New vehicle types including electric scooters and cargo bikes could be allowed on UK roads for the first time as the Government announces a wide-ranging review into the future of transport laws.
As well as the new vehicles, the review will look at how sharing data can improve services by reducing congestion, and how journey planning and payment can be made simpler.
Many of the current laws were first drawn up in the 1800s and will become a "barrier to innovation" without modernisation the Government said.
Autonomous vehicles in particular are set to shake up the transport sector like no other technology since the invention of the automobile when they start hitting UK roads over the next decade.
In February the Government updated a "code of practice" for testing automated vehicles on British roads in order to set clear expectations for the industry to conduct "safe and responsible" trials.
The Department for Transport (DfT) said it is analysing what regulations need to be updated to accommodate changes in the way people and goods move. It said it was "biggest review into transport in a generation".
The DfT said it has no immediate plans to legalise electric scooters and advised retailers to be clear to customers about where they can use them.
The Government is also launching a competition for up to four new Future Mobility Zones, which will receive a share of £90m to test ideas to improve journeys for people across the country.


Summer officially began just a few days ago—at least that's what the calendar says. June 20 was the summer solstice, the day when the northern hemisphere is most inclined towards the sun and consequently receives the most daylight. By this definition, summer lasts until the autumnal equinox, in late September, when days and nights are of equal length. But by other definitions, summer starts at the beginning of June and goes through August. Other less formal definitions may put the start of summer on Memorial Day or after the end of the school year (which for my children were the same this year).
For years I wondered why summer officially began so late into June. After all, shouldn't the solstice, as the day when we receive the most sunlight, be the middle of summer rather than the start? But even though it receives the most sunlight, it's not the hottest, thanks to something called seasonal lag. The oceans absorb a large amount of heat and continue to release that heat for quite some time after the solstice, so the hottest day may come a month or more after the day that receives the most solar energy. Summer officially starts later than it should to compensate for this lag.
But what does this have to do with language? It's all about definitions, and definitions are arbitrary things. Laypeople may think of June 1 as the start of summer, but June 1 is a day of absolutely no meteorological or astronomical significance. So someone decided that the solstice would be the official start of summer, even though the period from June 20/21 to September 22/23 doesn't completely encompass the hottest days of the year (at least not in most of the United States).
Sometimes the clash between common and scientific definitions engenders endless debate. Take the well-known argument about whether tomatoes are fruit. By the common culinary definition, tomatoes are vegetables, because they are used mostly in savory or salty dishes. Botanically, though, they're fruit, because they're formed from a plant's ovaries and contain seeds. But tomatoes aren't the only culinary vegetables that are botanical fruits: cucumbers, squashes, peas, beans, avocados, eggplants, and many other things commonly thought of as vegetables are actually fruits.
The question of whether a tomato is a fruit or a vegetable may have entered popular mythology following a Supreme Court case in 1893 that answered the question of whether imported tomatoes should be taxed as vegetables. The Supreme Court ruled that the law was written with the common definition in mind, so tomatoes got taxed, and people are still arguing about it over a century later.
Sometimes these definitional clashes even lead to strong emotions. Consider how many people got upset when the International Astronomical Union decided that Pluto wasn't really a planet. People who probably hadn't thought about planetary astronomy since elementary school passionately proclaimed that Pluto was always their favorite planet. Even some astronomers declared, "Pluto's dead." But nothing actually happened to Pluto, just to our definition of planet. Astronomers had discovered several other Pluto-like objects and suspect that there may be a hundred or more such objects in the outer reaches of the solar system.
Does it really make sense to call all of these objects planets? Should we expect students to learn the names of Eris, Sedna, Quaoar, Orcus, and whatever other bodies are discovered and named? Or is it perhaps more reasonable to use some agreed-upon criteria and draw a clear line between planets and other objects? After all, that's part of what scientists do: try to increase our understanding of the natural world by describing features of and discovering relationships among different things. Sometimes the definitions are arbitrary, but they're arbitrary in ways that are useful to scientists.
And this is the crux of the matter: sometimes definitions that are useful to scientists aren't that useful to laypeople, just as common definitions aren't always useful to scientists. These definitions are used by different people for different purposes, and so they continue to exist side by side. Scientific definitions have their place, but they're not automatically or inherently more correct than common definitions. And there's nothing wrong with this. After all, tomatoes may be fruit, but I don't want them in my fruit salad.


text:
Solution Equilibria
· Calculate molar solubility for a compound given its Ksp and vice versa
· Calculate ion product for a solution
· Given Ksp, predict when a solute may dissociate or precipitate in order to reach equilibrium
· Predict the impact of a common ion on the dissolution of a compound
The process of solvation, like other reversible chemical and physical processes, tends toward an equilibrium position, defined as the lowest energy state of a system under a given set of temperature and pressure conditions. Systems move spontaneously toward the equilibrium position, and any movement away from equilibrium is nonspontaneous. In the process of creating a solution, the equilibrium is defined as the saturation point, where the solute concentration is at its maximum value for the given temperature and pressure. Immediately after solute has been introduced into a solvent, most of the change taking place is dissociation because no dissolved solute is initially present. However, once solute is dissolved, the reverse process—precipitation of the solute—will begin to occur.
When the solution is dilute (unsaturated), the thermodynamically favored process is dissolution, and initially, the rate of dissolution will be greater than the rate of precipitation. As the solution becomes more concentrated and approaches saturation, the rate of dissolution lessens, while the rate of precipitation increases. Eventually, the saturation point of the solution is reached. The solution now exists in a state of dynamic equilibrium for which the rates of dissolution and precipitation are equal, and the concentration of dissolved solute reaches a steady-state (constant) value. Neither dissolution nor precipitation is more thermodynamically favored at equilibrium because favoring either would necessarily result in the solution no longer being in a state of equilibrium. At this point, the change in free energy is zero, as is the case for all systems at equilibrium.
An ionic solid introduced into a polar solvent dissociates into its component ions, and the dissociation of such a solute in solution may be represented by
AmBn (s) ⇌ m An+ (aq) + n Bm− (aq)
On Test Day, the first step for any solution stoichiometry or solution equilibrium question is to write out the balanced dissociation reaction for the ionic compound in question. This first step is essential for correctly calculating the solubility product constant, ion product, molar solubility, or for determining the outcome of the common ion effect. In other words, it is the essential first step for nearly every solution chemistry problem on the MCAT.
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS
Most solubility problems on the MCAT deal with solutions of sparingly soluble salts, which are ionic compounds that have very low solubility in aqueous solutions. You may wonder why any ionic compound would not be highly soluble in water. The degree of solubility is determined by the relative changes in enthalpy and entropy associated with the dissolution of the ionic solute at a given temperature and pressure. One common sparingly soluble salt is silver chloride, AgCl, which dissociates in water according to the following equation:
AgCl (s) ⇌ Ag+ (aq) + Cl− (aq)
The law of mass action can be applied to a solution at equilibrium; that is to say, when the solution is saturated and the solute concentration is at a maximum and is dynamically stable. For a saturated solution of an ionic compound with the formula AmBn, the equilibrium constant for its solubility in aqueous solution, called the solubility product constant (Ksp), can be expressed by:
Ksp = [An+]m[Bm—]n
where the concentrations of the ionic constituents are equilibrium (saturation) concentrations. For example, we can express the Ksp of silver chloride as:
Ksp = [Ag+][Cl−]
On the MCAT, if you remember that Ksp is just a specialized form of Keq, then you can simplify a lot of problems by using the same concepts that you do for all equilibria, including Le Châtelier's principle.
You'll notice that, for the law of mass action of solutions, there is no denominator. Remember that pure solids and liquids do not appear in the equilibrium constant. Because the silver chloride solution was formed by adding pure solid silver chloride to pure water, neither the solid silver chloride nor the water is included. Indeed, dissociation reactions—by definition—have a solid salt as a reactant; thus, Ksp expressions should never have denominators.
Solubility product constants, like all other equilibrium constants (Keq, Ka, Kb, and Kw) are temperature dependent. When the solution consists of a gas dissolved into a liquid, the value of the equilibrium constant, and hence the position of equilibrium (saturation), will also depend on pressure. Generally speaking, the solubility product constant increases with increasing temperature for non-gas solutes and decreases for gas solutes. Higher pressures favor dissolution of gas solutes, and therefore the Ksp will be larger for gases at higher pressures than at lower ones.
Because gases become more soluble in solution as pressure increases, a diver who has spent time at significant depths under water will have more nitrogen gas dissolved in his or her blood because nitrogen gas is the main inert gas in the air we breathe. If the diver rises to the surface too quickly, the abrupt decompression will lead to an abrupt decrease in gas solubility in the plasma, resulting in the formation of nitrogen gas bubbles in the bloodstream. The gas bubbles can get lodged in the small vasculature of the peripheral tissue, mostly around the large joints of the body, causing pain and tissue damage (hence the name, the bends). The condition is painful and dangerous and can be fatal if not properly treated.
As solute dissolves into the solvent, the system approaches saturation, at which point no more solute can be dissolved and any excess will precipitate to the bottom of the container. We may not know whether the solution has reached saturation, and so to determine where the system is with respect to the equilibrium position, we can calculate a value called the ion product (IP), which is analogous to the reaction quotient, Q, for other chemical reactions. The ion product equation has the same form as the equation for the solubility product constant:
IP = [An+]m[Bm—]n
The difference is that the concentrations used in the ion product equation are the concentrations of the ionic constituents at that given moment in time, which may differ from equilibrium concentrations. As with the reaction quotient Q, the utility of the ion product lies in comparing its value to that attained at equilibrium, Ksp. Each salt has its own distinct Ksp at a given temperature. If, at a given set of conditions, a salt's IP is less than the salt's Ksp, then the solution is not yet at equilibrium and is considered unsaturated. For unsaturated solutions, dissolution is thermodynamically favored over precipitation. If the IP is greater than the Ksp, then the solution is beyond equilibrium, and the solution is considered supersaturated. It is possible to create a supersaturated solution by dissolving solute into a hot solvent and then slowly cooling the solution. A supersaturated solution is thermodynamically unstable, and any disturbance to the solution, such as the addition of more solid solute or other solid particles, or further cooling of the solution, will cause spontaneous precipitation of the excess dissolved solute. If the calculated IP is equal to the known Ksp, then the solution is at equilibrium—the rates of dissolution and precipitation are equal—and the solution is considered saturated. The molarity of a solute in a saturated solution is called the molar solubility of that substance.
· IP < Ksp: unsaturated, solute will continue to dissolve
· IP = Ksp: saturated, solution is at equilibrium
· IP > Ksp: supersaturated, precipitation will occur
The molar solubility of Fe(OH)3 in an aqueous solution was determined to be What is the value of the Ksp for Fe(OH)3 at the same temperature and pressure?
The molar solubility is given as 4 × 10−10 M. The equilibrium concentration of each ion can be determined from the molar solubility and the balanced dissociation reaction of Fe(OH)3. The dissociation reaction is:
Fe(OH)3 (s) ⇌ Fe3+ (aq) + 3 OH− (aq)
Ksp = [Fe3+][OH−]3
The molar solubility can be expressed as x, the amount of Fe(OH)3 that dissolves to make a saturated solution at equilibrium. As it dissolves, Fe(OH)3 dissociates to create x of Fe2+ and 3x of OH-. This can be entered into the Ksp equation to give:
Ksp = [x][3x]3
If the molar solubility x is 4 × 10−10 M, then x = 4 × 10−10 M Fe(OH)3 has dissolved, yielding x = 4 × 10−10 M Fe3+ and 3x = 3 × 4 × 10−10 M OH− (because there are three OH− ions released per Fe(OH)3 molecule dissolved). Thus,
What are the concentrations of each of the ions in a saturated solution of CuBr, given that the Ksp of CuBr is 6.27 × 10−9 at 25°C? If 3 g CuBr are dissolved in water to make 1 L of solution at 25°C, would the solution be saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated?
The first step is to write out the dissociation reaction:
CuBr (s) → Cu+ (aq) + Br− (aq)
Ksp = [Cu+][Br−]
Let x equal the molar solubility of CuBr, which is the amount of CuBr that dissolves at equilibrium. The concentration of Cu+ and Br— will each equal x.
Therefore, [Cu+] is about 8 × 10—5 M, and [Br−] is also about 8 × 10−5 M. Note that 8 × 10−5 M also represents the molar solubility of copper(I) bromide.
Next, we convert 3 g of CuBr into moles:
2 × 10−2 mol CuBr in 1 L of solution represents a molarity of 2 × 10−2 M, which is more than 100 times higher than the molar solubility. Therefore, this is a supersaturated solution.
Every sparingly soluble salt of general formula MX will have Ksp = x2, where x is the molar solubility (assuming no common ion effect).
Every sparingly soluble salt of general formula MX2 will have Ksp = 4x3, where x is the molar solubility (assuming no common ion effect).
Every sparingly soluble salt of general formula MX3 will have Ksp = 27x4, where x is the molar solubility (assuming no common ion effect).
Finally, let's return to our discussion of complex ions and their solubility factors. Much like the examples we have seen previously, the solubility of complex ion solutions is determined by the Ksp. The formation of complex ions increases the solubility of a salt in solution.
For instance, consider free iron(III) (Fe3+) in a solution of water. If a cyanide solution were added, an exceptionally stable iron and cyanide metal complex would form as the water molecules solvating the iron are replaced by excess cyanide ions:
Knowing the intricacies of why complexes are more stable in solution than isolated ions is beyond the scope of the MCAT; however, it should make sense that, if a complex ion contains multiple polar bonds between the ligands and the central metal ion, it should be able to engage in a very large amount of dipole—dipole interactions. This stabilizes the dissolution of the complex ion. The end result is that such complexes tend to have very high Ksp values.
When forming a complex ion, one must often use a mixture of solutions. For this reason, a distinction must be made between the Ksp of the solution and that of the complex ion itself. The dissolution of the original solution is termed Ksp, and the subsequent formation of the complex ion in solution is termed Kf (the formation or stability constant of the complex in solution). An example is shown below in which the diamminesilver(I) complex is formed in a silver chloride solution:
Notice that the formation constant (Kf) of the complex ion is significantly larger than the Ksp of the compound providing the metal ion. This is part of the explanation for why the initial dissolution of the metal ion is the rate-limiting step of complex ion formation. However, Le Châtelier's principle is at play in these reactions as well. Ultimately, complex ions form to become more soluble in solution. And as an amount of silver ion is being used up to form the complex ion itself, the dissociation reaction of AgCl shifts to the right, providing more silver for complex ion formation.
A 0.1 mol sample of CuS is added to 1.00 L of 1.00 M NH3. What is the final concentration of the complex ion, tetraamminecopper(II)?
First determine the amount of copper ion produced from copper sulfide (CuS) in solution. Comparison of the two equilibrium constants shows that the CuS dissociation has a Ksp of 8 × 10-37, indicating that this reaction is unlikely to proceed as the forward reaction is not favorable. However, if the formation of the complex ion occurs simultaneously, the large Kf of 1.1 × 1013 for this process will drive the dissociation of CuS forward as the Cu2+ ions are consumed in the second reaction due to Le Châtlier's principle effects. Note that, even without quantitative analysis, the large value of Kf is a sign that the formation of the product of the second reaction will be highly favorable. In fact, if these two reactions are simultaneous, the CuS will ultimately be completely consumed due to this effect.
Thus, the amount of Cu2+ available to react is given by The reactions given show a 1:1 relationship between the Cu2+ available and the [Cu(NH3)4]2+ that is generated. In other words, almost all of the Cu2+ ions will be used up to form the complex. Therefore, the concentration of the [Cu(NH3)4]2+ complex ion is 0.1 M.
COMMON ION EFFECT
The solubility of a substance varies depending on the temperature of the solution, the solvent, and in the case of a gas-phase solute, the pressure. Solubility is also affected by the addition of other substances to the solution. The effect of a complex ion increasing the solubility of a substance is not typical and is—in fact—opposite to the effect seen in many mixtures of solutions.
One of the more challenging solution chemistry problems on the MCAT is calculation of the equilibrium concentration of a salt in a solution that already contains one of the ions in that salt. The solubility of a salt is considerably reduced when it is dissolved in a solution that already contains one of its constituent ions as compared to its solubility in a pure solvent. This reduction in molar solubility is called the common ion effect. As described above, the molar solubility of a compound is its concentration (in moles per liter) at equilibrium at a given temperature. If X moles of AmBn (s) can be dissolved in one liter of solution to reach saturation, then the molar solubility of AmBn (s) is X molar.
Pay attention to the effect of the common ion: its presence results in a reduction in the molar solubility of the salt. Note, however, that the presence of the common ion has no effect on the value of the solubility product constant itself. For example, if a salt such as CaF2 is dissolved into water already containing Ca2+ ions (from some other salt, perhaps CaCl2), the solution will dissolve less CaF2 than would an equal amount of pure water.
The common ion effect is really Le Châtelier's principle in action. Because the solution already contains one of the constituent ions from the products side of the dissociation equilibrium, the system will shift toward the left side, reforming the solid salt. As a result, molar solubility for the solid is reduced, and less of the solid dissolves in the solution—although the Ksp remains constant.
One can take advantage of the common ion effect to separate out specific compounds in a solution mixture. For example, in a solution of silver salts, one could add sodium or potassium chloride to preferentially precipitate silver(I) chloride. By adding an appropriate counterion in excess, the dissociation reaction shifts to the left, forming the solid salt.
The Ksp of AgI in aqueous solution is 8.5 × 10−17. If a 1 × 10−5 M solution of AgNO3 is saturated with AgI, what will be the final concentration of the iodide ion?
The concentration of Ag+ in the original AgNO3 solution will be 1 × 10−5 M because AgNO3 will fully dissociate (review the solubility rules from earlier in this chapter). Some small amount of AgI will dissociate into the solution, which is the molar solubility x of AgI under these conditions. The net silver concentration from both AgNO3 and AgI will become 1 × 10−5 M + x. Because no iodide was present in solution until the AgI began dissociating, the concentration of iodide will be x. Thus, the Ksp expression for the dissociation of AgI can be written as:
Given that the value of Ksp for this reaction is 10-16, only a miniscule amount of AgI will be dissociated. Thusl, the value of x is sufficiently small to be negligible when added to 10-5. Thus, the math simplifies to:
This question asks for the concentration of iodide, which—based on the equilibrium expression—is represented by x. Thus, [I−] = 8.5× 10−12 M.
1. Calculate the Ksp of Ni(OH)2 in water, given that its molar solubility is 5.2 × 10−6 M.
2. The Ksp of Ba(OH)2 is 5.0 × 10−3. Assuming that barium hydroxide is the only salt added to form a solution, calculate the ion product of the following solutions based on the concentration of Ba2+. Then, predict the behavior of the given solutions (dissolution, equilibrium, or precipitation):
[Ba2+]
Ion Product
Behavior of Solution
3. What is the molar solubility of Zn(OH)2 (Ksp = 4.1 × 10−17) in a 0.1 M solution of NaOH?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This is not possible out of the box I am afraid. Paypal single gateway is not an option for marketpress, so you must need a merchant account.
Though, I am marking this as a feature request for now, let's see how other members think about this. Have a nice day!


text:
Q: Segmentation fault during criu restore I am unable to use criu. Have tried different hosts and different types of OS such as Oracle Linux, Ubuntu. I am trying out the most basic loop example from criu docs.
ubuntu@host1:~/criu-samples/loop$ uname -a
Linux host1 5.15.0-1022-oracle #28-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 26 09:38:05 UTC 2022 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

ubuntu@host1:~/criu-samples/loop$ sudo criu -V
Version: 3.16.1

ubuntu@host1:~/criu-samples/loop$ sudo criu check
Looks good.

ubuntu@host1:~/criu-samples/loop$ setsid ./test.sh < /dev/null &> test.log &
[1] 1479

ubuntu@host1:~/criu-samples/loop$ tail -f test.log
Tue Nov 29 23:42:16 UTC 2022
Tue Nov 29 23:42:17 UTC 2022

ubuntu@host1:~/criu-samples/loop$ sudo criu dump --images-dir ~/criu-samples/checkpoint/ --tree $(pgrep test.sh) -o dump.log
ubuntu@host1:~/criu-samples/loop$ echo $?
0

ubuntu@host1:~/criu-samples/loop$ ls ~/criu-samples/checkpoint/
core-1480.img  dump.log      fdinfo-3.img  fs-1480.img  ids-1480.img  inventory.img  mm-1657.img       pagemap-1657.img  pages-2.img  restore.log  stats-dump
core-1657.img  fdinfo-2.img  files.img     fs-1657.img  ids-1657.img  mm-1480.img    pagemap-1480.img  pages-1.img       pstree.img   seccomp.img  timens-0.img

ubuntu@host1:~/criu-samples/loop$ sudo criu restore -D ~/criu-samples/checkpoint/ -o restore.log
ubuntu@host1:~/criu-samples/loop$ echo $?
1

ubuntu@host1:~/criu-samples/loop$ sudo cat ~/criu-samples/checkpoint/restore.log
  1480: Error (criu/cr-restore.c:1480): 1657 killed by signal 11: Segmentation fault
Error (criu/cr-restore.c:2447): Restoring FAILED.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Vice-Admiral John Benbow (10 March 16534 November 1702) was an English officer in the Royal Navy. He joined the navy aged 25 years, seeing action against Algerian pirates before leaving and joining the merchant navy where he traded until the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereupon he returned to the Royal Navy and was commissioned.

Benbow fought against France during the Nine Years War (1688–97), serving on and later commanding several English vessels and taking part in the battles of Beachy Head, Barfleur and La Hogue in 1690 and 1692. He went on to achieve fame during campaigns against Salé and Moor pirates; laying siege to Saint-Malo; and fighting in the West Indies against France during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714).

Benbow's fame and success earned him both public notoriety and a promotion to admiral. He was then involved in an incident during the action of August 1702, where a number of his captains refused to support him while commanding a squadron of ships. Benbow instigated the trial and later imprisonment or execution of a number of the captains involved, though he did not live to see these results. These events contributed to his notoriety, and led to several references to him in subsequent popular culture.

Family and early years
Benbow was born the son of William and Martha Benbow. The astrologer John Partridge recorded the exact time and date of his birth as being at noon on 10 March 1653, and this is the date used by the National Museum of the Royal Navy, the Encyclopædia Britannica, and the local historical accounts of Joseph Nightingale published in 1818. A biography within an 1819 publication of The Gentleman's Magazine, however, records in a short biography entitled Life and Exploits of Admiral Benbow by D. Parkes that he was born in 1650, as does the 1861 Sea kings and naval heroes by John George Edgar. Edgar records that Benbow's father died when Benbow was very young, while Parkes' account describes his father as being in the service of the Army under Charles I and not dying until Benbow was in his teens. Encyclopædia Britannica writes that Benbow's father was in fact a tanner. Meanwhile, his uncle, Thomas, was executed by Charles I. Both Parkes and the National Museum of the Royal Navy concur that Benbow was born in Coton Hill in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, and Nightingale asserts that the death of both uncle and father, and the family's association with Charles I in the years following his execution, ensured that the "family were brought very low." Benbow's lack of possessions, Nightingale writes, turned him to a career at sea.

Naval career

Early years
Benbow entered the Royal Navy on 30 April 1678, aged 25 years. He became master's mate aboard the 64-gun  under the command of Captain Arthur Herbert, whilst she was fitting out at Portsmouth. He sailed with her to the Mediterranean, where Herbert was promoted to the rank of vice-admiral whilst serving under the commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, Admiral Sir John Narborough. During this period the English fleet was often in action against the Barbary pirates of North Africa that were actively preying upon European shipping. Rupert herself captured an Algerine warship in 1678, which was later commissioned in the Royal Navy as HMS Tiger Prize. Benbow distinguished himself well in a number of actions against the Algerine vessels, and won Herbert's approval. On Narborough's return to England, Herbert was appointed acting commander-in-chief, and made Benbow master aboard  on 15 June 1679. Nonsuch would remain at Tangiers and off the African coast and had a number of successive captains who would go on to achieve flag rank, including George Rooke, Cloudesley Shovell and Francis Wheler. All were impressed by Benbow, and would afterwards help to advance his career.

Nonsuch was next in action on 8 August 1681, this time against the Algerine warship Golden Horse. Golden Horse had been engaged by , under the command of Captain William Booth, and when Nonsuch arrived on the scene Golden Horse surrendered. A dispute then arose over the question of the prize money and how it should be shared out, and comments were made amongst Nonsuchs crew against those of Adventure. Benbow's repetition of these eventually came to Booth's knowledge, and the captain brought a court-martial against Benbow, however this revealed that Benbow had only been repeating these words rather than being their originator. Benbow was ordered to forfeit three months' pay, amounting to £12 15s., to Adventures crew, and to "ask Captain Booth's pardon on board His Majesty's ship Bristol, declaring that he had no malicious intent in speaking those words; all the commanders being present, and a boat's crew of each ship's company".

Merchant trading
Nonsuch then returned to England and was paid off on 9 November 1681. Benbow left the Royal Navy and entered the merchant service, sailing a merchant vessel from London and Bristol to ports in Italy and Spain. By 1686 he was a "tough merchant seaman" and the owner and commander of a frigate named Benbow, trading with the Levant. In May 1687 he commanded a merchant vessel, Malaga Merchant, and was aboard her when she was attacked by a Salé pirate. He mounted a successful defence and beat off the attack. It was claimed afterwards that he cut off and salted the heads of thirteen Moors who were slain aboard his ship, and then took them into Cadiz to claim a reward from the magistrates. A Moorish skull-cap, "coated with varnish and set in silver" and bearing the inscription "First adventure of Captain John Benbow, and gift to Richard Ridley, 1687" is referred to in 1844 by Charles Dickens in Bentley's Miscellany where he speaks of Shrewsbury's history, and the 1885 Dictionary of National Biography also relates the story.

Return to the Navy

Benbow only returned to the Royal Navy after the Glorious Revolution in 1688. His first recorded commission was to the post of third lieutenant of  on 1 June 1689, under the command of Captain David Mitchell. His first command came on 20 September of that year, when he was appointed captain of . He was transferred to  on 26 October and then to  on 12 November.

Benbow's next post was as Master Attendant of Chatham Dockyard. He then moved to become Master Attendant at Deptford Dockyard in early March 1690, a post he intermittently held for the next six years. He was master of HMS Sovereign in summer 1690, under his old commander Arthur Herbert, now Lord Torrington. He was assigned to act as master of the fleet, and took part in the English defeat in the Battle of Beachy Head. After the defeat, a Royal Commission was held into the circumstances that led to it. Benbow was highly regarded as a specialist in both navigation and pilotage, and his evidence given in July 1690 to the preliminary investigation strongly favoured his old patron, Torrington. He did not however testify during Torrington's court-martial in December that year.

Benbow continued aboard Sovereign throughout 1691, and by the summer of 1692, was again master of the fleet, this time under Admiral Edward Russell, then aboard Britannia. Benbow worked closely with his old colleague David Mitchell, then serving as Russell's first captain, and Josiah Burchett, Russell's clerk. Benbow may have advised Russell to take the Gull Passage inside the Goodwin Sands to the Downs, where they linked up with the Dutch forces. Benbow served as master of the fleet during the Battles of Barfleur and La Hogue. After the battles, Benbow returned to Deptford to resume his duties as master attendant, spending a brief period at Portsmouth Dockyard helping to oversee repairs to the fleet. He had already had his pay upgraded to that of a master attendant, he was now to be paid as a master, in addition to his master attendant's wage, presumably as an acknowledgement of his special services.

With the bomb flotillas
Benbow returned to active naval service in September 1693, joining Thomas Phillips, the second engineer of the ordnance, in jointly commanding a flotilla of bomb vessels to attack Saint-Malo. Benbow went aboard the 48-gun  and began the bombardment on 16 November. It continued intermittently until 19 November when a large fireship was sent into the harbour. An attempt was made to bring her alongside the town walls, but she ran aground, was set on fire, and exploded. Despite the failure of the initial plan, considerable damage was done, and Benbow's forces were able to take the fort on Quince Rock and disabled it, carrying artillery and prisoners away and bringing them to Guernsey. Benbow was still dissatisfied with the overall result and initiated a court-martial against Captain Henry Tourville, accusing him of cowardice for not bringing his ship in closer. There was no conviction though, as the mortars were proved to be defective.

Benbow's experience led to him being promoted to a similar flotilla, this time to be deployed against Dunkirk under the command of Vice-Admiral Shovell. A number of converted merchant vessels, rigged like fireships but designed to explode rather than burn, were assigned to support the expedition. Benbow had a hand in preparing these vessels for the operation throughout 1694, and worked closely with the principal storekeeper of the ordnance, Willem Meesters. Benbow's attacking fleet was covered by Shovell's fleet on the Downs and the attack was planned for 12 and 13 September. However, the French were able to block the entrance to the port, preventing Benbow's squadron from entering, and a storm further disrupted operations. Benbow drew back from Dunkirk, and instead sailed around to Calais, where he carried out a further bombardment on 27 September. He returned to the Downs and then resumed his duties at Deptford Dockyard. He spent December organising a convoy for a fleet of merchant vessels due to sail to Cadiz.

Rise to admiral

Benbow was soon at sea again in March 1695, being appointed commander-in-chief of His Majesty's ships which were then off the coast of France. His squadron was highly successful, taking a number of French merchants in early April and bringing them to England as prizes. Benbow was recommended by Lord Berkeley, who had served with Benbow at Saint-Malo, to be promoted to rear-admiral at the next opportunity, and in the meantime he was appointed to the command of the 70-gun . He was soon joined by a volunteer – his then fourteen-year-old son – also named John Benbow. Benbow then sailed with Berkeley and the Dutch lieutenant-admiral Philips van Almonde to Saint-Malo, intending to operate against privateering operations being conducted from the area. Benbow moved to command , to direct the inshore operations of ten English and Dutch warships, nine English bomb vessels, and seventeen small boats and vessels. They began operations on their arrival off Saint-Malo on 4 July, remaining in action until evening the next day when they withdrew, without having achieved any decisive result. Several houses had been destroyed for the damage and loss of a few of the bomb vessels. Benbow was given eight bomb vessels and seven or eight frigates and was dispatched down the coast. He attacked Granville on 8 July, shelling it with over 900 bombs over several hours, and departed having set the town ablaze.

Public and private reception
The outcome of the operations had left Benbow in a tense relationship with his immediate superiors. Berkeley had been accused of excessive timidity in his actions, which it was believed had led to the failure of the attack on Dunkirk. Benbow on the other hand was widely lauded for his fearless inshore attacks with his bomb vessels. Berkeley wrote on 28 July:

As to Captain Benbow, I know of no difference between him and me, nor have we had any. He has no small obligation to me, but being called in some of the foolish printed papers 'the famous Captain Benbow', I suppose has put him a little out of himself, and has made him play the fool, as I guess, in some of his letters. I will not farther now particularize this business, but time will show I have not been in the wrong, unless being too kind to an ungrateful man.

However the Admiralty approved of Benbow's conduct and ordered him "to be paid as Rear-Admiral during the time he has been employed this summer on the coast of France ... as a reward for his good service." Benbow was then appointed to the grand committee of sixty men to oversee the plans for Greenwich Hospital in December 1695, but the issue dragged on until 1 May 1696. The Admiralty again stepped in and Benbow was finally promoted and appointed commander-in-chief of the squadron before Dunkirk as "Rear-Admiral of the Blue for the duration of this present expedition" and moved aboard the 70-gun . His orders were to protect English and Dutch shipping, especially from the squadron of the privateer Jean Bart. Bart was mostly successful in evading pursuit however, usually escaping into Dunkirk when Benbow's force drew near.

Benbow was appointed to command a squadron in the Soundings in December 1696. He carried out a number of cruises between March and August 1697, protecting allied trade and escorting the West Indian and Virginian merchant fleets into port. These activities marked the last English naval expedition of the war. He also carried out reconnaissance activities on the French fleet in port in Brest in July, before resuming patrol operations off Dunkirk, this time in concert with a number of Dutch ships under Rear-Admiral Philips van der Goes, until the end of the war in September 1697.

Appointment to the West Indies
Benbow was made commander-in-chief of the King's ships in the West Indies on 9 March 1698 and instructed to tackle the issue of piracy. He sailed in November, the first leg taking him from Portsmouth to Madeira. Sailing under his protection from the Salé pirates was Paramore, under Edmond Halley, then sailing to the North Atlantic to carry out experiments to observe magnetic variations. Benbow finally reached Barbados in February 1699, and moved to the Spanish Main aboard his flagship, the 60-gun . He threatened the governor of Cartagena with a blockade, and so compelled him to restore two English merchant ships that he had detained. These ships had been intended to take part in an expedition against the Scottish Darién scheme. Without the ships, this became impossible and the colonists were saved for the time being. This was counter to the English government's desire to see the end of the Scottish colonising efforts, and in June Benbow and the other West Indies governors received orders "not to assist the Scotch colony in Darien."

Benbow then sailed as far north as Newfoundland in order to drive the pirates away, but they evaded capture. Benbow returned to England in the summer of 1700, and was appointed to the command of a fleet in the Downs. Benbow served there until summer 1701, under the command of Admiral Sir George Rooke. He was promoted to rear-admiral of the red on 14 April, followed by vice-admiral of the blue on 30 June. He then flew his flag in the 70-gun .

Spanish treasure fleet, West Indies, the action of 1702
With the peace becoming increasingly uneasy, the English government became concerned over the possible fate of the Spanish silver fleet, due to arrive in European waters from America. They were worried that the French would intercept the ships and use the treasure for war preparations. Benbow was issued secret instructions to find the fleet, and then "to seize and bring them to England, taking care that no embezzlement be made". Benbow's squadron was detached on 2 September and sailed for the West Indies, arriving on 14 November, and was at the Jamaica Station in mid-December. He remained there for several months, being joined on 8 May 1702 by several vessels under Captain William Whetstone. Whetstone was made Rear-Admiral under Benbow, who had been promoted to Vice-Admiral of the White on 19 January 1702

By now, the War of the Spanish Succession had broken out, and news of its declaration reached Benbow on 7 July. He detached Whetstone and six ships to search off Port St Louis in Hispaniola for a French squadron under Admiral Jean du Casse, which he believed would call at the port on his voyage to Cartagena, and from there he might raid English and Dutch shipping. After Whetstone had left, Benbow took his squadron and sailed for Cartagena, anticipating that either he or Whetstone would find Du Casse and bring him to battle.

By the time that Whetstone had reached Hispaniola, Du Casse had already departed. Benbow's force subsequently sighted the French on 19 August, sailing off Cape Santa Marta. The French had three transports and four warships carrying between 68 and 70 guns, while Benbow commanded seven ships carrying between 50 and 70 guns. The English forces were heavily scattered, and the light winds meant that they were slow to regroup. They did not achieve a form of collective order until four in the afternoon, after which a partial engagement was fought, lasting about two hours, until nightfall caused the fleets to temporarily break off.

The action quickly revealed a breakdown in discipline amongst Benbow's captains. He had intended that the 64-gun  under Captain Richard Kirkby would lead the line of battle, but Kirkby was not maintaining his station. Benbow decided to take the lead himself, and Breda pulled ahead, followed by the 50-gun  under Captain George Walton. The two maintained contact with the French throughout the night, but the other five ships refused to close. The chase ensued until 24 August, with only Benbow, Walton, and Samuel Vincent aboard  making active efforts to bring the French to battle. At times, they bore the brunt of the fire of the entire squadron. Ruby was disabled on 23 August, and Benbow ordered her to retire to Port Royal. The French resumed the action at two in the morning on 24 August, the entire squadron closing on Breda from astern and pounding her. Benbow himself was hit by a chain-shot that broke his leg and he was carried below.

Benbow was determined to continue the pursuit, despite his wounds and despite Captain Kirkby's arrival on board, attempting to persuade Benbow to abandon the pursuit. Benbow summoned a council of war, and the other captains agreed, signing a paper drafted by Kirkby which declared that they believed "that after six days of battle the squadron lacked enough men to continue and that there was little chance of a decisive action, since the men were exhausted, there was a general lack of ammunition, the ships' rigging and masts were badly damaged, and the winds were generally variable and undependable." They recommended breaking off the action and following the French to see if the situation improved. Benbow had "seen the cowardly behaviour of some of them before, [and] had reason to believe that they either had a design against him or to be traitors to their country if an opportunity happened that the French could have destroyed the Admiral". He, therefore, ordered the squadron to return to Jamaica. On their arrival, he ordered the captains to be imprisoned, awaiting a trial by court-martial.

Benbow received a letter from du Casse after the engagement:

Sir,
I had little hopes on Monday last but to have supped in your cabin: but it pleased God to order it otherwise. I am thankful for it. As for those cowardly captains who deserted you, hang them up, for by God they deserve it.
Yours,
Du Casse.

Trial of the captains
Acting Rear-Admiral Whetstone returned to Port Royal, having spent 62 days cruising off Hispaniola, and preparations were made for the trial. Before it could begin, Captain Thomas Hudson died, who had commanded . The remaining captains appeared at the court-martial which convened on Breda, held between 19 and 23 October. Due to his injuries, Benbow passed to Whetstone the role of presiding over the court, but he was present at the trial. The court found Captain Kirkby of  and Cooper Wade of  guilty of breach of orders, neglect of duty, and the "ill signed paper and consultation ... which obliged the Admiral ... to give over the chase and fight", and condemned them to be shot.

John Constable of  was found guilty of breach of orders and drunkenness and was cashiered. Samuel Vincent of Falmouth and Christopher Fogg of Breda were initially sentenced to be cashiered for signing the six captains' resolution, but Benbow personally declared that they had fought bravely, and their sentences were remitted by the Lord High Admiral. The sentences were deferred so that Queen Anne could have a chance to examine the proceedings. After her consideration in January 1703, she allowed the sentences to proceed and Constable, Kirkby, and Wade were returned to England as prisoners. Constable was imprisoned until 1704, when the Queen pardoned him. Kirkby and Wade were shot aboard  on 16 April 1703 while she was anchored in Plymouth Sound under Captain Edward Acton. Controversy slowly began to develop over the events of August 1702. Supporters of the disgraced Kirkby and Wade sought to discredit Benbow by publishing their own account of the action.

Death and burial
Benbow died at Port Royal, Kingston, Jamaica on 4 November 1702. Whetstone reported that the cause of death was "the wound of his leg which he received in battle with Monsieur Du Casse, it never being set to perfection, which malady being aggravated by the discontent of his mind, threw him into a sort of melancholy which ended his life as before." He was buried on 16 November in the chancel of St Andrew's Church, Kingston. A marble slab was later laid over the grave, emblazoned with a coat of arms and inscribed:

Here lyeth the Body of John Benbow, Esq., Admiral of the White, a true pattern of English Courage, who lost his life in Defence of his Queene & Country, November the 4th, 1702, In the 52nd year of his age, by a wound in his Legg. Received in an Engagement with Monsr. Du Casse; being Much Lamented.

Secretary of State Lord Nottingham wrote to Benbow in January 1703, before news of his death had reached London, to inform him that the queen was "extremely well pleased with your conduct and much offended with the baseness of those officers who deserted and betrayed you." Meanwhile, the cabinet was preparing to promote him to vice-admiral of the white and to dispatch him to transport troops to Newfoundland.

Personal life and legacy
Benbow married a woman named Martha (died 1722) after his return to England in 1681. The couple had at least seven children, including daughter Martha and sons Richard and John. Another son Solomon was baptised in 1686 but died in infancy. There are also records of two more sons named Richard who were born in Kent, and another daughter named Katherine. Son John went on to serve in the Royal Navy. The family lived in the parish of St Dunstan and All Saints, Stepney. In 1709, Katherine married Paul Calton of Milton, Berkshire, where Benbow is said to have stayed in the 1690s.
According to Parish Records William Benbow son of Admiral John Benbow was buried at St Nicholas Parish Church, Deptford, Kent (now SE London) on 7 April 1729. One of the admiral's granddaughters married the Rev. John Simpson, who commissioned the current Stoke Hall, Derbyshire, following his acquisition of the estate upon their marriage.

Benbow and Peter the Great
Benbow signed a three-year lease on Sayes Court in June 1696, a house belonging to diarist John Evelyn. Six months later, Evelyn wrote to a friend complaining, "I have let my house to Captain Benbow, and have the mortification of seeing everyday much of my former labours and expenses there impairing for want of a more polite tenant." In January 1698, Tsar Peter of Russia arrived in London to study British shipbuilding and seamanship. He and his entourage were provided with Sayes Court to reside in during their stay by William III. The Russians spent three months in London before leaving to tour the country. Benbow promptly asked for reparations from the Treasury, in order to be able to reimburse Evelyn and recover his own losses. He complained that the Russians had caused considerable damage to his house, with "much of the furniture broke, lost or destroyed". Christopher Wren was instructed to survey the property and declared it "entirely ruined". Benbow lost "twenty fine paintings" and "several fine draughts and other designs relating to the Sea" from his personal property. The Treasury eventually allowed payment of £350 9s. 6d. in compensation.

"Brave Benbow"

Benbow's fame led to his name entering popular culture. A monument by sculptor John Evan Thomas was erected in 1843 by public subscription in St Mary's Church, Shrewsbury commemorating Benbow as "a skillful and daring seaman whose heroic exploits long rendered him the boast of the British Navy and still point him out as the Nelson of his times." A 74-gun ship of the line and two battleships were named .

There are a number of real life Admiral Benbow public houses around the world, and other institutions that have borne his name. Whether they are named as a result of Robert Louis Stevenson's use of "The Admiral Benbow Inn" in his novel Treasure Island, or if they're named for the Admiral himself, it is impossible to say. It is alleged that Stevenson named the Hawkins' Inn after the arrest of several members of the "Benbow Brandy Men" smuggling gang that frequented the Benbow pub in Penzance shortly before he visited in August 1877.

The incident of August 1702 also took hold on the popular imagination, and was celebrated in an alehouse song, listed as number 227 in the Roud Folk Song Index:

Come all you seamen bold
and draw near, and draw near,
Come all you seamen bold and draw near.
It's of an Admiral's fame,
O brave Benbow was his name,
How he fought all on the main,
you shall hear, you shall hear.

Brave Benbow he set sail
For to fight, for to fight
Brave Benbow he set sail for to fight.
Brave Benbow he set sail
with a fine and pleasant gale
But his captains they turn'd tail
in a fright, in a fright.

Says Kirby unto Wade:
We will run, we will run
Says Kirby unto Wade, we will run.
For I value no disgrace,
nor the losing of my place,
But the enemy I won't face,
nor his guns, nor his guns.

The Ruby and Benbow
fought the French, fought the French
The Ruby and Benbow fought the French.
They fought them up and down,
till the blood came trickling down,
Till the blood came trickling down
where they lay, where they lay.

Brave Benbow lost his legs
by chain shot, by chain shot
Brave Benbow lost his legs by chain shot.
Brave Benbow lost his legs,
And all on his stumps he begs,
Fight on my English lads,
'Tis our lot, 'tis our lot.

The surgeon dress'd his wounds,
Cries Benbow, cries Benbow
The surgeon dress'd his wounds, cries Benbow.
Let a cradle now in haste,
on the quarterdeck be placed
That the enemy I may face
'Til I die, 'Til I die.

Its musical theme forms one of the three arrangements on which English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams based his Sea Songs, originally arranged for military band in 1923 as the second movement of his English Folk Song Suite, and subsequently re-arranged for full orchestra in 1942 by the composer.

The song was collected in the oral tradition from traditional singers in England in the twentieth century. A recording of Sam Bennett of Ilmington, Warwickshire made by James Madison Carpenter in the 1930s can be heard on the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library Website. The Copper Family also have a traditional version of the song which was passed down through several generations and is available online.

Another song has survived from the period with different air and rhythm but also known as Admiral Benbow, and it is often sung by folksingers.  It begins We sailed from Virginia and thence to Fayal.

References

Specific

General

Online

Printed

External links

  Letitia Elizabeth's poetical illustration to a painting by Sir G. Kneller, engraved by W. T. Mote (actually William Henry Mote) from Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838 together with a brief historical note.

1653 births
1702 deaths
17th-century Royal Navy personnel
British military personnel of the Nine Years' War
British naval commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession
Military personnel  from Shrewsbury
Royal Navy vice admirals

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
3 minute readMarch 11, 20225:04 AM UTCLast Updated ago
Facebook allows war posts urging violence against Russian invaders
By Munsif Vengattil
and Elizabeth Culliford
A Facebook logo is displayed on a smartphone in this illustration taken January 6, 2020. REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/Illustration
March 10 (Reuters) - Meta Platforms (FB.O) will allow Facebook and Instagram users in some countries to call for violence against Russians and Russian soldiers in the context of the Ukraine invasion, according to internal emails seen by Reuters on Thursday, in a temporary change to its hate speech policy.
The social media company is also temporarily allowing some posts that call for death to Russian President Vladimir Putin or Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, according to internal emails to its content moderators.
"As a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine we have temporarily made allowances for forms of political expression that would normally violate our rules like violent speech such as 'death to the Russian invaders.' We still won't allow credible calls for violence against Russian civilians," a Meta spokesperson said in a statement.
The calls for the leaders' deaths will be allowed unless they contain other targets or have two indicators of credibility, such as the location or method, one email said, in a recent change to the company's rules on violence and incitement.
Citing the Reuters story, Russia's embassy in the United States demanded that Washington stop the "extremist activities" of Meta. read more
"Users of Facebook & Instagram did not give the owners of these platforms the right to determine the criteria of truth and pit nations against each other," the embassy said on Twitter in a message that was also shared by their India office.
The temporary policy changes on calls for violence to Russian soldiers apply to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and Ukraine, according to one email.
In the email recently sent to moderators, Meta highlighted a change in its hate speech policy pertaining both to Russian soldiers and to Russians in the context of the invasion.
"We are issuing a spirit-of-the-policy allowance to allow T1 violent speech that would otherwise be removed under the Hate Speech policy when: (a) targeting Russian soldiers, EXCEPT prisoners of war, or (b) targeting Russians where it's clear that the context is the Russian invasion of Ukraine (e.g., content mentions the invasion, self-defense, etc.)," it said in the email.
"We are doing this because we have observed that in this specific context, 'Russian soldiers' is being used as a proxy for the Russian military. The Hate Speech policy continues to prohibit attacks on Russians," the email stated.
Last week, Russia said it was banning Facebook in the country in response to what it said were restrictions of access to Russian media on the platform. Moscow has cracked down on tech companies, including Twitter (TWTR.N), which said it is restricted in the country, during its invasion of Ukraine, which it calls a "special operation."
Many major social media platforms have announced new content restrictions around the conflict, including blocking Russian state media RT and Sputnik in the European Union, and have demonstrated carve-outs in some of their policies during the war.
Emails also showed that Meta would allow praise of the right-wing Azov battalion, which is normally prohibited, in a change first reported by The Intercept.
The Meta spokesperson previously said the company was "for the time being, making a narrow exception for praise of the Azov Regiment strictly in the context of defending Ukraine, or in their role as part of the Ukraine National Guard."
Reporting by Munsif Vengattil in New Delhi and Elizabeth Culliford in New York; editing by Jonathan Oatis, Stephen Coates, Shri Navaratnam and Kim Coghill
Elizabeth Culliford
Technology correspondent in New York, reporting on social media companies and their impact. Previously based in San Francisco and London, she worked on digital, graphics and investigative teams and covered the U.S. 2020 presidential election. She was part of a Reuters reporting team that won Gerald Loeb, Scripps Howard and SABEW Best in Business awards.
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The ancestors of the McFarland family come from the ancient Scottish kingdom of Dalriada. The family name comes from the personal name Parlan, which is the Gaelic equivalent of Bartholomew. The Gaelic form of the name is Mac Pharlain.
The surname McFarland was first found in Aberdeenshire (Gaelic: Siorrachd Obar Dheathain), a historic county, and present day Council Area of Aberdeen, located in the Grampian region of northeastern Scotland, where they were descended from the ancient Chief Allan, son of Farlane and settled in Strathdonn in Aberdeenshire about the 9th century.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our McFarland research.
Another 313 words (22 lines of text) covering the years 1395, 1395 and are included under the topic Early McFarland History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Historical recordings of the name McFarland include many spelling variations. They are the result of repeated translations of the name from Gaelic to English and inconsistencies in spelling rules. They include MacFarlane, MacFarlain, MacFarlan, MacFarland, MacParlan, MacParland, MacPartland, MacPartlin, MacPharlane, MacPharlin, MacPharlan and many more.
More information is included under the topic Early McFarland Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Some of the McFarland family moved to Ireland, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt.
William McFarland, aged 21, who arrived in South Australia in 1856 aboard the ship "Amazon"
Clergyman and Chiefs: a Genealogy of the MacQueen and McFarlane Families by Alex M. Quattlebaum.
McFarland Collection by Robert H. McFarland.


text:
Welcome to the Actors Ensemble of Berkeley website!
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Long Day's Journey into Night
By Eugene O'Neill
Directed By Jean-Marie Apostolides
Notes from the Director Jean-Marie Apostolides:
Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953) wrote Long Day's Journey into Night in 1941. The play is dedicated to Carlotta, his second wife. The author meant it "as a tribute to [her] love and tenderness which gave [him] the faith in love that enabled [him] to face [his] dead at last".
He wrote it "with deep pity and understanding and forgiveness for all the four haunted Tyrones. " O'Neill wanted the play to be published 25 years after his death and never produced. However, as the author's widow, Carlotta had the play published and produced in 1956, only three years after the playwright's death. Since 1956, this text has been performed all over the world and is regularly shown in the USA. It is generally considered one of the author's greatest plays and a classic drama of the American repertoire.
This play is usually seen as autobiographical and realistic. The first point is evident even if one should be cautious when reducing the text to its biographical components. Autobiography is a risky enterprise and O'Neill cannot be totally associated with Edmund, his double. Each character represents some elements of the author's unconscious, creating a dialogue between the different elements of his rather complex and tortuous personality. The second point, that of the play's realism, is even less obvious. Reducing Long Day's Journey to a realistic representation of an uncharacteristic American family in 1912 makes it easy to forget many other aspects encompassed in this text. Beyond being a representation of O'Neill's family, it is also a conscious rewriting of Hamlet and of Ghost Sonata, a famous play by Strindberg which was first performed in America in 1924, by the Provincetown Players, under the direction of O'Neill himself. The references to ghosts are so numerous in Long Day's Journey that they force us to confront them.
I chose to underline the play's many connections to the symbolic theatre which influenced the young O'Neill so much. By doing so, I hope that the unconscious structure of the play will be visible and its multiple layers of signification will become more evident.
Mary Tyrone ....................................... Mikel Clifford
James Tyrone .................................... Charlie Anderson
Jamie Tyrone...................................... Erik Kaul
Edmund Tyrone ................................. Noah Feinstein
Cathleen ............................................. Lara Marie
The Ghost of Young Mary ................. Jennifer Le Blanc
The Ghost of Young Tyrone ............... David Fenerty
DIRECTOR ...................................... Jean-Marie Apostolides
Stage Manager ................................. Bob Gudmundsson
Stage Manager's Assistant ................. Maeve Clifford
Director's Assistant ........................... David Fenerty
Director's Assistant ........................... Jennifer Le Blanc
Costume Design ............................... Mikel Clifford
Sound Design ................................... Pierre Apostolides
Sound Design ................................... Paulin Capron
Technician ........................................ Pierre Apostolides
Technician ........................................ Stanley Clayton
Light Design ...................................... David Starke
Set Design ........................................ Lea Feinstein
Set Crew .......................................... Melissa Westlake
Set Crew ........................................... Keith Baldwin
Set Crew ........................................... Jasmine Beach-Ferrara
Set Crew ............................................ Sally Lillis
Set Crew ............................................ Ken Lillis
Set Crew ........................................... Julia Shiang
Poster and Program ........................... Christian Frock
Special Thanks to: Linda Allen, Iris Cavagnaro, John Dahlen, Gregg Le Blanc, Jo Lusk, Masquers Playhouse, Clive Matson, Ralph Miller, Vicky Siegel, Linda Sklov, Anne Ventresco and The Eugene O'Neill Historic Site.
Lara Marie (Cathleen) grew up in and around the Bay Area before leaving to study in Colorado and then Massachusetts. She was thrilled to play Lulu in her first year at Williams College. Having returned to California for a short time, she is equally thrilled to be joining Actors Ensemble for Long Day's Journey into Night.
Erik Kaul is very proud to have the opportunity to play Jamie Tyrone at the Live Oak Theatre. He has been playing in Bay Area theatres since 1999 including roles such as "Orestes" in the College of Marin production of The Orestiea, "Happy Lohman" in Marin Classic Theatre's production of Death of a Salesman, and "Bernard" in Hold Me at the Fringe Festival 2000. Erik can be seen in the upcoming independent film "Bar" as well as in the short internet film "Pierce" by Vivian Giourousis.
Jennifer Le Blanc (the ghost of young Mary) is enjoying immensely her first production with Actors Ensemble of Berkeley. She has worked locally with Staged Hereafter and The Oak Consortium. Favorite roles include Jennet Jourdemayne in The Lady's Not for Burning, Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet, Simonides in Pericles, Prince of Tyre and Paulina in The Winter's Tale. Jennifer is excitedly anticipating her summer season with the Napa Valley Shakespeare Festival. She is inspired in this and in all her work by the two great loves in her life, Gregg Le Blanc and Billy Shakespeare (not necessarily in that order).
David Fenerty (the ghost of young Tyrone) has appeared in two previous AE productions this season, as Henry Carr in Travesties and as Kulygin in Three Sisters. Last year, he played Dvornichek in Rough Crossing (also with AE), Dr. Caius in The Merry Wives of Windsor (San Leandro Players) and The Divorcing Man in the short film Minute Matrimony. Before leaving Colorado in 1999, he appeared in a number of different plays, among them Quartermaine's Terms, Terra Nova, Venus Observed, Loot and Kafka's Dick.
Noah Feinstein (Edmund Tyrone) is pleased to be making his West Coast debut with the Actors Ensemble. During past fits of theatrical activity, he played Antony in Antony and Cleopatra, Macduff in Macbeth, and Jesus in not one but two productions of Godspell. Noah is delighted to be playing an age-appropriate role - possibly for the first time in his life - and hopes it doesn't mean he's getting old.
Jean-Marie Apostolidès is a professor of Drama at Stanford University. He was trained as an actor at the Conservatory of Troyes and at the "Communauté Théâtrale" in Paris, under the guidance of Raymond Rouleau and Tania Balachova. In Canada, he worked with Olivier Reichenbach in Montréal or Jean Gascon in Ottawa. For the last eight years, at Stanford or in the Bay area, he has directed a dozen shows, with an emphasis on contemporary French repertoire (Sartre, Genet, Ionesco, Beckett). As a playwright, his plays have been produced in Canada, France and the USA. He is also the author of 8 books published in France.
Mikel Clifford (Mary/Costumer) has worked professionally in theatre in the Northwest, New York, California, the Midwest, and Alaska as actor, costumer, stage manager, and grip. Her training includes San Francisco State (Masters of Art), New York State University (Masters of Art), New York University (Master of Fine Arts), and the Universiteit te Ghent & the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (Fulbright scholar). She studied with Warren Frost (acting), Karl Wallenda (movement), Lew Christiansen & Lenore Job (dance), Mamako (Mime), and Sandra Archer (Commedia). Part of the merry band creating Berkeley Repertory Theatre in 1968, she worked with BRT five happy years before herself founding what is now called the California Shakespeare Festival. With CSF, she served as the first Artistic Director, and also acted, created costumes, and functioned as general dogsbody. Ms Clifford also founded the ongoing Minnesota Shakespeare Festival. Founding another theatre is underway in Mill Valley, California. In a past life, she performed with The Experimental Wing of the Committee, and in film and TV, but now is mother of the young singer, Maeve Clifford. This is Ms Clifford's seventeenth show with Actor's Ensemble.
Charlie Anderson (James Tyrone) devotes his retirement years to performing in community theaters throughout the Bay Area.
Actors Ensemble emphasizes ghostly aspects of Long Day's Journey
By Jeanne Fogler - STAFF WRITER OAKLAND TRIBUNE
Eugene O'Neill wrote Long Day's Journey Into Night to confront the ghosts of his life.
The Actors Ensemble of Berkeley production that opened Friday at Live Oak Park Theatre presents this play with an emphasis on the ghostly presence of its characters.
Director Jean-Marie Apostolides has chosen to transcend the straight-out realistic aspect of the drama by augmenting it with symbolic elements. This is evident from the first appearance of the players. They enter through the auditorium in a stately, quasi-religious procession bearing aloft a statue of the Virgin Mary and two huge volumes: Hamlet and August Strindberg's The Ghost Sonata.
Everything, from these entrance props to the actor's costumes to the elements of the bare-bones stage set is (ghostly) white. One interesting effect is a standup panel with a silhouette of a female form cut from it. While the obvious reaction is to regard this as representing Mary Tyrone, it also serves at various points as a device to frame the silent presence of one of the family members or to express a character's sense of isolation.
At other moments, shadowy upstage tableaux reflect the deteriorating condition of Mary's mental state.
In the play itself, several interlinked issues recur to define the particular dysfunctions of the Tyrone family - money, alcohol, illness, lives wasted or irrevocably altered, loss of religious faith. The giant in the middle of all these is mother Mary's off-again, on-again morphine addiction, which is revealed to the audience gradually throughout the long summer day in which the play unfolds.
Perception is colored by denial at the play's beginning, as the tense, fluttering Mary accuses her husband and sons of spying on her. They don't want to believe, and she doesn't want to admit, that she has started using again. She also doesn't want to believe, and they don't want to tell her, that younger son Edmund's illness may be something far more serious than a lingering summer cold.
As the day progresses, everyone's story emerges: The decline of the brilliant promise of father James' acting career, older son Jamie's resentment toward Edmund, Mary's departure from convent life and her spiral into friendlessness. Even while the Tyrones sling various recriminations at one another, inklings of deep affection rise to the surface, making this web of problems even more poignant.
The principal actors - with Mikel Clifford as Mary, Charlie Anderson as James, Erik Kaul as Jamie and Noah Feinstein as Edmund - all turn in strong performances. But I noticed an odd thing: They all appear noticeably more comfortable and vigorous in their roles during the second act than in the first.
This could possibly be chalked up to a collective case of opening-night jitters, which everyone eased out of as they grew more relaxed. But another audience member commented that it could be because O'Neill doesn't really get to the heart of the matter until the second act, at which point the actors are then able to hit their stride.
Catch them while you can: Long Day's Journey Into Night runs until May 11. The summer production of Actor's Ensemble will be Wendy Wasserman's The Heidi Chronicles. After that, the company will have a one-year hiatus while the building that houses Live Oak Park Theatre undergoes earthquake retrofitting.
Eugene O'Neill's "Long Day's Journey Into Night"
Presented by: Actors Ensemble of Berkeley
Where: Live Oak Park Theatre, 1301 Shattuck Ave., Berkeley
When: 8 p.m. Fridays and Saturdays, plus May 9; closes May 11
Tickets:$10 Call:(510) 528-5620
Article Last Updated: Tuesday, April 16, 2002 - 6:37:50 PM MST
Reproduced by permission of Jeanne Fogler
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"The official government conspiracy theory is that on the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 Arabs nearly simultaneously hijacked four planes using box cutters and purposely crashed one plane into the Pentagon, crashed two others into each of the World Trade Center Twin Towers, and the fourth plane crashed in Shankesville, Pennsylvania as a result of the passengers rising up and trying to get control of the plane from the hijackers. This book will prove beyond any reasonable doubt that the government's conspiracy theory is a preposterous cover story. The truth is that the attacks on 9-11 were perpetrated by Israel, aided and abetted by high officials in the U.S. Government."
7 What Happened to UA Flight 93?
15 What Did Bush Know and When Did He Know It?
They need torture as a tool to produce confessed patsies for future false flag operations. Torture serves their depraved need to persuade innocent people to confess to crimes they did not commit and convince those patsies to accuse other innocent patsies of being their co-conspirators.


The journey will start with the exploration of coffee plantations after having Maland breakfast in homestay/resort, you will visit the hills in the evening for sunset.
The second day of this tour is dedicated to the exploration of water falls, photography, sightseeing, climb hill and visit heritage temples.
The third day will have relaxing journey to know People & culture of Chikmagalur.


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8 Interesting Podcasts Every Student Should Listen To
October 2020 by Keira Bennett
Podcasts have become increasingly popular over the last few years with more and more people listening. There are so many different types to listen to and with the podcast charts, you're spoilt for choice. If you haven't tried listening to podcasts before you definitely should! Whether you're interested in educational or comedic content, there will be sure to be a podcast that appeals to you. If you're unsure on what podcasts to tune into, here are some suggestions:
The BBC is known for many things, but one thing they're definitely good at is giving you the latest news. The BBC's Newscast does just that, giving you daily updates about what's going on in the world, which can be particularly useful especially during the current pandemic. The episodes are only about 30 minutes so perfect for your morning commute and no doubt, important. If you're not into reading newspapers or checking social media for the latest news updates then this is a great alternative to keep you aware of what's going on! There is also a podcast app, BBC Sounds, where you can find these easily accessible alongside music and radio channels!
If you're looking for something to take your mind off what's currently going on, you might like this instead! Comedy podcasts are one of the most popular genres and if you're a big fan of the show, RuPaul's Drag Race, then this might be the podcast for you. It's full of jokes from your favourite UK drag stars alongside some special celebrity guests. Hosted by Gogglebox's Scarlett Moffatt and punk rock drag queen, Baby Lame, it's sure to put you in the best mood. It's available via the BBC as part of their radio podcasts and was filmed last year, giving you all the behind-the-scenes gossip on what went on during the show. It's just one of many comedy podcasts the BBC offer to keep you laughing.
Nolan True Crime
Speaking of the BBC again, their own crime podcast Nolan True Crime is an exciting one to listen to. Crime has become one of the most popular genres to engage in giving you insight into different criminal events. This podcast can be hard-hitting but also a very interesting listen. They investigate cases from Northern Ireland and beyond while speaking to people close to the victim in the chance of finding out more detailed information relating to the case. If you can cope with unsolved mysteries, this one will definitely be for you! Even though you don't get a definitive answer on what happens, it can be fun to make your own conclusions as to what you think might've happened.
Serial is another one of the best true crime podcasts to watch right now. It even has three seasons worth of content for you to indulge in! Hosted by Sarah Koenig, this podcast has won multiple awards after being so well-received by its listeners. The podcast uses investigative journalism to look into criminal cases, usually in America. Each season looks into one case over several episodes, so you get a real in-depth look at it! The type of crime also varies so you're not limited to the typical 'missing person' content either. Check it out!
The Girls Bathroom
Popular Youtubers, Sophia and Cinzia set up a podcast back in 2019 for girls to discuss the issues they face in life, with a particular focus on relationships. It's since become very popular, with a large female audience. It's been described as funny and real, addressing typical girly subjects that don't always get spoken about whilst helping people with their relationship dilemmas. Using the theme of a girls bathroom, where drunk females are stereotypically known to overshare their problems on nights out, it's everything you could wish for! If you're wanting a fun and relatable podcast to get you through the day then this is one to tune in to. You've got 56 episodes worth of content to get through now – you'll never get bored!
If the podcast charts are anything to go by then this is definitely something you should listen to. Holding the number one spot currently on both Top Podcasts and Top Comedy Podcasts UK at Spotify is The Joe Rogan Experience. Its hosted by the American comedian and television host Joe Rogan who invites a variety of interesting guests such as Elon Musk, Mike Tyson and even Miley Cyrus to join him. The real question is, who hasn't he invited on there? With interesting content and a variety of celebrity story times, there's a reason it's made number one!
That Peter Crouch Podcast
On the topic of holding a number one place, if sport is your thing then this podcast might be too. That Peter Crouch Podcast currently holds the number one spot on Spotify for Sports Podcasts. It's held by Peter Crouch, Chris Stark and Tom Fordyce and it discusses all things football including management, secret confessions and all you want to know about the game! This podcast is funny and entertaining whilst giving you a chance to properly get to know Crouch off the pitch. Go and listen!
Politics Weekly Podcast
The Guardian is one of the most popular UK newspapers, especially when it comes to political issues so it makes sense for them to the top of the list when it comes to podcasts on the matter. The Guardian politics podcast is hosted by their politics editor and deputy editor who, often joined by experts and politicians to discuss the biggest political stories that week. It's detailed and intriguing to hear the discussion on important issues and how they're being handled. If this is a topic you're interested in, listen to the experts on the Politics Weekly Podcast!
These are just some of the most popular podcasts that have been circulating online at the moment. They're easily accessible and will be sure to keep you entertained whether in your spare time at home or on your commute! They are a great way to learn and engage with new content so make sure you give them a try. Let us know which podcasts are your favourite to listen to in the comments below.
July 2020 The Best UK Bank Accounts For International Students In 2020
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Very structed and sometimes it can take a long time to know how all systems and processes work.
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The European Society of Veterinary Oncology (ESVONC) was established in 1992 (24th September) by a group of scientists, active in the field of veterinary and comparative oncology in Europe.
encouraging and facilitating coordination of research and other contributions to the knowledge related to pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy, prevention and control of animal tumour diseases.
providing an organization for recognized specialists in veterinary oncology and for individuals who take interest in research, teaching or the practice of veterinary and comparative oncology.
furthering education in veterinary oncology.
facilitating the exchange of information on comparative oncology through interaction with other organizations for cancer research.
ESVONC has evolved in the past 20 years to a lively society, which consists of varied group of professionals including clinical oncologists (Oncology Diplomates and oncology-interested practitioners), pathologists, researchers, PhD-students, residents, industry professionals.
ESVONC is happy to see many national, supranational and cancer-type based societies in Europe evolve. This means that oncology is of increasing interest in the veterinary field. ESVONC wishes to play it's role in building bridges between the different societies and veterinary oncology groups.
Read more about the different national, supranational and subject-based societies in Europe.
ESVONC is a partner of ECVIM-CA (https://www.ecvim-ca.org) and FECAVA (http://www.fecava.org).


EBN members focus on a number of vertical sectors and cross-cutting themes. We have established Special Interest Groups (SIGs) for seven of these sectors and themes. Further SIGs addressing additional sectors and themes will be developed based on the demands of members and opportunities in the market.


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Home / Capitol / Lawmakers reject call to prohibit Ukrainians from training at Fort Sill
Lawmakers reject call to prohibit Ukrainians from training at Fort Sill
By: Journal Record Staff January 13, 2023 0
Leaders in the Oklahoma Senate pushed back on Friday against a call made by one of their colleagues to prohibit Ukrainian soldiers from training at Fort Sill.
It was announced on Jan. 9 that about 100 Ukrainian troops would be sent to Oklahoma as early as this week to begin training on the Patriot missile defense system at Fort Sill. The post, the largest field artillery complex in the free world, handles all artillery training for U.S. soldiers and Marines. It is also home to the Army's Air Defense Artillery Training School. It has an International Student Division that facilitates training of military members of nations friendly to the United States from around the globe.
Ukraine, which has been strongly supported by the U.S. in its nearly yearlong war against Russia, had long sought protections offered by Patriot systems against Russian missile attacks. The U.S. in December pledged one Patriot battery as part of a large military assistance package.
That drew a negative reaction from state Sen. Nathan Dahm, R-Broken Arrow, who filed a resolution to reject Ukrainian troops in Oklahoma.
"These America Last policies of the current regime should not be tolerated in Oklahoma," Dahm said in a release. "We saw how recently the Ukrainian military fired a rocket into Poland killing two innocent civilians. We certainly don't need them practicing here in Oklahoma where our citizens could be under the constant threat of a similar failure."
Dahm, who ran an unsuccessful campaign last year to represent Oklahoma in the U.S. Senate, further called for the governor, county officials and local law enforcement to use their powers to prohibit the foreign troops from being on Oklahoma soil.
"We must put the people of Oklahoma first," Dahm said. "We shouldn't be allowing the unaccountable spending, corruption, and potential money laundering to now flow through Oklahoma with the presence of foreign troops on our land."
Colleagues of Dahm in the Senate responded with forceful criticism of the proposal.
"Oklahoma has had partnerships with military forces from partner countries to train and maintain the safety and security of the United States and other allied countries for decades," they said in a joint statement. "To cut these ties would be akin to jeopardizing our national security. The resolution that was issued does not speak for the vast majority of the Oklahoma Senate, or Oklahomans, who welcome training exercises to defend the lands we love and our neighbors in other countries."
The statement, signed by Senate President Pro Tempore Greg Treat, R-Oklahoma City; and other leaders including state Sen. John Michael Montgomery, R-Lawton, whose district adjoins Fort Sill, also noted the long history of other military installations in Oklahoma taking part in the training of military members of allied nations.
"We hope the troops from other countries currently training on our beloved military installations in Oklahoma feel welcomed and experience what makes our state the best in the country," they said.
Fort Sill Oklahoma Legislature 4:54 pm Fri, January 13, 2023
Journal Record Staff
Tagged with: Fort Sill Oklahoma Legislature


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use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;

class HomeController extends Controller
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    public function index(Request $request)
    {
        return view('test');
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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« New York Budget Eliminates Sales Tax on Yachts Over $230,000
Lynn Lillian: How New York Underfunds and Cheats Its Public Schools »
Superintendent: Why Did Governor Cuomo Ignore the Neediest Students in the Budget?
April 3, 2015 //
Edward Placke is Superintendent of the Greenburgh-North Castle Unified School District, which serves students from urban areas who are primarily of African, Caribbean and Spanish heritage. All students are eligible for the federal free lunch program and are identified as disabled, primarily emotionally disabled. He wants the public to know that these students have been shamefully neglected in the state budget, for years.
There is a small yet growing cohort of students in our State that are identified as disabled with significant behavioral and psychological challenges, live in urban poverty and have found little success in their home public schools and other public schools such as District 75 and BOCES. As a result, there are few alternatives for these students. The ten New York State Public Special Act School Districts in our State have traditionally been the sole alternative; student live on the campuses in light of their family situation or commute daily from their communities. They provide a comprehensive education for these students to assist them to cross "The Bridge to Adulthood" with graduation rates that are significantly higher than the State average for student with disabilities. For most it is the last option before leaving school and facing those negative outcomes associated with not earning a high school diploma. Clearly Public Special Act School play a role in educational options for student with disabilities.
The Public Special Act School Districts are funded via a tuition rate in which the methodology is established by the New York State Education Department and all increases are approved by the Division of Budget overseen by the Governor. Four of the last five years the Public Special Act School Districts have not received an increase in tuition. As Teacher Retirement, Employee Retirement, New York State Health Insurance, utilities, materials and supplies have all significantly increased, the support from the Governor and our representatives have not. Our students do not have a voice as do the community school districts and charter schools. We do not have the resources to purchase billboards, run ads in the media and most disappointingly have very little parent involvement and advocacy. Therefore it is our elected representatives in Albany to be the voice for these most vulnerable students. They had an opportunity this week to include the Public Special Act School Districts in the budget to ensure our sustainability but they chose not to and once again ignored the most needy student cohort in our State.
As a former New York State Education Department Assistant Commissioner, public school administrator and teacher for over thirty years I have face a variety of challenges and disappointments. The unwillingness of our so-called representatives to advocate for the Public Special Act School Districts is certainly disappointing but repressible. The message this week from Albany is clear—community public school districts for the most part received an increase in State Aid and the Public Special Act School Districts that educate our most disabled poorest cohort of students were disregarded. My greatest fear based on Albany's outright disregard for these key public districts and the students they educate is they will not exist in the very near future. At that point there will be a new generation of students. With time running out my only hope is the Governor will have the courage to be the voice for our students.
Categories English Language Learners, New York, Poverty, Special Education
Hmmmm…Isn't NYC a playground for the rich? There are the rich from all over the world who own really, really expensive homes/penthouses occupied only a few months out of a year.
Joan says:
Many properties in NYC and boroughs owned by foreign interests and people for investment purposes.
Why should the powers that be actually CARE about the people LIVE here?????
Talk about our own so called public spirited politicians giving away the store.
Alan Frutkin says:
Ms. Ravitch: Hello. I recently sent you a query via snail mail. Not sure you've received it yet. I am researching public school education in New York City in 1903. Specifically, first grade education. Might you be able to point me toward any resources? Many thanks.
Alan Frutkin,
Please look for work by Professor Stephan Bromberg of CUNY. He is an expert on that era. He can be located at Brooklyn College or the Graduate Center of CUNY or the Manhattan phone book.
In case it isn't clear to readers from other states, this is one of about a dozen special districts in New York that accommodate Title I Part D students. This district will spend $80,000 per student during the 2014-2015 school year.
The analyses that identify New York State's tax policies as regressive overlook the fact that New Yorkers pay more state and local tax than anyone else in the country. It's not a coincidence that Connecticut is a hedge fund stronghold, or that Jersey City's skyline is suddenly starting to look like Minneapolis's. Slap a penalty tax on pied-à-terres, and that market will either contract or take it out of the hides not of the owners, but of the regular folks who make a living in that industry.
The taxation issues have to be dealt with at the Federal level, and/or our New York's senators and representatives have to do a much better job of balancing what New York sends to Washington and what it gets back.
The answer is really very simple. The business community decided, a long time ago, that they were not interested in supporting education for all children. Unless businessmen are assured a direct return on their investment, they are no longer expected to pay for education. Their pocket politicians have made it legal for businessmen to make money not spend money on education (charters, tax credits, private colleges, etc). The students in your schools are not worth their time, or even one thin dime.


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There are many things what I advise to pay attention to, even though the book and other information has not been translated into English and other languages.
The project about levelnauts, the game LOYAL and the book "New Year – every three months" are becoming very popular. I don't suggest it. It is a fact, clearly supported by statistics.
Look, the website was officially opened at the beginning of January, but in 3, 5 months it has been visited by 70 thousands people from all over the world. Here are some screenshots reflecting the statistics.
As you see, some of them are in Russian and some in English.
Statistics says a lot, but much more tells the project development. The Levelnaut ABC has been updated weekly and sometimes daily.
New ideas, features and even directions appear practically every day. Sure, sometimes we don't cope with translation of all the materials into ENGLISH, but anyway, everything will be translated. Meanwhile Google Translator (its button is placed right side of each post in every page) helps all our readers to get the hot news and to get involved into the project.
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Billing and Help System – This is our webpage based billing and help system. First, you can log into this webpage to check invoices, and pay bills online. Second, you can manage your domain names you purchased through Imageway. Third, you can view our internal online help frequently asked questions (FAQ) database. Lastly, you can submit a help ticket if you require help with our services.


"Sharknado 2" ratings record: "Sharknadoes may not be good for humankind, but they're definitely great for ratings. "Sharknado 2" became SYFY's most watched original movie Wednesday night with 3.9 million viewers tuning in. The sequel chewed up and spit out the original Sharknado, soaring 183% in total viewers. Of course, a third installment of the franchise is already in the works.
Tofu license plate: A Tennessee woman wanted a vanity license plate to declare her love of tofu, but the DMV said no way. Here's why: Whitney Calk is a vegan and wanted to tell the world about it. She asked the state for a plate that read "I LV TOFU" L-V standing for love. The Tennessee DMV denied the request because the plate was deemed too vulgar. If you look at the letters and read them a different way, it doesn't quite spell out the tofu loving message she intended.
Dancing diva or seizure attack: A woman is getting a lot of attention for her dancing, but it likely isn't for the best reasons. She's called by some, "the best dancer on the internet." One thing is for sure, she has a ton of energy. She's able to keep up those core dance moves for several minutes. People around her can't help but watch this phenomenon that's happening right before their eyes. The video has been shared 24,000 times from one Facebook account.