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The RESPA Statute
2601 – Congressional Findings and Purpose
2602 – Definitions
2603 – Uniform Settlement Statement
2604 – Special Information Booklets
2605 – Servicing of Mortgage Loans and Administration of Escrow Accounts
2606 – Exempted Transactions
2607 – Prohibition against Kickbacks and Unearned Fees
2608 – Title Companies
2609 – Escrow Accounts
2610 – Prohibition of Fees for Preparation of Truth-in-Lending, Uniform Settlement, and Escrow Account Statements
2614 – Jurisdiction of Courts and Limitations
2615 – Validity of Contracts and Liens
2616 – State laws unaffected; inconsistent Federal and State provisions
2617 - Authority of Bureau
(a) The Congress finds that significant reforms in the real estate settlement process are needed to insure that consumers throughout the Nation are provided with greater and more timely information on the nature and costs of the settlement process and are protected from unnecessarily high settlement charges caused by certain abusive practices that have developed in some areas of the country. The Congress also finds that it has been over two years since the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs submitted their joint report to the Congress on "Mortgage Settlement Costs" and that the time has come for the recommendations for Federal legislative action made in that report to be implemented.
(b) It is the purpose of this chapter to effect certain changes in the settlement process for residential real estate that will result —
(1) in more effective advance disclosure to home buyers and sellers of settlement costs;
(2) in the elimination of kickbacks or referral fees that tend to increase unnecessarily the costs of certain settlement services;
(3) in a reduction in the amounts home buyers are required to place in escrow accounts established to insure the payment of real estate taxes and insurance; and
(4) in significant reform and modernization of local recordkeeping of land title information.
(Pub. L. 93–533, §2, Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1724.)
For purposes of this chapter —
(1) the term "federally related mortgage loan" includes any loan (other than temporary financing such as a construction loan) which —
(A) is secured by a first or subordinate lien on residential real property (including individual units of condominiums and cooperatives) designed principally for the occupancy of from one to four families, including any such secured loan, the proceeds of which are used to prepay or pay off an existing loan secured by the same property; and
(B)(i) is made in whole or in part by any lender the deposits or accounts of which are insured by any agency of the Federal Government, or is made in whole or in part by any lender which is regulated by any agency of the Federal Government, or
(ii) is made in whole or in part, or insured, guaranteed, supplemented, or assisted in any way, by the Secretary or any other officer or agency of the Federal Government or under or in connection with a housing or urban development program administered by the Secretary or a housing or related program administered by any other such officer or agency; or
(iii) is intended to be sold by the originating lender to the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Government National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, or a financial institution from which it is to be purchased by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation; or
(iv) is made in whole or in part by any "creditor", as defined in section 1602(f) of title 15, who makes or invests in residential real estate loans aggregating more than $1,000,000 per year, except that for the purpose of this chapter, the term "creditor" does not include any agency or instrumentality of any State;
(2) the term "thing of value" includes any payment, advance, funds, loan, service, or other consideration;
(3) the term "Settlement services" includes any service provided in connection with a real estate settlement including, but not limited to, the following: title searches, title examinations, the provision of title certificates, title insurance, services rendered by an attorney, the preparation of documents, property surveys, the rendering of credit reports or appraisals, pest and fungus inspections, services rendered by a real estate agent or broker, the origination of a federally related mortgage loan (including, but not limited to, the taking of loan applications, loan processing, and the underwriting and funding of loans), and the handling of the processing, and closing or settlement;
(4) the term "title company" means any institution which is qualified to issue title insurance, directly or through its agents, and also refers to any duly authorized agent of a title company;
(5) the term "person" includes individuals, corporations, associations, partnerships, and trusts;
(6) the term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development;
(7) the term "affiliated business arrangement" means an arrangement in which (A) a person who is in a position to refer business incident to or a part of a real estate settlement service involving a federally related mortgage loan, or an associate of such person, has either an affiliate relationship with or a direct or beneficial ownership interest of more than 1 percent in a provider of settlement services; and (B) either of such persons directly or indirectly refers such business to that provider or affirmatively influences the selection of that provider;
(8) the term "associate" means one who has one or more of the following relationships with a person in a position to refer settlement business: (A) a spouse, parent, or child of such person; (B) a corporation or business entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with such person; (C) an employer, officer, director, partner, franchisor, or franchisee of such person; or (D) anyone who has an agreement, arrangement, or understanding, with such person, the purpose or substantial effect of which is to enable the person in a position to refer settlement business to benefit financially from the referrals of such business; and
(9) the term "Bureau" means the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection.
(Pub. L. 93–533, §3, Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1724; Pub. L. 94–205, §2, Jan. 2, 1976, 89 Stat. 1157; Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IV, §461(a)], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1230; Pub. L. 102–550, title IX, §908(a), (b), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3873, 3874; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2103(c)(1), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–400; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1098(1), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2103.)
(a) Disclosure for mortgage loan transactions
The Bureau shall publish a single, integrated disclosure for mortgage loan transactions (including real estate settlement cost statements) which includes the disclosure requirements of this section and section 2604 of this title, in conjunction with the disclosure requirements of the Truth in Lending Act [15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.] that, taken together, may apply to a transaction that is subject to both or either provisions of law. The purpose of such model disclosure shall be to facilitate compliance with the disclosure requirements of this chapter and the Truth in Lending Act, and to aid the borrower or lessee in understanding the transaction by utilizing readily understandable language to simplify the technical nature of the disclosures. Such forms shall conspicuously and clearly itemize all charges imposed upon the borrower and all charges imposed upon the seller in connection with the settlement and shall indicate whether any title insurance premium included in such charges covers or insures the lender's interest in the property, the borrower's interest, or both. The Bureau may, by regulation, permit the deletion from the forms prescribed under this section of items which are not, under local laws or customs, applicable in any locality, except that such regulation shall require that the numerical code prescribed by the Bureau be retained in forms to be used in all localities. Nothing in this section may be construed to require that that part of the standard forms which relates to the borrower's transaction be furnished to the seller, or to require that that part of the standard forms which relates to the seller be furnished to the borrower.
(b) Availability for inspection; exceptions
The forms prescribed under this section shall be completed and made available for inspection by the borrower at or before settlement by the person conducting the settlement, except that (1) the Bureau may exempt from the requirements of this section settlements occurring in localities where the final settlement statement is not customarily provided at or before the date of settlement, or settlements where such requirements are impractical and (2) the borrower may, in accordance with regulations of the Bureau, waive his right to have the forms made available at such time. Upon the request of the borrower to inspect the forms prescribed under this section during the business day immediately preceding the day of settlement, the person who will conduct the settlement shall permit the borrower to inspect those items which are known to such person during such preceding day.
(c) Disclosure of fees
The standard form described in subsection (a) may include, in the case of an appraisal coordinated by an appraisal management company (as such term is defined in section 3350(11) of this title), a clear disclosure of—
(1) the fee paid directly to the appraiser by such company; and
(2) the administration fee charged by such company.
(Pub. L. 93–533, §4, Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1725; Pub. L. 94–205, §3, Jan. 2, 1976, 89 Stat. 1157; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2103(g)(1), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–401; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1098(2), title XIV, §1475, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2103, 2200.)
(a) Preparation and distribution
The Director of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (hereafter in this section referred to as the "Director") shall prepare, at least once every 5 years, a booklet to help consumers applying for federally related mortgage loans to understand the nature and costs of real estate settlement services. The Director shall prepare the booklet in various languages and cultural styles, as the Director determines to be appropriate, so that the booklet is understandable and accessible to homebuyers of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The Director shall distribute such booklets to all lenders that make federally related mortgage loans. The Director shall also distribute to such lenders lists, organized by location, of homeownership counselors certified under section 1701x(e) of this title for use in complying with the requirement under subsection (c) of this section.
(b) Contents
Each booklet shall be in such form and detail as the Director shall prescribe and, in addition to such other information as the Director may provide, shall include in plain and understandable language the following information:
(1) A description and explanation of the nature and purpose of the costs incident to a real estate settlement or a federally related mortgage loan. The description and explanation shall provide general information about the mortgage process as well as specific information concerning, at a minimum —
(A) balloon payments;
(B) prepayment penalties;
(C) the advantages of prepayment; and
(D) the trade-off between closing costs and the interest rate over the life of the loan.
(2) An explanation and sample of the uniform settlement statement required by section 2603 of this title.
(3) A list and explanation of lending practices, including those prohibited by the Truth in Lending Act or other applicable Federal law, and of other unfair practices and unreasonable or unnecessary charges to be avoided by the prospective buyer with respect to a real estate settlement.
(4) A list and explanation of questions a consumer obtaining a federally related mortgage loan should ask regarding the loan, including whether the consumer will have the ability to repay the loan, whether the consumer sufficiently shopped for the loan, whether the loan terms include prepayment penalties or balloon payments, and whether the loan will benefit the borrower.
(5) An explanation of the right of rescission as to certain transactions provided by sections 125 and 129 of the Truth in Lending Act [15 U.S.C. 1635, 1639].
(6) A brief explanation of the nature of a variable rate mortgage and a reference to the booklet entitled "Consumer Handbook on Adjustable Rate Mortgages", published by the Director, or to any suitable substitute of such booklet that the Director may subsequently adopt pursuant to such section.
(7) A brief explanation of the nature of a home equity line of credit and a reference to the pamphlet required to be provided under section 127A of the Truth in Lending Act [15 U.S.C. 1637a].
(8) Information about homeownership counseling services made available pursuant to section 1701x(a)(4) of this title, a recommendation that the consumer use such services, and notification that a list of certified providers of homeownership counseling in the area, and their contact information, is available.
(9) An explanation of the nature and purpose of escrow accounts when used in connection with loans secured by residential real estate and the requirements under section 2609 of this title regarding such accounts.
(10) An explanation of the choices available to buyers of residential real estate in selecting persons to provide necessary services incidental to a real estate settlement.
(11) An explanation of a consumer's responsibilities, liabilities, and obligations in a mortgage transaction.
(12) An explanation of the nature and purpose of real estate appraisals, including the difference between an appraisal and a home inspection.
(13) Notice that the Office of Housing of the Department of Housing and Urban Development has made publicly available a brochure regarding loan fraud and a World Wide Web address and toll-free telephone number for obtaining the brochure.
(14) An explanation of flood insurance and the availability of flood insurance under the National Flood Insurance Program or from a private insurance company, whether or not the real estate is located in an area having special flood hazards.
The booklet prepared pursuant to this section shall take into consideration differences in real estate settlement procedures that may exist among the several States and territories of the United States and among separate political subdivisions within the same State and territory.
(c) Estimate of charges
Each lender shall include with the booklet a good faith estimate of the amount or range of charges for specific settlement services the borrower is likely to incur in connection with the settlement as prescribed by the Bureau. Each lender shall also include with the booklet a reasonably complete or updated list of homeownership counselors who are certified pursuant to section 1701x(e) of this title and located in the area of the lender.
(d) Distribution by lenders to loan applicants at time of receipt or preparation of applications
Each lender referred to in subsection (a) of this section shall provide the booklet described in such subsection to each person from whom it receives or for whom it prepares a written application to borrow money to finance the purchase of residential real estate. The lender shall provide the booklet in the version that is most appropriate for the person receiving it. Such booklet shall be provided by delivering it or placing it in the mail not later than 3 business days after the lender receives the application, but no booklet need be provided if the lender denies the application for credit before the end of the 3-day period.
(e) Printing and distribution by lenders of booklets approved by Bureau
Booklets may be printed and distributed by lenders if their form and content are approved by the Bureau as meeting the requirements of subsection (b) of this section.
(Pub. L. 93–533, §5, Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1725; Pub. L. 94–205, §4, Jan. 2, 1976, 89 Stat. 1158; Pub. L. 102–550, title IX, §951, Oct. 28, 1992,106 Stat. 3892; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1098(3), title XIV, §1450, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2104, 2174; Pub. L. 112–141, div. F, title II, §100222, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 934.)
(a) Disclosure to applicant relating to assignment, sale, or transfer of loan servicing
Each person who makes a federally related mortgage loan shall disclose to each person who applies for the loan, at the time of application for the loan, whether the servicing of the loan may be assigned, sold, or transferred to any other person at any time while the loan is outstanding.
(b) Notice by transferor of loan servicing at time of transfer
(1) Notice requirement
Each servicer of any federally related mortgage loan shall notify the borrower in writing of any assignment, sale, or transfer of the servicing of the loan to any other person.
(2) Time of notice
(A) In general
Except as provided under subparagraphs (B) and (C), the notice required under paragraph (1) shall be made to the borrower not less than 15 days before the effective date of transfer of the servicing of the mortgage loan (with respect to which such notice is made).
(B) Exception for certain proceedings
The notice required under paragraph (1) shall be made to the borrower not more than 30 days after the effective date of assignment, sale, or transfer of the servicing of the mortgage loan (with respect to which such notice is made) in any case in which the assignment, sale, or transfer of the servicing of the mortgage loan is preceded by —
(i) termination of the contract for servicing the loan for cause;
(ii) commencement of proceedings for bankruptcy of the servicer; or
(iii) commencement of proceedings by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or the Resolution Trust Corporation for conservatorship or receivership of the servicer (or an entity by which the servicer is owned or controlled).
(C) Exception for notice provided at closing
The provisions of subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall not apply to any assignment, sale, or transfer of the servicing of any mortgage loan if the person who makes the loan provides to the borrower, at settlement (with respect to the property for which the mortgage loan is made), written notice under paragraph (3) of such transfer.
(3) Contents of notice
The notice required under paragraph (1) shall include the following information:
(A) The effective date of transfer of the servicing described in such paragraph.
(B) The name, address, and toll-free or collect call telephone number of the transferee servicer.
(C) A toll-free or collect call telephone number for (i) an individual employed by the transferor servicer, or (ii) the department of the transferor servicer, that can be contacted by the borrower to answer inquiries relating to the transfer of servicing.
(D) The name and toll-free or collect call telephone number for (i) an individual employed by the transferee servicer, or (ii) the department of the transferee servicer, that can be contacted by the borrower to answer inquiries relating to the transfer of servicing.
(E) The date on which the transferor servicer who is servicing the mortgage loan before the assignment, sale, or transfer will cease to accept payments relating to the loan and the date on which the transferee servicer will begin to accept such payments.
(F) Any information concerning the effect the transfer may have, if any, on the terms of or the continued availability of mortgage life or disability insurance or any other type of optional insurance and what action, if any, the borrower must take to maintain coverage.
(G) A statement that the assignment, sale, or transfer of the servicing of the mortgage loan does not affect any term or condition of the security instruments other than terms directly related to the servicing of such loan.
(c) Notice by transferee of loan servicing at time of transfer
Each transferee servicer to whom the servicing of any federally related mortgage loan is assigned, sold, or transferred shall notify the borrower of any such assignment, sale, or transfer.
Except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), the notice required under paragraph (1) shall be made to the borrower not more than 15 days after the effective date of transfer of the servicing of the mortgage loan (with respect to which such notice is made).
Any notice required under paragraph (1) shall include the information described in subsection (b)(3) of this section.
(d) Treatment of loan payments during transfer period
During the 60-day period beginning on the effective date of transfer of the servicing of any federally related mortgage loan, a late fee may not be imposed on the borrower with respect to any payment on such loan and no such payment may be treated as late for any other purposes, if the payment is received by the transferor servicer (rather than the transferee servicer who should properly receive payment) before the due date applicable to such payment.
(e) Duty of loan servicer to respond to borrower inquiries
(1) Notice of receipt of inquiry
If any servicer of a federally related mortgage loan receives a qualified written request from the borrower (or an agent of the borrower) for information relating to the servicing of such loan, the servicer shall provide a written response acknowledging receipt of the correspondence within 5 days (excluding legal public holidays, Saturdays, and Sundays) unless the action requested is taken within such period.
(B) Qualified written request
For purposes of this subsection, a qualified written request shall be a written correspondence, other than notice on a payment coupon or other payment medium supplied by the servicer, that —
(i) includes, or otherwise enables the servicer to identify, the name and account of the borrower; and
(ii) includes a statement of the reasons for the belief of the borrower, to the extent applicable, that the account is in error or provides sufficient detail to the servicer regarding other information sought by the borrower.
(2) Action with respect to inquiry
Not later than 30 days (excluding legal public holidays, Saturdays, and Sundays) after the receipt from any borrower of any qualified written request under paragraph (1) and, if applicable, before taking any action with respect to the inquiry of the borrower, the servicer shall —
(A) make appropriate corrections in the account of the borrower, including the crediting of any late charges or penalties, and transmit to the borrower a written notification of such correction (which shall include the name and telephone number of a representative of the servicer who can provide assistance to the borrower);
(B) after conducting an investigation, provide the borrower with a written explanation or clarification that includes —
(i) to the extent applicable, a statement of the reasons for which the servicer believes the account of the borrower is correct as determined by the servicer; and
(ii) the name and telephone number of an individual employed by, or the office or department of, the servicer who can provide assistance to the borrower; or
(C) after conducting an investigation, provide the borrower with a written explanation or clarification that includes —
(i) information requested by the borrower or an explanation of why the information requested is unavailable or cannot be obtained by the servicer; and
(ii) the name and telephone number of an individual employed by, or the office or department of, the servicer who can provide assistance to the borrower.
(3) Protection of credit rating
During the 60-day period beginning on the date of the servicer's receipt from any borrower of a qualified written request relating to a dispute regarding the borrower's payments, a servicer may not provide information regarding any overdue payment, owed by such borrower and relating to such period or qualified written request, to any consumer reporting agency (as such term is defined under section 1681a of title 15).
(4) Limited extension of response time
The 30-day period described in paragraph (2) may be extended for not more than 15 days if, before the end of such 30-day period, the servicer notifies the borrower of the extension and the reasons for the delay in responding.
(f) Damages and costs
Whoever fails to comply with any provision of this section shall be liable to the borrower for each such failure in the following amounts:
(1) Individuals
In the case of any action by an individual, an amount equal to the sum of —
(A) any actual damages to the borrower as a result of the failure; and
(B) any additional damages, as the court may allow, in the case of a pattern or practice of noncompliance with the requirements of this section, in an amount not to exceed $2,000.
(2) Class actions
In the case of a class action, an amount equal to the sum of —
(A) any actual damages to each of the borrowers in the class as a result of the failure; and
(B) any additional damages, as the court may allow, in the case of a pattern or practice of noncompliance with the requirements of this section, in an amount not greater than $2,000 for each member of the class, except that the total amount of damages under this subparagraph in any class action may not exceed the lesser of —
(i) $1,000,000; or
(ii) 1 percent of the net worth of the servicer.
(3) Costs
In addition to the amounts under paragraph (1) or (2), in the case of any successful action under this section, the costs of the action, together with any attorneys fees incurred in connection with such action as the court may determine to be reasonable under the circumstances.
(4) Nonliability
A transferor or transferee servicer shall not be liable under this subsection for any failure to comply with any requirement under this section if, within 60 days after discovering an error (whether pursuant to a final written examination report or the servicer's own procedures) and before the commencement of an action under this subsection and the receipt of written notice of the error from the borrower, the servicer notifies the person concerned of the error and makes whatever adjustments are necessary in the appropriate account to ensure that the person will not be required to pay an amount in excess of any amount that the person otherwise would have paid.
(g) Administration of escrow accounts
If the terms of any federally related mortgage loan require the borrower to make payments to the servicer of the loan for deposit into an escrow account for the purpose of assuring payment of taxes, insurance premiums, and other charges with respect to the property, the servicer shall make payments from the escrow account for such taxes, insurance premiums, and other charges in a timely manner as such payments become due. Any balance in any such account that is within the servicer's control at the time the loan is paid off shall be promptly returned to the borrower within 20 business days or credited to a similar account for a new mortgage loan to the borrower with the same lender.
(h) Preemption of conflicting State laws
Notwithstanding any provision of any law or regulation of any State, a person who makes a federally related mortgage loan or a servicer shall be considered to have complied with the provisions of any such State law or regulation requiring notice to a borrower at the time of application for a loan or transfer of the servicing of a loan if such person or servicer complies with the requirements under this section regarding timing, content, and procedures for notification of the borrower.
(i) Definitions
For purposes of this section:
(1) Effective date of transfer
The term "effective date of transfer" means the date on which the mortgage payment of a borrower is first due to the transferee servicer of a mortgage loan pursuant to the assignment, sale, or transfer of the servicing of the mortgage loan.
(2) Servicer
The term "servicer" means the person responsible for servicing of a loan (including the person who makes or holds a loan if such person also services the loan). The term does not include—
(A) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or the Resolution Trust Corporation, in connection with assets acquired, assigned, sold, or transferred pursuant to section 1823(c) of this title or as receiver or conservator of an insured depository institution; and
(B) the Government National Mortgage Association, the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, the Resolution Trust Corporation, or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, in any case in which the assignment, sale, or transfer of the servicing of the mortgage loan is preceded by —
(3) Servicing
The term "servicing" means receiving any scheduled periodic payments from a borrower pursuant to the terms of any loan, including amounts for escrow accounts described in section 2609 of this title, and making the payments of principal and interest and such other payments with respect to the amounts received from the borrower as may be required pursuant to the terms of the loan.
(j) Transition
(1) Originator liability
A person who makes a federally related mortgage loan shall not be liable to a borrower because of a failure of such person to comply with subsection (a) of this section with respect to an application for a loan made by the borrower before the regulations referred to in paragraph (3) take effect.
(2) Servicer liability
A servicer of a federally related mortgage loan shall not be liable to a borrower because of a failure of the servicer to perform any duty under subsection (b), (c), (d), or (e) of this section that arises before the regulations referred to in paragraph (3) take effect.
(3) Regulations and effective date
The Bureau shall establish any requirements necessary to carry out this section. Such regulations shall include the model disclosure statement required under subsection (a)(2) of this section.
(k) Servicer prohibitions
(1) In general
A servicer of a federally related mortgage shall not —
(A) obtain force-placed hazard insurance unless there is a reasonable basis to believe the borrower has failed to comply with the loan contract's requirements to maintain property insurance;
(B) charge fees for responding to valid qualified written requests (as defined in regulations which the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection shall prescribe) under this section;
(C) fail to take timely action to respond to a borrower's requests to correct errors relating to allocation of payments, final balances for purposes of paying off the loan, or avoiding foreclosure, or other standard servicer's duties;
(D) fail to respond within 10 business days to a request from a borrower to provide the identity, address, and other relevant contact information about the owner or assignee of the loan; or
(E) fail to comply with any other obligation found by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, by regulation, to be appropriate to carry out the consumer protection purposes of this chapter.
(2) Force-placed insurance defined
For purposes of this subsection and subsections (l) and (m), the term "force-placed insurance" means hazard insurance coverage obtained by a servicer of a federally related mortgage when the borrower has failed to maintain or renew hazard insurance on such property as required of the borrower under the terms of the mortgage.
(l) Requirements for force-placed insurance
A servicer of a federally related mortgage shall not be construed as having a reasonable basis for obtaining force-placed insurance unless the requirements of this subsection have been met.
(1) Written notices to borrower
A servicer may not impose any charge on any borrower for force-placed insurance with respect to any property securing a federally related mortgage unless—
(A) the servicer has sent, by first-class mail, a written notice to the borrower containing —
(i) a reminder of the borrower's obligation to maintain hazard insurance on the property securing the federally related mortgage;
(ii) a statement that the servicer does not have evidence of insurance coverage of such property;
(iii) a clear and conspicuous statement of the procedures by which the borrower may demonstrate that the borrower already has insurance coverage; and
(iv) a statement that the servicer may obtain such coverage at the borrower's expense if the borrower does not provide such demonstration of the borrower's existing coverage in a timely manner;
(B) the servicer has sent, by first-class mail, a second written notice, at least 30 days after the mailing of the notice under subparagraph (A) that contains all the information described in each clause of such subparagraph; and
(C) the servicer has not received from the borrower any demonstration of hazard insurance coverage for the property securing the mortgage by the end of the 15-day period beginning on the date the notice under subparagraph (B) was sent by the servicer.
(2) Sufficiency of demonstration
A servicer of a federally related mortgage shall accept any reasonable form of written confirmation from a borrower of existing insurance coverage, which shall include the existing insurance policy number along with the identity of, and contact information for, the insurance company or agent, or as otherwise required by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection.
(3) Termination of force-placed insurance
Within 15 days of the receipt by a servicer of confirmation of a borrower's existing insurance coverage, the servicer shall —
(A) terminate the force-placed insurance; and
(B) refund to the consumer all force-placed insurance premiums paid by the borrower during any period during which the borrower's insurance coverage and the force-placed insurance coverage were each in effect, and any related fees charged to the consumer's account with respect to the force-placed insurance during such period.
(4) Clarification with respect to Flood Disaster Protection Act
No provision of this section shall be construed as prohibiting a servicer from providing simultaneous or concurrent notice of a lack of flood insurance pursuant to section 4012a(e) of title 42.
(m) Limitations on force-placed insurance charges
All charges, apart from charges subject to State regulation as the business of insurance, related to force-placed insurance imposed on the borrower by or through the servicer shall be bona fide and reasonable.
(Pub. L. 93–533, §6, as added Pub. L. 101–625, title IX, §941, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4405; amended Pub. L. 102–27, title III, §312(a), Apr. 10, 1991, 105 Stat. 154; Pub. L. 103–325, title III, §345, Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2239; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2103(a), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–399; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1098(4), title XIV, §1463, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2104, 2182.)
This chapter does not apply to credit transactions involving extensions of credit —
(1) primarily for business, commercial, or agricultural purposes; or
(2) to government or governmental agencies or instrumentalities.
(b) Interpretation
In prescribing regulations under section 2617(a) of this title, the Bureau shall ensure that, with respect to subsection (a) of this section, the exemption for credit transactions involving extensions of credit primarily for business, commercial, or agricultural purposes, as provided in subsection (a)(1) 1 of this section shall be the same as the exemption for such credit transactions under section 1603(1) of title 15.
(Pub. L. 93–533, §7, as added Pub. L. 103–325, title III, §312, Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2221; amended Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2103(b), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–399; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1098(5), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2104.)
(a) Business referrals
No person shall give and no person shall accept any fee, kickback, or thing of value pursuant to any agreement or understanding, oral or otherwise, that business incident to or a part of a real estate settlement service involving a federally related mortgage loan shall be referred to any person.
(b) Splitting charges
No person shall give and no person shall accept any portion, split, or percentage of any charge made or received for the rendering of a real estate settlement service in connection with a transaction involving a federally related mortgage loan other than for services actually performed.
(c) Fees, salaries, compensation, or other payments
Nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting (1) the payment of a fee (A) to attorneys at law for services actually rendered or (B) by a title company to its duly appointed agent for services actually performed in the issuance of a policy of title insurance or (C) by a lender to its duly appointed agent for services actually performed in the making of a loan, (2) the payment to any person of a bona fide salary or compensation or other payment for goods or facilities actually furnished or for services actually performed, (3) payments pursuant to cooperative brokerage and referral arrangements or agreements between real estate agents and brokers, (4) affiliated business arrangements so long as (A) a disclosure is made of the existence of such an arrangement to the person being referred and, in connection with such referral, such person is provided a written estimate of the charge or range of charges generally made by the provider to which the person is referred (i) in the case of a face-to-face referral or a referral made in writing or by electronic media, at or before the time of the referral (and compliance with this requirement in such case may be evidenced by a notation in a written, electronic, or similar system of records maintained in the regular course of business); (ii) in the case of a referral made by telephone, within 3 business days after the referral by telephone, (and in such case an abbreviated verbal disclosure of the existence of the arrangement and the fact that a written disclosure will be provided within 3 business days shall be made to the person being referred during the telephone referral); or (iii) in the case of a referral by a lender (including a referral by a lender to an affiliated lender), at the time the estimates required under section 2604(c) of this title are provided (notwithstanding clause (i) or (ii)); and any required written receipt of such disclosure (without regard to the manner of the disclosure under clause (i), (ii), or (iii)) may be obtained at the closing or settlement (except that a person making a face-to-face referral who provides the written disclosure at or before the time of the referral shall attempt to obtain any required written receipt of such disclosure at such time and if the person being referred chooses not to acknowledge the receipt of the disclosure at that time, that fact shall be noted in the written, electronic, or similar system of records maintained in the regular course of business by the person making the referral), (B) such person is not required to use any particular provider of settlement services, and (C) the only thing of value that is received from the arrangement, other than the payments permitted under this subsection, is a return on the ownership interest or franchise relationship, or (5) such other payments or classes of payments or other transfers as are specified in regulations prescribed by the Bureau, after consultation with the Attorney General, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Secretary of Agriculture. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the following shall not be considered a violation of clause (4)(B): (i) any arrangement that requires a buyer, borrower, or seller to pay for the services of an attorney, credit reporting agency, or real estate appraiser chosen by the lender to represent the lender's interest in a real estate transaction, or (ii) any arrangement where an attorney or law firm represents a client in a real estate transaction and issues or arranges for the issuance of a policy of title insurance in the transaction directly as agent or through a separate corporate title insurance agency that may be established by that attorney or law firm and operated as an adjunct to his or its law practice.
(d) Penalties for violations; joint and several liability; treble damages; actions for injunction by Bureau and Secretary and by State officials; costs and attorney fees; construction of State laws
(1) Any person or persons who violate the provisions of this section shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.
(2) Any person or persons who violate the prohibitions or limitations of this section shall be jointly and severally liable to the person or persons charged for the settlement service involved in the violation in an amount equal to three times the amount of any charge paid for such settlement service.
(3) No person or persons shall be liable for a violation of the provisions of subsection (c)(4)(A) of this section if such person or persons proves by a preponderance of the evidence that such violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding maintenance of procedures that are reasonably adapted to avoid such error.
(4) The Bureau, the Secretary, or the attorney general or the insurance commissioner of any State may bring an action to enjoin violations of this section. Except, to the extent that a person is subject to the jurisdiction of the Bureau, the Secretary, or the attorney general or the insurance commissioner of any State, the Bureau shall have primary authority to enforce or administer this section, subject to subtitle B of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 [12 U.S.C. 5511 et seq.].
(5) In any private action brought pursuant to this subsection, the court may award to the prevailing party the court costs of the action together with reasonable attorneys fees.
(6) No provision of State law or regulation that imposes more stringent limitations on affiliated business arrangements shall be construed as being inconsistent with this section.
(Pub. L. 93–533, §8, Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1727; Pub. L. 94–205, §7, Jan. 2, 1976, 89 Stat. 1158; Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IV, §461(b), (c)], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1231; Pub. L. 100–242, title V, §570(g), Feb. 5, 1988, 101 Stat. 1950; Pub. L. 102–54, §13(d)(4), June 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 275; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2103(c)(2), (d), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–400; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1098(6), (7), July 21, 2010,124 Stat. 2104.)
(a) No seller of property that will be purchased with the assistance of a federally related mortgage loan shall require directly or indirectly, as a condition to selling the property, that title insurance covering the property be purchased by the buyer from any particular title company.
(b) Any seller who violates the provisions of subsection (a) of this section shall be liable to the buyer in an amount equal to three times all charges made for such title insurance.
A lender, in connection with a federally related mortgage loan, may not require the borrower or prospective borrower —
(1) to deposit in any escrow account which may be established in connection with such loan for the purpose of assuring payment of taxes, insurance premiums, or other charges with respect to the property, in connection with the settlement, an aggregate sum (for such purpose) in excess of a sum that will be sufficient to pay such taxes, insurance premiums and other charges attributable to the period beginning on the last date on which each such charge would have been paid under the normal lending practice of the lender and local custom, provided that the selection of each such date constitutes prudent lending practice, and ending on the due date of its first full installment payment under the mortgage, plus one-sixth of the estimated total amount of such taxes, insurance premiums and other charges to be paid on dates, as provided above, during the ensuing twelve-month period; or
(2) to deposit in any such escrow account in any month beginning with the first full installment payment under the mortgage a sum (for the purpose of assuring payment of taxes, insurance premiums and other charges with respect to the property) in excess of the sum of (A) one-twelfth of the total amount of the estimated taxes, insurance premiums and other charges which are reasonably anticipated to be paid on dates during the ensuing twelve months which dates are in accordance with the normal lending practice of the lender and local custom, provided that the selection of each such date constitutes prudent lending practice, plus (B) such amount as is necessary to maintain an additional balance in such escrow account not to exceed one-sixth of the estimated total amount of such taxes, insurance premiums and other charges to be paid on dates, as provided above, during the ensuing twelve-month period: Provided, however, That in the event the lender determines there will be or is a deficiency he shall not be prohibited from requiring additional monthly deposits in such escrow account to avoid or eliminate such deficiency.
(b) Notification of shortage in escrow account
If the terms of any federally related mortgage loan require the borrower to make payments to the servicer (as the term is defined in section 2605(i) of this title) of the loan for deposit into an escrow account for the purpose of assuring payment of taxes, insurance premiums, and other charges with respect to the property, the servicer shall notify the borrower not less than annually of any shortage of funds in the escrow account.
(c) Escrow account statements
(1) Initial statement
Any servicer that has established an escrow account in connection with a federally related mortgage loan shall submit to the borrower for which the escrow account has been established a statement clearly itemizing the estimated taxes, insurance premiums, and other charges that are reasonably anticipated to be paid from the escrow account during the first 12 months after the establishment of the account and the anticipated dates of such payments.
(B) Time of submission
The statement required under subparagraph (A) shall be submitted to the borrower at closing with respect to the property for which the mortgage loan is made or not later than the expiration of the 45-day period beginning on the date of the establishment of the escrow account.
(C) Initial statement at closing
Any servicer may submit the statement required under subparagraph (A) to the borrower at closing and may incorporate such statement in the uniform settlement statement required under section 2603 of this title. The Bureau shall issue regulations prescribing any changes necessary to the uniform settlement statement under section 2603 of this title that specify how the statement required under subparagraph (A) of this section shall be incorporated in the uniform settlement statement.
(2) Annual statement
Any servicer that has established or continued an escrow account in connection with a federally related mortgage loan shall submit to the borrower for which the escrow account has been established or continued a statement clearly itemizing, for each period described in subparagraph (B) (during which the servicer services the escrow account), the amount of the borrower's current monthly payment, the portion of the monthly payment being placed in the escrow account, the total amount paid into the escrow account during the period, the total amount paid out of the escrow account during the period for taxes, insurance premiums, and other charges (as separately identified), and the balance in the escrow account at the conclusion of the period.
The statement required under subparagraph (A) shall be submitted to the borrower not less than once for each 12-month period, the first such period beginning on the first January 1st that occurs after November 28, 1990, and shall be submitted not more than 30 days after the conclusion of each such 1-year period.
(d) Penalties
In the case of each failure to submit a statement to a borrower as required under subsection (c) of this section, the Secretary shall assess to the lender or escrow servicer failing to submit the statement a civil penalty of $50 for each such failure, but the total amount imposed on such lender or escrow servicer for all such failures during any 12-month period referred to in subsection (b) of this section may not exceed $100,000.
(2) Intentional violations
If any failure to which paragraph (1) applies is due to intentional disregard of the requirement to submit the statement, then, with respect to such failure —
(A) the penalty imposed under paragraph (1) shall be $100; and
(B) in the case of any penalty determined under subparagraph (A), the $100,000 limitation under paragraph (1) shall not apply.
(Pub. L. 93–533, §10, Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1728; Pub. L. 94–205, §8, Jan. 2, 1976, 89 Stat. 1158; Pub. L. 101–625, title IX, §942(a), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4411; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2103(g)(2), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–401; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1098(8), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2104.)
No fee shall be imposed or charge made upon any other person (as a part of settlement costs or otherwise) by a lender in connection with a federally related mortgage loan made by it (or a loan for the purchase of a mobile home), or by a servicer (as the term is defined under section 2605(i) of this title), for or on account of the preparation and submission by such lender or servicer of the statement or statements required (in connection with such loan) by sections 2603 and 2609(c) of this title or by the Truth in Lending Act [15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.].
(Pub. L. 93–533, §12, Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1729; Pub. L. 101–625, title IX, §942(b), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4412.)
Any action pursuant to the provisions of section 2605, 2607, or 2608 of this title may be brought in the United States district court or in any other court of competent jurisdiction, for the district in which the property involved is located, or where the violation is alleged to have occurred, within 3 years in the case of a violation of section 2605 of this title and 1 year in the case of a violation of section 2607 or 2608 of this title from the date of the occurrence of the violation, except that actions brought by the Bureau, the Secretary, the Attorney General of any State, or the insurance commissioner of any State may be brought within 3 years from the date of the occurrence of the violation.
(Pub. L. 93–533, §16, Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1731; Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IV, §461(d)], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1232; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2103(e), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–400; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1098(9), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2104.)
Nothing in this chapter shall affect the validity or enforceability of any sale or contract for the sale of real property or any loan, loan agreement, mortgage, or lien made or arising in connection with a federally related mortgage loan.
(Pub. L. 93–533, §17, Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1731.)
This chapter does not annul, alter, or affect, or exempt any person subject to the provisions of this chapter from complying with, the laws of any State with respect to settlement practices, except to the extent that those laws are inconsistent with any provision of this chapter, and then only to the extent of the inconsistency. The Bureau is authorized to determine whether such inconsistencies exist. The Bureau may not determine that any State law is inconsistent with any provision of this chapter if the Bureau determines that such law gives greater protection to the consumer. In making these determinations the Bureau shall consult with the appropriate Federal agencies.
(Pub. L. 93–533, §18, Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1731; Pub. L. 94–205, §9, Jan. 2, 1976, 89 Stat. 1159; Pub. L. 111–203,title X, §1098(10), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2104.)
(a) Issuance of regulations; exemptions
The Bureau is authorized to prescribe such rules and regulations, to make such interpretations, and to grant such reasonable exemptions for classes of transactions, as may be necessary to achieve the purposes of this chapter.
(b) Liability for acts done in good faith in conformity with rule, regulation, or interpretation
No provision of this chapter or the laws of any State imposing any liability shall apply to any act done or omitted in good faith in conformity with any rule, regulation, or interpretation thereof by the Bureau or the Attorney General, notwithstanding that after such act or omission has occurred, such rule, regulation, or interpretation is amended, rescinded, or determined by judicial or other authority to be invalid for any reason.
(c) Investigations; hearings; failure to obey order; contempt
(1) The Secretary may investigate any facts, conditions, practices, or matters that may be deemed necessary or proper to aid in the enforcement of the provisions of this chapter, in prescribing of rules and regulations thereunder, or in securing information to serve as a basis for recommending further legislation concerning real estate settlement practices. To aid in the investigations, the Bureau is authorized to hold such hearings, administer such oaths, and require by subpena the attendance and testimony of such witnesses and production of such documents as the Bureau deems advisable.
(2) Any district court of the United States within the jurisdiction of which an inquiry is carried on may, in the case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpena of the Bureau issued under this section, issue an order requiring compliance therewith; and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by such court as a contempt thereof.
(d) Delay of effectiveness of recent final regulation relating to payments to employees
The amendment to part 3500 of title 24 of the Code of Federal Regulations contained in the final regulation prescribed by the Secretary and published in the Federal Register on June 7, 1996, which will, as of the effective date of such amendment—
(A) eliminate the exemption for payments by an employer to employees of such employer for referral activities which is currently codified as section 3500.14(g)(1)(vii) of such title 24; and
(B) replace such exemption with a more limited exemption in new clauses (vii), (viii), and (ix) of section 3500.14 of such title 24, shall not take effect before July 31, 1997.
(2) Continuation of prior rule
The regulation codified as section 3500.14(g)(1)(vii) of title 24 of the Code of Federal Regulations, relating to employer-employee payments, as in effect on May 1, 1996, shall remain in effect until the date the amendment referred to in paragraph (1) takes effect in accordance with such paragraph.
(3) Public notice of effective date
The Secretary shall provide public notice of the date on which the amendment referred to in paragraph (1) will take effect in accordance with such paragraph not less than 90 days and not more than 180 days before such effective date.
(Pub. L. 93–533, §19, as added Pub. L. 94–205, §10, Jan. 2, 1976, 89 Stat. 1159; amended Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IV, §461(e)], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1232; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2103(f), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–401; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1098(11), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2104.)
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12 USC Section 2605 or Section 6 is titled Servicing of mortgage loans and administration of escrow accounts. It pertains to qualified written requests, notices of transfer of servicing and the administration of escrow accounts.
An arrangement that involves a person who is in a position to refer business as part of a real estate settlement service and who has an interest in a settlement services provider.
In the arrangement, the person, who has either an affiliate relationship with or a direct or beneficial ownership interest of more than one percent in a settlement services provider, directly or indirectly refers business to that provider or influences a consumer to select that provider.
A mortgage disclosure that lists all estimated charges and fees associated with your loan. In addition to fees and charges, it will list your loan amount, mortgage rate, loan term and estimated monthly payment. Your escrows due at closing for insurance and taxes will also be outlined. Mortgage lenders are legally required to provide a GFE within three days of receiving your application.
Under RESPA Section 2605(e)(1)(B), a qualified written request is a written correspondence that includes: 1) the name and account of the borrower, or has enough information to allow the servicer identify that information; and 2) a statement of the reasons for the belief of the borrower that the account is in error or provides sufficient detail to the servicer regarding other information sought by the borrower.
A QWR cannot be written on a payment coupon or other payment medium supplied by the servicer.
12 USC Section 2609 or Section 10 is titled Limitation on requirement of advance deposits in escrow accounts. It governs escrow accounts including notifications and statements to borrowers. Section 10 also sets out penalties for those who violate the section.
RESPA Section 3 provides that a thing of value includes any payment, advance, funds, loan, service or other consideration
Regulation X says thing of value includes: monies, things, discounts, salaries, commissions, fees, duplicate payments of a charge, stock, dividends, distributions of partnership profits, franchise royalties, credits representing monies that may be paid at a future date, the opportunity to participate in a money-making program, retained or increased earnings, increased equity in a parent or subsidiary entity, special bank deposits or accounts, special or unusual banking terms, services of all types at special or free rates, sales or rentals at special prices or rates, lease or rental payments based in whole or in part on the amount of business referred, trips and payment of another person's expenses or reduction in credit against an existing obligation.
A form used by a settlement or closing agent itemizing all charges imposed on a borrower and seller in a real estate transaction. This form represents the closing transaction and provides each party with a complete list of incoming and outgoing funds. RESPA requires the HUD-1 to be used as the standard real estate settlement form in all transactions in the U.S. involving federally related mortgage loans.
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text:
« BEAT CONNECTION 017-1: Early '16 Heat Check (Part One) | Main | BEAT CONNECTION 017-2: Early '16 Heat Check (Part Two) »
Travis Bickle on the Riviera 150th Episode SPORTSTRAVAGANZA
After the break you can find the brand new #150th episode Sports Spectacular of Travis Bickle on the Riviera, the world's only movie podcast. With your hosts Tucker Stone, Morgan Jeske and Sean Witzke.
0:00:00 - 2:51:16 - Sports Movie Bracket!
Caddyshack (1980), directed by Harold Ramis, starring Bill Murray, Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, Michael O'Keefe, Sarah Holcolmb, and Brian Doyle-Murray.
Brian's Song (1971), directed by Buzz Kulik, starring James Caan, Billy Dee Williams, Jack Warden, Bernie Casey, and Shelley Fabares.
Victory (1981), directed by John Huston, starring Sylvester Stallone, Pele, Michael Caine, and Max Von Sydow.
Cutting Edge (1992), directed by Paul Michael Glaser, starring DB Sweeney, Moira Kelly, Terry O'Quinn, Roy Dotrice, and the ghost dad from Field of Dreams.
Hardball (2001), directed by Brian Robbins, starring Keanu Reeves, Diane Lane, DB Sweeney, Michael B Jordan, and John Hawkes.
Space Jam (1996), directed by Joe Pytka, starring Michael Jordan, Bill Murray, Larry Bird, Wayne Knight, Billy West, Dee Bradley Baker, Danny Devito, Patrick Ewing, Charles Barkley, Shawn Bradley, Larry Johnson, Mugsy Bouges, Bob Bergen, June Foray, and TK Carter.
Slap Shot (1977), directed by George Roy Hill, starring Paul Newman, Strother Martin, Michael Ontkean, Jennifer Warren, Lindsay Crouse, Brad Sullivan, and M. Emmet Walsh.
Miracle (2004), directed by Gavin O'Connor, Kurt Russell, Patricia Clarkson, and Noah Emmerich.
The Longest Yard (1974), directed by Robert Aldrich, starring Burt Reynolds, Eddie Albert, Ed Lauter, Bernadette Peters, and Richard Kiel.
Creed (2015), directed by Ryan Coogler, starring Michael B Jordan, Sylvester Stallone, Tessa Thompson, and Phylicia Rashad.
White Men Can't Jump (1992), directed by Ron Shelton, starring Wesley Snipes, Woody Harrelson, Rosie Perez, Kadeem Hardison, and Alex Trebek.
Big Wednesday (1978), directed by John Milius, starring Jan Michael Vincent, William Katt, Gary Busey, and Lee Purcell.
Warrior (2011), directed by Gavin O'Connor, starring Tom Hardy, Joel Edgerton, Nick Nolte, Jennifer Morrison, and Frank Grillo.
Hoosiers (1986), directed by David Anspaugh, starring Gene Hackman, Dennis Hopper and Barbara Hershey.
Bend It Like Beckham (2002), directed by Gurinder Chadha, starring Parminder Nagra, Keira Knightley, Archie Panjabi, and Jonathan Rhys Meyers.
The Bad News Bears (1976), directed by Michael Ritchie, starring Walter Matthau, Vic Morrow, Tatum O'Neil, and Jackie Earle Haley.
Undisputed III: Redemption (2002), directed by Isaac Florentine, starring Scott Adkins, Mykel Shannon Jenkins, and Mark Ivanir.
Happy Gilmore (1996), directed by Dennis Dugan, starring Adam Sandler, Christopher McDonald, Carl Weathers, Julie Bowen, Kevin Nealon, Richard Kiel, Joe Flaherty, Bob Barker, and Ben Stiller.
The Jericho Mile (1979), directed by Michael Mann, starring Peter Strauss, Richard Lawson, Roger E. Mosley, and Brian Dennehy.
Cool Runnings (1993), directed by John Turtletaub, starring John Candy, Leon, Doug E. Doug, Rawle E Lewis, and Malik Yoba.
Without Limits (1998), directed by Robert Towne, starring Billy Crudup, Donald Sutherland, Monica Potter, Jeremy Sisto, Dean Norris, and William Mapother.
Kingpin (1996), directed by the Farrely Brothers, starring Woody Harrelson, Bill Murray, Randy Quaid, Vanessa Angel, and Chris Elliot.
Shaolin Soccer (2001), directed by Stephen Chow, starring Chow, Zhao Wei, and Patrick Tse.
The Natural (1984), directed by Barry Levinson, starring Robert Redford, Robert Duvall, Glenn Close, Kim Basinger, Wilford Brimley, Barbara Hershey, and Robert Prosky.
Friday Night Lights (2004), directed by Peter Berg, starring Billy Bob Thornton, Derek Luke, Lucas Black, Garret Hedlund, Tim McGraw, Jay Hernandez, and Connie Britton.
The Great White Hype (1996), directed by Reggie Hudlin, starring Samuel L Jackson, Jeff Goldblum, Peter Berg, DB Sweeney, Damon Wayans, Corbin Bersen, Jon Lovitz, Cheech Marin, Jonathan Rhys Davies, and Jamie Foxx.
Major League (1989), directed by David S Ward, starring Charlie Sheen, Wesley Snipes, Tom Berenger, Corbin Bernsen, Renee Russo, Bob Uecker, Charles Cyphers, and Dennis Haysbert.
Blue Chips (1994), directed by William Friedkin, starring Nick Nolte, Shaq, Larry Bird, Mary McDonnell, JT Walsh, Ed O'Neill, Alfre Woodard, and Penny Hardaway.
Downhill Racer (1969), directed by Michael Ritchie, starring Robert Redford, and Gene Hackman.
Rocky IV (1985), directed by Sylvester Stallone, starring Stallone, Dolph Lundgren, Carl Weathers, Burt Young, Talia Shire, and Bridgiette Neisen.
Rollerball (1975), directed by Norman Jewison, staring James Caan, John Houseman, Maud Adams, Ralph Richardson, and Moses Gunn.
Girlfight (2000), directed by Karyn Kusama, starring Michelle Rodriguez, Jamie Tirelli, and Paul Calderon.
Our interstitial and outro music this week: "Friday Night's A Great Night For Football" from The Last Boy Scout, "Sports" by Tim & Eric, "Get Right Back Where We're Coming From" by Maxine Nightingale from Slap Shot, "Hometown Hero" by Big K.R.I.T., and audio from the Lance Reddick interview on the Eric Andre Show.
And our intro, as always, is from Escape From New York.
You can download episodes directly from itunes and rss. For a quick look at who has been on the show before and what movies have been discussed in each episode, look at our one-page episode guide. This is a Patreon-supported podcast, subscribing to the show can give you access to monthly criticism from Sean, Tucker, and Morgan.
You can follow the show on twitter, tumblr,letterboxd and facebook. If you like this show, please check out Tucker's other podcast Comic Books Are Burning In Hell (also located at TFO and here), TFO's music podcast Beat Connection with Marty Brown and Nate Patrin (at TFO and here), and Katie Skelly & Sarah Horrock's Trash Twins (located here and here), which Sean edits.
DON'T STEAL HOME WITHOUT IT
Anything Goes: Steven Spielberg '79-'84
Mallory Denton on the Sunrise Caboose
Adrian, Gilbert, Joe and Chris: COMIC BOOKS!
sean witzke in DVD, Film, Podcast | Permalink
Tags: Movies, Podcast
that intro with Eric Andre was the best best best
Posted by: David G | 2016.04.04 at 20:39

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When we were in Paris two weeks ago we had an amazing Indian Summer weekend. One more chance to wear a skirt with bare legs. The cashmere sweater helps to still stay cozy and warm.
Combined with my current favorite shoes - the Adidas Superstar.
Fall in Love with Fringes and Leather.


text:
An Evening with Daniel Craig at the New Yorker Festival
By: Joseph Darlington
On Friday evening, October 7th, in New York City, James Bond fans were treated to an evening getting to know the man behind the sixth incarnation of the legendary super-spy, James Bond. But for anyone who was hoping for an announcement about Daniel Craig's future as 007, ninety minutes can be a long time.
Fresh off the set of Steven Soderbergh's' Logan Lucky (2017) where he plays a character named Joe Bang, Daniel Craig was still sporting the platinum blonde hair as he bonded with his fans in a way that one might not expect from the actor with the reputation for being "prickly" with fans and media. What might surprise the casual fan was just how warm, humble and candid Daniel Craig really came across, and with a self-deprecating sense of humor.
About his 'prickly' reputation: "I'm not at all! I love my job and I celebrate what I do! But, I've always had pretty strict rules about privacy, so when that line gets crossed, I get pissed off." Of paparazzi and living in the public eye, "It's incredibly unnatural!" He added, "2005 was the year the Internet went 'bah-bam,' and suddenly I was very exposed online."
Naturally in a 90-minute forum, the conversation will cover the gambit. Daniel Craig was born on a stack of beer crates in the city of Chester, England. His grandfather was a master tailor, his mother an art teacher, and his father was the landlord of two rowdy pubs in Cheshire. With a background like that, you would think Craig was almost destined to become an actor portraying the world's best-dressed brawler. But, Craig will be the first to refute any reputation as a pub-scrapper. "Normally, what happens in bar fights is you get two guys who are really drunk and get really exhausted really quickly, swing a couple of times and start gasping for breath." Craig can recount being approached by self-proclaimed tough guys looking to get into a "dick swinging" competition. "I'm an actor! It's not real!"
A self-proclaimed "massive Sean Connery fan," the 48-year-old actor described his early days of sneaking to the local cinema where they showed third run movies. He cited Blade Runner (1982) as an early influence, as well as Harrison Ford as an actor, and laments the current generic, focus-group-driven nature of the film industry today.
Craig spoke at length about current projects, including the Broadway production of Othello, in which Craig will be starring in, that Barbara Broccoli will be producing, as well as the upcoming TV series, Purity currently in production, which is based on the novel by Jonathan Franzen. When asked what drew him the character of Andreas Wolf, Craig look bewildered and responded candidly, "Have you read the book? It's fucking great!"
Of course, there was no escaping the current political landscape. While Craig confirmed he had donated to Bernie Sanders' campaign and was a Hillary Clinton supporter ("I'm with her by the way."), even the most ardent Trump supporter couldn't feel offended by his mild criticisms. "You can't run a country like a business. There are losses, and businesses wouldn't put up with that. But those losses are there for good reason; we need to pick up the slack and we have to look after people."
Craig was asked why at this stage of his career he would take an uncredited role as a stormtrooper in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). He once again looked confused, saying, "It's fucking Star Wars!"
His introduction to the role of Bond has to be one of the most unlikely in cinema history. When a good friend passed away, Daniel was one of the pallbearers at the funeral. It was there that a mutual friend came up and introduced herself. That friend was Barbara Broccoli. Six months later, Daniel was invited out for "a cup of tea." From there, it took a year and a half of deliberation before he would be crowned the new James Bond.
Craig was carefully diplomatic when asked about where the Brosnan era had left the Bond franchise. "I can't actually raise my eyebrow; I have to use my hand." He admitted that if the script for Casino Royale (2006) had been similar to the last few films, he would have turned it down. It was Craig's request to be part of the creative process that prompted him to accept the role and make history.
When the subject of Craig's future as James Bond finally arrived, the actor was eager to clarify his "slash my wrists" comments. "They say that shit sticks and that has definitely stuck to me. But, that was the day after I finished filming. It's like you're 20 yards from the end of a marathon and someone asks if you want to do another one, you'd say "fuck you!"
Finally, Craig was asked about the next Bond film. "Where does that conversation stand?" He replied bluntly, "It doesn't."
He explained that it wasn't his intention to make any announcement at this time, and continued, "There's no conversation going on, and genuinely because everybody's just a bit tired."
With that, the floor was opened up for questions, and right out of the gate, one Bond fan pressed Daniel on the issue of continuing the role, and asked what is most tedious about making a Bond movie? Daniel discussed how physically demanding it can be, but continued, "The things I get to do on a Bond movie, there is no other job like it. And if I were to stop doing it, I would miss it terribly."
He was then asked about Spectre (2015), and if throwing his PPK into the Thames and driving off into the sunset represented the end of his character arc? Craig replied, "The answer is, Yes," but continued on, "At that moment, that's what he thinks. But, it always says, 'To be continued' at the end, doesn't it?"
As the enjoyable evening was reaching its conclusion, yours truly had the opportunity to approach the microphone and ask one question: "Daniel, thank you for everything you have brought to James Bond. Is there something that James Bond has given to you? Something that you have taken away from being James Bond that may have surprised you?"
Daniel Craig literally clasped his hands together with a childlike smile and said, "There is a garage upstate somewhere with an Aston Martin in it!"
Written by Joseph Darlington, the man behind Being James Bond. © 2016 From Sweden with Love.
#articles
#daniel_craig
#joe_darlington


Make a pretty charm necklace in rose gold, using our new charm range including faux fur pom poms, castles and fairies! It'll make the perfect Christmas gift for the little girl in your family.
Find the centre of your chain and use a jumpring to connect a faux fur charm to the middle.
Attach a Swarovski heart to either side of the chain approx. 1 inch away from the pom pom.
Continue to add your charms as pictured leaving slightly larger gaps each time.


text:
PI_HOST=$1;
ssh pi@$PI_HOST 'cd proximity-lights/; npm install; npm start;'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The new book, or stories for good boys and girls.
Illustrated brief descriptions of national and social types.
The Hollander -- The Russian -- The Turk -- The Englishman -- The postman -- The gambler -- The drunkard -- The funeral.
1820s edition : The booklet is sewn in a printed, illustrated yellow wrapper, with the full title, publisher, and location on the front cover.
Children's literature, American -- 19th century.


This week Citizen Action records from the fast food and retail workers strike headquarters in Milwaukee. Along with the strike, they talk about Gov. Walker's disgraceful plan to make 83,000 people in poverty wait 3 months for healthcare because he refuses to accept billions in federal money for BadgerCare. They also discuss redistricting, new GOP efforts to pass a Constitutional Amendment requiring a super majority to increase taxes in Wisconsin, and state Supreme Court "F" grade on ethics.


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Advocacy Week: Repeal the Medicare Therapy Caps Now!
We've dealt with the Medicare Therapy cap for the past 20 years and this is the year for us to put a stop to it! The arbitrary cap places an arbitrary limit of $1960 on the amount of outpatient occupational therapy a Medicare can receive each year, regardless of medical necessity or therapeutic need. Despite having an "exceptions process" in place, the cap creates extra costs and potentially harms clients who would benefit from occupational therapy services.
We currently have bipartisan support in the "Medicare Access to Rehabilitation Services Act of 2017 (H.R. 807/S. 253)" which would permanently repeal the therapy cap. Sponsors and co-sponsors include Representatives Erik Paulsen (R-MN), Ron Kind (D-WI), Marsha Blackburn, (R-TN), and Doris Matsui (D-CA), and Senators Ben Cardin (D-MD), Dean Heller (R-NV), and Susan Collins (R-ME).
According to AOTA, "In April 2015, Congress passed the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA), which fixed other flawed Medicare policies, but failed to pass a permanent fix to the therapy cap. Despite strong bipartisan support for a permanent solution, Congress ultimately approved a two-tiered "exceptions process" through December 31, 2017" (AOTA, 2017: Online at http://capwiz.com/aota/issues/alert/?alertid=74944626).
You can find talking points on repeal of the therapy caps at this link: https://www.aota.org/~/media/Corporate/Files/Advocacy/Federal/Tips-and-Tools/Therapy-Cap-Talking-Points-8-2-17.pdf
Visit the AOTA Legislative Action Center at www.aota.org/takeaction to find contact information for your Representatives and Senators and Email them today! You can find editable text following this link: http://capwiz.com/aota/issues/alert/?alertid=74944626. By entering your home address, Email and phone number you can send an Email in less than 5 minutes!
Join me by speaking out and asking to end the therapy caps now! I contacted my Congresspersons, now its your turn!


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Simon Cowell admits animal acts on Britain's Got Talent this year have been "a disaster"
May 26, 2013· · tags: bgt agency, Britain's Got Talent agency, simon cowell, simon cowell agency, simon cowell entertainment agency
Simon Cowell has given Britain's Got Talent's bizarre animal acts a proper beasting, branding them a "complete disaster". The latest series has featured a dancing raccoon and a donkey that paints. Cowell, 53, said: "There have been some really weird acts this year. Unfortunately the worst have been the animal acts. I thought after Pudsey we'd get some brilliant animals but it has been a complete disaster." The music mogul and fellow judges David Walliams, Amanda Holden and Alesha Dixon will tomorrow pick the 45 acts for next week's live semi finals. Cowell said: "There were a few acts I didn't think should go through but I got outvoted. So these semis are going to be very interesting. Source: http://www.mirror.co.uk


Following their compelling late night TV debut on Letterman in 2015, the electrifying eight piece wonder-band The Suffers instantly hit home with their audiences. Exploding onto the scene with their dazzling EP Make Some Room and their critically heralded self-titled debut in 2016, the 2018 release Everything Here proves to be the band's most bold statement yet. Hailing from Houston, Texas, The Suffers have got everything you need and there's no need to look further - a heaping dose of soul, a dash of reggae, a splash of jazz, a pinch of salsa, a hint of rock 'n' roll and a dollop of hip hop and funk - and that is just a few ingredients simmering inside their magical Gulf Coast soul. This thrilling ensemble is led by the relentlessly soulful Kam Franklin, the singer-songwriter, activist, writer and motivational speaker whose vocal range, passion and confidence make her shine as an undeniable force. Adam Castaneda bass, Kevin Bernier guitar, Jon Durbin trumpet, Michael Razo trombone, Jose Luna percussion, Patrick Kelly keyboards, and Nick Zamora drums.


Affinity Engineering Consultancy is a Singapore based company that provides engineering solutions, training and management consultations to clients in major hazard industries to manage health, safety and environmental (HSE) risks.
Affinity Test Services provides a full range of conventional and advanced Non Destructive Testing services catering to the Oil & Petrochemical, Refinery, Marine, Construction, Power Generation and Aerospace industries. The management and staff has extensive Non-Destructive Testing and Inspection experience in carrying out NDT services in fabrication, operating plants and offshore facility.


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Q: Why Do We Have USB Mice When Serial Mice Work Perfectly Fine? Serial mice work perfectly fine, so why are they rarely used any more? The only downside I can really think of is that you don't get plug and play that you get with USB. But how often do you plug in your mouse? Not very often.

A: 1) USB socket is smaller, especially important on laptop and netbook devices.
2) More universal uses for the same socket means I can also disconnect my mouse temporarily (yes, shock horror I can work a Windows machine using only the keyboard) and use the socket for something that is more important at that particular moment.
3) Theoretical pass-through daisy-chaining of USB devices so I can plug my mouse via my keyboard into my printer, through my monitor's USB hub and into a single USB socket on my machine. Who actualy has a pass-through USB port on anything? (other than a specific USB hub or add-on eg in a monitor base)?
4) I would not pack my laptop away with the mouse plugged in, but might forget to connect it before powering up (especially with fast resume from sleep). Rebooting at this point is very annoying.
(PS: I hardly ever plug an actual mouse in these days on my own machines as I use BlueTooth, but I do still use wired mice on client sites)

A: 9-pin serial (DE9) plugs are actually not hot-swappable--they were designed to be, but they're not due to the limitations of the connector. (Doesn't stop me from doing it...)
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplug for details on this.

Similarly, systems which were intended
  to be hot pluggable, such as the RS232
  serial interface, are in practice only
  cold pluggable due to limitations of
  the connector ultimately chosen for
  the interface—in this case the 25- or
  7-pin 'D' style connector.

Also baud rates over 115.2kbps are common but non-standard for serial ports.
Sure, for mice it doesn't make sense, but the days of dedicated ports for certain devices is outdated. I'd rather have a general purpose port that I can plug conceivably anything into.

A: Not having a serial port on many new computers means that "Serial Mice Work Perfectly Fine" is not true anymore.

A: Because with USB we don't need 10 different plugs on our little netbooks.

A: I plug and unplug the mouse on my laptop whenever I want to move it. Plus, I have separate mice for work and home. Both of those things would be very annoying without plug-and-play.

A: Because serial ports are legacy technology and you only really see them used for connections to switches/routers anymore. If you can replace an older, larger, less-capable connection with a newer more widely used one, you do it.

A: I would think that you can have more functionality with a USB mouse like additional button support and higher response rates.
Also, you can do silly things like combining a finger scanner and a wireless mouse together in one package.

A: Swiped of from ... somewhere ...
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard to interface devices. A major component in the legacy-free PC, USB was designed to allow peripherals to be connected using a single standardised interface socket, to improve plug-and-play capabilities by allowing devices to be connected and disconnected without rebooting the computer (hot swapping). Other convenient features include powering low-consumption devices without the need for an external power supply and allowing some devices to be used without requiring individual device drivers to be installed.
USB is intended to help retire all legacy serial and parallel ports. USB can connect computer peripherals such as mouse devices, keyboards, PDAs, gamepads and joysticks, scanners, digital cameras and printers. For many of those devices USB has become the standard connection method. USB is also used extensively to connect non-networked printers; USB simplifies connecting several printers to one computer. USB was originally designed for personal computers, but it has become commonplace on other devices such as PDAs and video game consoles. In 2004, there were about 1 billion USB devices in the world.
serial:
In computing, a serial port is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one bit at a time (contrast parallel port). Throughout most of the history of personal computers, data transfer through serial ports connected the computer to devices such as terminals or modems. Mice, keyboards, and other peripheral devices also connected in this way.
While such interfaces as Ethernet, FireWire, and USB all send data as a serial stream, the term "serial port" usually identifies hardware more or less compliant to the RS-232 standard, intended to interface with a modem or with a similar communication device.
For many computer peripheral devices the USB interface has replaced the serial port — as of 2007, most modern computers are connected to devices through a USB connection, and often don't even have a serial port. The serial port is omitted for cost savings, and is considered to be a legacy port. However serial ports can still be found in industrial automation systems and some industrial and consumer products. Network equipment (such as routers and switches) often have serial ports for configuration. Serial ports are still used in these areas as they are simple, cheap and allow interoperability between devices. The disadvantage is that setting up serial connections may require expert knowledge and complex commands if poorly implemented.
Personally, I loved the serial/parallel ports ... those 9 and 24 pin ports were mean bastards (strength-wise, USB's could really be a little stronger). I still have (and use) a printer on one of those ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


As an admin looking after an Office 365 tenant, you may have noticed that you don't see (yet) the SharePoint site collections that are created for Office 365 Groups in the SharePoint admin center. There are probably a few good reasons for this e.g to prevent an unwanted deletion of this site collection. However, with a few clever (pnp) PowerShell cmdlets you can still list and manage those "hidden" site collections.
Now you're all set to use the PnP PowerShell cmdlets.
Now you can connect to your O365 tenant. Important is to request permissions to read (and optionally write) all groups.
Now finally you can request a list of all groups.


Armenian Reporter International [Paramus] 21 Dec 1996: 26.
ETCHMIADZIN, Armenia The Executive Committee of the 1700th Commemoration of Christian Armenia met for two days on October 24 and 25, in order to hear reports and examine the progress since the committee's last meeting in August.
Catholicos Karekin opened the meeting, reiterating the basic goals of the committee, and Catholicos Aram expressed his blessings and best wishes. Archbishop Mesrob Ashjian, executive secretary of the committee, introduced the basic plans for the organization of pilgrimages, after which Archbishop Hovnan Derderian, Primate of Canada, presented a report prepared by the committee overseeing pilgrimages. The meeting was chaired by Archbishop Karekin Nercessian, Primate of the Araratian Diocese, and recorded by Deacon Hratch Tchilingirian.
Extensive discussion led by Archbishop Derderian, Deacon Tchilingirian, and Dr. Shahe Orfaly, on how to motivate young people to participate in the pilgrimages, ensued. Pilgrimages are being planned for three specific age groups, 18 to 30 years; 30 to 45 years; and 45 and up. All participants will be responsible for their own expenses. However, it was noted that individuals who cannot participate because of age or health can nevertheless "participate" by sponsoring a pilgrim.
27. Lecture: "Caught between Two Fires ‐ Armenians in Syria Today"
Parue dans « Aztagdaily » , traduction Louise Kiffer.
« L'Abkhazie n'est pas un endroit pour des vacances, c'est une zone de guerre » a dit le Président géorgien Mikhaïl Saakashvili au début de ce mois, menaçant de couler les bateaux étrangers (sous-entendu : russes) qui entreraient dans la région sans autorisation de son gouvernement. Ses commentaires arrivèrent à un moment où les tensions s'élevaient entre les autorités centrales de Géorgie et deux de ses régions dissidentes, l'Ossétie du sud et l'Abkhazie, que Saakashvili avait promis de récupérer. Moscou s'est opposée furieusement à ces déclarations, ses relations avec la Géorgie s'étant effondrées depuis que la « révolution rose » avait porté au pouvoir Saakashvili le pro-occidental.
35. South Caucasus: A war-zone or a place for holidays?
LONDON—An evening of dialogue and discussion in memory of Hrant Dink featured the special screening of "Bolis," a film by Eric Nazarian, at University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) on January 27.


Many times, retirement accounts are considered marital property and must be divided during divorce. That's where a qualified domestic relations order (QDRO) comes into play. A QDRO is a special document that outlines exactly how and when a pension plan should be divided.
At the Butte County law office of Norman J. Ryker III, you will find a lawyer with the decades of experience necessary to protect your interests at every stage of the property division process. He is also certified as a family law specialist by the State Bar of California. Let him provide the personal yet professional assistance you require.
Why Hire A Lawyer To Draft Your QDRO?
He can untangle the complex details. Dividing retirement plans and pensions is a critical part of divorce, but it's also extremely complex. Some pensions can be divided between divorcing spouses and some can't. It may be in your best interest to include cost-of-living adjustments and temporary benefits in the QDRO — or it may not. Every pension is different, and every divorce is different. It takes a skilled attorney to sort through all the variables.
He can customize the document to your needs. If you use a generic QDRO provided by your employer, it will naturally be worded to benefit the company. After all, the company wants to make the process as easy as possible for itself, regardless of what would actually benefit you. Norman Ryker can create a QDRO that is uniquely tailored to you — not to the company.
He can help ensure that your spouse doesn't obtain an unfair advantage. While it may appear on the surface that QDROs are neutral documents, intended to divide assets equally between both parties, this isn't true. In fact, QDROs are typically weighted in favor of one spouse or the other. Norman Ryker can make sure your financial interests will actually be protected.
To set up an initial consultation for a reasonable flat fee, please call the Chico office at 530-487-1689 or send an email today.
Family Law attorney Norman J. Ryker represents clients throughout Butte County and Glenn County, including the communities of Chico, Oroville, Paradise, and Willows, California.


text:
Award Information
Astrocyte regulation of cortical neurodegeneration in C9orf72 FTD/ALS
Award Number: R21NS125861
ORGANIZATION: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE
OPDIV: NIH
AWARD CLASS: DISCRETIONARY
AWARD ACTIVITY TYPE: SCIENTIFIC/HEALTH RESEARCH (INCLUDES SURVEYS)
Group Awards By Issue Date FY or Funding FY:
View Award Abstract
PROJECT ABSTRACT The GGGGCC (G4C2) hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) in the first intron of the gene C9orf72, is the most common genetic abnormality associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The disease pathogenesis ultimately leads to the concurrent degeneration of cortical forebrain and spinal motor neurons, and result in the clinical deficits of motor function and dementia. While the C9orf72- FTD/ALS disease pathogenesis has been well characterized in spinal motor neurons and a contribution of the observed neurodegeneration has been attributed to spinal cord astrocytes, there is little known about the pathobiology in cortical astrocytes and their role in cortical neurodegeneration, which is proposed to contribute to the dementia symptoms in this patient population. In the parent grant of this supplement, we hypothesized that cortical astrocytes play an integral role in the non-cell autonomous disease pathology contributing to the degeneration of cortical neurons in C9orf72-FTD/ALS. To test this hypothesis, we proposed cellular and molecular analyses of postmortem forebrain autopsy tissues and patient-derived iPSC cortical neurons and cortical astrocytes co-culture systems. With this supplement, we expand on these studies and propose to examine the contribution of astrocyte-neuron contact-dependent mechanisms (Aim 1) and astrocyte-secreted factors (Aim 2) in cortical neurodegeneration. These contributions will be tested using iPSC cortical astrocyte- cortical neuron co-culture models. The graduate student assigned to this project, Ms. Lynette Bustos, will focus on known astrocyte proteins (e.g., neuroligins and ephrins) that make direct contact with neuronal synaptic proteins, as well as astrocyte secreted proteins implicated in synapse structure and function (e.g. Hevin, SPARC, thrombospondins, glypicans). Lynette will thoroughly examine the role of these proteins in the degeneration of cortical neurons. Together with the studies performed under the parent grant, these analyses will for the first time elucidate the contributing role of cortical astrocytes in the neurodegeneration of cortical neurons in C9orf72- FTD/ALS, addressing the disease mechanisms of dementia in this spectrum disorder. Additionally, this work will provide novel opportunities for drug target identification with the hope of identifying novel therapeutics for the affected patient populations.
Assistance Listing
Issue Date FY: 2022 ( Subtotal = $87,087 )
2022 2022 DIGNITY HEALTH 185 BERRY ST STE 300 SAN FRANCISCO CA 94107 SAN FRANCISCO USA Extramural Research Programs in the Neurosciences and Neurological Disorders 002 1 4/22/2022 SUPPLEMENT FOR EXPANSION -$7,209
2022 2022 DIGNITY HEALTH 185 BERRY ST STE 300 SAN FRANCISCO CA 94107 SAN FRANCISCO USA Extramural Research Programs in the Neurosciences and Neurological Disorders 000 1 3/21/2022 SUPPLEMENT FOR EXPANSION $94,296
2022 2021 DIGNITY HEALTH 185 BERRY ST STE 300 SAN FRANCISCO CA 94107 SAN FRANCISCO USA Extramural Research Programs in the Neurosciences and Neurological Disorders 001 1 4/22/2022 NEW $0
Issue Date FY: 2021 ( Subtotal = $415,637 )
2021 2021 DIGNITY HEALTH 185 BERRY ST STE 300 SAN FRANCISCO CA 94107 SAN FRANCISCO USA Extramural Research Programs in the Neurosciences and Neurological Disorders 000 1 9/24/2021 NEW $415,637
Grand Total All Awards = $502,724
Sum of Action Amount is $502,724;
Grand Total = $502,724