton-hadron duality) \cite{ag1}.
This and the near equality of the charged and neutral decay rates imply
that the observed radiative $B$ decays are dominated by the (common)
electromagnetic penguin (short distance) amplitudes and the
 contributions from $B$-meson-specific diagrams (weak annihilation,
$W^\pm$-exchange) are small.

\indent
The photon energy spectrum in $B \ra X _{s} + \gamma$
 yields information on the structure function of the photon in the
electromagnetic penguins \cite{neubertbsg,Bigietal,KS94,klp95}.
In specific models \cite{Alipiet,shifmangamma}, this information can be
transcribed in terms of non-perturbative
parameters, such as the $b$-quark mass and the kinetic energy of the
$b$ quark in $B$ hadron. These quantities can also be estimated in the
framework of the heavy quark effective theory
\cite{HQETpower} combined with  QCD
sum rules \cite{bqmass,BB94}.
The results of a recent analysis of the CLEO data on $B \ra X _{s} + \gamma$ \cite{ag95}
are consistent with the values expected from such theoretical
considerations.
However, this agreement is presently not completely quantitative due to
imprecise data.

There is considerable interest in measuring the
CKM-suppressed radiative $B$ decays, such as $B \ra X _{d} + \gamma$ \cite{ag2}
and $B \rightarrow (\rho,\omega) + \gamma$ \cite{abs93}. A
determination of the CKM parameters from eventual measurements of these
decays requires careful treatment of the competing short-distance (SD) and
long-distance (LD) effects.
This problem  can be formulated in terms of
model-independent correlation functions involving matrix elements of a few
dimension-6 operators in an effective theory.
Techniques, such as the QCD sum rules, can
then be invoked to estimate them. In
\cite{ab95,wyler95}, the leading
LD-effects in the exclusive decays $B \rightarrow (\rho, \omega) + \gamma$ are
calculated in terms of the weak annihilation amplitudes.
The largest such effects may show themselves in the charged $B^\pm$-decays,
$B^\pm \rightarrow \rho^\pm + \gamma$, contributing up to $O(15 \%)$ of the
corresponding SD-amplitudes; their influence in
the neutral $B$-decays is estimated to be much smaller. Hence,
there are good theoretical reasons to plead that the decays
$B^0 \rightarrow (\rho^0,\omega) + \gamma$ and
$B \rightarrow X_d + \gamma$ are well suited to determine the CKM parameters.
We take up these issues in this status report.

\section{Estimates of $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$ in the SM}
\label{sec:effham}
The framework that is used generally to discuss the decays $B \ra X _{s} + \gamma$
is that of an effective theory with
five quarks, obtained by integrating out the
heavier degrees of freedom,
which in the standard model are the top quark and the $W$-boson.
A complete set of dimension-6 operators relevant for the processes
\ $b \rightarrow s+ \gamma$  ~and \ $b \rightarrow s+ \gamma+ g$ ~is contained in the effective Hamiltonian
\begin{equation}
\label{heff}
H_{eff}(b \rightarrow s \gamma)
       = - \frac{4 G_{F}}{\sqrt{2}} \, \lambda_{t} \, \sum_{j=1}^{8}
C_{j}(\mu) \, O_j(\mu) \quad ,
\end{equation}
where
$G_F$ is the Fermi constant
coupling constant,
$C_{j}(\mu) $ are the Wilson coefficients evaluated at the scale $\mu$,
and $\lambda_t=V_{tb}V_{ts}^*$ with $V_{ij}$ being the
CKM matrix elements. The overall multiplicative factor $\lambda_t$ follows
from the CKM unitarity and neglecting $\lambda_u$.
The operators $O_j$ read
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{operators}
O_1 &=& \left( \bar{c}_{L \beta} \gamma^\mu b_{L \alpha} \right) \,
        \left( \bar{s}_{L \alpha} \gamma_\mu c_{L \beta} \right)\,, \nonumber \\
O_2 &=& \left( \bar{c}_{L \alpha} \gamma^\mu b_{L \alpha} \right) \,
        \left( \bar{s}_{L \beta} \gamma_\mu c_{L \beta} \right) \,,\nonumber \\
O_3 &=& \left( \bar{s}_{L \alpha} \gamma^\mu b_{L \alpha} \right) \, \left[
        \left( \bar{u}_{L \beta} \gamma_\mu u_{L \beta} \right) + ... +
        \left( \bar{b}_{L \beta} \gamma_\mu b_{L \beta} \right) \right] \,,
        \nonumber \\
O_4 &=& \left( \bar{s}_{L \alpha} \gamma^\mu b_{L \beta} \right) \, \left[
        \left( \bar{u}_{L \beta} \gamma_\mu u_{L \alpha} \right) + ... +
        \left( \bar{b}_{L \beta} \gamma_\mu b_{L \alpha} \right) \right] \,,
        \nonumber \\
O_5 &=& \left( \bar{s}_{L \alpha} \gamma^\mu b_{L \alpha} \right) \, \left[
        \left( \bar{u}_{R \beta} \gamma_\mu u_{R \beta} \right) + ... +
        \left( \bar{b}_{R \beta} \gamma_\mu b_{R \beta} \right) \right] \,,
        \nonumber \\
O_6 &=& \left( \bar{s}_{L \alpha} \gamma^\mu b_{L \beta} \right) \, \left[
        \left( \bar{u}_{R \beta} \gamma_\mu u_{R \alpha} \right) + ... +
        \left( \bar{b}_{R \beta} \gamma_\mu b_{R \alpha} \right) \right] \,,
        \nonumber \\
O_7 &=& (e/16\pi^{2}) \, \bar{s}_{\alpha} \, \sigma^{\mu \nu}
      \, (m_{b}(\mu)  R + m_{s}(\mu)  L) \, b_{\alpha} \ F_{\mu \nu} \,,
        \nonumber \\
O_8 &=& (g_s/16\pi^{2}) \, \bar{s}_{\alpha} \, \sigma^{\mu \nu}
      \, (m_{b}(\mu)  R + m_{s}(\mu)  L) \, (\lambda^A_{\alpha \beta}/2) \,b_{\beta}
      \ G^A_{\mu \nu} \quad ,
        \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
where $e$ and $g_s$ are the electromagnetic and the strong
coupling constants, respectively. In the magnetic moment type
operators $O_7$ and $O_8$, $F_{\mu \nu}$ and $G^A_{\mu \nu}$
denote the electromagnetic and the gluonic field strength
tensors, respectively. The subscripts on the quark fields
$L\equiv (1-\gamma_5)/2$ and $R\equiv (1+\gamma_5)/2$
denote the left and right-handed projection operators, respectively.
QCD corrections to the decay rate for $b \rightarrow s \gamma$
bring in large logarithms of the form $\alpha_s^n(m_W) \, \log^m(m_b/M)$,
where $M=m_t$ or $m_W$ and $m \le n$ (with $n=0,1,2,...$).
Using the renormalization group equations the Wilson coefficient
can be calculated at the scale $\mu \approx m_b$ which
is the relevant scale for $B$ decays.
To leading logarithmic precision,
it is sufficient to know the leading order
anomalous dimension matrix and the matching
$C_i(\mu=m_W)$ to lowest order (i.e., without
QCD corrections) \cite{InamiLim}.
The $8 \times 8$ anomalous dimension matrix is given in
\cite{Ciuchini}, from where references to earlier calculations can also
be obtained, the
Wilson coefficients
are explicitly listed in
\cite{Buras94} and the
numerical values of these
coefficients being used here can be seen in \cite{ag95}.

\indent
It has become customary to calculate the
branching ratio for the radiative decay $B \ra X _{s} + \gamma$ in terms of the
semileptonic decay branching ratio ${\cal B} (B \rightarrow X\ell \nu_\ell)$
\begin{equation}
\label{brdef}
{\cal B} ( B \rightarrow  X_{s} \gamma) = [\frac{\Gamma(B \rightarrow
 X_{s} + \gamma)}{\Gamma_{sl}}]
\, R(m_b,\mu) \,{\cal B} (B \rightarrow X\ell \nu_\ell) \qquad ,
\end{equation}
where, in the approximation of including the leading-order QCD correction,
 $\Gamma_{sl}$ is given by the expression
\begin{equation}
\label{widthsl}
\Gamma_{sl} = \frac{G_F^2 \, |V_{cb}|^2}{192 \pi^3} \, m_b^5 \,
g(m_c/m_b) \, ( 1-2/3 \frac{\alpha_s}{\pi} f(m_c/m_b))\quad .
\end{equation}
The phase space function $g(z)$
and the function $f(z)$ due to one-loop QCD corrections can be seen in
\cite{Alipiet}.
The radiative decay rate $\Gamma(B \rightarrow X_s + \gamma)$ are worked out
in \cite{ag1,ag95},
taking into account $O(\alpha_s)$ virtual and bremsstrahlung
corrections. In
calculating the matrix elements in these papers, the on-shell
subtraction prescription for the quark masses has been used.
Due to the explicit
factors of the running quark masses in the operators $O_7$ and
$O_8$, the $m_b^5$-factor contained in the decay rate $\Gamma(B \rightarrow X_s +
\gamma)$
is replaced by the following product
\begin{equation}
m_b^5 \longrightarrow m_b(pole)^3 ~m_b(\mu)^2 \quad ,
\end{equation}
where $m_b(pole)$ and $m_b(\mu)$ denote the pole mass and the $\overline
{\mbox{MS}}$-running
mass of the $b$ quark, respectively. Since, in the leading order
in $\alpha_s$, the semileptonic decay width $\Gamma_{sl}$ depends on the
product $m_b(pole)^5$, the ratio of the two decay widths brings in
the correction factor $R(m_b,\mu)$:
\begin{equation}
\label{rfactor}
R(m_b,\mu)=[m_b(\mu)/m_b(pole)]^2 \quad ,
\end{equation}
as also remarked in \cite{Buras94}. At the one-loop level, these masses are
related:
\begin{equation}
\frac{m_b(\mu)}{m_b(pole)}=[\frac{\alpha_s(\mu)}{\alpha_s(m_b)}]^{4/\beta_0}
     [1-\frac{4}{3} \frac{\alpha_s(\mu)}{\pi}],
\label{mbrun}
\end{equation}
where $\beta_0=23/3$.
 The parameters used in estimating
the inclusive rates for $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$  are
summarized in table \ref{tabparam}.
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{| c | c | }
\hline
Parameter & Range\\
\hline \hline
$\overline{m_t}$ (GeV) & $170 \pm 11$\\
$\mu$ (GeV) & $5.0^{+5.0}_{-2.5}$ \\
$\Lambda_5$ (GeV) & $0.195 ^{+0.065}_{-0.05}$\\
${\cal B}(B \rightarrow X \ell \nu_\ell)$ & $(10.4 \pm 0.4)\%$\\
$m_c/m_b$ & $0.29 \pm 0.02$\\
$m_W$ (GeV) & $80.33$ \\
$\alpha_{\footnotesize{\mbox{QED}}}^{-1}$ & $ 130.0$\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Values of the parameters used in estimating the branching
ratio $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$ in the standard model.}
\label{tabparam}
\end{table}

 We now discuss
$\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$ in the standard model and theoretical uncertainties on this
quantity \cite{ag95}.
\begin{itemize}
\item Scale dependence of the Wilson coefficients.
\end{itemize}
The largest theoretical
uncertainty stems from the scale dependence of the Wilson coefficients.
As derived explicitly in \cite{ag95},
the decay rate for $B \ra X _{s} + \gamma$
depends on seven of the eight Wilson coefficients in $H_{eff}(b \rightarrow s)$,
once one takes into account the bremsstrahlung corrections and is not
factored in terms of a single (effective) coefficient, namely $C_7^{eff}$,
that one encounters
for the two-body decays $b \rightarrow s + \gamma$ \cite{Ciuchini,Buras94}.
Numerical values of the two dominant effective coefficients, $C_7^{eff}$
and $C_8^{eff}$, as one varies $\mu$, the QCD scale  $\Lambda_5$, and
the (running) top quark mass in the $\overline{\mbox{MS}}$-scheme
$\bar{m}_t(m_t)$
in the range given in table 1, are:
\begin{eqnarray}
C_7^{eff} &\equiv & C_7 -\frac{C_5}{3} - C_6 = -0.306 \pm 0.050,
\nonumber\\
C_8^{eff} &\equiv & C_8 + C_5 = -0.146 \pm 0.020 .
\label{c78eff}
\end{eqnarray}
This is the  dominant theoretical error on
$\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$, contributing about $\pm 35 \%$.
\begin{itemize}
\item
Scale-dependence of $m_b(\mu)$
in the operators $O_7$ and $O_8$.
\end{itemize}
This brings into fore the extra (scale-dependent) multiplicative factor
$R(m_b,\mu)$ for the branching ratio $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$, as
discussed above. Intrinsic uncertainties in the concept of the pole mass
due to infrared renormalons suggest that one should express all physical
results in terms of the running masses \cite{renormalons}.
This requires recalculating the
decay rate $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$ with the running masses, incorporating resummations
of the kind recently undertaken for the semileptonic $B$ decay rates
\cite{bslresum}. \begin{itemize}
\item Extrinsic errors in $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$
\end{itemize}
The next largest
error arises from the parameters which are extrinsic to the decay
$B \ra X _{s} + \gamma$ and have crept in due to
normalizing the
branching ratio $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$ in terms of ${\cal B} (B \rightarrow X \ell \nu_\ell)$.
The first of  these extrinsic errors is related to the uncertainty
in the ratio  $m_c/m_b$.
Using for the $b$ quark pole mass $m_b(pole)=4.8 \pm 0.15$ GeV
\cite{bqmass} and $m_b-m_c = 3. 40$ GeV \cite{HQET2}, one gets
$m_c/m_b=0.29 \pm 0.02$.
Taking into account the
experimental error of $\pm 4.1 \%$ on ${\cal B}(B \rightarrow X \ell \nu_\ell)$
\cite{Gibbons}, one estimates an extrinsic error of
$\pm 12 \%$ on $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$.

\indent
Assuming $|V_{ts}|/|V_{cb}=1$ \cite{PDG},
the branching
ratio ${\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma)$ calculated
 as a function of the top quark mass is shown in Fig. 1 \cite{ag95}.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{0.10in}
\centerline{
\epsfysize=3in
\rotate[r]{
\epsffile{aglettfig1.ps}
}
}
\vspace{0.08in}
\caption[]{
${\cal B}(B \rightarrow X_s \gamma)$ as a function of the $\overline{\mbox{MS}}$ top
quark mass. The
three solid lines correspond to the variation of the parameters
$\mu$ and $\Lambda_5$ as described in the text.
The experimental $(\pm 1\sigma)$-bounds
from CLEO \cite{CLEOrare2} are shown by the dashed lines (from
\protect\cite{ag95}). \label{fig:1}}
\end{figure}
For all three solid curves the quark mass ratio is fixed at
$m_c/m_b=0.29$. The top
solid curve is drawn for $\mu=2.5$ GeV and $\Lambda_5 = 0.260$ GeV.
The bottom solid curve is for $\mu=10$ GeV and $\Lambda_5 = 0.145$
GeV,
and the  middle solid curve corresponds to the central values of
the input parameters in table 1.
Using $\overline{m}_t=(170 \pm 11)$ GeV, and adding the extrinsic error,
one obtains:
\begin{equation}
\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)=(2.55 \pm 1.28) \times 10^{-4} \,,
\end{equation}
to be compared with the
CLEO measurement $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma) = (2.32 \pm 0.67) \times 10^{-4}$.
The $(\pm 1\sigma)$-upper and -lower bound from the CLEO measurement
are shown in Fig. 1 by dashed lines. The agreement between SM
and experiment is good, given the large uncertainties on both.
In \cite{ag95}, the branching ratio $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$ has been calculated as a
function
of the CKM matrix element ratio squared $(|V_{ts}|/|V_{cb}|)^2$, varying
$\bar{m}_t$, $\mu$ and $\Lambda_5$ in the range specified in table 1.
Using the $(\pm 1 \sigma)$-experimental bounds on $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$,
 one infers \cite{ag95}:
\begin{equation}
 |V_{ts}|/|V_{cb}|=1.10 \pm 0.43 \,,
\end{equation}
which is consistent with the indirect constraints from the CKM
unitarity \cite{PDG} yielding $ |V_{ts}|/|V_{cb}| \simeq 1.0$
 but imprecise. Further
improvements require reducing the perturbative scale($\mu$)-dependence of
the decay rate, which in turn implies calculations of the next-to-leading
order terms, and more accurate measurements.

\section{Photon Energy Spectrum in $B \ra X _{s} + \gamma$}
The two-body partonic process $b \rightarrow s \gamma$
yields a photon energy spectrum $1/\Gamma d \Gamma (b \rightarrow s
\gamma) = \delta(1-x)$, where
the scaled photon energy $x$ is defined as
$ E_\gamma = (m_b^2-m_s^2)/(2 \, m_b )\, x $;
$x$ then varies in the interval $[0,1]$.
Perturbative QCD corrections, such as
$b \rightarrow s \gamma + g$, give a characteristic bremsstrahlung spectrum
peaking near the end-points, $E_\gamma \rightarrow
E_\gamma ^{max}$ and $E_\gamma \rightarrow 0$, arising from the soft-gluon and
soft-photon configurations, respectively. As long as the $s$-quark mass
is non-zero, there is no collinear singularity in the spectrum.
Near the end-points, one
has to improve the spectrum obtained in fixed order perturbation
theory. This is usually done by isolating and exponentiating
the leading behaviour in $\alpha_{em}\alpha_s(\mu)^m
\log^n (1-x)$ and $\alpha_{em}\alpha_s(\mu)^m \log^n x$, with $m\leq n$,
where $\mu$ is a typical momentum in the decay $B \ra X _{s} + \gamma$. The running of
$\alpha_s$ is a non-leading effect, but  as it is characteristic of QCD it
modifies the Sudakov-improved end-point photon energy spectrum \cite{KS94}
compared to its  analogue in QED \cite{Sudakov}.
Away from the end-points, the photon energy
spectrum has to be calculated completely in a given order in $\alpha_s$ in
perturbation theory \cite{ag1,ag95}.

The complete photon energy spectrum in $B \ra X _{s} + \gamma$ is at present
not calculable in QCD from first principles. The situation is very much
analogous to that of other hadronic structure functions.
It has
been observed in a number of papers
\cite{neubertbsg,Bigietal,KS94}, that the x-moments
of the inclusive photon energy spectrum in $B \ra X _{s} + \gamma$ and those of the
lepton energy spectrum in the decay $B \rightarrow X_u \ell \nu_\ell$ are related.
Defining the moments as:
\begin{eqnarray}
 {\cal M}_n(B \ra X _{s} + \gamma) &\equiv & \frac{1}{\Gamma} \int_{0}^{M_B/m_b} dx x^{n-1}
                   \frac{d \Gamma}{dx} \\ \nonumber
{\cal M}_n (B \rightarrow X_u \ell \nu_\ell) &\equiv&  - \int_{0}^{M_B/m_b} dx x^n
\frac{d}{dx}\big(\frac{1}{\Gamma_\ell}\frac{d \Gamma_\ell}{dx}\big) \\
\nonumber
&=& \frac{n}{\Gamma_\ell} \int_{0}^{M_B/m_b} dx x^{n-1} \frac{d
\Gamma_\ell}{dx}~, \label{moments}
\end{eqnarray}
the ratios of the moments are free of non-perturbative complications.
The moments ${\cal M}_n$ have been worked out in
the leading non-trivial order in perturbation theory and
the results can be expressed as:
\begin{equation}
{\cal M}_n \sim 1 + \frac{\alpha_s}{2 \pi} C_F(A\log^2n + B \log n + \mbox{const.})
\end{equation}
where $C_F=4/3$,
the leading coefficient is universal with $A=-1$ \cite{Sudakov}, and the
non-leading coefficients are process dependent;
$B=7/2$ \cite{ag1} and $B
=31/6$ \cite{KJ},
for $B \ra X _{s} + \gamma$ and $B \rightarrow X_u \ell \nu_\ell$, respectively. Measurements of
the moments could eventually be used to relate the CKM matrix element
$V_{ts}$ and
$V_{ub}$. That this method will give competitive values for $V_{ub}$,
however, depends on whether or not the coefficient functions
in $\Gamma (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$ discussed
in the previous section are known to the desired level of
theoretical accuracy.

  We shall leave such theoretically improved
 comparisons for future Rencontres de Moriond and
confine ourselves
to the discussion of the present state-of-the-art
comparison of the measured photon energy spectrum in $B \ra X _{s} + \gamma$
 with the perturbative QCD-improved treatment of the same.
The analysis that we discuss here \cite{ag1,ag95} treats the
 non-perturbative effects
 in terms of a $B$-meson wave function. In this model
\cite{Alipiet}, which admittedly is simplistic but not necessarily wrong,
  the $b$ quark in $B$ hadron is assumed to have a Gaussian
distributed Fermi motion determined by a non-perturbative parameter, $p_F$,
\begin{equation}
\label{lett13}
 \phi(p)= \frac {4}{\sqrt{\pi}{p_F}^3} \exp (\frac {-p^2}{{p_F}^2})
\quad , \quad p = |\vec{p}|
\end{equation}
with the wave function normalization
$ \int_0^\infty \, dp \, p^2 \, \phi(p) = 1.$
The photon energy spectrum from
the decay of the $B$-meson at rest is then given by
\begin{equation}
\label{lett15}
 \frac{d\Gamma}{dE_\gamma}= \int_0^{p_{max}} \, dp \, p^2 \, \phi(p)
  \frac {d\Gamma_b}{dE_\gamma}(W,p,E_\gamma) \quad ,
\end{equation}
where $p_{max}$ is the maximally allowed value of $p$ and
$ \frac{d\Gamma_b}{dE_\gamma}$
 is the photon energy spectrum from the decay of the $b$-quark in
flight, having a momentum-dependent mass $W(p)$.

An analysis of the CLEO photon
energy spectrum has been undertaken in \cite{ag95}  to determine
the non-perturbative parameters of this model, namely
$m_b(pole)$ and  $p_F$.
The experimental
errors are still large and the fits result in relatively small $\chi^2$
values; the minimum, $\chi^2_{min}=0.038$, is obtained
for $p_F=450$ MeV and
$m_b(pole)=4.77$ GeV, in good agreement with theoretical estimates of
the same, namely
$m_b(pole)= 4.8\pm 0.15$ GeV \cite{bqmass} and
$p_F^2=\mu_\pi^2/2= 0.25 \pm 0.05$ GeV$^2$
obtained from the QCD sum rules \cite{BB94}.
In Fig. 2 we have plotted the photon energy spectrum normalized
to unit area in the interval between 1.95 GeV and 2.95 GeV for
the parameters which correspond to the minimum $\chi^2$ (solid curve)
and for another set of parameters that lies near the
$\chi^2$-boundary defined by $\chi^2=\chi^2_{min} +1$.
(dashed curve). Data from CLEO \cite{CLEOrare2} are also
shown. Further details of this analysis can be seen in \cite{ag95}.
 \begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{0.10in}
\centerline{
\epsfysize=3in
\rotate[r]{
\epsffile{aglettfig4a.ps}
}
}
\vspace{0.08in}
\caption[]{Comparison of the normalized photon energy distribution
using the
 CLEO data \protect\cite{CLEOrare2} corrected for detector effects and
theoretical
distributions from \protect\cite{ag95} , both  normalized to unit area in
the photon energy interval between 1.95 GeV and 2.95 GeV. The solid
 curve corresponds to the values with the minimum $\chi^2$,
 $(m_q,p_F)$=(0,450 MeV), and the dashed curve to the values
 $(m_q,p_F)$=(300 MeV, 310 MeV).
\label{fig:4}}
\end{figure}

\section{Inclusive radiative decays $B \rightarrow X _{d} + \gamma$ }
\indent
The theoretical interest in the standard model in the
(CKM-suppressed) inclusive radiative decays
$B \rightarrow X _{d} + \gamma$\ lies in the first place in the
 possibility of determining the CKM-Wolfenstein
parameters $\rho$ and $\eta$ \cite{Wolfenstein}.
 The relevant region in the
decays $B \rightarrow X_d + \gamma$ is the end-point photon energy spectrum,
which has to be measured requiring that
 the hadronic system $X_d$ recoiling against the
photon does not contain strange hadrons to suppress the large-$E_\gamma$
photons from the decay $B \ra X _{s} + \gamma$. Assuming that this is feasible,
one can determine
 from the ratio of the decay rates
$\BR (B \ra  X _{d} + \gamma)/\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$ the CKM-Wolfenstein parameters.
 This measurement was proposed in \cite{ag2}, where
the final-state spectra were also worked out.

\indent
 In close analogy
with the $B \rightarrow X _{s} + \gamma$\ case discussed earlier,
the complete set of dimension-6 operators relevant for
the processes $b \rightarrow d \gamma$ and $b \rightarrow d \gamma g$
can be written as:
\begin{equation}
\label{heffd}
H_{eff}(b \rightarrow d)=
 - \frac{4 G_{F}}{\sqrt{2}} \, \xi_{t} \, \sum_{j=1}^{8}
C_{j}(\mu) \, \hat{O}_{j}(\mu),\quad
\end{equation}
where $\xi_{j} = V_{jb} \, V_{jd}^{*}$ for $j=t,c,u$. The operators
 $\hat{O}_j, ~j=1,2$, have implicit in them CKM factors. In the
Wolfenstein parametrization \cite{Wolfenstein}, one can express these
factors as :
$\xi_u = A \, \lambda^3 \, (\rho - i \eta),
{}~\xi_c = - A \, \lambda^3 ,
{}~\xi_t=-\xi_u - \xi_c$.
We note that all three CKM-angle-dependent quantities
$\xi_j$ are of the
same order of magnitude, $O(\lambda^3)$, where $\lambda =\sin \theta_C
\simeq 0.22$.
This is an important difference as compared to the effective
Hamiltonian ${\cal H}_{eff}(b \rightarrow s)$ written earlier,
 in which case the
 effective Hamiltonian
 factorizes into an overall CKM factor $\lambda_t$.
For calculational ease,  this difference
can be implemented by defining the operators $\hat{O}_1$ and $\hat{O}_2$
entering in $H_{eff}(b \rightarrow d)$ as follows \cite{ag2}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{basis}
&&\hat{O}_{1} =
 -\frac{\xi_c}{\xi_t}(\bar{c}_{L \beta} \go{\mu} b_{L \alpha})
(\bar{d}_{L \alpha} \gu{\mu} c_{L \beta})
 -\frac{\xi_u}{\xi_t}(\bar{u}_{L \beta} \go{\mu} b_{L \alpha})
(\bar{d}_{L \alpha} \gu{\mu} u_{L \beta}) ,\nonumber \\
&& \hat{O}_{2} =
-\frac{\xi_c}{\xi_t}(\bar{c}_{L \alpha} \go{\mu} b_{L \alpha})
(\bar{d}_{L \beta} \gu{\mu} c_{L \beta})
 -\frac{\xi_u}{\xi_t}(\bar{u}_{L \alpha} \go{\mu}
b_{L \alpha}) (\bar{d}_{L \beta} \gu{\mu} u_{L \beta}) ,
\end{eqnarray}
and the rest of the operators $(\hat{O}_j;~j=3...8)$ are
defined like their
counterparts ${O}_j$ in $H_{eff}(b \rightarrow s)$, with the obvious replacement
$s \rightarrow d$. With this definition, the matching conditions $C_j(m_W)$
 and the solutions
of the RG equations yielding $C_j(\mu)$ become
identical for the two operator basis $O_j$ and $\hat{O}_j$.
 It has been explicitly checked in the $O(\alpha_s)$ calculations
of the decay rate and photon energy spectrum  involving $b \rightarrow d g$ and
$b \rightarrow d g \gamma$ transitions that the limit $m_u \rightarrow 0$
for the decay rate $\Gamma(B \ra  X _{d} + \gamma)$
 exists \cite{ag2}.  From this it
follows that, in the leading order QCD corrections, there are no
logarithms of the type $\alpha_s \log (m_u^2/m_c^2)$ \cite{Ricciardi}.
Some papers, estimating LD-contributions in radiative $B$ decays, seem
to contradict this by assuming light-quark contributions which have such
spurious log-dependence. There is no calculational basis for this
assumption.
 In higher orders, such terms must be absorbed in the
non-perturbative functions.
 On the other hand, as far as the dependence of the decay rate and spectra
on the external light quark masses is concerned,
one encounters logarithms of the
type $\alpha_{em}\alpha_s (1+(1-x)^2)/x \log (m_b^2/m_s^2)$
 (for $b \rightarrow s g \gamma)$ and
$\alpha_{em}\alpha_s (1+(1-x)^2)/x \log (m_b^2/m_d^2)$ (for $b \rightarrow d g
\gamma$)
 near the soft-photon
($x \rightarrow 0)$ region \cite{ag95}, which can, however, be exponentiated
\cite{klp95}.
The essential difference between  $\Gamma (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$ and $\Gamma(B \ra  X _{d} + \gamma)$
lies in the matrix elements of the first two operators $O_1$ and $O_2$
(in $H_{eff}(b \rightarrow s)$) and $\hat{O}_1$ and $\hat{O}_2$ (in $H_{eff}(b
\rightarrow d)$).
The derivation of the inclusive decay rate and the final-state distributions
in $B \rightarrow X _{d} + \gamma$\ otherwise
goes along very similar lines as for the decays $B \rightarrow X _{s} + \gamma$\ .
The branching ratio  $\BR (B \ra  X _{d} + \gamma)$
 in the SM  can be written as:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{branstruc}
&& \BR (B \ra  X _{d} + \gamma) = D_1 |\xi_t|^2 \nonumber \\
&&                     \{
1 - \frac{1-\rho}{(1-\rho)^2 + \eta^2} \, D_2
  - \frac{\eta}{(1-\rho)^2 + \eta^2} \, D_3
 + \frac{D_4}{(1-\rho)^2 + \eta^2} \} , \quad
\end{eqnarray}
where the functions $D_i$ depend on the parameters listed in table 1. The
uncertainty on this branching ratio from the parametric dependence is very
similar to the one worked out for $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$.
 For the central values of the parameters in table 1, one gets	:
$D_1=0.21, ~D_2=0.17, ~D_3=0.03, ~D_4=0.10$.
To get the inclusive branching ratio
the CKM parameters $\rho$ and $\eta$ have to be constrained from the
unitarity fits. Taking the parameters from a recent fit, one gets
$ 5.0 \times 10^{-3} \leq \vert \xi_t  \vert \leq 1.4 \times
10^{-2}$
(at 95\% C.L.) \cite{al95},
yielding an order of magnitude uncertainty in $\BR (B \ra  X _{d} + \gamma)$ -
hence the interest in measuring it. Taking the central values of the
fit parameters
$A=0.8, \lambda=0.2205, \eta =0.34$ and $\rho=-0.07$ \cite{al95},
 one gets $\BR (B \ra  X _{d} + \gamma) = (1.7\pm 0.85) \times 10^{-5}$, which is
approximately a factor 10 -20
smaller than the CKM-allowed branching ratio $\BR (B \ra  X _{s} + \gamma)$, measured by CLEO
\cite{CLEOrare1}.

\vspace*{3.0ex}
\section{ Estimates of ${\cal B}(B \rightarrow V + \gamma )$
 and Constraints on the CKM Parameters $\rho$ and $\eta$}
\indent
Exclusive radiative
 $B$ decays $B \rightarrow V + \gamma$, with $V=K^*,\rho,\omega$, are also
potentially
very interesting from the point of view of determining the CKM parameters
\cite{abs93}. The extraction of these parameters would, however,  involve a
trustworthy
estimate of the SD- and LD-contributions in the decay amplitudes.
\par
  The SD-contribution in the
 exclusive decays $(B_u, B_d) \rightarrow (K^*,\rho) + \gamma$,
$B_d \rightarrow \omega + \gamma$  and the
corresponding $B_s$ decays, $B_s \rightarrow (\phi,K^*) + \gamma $,
involve the magnetic moment operator $O_7$ and the related one obtained
by the obvious change $s \rightarrow d$, $\hat{O}_7$.
The transition form factors governing the radiative $B$ decays
 $B \rightarrow V + \gamma$ can be generically  defined as:
\begin{equation}
 \langle V,\lambda |\frac{1}{2} \bar \psi \sigma_{\mu\nu} q^\nu b
 |B\rangle  =
     i \epsilon_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} e^{(\lambda)}_\nu p^\rho_B p^\sigma_V
F_S^{B\rightarrow V}(0).
\label{defF}
\end{equation}
Here $V$ is a vector meson
with the polarization vector $e^{(\lambda)}$,
$V=\rho, \omega, K^*$ or $\phi$;
$B$ is a generic
$B$-meson $B_u, B_d$ or $B_s$, and $\psi$ stands for the
field of a light $u,d$ or $s$ quark. The vectors $p_B$, $p_V$ and
$q=p_B-p_V$
correspond to the 4-momenta of the initial $B$-meson and the
outgoing vector
meson and photon, respectively. In (\ref{defF}) the QCD
renormalization of the $\bar \psi \sigma_{\mu\nu} q^\nu b$ operator
is implied.
 Keeping only the SD-contribution
 leads to obvious relations among the exclusive
decay rates, exemplified here by the decay
rates for $(B_u,B_d) \rightarrow \rho + \gamma$ and $(B_u,B_d) \rightarrow K^* + \gamma$:
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Gamma ((B_u,B_d) \rightarrow \rho + \gamma)}
     {\Gamma ((B_u,B_d) \rightarrow K^* + \gamma)}
  = \frac{\vert \xi_t \vert^2}{\vert\lambda_t \vert ^2}
      \frac{\vert F_S^{B \rightarrow \rho }(0)\vert^2}
          {\vert F_S^{B \rightarrow K^* }(0)\vert^2} \Phi_{u,d}
  =\kappa_{u,d}[\frac{\vert V_{td}\vert}{\vert V_{ts}\vert}]^2 \,,
\label{SMKR}
\end{equation}
where $\Phi_{u,d}$ is a phase-space factor which in all cases is close to 1
and $\kappa_{i} \equiv [F_S^{B_i \rightarrow \rho \gamma}/F_S^{B_i \rightarrow K^*
\gamma}]^2$ is the ratio of the (SD) form factors squared.
The transition form factors $F_s$
 are model dependent. However, their ratios, i.e. $\kappa_i$,
 should be more reliably calculable as they depend
essentially only on the SU(3)-breaking effects.
 If the SD-amplitudes were the only contributions, the measurements of the
 CKM-suppressed radiative decays $(B_u,B_d) \rightarrow \rho + \gamma ,
{}~B_d \rightarrow \omega + \gamma$ and $B_s \rightarrow K^* + \gamma$ could be
used in conjunction with the decays $(B_u,B_d) \rightarrow K^* + \gamma$ to
determine
the CKM parameters. The present experimental upper limits on the CKM ratio
$\vert V_{td}\vert/\vert V_{ts}\vert$ from radiative $B$ decays
are indeed based on this assumption, yielding \cite{cleotdul}:
\begin{equation}
\frac{\vert V_{td} \vert }{\vert V_{ts}} \vert \leq 0.75~,
\end{equation}
with a theoretical dispersion estimated in the range $0.64$ - $0.75$,
depending on the models used for the $SU(3)$ breaking effects
in the form factors \cite{abs93,SU3f2}.

  The possibility of significant
LD- contributions in
radiative $B$ decays from the light quark intermediate states
has been raised in a number of papers
\cite{ldall}.
Their amplitudes necessarily involve other CKM matrix elements and hence the
simple factorization of the decay rates in terms of the CKM factors
involving $\vert V_{td}\vert$ and $\vert V_{ts}\vert$ no longer holds thereby
 invalidating the relationships
given above. In what follows, we argue that the CKM-analysis of
 charged $B$-decays,
$B^\pm \rightarrow \rho^\pm \gamma$, would require modifications due to the
LD-contributions but the corresponding analysis of the
neutral $B$-decays $B \rightarrow (\rho^0,\omega) \gamma$ remains essentially
unchanged.

The LD-contributions in $B \rightarrow V + \gamma$  are
induced by the matrix elements of the
four-Fermion operators $\hat{O}_1$ and $\hat{O}_2$ (likewise $O_1$ and
$O_2$). Estimates of these contributions
 require non-perturbative methods.
 This problem has been investigated recently
in \cite{ab95,wyler95} using
 a technique
which treats the photon emission from the light quarks in a theoretically
consistent and model-independent way. This has been combined
with the light-cone QCD sum rule approach to calculate both the SD and LD
--- parity conserving and parity violating --- amplitudes
in the decays $B_{u,d} \rightarrow \rho(\omega) + \gamma$.
To illustrate this, we concentrate on the $B_u^\pm$ decays,
$B_u^\pm \rightarrow \rho^\pm + \gamma$ and take up the neutral $B$ decays
$B_d \rightarrow \rho (\omega) + \gamma$ at the end.
The LD-amplitude of the four-Fermion operators $\hat{O}_1$, $\hat{O}_2$
is dominated by  the
 contribution of the weak annihilation
of valence quarks in the $B$ meson. It is color-allowed for the
decays of charged $B^\pm$ mesons, as shown in fig. 3, where also the
tadpole diagram is shown, which, however, contributes only in the
presence of gluonic corrections, and hence neglected.
In the factorization approximation, one may write the dominant contribution
in the operator $\hat{O_2}$ (here $O^\prime_2$ is the part of $\hat{O_2}$
with the CKM factor $\xi_u/\xi_t$)
\begin{equation}\label{factor}
\langle \rho\gamma | O^\prime_2|B\rangle =
\langle \rho | \bar d \Gamma_\mu u|0\rangle
\langle \gamma | \bar u \Gamma^\mu b|B\rangle
+
\langle \rho\gamma | \bar d \Gamma_\mu u|0\rangle
\langle 0 | \bar u \Gamma^\mu b|B\rangle ~,
\end{equation}
and make use of the definitions of the decay constants
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle 0 | \bar u \Gamma_\mu b|B\rangle  & =& i p_\mu f_B,
\nonumber\\
\langle \rho | \bar d \Gamma_\mu u|0\rangle &=&
\varepsilon^{(\rho)}_\mu m_\rho f_\rho,
\end{eqnarray}
to reduce the problem at hand to the calculation of simpler form factors
induced by vector and axial-vector currents.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{0.10in}
\vspace*{-3cm}
\centerline{
\epsfysize=6in
{
\epsffile{alibraunfig1.ps}
}
}
\vspace{0.08in}
\vspace*{-8cm}
\caption[]{
 Weak annihilation contributions in $B_u \rightarrow \rho  \gamma$
involving the operators $O^\prime_1$ and $O^\prime_2$ denoted by
$\bigotimes$ with the
photon emission from a) the loop containing the $b$ quark, b) the loop
containing the light quark, and c) the tadpole which contributes only
with additional gluonic corrections.
\label{fig:3}}
\end{figure}

The factorization approximation assumed in \cite{ab95,wyler95} has been
tested
(to some extent) in two-body and quasi-two body non-leptonic $B$ decays
involving the transitions $b \rightarrow c \bar{c} s$ and $b \rightarrow c \bar{u} d$.
It has not been tested experimentally in
radiative $B$ decays. From a theoretical point of view,
 non-factorizable
contributions belong to either the $O(\alpha_s)$ (and higher order)
radiative corrections or to contributions of higher-twist operators to
the sum rules. Their inclusion should not change the conclusions
substantially.

The LD-amplitude in the decay $B_u \rightarrow \rho^\pm + \gamma$ can be written
in terms of the form factors $F_1^L$ and $F_2^L$,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{Along}
{\cal A}_{long} &=&
-\frac{e\,G_F}{\sqrt{2}} V_{ub}V_{ud}^\ast
\left( C_2+\frac{1}{N_c}C_1\right) m_\rho
\varepsilon^{(\gamma)}_\mu \varepsilon^{(\rho)}_\nu
\nonumber\\&&{}\times
 \Big\{-i\Big[g_{\mu\nu}(q\cdot p)- p_\mu q_\nu\Big] \cdot 2 F_1^{L}(q^2)
  +\epsilon_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta} p^\alpha q^\beta
 \cdot 2 F_2^{L}(q^2)\Big\}\,.
\label{ratio2}
\end{eqnarray}
Again, one has to invoke a model to calculate the form factors. Estimates
 from the light-cone QCD sum rules give
\cite{ab95}:
\begin{equation}\label{result}
 F^L_1/F_S = 0.0125\pm 0.0010\,,\quad F^L_2/F_S = 0.0155\pm 0.0010 ~,
\end{equation}
where the errors correspond to the variation of the
Borel parameter in the QCD sum rules. Including other possible
uncertainties,
 one expects an accuracy of the ratios in (\ref{result}) of order 20\%.
Since the parity-conserving and parity-violating amplitudes turn out
to be close to each other, $F_1^L\simeq F^L_2 \equiv F_L$,
the ratio of the LD- and the SD- contributions reduces to a number
\begin{equation}\label{ratio2p}
{\cal A}_{long}/{\cal A}_{short}=
R_{L/S}^{B_u\rightarrow\rho\gamma}
\cdot\frac{V_{ub}V_{ud}^\ast}{V_{tb}V_{td}^\ast} ~.
\end{equation}
Using $C_2=1.10$, $C_1=-0.235$, $C_7^{eff}=-0.306$ (at the scale $\mu=5$ GeV)
 \cite{ag95} gives:
\begin{equation}\label{result2}
R_{L/S}^{B_u\rightarrow\rho\gamma} \equiv
 \frac{4 \pi^2 m_\rho(C_2+C_1/N_c)}{m_b C_7^{eff}}
\cdot\frac{F_L^{B_u \rightarrow \rho \gamma}}{F_S^{B_u \rightarrow \rho \gamma}}=-0.30\pm
0.07 ~. \end{equation}
 To get a ball-park estimate of the ratio
${\cal A}_{long}/{\cal A}_{short}$, we take the central values of
the CKM matrix elements,
 $V_{ud}=0.9744\pm 0.0010$ \cite{PDG},
$|V_{td}|=(1.0\pm 0.2)\times 10^{-2}$,
$|V_{cb}|=0.039\pm 0.004$ and $|V_{ub}/V_{cb}|=0.08\pm 0.02$ \cite{al95},
 yielding,
\begin{equation}
|{\cal A}_{long}/{\cal A}_{short}|^{B_u\rightarrow\rho\gamma}
= |R_{L/S}^{B_u\rightarrow\rho\gamma}|
\frac{|V_{ub}V_{ud}|}{|V_{td}V_{bt}|} \simeq 10\% ~.
\end{equation}
The analogous LD-contributions to the neutral $B$ decays
$B_d\rightarrow\rho\gamma $ and $B_d\rightarrow\omega\gamma $ are
expected to be much smaller, a point
that has also been noted in the context of the VMD and quark model
based estimates \cite{ldall}. In the present approach,
 the corresponding form factors for the decays
$B_d \rightarrow \rho^0(\omega)  \gamma$ are obtained from
the ones for the decay $B_u\rightarrow\rho^\pm \gamma$ discussed above by the
replacement of the light quark charges
 $e_u\rightarrow e_d$, which gives the factor $-1/2$; in addition,
and more importantly, the
LD-contribution to the neutral $B$ decays
is colour-suppressed, which reflects itself
through the replacement of the factor
$a_1\equiv C_2+C_1/N_c$ in (\ref{ratio2}) by
$a_2\equiv C_1+C_2/N_c$. This yields for the ratio
\begin{equation}
\frac{R_{L/S}^{B_d\rightarrow\rho\gamma}}{R_{L/S}^{B_u\rightarrow\rho\gamma}}=
\frac{e_d a_2}{e_u a_1} \simeq -0.13 \pm 0.05 ,
\end{equation}
where the numbers are based on using
$a_2/a_1 = 0.27 \pm 0.10$ \cite{BHP93}. This would then yield at most
$R_{L/S}^{B_d\rightarrow\rho\gamma} \simeq R_{L/S}^{B_d\rightarrow\omega\gamma}=0.05$,
which in turn gives
 ${\cal A}_{long}^{B_d\rightarrow\rho\gamma}/{\cal A}_{short}^{B_d\rightarrow\rho\gamma}
\leq 0.02$. Even if this underestimates the LD-contribution by a factor
2, due to the approximations made in \cite{ab95,wyler95},
it is quite safe to neglect
the LD-contribution in the neutral $B$-meson radiative decays.

The ratio of the CKM-suppressed and CKM-allowed
 decay rates  for charged $B$ mesons
 gets modified due to the LD contributions. Following \cite{GP95},
we ignore the LD-contributions in $\Gamma(B \rightarrow K^*\gamma)$. The ratio of
the decay rates in question can therefore be written as:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{ratio3}
\lefteqn{\frac{\Gamma(B_u\rightarrow \rho\gamma)}{\Gamma(B_u\rightarrow K^*\gamma)}
= \kappa_u \lambda^2[(1-\rho)^2+\eta^2]
}
\nonumber\\&&{}
\times\Bigg\{
1+2\cdot R_{L/S} V_{ud}\frac{\rho(1-\rho)-\eta^2}{(1-\rho)^2+\eta^2}
+(R_{L/S})^2 V_{ud}^2\frac{\rho^2+\eta^2}{(1-\rho)^2+\eta^2}\Bigg\}\,,
\end{eqnarray}
 Using the central value from the estimates of the ratio of the
  form factors squared
$\kappa_u=0.59 \pm 0.08$
  \cite{abs93}, and the presently allowed range of the Wolfenstein parameters
 $\rho$ and
 $\eta$,
 it is shown in \cite{ab95} that
the effect of the LD-contributions is modest but not negligible, introducing
an uncertainty
comparable to the $\sim 15\%$ uncertainty in the overall normalization
due to the $SU(3)$-breaking effects in the quantity $\kappa_u$.

\indent
Neutral $B$-meson radiative decays are less-prone to the LD-effects,
 as argued above, and hence one expects that to a good approximation
the ratio of the decay rates for neutral $B$ meson obtained in the
approximation of SD-dominance remains valid \cite{abs93}:
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Gamma(B_d\rightarrow \rho\gamma,\omega\gamma)}{\Gamma(B\rightarrow K^*\gamma)}
 = \kappa_d\lambda^2 [(1-\rho)^2+\eta^2]~.
\end{equation}
 Here $\kappa_d$ represents the
 SU(3)-breaking effects in the
form factor ratio squared.
 It is a realistic hope that this relation is
theoretically (almost) on the same footing in the standard model
as the one for the ratio of the $B^0$-$\overline{B^0}$ mixing-induced
mass differences, which satisfies the relation \cite{al95}:
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Delta M_s}{\Delta M_d} = \kappa_{sd}
\left\vert \frac{V_{ts}}{V_{td}} \right\vert^2
= \kappa_{sd}\frac{1}{\lambda^2 [(1-\rho)^2+\eta^2]} ~.
\label{xratio}
\end{equation}
The
 hadronic
uncertainty in this ratio
 is in the SU(3)-breaking factor $\kappa_{sd}\equiv (f_{B_s}^2 \hat{B}_{B_s}/
f_{B_d}^2 \hat{B}_{B_d})$, which involves the pseudoscalar coupling
constants and the so-called bag constants. This quantity is
 estimated as $\kappa_{sd}=1.35 \pm 0.25$ in the QCD sum
rules and lattice QCD approaches. (For details and references, see
\cite{al95}).
The present upper limit for the mass-difference ratio $\Delta M_s/\Delta M_d > 12.3
$ at 95 \% C.L. from the ALEPH data \cite{ALEPHxs} provides better
constraint on the CKM parameters, yielding $\vert V_{td}\vert/\vert V_{ts}\vert < 0.35$
 than the corresponding constraints from the
rare radiative decays $B \rightarrow (\rho,\omega) + \gamma$, which give an upper
limit of 0.75 for the same CKM-ratio. We expect experimental sensitivity to
increase in both measurements,
reaching the level predicted for this ratio
in the standard model, $\vert V_{td}\vert/\vert V_{ts}\vert =0.24 \pm 0.05$ \cite{al95},
in the next several years in the ongoing experiments at CLEO, LEP and
Tevatron, and the forthcoming ones at the $B$ factories and HERA-B.

\indent

 Finally, combining the estimates for the LD- and SD-form factors in
\cite{ab95} and
\cite{abs93}, respectively, and restricting the Wolfenstein
parameters in the range $-0.4 \leq \rho \leq 0.4$ and $ 0.2 \leq \eta
\leq 0.4$, as suggested by the CKM-fits \cite{al95}, we give the
following ranges for the absolute branching ratios:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{ratio4}
{\cal B}(B_u\rightarrow \rho\gamma)
&=& (1.9 \pm 1.6) \times 10^{-6} ~,
\nonumber\\
{\cal B}(B_d\rightarrow \rho\gamma) &\simeq& {\cal B}(B_d \rightarrow \omega \gamma)
= (0.85 \pm 0.65) \times 10^{-6} ~,
\end{eqnarray}
where we have used the experimental value for the branching ratio
${\cal B} (B \rightarrow K^* + \gamma) =(4.5 \pm 1.5 \pm 0.9) \times 10^{-5}$
\cite{CLEOrare1},
adding the errors in quadrature. The large error reflects the poor
knowledge of the CKM matrix elements and hence experimental determination
of these branching ratios will put rather stringent constraints on the

Summarizing the effect of the LD-contributions in
radiative $B$ decays, we note that they are
dominantly given by the annihilation diagrams. QCD sum-rule-based
estimates are very encouraging in that they lead to the conclusion
that such contributions are modest in exclusive radiative $B$ decays,
in particular in the neutral $B$-decays $B^0 \rightarrow (\rho^0,\omega) + \gamma$.
This estimate should be checked in other theoretically sound frameworks.
Of course, forthcoming data on specific $B$-meson decays will be able to
check this directly.
Presently available data suggest that
 the contribution  of annihilation diagrams in $B$ decays is not significant,
 as seen through the near equality of the lifetimes
for the $B^\pm, ~B_d^0$ and $B_s^0$ mesons and the near equality of
the observed $B^\pm$ and $B^0$ radiative decay rates.
 We have argued that this is very probably
also the case for the CKM-suppressed radiative decays, with $B^\pm \rightarrow
\rho^\pm \gamma$ modified by $O(20)\%$ from its SD-rate.
 %

\noindent
{\bf Acknowledgements}:
 I would like to thank Vladimir Braun, Christoph Greub, David London,
and  Hubert Simma
 for numerous helpful
discussions and valuable input. Informative discussions with Arkady
Vainshtein are also gratefully acknowledged.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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We at Adventure Adam are looking for new business partners/Investors to extent our outdoor activities on Koh Rong island, Cambodia and continue the company growth. We are searching for adventure addicts with a mature personality and a switched on mind to help us push Adventure Adam to the next level.
With it's 23 stunning beaches, Koh Rong is a top holiday destination in Cambodia. Every year it attracts many people from all over the world with numbers increasing.
Imagine yourself working outdoors on the ocean or in the jungle on a tropical island. Welcome to your new office.
At Adventure Adam we are very passionate about our work and take extra care about our customers and the local community we are living in. Operating for more than 3 years, we are well established, respected and hold all the official papers to be completely legitimate. We founded the company in September 2015 and managed a steady growth every year. We are well known all over cambodia and have a strong presence on social media. With more than 250 trip advisor reviews and the certificate of excellence for 3 years in a row, we are proud to say that we are the number one company for outdoor activities on Koh Rong. Furthermore, we helped many local families and businesses all around the island and raised in 3 years more than 25 000$ for the local communities.
This is an unique investment opportunity in an amazing place. If you fancy a fantastic lifestyle and like to learn and develop your skill sets, if you like helping others around you and want to become a part of something very special, then don't hesitate and contact us via PM. Please serious Inquiries only.
WE LIVE THE ADVENTURE DREAM, what about you?
website is down but seems like you guys have ALOT of good reviews and have built up a good reputation.
The British Pound; Are Investors Also Leaving ?


Association of Montana Turf Ornamental & Pest Professionals | Your partner in business.
Promoting high standards and ethics within the turf, ornamental, and pesticide industry.
Representing a diversified, yet unified membership consisting of a large array of disciplines within the private and public sectors of Montana's Green Industry.
Through the support of its members, AMTOPP offers scholarships to Montana 4-H Clubs and Future Farmers of America (FFA).
A raffle is held each year at the annual conference to raise money for the scholarship fund.
Awarding two, $250 scholarships to Montana 4-H Clubs, and one $500 scholarship to a college-bound (FFA) student.
AMTOPP members firmly believe the education and promotion of the Green Industry begin with our youth; learning and participating in the industry at home and in their communities.
The 4-H Scholarship is awarded to the 4-H individuals or clubs with the best project that will benefit their club and their community.
The FFA Scholarship recipients use their money for college expenses.
Starting a community garden in the community, using the money to buy seeds and starter plants.
Install a native garden at a local city park in their community.
Plant Aspen and Cottonwood trees on the creek bank of school grounds as an experiment to see if they would push out the Russian Olive trees.
*Katie's Krops (www.katiekrops.com) is a foundation that sponsors youth across the US to grow gardens that help fight against hunger.
The 4H Scholarship Application is due February 1, each year and the FFA Scholarship Application is due January 30, each year.
If you know of a club or individual who could benefit from one of these scholarships, please let them know it is available.


text:
Q: How to use generics with freezed sealed union objects? I have a Flutter class that uses Freezed to create a sealed union that represents either data or an error:
@freezed
class DataOrError<T, E> with _$DataOrError {
  const factory DataOrError.loading() = Loading;

  const factory DataOrError.data(T data) = DataOrE<T, E>;

  const factory DataOrError.error(E error) = DOrError<T, E>;

  static DataOrError<T, E> fromEither<T, E>(Either<E, T> val) {
    final result = val.fold(
        (l) => DataOrError<T, E>.error(l), (r) => DataOrError<T, E>.data(r));
    return result;
  }
}

I use riverpod so I have a riverpod StateNotifier that looks like:
class RolesNotifier
    extends StateNotifier<DataOrError<List<Role>, RoleFailure>> {
  final Ref _ref;
  StreamSubscription? sub;

  RolesNotifier(Ref ref)
      : _ref = ref,
        super(const DataOrError.loading());

  /// Will run the fetch
  void fetch() {
        // fetch roles
        state = const DataOrError.loading();
        sub = _ref.read(firebaseRoleService).getRoles().listen((event) {
          state = DataOrError.fromEither<List<Role>, RoleFailure>(event);
        });
  }

// ... this class has been shortened for simplicity.
}

final rolesProvider = StateNotifierProvider.autoDispose<RolesNotifier,
    DataOrError<List<Role>, RoleFailure>>((ref) {
  return RolesNotifier(ref);
});

When I consume this provider; however, the types for DataOrError are gone:
ref
  .read(rolesProvider)
  .when(loading: (){}, data: (d) {
  // d is dynamic type not List<Role>

  }, error: (e){});

For some reason both d and e are dynamic types and not List<Role> & RoleFailure respectively. Everything appears to be typed correctly so why is this not working? I'm not sure if the error is with Freezed or Riverpod. I would like to avoid type casting (i.e. d as List<Role>) because that defeats the purpose of the generics.

A: The mixin has to be defined with the same generic types Like
class DataOrError<T, E> with _$DataOrError<T,E>

Although if you did not explicitly define the mixin generics ,the runner will mimic the original class types but in that case there will be no relation between them. in our case it will be a different set of T and E that is why it will be dynamic , bottom line is that you have to tell the mixin that it is indeed the same set of types.

A: Your code seems to be setup correctly, my intuition is that the types are not being inferred because you are using ref.read. This may be intentional in riverpod for some reason.
Finally, using ref.read inside the build method is an anti-pattern and your UI will not change whenever the state notifier updates.
Replace ref.read(rolesProvider) with:
ref.watch(rolesProvider).when(
  loading: (){},
  data: (d) {}, // Types should be inferred correctly now
  error: (e){},
);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
I Thought It Was Just a Sore. It Turned Out to Be Melanoma
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SNAPSHOTS OF SURVIVORS
Melanoma can be much more than an insidious spot on the skin, more difficult to treat than getting a mole removed. There's often much more beneath (and even on) the surface than that, and these five survivors' stories prove that there's no singular road to diagnosis nor recovery.
By Magdalene Taylor
Photography by Celeste Sloman
Celeste Sloman
This story is part of Survivor's Guide, a series on navigating the impact of melanoma through beauty and self-care.
Gone are the days when care-free sunbathers blissfully ignored the dangers of laying out under that big burning orb in the sky. Unlike previous generations, many millennials and Gen-Z'ers grew up being told to wear sunscreen and the very real threat of skin cancer. Still, myths remain: All skin cancer manifests as a misshapen mole. Melanoma always originates from sun damage. In actuality, skin cancer can present in myriad ways and some forms of melanoma don't originate from sun damage at all. Among young people, it's one of the most common forms of cancer, and one in five Americans develop skin cancer by age 70.
To combat these inaccuracies and, more importantly, to put real faces and names to these statistics, we asked five women who have experienced melanoma — or are currently battling it — to share their stories. Their journeys prove that there's no singular road to diagnosis nor recovery and, as survivor Mariena Browning puts it, "When you think of skin cancer or melanoma, I always thought of a dark mole… but I've learned that everyone's cancer is so different that it's super unpredictable."
Mariena Browning
Founder of Browning Bakery @marienabrowning
Shantae Armstrong Photography
While the majority of melanoma cases begin with a mole or visible change in the skin, about 3.2 percent of melanoma cases present with "no known primary site," and are instead found in distant sites like the lymph nodes, beneath the skin, or in internal organs. Mariena Browning, 25, has one such form of melanoma.
"In 2018, I noticed a lump in my groin. It was kind of sore and I worked out a lot at the time, so I thought maybe I tore something," she tells Allure. "Within a couple of weeks, there were multiple lumps and they were all very hard and painful. So I went to get a biopsy and an ultrasound, and the results came back as stage III metastatic melanoma."
From there, doctors at the Huntsman Cancer Institute in Salt Lake City removed all the lymph nodes on the left side of her groin and started treating her with targeted therapy. After about nine months, her doctors detected tumors in her brain.
"We had to do brain radiation and we had to add another immunotherapy. That killed it," she says. Browning is stable but expects to be in treatment through the end of the year at least.
"When you think of skin cancer or melanoma, I always thought of a dark mole, or just a really bad sunburn and sun damage," says Browning. "But since having cancer and meeting a bunch of other patients with melanoma and talking to them, I've learned that everyone's cancer is so different that it's super unpredictable."
Alison Bowles
Model and Founder of YOUv Radiance @alisonbowles
Alison Bowles always knew she might be more susceptible to skin cancer. She had numerous small moles, and her grandmother developed melanoma in her 70s. Still, it was a surprise when Bowles herself was diagnosed at the age of 22. Fortunately, having worked for five years in a spa that held skin cancer awareness events, she felt informed about the warning signs. One educational tool she'd been taught was the "ABCDEs" of melanoma: an acronym for asymmetry, border, color, diameter, and evolving, the ABCDEs are a way of tracking moles on your body for any changes or details that might be concerning. "That's really my basis of how I kept an eye on these moles," says Bowles, now 24.
"I was in a hotel in New York City, and there was a double mirror in the bathroom where I could look at my back. I noticed that a mole on my back had changed colors," says Bowles. "I was like, 'OK, that's weird.' I flew back to St. Louis the next day and saw my dermatologist. They did the biopsy, and it came back cancerous."
Doctors were able to remove the melanoma entirely, leaving Bowles with 12 stitches and a long scar. "I caught it just in time," she says. "If it hadn't caught my eye, it could have been much worse."
As a model who regularly does bikini shoots on the beach, Bowles can't avoid the sun entirely. However, she's careful to always wear sunscreen, limit her time in the sun, and try to only shoot during the hours when the sun's rays aren't their strongest. Most importantly, though, she encourages everyone to see a dermatologist annually — something dermatologists Allure has spoken recommend too, as not all melanomas present in a way that could be identified by the ABCDEs. "It is really overwhelming how many people have messaged me saying that one of my posts with YOUv Radiance or on my personal page about skin cancer influenced them to go get checked, and they found skin cancer," says Bowles.
Natalie Fornasier
Freelance beauty and lifestyle writer @nataliefornasier
What started as a small mole on her toe has progressed into a seven-year journey with melanoma. At 20, Natalie Fornasier had been getting the mole checked regularly without major concern from doctors, until one day when she noticed the mole began to hurt when wearing shoes. Soon after, she was diagnosed with stage III melanoma that had spread to her groin. She had her toe removed, as well as the entire lymph node system in her groin. "I had to now figure out how to live life with a permanent fear attached to me," says Fornasier. "No one really talks about that fear — it's one that feels like a wolf is on your back, with its teeth at your neck. It's forever there once you've been welcomed into the cancer club."
After four years of relative normalcy with just routine scans every six months, a mass appeared in her lungs in 2018. Doctors diagnosed her with stage IV melanoma in her lungs, duodenum, bowel, and the lining of her stomach, and she's been fighting it ever since.
"My health is my full-time job," says Fornasier. "This isn't what I envisioned for my twenties, and yet that's what I've spent the alleged best years of my life doing — fighting cancer."
"I'm a writer, so sharing through words is very natural to me," she continues. "One of the things I'm adamant about is to make speaking about cancer less scary. A lot of people shy away from it, and don't want to talk about it because it's associated with death and all of the things the human mind chooses not to engage [with]. I'm a big advocate for people who are chronically ill to be represented in our media, especially in a light where it doesn't revolve around their illness. We need to include people with all walks of experience in every facet of life. I'm still learning every day about using my voice."
Jess Van Zeil
Speaker and author of Eye Won
"I'd had this red spot on the whites of my eye for as long as I can remember, and it was never an issue. And then all of a sudden, it was like, that was potentially cancerous," says Jess Van Zeil, who was diagnosed with conjunctival ocular melanoma at 21. She was initially misdiagnosed, and by the time she finally received an accurate diagnosis she was told she would need the contents of her left eye socket fully removed.
"I was very self-conscious, very self-aware of who I was, and how society is and how judgmental society can be," says Van Zeil. "So I wasn't too keen on it. And then the other side of it was, [either do that] or I won't be here in five years."
Only a few months after the removal of her eye, she suddenly had a seizure. She was now diagnosed with stage IV melanoma — the cancer had spread to her brain. Van Zeil began treatment but "nearly died from the side effects." Fortunately, the treatment was effective. Throughout the experience, from being misdiagnosed to recently celebrating five years cancer-free, Van Zeil has had to be her own advocate for her health.
"I've had to learn that my best interests are something that I am allowed to put forward," she says. "And just because maybe I'm not medically trained does not mean that my thoughts and opinions aren't valid."
After completing her degree in nutrition during that journey, Van Zeil has since redirected her desire to help others toward public speaking, coaching, and writing. "I think probably after I lost my eye, I realized how much of a lonely experience it can be to go through cancer or anything that's really challenging and changes the way that you perceive the world and perceive yourself," says Van Zeil. "I didn't want anyone else to feel alone, going through what they were going through."
Abby Perez
Higher education worker and fashion influencer @styledby.abbyy
Courtesy Abby Perez
Abigail Perez was diagnosed with melanoma in situ, or stage zero melanoma, in 2019. "I had a mole on my right lower leg that I'd had for years," says Perez, 29. "I finally decided to get it checked out, and it turned out to be melanoma." Melanoma in situ is considered to be the most curable stage, so Perez was able to get it removed entirely with two minor surgeries. "Even though it was an early stage of cancer, I still was very frightened about it," she says. She continues to receive full-body checkups every three months.
Perez admits that she enjoyed spending time out in the sun without sunscreen prior to her diagnosis. "I would be out in the sun, I would hardly use any sunscreen ever," she says. "I was always looking to make sure that my legs were tanned, especially in the summer." She now keeps sunscreen with an SPF of 50 or higher on hand at her house and carries it in her bag at all times.
Perez has a career in higher education in Washington state but enjoys influencing on Instagram on the side. At first, she says she was hesitant to talk about her experience on social media, but after completing her surgeries, she decided she wanted to use her platform to encourage others to have their skin checked if they're concerned, too. Particularly during the month of May, which is Skin Cancer Awareness month, Perez often shares information from the Skin Cancer Foundation and other advocacy groups to help educate her friends and family.
"I definitely have been there. It's definitely a hard experience waiting for that phone call, expecting a phone call has bad news, but it's definitely better to get it checked out," says Perez.
Read more from The Survivor's Guide to Melanoma:
"Skin Checks" Save Lives. Here's What They Look For
The Deadly Form of Melanoma We Rarely Hear About
I Survived Melanoma — Here's How I Protect My Skin From the Sun Now
Done reading? Watch seven people share the stories behind their scars:
Follow Allure on Instagram and Twitter, or subscribe to Allure's newsletter for daily beauty stories delivered right to your inbox.
Magdalene Taylor is a writer from rural western Massachusetts currently located in New York. Formerly a staff writer for MEL Magazine where she covered sex, health and the Internet, she now explores these topics for a variety of outlets. She has an unfortunate obsession with nu-metal and Dunkin', and considers... Read more
Keywordsskin cancercancerSurvivor's Guide Melanomamelanomasunscreeninterviewhealth

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I have had to opportunity to learn a lot this semester related to what I would enjoy to do with my life. At times I wish the courses here were more open so I could take even more classes focused on science. However i've been happy with the learning progress I have made this semester. Three things I want to highlight on is my better understanding of bonds, futures, and other derivatives. This coming from the current Money & Banking course I am taking online with Daniel Lee. Another course I have fund very interesting is my Financial Modeling course which is also taught by Daniel Lee. I though the course would be a breeze because I am very effective when it comes to financial modeling already. However Prof. Lee introduced me to an entirely new aspect of financial modeling using R code. Some of the information may be hard to provide citation for as most of what i have learned is from just directly solving problems related to these topics.
Money & Banking introduced me to the idea of futures and forward contracts and their effect on the economy. Companies and countries can enter into these contracts to hedge their positions or protect themselves from foreign exchange rates. Before taking my Money & Banking course I had little to no understanding of futures and their role in the bigger picture. Aside from that I have an even better understanding of bond valuation. Mostly focused on the Gordon Growth Model. Even outside of that through homework's and exams I'd been asked questions I've never been asked before as far as bond valuation goes. The process you have to take to solve these is completely different than any other way I have before. It has made me that much more of an expert in excel.
Financial Modeling has provided me with the most information I've found important and useful this semester. I had some understanding of coding using java and HTML. After this course though I have a very good understand of R to a point when I can actually apply it to real world scenarios. Using what I learned in class and the resources Prof. Lee has provided outside of class (datacamp.com) I've been able to apply these skills to begin creating my own website. To not get into too much detail yet as it is a work in progress I plan on making a database probably through SQL in which I can store income statement data. Than using R I can manipulate this data to find present value, show growth, forecast future cash. Something I never really thought I'd be doing. I've considered taking even more computer science classes since taking the course. However there are a lot of resources outside of school that can probably teach me just as well.
Well, I was totally with you until the last two paragraphs. You have definitely exhausted the full range of my comprehension in financial modeling. I am so looking forward to your research paper and project, and will look forward to sharing them with people in your fields, too, since the work seems promising and exciting, and you should have good mentors with you as you go forward with your studies!
Sean, you certainly sound like a student with a purpose. I see a bright future ahead of you. And it's also good to hear that I've been able to you progress. I'll be happy to chat more with you to see how I can help you further.
Lastly, a comment on your last two paragraphs. It doesn't have to be a million plus lines of code. Using a function, you could apply the same 100 lines of code to multiple securities. There is a great course in datacamp on this topic. Let me know if you're interested.


text:
The Legislature VI of Italy () was the 6th legislature of the Italian Republic, and lasted from 25 May 1972 until 4 July 1976. Its composition was the one resulting from the general election of 7 May 1972.

Main chronology
After a short Giulio Andreotti's government, Mariano Rumor returned to the office of Prime Minister, leading a centre-left coalition composed by DC, PSI, PRI, and PSDI from July 1973 to March 1974. After this government collapsed, Rumor formed a new coalition from March until October 1974.

During Rumor's second term, the Parliament approved a law on 2 March 1974 with which legal minimum for pensions was raised to 27.75% of the average industrial wage for 1973. A law approved on 16 July 1974 extended family allowances to INPS pensioners, in lieu of child supplements. While a bill passed in August 1974 extended hospital assistance to all those not previously covered by any scheme.

Weathering a cabinet resignation in June 1974, Rumor's final cabinet fell in October 1974 after failing to come to an agreement on how to deal with rising economic inflation.

In November 1974, President Giovanni Leone gave Aldo Moro the task of form a new cabinet; Moro was sworn in on 23 November, at the head a cabinet composed by DC and PRI, externally supported by PSI and PSDI. Even during his second term as Prime Minister, the government implemented a series of important social reforms. A law, approved on 9 June 1975, increased the number of occupational diseases and extended the duration of linked insurance and benefit; while a bill, approved on 3 June 1975, introduced various improvements for pensioners. Moreover, the multiplying coefficient was raised to 2% and it was applied to average earnings of the best 3 years in the last 10 years of work and automatic annual adjustment of minimum pensions. A law approved 27 December 1975 implemented ad hoc upgradings of cash benefits for certain diseases.

Despite the tensions within government's majority, the close relations between Moro and the communist leader, Enrico Berlinguer, guaranteed a certain stability to Moro's governments, allowing them a capacity to act that went beyond the premises that had seen them born.

Moro IV Cabinet, with the republican leader Ugo La Malfa as Deputy Prime Minister, started a first dialogue with the PCI, with the aim of beginning a new phase to strengthen the Italian democratic system. However, in 1976 the PSI secretary, Francesco De Martino, withdrew the external support to the government and Moro was forced to resign.

On 4 May 1976 President Giovanni Leone dismissed the Parliament and called a snap election.

1974 divorce referendum

In June 1973 Amintore Fanfani was elected secretary of the Christian Democracy for a second term, replacing his former protégé Arnaldo Forlani, who was now a supporter of centrist policies. As such, Fanfani led the campaign for the referendum on repealing the law allowing divorce, which was approved by the parliament in 1970. Those voting "yes" wanted to outlaw divorce as had been the case before the law came into effect, and those voting "no" wanted to retain the law and their newly gained right to divorce. The voting method caused significant confusion with many people not understanding that they had to vote "no" to be able to divorce or vote "yes" to outlaw divorce.

The DC and the neo-fascist MSI intensely campaigned for a yes vote to abolish the law and make divorce illegal again. Their main themes were the safeguarding of the traditional nuclear family model and the Roman Catechism; while most left-wing political forces, including PCI and PSI, supported the "no" faction. Fanfani thought that a "no" victory could have given him the control of in his own party again; in fact other key figures like Moro, Rumor, Emilio Colombo and Francesco Cossiga, who believed in the defeat at the referendum, kept a low profile during the campaign.

Despite Fanfani's activism, the "no" front was defeated by margin of 59.3% to 40.7% on a voter turnout of 87.7%, thus allowing the divorce laws to remain in force. The soundly defeat in the divorce referendum forced Fanfani's resignation as party secretary in July 1975. The ideological distances between DC and other allies of the Organic Centre-left coalition emerged during the referendum campaign were one of the main factor that led to the crisis of that political alliance in the mid 1970s.

Government

Parliamentary composition

Chamber of Deputies

 President: Sandro Pertini (PSI), elected on 25 May 1972
 Vice Presidents: Benigno Zaccagnini (DC, till 22 September 1975), Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (DC, from 22 October 1975), Nilde Iotti (PCI), Arrigo Boldrini (PCI), Roberto Lucifredi (DC)

Senate of the Republic

Presidents:
Amintore Fanfani (DC), elected on 25 May 1972 and resigned on 26 June 1973;
Giovanni Spagnolli (DC), elected on 27 June 1973.
 Vice Presidents: Giuseppe Spataro (DC), Francesco Albertini (PSI), Mario Venanzi (PCI), Tullio Carettoni Romagnoli (PSI)

Senators for Life

References

Legislatures of Italy
1972 establishments in Italy
1976 disestablishments in Italy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


After a very early start this morning we are safe and sound in Vancouver. All the kids are all busy studying and prepping for the first day of competition tomorrow.
Once we landed we headed to Southeast Portland to have breakfast at the Arleta Bakery and Cafe. The food was very yummy. After breakfast we headed to the hotel to drop off luggage and head to the Nike factory store. Since a teenager's stomach seems to never be full we visited the famous Voo Doo Doughnut where you can get a 5lb bucket of 8 hour old doughnuts for $5.00! They worked off all the calories exploring Portland.
After plenty of food and exercise it was time for a nap! Then more food for dinner, a quick walk across the park to Tiger's Garden and a run to the local supermarket (teenagers = food) for snacks in the room, before studying and bed.
Events start tomorrow at 9:00 and testing begins after lunch … Wish us luck!


text:
Usborne's 'World of the Unknown: UFO's', 1977
Richard McKenna / July 17, 2018
Exhibit / July 17, 2018
Object Name: World of the Unknown: UFO's
Maker and Year: Usborne Books, 1977
Object Type: Children's book
Image Source: The author
Description: (Richard McKenna)
The mandate of British publisher Usborne Books was to produce beautifully illustrated children's publications, designed and written by its in-house team. The first wave of books Usborne released in 1975—which included the popular Spycraft—had sold well, and in 1977 the company followed it up with the World of the Unknown series, a triptych that included Monsters, Ghosts, and UFO's [sic]. In the words of David Jefferis (responsible for "art and editorial direction" for the World of the Unknown books and, later, the company's 1979 World of the Future series), the books were "aimed at young readers, but they didn't talk down to them, the text level being easy to understand, but not stupid."
World of the Unknown: UFO's appeared in bookshops the same year that the international second-wave UFO frenzy in popular culture was coalescing around the release of Steven Spielberg's Close Encounters of the Third Kind. When the film opened in US cinemas in November, the zeitgeist was saturated with hypothetical alien visitors who, this vision of the phenomenon posited, were as benevolent as they were mysterious. UFO groups—both serious-minded and literally demented—proliferated, and hobbyist UFO hunters were even advertising UFO detectors in the pages of the specialist press.
For a book aiming to capitalize on the love of the young for the mysterious, Usborne's UFO's takes a surprisingly Fortean approach to its subject matter, while being careful to always leave open a small window of possibility that the craft might genuinely be the work of extraterrestrial visitors. As was usually the case with Usborne books, the illustrations were its most striking feature, and the book's two-page spread of UFO types remains one of the more memorable visual representations of the surreal power of the Unidentified Flying Object—shiny, dreamlike shapes, unmoored from earthly drabness and floating among the clouds, pulsing with cryptic meaning.
The book repeatedly raises the principal objections to the then-prevalent materialist view of UFOs, concluding, "There is little or no hard evidence for their existence." While this might look like a case of Usborne wanting its UFO cake and eating it, a more charitable interpretation might be that the publishers, while not wishing to forgo the payday a children's book on flying saucers guaranteed, wished to retain something of the ethical high-ground by attempting to encourage a skeptical mindset in its young readers. The book even devotes a handy two-page spread—from its total 32 pages—to the most common everyday phenomena mistaken for UFOs. This contrast between credulity and doubt runs throughout the book, for example with the inclusion of a UFO sighting report form accompanied on the facing page by a miniature masterclass in how to fake a photograph of a UFO.
UFO's also contains instructions on how to make your own UFO (explained in Usborne's notoriously approximative instruction style), a look at Erich von Däniken's Chariots of the Gods? "theories"—though cannily without mentioning the book's author (though noting that Kon-Tiki sailor Thor Heyerdal disputed Däniken's claim that the Easter Island heads must have required "alien" assistance), an experiment using pyramid power to preserve a rasher of bacon (which it seems unlikely any British parent of the 1970s would have underwritten), and a trip to the hypothetical homeworld of the Hopkinsville Goblin. This segment, which speaks in remarkably equitable terms of the Goblin "community," is accompanied by a wonderful illustration of the Goblins stoically watching one of their cone-shaped ships depart the surface of their icy homeworld, warmed by its twin suns, Eta Cassiopeia A and Eta Cassiopeia B, while—in one of the many gracenotes with which the book abounds—our sun is visible in the Goblins' heavens as a morning star.
Though clearly packed with filler—to adult eyes, at least—World of the Unknown: UFO's remains a beautifully realized artifact, summarizing perfectly the mood of optimistic excitement that gripped the culture at the time: the feeling that humanity might actually be on the verge of making contact with alien beings. Ten years after its release, UFOs in popular culture took a decidedly darker turn, as exemplified in Whitley Strieber's Communion. The purported "true story" brought to center stage the neuroses and paranoia that had always been inherent in the UFO phenomenon, shifting the entire concept of alien contact into altogether more alarming territory.
July 17, 2018 in Books & Literature. Tags: Exhibits
Usborne's 'The KnowHow Book of Spycraft', 1975
Festival for Mind Body Spirit Advertisement, 1979
Bob Pepper Cover Art for Isaac Asimov's 'Lucky Starr' Series, 1971 – 1972
← "There Is No Advantage to Thinking": Leon Festinger's 'When Prophecy Fails'
Days of the Dolphin: Cetaceans in Cold War Science and Science Fiction (Part Two) →
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Draw to Perform is an international community of artists collaborating to display drawing performances in workshops and residencies around Brighton & Hove. We spoke to the curator and director, Ram Samocha, about his experiences of using the studio space and how the history of Copperdollar Studios was reflected in some of the performances.
Hi Ram. Can you please start off by explaining what Draw to Perform does to someone who hasn't come across your performance art?
Draw to Perform is a stage for drawing performance practice. It's basically a company that provides opportunities to share and discuss process, about life, art, and especially about actions that relate to drawing and mark-making live. I started it in 2013, and we have started with a symposium and then over the years, we made drawing performance festivals, workshops, collaborations with institutions, and recently the Draw to Perform residency in Copperdollar Studios.
How did you first hear about Copperdollar Studios?
I think it's not by accident that I connected to Copperdollar Studios and especially to Kt, which coming from also from a variety of practices that she combines. I was browsing the internet and I accidentally came across a poster one of my friends posted about an event happening in Copperdollar Studios. I immediately liked the atmosphere and the specific design. The space was very appealing to me. I always try to find different places and different solutions rather than the white cube [studio] option. Immediately, I started to search for this and when I met Kt later on to view the space, she was so nice and open, and I said 'this is great, we can do something here'.
How did you find your experience using the studios for your residency last year?
It worked really beautifully, it was a space for activity. That's the whole point of performative drawing, sharing the process and the influence. Quite a few times, people collaborate in the studio. One of the artists built two performances, one downstairs and one upstairs, all relating and connecting with the space itself. It was a site-specific performance. For the first performance, artist, M.Lohrum used horseshoes in which tapping them on the floor created marks. It was recalling the sound that would have been heard in that studio [The Stable] before. Upstairs, for her second performance, she hung parchment paper from the rafters and using a horsewhip as a drawing tool. Doing those whip gestures, creating sounds, and turning the paper into an interesting final image. It's a different way of thinking about mark, action, and drawing.
What is your favourite aspect about Copperdollar Studios and what makes it different from other creative spaces you've used previously?
The uniqueness was in the history of the space. The fact that Kt preserved and manipulated the traces of history within the space, but didn't destroy it, and creatively operated within it. Also being close to the sea was very interesting because a lot of the artists were really inspired by the location, the closeness and the feeling of the sea. Artists from China came to Brighton and said 'In China, you can strongly smell the sea. Here you can't'. That's why we have residencies in a way, to have someone else reflecting on the place you're living and familiar with already.
What inspired you to set up the community to curate and exhibit drawing performances?
Originally I was searching for direct communication with my audience. Not just hanging pictures and let the viewer view, but to gain more inter conversation, with me as an artist with the ones who come and want to interact and understand the process and the work of art. It was very important to me to have a conversation and that's how I started with live performances. Then I did my Master's in Canada all about drawing and performance and eventually I understood that there is this need to be a community. People constantly ask me 'what is drawing performance?' They knew about performance art but then [live drawing] was really strange for them.
What makes drawing performances different from other artistic disciplines?
For the Draw to Perform residency, artists come to take part in it from all different disciplines. It's not just about doing a live drawing performance. It's about brainstorming how to make, how to produce, to make marks, how to mutilate your gestures, how to collaborate with other people and with the audience. And eventually, how to show it in the live performance drawing event at the end of it.
Can you tell me about your open call for residency coming up later this year at Copperdollar Studios?
The next residency going to be in Copperdollar Studios will start on 27 April and will end on 11 May. It's a two-week residency. The open call is on the Draw to Perform website and it will be open until 10 February. We already have artists coming from China, Australia and Wales. I want to thank Copperdollar Studios for making it so appealing and perfect. We're looking forward to the next residencies and events that will be happening in the wonderful creative space.
Find about more about Draw to Perform by visiting their website, or following them on Facebook or Instagram.
Thanks so much to Ram for discussing his memories of Copperdollar Studios and the Draw to Perform residency that's coming up later this year.
For those looking to find out more about the Copperdollar Studios, get in touch today. We'd love to show you around. Email info@copperdollarstudios.co.uk!


text:
Reasons not to worry about China's credit boom
Chanticleer is Australia's pre-eminent business column.
Jan 10, 2018 – 11.00pm
Two separate reports published this month on leverage in the Chinese corporate sector provide a counterbalance to the usual fear and loathing about China's long-running credit boom.
The analysts at Macquarie Research and economists at ANZ Banking Group arrived at two important conclusions that should temper the constant talk of the impending doom from a Chinese financial crisis.
Macquarie found the corporate debt coverage ratios of a large sample of Chinese companies have improved dramatically in the past year and are now the least worrisome since 2008. This is largely due to rising corporate profits rather than deleveraging.
The data reinforces the reforms introduced by President Xi Jinping, which have focused on weeding out unprofitable, highly polluting and inefficient companies. Bloomberg
ANZ conducted stress testing of a large sample of publicly listed Chinese companies and found the vast majority were well positioned to survive sharply rising interest rates and a 10 per cent decline in profits caused by slowing economic growth.
The two reports are useful because they go beyond the somewhat scary debt-to-GDP numbers often used by critics as evidence that China's financial system is out of control.
In its effort to assess China's corporate default risk, ANZ economists studied 803 companies listed on the main boards of the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. They looked at the debt service coverage ratio (DSCR), which is defined as operational cash flows divided by the gross interest due over the year, and the interest coverage ratio (ICR), which is calculated as earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation divided by gross interest due over the year. For both ratios it is the higher the better.
They found that both the DSCR and the ICR improved from 2013 to 2016.
"The overall DSCR increased from 52 per cent in 2013 to 427 per cent in 2016, and the ICR saw a rise from 376 per cent to 468 per cent," the ANZ economists said. "The result challenges the prevailing perception of China's debt problem.
"The DSCR of some sectors (eg real estate, consumer discretionary, and consumer staples) rebounded in 2015, while the energy sector recovered in 2016. This indicates that the debt servicing ability of many sectors has improved in the past two years.
"As the growth and price momentum continued through 2017, we expect the DSCR of Chinese corporates to have improved further."
Under the ANZ's stress tests, which used "extreme but plausible shocks", the corporates "exhibited good resilience" with the ICR staying around 300 per cent.
Most of the business lines maintained their ICR in excess of 230 per cent. The exception was the energy sector, which saw its ICR decline from 205 per cent in 2016 to 129 per cent.
Macquarie began studying corporate debt in China in 2014 and has updated its analysis every year. It measures the ability of 760 Chinese companies with debt in excess of RMB 24.3 trillion to cover interest payments.
The critical number in this analysis is the number of companies with an EBIT to debt coverage ratio in excess of 100 per cent. The lower the number equates to a better leverage situation.
"In 2016, 20.1 per cent of the debt was EBIT uncovered, which means RMB 4.97 billion out of the RMB 24.7 trillion in debt faced the risk of interest rate payment default, not to mention the repayment of debt itself," Macquarie's analysts said.
"However, by the third quarter of 2017, this EBIT-uncovered ratio declined to 8.6 per cent, with only RMB 2.08 billion out of a total RMB 24.3 trillion debt facing interest rate payment risk.
"Given total debt didn't fall, the main contributor of this marked decline was the improvement in EBIT."
This is the lowest EBIT uncovered ratio since 2008. It is well down on the 28.1 per cent uncovered figure in 2015. But actual interest payments hardly changed over that period. They fell from RMB 1.5 trillion in 2015 to RMB 1.46 trillion in 2017.
In other words, Chinese companies have not used higher profitability to cut debt. This borrowing culture is fine when times are good, but default rates could change rapidly if there is a downturn in the economy.
The Macquarie research reveals the dramatic change in the fortunes of companies in the mining, smelting and materials sector. The majority of these companies did not have sufficient earnings to cover interest payments in 2015. In 2017 they have moved into the "safe" category, with more than 70 per cent of the companies in the sector able to rely on profits to pay interest.
This is evidence of the success of President Xi Jinping's reforms which have focused on weeding out unprofitable, highly polluting and inefficient companies. That reform has been good for Australian companies supplying coking coal and iron ore.
The favourable developments in the Chinese corporate sector's handling of debt and the evidence of its resilience in the face of higher interest rates and exogenous shocks are not reasons to be complacent about China's credit boom.
It is not difficult to find statistics to back up the argument that China's credit trajectory is dangerous and could end with a disorderly correction with far reaching implications.
Two economists from the International Monetary Fund, Sally Chen and Joong Shik Kang, did just that in a paper published last week titled Credit Booms – Is China Different?
They note that China's credit expansion is without historical precedent. The country's credit expansion began in 2002 and has shown no signs of stopping.
Credit accelerated after the global financial crisis to finance an expansion in economic growth. This pushed credit-to-GDP from about 135 per cent to 170 per cent.
Over the past five years domestic nominal credit to the non-financial sector more than doubled and credit-to-GDP rose to about 235 per cent at the end of 2016. The ratio rose to 250 per cent by the end of June last year. But the debt explosion was accompanied by a loss of "credit intensity", which refers to the fact more credit was needed to create more valued added.
Chen and Kang said that as borrowings rose the impact on economic growth deteriorated. In 2007-08, RMB 6.5 trillion of new credit was needed to raise nominal GDP by about RMB 5 trillion. In 2015-16, it took more than RMB 20 trillion in new credit for the same nominal GDP growth.
Further evidence that China is using credit inefficiently can be seen in the performance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), which account for half of new credit, but have recorded value added that is less than half that of the private sector.
Credit growth has been fuelled by low interest rates, SOEs under pressure from provincial governments to fund local projects, and the growth in lending by banks to shadow banking entities. These shadow banking entities, such as non-bank financial institutions, wealth management products, mutual funds and trusts had assets of about RMB 123 trillion in 2016, according to Nomura.
Xi has recognised the need for the Chinese economy to deleverage and has introduced a range of measures to rein in shadow banking. These measures appear to be working according to evidence compiled by Shuang Ding, chief economist, Greater China and North Asia, at Standard Chartered Bank.
In a report published last week, he said financial deleverage is happening and this is seen in the sharp decline in growth in M2 plus wealth management products and the slowing in growth in total social financing.
He said stricter financial regulations intended to avert systemic financial risks should come into force soon.
"The guidelines are intended to standardise investment activities and contain risks in the asset management sector by standardising cash pooling, breaking implicit payment guarantees, restricting leverage, and reducing layers of asset management products," Ding said.
"We expect growth in the shadow banking sector to slow significantly as a result."
Ding estimates that total debt reached about 270 per cent of GDP at the end of 2017 and the corporate and household sectors were the main contributors to the five basis points increase compared to a year earlier.
"We expect soft deleveraging, with the debt-to-GDP ratio rising at a slower pace in the next couple of years," he said. "We think credit needs to grow slightly faster than nominal GDP in order to achieve the growth target in the next three years."
While Ding says debt-to-GDP will rise to 290 per cent by 2020, this is not a guide to corporate default risk.
The work by ANZ and Macquarie shows that digging deeper to explore how Chinese companies are financing themselves can provide insights into the vulnerabilities and the resilience of China Inc.
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Tony Boyd is the Chanticleer columnist. He has more than 35 years' experience as a finance journalist. Connect with Tony on Twitter. Email Tony at tony.boyd@afr.com
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