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1 May 2018 Carbon Sequestration in a Pacific Northwest Eelgrass (Zostera marina) Meadow
Katrina L. Poppe, John M. Rybczyk
Katrina L. Poppe,1 John M. Rybczyk1
1Huxley College of the Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225
Northwest Science, 92(2):80-91 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3955/046.092.0202
Sediment Core Collection
Carbon Analysis
Radioisotope Dating
Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate Calculations
Carbon Sequestration Rates
Sediment Organic Matter Limitation
Suspended Sediment Limitation
Interactions Between Limiting Factors
Implications for Blue Carbon Valuation
FIGURES & TABLES
Coastal wetlands are known to be efficient carbon sinks due to high rates of primary productivity, carbon burial by mineral sediments, and low rates of sediment organic matter decomposition. Of the three coastal wetland types: tidal marshes, tidal forests, and seagrass meadows, carbon burial by seagrasses is relatively under-studied, and reported rates range widely from 45 to 190 g C m-2 yr-1. Additionally, most of these seagrass rates are biased toward tropical and subtropical species, particularly Posidonia oceanica, with few focused on Zostera marina, the most widespread species in the northern hemisphere. We measured sediment organic content, carbon content, and long-term accretion rates to estimate organic carbon stocks and sequestration rates for a Z. marina meadow in Padilla Bay, a National Estuarine Research Reserve in Washington. We found rates of carbon sequestration to be quite low relative to commonly reported values, averaging 9 to 11 g C m-2 yr-1. We attribute this to both low sediment organic content and low rates of accretion. We postulate here that Padilla Bay's low carbon sequestration capacity may be representative of healthy Z. marina meadows rather than an anomaly, and that Z. marina meadows have an inherently low carbon sequestration capacity because of the species' low tolerance for suspended sediment (which limits light availability) and sediment organic content (which leads to toxic sulfide levels). Further research should focus on measuring carbon sequestration rates from other Z. marina meadows, particularly from sites that exhibit, a priori, the potential for higher rates of carbon sequestration.
Coastal wetland ecosystems, including seagrass meadows, salt marshes, and mangrove forests, are known to be efficient and long-term (centuryscale) carbon sinks because of their potential for high rates of productivity, low rates of organic matter decomposition in hydric sediments, and carbon burial by mineral sediments (Mcleod et al. 2011). Additionally, coastal waters, high in sulfate compared to freshwater wetlands, inhibit the generation of methane, a potent greenhouse gas (Reddy and DeLaune 2008). The resulting stored sediment carbon, particular to coastal ecosystems, is referred to as "blue carbon" (Nelleman et al. 2009). This carbon sequestration capacity is a newly recognized ecosystem service, giving coastal wetlands the potential to mitigate climate change and allowing them to be entered into the voluntary carbon market (Emmer et al. 2015), once estimates of the actual carbon stocks and sequestration rates are determined.
Of all coastal wetland habitats, carbon sequestration by seagrasses is the least studied or published (Grimsditch et al. 2013). Based on a review of seven available studies summarizing a total of 123 sites, Mcleod et al. (2011) reported carbon accumulation rates in seagrass meadows ranging from 45 to 190 g C m-2 yr1, with a mean rate of 138 ± 38 g C m-2 yr-1. The relatively high variability in seagrass carbon sequestration rates can be attributed to variability among species and habitats (Duarte et al. 2010, Kennedy et al. 2010, Grimsditch et al. 2013, Lavery et al. 2013, Rozaimi et al. 2013), or possibly to the relative difficulty in obtaining reliable long-term accretion rates in these environments. In any event, existing reviews of carbon sequestration rates are disproportionately dominated by tropical and subtropical species, particularly Posidonia oceanica, despite Zostera marina being the most widespread seagrass species in the northern hemisphere (Green and Short 2003), including the Pacific Northwest. Posidonia oceanico has an exceptional capacity for carbon storage and sequestration because of its thick, dense mat of roots and rhizomes, not necessarily representative of all seagrass species (Gacia et al. 2002, Mateo et al. 1997, Serrano et al. 2012). The few existing studies of Z. marina carbon sequestration have reported relatively low rates, ranging from 0 to 37 g C m-2 yr-1 (Greiner et al. 2013, Miyajima et al. 2015, Spooner 2015).
With over 3800 ha of eelgrass (seagrasses in the genus Zostera), Padilla Bay is the largest eelgrass meadow in the greater Puget Sound (Berry et al. 2003) and one of the largest contiguous eelgrass stands along the North American Pacific coast (Bulthuis and Shull 2006) thus indicating a potential for significant blue carbon sequestration. However, to use blue carbon finance mechanisms, eelgrass restoration projects must use published, regionally-specific carbon stock and sequestration rate data, and the Pacific Northwest has a paucity of published eelgrass blue carbon studies available to confirm or disagree with global average values. The objective of this study was to address this data gap by measuring and documenting sediment carbon stocks and sequestration rates from this extensive temperate eelgrass meadow, and comparing those rates to other published rates for Zostera marina.
Padilla Bay is a National Estuarine Research Reserve (PBNERR) in Washington State, recognized as an estuary of significant ecological value in the Puget Sound with extensive tidal mudflats and eelgrass meadows (Figure 1). The bay is largely intertidal with a maximum tidal range of 4 m (Bulthuis 1995). Freshwater inputs to Padilla Bay include several sloughs draining surrounding agricultural lands, and Skagit River discharge from the south via the Swinomish Channel. The contribution from the latter is limited, however, as the predominant currents from the channel flow northwest toward Guemes Channel, generally bypassing Padilla Bay (Bulthuis and Conrad 1995).
Two species of eelgrass (Zostera spp.) occur in Padilla Bay: the native Z. marina and the non-native Z. japonica. Zostera marina covers a much larger area (approximately 3131 ha or 82% of total eelgrass coverage) than Z. japonica (approximately 669 ha or 18% of total coverage) as of 2004 (Bulthuis and Shull 2006). In Padilla Bay, Z. marina occurs in the upper subtidal to lower intertidal zone (approximately -3.0 to +0.3 m mean lower low water height, MLLW), whereas Z. japonica occurs in the mid intertidal zone (approximately +0.3 to +0.8 m MLLW); (Bulthuis 1995, Thom 1990). However, Z. japonica appears to be expanding at both its upper and lower elevation limits in recent years, increasing the area of overlap (Bohlmann et al. 2016).
In 2011, PBNERR established permanent eelgrass biomonitoring plots along three 4-km transects in northern Padilla Bay. We collected one sediment core from each of six sites along the northernmost PBNERR transect in December 2013 (Figure 1) from which we measured sediment bulk density, organic content, carbon content, and long-term accretion rates to estimate sediment carbon stocks and accumulation rates. Coring site elevation ranged from +0.49 m to -0.66 m MLLW. Although the meadow overall is dominated by Z. marina, all sites also contained some amount of Z. japonica. PVC corers with an internal diameter of 10.0 cm were driven into the sediment to a depth of at least 30 cm. Sediment cores were frozen, sliced into 2-cm sections, dried for 72 hours to obtain dry bulk density, then ground through a 0.425mm mesh screen. The organic content of each section was determined through loss on ignition by burning ground subsamples at 500 °C for 24 hours and weighing before and after burning (Craft et al. 1991). We evaluated the variation in organic content across depths with a one-way ANOVA comparing 2-cm depth sections, followed by Tukey HSD post hoc pairwise comparisons.
Location of study sites within Padilla Bay, a National Estuarine Research Reserve in northern Puget Sound, Washington. Bottom inset shows LiDAR imagery with study sites relative to tidal channels.
We directly measured carbon content (% by weight) for a subset of samples (n = 46) using a FlashEA 1112 CN analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA), to establish a conversion from organic content to organic carbon content. These samples were first analyzed for total (organic and inorganic) carbon content. Organic matter was then removed by loss on ignition (LOI), and the remaining inorganic portions of the samples were analyzed again with the CN analyzer for inorganic carbon content. Organic carbon content was calculated by subtraction. The LOI–C conversion was then applied to all samples to produce the reported organic carbon contents (Corg = 0.3134*OM content – 0.1149; R2 = 0.97, P < 0.001).
Long-term sediment accretion rates were determined for each core using the downcore distribution of 210Pb with both the constant initial concentration (CIC) model (Robbins et al. 1978) and the constant rate of supply (CRS) model (Appleby and Oldfield 1978). The CIC model produces a single accretion rate for each core, assuming that 210Pb activity at the surface is constant over time, and that migration within the soil column is negligible. The CRS model produces a separate accretion rate for each sample from various core depths and assumes a constant rate of supply of 210Pb to the sediment. Excess 210Pb activity was determined using a Canberra Germanium Detector (model GL2820R, Mirion Technologies (Canberra) Inc., Meriden, CT), with gamma emissions at 46 keV and 351 keV recorded by Genie 2000 software (Canberra 2002). Excess (unsupported) 210Pb was calculated as the difference between total 210Pb (at 46 keV) and supported 210Pb (at 351 keV) to distinguish between excess 210Pb deposited at the sediment surface and supported 210Pb that has decayed from radium in the sediment. Cores were analyzed in 2-cm sections from the surface to the depth at which the excess 210Pb concentration declined to zero. A linear regression of the natural log of excess 210Pb activity versus depth was used to determine the CIC-based accretion rate, which is equal to -λhere λhe half-life of 210Pb (22.2 yr-1) and s is the slope of the regression. The CRS-based accretion rate was calculated using the equation:
Where Qx is the inventory of excess 210Pb below depth x, Q0 is the total inventory, and t is the age of depth x. After the model was used to solve for the age (t) of each depth, the accretion rate for each depth was then calculated as its depth divided by its age. The range of rates within each core were averaged to produce one accretion rate per core, to compare with the CIC-based rates.
Bioturbation can inflate the apparent accretion rate with the transport of surface sediment downward in the 210Pb profile. Since the influence of bioturbation cannot necessarily be identified based on the shape of the profile, the only way to assess the relative effect of bioturbation is by analyzing the 210Pb inventory and flux. We calculated the excess 210Pb inventory for each core to obtain the 210Pb flux to the sediment, to compare our calculated flux to the expected flux for the region (Nevissi 1985). The inventory calculation included all core sections with positive excess210Pb values. An observed flux lower than expected implies that the site sees little to no sediment deposition, and the apparent long-term accretion rate could be attributed to bioturbation instead of sediment deposition. Conversely, an observed flux higher than expected implies that the site is depositional, and the apparent long-term accretion rate is a reflection of both accretion and bioturbation. This comparison can be done with either the 210Pb inventory or the flux (e.g., Baskaran and Santschi 2002, Bentley and Kahlmeyer 2012, Muhammad et al. 2008), depending on the available reference for the region of interest.
We calculated carbon stocks by summing the carbon mass across the top 30 cm of the sediment profile, similar to Callaway et al. (2012) and Crooks et al. (2014), using carbon density and sediment volume. The top 30 cm was considered a sufficient depth to capture the decline of sediment carbon to a stable value and the decline of excess 21Pb to zero, based on previous studies in Padilla Bay (Kairis 2008, Kuhlmann 2011). Carbon density was based on bulk density and carbon content of each 2-cm core section. We obtained a representative carbon density for each core by averaging carbon density from the surface to the depth at which excess210Pb declined to zero, which ranged from 8 to 20 cm. We calculated carbon accumulation rates for each core as the product of carbon density and the long-term accretion rate. The resulting carbon accumulation rates thus represent average rates over the past 100 years. We evaluated the effect of Zostera japonica presence on sediment characteristics using regression analyses on both Z. japonica biomass versus sediment organic content, and Z. japonica biomass versus sediment carbon stock. Since Z. japonica biomass did not explain variability in sediment organic content (R2 = 0.40, P = 0.18) or carbon stock (R2 = 0.48, P = 0.12), all cores were considered representative of an eelgrass meadow dominated by Z. marina.
Mean organic matter content of each of the six cores ranged from 1.33%to 2.27% by weight with an overall mean (± SE) of 1.68 ± 0.09% (Table 1). Organic matter content was fairly consistent across the entire sediment profile. Only the top 2 cm was significantly higher than lower core sections (P < 0.05 for Tukey post hoc pairwise comparisons between top 2 cm and all other sections from 4 to 36 cm depth) (Figure 2). Carbon content across all cores ranged from 0.30% to 0.60% with a mean of 0.41 ± 0.03% (Table 1). Carbon stocks in the top 30 cm of sediment cores ranged from 1.18 to 1.90 kg C m-2, with a mean of 1.42 ± 0.11 kg C m-2 (Table 1).
Accretion rates determined with the CIC model ranged from 0.08 to 0.49 cm yr-1, with a mean of 0.23 ± 0.04 cm yr-1 (Table 2). Rates determined with the CRS model ranged from 0.08 to 0.31 cm yr-1, with a mean of 0.19±0.01 cm yr-1 (Table 2). The CIC and CRS accretion rates were significantly correlated (r = 0.89, P < 0.01), similar to comparisons by Carey et al. (2017) and Bricker-Urso et al. (1989).
Sediment characteristics and organic carbon stocks for each core. Sediment characteristics are reported as the average value from the surface to the depth at which excess 210Pb declined to zero, representing an approximately 100-year timeframe. Means and standard errors are shown for each core, as well as the means and standard errors across cores.
Sediment core profiles of A) organic matter, B) bulk density, and C) pore space. Profiles show the mean (± SE) of each 2-cm core section across six sites from within Padilla Bay's eelgrass meadow.
Carbon accumulation rates calculated with the CIC-based accretion rates ranged from 5.03 to 21.72 g C m-2 yr-1, with a mean rate of 11.34 ± 1.74 gC m-2 yr-1 (Table 2). Carbon accumulation rates using the CRS-based accretion rates ranged from 5.40 to 13.82 g C m-2 yr-1, with a mean rate of 9.14 ± 0.59 g C m-2 yr-1 (Table 2).
No obvious mixed layers were observed in the downcore 210Pb profiles (Figure 3). The210Pb flux analysis revealed that all sites had a lower210Pb flux to the sediment than expected based on the reference atmospheric flux of 0.44 disintegrations per minute (dpm) cm yr-1 for the region (Nevissi 1985). This suggests that the sites experience little sediment deposition, and that the reported accretion rates should be considered maximum possible rates and possibly overestimated.
Padilla Bay's sediment carbon stocks of 1.42 kg C m-2 are low compared to other coastal wetland habitat types such as tidal marshes and mangroves (Fourqurean et al. 2012). For example, a natural (unimpacted) Pacific Northwest tidal marsh had a reported stock of 7.17 kg C m-2, and nearby tidal swamp sites had up to 9.85 kg C m-2 (Crooks et al. 2014). However, Padilla Bay's eelgrass meadow stocks are similar to stocks reported for most other seagrass sites globally, with the exception of mat-forming species such as P. oceanica (Campbell et al. 2015, Fourqurean et al. 2012, Rohr et al. 2016, Schile et al. 2016).
Although the carbon sequestration rates measured here are below the range reported by Mcleod et al. (2011) in their review of all seagrass species, they are within the range of values recently reported for Z marina specifically (Greiner et al. 2013, Miyajima et al. 2015, Spooner 2015). Spooner (2015) reported carbon accumulation rates from Z. marina sites in British Columbia, Canada, ranging from 0 to 13 g C m-2 yr-1. Miyajima et al. (2015) measured carbon accumulation rates of 3.13, 7.10, and 10.14 g C m-2 yr-1 from three Z. marina sites near Japan. However, they used radiocarbon dating to obtain sediment accretion rates, which would result in lower rates than would be expected using the shorter-termed210Pb method. Greiner et al. (2013) measured the highest carbon accumulation rate of 36.68 g C m-2 yr-1 from a 10-year restored Z. marina meadow in the coastal bays of Virginia, which is over three times the average we measured in Padilla Bay. Note, however, that this accretion rate reflects only the 10 years following site restoration. It is thus expected that the 10-year accretion rate would be higher than a longer-term (100-year) rate measured by 210Pb, which incorporates long-term processes of compaction and decomposition (Callaway et al. 1996, Neubauer et al. 2002).
Accretion rates and carbon accumulation rates calculated with both CIC and CRS dating models. Rates were determined for portion of each core with positive excess 210Pb activity values, representing an approximately 100-year timeframe. Means and standard errors are shown for each core, as well as the means and standard errors across cores.
Excess 210Pb activity versus depth in the sediment column at each site in Padilla Bay. Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation. Hollow points represent excess 210Pb values less than 0 Bg g-1, which were not included in the natural log regression used to calculate the accretion rates.
Compared to the range of sequestration rates reported by Mcleod et al. (2011), the carbon sequestration rates we measured in Padilla Bay are low because both long-term accretion rates and sediment organic content are low. Based on results from this study and similar Z. marina studies, we postulate that Padilla Bay's low carbon sequestration capacity may be representative of healthy Z. marina meadows rather than an anomaly, and that Z. marina meadows have an inherently low carbon sequestration capacity due to multiple species-specific habitat requirements discussed below.
A system that sequesters carbon must have both carbon in the sediment, and an ongoing accumulation of new material. One possible reason why eelgrass meadows have a limited carbon storage capacity is that Z. marina itself can tolerate relatively little sediment carbon. Multiple studies have pointed to an upper threshold of approximately 5% sediment organic content (% by weight) for submerged aquatic vegetation and Z. marina in particular (Barko and Smart 1983, Batiuk et al. 2000, Kemp et al. 2004, Koch 2001), above which the plants may be unable to defend against toxic sulfide concentrations (Goodman et al. 1995, Koch and Erskine 2001, Mascaro et al. 2009). Although this threshold may vary somewhat depending on other factors such as hydrological conditions (Wicks et al. 2009), sulfides may be one of the more important limiting factors as they can cause decreased growth rates, reduced aboveground biomass, and increased mortality (Burkholder et al. 2007, Pérez et al. 2007, Walser 2014).
The empirical organic content limit of 5% is consistent with the occurrence of Z marina in Padilla Bay, where surface (top 2 cm) organic content ranges from 1.7% (this study) to 5.0% (Kairis 2008). Kairis (2008) and Kuhlmann (2011) reported similar surface organic content from at least 16 eelgrass sites across Padilla Bay, averaging 2.9% and 2.6%, respectively. The organic content we have observed in Padilla Bay 's eelgrass meadow is similar to that seen in other Pacific Northwest eelgrass meadows. Yang et al. (2013) reported a range of 0.6 to 3.2% organic content from 17 Puget Sound eelgrass meadows (with the highest value in Padilla Bay). Thom et al. (2001) reported a range of approximately 0.25 to 2.5% carbon content from 10 eelgrass meadows across the Pacific Northwest, which points to approximately 0.5 to 5% organic content. Ruesink et al. (2010) found that both Z. marina and Z. japonica occupied sediments with 1 to 4% organic content in Willapa Bay. More recently Ruesink et al. (2015) reported Z. marina sediment organic contents ranging from < 1 to 9%, although these were from surface sediment scrapes which are expected to be somewhat higher than subsurface sediments. Data compiled by Fourqurean et al. (2012) from multiple studies worldwide showed an average Z marina sediment organic content of 2.5%, a median of 1.7%, and less than 5% organic content in nearly all Z marina sediment samples, with the exception of one study reporting a sample with 6.98% organic content (Holmer et al. 2006), and another reporting sediment organic contents up to 16.5%(Krause-Jensen et al. 2011). Although there may be instances of Z. marina growing in relatively organic-rich sediment, the large majority of Z. marina appears to be found in organic-poor sediments.
This low observed sediment organic content may be surprising given high rates of annual net primary productivity (NPP), averaging 351 g C m-2 in Padilla Bay (Thom 1990). Much of the plant material produced in eelgrass beds is likely decomposed (Kairis and Rybczyk 2010) or exported, although few studies have quantified seagrass export because measurement can be difficult (Mateo et al. 2006). Duarte and Cebrian (1996) reviewed carbon budgets for a variety of coastal habitats and estimated that seagrass ecosystems on average export 24.3% of their total NPP, with 50.3% lost to decomposition, 18.6% to herbivory, and only 15.9% stored in the seagrass bed sediments. Lacking a more regionally-specific estimate of export, it may be reasonable to assume that only a small fraction of the plant material produced in Pacific Northwest eelgrass meadows is buried in situ. A portion of the exported fraction may be sequestered elsewhere, either outside the meadow or in deep sea sediments (Duarte and Krause-Jensen 2017).
Another potential reason why Z. marina meadows have a limited carbon storage capacity is that Z marina tolerates relatively little suspended sediment. Carbon sequestration requires an accumulation of organic material which is often aided by mineral sediment accretion and subsequent burial, particularly in tidal wetlands (Chmura et al. 2003). Zostera marina tolerance for total suspended solids (TSS) is limited by the plant's light requirements. Zostera marina requires at least 10–20% of surface irradiance to survive (Duarte 1991, Short and Burdick 1995), and as much as 50% of surface irradiance to thrive (Ochieng et al. 2010). Incident light is reduced by TSS, phytoplankton, and epiphytes, and these three light-attenuating factors vary from site to site. A few studies have reported the upper TSS tolerance limits for various Z. marina study sites, and although they differ as a result of variation in eelgrass depth and other light-attenuating factors, their limits are all low relative to typical TSS concentrations observed in other coastal wetland types. For example, tidal marshes along the East and Gulf coasts of the U SA typically have TSS concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 mgL-1, and many of these marshes have seen a decline relative to historical concentrations (Weston 2014). In contrast, Z. marina tolerates much lower TSS concentrations. Moore et al. (1996) observed eelgrass loss in Chesapeake Bay when TSS concentrations reached 15–40 mg L-1. Batiuk et al. (2000) assessed water quality conditions and light requirements at several Chesapeake Bay sites and recommended a TSS target limit of 15 mg L-1. A study of several Massachusetts eelgrass sites reported a lower TSS limit of 3 mg L-1 to 6 mg L-1 (Kenworthy et al. 2014). Padilla Bay has a TSS concentration of approximately 4 mg L-1, with little seasonal and annual variability (Poppe 2016). This TSS concentration results in minimal long-term accretion rates.
An interaction between sediment organic content and eelgrass light requirements may impose an additional limit on the carbon sequestration capacity of Z. marina meadows. A high sediment organic content may actually increase the plant's light requirements because of the need to supply more oxygen to the rhizosphere to oxidize higher levels of sulfides (Armstrong 1978, Kenworthy et al. 2014, Krause-Jensen et al. 2011), if eelgrass is to remain healthy.
The list of ecosystem services provided by seagrass meadows is long (Batker et al. 2008, Costanza et al. 2014), and it is tempting to add carbon sequestration to the list, especially when this ecosystem service is an emerging tool for conservation and restoration (Crooks et al. 2010). However, the limited number of Z. marina blue carbon studies report carbon sequestration rates (0 to 36.68 g C m-2 yr-1) much lower than the commonly cited rates for seagrasses (45 to 190 g C m-2 yr-1), and results from this study (5.03 to 21.72 g C m-2yr-1) fall within the range of existing Z. marina rates. Existing global estimates of seagrass carbon sequestration rates should thus be used with caution when applied to eelgrass habitats of the Pacific Northwest, since the majority of studies to date have focused on a limited number of seagrass species, and there appears to be a great deal of variation in carbon sequestration rates among species. Applying the global average seagrass rates to eelgrass meadows of the Pacific Northwest risks overestimating their carbon sequestration potential and assigning them too many carbon offset credits for blue carbon projects, inadvertently increasing net carbon emissions to the atmosphere.
Although Z. marina sediment carbon sequestration rates may be minimal, some of the carbon produced within the meadow may be exported and sequestered elsewhere. In addition, Z. marina may still host a notable carbon stock that could potentially be lost as a result of habitat conversion. Habitat conversion in this case would most likely involve conversion to mudflat or open water with a decline in eelgrass health (Orth et al. 2006). With a sediment carbon stock of 1.42 ± 0.11 kg C m-2 (14.2 ± 1.1 Mg C ha-1) in the top 30 cm, and a total eelgrass area of approximately 3800 ha, Padilla Bay's eelgrass meadow stores approximately 53 960 tonnes of carbon in the top 30 cm of the sediment. Extrapolating this stock to the 1-m depth recommended by Pendleton et al. (2012) results in approximately 180 000 Mg of carbon that could potentially be lost to the atmosphere, with a cost to the economy of over $27 million using the "social cost of carbon" of $41 per Mg CO2 (Pendleton et al. 2012).
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© 2018 by the Northwest Scientific Association. All rights reserved.
Katrina L. Poppe and John M. Rybczyk "Carbon Sequestration in a Pacific Northwest Eelgrass (Zostera marina) Meadow," Northwest Science 92(2), 80-91, (1 May 2018). https://doi.org/10.3955/046.092.0202
Received: 3 October 2017; Accepted: 11 December 2017; Published: 1 May 2018
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Katrina L. Poppe, John M. Rybczyk "Carbon Sequestration in a Pacific Northwest Eelgrass (Zostera marina) Meadow," Northwest Science, 92(2), 80-91, (1 May 2018)


text:
package acceptance.com.vendingontime.backend;

import acceptance.com.vendingontime.backend.testutils.E2ETest;
import com.vendingontime.backend.models.bodymodels.person.LogInData;
import com.vendingontime.backend.models.bodymodels.person.SignUpData;
import com.vendingontime.backend.models.person.Person;
import com.vendingontime.backend.models.person.PersonRole;
import com.vendingontime.backend.repositories.PersonRepository;
import com.vendingontime.backend.routes.GetPersonProfileRouter;
import com.vendingontime.backend.routes.UserProfileRouter;
import com.vendingontime.backend.routes.utils.HttpResponse;
import com.vendingontime.backend.services.LogInService;
import com.vendingontime.backend.services.SignUpService;
import org.junit.Test;
import testutils.FixtureFactory;

import javax.inject.Inject;

import static io.restassured.RestAssured.given;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.notNullValue;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.nullValue;
import static org.hamcrest.core.Is.is;
import static org.hamcrest.core.IsEqual.equalTo;

public class E2EOwnUserProfileTest extends E2ETest {

    @Inject private SignUpService signUpService;
    @Inject private LogInService logInService;
    @Inject private PersonRepository repository;

    @Test
    public void retrieveUserProfile_supervisor_withValidToken_returnsUserData() throws Exception {
        SignUpData signUpData = FixtureFactory.generateSignUpData();
        Person supervisor = signUpService.createSupervisor(signUpData);

        LogInData logInData = FixtureFactory.generateLogInDataFrom(supervisor);
        String token = logInService.authorizeUser(logInData);

        given()
                .header("Authorization", "JWT " + token)
        .when()
                .get(host + UserProfileRouter.V1_PROFILE)
        .then()
                .statusCode(HttpResponse.StatusCode.OK)
                .body("success", is(true))
                .body("data.id", notNullValue())
                .body("data.dni", equalTo(supervisor.getDni()))
                .body("data.username", equalTo(supervisor.getUsername()))
                .body("data.password", nullValue())
                .body("data.email", equalTo(supervisor.getEmail()))
                .body("data.name", equalTo(supervisor.getName()))
                .body("data.surnames", equalTo(supervisor.getSurnames()))
                .body("data.role", equalTo(PersonRole.SUPERVISOR.toValue()))
                .body("error", nullValue());

        repository.deleteAll();
    }

    @Test
    public void retrieveUserProfile_supervisor_withValidTokenAndId_returnsUserData() throws Exception {
        SignUpData signUpData = FixtureFactory.generateSignUpData();
        Person supervisor = signUpService.createSupervisor(signUpData);

        LogInData logInData = FixtureFactory.generateLogInDataFrom(supervisor);
        String token = logInService.authorizeUser(logInData);

        given()
                .header("Authorization", "JWT " + token)
        .when()
                .get(host + GetPersonProfileRouter.V1_USERS_PROFILE + supervisor.getId())
        .then()
                .statusCode(HttpResponse.StatusCode.OK)
                .body("success", is(true))
                .body("data.id", notNullValue())
                .body("data.dni", equalTo(supervisor.getDni()))
                .body("data.username", equalTo(supervisor.getUsername()))
                .body("data.password", nullValue())
                .body("data.email", equalTo(supervisor.getEmail()))
                .body("data.name", equalTo(supervisor.getName()))
                .body("data.surnames", equalTo(supervisor.getSurnames()))
                .body("data.role", equalTo(PersonRole.SUPERVISOR.toValue()))
                .body("error", nullValue());

        repository.deleteAll();
    }

    @Test
    public void retrieveUserProfile_technician_withValidToken_returnsUserData() throws Exception {
        Person supervisor = signUpService.createSupervisor(FixtureFactory.generateSignUpData());
        Person technician =
                signUpService.createTechnician(FixtureFactory.generateAddTechnicianData().setRequester(supervisor));

        String token = logInService.authorizeUser(FixtureFactory.generateLogInDataFrom(technician));

        given()
                .header("Authorization", "JWT " + token)
        .when()
                .get(host + UserProfileRouter.V1_PROFILE)
        .then()
                .statusCode(HttpResponse.StatusCode.OK)
                .body("success", is(true))
                .body("data.id", notNullValue())
                .body("data.dni", equalTo(technician.getDni()))
                .body("data.username", equalTo(technician.getUsername()))
                .body("data.password", nullValue())
                .body("data.email", equalTo(technician.getEmail()))
                .body("data.name", equalTo(technician.getName()))
                .body("data.surnames", equalTo(technician.getSurnames()))
                .body("data.role", equalTo(PersonRole.TECHNICIAN.toValue()))
                .body("error", nullValue());

        repository.deleteAll();
    }

    @Test
    public void retrieveUserProfile_technician_withValidTokenAndId_returnsUserData() throws Exception {
        Person supervisor = signUpService.createSupervisor(FixtureFactory.generateSignUpData());
        Person technician =
                signUpService.createTechnician(FixtureFactory.generateAddTechnicianData().setRequester(supervisor));

        String token = logInService.authorizeUser(FixtureFactory.generateLogInDataFrom(technician));

        given()
                .header("Authorization", "JWT " + token)
        .when()
                .get(host + GetPersonProfileRouter.V1_USERS_PROFILE + technician.getId())
        .then()
                .statusCode(HttpResponse.StatusCode.OK)
                .body("success", is(true))
                .body("data.id", notNullValue())
                .body("data.dni", equalTo(technician.getDni()))
                .body("data.username", equalTo(technician.getUsername()))
                .body("data.password", nullValue())
                .body("data.email", equalTo(technician.getEmail()))
                .body("data.name", equalTo(technician.getName()))
                .body("data.surnames", equalTo(technician.getSurnames()))
                .body("data.role", equalTo(PersonRole.TECHNICIAN.toValue()))
                .body("error", nullValue());

        repository.deleteAll();
    }

    @Test
    public void retrieveUserProfile_withInvalidToken_returnsUnauthorized() throws Exception {
        SignUpData signUpData = FixtureFactory.generateSignUpData();
        signUpService.createSupervisor(signUpData);

        given()
            .header("Authorization", "JWT " + "INVALID_TOKEN")
        .when()
            .get(host + UserProfileRouter.V1_PROFILE)
        .then()
            .statusCode(HttpResponse.StatusCode.UNAUTHORIZED);

        repository.deleteAll();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Toronto, Accustomed To Heartbreak In Sports, Dreams Big Again With Blue Jays
"The Jays are yours."
The Canadian Press, CP
09/30/2015 08:56am EDT
TORONTO — The Toronto Blue Jays have clinched the American League East division title, making a post-season play for another World Series title while thrilling a city of terminally despondent sports fans and baseball enthusiasts nationwide.
The Jays have not made the playoffs since 1993, when they won the World Series for the second straight year. Joe Carter's three-run homer in the bottom of the ninth inning - and his subsequent joyous leaps around the bases as the crowd roared - remains one of Toronto's fondest and most glorious sports moments.
The team has struggled since then, mired in a 22-year playoff drought that was the longest in any of the four major North American sports leagues.
Even this year threatened more of the same. And then came the trade deadline in late July.
Blue Jays general manager Alex Anthopoulos nabbed superstar shortstop Troy Tulowitzki from the Colorado Rockies and left-handed ace David Price from the Detroit Tigers.
Capping the busiest trade-deadline week in franchise history, the Jays then added two more key players a few hours before the clock ran out in reliever Mark Lowe and outfielder Ben Revere.
Within weeks, the team motored past the Minnesota Twins into a wild-card spot, and then overtook the New York Yankees in the American League East race.
If the hot streak continues, they'll have the best record in the American League, meaning Canada's only Major League Baseball franchise will have home-field advantage throughout post-season play.
Fans across the country are over the moon and hoping the Jays are on their way to a third World Series.
"The Jays are yours,'' wrote Zach Borutski in the University of Alberta's student newspaper, The Gateway.
"They're Canadian, they represent all of you, from the dustiest Saskatchewan farming town, to the coldest ice shelf in Nunavut - the Jays are playing for all of that. Every other MLB team can only go so far before they run into another hostile fanbase. Some even have to coexist in the same city, but the Jays have an entire nation to themselves; they have a fan base that's 35 million strong."
Toronto Blue Jays 2015
al eastal east toronto blue jaysBlue Jaysblue jays playoffsliving

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Natural leaders, they willingly take on levels of responsibility most rational people would find overwhelming. It includes case studies and examples and is a must buy for all students studying health management, leadership and public management as well as professionals within health services across Europe. For example the ability to listen and to allow new ideas to take root Nilsson et al. The study forms an integral part of the Royal College of Nursing's leadership programme. Neither direct government control, nor new businesslike organizational forms seem to provide executives durable legitimacy anymore.
The interpretation of the concepts helps us to better understand 1 the hospital as a complex adaptive system, 2 the governance of tertiary referral hospitals, 3 analysis of hospital performance, and 4 leadership for good governance of these hospitals. That's why alphas need coaching to broaden their interpersonal tool kits while preserving their strengths. Appropriate recommendations for the future of nursing and nursing leadership are outlined. We have conducted a pilot study in a Cluj County Children's Hospital to see how leadership is perceived there and whether this component is open to change, thus reform. Finally, a major attention could be paid to interactions happening at the team, organizational, and systemic level among different leaders and among leaders, followers and external actors.
And who can help me? Whilst the safety net function may indeed be useful, if the new national performance framework is to achieve its aim of promoting good performance, the limitations of formal systems will have to be taken into account. Using international case study material, this book examines how ideas of visionary leadership have been developed and discusses their applicability to the public sector. It includes case studies and examples and is a must-buy for all students studying health management, leadership and public management as well as professionals within health services across Europe. Concern about patient safety, caused in part by high-profile major failures in which many patients have been harmed, is rising worldwide. Leaders of any organization should have a vision that would enable achievement of the objectives of the organization through processes that would induce and sustain the inspiration and momentum of both the leader and the follower Goodwin 2006. Quality, relational and knowledge dimensions, and structure, time and information dimensions emerged as their respective sub-categories.
In the case of Hurricane Katrina aftermath, U. Networks, Partnerships and Collaboration 5. It is instead a process of learning from others and negotiating a shared solution. The research discovered that in recognition of this, contemporary nursing leadership has both an internal and an external focus. They are confronted with questions of legitimacy from inside and outside the organization and have to 'prove' trustworthy towards politicians, professionals and the public. Method: Given the complexity of the intervention, we adopted realist evaluation as our methodological approach and the case study as our study design.
That's not to say, the authors point out, that a leader's actions aren't critical. Tough empathy means giving people what they need, not what they want. Other research suggests that professional judgment can often be reduced to patterns and rules; indeed, truly inspired decisions seem to require an ability to see similar patterns across disparate fields. A telephone questionnaire survey using a random sample of general practitioners found that less than a quarter of general practitioners used published clinical outcomes data to inform their assessments of the quality of hospital services. Leadership in schools has started assuming increased importance in schools across the globe.
This paper draws on examples of such failures from several countries to analyze how these events are dealt with and to identify lessons and recommendations for policy. It includes case studies and examples and is a must-buy for all students studying health management, leadership and public management as well as professionals within health services across Europe. Those responsible for publishing such data should develop data sets and design dissemination strategies that are capable of engaging the attention of general practitioners. This unique text is the first to explore leadership in the context of healthcare systems across Europe. The constant comparative method was used for the analysis. Leaders should constantly allow their followers to find out ways and means to improve their performance just as teachers raise the performance bar for their students. In such a context of war and continuous insecurity, how can governance be interpreted for hospitals required to adapt to a constantly changing environment to be able to continue to provide health care? In the domain of leadership 10 of the health managers showed positive themes for transactional leadership, 6 showed positive themes for transformational leadership, and still 1 health manager showed overall negative response for the concept of leadership; he was totally in favour of dictatorship.
Finally, major attention could be paid to interactions happening at the team, organizational, and systemic level among different leaders, and among leaders, followers and external actors. Teaching methods Lectures, Case studies, Role playing, Focus group, Nominal group technique. About this Item: Routledge, 2005. An hour-by-hour account of the administrator's performances during those 3 days is presented. Convenient sampling technique was used.
The contribution of external leadership development provision to shaping these self-perceptions is explored. Inadequate leadership, isolation, system failures, poor communication and disempowerment of staff and service users are the common themes. Initial success creates an incentive to persevere, and the virtuous cycle reverberates throughout the entire organization. Numerous scandals afflicting business and politics, the growth of spin and a loss of faith in leaders as people with strong values have all eroded levels of trust. The question arises as to whether there is now a deep-seated shift underway from organizational forms based on markets and hierarchies and towards more network-based forms of organization. Leaders must empathize passionately and realistically with employees, care intensely about the work they do, and be straightforward with them.
This conceptual paper tries to examinethe application of few servant leadership principles in teaching to enhance effectiveness of schools in developingbetter students. We argue that one of the main functions of 'hard' information in performance assessment is to act as a safety net in order to identify laggards by highlighting poor performance. The relevancy and need of leadership development programs, framed within a wider strategy, emerged. But many of their quintessential strengths can also make alphas difficult to work with. The Challenges of the Shifting Focus of Healthcare DeliveryLeadership and the Policy FrameworkLeadership in Primary CareClinicians in Strategic Leadership RolesMultiprofessional Leadership Training - Service Development and CommissioningShifting Boundaries and Changing Practice - Inter-Agency Leadership Training and DevelopmentConclusion - the Changing Roles of Nurses and Healthcare ProfessionalsReferences The twenty years from the mid-1980s saw a transformation in the management of public organizations in many countries. The overall theme describes the interdependence between leadership characteristics and the prerequisites necessary for effective process management.


text:
Home > Literature > Poets and Poetry >
The Irish Poet and the Natural World: An Anthology of Verse in English from the Tudors to the Romantics
Authors: Andrew Carpenter and Lucy Collins
Affiliation: University College Dublin
Publication Year: Hardback March 2014
This annotated anthology of poems makes available a rich variety of Irish texts depicting the relationship between humans and the environment between the years 1580 and 1820. More than a hundred poems are printed here, together with an extensive critical introduction, notes on each text, and a full bibliography. All the poets whose work is represented were born in Ireland or are identified as Irish.
As well as re-publishing the work of major poets such as Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Whyte and William Drummond, this anthology includes many works by little known or anonymous authors. This volume also reflects current scholarship on the relationship between literature and the environment, enriching our understanding of attitudes in pre-Romantic Ireland towards changing landscapes and agricultural practices, towards human responsibility for the non-human world, and towards the relationship between nature and aesthetics. As well as adding considerably to existing knowledge of the printing and reading of poetry in Ireland during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, this anthology also traces the developments in sensibility in Irish poetry during this period, offering new perspectives on the advent of Romanticism in England and on the ways in which this revolutionised the relationship between nature and representation. The anthology fulfils the dual purpose of making a significant contribution to the study of literature and the environment, and of expanding our understanding of Irish writing during the period.
Andrew Carpenter Emeritus Professor of English, University College Dublin, General Editor, The Art and Architecture of Ireland, Royal Irish Academy/ Yale University Press.
Lucy Collins is a Lecturer in English Literature, University College Dublin.
The Kick: A Memoir of the Poet Richard Murphy Medbh McGuckian Irish Bardic Poetry and Rhetorical Reality D�nt� Gr�dha: An Anthology of Irish Love Poetry 1350-1750
After the Irish An Anthology of Poetic Translation Jumping Off Shadows Eavan Boland The Female Figure in Eil�an N� Chuillean�in's Poetry
The Irish Poet and the Natural World September 9, 2014
Reviewer: Andrew Hadfield, The Irish Times from UK
The relationship between man and the natural world forms a central strand in most literary traditions. Nature poetry and philosophical and scientific poetry about the natural world has been particularly important in Irish literature in Irish and in English. This excellent and varied anthology charts the history of such interactions from the mythologising of the landscape by the New English colonial settlers to the romantic celebrations of the wild beauty of Ireland's rocks and coasts, most famously the Giant's Causeway, which rose to prominence as the natural world was celebrated for its strangeness and indifference to human activity.
We travel the long journey from John Derricke's contemptuous observations of Ireland, which try to show that the Irish are so naturally savage that they prefer to dwell as far from civilisation as they can, seeking out the notorious Devil's Arse peak as a preferred resting place, to Anna Liddiard's more positive celebration of the Irish landscape from the top of Mount Leinster, which affords the prospect of 'countless crops of corn, / Waving in light, brushed by the breeze of morn'
The Irish Poet and the Natural World can be read as a survey by the reader eager to understand how poets understood the changing relationship between writers and their environment, or sampled at random. The anthology charts a number of changes, one of the most significant being the transformation of attitudes to animals.
While a number of early poems, such as the anonymous The Cock, which celebrates cockfighting, have a casual and instrumental view of nonhuman creatures, others, such as James Orr's The Bull-Beat, roundly condemn cruelty to animals, and affirm sympathy for the stricken creature:
Confin'd amid th'assembling crowd,
Sedate and sad, the victim stands;
The mastiff eyes the man of blood,
And panting, waits his fell commands;
And lo! Keen rushing from the slip,
The lordly brute they fiercely grip.
There are a number of splendid poems in Ulster Scots, including Francis Boyle's Address to the Cuckoo (circa 1795). As the editors slyly note, Boyle had 'a boisterous sense of humour', and after spending most of the poem welcoming the cuckoo's return, the poet concludes that the creature will be exhausted and hoarse with its annoying singing by June, leaving behind an unwanted, unprotected child: 'Thou lea'st a scabby get behin' / To whinge and greet, / Without a feather on its skin, / To turn the weet.'
The weaver poet Samuel Thomson was equally sympathetic in his To a Hedge-hog (1793), urging the ugly creature ('Thou grimest far o'grusome tykes') to make itself scarce before his dog, Collie, arrives. James Henderson's The Woodcock (1784) is more obviously sentimental and morally outraged in its lament for the bird, callously shot for sport.
Other poems celebrate scientific achievements and knowledge, such as John Corry's Air: An Ode, which begins in a hail of exclamation marks: 'Spirit of Life! Vivific Air! / Thou breath of Heav'n, that Earth surrounds!' before the poet turns to the dash for punctuation.
His work was popular with the United Irishmen, who clearly shared his modern sentiments. Air is celebrated for the great benefits it confers on mankind, such as music, as well as its sublime power in creating natural disasters: 'Where subterraneous vapours swell / 'Tis the expansive force of Air / Doth the dire Earthquake's rage impel, /Which can in fragments regions tear.'
God and the universe
James Creighton's Prospect of the Lake Erne (1791) concentrates more on reason and control in its celebration of God's ability to order the universe, which, if read correctly, will provide proof of his benign presence: 'Each blade of grass, each flow'r, each shrub, each tree, / Will point us out the hand of DEITY.'
Much earlier (1626) Lady Ann Southwell's mock elegy for her still living friend, The Countess of Londonderry, imagines the countess being able to answer all the questions that elude those still on earth: 'Whether the stars be Knobbs upon the spheres? / Or shreds compos'd of Phoebus goulden hayres?'
There are many magnificent poems about sea voyages and storms, including James Sterling's bracing reflections of whaling off the Donegal coast.
One of my favourites is Richard Head's wry A Great Sea-Storm Describ'd (1674). The poem acknowledges the terror of the storm in a series of homely metaphors. Foundering in heavy seas, the ship was 'Like a Toast drown'd within a Tub of Ale', which is not an image of a boozy breakfast but a description of the 17th-century drinker's practice of dunking toast with sugar and nutmeg in his beer. The poor travellers fear that they are becoming one with the natural world that threatens to engulf them:
The fear of being drowned, made us wish
Our selves transpeciated into Fish.
Indeed this fear did so possess each one,
All look't like Shotten-Herring, or Poor-John
A note points out that 'shotten herrings' were weak creatures that had just spawned; 'Poor-John' was small dried salted cod.
Payne Fisher's 1645 poem On a Dangerous Voyage Twixt Mazarine and Montjoy is a more sobering account of the dangers of sea travel, with its well-placed classical allusions. While Head's travellers want to become anaemic fish, Fisher's imagine that they are sailing to the underworld: 'Some, voyd of sense, grew giddy; these forgot / Themselves, and took the Bark for Charon's Boat.'
The Drogheda poet Henry Jones more prosaically laments the destruction of a crop of peas by a nasty storm in 1744, the sad fate of a poor Irishmen trying to vary his diet from that of the potato.
A number of poems relate man's relationship to the natural world to pressing social concerns. An anonymous poem of 1781, addressed to the earl of Carlisle, the incoming lord lieutenant, warns the chief governor of the evils of landlords and the oppression they cause throughout the island and urges him to restore its opposite: 'Let Toleration! - human Nature's Friend, / Its peaceful Freedom and Indulgence send.' In doing so he will 'make this Land a Paradise regain'd'.
Henry Brooke's long poem Universal Beauty (1735) is 'the most significant philosophical poem written by an Irish writer in the 18th century' and stands up well to Alexander Pope's An Essay on Man.
The Irish Poet and the Natural World is by turns moving, instructive, enjoyable and amusing. The editors have taken their task seriously and provide helpful, unobtrusive notes and glosses for the poems, and useful paraphrases for more difficult works in Ulster Scots. Most of all they are to be congratulated for their terrier-like work in uncovering so many hidden literary gems and bringing them into the light.
The Irish Poet and the Natural World: An Anthology July 3, 2014
Reviewer: Rory Brennan, Books Ireland from Ireland
The editors of this collection from the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth century have edited and annotated their selection with skill, including judicious footnotes and succinct biographical notes. This is both a relief and a pleasure, making this a work one wants to dip into and flick back and forth, as indeed the editors would wish us to do...this lively, wide-ranging and superbly selected anthology.This is a book to take down from the shelves often.


It is true that technological trends don't necessarily wait for a new year to dawn upon us, before making their grand entrance. But what's also true is that every now and then, we as hoteliers like to take a step back to reassess our strategies and weigh their efficacy.
And in that context, what better time to reevaluate your hotel marketing strategies than the new year!
Let's get right into it and see what trends continue to rule the roost when it comes to hospitality marketing.
No list of 'hotel marketing ideas' is complete these days, without at least one mention of mobile technology. The last decade has revolved around the mobile and this trend will continue, given the scope and success it presents. This is what makes it an ideal fit for your hotel marketing plan in 2019.
Mobile Booking is already widely accepted and popular as the new norm and finding newer ways to use mobile technology can be a real game changer for the hospitality industry. From proximity marketing or age/gender/geo-based targeted ads to throttling time-sensitive in-app notifications to encourage impulse buying, one can do wonders in marketing hotels using mobile technology.
I know you are tempted to question the relevance of email marketing so far as hotel marketing plans are concerned. We are surprised too, but data proves us wrong! Check this out. For every $1 spent on email marketing, an average return of $32 can be expected! (Source). There is a ton of other studies that indicate the efficacy of emails in specific business goals.
Email marketing can be used to recreate interest in guests who have stayed with you in the past, in building loyalty with repeat guests, in promoting offers or corporate guests, and what have you! What remains to be mastered is optimizing the content and customizing it. Go beyond templates and start personalizing for maximum impact, as and when possible.
This is one of the least explored but most effective marketing strategies for hotel businesses. Industry influencers are definitely worth investing in, but social influencers are really setting new standards when it comes to influencer marketing! Be it on Snapchat, Instagram, Twitter or even on YouTube – social influencers have radically transformed the way brands connect to their audiences. And we urge you to try it out before your competitors beat you at it!
The best part about teaming up with social influencers to transform your hotel marketing strategy is that there are so many of them catering to such wide and varied audiences! Team up with an influencer who you think would be able to embody the spirit of your brand, your culture and with whom your audiences would best relate to.
Get as creative as you want with the collaboration campaign and you could either vlog about it, get a photoshoot scheduled with the influencer posing at your property, invite them to come to stay at your property for free so they can review it for their audiences – whatever works for you and the influencer! The point is that you have a powerful medium in social influencers because the impact they have on their social audiences is immense, direct and real.
Crowd-sponsored content, if you will, is the next thing in hospitality marketing. Get your guests to share their experience with you across multiple online portals. This not only helps reduce your marketing expenses, but also increase your chances of building online credibility and image.
This is particularly true in the case of visual content. Instagram and Snapchat work wonders when it comes to sharing visual content with potential guests online. Having a brand account on Instagram can help potential guests get a virtual feel of your property.
Having your own hashtags can also encourage guests to share their experiences with you. It helps to source varied perspectives because your marketing team may not always look at things the way your guests do!
We often underestimate the simpler and fuss-free ways of doing stuff because somewhere we switched to the belief that if it isn't complex and stressful, then it isn't worth doing! Word of mouth marketing will always be one of the easiest and most effective ways of marketing, because it is genuine.
When you deliver amazing guest experiences, you create memories for the guest which they will want to share with their loved ones. This is one of the strongest ways of attracting prospective guests and this is what you should aim for. Not only is word of mouth marketing free, but also guaranteed effective.
But given how informed and aware today's world is, it may not be all that simple to impress guests who will voluntarily bring in more customers to you. But with consistent efforts, and genuine sincerity you can win over guests easily.
Hotelogix is considered to be a thought leader and a well-known name in introducing the latest technology in the hospitality space. That's one of the reasons why hoteliers in over 100 countries trust Hotelogix for streamlining hotel operations and growing their hospitality business.


text:
"""Looks up Variables off the online MEPS database

author: chris @ sihrc
"""
#Python Modules
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from operator import itemgetter
from urllib2 import urlopen
import sys
#Local Modules
import config
from wrappers import debug

def formatValues(line):
	"""
	Formats the table of values into 3 columns
	"""
	line.insert(0,["Values", "Unweighted", "Weighted"])
	colLengths = [[],[],[]]
	[[colLengths[i].append(len(cols[i])) for i in xrange(3)] for cols in line]
	maxLengths = [max(col) for col in colLengths]

	body = ["\t".join([(maxLengths[x] - len(cols[x])) * " " + cols[x] for x in xrange(3)]) for cols in line]
	return "\n".join(body[:-1]) + "\n\n" + body[-1]

def getDetails(dataset, variable):
	"""
	Takes in the dataset filename and the variable name
	Performs the HTTP GET Request and returns a information about the feature
	"""

	url = "http://meps.ahrq.gov/data_stats/download_data_files_codebook.jsp?PUFId=%s&varName=%s" % (dataset, variable)
	page = urlopen(url)
	soup = BeautifulSoup(page.read())
	details = []
	for line in soup.findAll('font', {'class':"smallBlack"}):
		details.append(line.text.encode('utf8').strip())
	return dict([("Title", "\n".join(details[:3])), ("Name", details[4]), ("Description", details[6]), ("Format", details[8]), ("Type", details[10]), ("Range", details[12] + "~" + details[14]), ("Values", formatValues([details[n:n+3] for n in xrange(15,len(details),3)]))])

def getValues(dataset, variable):
	"""
	Takes in the dataset filename and the variable name
	Performs the HTTP GET Request and returns a list of decoded values
	"""
	url = "http://meps.ahrq.gov/data_stats/download_data_files_codebook.jsp?PUFId=%s&varName=%s" % (dataset, variable)
	page = urlopen(url)
	soup = BeautifulSoup(page.read())
	details = []
	for line in soup.findAll('font', {'class':"smallBlack"}):
		details.append(line.text.encode('utf8').strip())
	return "".join(["".join(details[n:n+3]) for n in xrange(15,len(details),3)])

def getValuesCategories(dataset, variable):
	url = "http://meps.ahrq.gov/data_stats/download_data_files_codebook.jsp?PUFId=%s&varName=%s" % (dataset, variable)
	page = urlopen(url)
	soup = BeautifulSoup(page.read())
	details = []
	for line in soup.findAll('font', {'class':"smallBlack"}):
		details.append(line.text.encode('utf8').strip())
	return (15 - len(details))/3

def print_variable(decoded):
	"""
	Format prints decoded values for getDetails
	"""
	for head,body in decoded.iteritems():
		print head
		print "================================================="
		print body
		print "\n"
@debug
def writeFeatureImportance(model, trainFeature, datafile):
	"""
	Formats and prints the importance of each feature
	author: Jazmin
	TODO: right now it gets the actual name of the features in a HORRIBLE NOT EFFICIENT WAY make it better
	"""
	importances = zip(range(trainFeature.shape[1]), model.feature_importances_)
	importances.sort(key = itemgetter(1))
	with open(config.path("..", "data", datafile, "featureImportance.py"), "wb") as f:
		f.write("importance = ")
		for featureIndex,importance in importances[::-1]:
			variable = config.feature_dict["H147"][featureIndex]
			f.write(" " + str(variable) + " " + str(importance) + " " + str(dc.getData(datafile)[0][variable][0]) + " \n")

@debug
def lookUpVariable(datafile, variable):
	"""
	Generic Variable look up that prints out everything
	"""
	return print_variable(getDetails(datafile, variable))
if __name__ == "__main__":
	datafile = sys.argv[1]
	# writeFeatureList(datafile)
	# writeChosenFeatures(datafile)
	# lookUpVariable(datafile,"PMEDPY42")
	while (True):
		feature = raw_input()
		print  getDetails(datafile, feature)["Values"]
		print  getDetails(datafile, feature)["Description"]


text:
Q: Is it possible to connect to derby through odbc Is it possible to connect to the derby database through odbc on a windows 10 machine?  I have the jdbc-odbc bridge from Java 7.  Found this:
Derby network server
The Derby network server provides traditional client/server access to the Derby
engine. The network server lets clients connect over TCP/IP using a subset of
the DRDA protocol. The network server supports connections from networked JDBC,
ODBC/CLI, Perl, and PHP clients.

But can't find any examples or instructions on how to connect with ODBC/CLI

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Lowestoft youngsters' pick up the mic
YOUNG people turned the microphones on radio commentators at Ipswich Town as part of a project to use the power of sport to kick digital illiteracy into touch.
A range of activities to strengthen people's computer and communication skills took part at Portman Road on Saturday (February 14) before Ipswich's match with Blackpool.
The day formed the county launch of the Communicating for Success project, which will allow 300 people the opportunity to improve their communications and digital skills.
Children from Ipswich, Newmarket and Lowestoft interviewed Heart FM's football commentary team, Mark Scott and former player Mick Stockwell, about the importance of communication in their jobs.
A group also filmed behind the scenes at the ground and a banner of the scheme was paraded around the pitch.
David Sheepshanks, Ipswich Town Community Trust chairman, said: 'This project reinforces the tremendous work undertaken by the Ipswich Town Community Trust harnessing the motivational power of sport to encourage people of all ages to learn new life-changing skills.'
Supported by BT and the Football Foundation, the initiative will see further activities taking place at Community Trust centres at Portman Road, the Oulton Broad Water Sports Centre and the National Stud at Newmarket racecourse.


text:
Hotline +7 921 913 03 04
Our Members and Staff
Regional Stories
State and law
Stories and cases
Co-infections
Maternal adherence
Petitions, positions, appeals
Women and HIV
Help for woman and families
For pregnant women and mothers
Prevention and treatment in the Leningrad region
Video about living with HIV
Advisers Behind Bars
Charitable organisation Vektor Life (meaning Path of Life), along with the support of E.V.A, aim to form a commitment to…
Bye-bye stigma! Talk about HIV
Equal Patronage
Of Equal Status
Therapy and prevention
Foreign practices
Subscribe to the E.V.A. newsletter and stay up to dateSubscribe
What Peer Counselors Say
The stories from the Healthy Mother, Healthy Child project continue. Peer counselors from 6 regions of the Russian Federation share…
30 Lessons: Preventing HIV in School
The Result: Saving the Lives of Children
Preventing HIV-Infection Among Children and Adolescents in Crimea
"Kazan Marathon 2016: Test Yourself"
October 11th – International Day of the Girl Child
Helpline calls available on weekdays, from 10.00 to 19.00, 10.00 — 19.00 office@evanetwork.ru
E.V.A. staff held an HIV training in Nizhny Novgorod
The training took place at a rehabilitation center for chemical dependency. Svetlana Gavrilova and Yaroslavla Medvedeva led the training. …
Video E.V.A. channel
Support E.V.A.
For 8 years we have been helping HIV-positive women all over Russia to unite and set aside their rights and their dignity as equals among equals.
Even a small donation will help peer consultants do their work and find a way out of difficult situations where the state, relatives and friends are turning away.
E.V.A. Network
E.V.A. is a network that contributes to improving the quality of life of women affected by HIV infection and other socially significant diseases. The network brings together experienced activists in the field of access to healthcare and women leaders from major Russian cities and other regions who work in this sphere.
E.V.A.'s Helpline
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The site is intended for people over 16 years. Privacy


Here is our complete range of Ricta Skateboard Wheels, we have a full selection of sizes in both hard and soft wheels to make sure you can get what you need. Our most famous wheels from the brand and our best sellers are the incredible Ricta Clouds Wheels, these feature the same shape as standard skateboard wheels but come with a softer compound of between 78 and 92a. Clouds are ideal for skateboarders who are looking to do more cruising around and less tricks as they provide a more comfortable and grippy ride, perfect for rough surfaces on the street. If tricks are your bag then there are plenty of traditional hard Ricta wheels to choose from ranging from the Ricta Sparx to Rapido's and Chrome Cores, with different price points available you should find something to suit your style and budget. All Ricta Skateboard wheels are available with quick delivery and we have every model in store too.


text:
Q: Graylog GelfLogger change source attribute Currently I am getting messages from multiple sources into a single input. This all works fine and I can filter on specific sources. However the source names aren't really userfriendly, for example 4f5b4a8de2b9.
So the question is, is it possible to configure the logger to send a specific source or append something to the source so that they are more easily distinguishable and searchable?
For the reference I am using multiple wildfly servers that are restarted quite frequently, so the source tag is currently changed a lot.

A: I'm also using Wildfly and Graylog and ended up using this logger: http://logging.paluch.biz/examples/wildfly.html
This logger provides means to add static fields to each log entry with the "additionalFields" and "additionalFieldTypes" properties.
    <property name="additionalFields" value="fieldName1=fieldValue1,fieldName2=fieldValue2" />
    <property name="additionalFieldTypes" value="fieldName1=String,fieldName2=Double,fieldName3=Long" />

Add a fieldname with the desired value that makes it easier for you to search in GrayLog and choose the appropriate fieldType.

A: Your source 4f5b4a8de2b9 looks like a docker container ID. Right?
If you run docker inspect <container ID> you should see that the hostname property is automatically set to the container ID. Since it seems that graylog picks up hostname as source you should, if you are using docker compose for example...
...be able to easily set the internal hostname:
version: '3.7'
services:
  some-service:
    hostname: your_hostname


text:
Rainy, Sunny, Blowy, Snowy
What Are Seasons?
From the Series Jane Brocket's Clever Concepts
Interest Level: Preschool - Grade 2 ·
It's fun to jump in puddles in spring, eat ice cream in summer, pick apples in fall, and build snowmen in winter. What do YOU do during the four seasons?
Reviewed on 1 June 2014
"The sprightly text combined with the outstanding photographs make this an excellent choice for the youngest nonfiction fans." —School Library Journal
Author, Photographer: Jane Brocket
Jane Brocket is the author of The Gentle Art of Domesticity (2007) and The Gentle Art of Quiltmaking (2010) and of two books based on the wonderful things characters eat and do in classic children's books: Cherry Cake and Ginger Beer (2008) and Ripping Things to Do (2009)—a selection of the pieces in these two books has been collected into one volume for the US as Turkish Delight and Treasure Hunts (Perigee, 2010). She is currently writing a series of four Clever Concepts books for Millbrook Press. She has a knitting book to be published in 2011 and two more craft books in the pipeline. Jane enjoys knitting, quilting, sewing, baking, growing flowers, and taking photographs of the things she makes as well as details of the world around her. She loves color, pattern, texture, shapes, and objects. And, above all, she love books and reading.
Jane Brocket's Clever Concepts — eBook Set
Jane Brocket's Clever Concepts — Library Bound Set


text:
module Accountable
  extend ActiveSupport::Concern

  def total_incomes
    transactions.total_amount(:income)
  end

  def total_expenses
    transactions.total_amount(:expense)
  end

  def monthly_incomes
    incomes_with_range(*monthly_date_range)
  end

  def monthly_expenses
    expenses_with_range(*monthly_date_range)
  end

  def incomes_with_range(date_start, date_end)
    transactions.with_transaction_type(:income).date_range(date_start, date_end).sum_amount
  end

  def expenses_with_range(date_start, date_end)
    transactions.with_transaction_type(:expense).date_range(date_start, date_end).sum_amount
  end

  def monthly_date_range
    [Date.today.beginning_of_month, Date.today.end_of_month]
  end
end


text:
Clark Special Collections
Albert P. Clark
Stalag Luft III
Albert P. Clark had a long and distinguished Air Force career, culminating in his service as the sixth Superintendent of the Air Force Academy. He retired as a lieutenant general in 1974. His collection includes a wealth of photos, diaries, and other documents from his career with special emphasis on the years he spent as a prisoner of war in Stalag Luft III.
Clark helped establish The Friends in 1987, and he served as president for 12 years. While president he worked with prospective donors and was responsible for the acquisition of significant collections.
Lieutenant Colonel A. P. Clark after release from Stalag Luft III
Pursuit Squadron Commander
Captain A. P. Clark, Commander, 40th Pursuit Squadron, Selfridge Field, Michigan, 1941.
Predeployment Celebration
Lt. Gillis Johnson, 'Bub' Clark, Carolyn Clark, and Jo Johnson.
"Club "18" New York City, June 10, 1942, the night before we sailed "secretly" for UK."
Telegram addressed to Mrs. A. P. Clark, informing her that her husband has been reporting missing in action, July 1942.
War Bond Drive
(Left to Right): Mrs. Boyington, wife of Navy Ace "Pappy" Boyington, Mrs. A. P. Clark, Rita Haywork, and Unknown, selling war bonds, August 1942.
Clark Captured
Newspaper item reporting that Lt Col. A. P. Clark has been interned as a prisoner of war.
Mrs. Clark Organizes
Local newspaper front page article covering Mrs. Clark's efforts to organize prisoners aid groups.
Lt. Colonel Clark Returns
Newspaper account of Colonel Clark's capture, internment, release, and return to the U.S.


text:
Jennifer Lopez 'plans to make a movie with Alex Rodriguez as they build multi-million dollar brand'
Tom Capon
Mar 2 2020, 15:01 ET
Updated: Mar 2 2020, 15:02 ET
JENNIFER Lopez "plans to make a movie with Alex Rodriguez as they continue to build their multi-million dollar brand".
The singer, 50, is keen to build on the critical and financial success of movie Hustlers, according to Radar.
Jennifer Lopez is reportedly keen to capitalize on her acting successCredit: Getty Images - Getty
A source close to the couple suggests they are now looking to star alongside each other in a romantic comedy to keep building the JRod brand.
An insider told the gossip site: "Alex is actually pretty good actor even though he's only been in a few small parts over the years.
"He's excited by JLo's idea that they should do a Mr and Mrs Smith-type flick, which she hopes will bury the ghost of her disaster movie Gigli once and for all."
JLo starred alongside her then-boyfriend Ben Afflick in romantic crime drama Gigli in 2003, which tanked at the box office.
However, Jennifer is keen to capitalize on her recent success as stripper Romana Vega in Hustlers.
ARod has appeared in small parts but reportedly wants to go biggerCredit: The Mega Agency
J. Lo's daughter Emme, 11, shows off incredible voice months before Super Bowl Halftime debut
The role earned her a Best Supporting Actress nomination at the Golden Globes, SAG Awards and Critics' Choice Awards.
Former baseball player ARod has performed in a few bit roles, mostly as himself in Entourage and baseball comedy Playball.
Most people will know Rodriguez as a player for the New York Yankees, while Jennifer's career has spanned from music to romantic comedies such as Maid in Manhattan and The Wedding Planner.
The pair met in 2017 and are currently engaged to be married.
The pair are engagedCredit: Getty - Contributor
While she's flying high at the moment, JLo recently opened up about how she felt like a "failure" after her divorce from ex-husband Marc Anthony, 51, in 2014.
She reflected on this "lowest time" in her life while chatting at Oprah's 2020 Vision: Your Life in Focus event in Los Angeles on Saturday.
JLo opened up:"I felt I had failed miserably. I had to re-examine my whole life…and regroup at that time."
The kids she shares with Marc — twins Max and Emme Muñiz, now 12 — have always been her top priority, which is why she felt like she was letting them down, as well as the rest of her family, when she and her ex split.
She added: "I had waited to have kids [until I was] 38 and I had never wanted to not be with the person I had kids with.
Jennifer and ARod with all their children
Armie 'shows off woman in lingerie' and 'brags about drug use' in videos
Josh Duggar is 'STILL unemployed' & lives in dad's warehouse with wife & six kids
LIV LETS RIP
Olivia Attwood urges fans to unfollow celebs who have jetted to Dubai
"I felt that I was not going to give my kids what they needed and I just didn't know what to do. I did therapy, I prayed — a lot — I learned to meditate.
"I read a lot of Louise Hay's books...Whatever I could. I was around the people in my life that were older and more experienced that could help me….the experience and the wisdom that they have is so priceless to me."
JLo married her third husband, Marc, in 2004 before splitting seven years later and then finalizing their divorce in 2014.
Their twins were six at the time, and Jennifer retained primary physical custody of them.
Do you have a story for The US Sun team?
Email us at exclusive@the-sun.com or call 212 416 4552.