text:
Title: Instant messaging
Subject: Internet Relay Chat, Collaborative software, ICQ, Messages (application), Ayttm
Collection: Instant Messaging, Internet, Internet Culture, Internet Relay Chat, Online Chat, Social Networking Services, Videotelephony
A buddy list in Pidgin 2.0
Instant messaging (IM) is a type of online chat which offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. A LAN messenger operates in a similar way over a local area network. Short messages are typically transmitted bi-directionally between two parties, when each user chooses to complete a thought and select "send". Some IM applications can use push technology to provide real-time text, which transmits messages character by character, as they are composed. More advanced instant messaging can add file transfer, clickable hyperlinks, Voice over IP, or video chat.
Non-IM types of chat include multicast transmission, usually referred to as "chat rooms", where participants might be anonymous or might be previously known to each other (for example collaborators on a project that is using chat to facilitate communication). Instant messaging systems tend to facilitate connections between specified known users (often using a contact list also known as a "buddy list" or "friend list"). Depending on the IM protocol, the technical architecture can be peer-to-peer (direct point-to-point transmission) or client-server (a central server retransmits messages from the sender to the receiver).
Clients 3
Interoperability 4
IM language 5
Business application 6
Review of products 7
Security risks 7.1
Compliance risks 7.2
Security and archiving 8
User base 9
See also 10
References 11
External links 12
Instant messaging is a set of communication technologies used for text-based communication between two or more participants over the Internet or other types of networks. IM–chat happens in real-time. Of importance is that online chat and instant messaging differ from other technologies such as email due to the perceived quasi-synchrony of the communications by the users. Some systems permit messages to be sent to users not then 'logged on' (offline messages), thus removing some differences between IM and email (often done by sending the message to the associated email account).
IM allows effective and efficient communication, allowing immediate receipt of acknowledgment or reply. However IM is basically not necessarily supported by transaction control. In many cases, instant messaging includes added features which can make it even more popular. For example, users may see each other via webcams, or talk directly for free over the Internet using a microphone and headphones or loudspeakers. Many applications allow file transfers, although they are usually limited in the permissible file-size.
It is usually possible to save a text conversation for later reference. Instant messages are often logged in a local message history, making it similar to the persistent nature of emails.
Command-line Unix "talk", using a split screen user interface, was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s.
Though the term dates from the 1990s, instant messaging predates the Internet, first appearing on multi-user operating systems like Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) and Multiplexed Information and Computing Service (Multics)[1] in the mid-1960s. Initially, some of these systems were used as notification systems for services like printing, but quickly were used to facilitate communication with other users logged into the same machine. As networks developed, the protocols spread with the networks. Some of these used a peer-to-peer protocol (e.g. talk, ntalk and ytalk), while others required peers to connect to a server (see talker and IRC). The Zephyr Notification Service (still in use at some institutions) was invented at MIT's Project Athena in the 1980s to allow service providers to locate and send messages to users.
Parallel to instant messaging were early online chat facilities, the earliest of which was Talkomatic (1973) on the PLATO system. During the bulletin board system (BBS) phenomenon that peaked during the 1980s, some systems incorporated chat features which were similar to instant messaging; Freelancin' Roundtable was one prime example. The first[2] such general-availability commercial online chat service (as opposed to PLATO, which was educational) was the CompuServe CB Simulator in 1980,[3] created by CompuServe executive Alexander "Sandy" Trevor in Columbus, Ohio.
Early instant messaging programs were primarily real-time text, where characters appeared as they were typed. This includes the Unix "talk" command line program, which was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s. Some BBS chat programs (i.e. Celerity BBS) also used a similar interface. Modern implementations of real-time text also exist in instant messengers, such as AOL's Real-Time IM[4] as an optional feature.[5]
In the latter half of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, the Quantum Link online service for Commodore 64 computers offered user-to-user messages between concurrently connected customers, which they called "On-Line Messages" (or OLM for short), and later "FlashMail." (Quantum Link later became America Online and made AOL Instant Messenger (AIM), discussed later). While the Quantum Link client software ran on a Commodore 64, using only the Commodore's PETSCII text-graphics, the screen was visually divided into sections and OLMs would appear as a yellow bar saying "Message From:" and the name of the sender along with the message across the top of whatever the user was already doing, and presented a list of options for responding.[6] As such, it could be considered a type of graphical user interface (GUI), albeit much more primitive than the later Unix, Windows and Macintosh based GUI IM software. OLMs were what Q-Link called "Plus Services" meaning they charged an extra per-minute fee on top of the monthly Q-Link access costs.
Modern, Internet-wide, GUI-based messaging clients as they are known today, began to take off in the mid-1990s with PowWow, ICQ, and AOL Instant Messenger. Similar functionality was offered by CU-SeeMe in 1992; though primarily an audio/video chat link, users could also send textual messages to each other. AOL later acquired Mirabilis, the authors of ICQ; a few years later ICQ (now owned by AOL) was awarded two patents for instant messaging by the U.S. patent office. Meanwhile, other companies developed their own software; (Excite, MSN, Ubique, and Yahoo!), each with its own proprietary protocol and client; users therefore had to run multiple client applications if they wished to use more than one of these networks. In 1998, IBM released IBM Lotus Sametime, a product based on technology acquired when IBM bought Haifa-based Ubique and Lexington-based Databeam.
In 2000, an open source application and open standards-based protocol called Jabber was launched. The protocol was standardized under the name Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP). XMPP servers could act as gateways to other IM protocols, reducing the need to run multiple clients. Multi-protocol clients can use any of the popular IM protocols by using additional local libraries for each protocol. IBM Lotus Sametime's November 2007 release added IBM Lotus Sametime Gateway support for XMPP.
As of 2010, social networking providers often offer IM abilities. Facebook Chat is a form of instant messaging, and Twitter can be thought of as a Web 2.0 instant messaging system.
Many instant messaging services offer video calling features, voice over IP and web conferencing services. Web conferencing services can integrate both video calling and instant messaging abilities. Some instant messaging companies are also offering desktop sharing, IP radio, and IPTV to the voice and video features.
The term "Instant Messenger" is a service mark of Time Warner[7] and may not be used in software not affiliated with AOL in the United States. For this reason, in April 2007, the instant messaging client formerly named Gaim (or gaim) announced that they would be renamed "Pidgin".[8]
Each modern IM service generally provides its own client, either a separately installed piece of software, or a browser-based client. These usually only work with the supplier company's service, although some allow limited function with other services. Third party client software applications exist that will connect with most of the major IM services. Adium, Empathy, Miranda IM, Pidgin, Qnext and Trillian are a few of the common ones.
Pidgin's tabbed chat window in Linux
Standard complementary instant messaging applications offer functions like file transfer, contact list(s), the ability to hold several simultaneous conversations, etc. These may be all the functions that a small business needs, but larger organizations will require more sophisticated applications that can work together. The solution to finding applications capable of this is to use enterprise versions of instant messaging applications. These include titles like XMPP, Lotus Sametime, Microsoft Office Communicator, etc., which are often integrated with other enterprise applications such as workflow systems. These enterprise applications, or enterprise application integration (EAI), are built to certain constraints, namely storing data in a common format.
There have been several attempts to create a unified standard for instant messaging: IETF's Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Application Exchange (APEX), Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol (IMPP), the open XML-based Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), and Open Mobile Alliance's Instant Messaging and Presence Service developed specifically for mobile devices.
Most attempts at producing a unified standard for the major IM providers (AOL, Yahoo! and Microsoft) have failed, and each continues to use its own proprietary protocol.
However, while discussions at IETF were stalled, Reuters signed the first inter-service provider connectivity agreement on September 2003. This agreement enabled AIM, ICQ and MSN Messenger users to talk with Reuters Messaging counterparts and vice-versa. Following this, Microsoft, Yahoo! and AOL agreed to a deal in which Microsoft's Live Communications Server 2005 users would also have the possibility to talk to public instant messaging users. This deal established SIP/SIMPLE as a standard for protocol interoperability and established a connectivity fee for accessing public instant messaging groups or services. Separately, on October 13, 2005, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that by the 3rd quarter of 2006 they would interoperate using SIP/SIMPLE, which was followed, in December 2005, by the AOL and Google strategic partnership deal in which Google Talk users would be able to communicate with AIM and ICQ users provided they have an AIM account.
There are two ways to combine the many disparate protocols:
Combine the many disparate protocols inside the IM client application.
Combine the many disparate protocols inside the IM server application. This approach moves the task of communicating with the other services to the server. Clients need not know or care about other IM protocols. For example, LCS 2005 Public IM Connectivity. This approach is popular in XMPP servers; however, the so-called transport projects suffer the same reverse engineering difficulties as any other project involved with closed protocols or formats.
Some approaches allow organizations to deploy their own, private instant messaging network by enabling them to restrict access to the server (often with the IM network entirely behind their firewall) and administer user permissions. Other corporate messaging systems allow registered users to also connect from outside the corporation LAN, by using an encrypted, firewall-friendly, HTTPS-based protocol. Usually, a dedicated corporate IM server has several advantages, such as pre-populated contact lists, integrated authentication, and better security and privacy.
Certain networks have made changes to prevent them from being used by such multi-network IM clients. For example, Trillian had to release several revisions and patches to allow its users to access the MSN, AOL, and Yahoo! networks, after changes were made to these networks. The major IM providers usually cite the need for formal agreements, and security concerns as reasons for making these changes.
The use of proprietary protocols has meant that many instant messaging networks have been incompatible and users have been unable to reach users on other networks. This may have allowed social networking with IM-like features and text messaging an opportunity to gain market share at the expense of IM.[9]
IM language
Users sometimes make use of internet slang or text speak to abbreviate common words or expressions to quicken conversations or reduce keystrokes. The language has become widespread, with well-known expressions such as 'lol' translated over to face-to-face language.
Emotions are often expressed in shorthand, such as the abbreviation LOL, BRB and TTYL; respectively laugh(ing) out loud, be right back, and talk to you later.
Some, however, attempt to be more accurate with emotional expression over IM. Real time reactions such as (chortle) (snort) (guffaw) or (eye-roll) are becoming more popular. Also there are certain standards that are being introduced into mainstream conversations including, '#' indicates the use of sarcasm in a statement and '*' which indicates a spelling mistake and/or grammatical error in the prior message, followed by a correction.[10]
Instant messaging has proven to be similar to personal computers, email, and the World Wide Web, in that its adoption for use as a business communications medium was driven primarily by individual employees using consumer software at work, rather than by formal mandate or provisioning by corporate information technology departments. Tens of millions of the consumer IM accounts in use are being used for business purposes by employees of companies and other organizations.
In response to the demand for business-grade IM and the need to ensure security and legal compliance, a new type of instant messaging, called "Enterprise Instant Messaging" ("EIM") was created when Lotus Software launched IBM Lotus Sametime in 1998. Microsoft followed suit shortly thereafter with Microsoft Exchange Instant Messaging, later created a new platform called Microsoft Office Live Communications Server, and released Office Communications Server 2007 in October 2007. Oracle Corporation has also jumped into the market recently with its Oracle Beehive unified collaboration software.[11] Both IBM Lotus and Microsoft have introduced federation between their EIM systems and some of the public IM networks so that employees may use one interface to both their internal EIM system and their contacts on AOL, MSN, and Yahoo! As of 2010, leading EIM platforms include IBM Lotus Sametime, Microsoft Office Communications Server, Jabber XCP and Cisco Unified Presence. Industry-focused EIM platforms as Reuters Messaging and Bloomberg Messaging also provide enhanced IM abilities to financial services companies.
The adoption of IM across corporate networks outside of the control of IT organizations creates risks and liabilities for companies who do not effectively manage and support IM use. Companies implement specialized IM archiving and security products and services to mitigate these risks and provide safe, secure, productive instant messaging abilities to their employees. IM is increasingly becoming a feature of enterprise software rather than a stand-alone application.
Review of products
IM products can usually be categorised into two types: Enterprise Instant Messaging (EIM)[12] and Consumer Instant Messaging (CIM).[13] Enterprise solutions use an internal IM server, however this isn't always feasible, particularly for smaller businesses with limited budgets. The second option, using a CIM provides the advantage of being inexpensive to implement and has little need for investing in new hardware or server software.
For corporate use, encryption and conversation archiving are usually regarded as important features due to security concerns. Sometimes the use of different operating systems in organizations requires use of software that supports more than one platform. For example many software companies use Windows in administration departments but have software developers who use Linux.
A company with Windows network could use a software application like ShixxNOTE[14] which is a network-enabled sticky notes program. Every computer on the network listens for new messages which when found are presented to the user like colorful desktop sticky notes via which a reply can be sent instantly.
Security risks
Crackers (malicious "hacker" or black hat hacker) have consistently used IM networks as vectors for delivering phishing attempts, "poison URLs", and virus-laden file attachments from 2004 to the present, with over 1100 discrete attacks listed by the IM Security Center[15] in 2004–2007. Hackers use two methods of delivering malicious code through IM: delivery of viruses, trojan horses, or spyware within an infected file, and the use of "socially engineered" text with a web address that entices the recipient to click on a URL connecting him or her to a website that then downloads malicious code. Viruses, computer worms, and trojans usually propagate by sending themselves rapidly through the infected user's contact list. An effective attack using a poisoned URL may reach tens of thousands of users in a short period when each user's contact list receives messages appearing to be from a trusted friend. The recipients click on the web address, and the entire cycle starts again. Infections may range from nuisance to criminal, and are becoming more sophisticated each year.
IM connections usually occur in plain text, making them vulnerable to eavesdropping. Also, IM client software often requires the user to expose open UDP ports to the world, raising the threat posed by potential security vulnerabilities.[16]
Compliance risks
In addition to the malicious code threat, the use of instant messaging at work also creates a risk of non-compliance to laws and regulations governing use of electronic communications in businesses. In the United States alone there are over 10,000 laws and regulations related to electronic messaging and records retention.[17] The better-known of these include the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, HIPAA, and SEC 17a-3. Clarification from the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) was issued to member firms in the financial services industry in December, 2007, noting that "electronic communications", "email", and "electronic correspondence" may be used interchangeably and can include such forms of electronic messaging as instant messaging and text messaging.[18] Changes to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, effective December 1, 2006, created a new category for electronic records which may be requested during discovery in legal proceedings. Most nations also regulate use of electronic messaging and electronic records retention in similar fashion as the United States. The most common regulations related to IM at work involve the need to produce archived business communications to satisfy government or judicial requests under law. Many instant messaging communications fall into the category of business communications that must be archived and retrievable.
Security and archiving
In the early 2000s, a new class of IT security provider emerged to provide remedies for the risks and liabilities faced by corporations who chose to use IM for business communications. The IM security providers created new products to be installed in corporate networks for the purpose of archiving, content-scanning, and security-scanning IM traffic moving in and out of the corporation. Similar to the e-mail filtering vendors, the IM security providers focus on the risks and liabilities described above.
With rapid adoption of IM in the workplace, demand for IM security products began to grow in the mid-2000s. By 2007, the preferred platform for the purchase of security software had become the "computer appliance", according to IDC, who estimate that by 2008, 80% of network security products will be delivered via an appliance.[19]
User base
While some numbers are given by the owners of a complete instant messaging system, others are provided by commercial vendors of a part of a distributed system. Some companies may be motivated to inflate their numbers to raise advertising earnings or attract partners, clients, or customers. Importantly, some numbers are reported as the number of active users (with no shared standard of that activity), others indicate total user accounts, while others indicate only the users logged in during an instance of peak use.
Since the acquisitions of 2010 and later and with the wide availability of smartphones, the virtual communities of those conglomerates are becoming the user base of most instant messaging services:
Facebook (through Facebook Messenger, Instagram, WhatsApp)
Tencent Holdings Limited (WeChat, Tencent QQ, Qzone)
Google (Google+ and YouTube users (merging))
Microsoft (Skype and Windows Live / MSN messenger (merged))
Twitter (API)
LinkedIn (API)
Ambient awareness
Communications protocol
Mass collaboration
Message-oriented middleware
Operator messaging
Secure Instant Messaging
Unified communications / messaging
List of virtual communities with more than 100 million active users
Comparison of instant messaging clients
Comparison of instant messaging protocols
Usage share of instant messaging clients
^ Tom Van Vleck. "Instant Messaging on CTSS and Multics". Multicians.org. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
^ CompuServe Innovator Resigns After 25 Years, The Columbus Dispatch, May 11, 1996, p. 2F
^ Wired and Inspired, The Columbus Dispatch (Business page), by Mike Pramik, November 12, 2000
^ "AOL Instant Messenger's Real-Time IM feature". Help.aol.com. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
^ "RealJabber.org's animation of real-time text". Realjabber.org. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
^ "Screenshot of a Quantum Link OLM". Retrieved 2012-05-11.
^ "Summary Of Final Decisions Issued By The Trademark Trial And Appeal Board" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-05-11.
^ "Important and Long Delayed News", Announcement of Gaim renaming (to Pidgin), April 6, 2007
^ "The decline of instant messaging". BBC News. May 24, 2010.
^ instant messaging, NetworkDictionary.com.
^ "Oracle Buzzes with Updates for its Beehive Collaboration Platform". CMSWire. May 6, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
^ "Better Business IMs - Business Technology". Im.about.com. 2012-04-10. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
^ "Reader Questions IM Privacy at Work". Im.about.com. 2008-03-15. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
^ "ShixxNOTE 6.net desktop sticky notes and LAN messenger program".
^ "IM Security Center". Retrieved May 13, 2007.
^ "Why just say no to IM at work". blog.anta.net. October 29, 2009.
^ "ESG compliance report excerpt, Part 1: Introduction". Retrieved May 13, 2007.
^ FINRA, Regulatory Notice 07-59, Supervision of Electronic Communications, December 2007
^ Chris Christiansen and Rose Ryan, International Data Corp., "IDC Telebriefing: Threat Management Security Appliance Review and Forecast"
Instant Messaging at DMOZ
(comparison)
IMPP
YMSG
MSNP
Hike Messenger
Indoona
IRC Networks
Libon
Microsoft Messenger service
ooVoo
Palringo
Skype Qik
TextSecure
Upptalk
Windows Messenger service
Single protocol
Baidu Hi
CSipSimple
Fetion
IBM Sametime
SFLphone
Multi-protocol
Ayttm
BitlBee
Centericq
Gizmo5
Instantbird
Kopete
Messages/iChat
XMPP (Jabber)
Tkabber
Windows Live Messenger
Windows Messenger
Mobile instant messaging
Buddy profile
Instant message service center
Presence information
IM bot
SMS language
Computer-mediated communication
Social network service
Virtual learning environment
Asynchronous conferencing
Electronic mailing list
Internet forum
Textboard
Imageboard
Bulletin Board System
Online Guestbook
Synchronous conferencing
Data conferencing
Web syndication
Web syndication technology
Bloggernacle
Electronic journal
Litblog
Warblog
Feed URI scheme
Refback
Conversation threading
RSS enclosure
Product feed
Web feed
MRSS
RSS TV
Livemark
. pooling
RSS editor
RSS tracking
RSS Advisory Board— Usenet: .net
World Wide Web + (-let)
XBEL
Enhanced podcast
Narrowcast
Peercast
Slidecasting
Anonymous blogging
Collaborative blog
Roblog
Spam blog
Motovlogging
Online diary
AtomPub
Broadcatching
NewsML
Web Slice
Escribitionist
Glossary of blogging
Posting style
Slashdot effect
Spam in blogs
Uses of podcasting
Use mdy dates from January 2012
Articles needing additional references from November 2007
Articles needing additional references from January 2012
Articles with DMOZ links
Videotelephony
YouTube, Alphabet Inc., Android (operating system), Software, Apple Inc.
Internet, Ethernet, Telecommunication, Wi-Fi, Project management
Google, Apple Inc., Samsung Electronics, Microsoft Office, Sony
Internet Relay Chat, Internet, Email, Web conferencing, Instant messaging
Instant messaging, Freenode, Unix, Transport Layer Security, Transmission Control Protocol
Instant messaging, Project management, Knowledge management, Social software, Online chat
Aol, Instant messaging, Microsoft Windows, AOL Instant Messenger, Internet Relay Chat
Messages (application)
Ios, Instant messaging, Apple Inc., Os X, IPod
Instant messaging, Internet Relay Chat, Microsoft Windows, Linux, Cross-platform


Some handy tips for winter travel and the items you should pack with you.
A few suggestions that could help each of us make the holiday season a little healthier for Mother Earth as well as our pocketbooks.
Sustainability communications is a combination of traditional and non-traditional communications and media that plays on the senses and is sensitive to the fact that people are consuming large quantities of information every day from many sources. By striking this balance, not only will you likely reach and engage a broader audience who is receptive to your message and will want to know more about your sustainability efforts going forward, but you also will have a greater opportunity to affect positive organization change within your business.
GreenScaping encompasses a set of landscaping practices that can improve the health and appearance of your lawn and garden while protecting and preserving natural resources. By simply changing your landscape to a GreenScape, you can save time and money and protect the environment.
Here's seven simple steps you can take today to make for a green holiday season.


text:
Idacanzas fue un cacique muisca de la Confederación Iraca. Su nombre significa "Luz grande del día". Es un personaje misterioso, que fue muy venerado y respetado como sumo sacerdote. El Zipa y probablemente el Zaque también le pagaban tributo. Se le atribuye la capacidad de predecir desde los eventos climatológicos hasta los de origen humano con una precisión extraordinaria. Probablemente Idacanzas no sea más que un sumo sacerdote de Iraca, pero a la llegada de los españoles se le rendía culto como al dios Nemqueteba o Nemquereteba, que se asimila con Bochica, el instructor y benefactor de los muiscas. En las leyendas chibchas se describía como un anciano de barba blanca, cabalgando un misterioso animal. Estableció la Confederación de Iraca y las normas para la elección de sus sucesores.
Es posible que Idacanzas se trate de un muy antiguo sacerdote del culto de Bochica, pero no del mismo personaje.

Referencias

 Arango Cano Jesús. Mitos Leyendas y Dioses Chibchas. Enciclopedia Popular Ilustrada

Enlaces externos

 https://web.archive.org/web/20080116020154/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/historia/meaneg/meaneg3.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20040805202341/http://www.udistrital.edu.co/colombia/historia/sugamuxi.php

Véase también
 Mitos y leyendas de Sogamoso
 Gobernantes muiscas
 Confederación Muisca

Gobernantes muiscas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In the majority of the system, it is necessary to catch the bus by standing at a red, white and blue HARTransit bus stop sign. Be ready at least 5 minutes before the bus is due to arrive.
Deer Hill Avenue in Danbury.
Hillside Avenue, Sunny Valley Road, Dodd Road and Old Park Lane in New Milford and on Federal Road between Junction and Silvermine Roads in Brookfield and in areas of road construction on Route 7.
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On any buses traveling in New York State.
To board in an area where flag stops are in effect, stand near the curb and wave to the bus. Do not wait on a curve, next to a right-turn lane, or on the opposite side of the street from the bus.
Drivers are not authorized to stop for passengers flagging down the bus where bus stop signs are installed, unless the system is on snow routes.
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Acting in a manner threatening to the safety of drivers or passengers or engaging in seriously disruptive or objectionable behavior that interferes with and/or disturbs the operation of the vehicle.
Smoking, carrying a lighted cigar, cigarette, cigarillo or pipe, use of any spark, flame, match or fire producing device.
Possession of open containers of alcohol or other liquids.
Consumption of food or drink.
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Entering or riding a vehicle while intoxicated or under the influence of illegal drugs.
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Defacing or damaging HARTransit property.
Announcements with detailed descriptions are posted a week ahead of the holiday.
Shuttle riders should take note that on Christmas Eve, New Years Eve and single days bridging holidays with weekends Metro-North will run an altered schedule that may affect the operation of connecting HARTransit services.
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Items are available for pick up at the Administrative Office during normal office hours. Other arrangements may be made for pickup after hours.
Non-perishable items will be retained for a period of 60 days; however, more valuable items will be retained for a longer period. Perishable items will be discarded immediately.


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text:
With Rising Use of Drones, Farmers Too Want a Piece of the Sky
By: Maxwell Reister | August 7, 2014 | Unmanned and Unregulated: The Rise of Commercial Drones in the U.S. | 2 Comments
Follow: Business & Society, agriculture, precision agriculture
Courtesy of SenseFly
A farmer launches a SenseFly eBee, a drone made specifically for agriculture, in Vaud, Switzerland.
Robert Blair's farm is over 100 years old, but the fourth-generation farmer is working to keep it on the bleeding edge of technology. Located near Kendrick, Idaho, the Blair family's Three Canyon Farms was one of the first farms in the U.S. to use drones.
"People still think of farmers as 'American Gothic,' with a pitchfork and chewing straw," Blair said. "But farmers now use smartphones and precision ag tech."
Precision agriculture is the use of technology to optimize farms' production and increase their sustainability by responding to minute variations within fields. For example, farmers may use GPS to plant efficiently, or they may track productivity and the soil types of different areas on their land.
When the Federal Aviation Administration finalizes its regulations for drones, 80 percent of the new market is expected to consist of precision agriculture, according to the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International, a leading industry group. A $3 billion market for agricultural drones may develop in the first three years after the airspace is cleared, according to the AUVSI's estimates.
Blair uses drones to help him monitor his crops, which include wheat, garbanzo beans, lentils and barley. The technology lets him get real-time data on crop yields and watch for disease.
He began using unmanned aerial systems, or UAS, in 2006 and was named the PrecisionAg Institute's Farmer of the Year in 2009. Now he's working with experts in the aerospace industry and with the University of Idaho's Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department to figure out how drones will be integrated into farms in the near future.
Seven miles from the University of Idaho, Washington State University researchers are also preparing for what high-tech farmers will need. "When the airspace market opens, that's not the time to start research," said Sindhuja Sankaran, a researcher and assistant professor of agricultural automation engineering at WSU.
Sankaran and a group of researchers at WSU's Biological Systems Engineering Department study how to monitor crops using different optical sensors mounted on UAS. The cameras use a variety of sensors, including thermal imaging, near-infrared and laser optics, to capture a detailed kaleidoscope of data.
Courtesy of Sindhuja Sankaran
A near-infrared image of a citrus orchard taken by sensors on an unmanned aircraft. Near-infrared reflects off chlorophyll and can show farmers their plants' health.
Farmers can use satellite imagery, but that may be hampered by cloud cover and, until recently, was legally limited to 50 cm resolution or less. UAS sensors, Sankaran said, can currently show 2.5 cm per pixel. [Ed. note: Previous version of the story incorrectly stated 'limited to 50 m resolution' instead of 50 cm.]
Another part of her research is developing the software necessary to harvest useful information from the raw data. The data needs to be analyzed and translated to help a grower or plant breeder understand the crop, Sankaran said.
Lav R. Khot works with Sankaran on agricultural automation engineering and was one of the first WSU researchers to start looking at how agriculture could use drones. In his office sits an eight-armed hobby-class UAS known as an octocopter, ordered over the Internet from a German company.
Khot assembled the pieces and calibrated it to test out a variety of digital cameras. But the drone can't be officially used until the FAA issues a certificate of authorization , Khot said.
"Only noncommercial groups can even apply for a COA," he said. "If you can make one cent from using it, the present laws will stop you."
The FAA has issued COAs to some public agencies that use drones for law enforcement, border patrol, firefighting and other activities. There are no guidelines or authorization yet for farmers who want to use UAS, but the FAA allows small drones to be flown recreationally, according to the rules for model aircraft.
Other countries, such as Japan, have used UAS in agriculture for 20 years, Khot said. According to the AUVSI, 90 percent of Japan's crop dusting was done by unmanned systems in 2011. The mountainous terrain and aging population of farmers in Japan made farming with land-based systems difficult and spurred a change that American farmers have been slow to follow.
Because most of America's farming is done on very flat ground, tractors and other land equipment worked fine to manage and observe crop conditions. But with the size of modern farms, drones are starting to make more sense, Khot said.
Nationwide Network of Drone User Groups Plans for a Future of Innovation
2 thoughts on "With Rising Use of Drones, Farmers Too Want a Piece of the Sky"
Lanny Faleide on August 7, 2014 at 3:21 pm said:
Please correct your article: Current Satellites can provide imagery up to 50 Centimeter/.5 meter resolution not 50 meters. Our company, Satshot provides data from many satellites, Mostly from 5 Meter resolution satellites across the world. Satellites are also preparing to cover the earth with daily imagery in the next 1-2 years at 5 meter resolution. Please get your facts right before you publish statements about the industry.
Lanny Faleide
Satshot Inc.
Leilani Leach on August 7, 2014 at 5:53 pm said:
Lanny, thanks for pointing that out. We're correcting that section, and clarifying with our source to see where the confusion arose.
editor fellow
More In Unmanned and Unregulated: The Rise of Commercial Drones in the U.S.
Drones Add a New Dimension to Crime Scene Investigations
Anyone who's watched the U.S. TV show "CSI" has probably seen officers carefully measuring the distance between every object in a room, and between every speck of evidence, in order to precisely reproduce the crime scene. Police must ensure they have all the information they need before releasing a crime scene, because there's no going back to it.
So You Want to Major in Drones?
Like many college sophomores, Ethan Voigt has homework, a job and classes to attend. But his homework includes flying an airplane three to four times a week.
Taking Filmmaking to New (Unmanned) Heights
SAN DIEGO, U.S. —Aerial MOB is one of a growing number of aerial cinematography companies utilizing drones for filming in commercials, TV shows and feature films. It has done work for shoe companies, car companies, Ivy League universities and even MTV, but a major part of its current focus isn't on the next high-profile client. It's on the Federal Aviation Administration.
Drone Watching: Alan Vandegrift Aims to Protect Crops From Hungry Birds
In this series, we're talking with people from various backgrounds who have one thing in common: an active interest in the future of drones. PULLMAN, Wash.
Inspecting Gadgets May Make Wind Energy Industry Safer, More Efficient
At the Wild Horse Wind Farm in eastern Washington state, dozens of giant wind turbines dominate the landscape near busy Interstate 90. The 10,000-acre wind farm is one of three large wind facilities owned by Puget Sound Energy, which bills itself as the nation's second largest utility generator of wind power.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Kaman.com
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For the past 70 years Kaman has been recognized for technical breakthroughs and innovative solutions to critical aerospace challenges.
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Since our founding, the company has grown both organically and through acquisitions to create a global Aerospace business.
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Kaman Closes on Five Year Amended and Restated Credit Facility Increases Capacity to $800 Million
BLOOMFIELD, Conn.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Dec. 16, 2019--
Kaman Corporation (NYSE:KAMN) announced today that it has closed on an amended and restated $800 million credit facility. The new credit facility amends and restates the Company's prior credit facility to, among other things: (i) extend the maturity date to December 2024; (ii) increase the aggregate amount of revolving commitments from $600 million to $800 million; (iii) modify the affirmative and negative covenants set forth in the facility; and (iv) effectuate a number of additional modifications to the terms and provisions of the facility, including its pricing.
The amended and restated facility is collateralized by the Company's tangible and intangible personal property and other assets (excluding real estate), including the stock and assets of its material domestic subsidiaries that are guarantors of the facility, and includes a typical financial covenant package, which the company believes reflects current market terms and conditions. The facility includes an accordion feature that allows the company to increase the aggregate amount available to up to $1.0 billion with additional commitments from the lenders.
"We are pleased with the strong support of our lenders and welcome a number of new banks to our lending group. The amended and restated credit facility provides us with increased flexibility and liquidity to execute our long-term growth strategy," stated Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer,
Robert D. Starr.
The facility was brought to market by Joint Bookrunners and Joint Lead Arrangers JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A; BofA Securities and Citizens Bank, N.A.
About Kaman Corporation
Kaman Corporation, founded in 1945 by aviation pioneer
Charles H. Kaman, and headquartered in Bloomfield, Connecticut conducts business in the aerospace & defense, industrial and medical markets. Kaman produces and markets proprietary aircraft bearings and components; super precision, miniature ball bearings; complex metallic and composite aerostructures for commercial, military and general aviation fixed and rotary wing aircraft; safe and arming solutions for missile and bomb systems for the U.S. and allied militaries; subcontract helicopter work; restoration, modification and support of our SH-2G Super Seasprite maritime helicopters; manufacture and support of our K-MAX® manned and unmanned medium-to-heavy lift helicopters. More information is available at www.kaman.com.
Source: Kaman Corporation
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The Flynn bag is an elegant, single top handle, roomy carryall with a satchel flair.
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This bag is extremely light and beautifully handcrafted from eco-friendly fine cork fabric that was wisely selected for its quality, hand-feel, and durability. Cork is extremely durable and resistant to abrasion, bringing you a handbag that you will cherish for life.


text:
#import "FBEventReporterSubject.h"

#import "FBCollectionInformation.h"

FBEventType const FBEventTypeStarted = @"started";
FBEventType const FBEventTypeEnded = @"ended";
FBEventType const FBEventTypeDiscrete = @"discrete";
FBEventType const FBEventTypeSuccess = @"success";
FBEventType const FBEventTypeFailure = @"failure";

@implementation FBEventReporterSubject

@synthesize eventName = _eventName;
@synthesize eventType = _eventType;
@synthesize arguments = _arguments;
@synthesize duration = _duration;
@synthesize message = _message;
@synthesize size = _size;

#pragma mark Initializers

+ (instancetype)subjectForEvent:(NSString *)eventName
{
  return [[FBEventReporterSubject alloc] initWithEventName:eventName eventType:FBEventTypeDiscrete arguments:nil duration:nil size:nil message:nil];
}

+ (instancetype)subjectForStartedCall:(NSString *)call arguments:(NSArray<NSString *> *)arguments
{
  return [[FBEventReporterSubject alloc] initWithEventName:call eventType:FBEventTypeStarted arguments:arguments duration:nil size:nil message:nil];
}

+ (instancetype)subjectForSuccessfulCall:(NSString *)call duration:(NSTimeInterval)duration size:(NSNumber *)size arguments:(NSArray<NSString *> *)arguments
{
  return [[FBEventReporterSubject alloc] initWithEventName:call eventType:FBEventTypeSuccess arguments:arguments duration:[self durationMilliseconds:duration] size:size message:nil];
}

+ (instancetype)subjectForFailingCall:(NSString *)call duration:(NSTimeInterval)duration message:(NSString *)message size:(NSNumber *)size arguments:(NSArray<NSString *> *)arguments
{
  return [[FBEventReporterSubject alloc] initWithEventName:call eventType:FBEventTypeFailure arguments:arguments duration:[self durationMilliseconds:duration] size:size message:message];
}

+ (NSNumber *)durationMilliseconds:(NSTimeInterval)timeInterval
{
  NSUInteger milliseconds = (NSUInteger) (timeInterval * 1000);
  return @(milliseconds);
}

- (instancetype)initWithEventName:(NSString *)eventName eventType:(FBEventType)eventType arguments:(NSArray<NSString *> *)arguments duration:(NSNumber *)duration size:(NSNumber *)size message:(NSString *)message
{
  self = [super init];
  if (!self) {
    return nil;
  }

  _eventName = eventName;
  _eventType = eventType;
  _arguments = arguments;
  _duration = duration;
  _size = size;
  _message = message;

  return self;
}

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Il titolo cardinalizio di Santa Emiliana fu eretto da papa Alessandro I intorno al 112 ed era incluso tra quelli compresi nel sinodo romano del 1º marzo 499. Fu soppresso intorno al 600 da papa Gregorio I, che lo sostituì con quello di Santa Balbina.

Titolari
 Gioviano (494)

Emiliana


Protests campaigning for a second gondola lift for Bansko were made yesterday. The slogan: "Bansko Against The Green Mafia". I find it hard to comment on this topic because I suspect the issues and the politics are more complex than the media reveals. I strongly suspect that the real truth on gondola permission is known only to a few in the highest levels of government and business.
It says: "Bansko Against The Green Mafia"
So I won't comment about stuff I don't know about, other than to say that the volume of accommodation can cope with many times the number of pistes currently available. A new gondola would have to be accompanied by more pistes either at the same as as a second gondola or shortly afterwards.
I believe that, one day, more lifts will be built here. I have no idea when that day will be.
There is no doubt that a ski resort brings in much needed revenue to the EU's poorest country. However, the interesting thing for me is that it is so hard to recruit staff for seasonal work in Bansko. Those who are available are not sufficiently qualified, or trained, to do the job.
The reasons for the lack of staff are complex but on factor I hear all the time is that much higher salaries are available in the UK for Bulgarians who are prepared to work hard.
However, the commitment to almost exclusively employ local people to operate the lifts does inevitably mean that old communist era attitudes can still prevail. This is not good — although I am pleased last season saw an improvement in this regard. But overall customer service on the lifts can be in stark comparison to US and Canadian resorts where ex University students are employed under strict conditions.
The emphasis on providing customer service and attracting skiers and snow boarders is very much part of the strategy. I hope Bansko can learn from the best because it still has a long way to go.


I am sure you have heard about Bitcoin by now.
And I'm also pretty confident that some of you might even own some bitcoins!!
But where are you keeping those bitcoins?
On Bitcoin exchanges like Binance, BitMEX or hosted Bitcoin wallets such as Coinbase or CEX?
If that's your answer, then you are putting the ownership of your bitcoins under serious risk!!
These services keep your Bitcoin private keys under their custody on your behalf. This is not a safe practice, as your Bitcoin private key is the only way to claim your bitcoins.
If you don't know, consider reading this guide on private keys, and the MtGox hack.
So now the question is, where should you keep your bitcoins?
Here at Coinsutra, we don't write about things that we have not personally used.
Control private keys – A wallet where you own and control your keys.
Backup & security features – Seed backup keys and pin codes.
Developer community – Active development community for maintenance.
Ease of use – Elegant UI for fast and easy use.
Compatibility – Compatible on different operating systems.
Now that you know what to look for in a Bitcoin wallet, let's check out the top 5 best Bitcoin wallets.
Ledger Nano S is a hardware wallet from a French start-up.
It's like a USB drive which connects to any USB port. It doesn't have a battery and only starts up when plugged into a computer (or mobile device).
The Ledger doesn't come with an anti-tampering sticker as its cryptographic procedure checks for the integrity of the instrument when powered on.
It also comes with an OLED screen and two side buttons for confirming transactions.
When you configure your Nano S as a new device, you need to set up your pin code in order to secure your wallet. After that, note down and store your 24-word recovery phrase. This recovery phrase can be used anytime to restore your bitcoins.
With this wallet, your private keys are stored offline, so you need not worry about the safety of your coins.
Nano S is also the cheapest multi-currency hardware wallet ($120).
Also, it is multi-currency wallet where you can store/manage more than 700 coins and ERC20 tokens all at once place. And you can see the list of all supported cryptocurrencies here.
Check out other supported currencies on Ledger here: Which Cryptocurrencies Are Supported By The Ledger Wallet?
Note: You should always use a hardware wallet when you have a lot of bitcoins or altcoins.
Watch this video by Coinsutra's YouTube channel to learn how to set up your Ledger Nano S.
Presented by SatoshiLabs, a Czech Republic-based company, Trezor is the world's first Bitcoin hardware wallet.
It is a small device with an OLED screen, which connects via a USB to your personal computer or phone. Its fundamental purpose is to store your private keys offline and sign transactions.
The initial setup is a bit different from the Ledger Nano S.
With Trezor, when you first connect it to your PC, it shows a nine-digit pin code on its OLED screen. You need to enter the same pin code by clicking on your corresponding PC screen. This code is generated randomly every time you connect Trezor and makes sure that even a tampered PC can't get your pin.
After entering the pin, you will be asked to write your 24-word recovery seed. Again, you need to keep your recovery key safe because this is the only way you will be able to restore your bitcoins.
After that, using it is pretty similar to the Nano S.
Update: Trezor now supports more than 600 cryptocurrencies/tokens for more details read: Which Cryptocoins Does Trezor Hardware Wallet Support?
Trezor can be used with apps such as TREZOR Wallet, Mycelium, and Multibit HD.
It is available now for Windows (version 7 and higher), OS X (version 10.8 and higher), and Linux. You can also use it with your Android devices.
It is available in 3 colors – white, gray, and black – and costs $110.
Atomic Wallet is a multi-currency custody free wallet that supports over 300 coins and tokens. This one is the first cryptocurrency wallet with decentralized cross-chain atomic swaps on board. Users can exchange Bitcoin, Litecoin and QTUM with no intermediaries. The team of Atomic Wallet plans to enable Ethereum for the swaps, as well.
Apart from that, Atomic Wallet provides a built-in regular exchange service for a range of cryptocurrencies, and an option to buy XRP, BTC, LTC and ETH with a bank card.
All these features are well crafted in one clear and comprehensive interface. You don't need to verify your identity or register. You just download the wallet for your operating system, install it and start using. Currently, Atomic runs on a range of desktop operating systems, such as Windows-64 bit, MacOS. Linux, etc., and will be available for Android and iOS devices as well.
Like other non-custodial wallets, Atomic generates a mnemonic seed for your wallet and encodes private keys in your device. If you are about to store your crypto in Atomic, you must write it down and keep in a secure place, since the seed is shown only once and not sent via email.
The wallet supports private keys import, so you can move your funds from any other wallet to Atomic in a few clicks.
Interestingly, Atomic Wallet provides its interface for custom tokens, so anyone is able to add their custom tokens by importing a smart contact address. That's a quite convenient option when it comes to ICO campaigns.
Regarding the latter, Atomic is planning to release its underlying ERC20 token by the end of 2018 and now is running a bounty program where everyone may participate before the public sale.
To sum up, Atomic Wallet seems to be a quite non-typical cryptocurrency project. In one place, you can manage 300+, exchange and buy some of them, try innovative Atomic Swaps, get access to custom tokens and participate in bounty. And all these features are performed in a non-custodial manner.
Exodus is a free to use, desktop-only wallet crafted by JP Richardson and Daniel Castagnoli in mid-2015.
It is the world's first multi-cryptocurrency desktop wallet.
Simply looking at Exodus.io, you can tell that the company is putting a lot of effort into creating a good user experience.
You can store your bitcoins without worry, as Exodus has no hosted servers or logs. At present, it supports cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Dogecoin, Dash, Golem, and Augur.
No registration or identity verification is needed to start using Exodus. But you certainly need to take a backup of your seed key!
If you want to access and spend your funds, you are required to set a password.
While taking a backup of your seed key, it also asks for your email id for sending you a one-click link recovery feature. You can always use this email link along with your password to restore your Exodus wallet.
However, one thing to remember while using Exodus is that you can only take a backup of the seed key when you have some balance in your wallet.
I like using this wallet because a pie-chart at the center shows your entire token portfolio in one glance. The UI is very nice.
Exodus is the first desktop wallet to have ShapeShift built in for exchanging cryptocurrencies.
And if you need help, you can get personal support from the founders via email.
It is available on Mac, Linux, and Windows.
Jaxx is the world's leading multi-asset digital wallet which stores both bitcoins and altcoins.
It currently supports 13 crypto coins and is an ideal choice for multi-cryptocurrency users.
With an active development team working at lightning speed, it's also very reliable. Altcoins such as Monero, Tether, Ripple, and many more are on their development roadmap.
Jaxx provides a seamless, frictionless, and easy to use UI. It takes no email verifications, no onboarding, and no usernames/passwords to start using Jaxx.
It is an HD wallet which comes with a seed backup key feature. The seed key helps you in controlling and restoring your crypto assets in case your device is damaged or lost.
You can export your private keys, and import bitcoins or altcoins from paper wallets.
Jaxx also has ShapeShift.io integration for currency exchange, which makes it a natural choice for multi-currency lovers.
It is available now on iOS mobile/tablet, Chrome & Firefox Extensions, and MAC/Linux desktop versions.
Mycelium is one of my favorite Bitcoin wallets.
It is an open source and well-established Bitcoin wallet with an active developer community that is always innovating.
This is a frictionless tool for storing bitcoins, as it requires no email verifications, no onboarding, and no usernames/passwords to get started.
If you are new to Bitcoin, you will love Mycelium's very easy to use UI.
Moreover, you control your Bitcoin private key and can always import it when you need to.
Mycelium is an HD wallet which provides you with a 12-word backup seed key which you should write down somewhere and keep safe. In case you damage or lose your device, this backup seed key will enable you to recover your bitcoins.
Mycelium is compatible with Ledger Nano S, KeepKey, Trezor, and also with paper wallets.
At present, Mycelium is available on Android and iOS platforms.
Always remember: If you lose those 12 words, you will lose your bitcoins.
Download the Mycelium app from Google Play and check out this new video tutorial on how to set up your first Mycelium Bitcoin wallet.
It's important to store Bitcoin away from an exchange. If you don't do this, you risk losing all of your coins in an instant.
Luckily, you have many online and offline wallet options available to you.
This is a public address (i.e. everyone can see it, and you can share it with anyone for receiving emails). And you have a software/service like Gmail or Hotmail through which you send and receive your mail.
And you have a password to log in to your email service to send mail on others' email IDs (others' public addresses). But your password is confidential and private for your own use and theirs is confidential and for their own use.
And the software/service understands both the public address ([email protected]) and your password (private address) to successfully log you in and send/receive/store emails.
Similarly, for sending/receiving/storing bitcoins, we require a wallet on the Bitcoin network, which is nothing but a place which stores our public address (a place to receive bitcoins) and a private address (to send/spend bitcoins).
So in short, the place where you have both your bitcoin address to receive bitcoins and the private key to send/spend bitcoins is called a Bitcoin wallet. In an even more simplified way, a wallet is a digital file which stores your bitcoins.
So what kinds of Bitcoin wallets exist on the market?
There are a lot of Bitcoin wallets available out there in the Bitcoin world. To make it easier for you to understand, I have classified them based on certain criteria such as online connectivity, custodianship, and device availability.
This is the most secure and safest way to store your bitcoins because they are stored in an offline environment.
At the time of this writing, there has been no reported theft or loss of bitcoins from a hardware wallet. The private keys and digital signature needed to spend bitcoins are generated via these wallets.
Bitcoin wallet applications which are installable on mobile phones are called mobile wallets. For each mobile operating system, such as iOS, Android, Windows, and Blackberry, compatible wallets are available. India's Bitcoin space has Unocoin, as the leading platforms.
Below are the various Bitcoin mobile wallets and each mobile OS compatibilities. The one that I prefer using is MyCelium on Android. They have integrated a lot of security measures & are quite safe. At the same time, there are many more mobile wallets that you can pick based on your smartphone's OS.
Desktop wallets are Bitcoin wallets which are installable on different desktops, and as per the user's needs, are compatible with Windows, Mac, and Linux.
Below are various Bitcoin desktop wallets compatible with all operating systems.
Wallets which are basically web services and are accessible through web/internet-based browsers such as Google Chrome, Firefox, and IE are called web-based Bitcoin wallets.
The private keys are held online in these kinds of wallets. They are accessible via an internet address such as https://xyz.com.
They are also called "hosted wallets" because you store your bitcoins on the servers of the agency which you have chosen as your online wallet.
Paper wallets are a piece of paper with a public address and the private address printed on them.
You can use the public address to send any amount of bitcoins. You can then save the piece of paper as it also contains the private key which can be used to transfer/spend bitcoins or sweep the Bitcoin paper wallet completely to another wallet.
Since the keys are offline, printed and secured by the owner, there is no threat of any electronic damage to bitcoins unless the printed keys are lost.
Wallets in which bitcoins are stored online and which are connected 24/7 to the internet are called hot wallets. Such Bitcoin platforms and services which can receive/withdraw bitcoins for their users are hot wallets. They are very much like the wallet you have in your pocket.
Akin to a cashier in a bank who has not kept the money deposited in the bank vault but left it on his/her desk, your bitcoins are always under threat when placed online and connected 24/7.
And you must have guessed, those bitcoins stored offline in hard drives or USB drives or paper, away from internet connectivity are called cold wallets.
When you entrust your bitcoins to be held by some agency/exchange on your behalf, it means you are trusting them and storing your bitcoins with them on their servers, thereby giving them custody of your bitcoins.
When you entrust your bitcoins to nobody and take responsibility for your own funds by saving your Bitcoin private keys yourself, such wallets are called non-custodial wallets.
Which Bitcoin Wallet Should You Use?
It is a tricky question.
The type of wallet you should use really depends on your level of activity and level of security with which you want to handle your bitcoins.
It also depends on how frequently you use your funds and how much you want to store on any particular wallet. Also, are the bitcoins you possess for your savings/investment or are they for daily transactions?
I personally prefer hardware wallets like Ledger Nano S for storing a significant amount of bitcoins because of the high-security features. And I use desktop wallets to keep bitcoins which I am not using for daily transactions. So that whenever required, I can quickly connect my desktop wallet to the Bitcoin network and transfer bitcoins.
However, for complete safety, you should prefer using a paper wallet. In the upcoming tutorial, I would show you how to build paper wallet of your own.
I only use web wallets to keep small amounts of bitcoins, similar to a wallet in my pocket for daily transactions.
Which wallets do you prefer to use? Have you used any on this list? Let us know in the comments below!
Like this guide to Bitcoin wallets? Share it with your friends!
If you want to learn about paper wallets, check out this article.
I hope this detailed article on the different types of Bitcoin wallets – including software, hardware, and desktop wallets – will help you in making the right choice for yourself.
Do let me know which bitcoin or altcoin wallet you are using in the comments section below.
And if you find this post useful, do share it with your friends on Facebook & Twitter!
Could US Regulation Affect The Overall Price Of Bitcoin?
6 Which Bitcoin Wallet Should You Use?
Can not buy from changelly as Sri Lanka is not in the list. Coinmama's price is 40 USD high than the going price and also they charges 5% top of it. Is there any option i can purchase.
Thank you for the article. Do you know of any wallets that will let us store a wide variety of altcoins? e.g. Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Litecoin, and Theta, Neo, Omisego, Digibyte, Populous, Reddcoin, Pillar and Veritaseum.
Most can be stored in Ledger Nano S. Except Pillar I guess.
In what respect are you saying?
The beauty of Hardware wallet is in the fact that even if you damage or lose device, you can get your coins back. The only important things are 24 seed words which are your private key… As long as you have these words, you can retrieve your funds. So keep it safe, and there is nothing else you should worry about.
I am confuse about private key. Where is the private key are store? In the nano? Is the 24 seed word is the private key itself. Is the 24 seed word encode in the nano?
24 words are the seed and that generates private keys every time deterministically you activate your nano.
totally agree with Exodus its real easy to use . a must for beginners .
I always use only this purse https://en.bitcoinwiki.org/wiki/Jaxx_Wallet. Portable wallet is nonsense.
Did they fix their previous problem?
You are right! Today everybody is trying to cheat you, no matter you are keeping it or changing.
I use Trezor to keep and BestChange for exchange. That always works perfectly.
Thought you might like to know seeing as it's the essential point of the entire article.
Yup but not too many coins in a mobile wallet is recommended. Use Ledger Nano S for higher amounts.


Posted by yukon_wn on 6 years ago Hello, Today went very good. Down another 3 lbs for a total of 10. I also woke up wide awake. Usually, I want to hit the snooze button multiple times. I knew that I would be away from the house all day and I wouldn't be able to prepare juice or the foods for Day 6, so I prepared in advance and took it with me. My family and my sister-in-law's family wanted McDonald's. How successful can one be trying to eat something at McD's and staying on the juice fast ? Answer - NOT AT ALL. I am happy that I had my own juice and food already in-hand. Looking forward to Day 7. Take care and wishing you all well.
Hey guys, I am finishing day 3 ..I will never catch you guys but will keep you in sight!
Hello, Anniepie4 - Fantastic on your weight loss. Keep it up :-) Donmoss - You will catch us. Sooner or later, we will have to stop juicing. Take care and wishing you two continued success !


Hi my name is Tori. Music has been one of the things passed down generation after generation in my family. Growing up there wasn't a moment someone wasn't playing an instrument or singing in my house. Now I sing for my youth group's worship team. In my free time I find myself playing the piano, guitar, or singing. Music is a major part of my life. I want to teach so other people can enjoy music as much as I do.


Both women's Final Four games went to overtime tonight, with UConn keeping its undefeated season alive thanks to an incredible meltdown by Notre Dame in the last seconds of regulation.
Fighting Irish junior Jessica Shepard threw the ball away after a three-pointer with 15 seconds remaining, allowing Kia Nurse an easy layup to tie the game—with Shepard turning the ball over again moments later, though the Huskies were unable to put the game away, even if you believed in your heart they would, because how couldn't they?
UConn finishes its season 36-1. Notre Dame will face Mississippi State for the national championship.


Winemaking: How Much Wine in a Vine?
How much wine is in each bottle?
Wine is measured in milliliters. The standard amount of wine in each bottle is 750 milliliters, which is equivalent to 25 fluid ounces.
How many grapes are used to create each bottle?
It takes approximately 2.5 pounds of grapes to make each bottle of wine. Although grapevines vary widely in their ability to produce grapes, an average vine can generate somewhere between 15 and 20 pounds of grapes over a three-year period. This means that a typical grapevine can turn out six to eight bottles of wine in about three years. As grapevines age, they grow significantly longer and wider, producing more grapes and, thus, more wine.
Winemaking: How is Wine Made?
The luscious flavor and aroma must be extracted from the fruit before any other step in the winemaking process. This can be accomplished by chopping, crushing, pressing, boiling, or soaking the grapes. Before taking any of these actions, the fruit must be properly prepared. Sometimes, the grapes are peeled and the seeds are removed, though neither of these actions is essential to the procedure. Before extraction, all grapes with brown spots or signs of mold or rot are rejected from the winemaking process.


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The black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus), also known as the golden-rumped lion tamarin, is a lion tamarin endemic to the Brazilian state of São Paulo, almost exclusively at the Morro do Diabo State Park. Its limited geographical range makes it the rarest of the New World monkeys, with little known about it. It was thought to be extinct for 65 years until its rediscovery in 1970.
In 2016 an adult couple was found to the east, in the Caetetus Ecological Station, after six years with no sightings.

A 2020 assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) estimated that there was 1,600 individuals living in the wild, 1,200 of which are found in Morro do Diablo State Park. They are usually found in groups of 4 to 9, living in the secondary and primary forests along the circumference of its home range.

On average, the black lion tamarin weighs .

Taxonomy
The classification of the black lion tamarin was debated, as one group of taxonomists classified the lion tamarins by their geography, while other taxonomists placed them all into one species and then divided them into subspecies. More recently, taxonomists have agreed to base classification predominantly on their geography, though sometimes characteristics such as long calls are used to classify different species, similar to the use of bird songs in taxonomy. For differentiating within Leontopithecus, the black lion tamarin is categorized as starting its call at the lowest note and going through the greatest range of pitch.

Behaviour and ecology

Diet

The diet of the black lion tamarin is seasonal and varies with the habitats it moves through. When the tamarin is in the dryland forest, it usually eats a variety of fruits, whereas in a swampy environment it predominantly feeds on the gum of various trees. In addition to seasonal variation, the black lion tamarin exhibits daily and monthly cycles of food preferences.

Independent of the environment it occupies, a tamarin spends long periods each day searching for different types of insects and spiders to feed on. On average, 80% of its time foraging is spent searching for insects, such as by foraging the forest floor. The tamarin's foraging locations are very intentional: it spends extended periods of time looking under dry palm leaves, in loose bark, and in tree cavities, with hands that have specialized fingers for prying. The tamarin also positions itself in trees and scans for insects from above, usually four meters above the forest floor.

The black lion tamarin eats the gum and fruit of trees, climbing up to ten meters to reach them and as these are easily found, the tamarin spends 12.8% of its day obtaining them, rather than the 41.2% of the day spent foraging for insects in the high trees.

Reproduction
Black lion tamarins mate and have offspring during the spring, summer, and fall months (August to March in Brazil). Females usually have one litter per year, though 20% females produce two litters per year. The mean litter size is two infants.

Most mammals produce a 50:50 ratio of males to females. The black lion tamarin population almost always produce a 60:40 male to female ratio.

Most infants deaths occur within the first two weeks of birth, with newborns of first-time mothers having the lowest survival rates. The number of tamarins that survive to adulthood in the wild is 10% higher than those in captivity.

Food sharing
During the first few months after birth, the infant is unable to obtain food on its own. For this reason, the infant rides on the parent's back and receives food from the parents. It drinks milk in the 4 to 5 weeks after birth; after that, the parents and other group-members share food with the infant. Sharing involves both offers from the parents and begging by the infant. Usually, until the age of approximately 15 weeks, the infant will receive the majority of its food (especially insects) from others. The number of offers from group-members peaks at week 7; after week 15, sharing slowly declines, stopping by week 26.

Communication

Within Leontopithecus, the black lion tamarin is the largest in size and has the lowest-pitched calls, using longer notes than other species. The black lion tamarin use calls to defend territory, maintain cohesion within the group, attract a mate, and contact individuals who might be lost. Most calls can be recorded in the morning, and can be attributed to the reunion of mated pairs. Mated pairs are mostly monogamous but polyandry has been observed in some populations.

Conservation

The black lion tamarin is rated endangered by the IUCN Red List due to its declining population trend. The main threat against it is the destruction of its habitat through deforestation, though it is also threatened by being hunted in unprotected forests, such as the Fazenda Rio Claro and the Fazenda Tucano (which have roughly 3.66 and 1.0 individuals per square kilometer respectively).

There have been several attempts to bring black lion tamarins into captivity and to salvage what little habitat they have left within the Morro do Diabo State Park, as well as to increase breeding rates. Their population decline in the wild, however, could cause the black lion tamarins to become entirely endemic to the Morro do Diabo.

References

External links

 Geographic range of the black lion tamarin

black lion tamarin
Mammals of Brazil
Endemic fauna of Brazil
black lion tamarin
Taxa named by Johann Christian Mikan


text:
Posts Tagged 'Alicia Keys'
Favorite Songs by Favorite Artists: Kelly Clarkson
I've never really admitted this before, but I'm a huge fan of Kelly Clarkson. No, I didn't watch her compete on or win the inaugural season of American Idol. I fell in love with her after hearing "Breakaway" for the first time in 2004.
When I bought her album in Jan 2005 I was surprised to like it. As a country music fan, I'm not easily drawn to pop music. But I didn't just like the Breakaway album I loved it. It's easily my favorite pop recording of the 00s. I had become a fan.
On that premise I bought My December in 2007. I was so shocked by the contrast in sound to Breakaway, I sort of gave up on Clarkson. Fearing All I Ever Wanted would only make me wish for a return to her Breakaway glory, I skipped that album entirely.
Now, I'm hardly a fair weather fan. I love Clarkson's music so much, I begged for her to be good again. After she sang "Don't You Wanna Stay" with Jason Aldean, she reclaimed the glory I was hoping she'd come back to.
Now I'm mad I skipped All I Ever Wanted but consider it a lesson learned. It's taken until this year to finally dive in and become the fan I should've been since that day in 2004 when she captured my attention with one little song.
Here are my 25 personal favorite Clarkson recordings with my two favorite albums Breakaway and Stronger receiving ample attention. If this level of quality continues into the next ten years of her career, there's no telling where she'll be able to go.
Tags:Alicia Keys, Faith Hill, Florence + The Machine, Jason Aldean, Katy Perry, Kelly Clarkson, Lorrie Morgan, Miranda Lambeert, Reba McEntire
Posted in FSBFA | 1 Comment »
Album Review – Kelly Clarkson – "Stronger"
At first listen, Stronger seemed like an album in desperate need of a vacation in sound. But the richness of this project became more clear to me as I kept hitting the repeat button on the CD player.
Lead single "Mr. Know It All" is a sunny and upbeat pop number complete with an infectious beat and charming vocal from Clarkson. It's one of those songs that effortlessly glides off the tongue so much so, you don't know you're singing along until it's over. Co-written by country songwriter Brett James with Brian Seals, Ester Dean, and Dante Jones, I much prefer the original pop recording over the country one because it sounds more natural.
The dance pop "What Doesn't Kill You (Stronger)," the second single, also delivers on the charm. The beat and melody are so contagious, you can't help but want to sing and dance along. In addition, "Stronger" succeeds in taking the proverb that inspired it and presenting it in a way that sounds fresh opposed to trite. It could've so easily been caught up in what inspired it, but the writers (Jorgen Elofsson, Ali Tamposi, David Gamson, and Greg Kurstin) succeed in making it an anthem.
Luckily, the rest of the album follows suit in matching the quality of the singles. If you're looking for Clarkson to build on the success of "Don't You Wanna Stay," her duet with Jason Aldean, than you've come to the wrong place. She loves and appreciates country music, but she sings pop music because it's the most natural fit.
Tags:Aben Eubanks, Ali Tamposi, Alicia Keys, Brett James, Brian Seals, Dante Jones, David Gamson, Ester Dean, Florence + The Machine, Greg Kursti, Jason Aldean, Jorgen Elofsson, Kara Dioguardi, Kelly Clarkson, Sheryl Crow, Sixpence None The Richer
Posted in Music Reviews | Leave a Comment »


AE-F, Material For Modular Sound Isolation from Sound Kitz.
The Soundkitz AE-F is an acoustic recording system that is designed for recording vocals and instruments in both treated and untreated rooms. The AE-F features a unique sound filtering system that makes it capable of performing in may recording environments.
SammyGia's review"Helped me a lot more than I expected"
I purchased the AE-F about a year plus ago. It wasn't my first choice but it was my last choice that I needed to make. At the time I purchased it I was looking for something to help remove some of the hollowness I had been experiencing when I would record my voice. My room was pretty much dry already as far as sound could go but I sounded hollow. I tried a few home brewed solutions but never got the results I wanted then I started looking at reflection filters but didn't want to spend $300 on one. I first tried a ambient room filter that I purchased for around $100 and it made my voice sound even more removed like I was recording inside a cardboard box. Then I sent that back and brought the AE-F which I found to bring my voice out more instead of muffling it. Instead of sounding so hollow it was more direct like I was speaking to you and not from across the hall.
What I like the most about the filter is that it didn't take me too long to set up and was effective without me having to do any adjusting to my mic playing around with it. What I like the least about it? I was pretty satisfied with it but it would be nice if maybe it had a panel or layer that could cover the top so it's not so open. That might help.
Very good value it's built very strong there is no plastic it's all metal. It feels very solid like it won't break so easily.
Precision and quality of the sound?
Great improvement but depend on what you record you might noticed more than I did. I just use it for voice, I can see a singer getting even more out of it.
Yes, and I was satisfied with this purchase. The other products I tried were also somewhat effective but they didn't address my specific problem.
I would have made it sooner and probably first. I have been satisfied with this item from them. Very nice quality and good results no real complaints.


This is one of my favorite parts that really starts to bring the project together.
You are going to choose a name for your report and order an ecover.
For your name you want something simple and short. No need to kill yourself here.
3) Titles do sell report. Include your audience in your title. When your title isn't targeted other famous authors' general titles get the buyer. Always make your title clear and make it easy for your audience to recognize they need your eBook.
4) Create impact for your title – Check out other authors' titles by researching on the W+/JVZoo as well as ClickBank. Your title must compel the reader to buy now.
5) Use power words to compel someone to buy your eBook. This strategy is used very effectively in advertisements. Words such as "Free", "How to" and a number of ways such as "101", or"1001" are attention grabbing words.
After you have your title, head over to Fiverr.com and order a 3d ecover image. I also like to get the flat 2d image to use as the first page for my reports. Up to you, just a style preference that adds quality but won't affect sales.
Give them the title you choose, color scheme, image of your own or both of these sellers can choose that for you and add your name as the author.
You'll have this ecover back in a day. Continue your research and tomorrow you will start your ebook outline and the actual writing process.


text:
Bears Ears National Monument sought to protect areas like this dwelling on Western Cedar Mesa Canyon (above) and rock art at Fish Creek (below) protected in the monument area prior to President Donald Trump's decision to downsize the monument Dec. 4. Many of these areas have cultural importance to Native American tribes. Photo courtesy of Grand Canyon Trust, Jonathan Bailey
Bears Ears monument downsized, tribes file lawsuit
Navajo Nation, Hopi and other Native tribes challenge Trump's decision to downsize Bears Ears National Monument; file lawsuit
On Dec. 4, the Navajo Nation joined the Hopi Tribe, Zuni Tribe, Ute Indian Tribe and Ute Mountain Ute Indian Tribe and filed a legal challenge against the Trump administration for its actions revoking and replacing the Bears Ears National Monument.
By Katherine Locke


For quick cash Sno 2 Go has you covered. It's easy to get a payday loan within the next 24 hours. You can easily call at (334) 393-7669 if you have questions about the services offered or about the store hours. Alternatively, you can swing by Sno 2 Go which is at 1509 E Park Ave, Enterprise AL.


text:
class Iptables < Formula
  desc "Linux kernel packet control tool"
  homepage "https://www.netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html"
  url "https://www.netfilter.org/pub/iptables/iptables-1.8.8.tar.bz2"
  sha256 "71c75889dc710676631553eb1511da0177bbaaf1b551265b912d236c3f51859f"
  license "GPL-2.0-or-later"

  bottle do
    sha256 x86_64_linux: "3924660d88ad974260e7b6b5d2bac9a724a94daa2b1a301f457db368fe1cd2fa"
  end

  depends_on "linux-headers@4.15" => :build
  depends_on "pkg-config" => :build
  depends_on "libmnl"
  depends_on "libnetfilter_conntrack"
  depends_on "libnfnetlink"
  depends_on "libnftnl"
  depends_on :linux
  depends_on "nftables"

  uses_from_macos "libpcap"

  def install
    ENV.append "CFLAGS", "-I#{Formula["linux-headers@4.15"].opt_include}"
    system "./configure", *std_configure_args, "--disable-silent-rules",
      "--enable-bpf-compiler",
      "--enable-devel",
      "--enable-libipq",
      "--enable-shared"
    system "make"
    system "make", "install"
  end

  test do
    assert_match "Permission denied (you must be root)", shell_output("iptables-nft --list-rules 2>&1", 4)
  end
end


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Strong Women Should Never Do These Things For a Man — or Anyone Else
Things Women Should Never Do For a Man
March 13, 2020 by Nicole Yi
When you're head over heels for someone, or maybe when you're feeling insecure, it's sometimes easy to put someone else's wants and needs before your own. But if you don't catch yourself in time, you may lose a part of who you are. Ladies, don't ever do the following five things for a man — or for anyone.
1. Change your appearance.
If your SO is a decent human being, they won't ever force you to alter the way you look for their benefit. They should love you for you, and all of you. If your weight, hair, or style really bothers him, he's clearly not with you for the right reasons. Any physical changes you make should be made because you want them, not for attention or for someone else.
2. Compromise your passions.
Absolutely no one should get in the way of your goals. It is your life, after all, and nobody else will regret leaving any dreams behind more than you. The decision to pass on a job opportunity or put an idea on hold might seem best at the moment, but the future is never guaranteed. Your partner should support your endeavors, and if he's willing to come along for the ride, that's just a bonus.
3. Wait for his approval.
A strong woman plays by her rules and doesn't sit around for instructions. You should be assertive and go forward with your own decisions rather than seek validation from someone else. You're grown enough to know what's best for you.
4. Cancel already-set plans.
It's different to reschedule when something important comes up, but it's problematic when you drop what you're doing just to be with him. Your friends and family should not be on the sideline and only brought in when he's unavailable. You should never be on standby, and if he's respectful, he won't mind catching you another time.
5. Let him change who you are.
Don't change who you are for anyone but yourself. And if you do decide to make any self-adjustments, they should be improvements that will better you. It's possible that he'd be more interested if you do x, y, and z, but he wouldn't genuinely like you for you. Never lose sight of who you are.
— Additional reporting by Haley Lyndes
What's Written in the Stars For You This Month? Check Out Your March Love Horoscope
Image Source: Unsplash / Priscilla Du Preez
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Get Your Daily Life Hack


We are a customer centric firm manufacturing, exporting and supplying an optimum quality Cemented Carbide Gun Drills. These drills are manufactured by utilizing quality assured carbide materials and cutting-edge machinery in tandem with predefined market norms under the strict observation of seasoned professionals. Offered drills are used for drilling holes or bores in several metals. Also, these Cemented Carbide Gun Drills can be easily purchased from us at reasonable price within the promised time frame.


What time KSV-GZB 12CAR EMU depart from KOSI KALAN Railway Station?
KSV-GZB 12CAR EMU (64901) departs from KOSI KALAN Railway Station at 08:00.
How much time KSV-GZB 12CAR EMU take to reach GHAZIABAD Railway Station?
KSV-GZB 12CAR EMU reach on day 1 to GHAZIABAD Railway Station. The arrival time of KSV-GZB 12CAR EMU at GHAZIABAD Railway Station is 12:00.
Distance covered by KSV-GZB 12CAR EMU?
KSV-GZB 12CAR EMU covers 123 km to reach GHAZIABAD Railway Station at average speed of 31 km/hr. KSV-GZB 12CAR EMU passes through 22 stations.


text:
Pericoma chlifasica är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Vaillant och Moubayed 1987. Pericoma chlifasica ingår i släktet Pericoma och familjen fjärilsmyggor.

Artens utbredningsområde är Libanon. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Fjärilsmyggor
chlifasica


PRIMOSA™ PH - Always great to make deals with!
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Your mind is the most powerful aspect of your body. It attracts things that it conceives, thus, think positive and expect positive results.
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We believe that you deserve only the best! At PRIMOSA™ Ph, our aim is to offer beauty and skin care essentials that will surely enhance not only your appearance but also your confidence. We also offer perfumes, accessories, apparel and other useful products which are made to make your life easier and better.