text:
Quote of the Day: Bartley on the Marketplace of Ideas
25 February 2010 at 12:44 am Peter G. Klein	7 comments
| Peter Klein |
I happened to be looking today through Unfathomed Knowledge, Unmeasured Wealth by W. W. Bartley, III, who passed away shortly after this book was published. Bartley, a student and colleague of Karl Popper and the Founding Editor of The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, was a brilliant and penetrating thinker whose work is not very well known outside of a few professional circles. Unfathomed Knowledge, a book about higher education (with the subtitle "On Universities and the Wealth of Nations"), was written for a general audience and is full of insights about the crazy business of academia. Here's one passage:
Analogies have often been drawn between a free market in ideas and free markets in goods and services. Yet intellectuals tend to dislike such comparisons. They see the free market in ideas as something on a higher plane, qualitatively different from free markets in commodities and the like. Many of them indeed even hate the marketplace as traditionally conceived, and would want nothing to do, even analogically, with a free market in coal, housing, fish, or petroleum.
Take a few examples. Several scholars, including Edward Shils, of the University of Chicago, strongly protested the analogy when it was drawn by Michael Polanyi at the Congress for Cultural Freedom. One called Polanyi's comparison between free markets in goods and in ideas "clever but questionable" in that a man who offers commodities in the free market "is not bound by anything" whereas in science one is bound to an objective method. Shils added that members of the scientific community, by contrast to businessmen and traders, act in accordance with overriding standards, a "common law" above and beyond individuals.
Such a position does not withstand examination. Someone offering commodities in a market — far from being "not bound by anything" — is governed by enforceable law relating to fraud, credit, contract and such like. The analogy does have limits, but of a different sort: in the marketplace of ideas, fraud, plagiarism, theft, false advertising (including false claims to expertise and the whole mystique of expertise), "conspiracies of silence," casual slander and libel, breach of contract, deceit of all sorts are more common than in business — simply because there are few readily enforceable penalties against offenders, whereas "whistle-blowers" are severely punished. This is so especially in those areas (the humanities, social sciences, the arts — as opposed to the profitable fields) where the transaction costs of enforcing such things as property rights, priority claims, or even accurate report5ing usually outweigh the advantage in doing so, and where the transaction costs of trying to defend oneself against such things as slander are prohibitive.
Entry filed under: - Klein -, Education, Institutions, Myths and Realities.
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7 Comments Add your own
1. David Gerard | 25 February 2010 at 10:22 am
This is the theme of the new Louis Menand book. I picked it up mostly because I love his NYer pieces, but haven't gotten to that part of the stack yet. .
2. David Hoopes | 25 February 2010 at 11:42 am
This is great Peter. Nice post.
https://organizationsandmarkets.com/2007/11/26/teaching-social-responsibility/
3. Rafe Champion | 25 February 2010 at 9:33 pm
Bartley was a prolific writer, and also a remarkably productive editor (see the three volumes of The Postscript to The Logic of Scientific Discovery) and on top of that he did two remarkable biographies which involved a lot of detailed and original research (Wittgenstein and Werner Erhard, founder of est).
He attracted trouble. His Wittgenstein book prompted a letter-writing campaign by friends of Witt, trying to make him unemployable in Britain. Some adverse comments on Popper's demarction principle triggered an exchange of unpleasantries followed by 12 years of non-communication. A chapter that he contributed to a collection on Popper prompted legal action by an Oxbridge academic (who was described as incompetent) resulting in withdrawal of the English edition. The action failed in the US because the laws are less friendly to litigants, possibly also because there was time to edit the offending sentence, so you can find the Humanities Press edition of "In Pursuit of Truth" ed Paul Levinson. This is the chapter by Bartley
Click to access In_Pursuit_of_Truth_-_Popperian_Harvest.pdf
Here you can find a heap of links to papers by Bartley and about him. http://www.the-rathouse.com/writingsonbartley.html
4. Paul Levinson | 1 March 2010 at 12:33 am
Further to Rafe's account:
The British publisher of In Pursuit of Truth – Harvester – indeed withdrew their edition. I was furious, and determined to do my best to make sure this did not happen in America.
I spoke to the American publisher, Humanities, and encouraged a series a conversations with Bartley. New language was agreed upon by Bartley and the publisher – language which, in my view at least, made the same point as the original, without the word "incompetent". The publisher tipped in a replacement page, and the book was saved.
Bartley was less than happy with me – he might have preferred the book being withdrawn in America, too, on the principle of not changing his wording. I did not find his wording offensive, and told both British and American publishers the same. But I preferred saving the book and Bartley's splendid essay, over the principle of not changing the wording. I felt, and still believe, that world of ideas was better served by this course of action.
5. Rafe Champion | 1 March 2010 at 2:02 am
Bartley's stance was wilful and self-mutilating. It would have been absurd to sacrifice a wonderful collection of papers for the sake of…what?
Leaving the word "incompetent" in the piece might have made him feel good but who could claim that it added to the value of his paper which is probably the pick of a very good collection.
6. In The Marketplace of Ideas….. « A Reasonable Life | 6 September 2010 at 11:42 am
[…] Someone offering commodities in a market — far from being "not bound by anything" — is governed by enforceable law relating to fraud, credit, contract and such like. The analogy does have limits, but of a different sort: in the marketplace of ideas, fraud, plagiarism, theft, false advertising (including false claims to expertise and the whole mystique of expertise), "conspiracies of silence," casual slander and libel, breach of contract, deceit of all sorts are more common than in business — simply because there are few readily enforceable penalties against offenders, whereas "whistle-blowers" are severely punished." – W.W. Bartley, III (Unfathomable Knowledge) (HT to Peter Klein at Organizations and Markets) […]
7. In The Marketplace of Ideas….. | Harry's Woodshed | 18 December 2010 at 12:26 pm
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\section{Introduction}
The platform of linear optics is a prominent platform suitable for quantum information processing \cite{bib:kok}. Its major advantage is high experimental accessibility and relatively low cost \cite{bib:kiesel}. Hence many of the most important quantum information protocols, like teleportation \cite{bib:zeilinger}, cloning \cite{bib:buzek, bib:cernoch, bib:sciarrino, bib:lemr}, and various quantum gates \cite{bib:brien,bib:mikova,bib:lemr02, bib:kiesel, bib:cernoch02}, have been demonstrated using individual photons and linear-optical components. On the other hand, linear-optical quantum computing is burdened by two significant drawbacks related to its probabilistic nature \cite{bib:klm, bib:knill, bib:probabilisticManipulation}: first, the success probability decreases exponentially with the number of quantum gates, and second, in a large number of cases there is a need for postselection in order to distinguish the successful and unsuccessful operations of these probabilistic gates. There are several proposals designed to circumvent the first mentioned issue by employing high-photon-number ancillary states \cite{bib:klm, bib:cluster, bib:chuang}. The second issue can be circumvented using quantum nondemolition measurement \cite{bib:grangier}.

To illustrate the role of quantum nondemolition measurement in linear-optical schemes, let us consider an example of optimal implementation of the controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate, assuming no additional photon ancillae. Such device is successful only in one in nine cases \cite{bib:kiesel} (for other implementations see review \cite{bib:bartkowiak}). These cases correspond to both the signal and control qubits leaving the gate by their respective output ports. If only one such  gate is used, the simple postselection on coincidence detection in signal and control modes suffices. If, however, one wishes to chain several gates of this kind, one has to be able to detect the presence of photons in signal and control modes in between the gates without directly measuring them and thus disturbing their quantum states. At this point the quantum nondemolition measurement looks particularly suitable. Moreover, as it has been recently discussed in \cite{bib:eavesdropping} the nondemolition photon detection can be applied for triggering a cloning machine set for eavesdropping on a quantum key distribution protocol. The operator of any cloning machine used in a real life situation has to synchronize the generation of the ancillary photon with the incoming signal photon. Since, for instance in quantum cryptography, the timing of signal photons is unknown to the cloner operator, the nondemolition presence detection will be a crucial element of a practical cloning attack.

Several schemes for linear-optical quantum nondemolition measurement (QND) of individual photons have been proposed and experimentally verified. For instance, a  CNOT gate can be used to investigate the state of a qubit without destroying it by detection \cite{bib:pryde04,bib:pryde05, bib:pryde06,bib:pryde10}. This approach utilizes the conditional SWAP implemented by the gate on the signal qubit when the control qubit is in a specific state. Thus observing such a SWAP gate on the signal qubit allows to determine the state of the control qubit without its direct detection, which would have destroyed it. The optimal average success probability of this scheme is found to be $\frac{1}{6}$. An alternative strategy is based on using polarizing beam splitter and feed-forward \cite{bib:filip06a, bib:filip06b, bib:filip12, bib:barbieri}. This strategy increases the success probability of the QND measurement to $\frac{1}{2}$, and it has also been used to test the boundaries of extracted information versus disturbance of the measured state \cite{bib:filip05}. Apart from linear-optical schemes, the quantum nondemolition measurement can also be implemented using nonlinear optical interaction \cite{bib:kapale}. This approach is however limited by the amount of nonlinearity in currently available media.

Papers mentioned in the preceding paragraph discuss the QND measurement of the information encoded into the signal photon state, while in this paper we address a somewhat different problem: the goal is to detect the mere presence of a photon in the signal spatial mode without disturbing the information encoded into its polarization state. Such a measurement can in principle be described by the following unitary transformation:
\begin{equation}
\hat{U} = \oprod{0}{0}\otimes\openone_2 +  \oprod{1}{1}\otimes\hat{V}
\end{equation}
 where $\oprod{0}{0}$ correspond to the vacuum state of the investigated
input and $\oprod{1}{1}$ corresponds to the single photon that we would like to detect without
disturbing it. The second subsystem is the ancillary system, which is unchanged if there is a vacuum state in the signal mode but undergoes transformation $\hat{V}$ if there is a signal photon. The transformation $\hat{V}$ is selected so that the change on the ancillary subsystem can be deterministically observed. Capability of performing this type of presence detection is crucial for combining several postselection based quantum gates into larger circuits. Later in Section III we also show how to set the setup to perform a tunable QND measurement on the signal qubit at the expense of its partial disturbance.

\section{Principle of operation}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.29]{figScheme}
\caption{\label{fig:scheme} Proposed setup for linear-optical quantum nondemolition measurement of single photon; PBS, polarizing beam splitter; HWP, half wave plate (all rotated by 45 deg. with respect to horizontal polarization direction); s, signal photon mode; $a_1$, $a_2$--ancillary photon modes; $D_1$ and $D_2$, standard polarization analysis (for reference see \cite{bib:twoPhotonAnalyzer}).}
\end{figure}
The proposed scheme for linear-optical quantum nondemolition measurement is depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:scheme}. It consists of four polarizing beam splitters (PBSs) transmitting horizontally polarized light and reflecting vertically polarized light,  four half wave plates (HWP) set to perform horizontal-vertical polarization swap ($H \to V$) and two detectors $D_1$ and $D_2$. Apart from the signal photon entering the device by input port $s_\mathrm{in}$ there are also two entangled ancillary photons entering by input ports $a_1$ and $a_2$. Successful nondemolition detection of the signal photon is obtained when two-photon coincidence detection on the detectors $D_1$ and $D_2$ is observed. As derived below, this occurs with a probability of $\frac{1}{2}$  when the signal photon is present and with a zero rate if there is no signal photon.

Let us assume the signal photon entering the scheme in an arbitrary polarization state:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:signal}
|\psi_s\rangle = \alpha \ket{H} + \beta \ket{V}, \\
\end{equation}
where $|H\rangle$ and $|V\rangle$ denote horizontal and vertical polarization states, respectively, and the coefficients follow normalization condition $|\alpha |^2 + |\beta |^2 =1$. The ancillary photons are initially in a maximally entangled Bell state
\begin{equation}
\ket{\psi _{a_1a_2}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|HH\rangle + |VV\rangle)_{a_1,a_2}.
\end{equation}
Note that preparation of such an entangled state is nowadays a routine procedure\cite{bib:kwiat99}.
One can therefore formulate the total three-photon state entering the aparatus:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{Eq:TotalState}
|\psi_{T}\rangle & = & \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\alpha \ket{HHH} + \alpha \ket{HVV} \\ \nonumber
&&+ \beta \ket{VHH} + \beta \ket{VVV})_{s,a_1,a_2},
\end{eqnarray}
where the order of photons is signal ($s$), first ancillary ($a_1$) and second ancillary ($a_2$) photon.

In order to understand the transformation that the total three-photon state undergoes in the setup, we need to study the transformation of its respective components. As one can easily verify the state $\ket{HHH}$ goes through the scheme unchanged and leads to two photons impinging the detectors $D_1$ and $D_2$, while one photon with horizontal polarization leaves the scheme by the signal output port $s_\mathrm{out}$. Similarly the state $\ket{VVV}$ always passes through the device unmodified leading as well to two-photon coincidence on the detectors and vertically polarized photon leaving the device.

On the other hand, one can observe that in the two remaining cases ($|HVV\rangle$ and $|VHH\rangle$) the states never lead to two-photon coincidence on the detectors $D_1$ and $D_2$. In these cases only one of the detectors registers a detection event. These cases are excluded from the output state by coincidence postselection. Since the probability of such an outcome is $\frac{1}{2}$, the overall success probability of the scheme is the remaining $\frac{1}{2}$.

Taking into account the transformation of the input state and the postselection on detection coincidences, the total state at the output before detection reads
\begin{equation}
|\psi_T\rangle=(\alpha |HHH\rangle +\beta |VVV\rangle)_{s,a_1,a_2},
\label{PsiOut}
\end{equation}
where renormalization has been carried out having the success probability of $\frac{1}{2}$  in mind. We now perform a projection polarization measurement in the output ancillary ports using diagonal $|D\rangle$ and antidiagonal $|A\rangle$ linear polarization basis. Using this basis, one can rewrite the total output state as
\begin{eqnarray}
|\psi_T\rangle &=&\frac{1}{2}[\alpha|H\rangle(|DD\rangle+|AA\rangle +|DA\rangle+|AD\rangle)\\ \nonumber
&&+\beta|V\rangle(|DD\rangle+|AA\rangle-
|DA\rangle-|AD\rangle]_{s,D_1,D_2},
\end{eqnarray}
where indexes $D_1$ and $D_2$ denote photons impinging on the respective detectors. If $|DD\rangle$ or $|AA\rangle$ coincidence is detected on the ancillary photons the signal photon (in the signal output mode) is projected directly into its initial state (\ref{eq:signal}). If $|AD\rangle$ or $|DA\rangle$ coincidences are observed the signal photon is projected into the state
\begin{equation}
|\psi_\mathrm{out}\rangle = \alpha |H\rangle - \beta |V\rangle, \\
\label{Eq:SignalMinus}
\end{equation}
which can be easily reverted to the initial state Eq.~(\ref{eq:signal}) by inserting a half-wave plate with optical axis coinciding with vertical polarization direction to the signal output port and thus implementing the transformation $V\rightarrow -V$ on the signal photon.
If one wishes to avoid such feed-forward correction , the gate can still be operated but with a reduced success probability of $\frac{1}{4}$. since $|AD\rangle$ and $|DA\rangle$ measure outcomes have to be neglected. Note that the particular choice of the measurement basis leads to restoration of the signal state to its exact initial form, while giving no information about its polarization state. Only the presence of the signal photon is witnessed.

To complete the derivation of the principle of operation, let us consider the case in which there is no signal photon. Such total state reads
\begin{equation}
|\psi_T\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(|0HH\rangle + |0VV\rangle\right),
\end{equation}
where $|0\rangle$ denotes the absence of signal photon. It is easy to observe that neither $|0HH\rangle$ nor $|0VV\rangle$ can lead to a coincidence on detectors $D_1$ and $D_2$. Therefore, observing such coincidence can only happen when the signal photon is present.

\section{Tunable weak measurement}
Apart from the single photon presence detection, the scheme can also be used to measure the polarization state of the signal photon in a nondemolition manner. Equation~(\ref{PsiOut}) indicates perfect correlation between the polarizations of the signal and the ancillary photons and therefore the measurement on ancillary photons reveals the polarization of the signal photon. Such measurement would, however, disturb the initial signal state by projecting it depending on the measurement outcome. In the previous section, this correlation has been intentionally erased by choosing suitable detection basis to prevent the disturbance of the signal state.

The scheme can provide tunable strength of the correlation between the signal and ancillary photons and thus enable also tunable quantum nondemolition measurement. This is achieved simply by rotation of the ancillary photons measurement basis. Let us denote the basis rotation angle by $\phi$ and express the transformation of the basis explicitly
$$
        \left(
                \begin {array}{c}
                \ket{H} \\
                \ket{V}
                \end {array}
        \right)
              \rightarrow
        \left(
                \begin {array} {cc}
                  \cos\phi & \sin\phi \\
                   -\sin\phi & \cos\phi
                \end {array}
        \right)
        \left(
                \begin {array}{c}
                \ket{H} \\
                \ket{V}
                \end {array}
        \right).
$$
Substituting the new basis transformation to the original Eq.~(\ref{PsiOut}) gives the overall state of the system in the form of
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:out_phi}
|\psi_T\rangle &=& \lbrace\alpha[\cos^2\phi\ket{HHH}+\cos\phi\sin\phi\ket{HHV} \\ \nonumber
&& +\cos\phi\sin\phi\ket{HVH}+\sin^2\phi\ket{HVV}]\\\nonumber
&&+\beta[\cos^2\phi\ket{VVV}-\cos\phi\sin\phi\ket{VHV} \\ \nonumber
&&-\cos\phi\sin\phi\ket{VVH}+\sin^2\phi\ket{VHH}]\rbrace_{s,a_1,a_2},
\end{eqnarray}
where the photons are ordered as usual in the order of signal, first ancillary, second ancillary. Note that subsequent calculations assume that similarly to Eq.~(\ref{Eq:SignalMinus}) the $V \to -V$ transformation is performed on the signal photon whenever the ancillary photons are detected having mutually orthogonal polarizations.
Hence, we observe tunable correlation between the signal and ancillary photon polarizations and consequently also tunable degree of disturbance of the signal state after the ancillae are measured. This leads to a tradeoff between the obtained polarization information and the signal state disturbance.

There are several approaches to quantify such a tradeoff depending on the way we calculate the correlation between the signal and ancillary photons. First, let us employ the coherent information $I_c$ \cite{bib:quatumData}. This correlation measure is defined by means of the von Neumann entropy
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:iq}
I_c \equiv S(\hat\rho_\mathrm{out}) - S(\hat\rho_T),
\end{equation}
where $S(\hat\rho_\mathrm{out})$ is the von Neumann entropy of the subsystem of the signal photon [$\hat\rho_\mathrm{out}$ is obtained from Eq.~\ref{eq:out_phi}] by tracing over the ancillary photons) and $S(\hat\rho_T)$ is the von Neumann entropy of the entire system. Since the entire system is in a pure state the last term in Eq.~ (\ref{eq:iq}) vanishes. Moreover, since we deal with pure states the coherent information is equivalent to relative entropy of entanglement \cite{bib:quantifyingEntanglement} and quantifies how much the output state is entangled with the apparatus. In the specific case of our scheme, the coherent information can be easily expressed in terms of the signal state parameters $\alpha$ and $\beta$ and the basis rotation angle $\phi$
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:entr_ent_param}
I_c = - \sum_{i=1,2} \lambda_i \log_2 \lambda_i,
\end{equation}
where $\lambda_{1,2} = \frac{1}{2}(1\pm\sqrt{D})$ with
\begin{equation}
D = 1-4|\alpha|^2 |\beta|^2 (1-\sin^4 2\phi).
\end{equation}
Since $\lambda_1 + \lambda_2 \equiv 1$, the coherent information $I_c$ is also equal to the binary entropy \cite{bib:quatumComputation}.

Inevitably, the capability to obtain some information about the signal state is accompanied by its partial disturbance. We measure such disturbance by the output state fidelity defined as
\begin{equation}
F = \bra{\psi_s} \hat{\rho}_\mathrm{out} \ket{\psi_s},
\end{equation}
where $\hat{\rho}_\mathrm{out}$ denotes the generally mixed state of the signal photon at the output obtained as described above and $\ket{\psi_s}$ stands for the initial signal photon state.
We can explicitly find the formula for fidelity as a function of $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $\phi$:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:fidelity}
F=|\alpha|^4 + |\beta|^4 + 2|\alpha|^2 |\beta|^2 \sin^22\phi.
\end{equation}
Now we plot the tradeoff between the coherent information $I_c$ and the fidelity $F$ [see Fig. \ref{fig:plot_info}(a)]. This plot shows that the maximum of coherent information coincides with the Holevo bound \cite{bib:quatumComputation} indicating that no more information can be extracted from the signal state by any measurement {or in terms of channel capacity -- how much information can be transmitted through our device while sending a single qubit}. Such a maximum is obtained for all three input states for $\phi = 0$, and the corresponding fidelity reaches its minimum at this point.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figPlotEntropy}\\
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figPlotInfo}
\caption{\label{fig:plot_info} (Color online) (a)
Output state fidelity $F$ depicted as a function of (a) coherent information $I_c$, (b) mutual information $I$ between probe and signal, both for three different input states with parameters  $\alpha$ and $\beta$. Note that the maxima in all cases coincide with the maximum physically obtainable information (Holevo bound, depicted by black crosses).}
\end{figure}

From the operational point of view, the classical counterpart of coherent information -- the mutual information $I$ -- is more suitable \cite{bib:quatumComputation}. It quantifies the amount of obtained information about the signal state by a specific measurement performed on the state of the first ancillary photon. The mutual information $I$ is defined as
$$
I = \sum_{i,j} P_{i,j}  \log_2 \frac{P_{i,j}}{P_i P_j},
$$
where $P_i$ is the marginal probability of the signal photon having a given polarization (horizontal or vertical), $P_j$ is the marginal probability of the first ancillary photon having given polarization and $P_{i,j}$ is the joint probability of  both photons having given polarizations. It is evident that $I$ depends on the signal state parameters $\alpha$ and $\beta$ and the angle of rotation $\phi$. One can calculate the explicit formula for the mutual information:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:mutual_info}
I&=&|\alpha|^2 \cos^2\phi \log_2 \frac{\cos^2\phi}{|\alpha|^2 \cos^2\phi+|\beta|^2 \sin^2\phi} \\\nonumber
&& +|\alpha|^2 \sin^2\phi \log_2 \frac{\sin^2\phi}{|\alpha|^2 \sin^2\phi+|\beta|^2 \cos^2\phi} \\\nonumber
&&+ |\beta|^2 \cos^2\phi \log_2 \frac{\cos^2\phi}{|\beta|^2 \cos^2\phi+|\alpha|^2 \sin^2\phi}\\ \nonumber
&&+|\beta|^2 \sin^2\phi \log_2 \frac{\sin^2\phi}{|\beta|^2 \sin^2\phi+|\alpha|^2 \cos^2\phi}.
\end{eqnarray}
Again, we plot the tradeoff function this time between the fidelity $F$ and the mutual information $I$ for three different input states [see Fig. \ref{fig:plot_info}(b)]. This plot also illustrates that similarly to coherent information, the maximum of mutual information also coincides with the Holevo bound.

Both the coherent and mutual informations are well suitable for quantifying the correlation between the signal and ancillary photons. The only drawback of these measures lies in the dependence on input state parameters. For instance maxima of both these information quantities are functions of the signal state parameters $\alpha$ and $\beta$, which makes direct comparison across different input state difficult. Let us therefore use another correlation measure, this time a state independent one. A suitable candidate for such measure is the
correlation matrix $T$ of the signal and ancillary photon
polarizations
\begin{equation}
T_{mn}=\langle\hat{\sigma}_m\otimes\hat{\sigma}_n\otimes\openone_2 \rangle_T,
\end{equation}
where $\hat{\sigma}_n$ for $n = x,\,y,\,z$ are Pauli  matrices and the subscript $T$ denotes $\ket{\psi_T}$.  Knowing the elements of this tensor it is easy to check \cite{bib:bellInequality, bib:bellInequality2} if the correlations violate Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequalities \cite{bib:einsteinPodolskyParadox, bib:testLocalHidVariables}. However, this goes beyond the scope of our paper. The tensor $T_{mn}$ can be expressed using joint probabilities of particular measurement outcomes on the signal and ancillary photons. For the purposes of this paper, we study only the $T_{zz}$ component of the correlation tensor defined as
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:correl}
T_{zz} = P_{H,H}+P_{V,V}-P_{H,V}-P_{V,H},
\end{equation}
where $P_{i,j}$ denotes the probability of observing the signal photon in $i$ polarization state while the first ancillary photon is found to be $j$ polarized for $i$ and $j$ being the horizontal or vertical polarizations. From Eq.~(\ref{eq:out_phi}) it follows that the correlation coefficient can be expressed  in terms of the the basis rotation angle $\phi$:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:correl_phi}
T_{zz} = \cos 2\phi.
\end{equation}
The observed $T_{zz}$  coefficient correlation--fidelity tradeoff is illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig:plot_correl} on a set of three initial signal state.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=1]{figPlotCorrel}
\caption{\label{fig:plot_correl} (Color online) Output state fidelity $F$ vs correlation coefficient $T_{zz}$ (correlation between signal and probe measurements in the $H,V$ polarization basis)  depicted for three different input states with parameters $\alpha$ and $\beta$.}
\end{figure}

\section{Deterministic mode of operation}
In Sec. II, we have determined that the success probability of detecting the presence of the signal photon is $\frac{1}{2}$. The successful cases are distinguished by observing coincidence detection on both detectors $D_1$ and $D_2$. For completeness, let us consider the remaining half of the cases, when two photons impinge on one detector (either $D_1$ or $D_2$). This corresponds to the second and the third term in Eq.~(\ref{Eq:TotalState}). The second term $|HVV\rangle$ leads to detecting two photons on the detector $D_1$ and the third photon leaves the scheme by the signal output mode having vertical polarization. Similarly, the third term $|VHH\rangle$ leads to two-photon detection on the second detector and, a horizontally polarized photon leaves by the output port. According to Eq.~(\ref{Eq:TotalState}) these two cases happen with probabilities $|\alpha|^2/2$ and $|\beta|^2/2$, respectively. Even though the output signal state does not equal the initial state, the output photon can still be used at the expense of lower average fidelity with respect to the initial state. In order to maximize the average fidelity, we insert a half-wave plate rotated by 45deg to the output mode when either one of the two above-mentioned cases is observed. This way, one finds a horizontally polarized photon at the output port with probability $|\alpha|^2/2$ and a vertically polarized output photon with probability $|\beta|^2/2$. The average fidelity of the output state calculated by averaging over all possible input states and taking into account all ancillary photon detection outcomes is found to be $\frac{5}{6}$. Since now there is no postselection on a particular class of outcomes, the success probability of the scheme is 1.

\section{Optimal resources for linear-optical non-disturbing photon detection}

In this section,  we argue that using two  ancillary photons for QND
measurement  is optimal for its linear-optical implementation.
By performing the QND we would like to detect the presence of a photon without disturbing its state.
This is achieved  by measuring the $\hat\sigma_z$
observable for the ancillary system which can be initially found in the
$\ket{H}$ state, can be described by the following unitary transformation
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:U}
\hat{U} = \oprod{0}{0}\otimes\openone_2 +  (\oprod{H}{H} +\oprod{V}
{V})\otimes\hat{\sigma}_x
\end{equation}
 where $\oprod{0}{0}$ correspond to the vacuum state of the investigated
input and $\oprod{H}{H}$ or $\oprod{V}{V}$ denote $\hat{\sigma}_z$
eigenstates of the single photon that we would like to detect without
disturbing it. The transformation flips the ancillary state
if there is a photon to be detected and does nothing if there is none.  The
transformation given by Eq.~(\ref{eq:U}) can be described by means
of a quantum logical circuit shown, in the Fig.~\ref{fig:circuit}.  Since $H$ and
$V$ modes are orthogonal, we need at least two controlled
SWAP gates (or equivalently CNOT gates). Using linear optics one can
implement nonlinear gates, i.e., nontrivial two-photon gates, by exploiting
measurement-induced nonlinearity (for review see
Ref.~\cite{bib:bartkowiak}). Thus, one needs  at least two ancillary photons,
which need to be absorbed in order to perform the discussed type of the QND
measurement. The first one is the target photon of the QND interaction
(modes $H_2$ and $V_2$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:circuit}) and the second one ensures
that the first of  CNOT gates operates in the nondestructive fashion.
Hence, our linear-optical implementation meets the requirements for the
minimal number of photons involved in the QND interaction.
Moreover, we propose exploiting the entanglement of the ancillae to enhance
the probability of the QND operation with respect to the consecutive usage of
the best know nondestructive optical CNOT gates (success rate of a single
operation is $p = \frac{1}{4}$). Nevertheless, as we discuss in the section,
implementation of the non-perturbing detection in a nonlinear system
requires far less resources.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=4cm]{figCircuit}
\caption{\label{fig:circuit} Quantum-logical circuit explaining the operation of
the non-perturbing measurement: $O_1$,  vacuum; $H_i$
($V_i$),  single $H$($V$)-polarized photon in $i$th spatial mode, $i=1$ denotes
the analyzed photon and $i=2$ stands for the ancillary photon. Note that
implementing the CNOT  gate with linear optics without using measurement-induced
nonlinearity is impossible; hence, each of such gates requires
at least one measurement, where the last measurement could correspond to
$\hat{\sigma}_z$ of the ancillary qubit.}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}

In this paper, we have proposed a resource efficient scheme for nondemolition detection of single photon presence. By performing measurement on a pair of ancillary photons, one can detect the presence of a single photon in signal mode. Such detection does not disturb the information encoded into polarization state of the signal photon and can therefore be used as nondemolition postselection in between probabilistic gates.

We have also shown how to tune the setup to perform a QND measurement on the signal polarization state. The strength of this measurement can be tuned by simple choice of the projection performed on the ancillary photons. In order to characterize the strength of this QND measurement and its impact on the signal state, we have provided three tradeoff curves plotting output state fidelity against coherent information, mutual information and the appropriate correlation coefficient obtained by ancillary photons projection.

The original proposal is limited to $\frac{1}{2}$ success probability (or $\frac{1}{4}$ without feed-forward). We also add a simple analysis indicating that this success probability can be increased to 1 at the expense of lower output state fidelity.

\section{Acknowledgement}

The authors thank Adam Miranowicz and Jan Soubusta for fruitful discussions on the subject of this paper. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support by the Operational Program Research and Development for Innovations -- European Regional Development Fund (project No. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0058)  and the  Operational Program Education for Competitiveness - European Social Fund (projects Nos. CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0017, CZ.1.07/2.3,00/20,0058, CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0004 and CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0041) of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic. The authors also acknowledge the support by the Internal Grant Agency of Palacky University in Olomouc (project No. PrF\_2012\_003) and by Czech Science Foundation (project No. P205/12/0382). K.B. was supported by Grant No. DEC-2011/03/B/ST2/01903 of the Polish National Science Centre.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
store country
Sure Petcare wins International Cat Care Cat Friendly Award
Pet product specialist Sure Petcare was presented with a Cat Friendly 2018 award for the SureFlap Microchip Pet Door Connect at the International Cat Care awards ceremony held on Friday 13 July at Church House, London.
In its fourth year, the International Cat Care (iCatCare) Cat Friendly awards are presented to companies which have made a real difference to cats in the last twelve months. The SureFlap Microchip Pet Door Connect, launched in 2017, is the world's first app-enabled pet door and was selected for its use of technology in connecting owners with their pets, enabling them to monitor their cat's behaviours and routines from anywhere.
Nick Hill, Managing Director, Sure Petcare said: "We are delighted to be awarded with our third iCatCare award as it supports our mission to create products that help pet owners at the same time as having the wellbeing of cats at heart. When we started Sure Petcare in 2008, we had one simple mission: to support owners with products that ensure that their cat is safe and secure in the home. We are delighted to receive this recognition."
Designed for cats and small dogs, the Microchip Pet Door Connect works with a "hub" device, which connects the pet door to the internet. The pet owner is then able to control and monitor the comings and goings of their pets from the Sure Petcare app when they're away from home.
Other smart features of the app include the ability to:
Receive notifications via the app when their pet leaves or enters the house.
Log and track their pets' activity throughout the day. Historic data stored by the app can reveal changes in their pet's behaviour or wellbeing.
Remotely lock or unlock the pet door anytime, anywhere. Owners can also set a curfew to keep their pets indoors at specified times during the day.
Share access to the app with friends, family or pet sitters and manage their permissions.
The pet door utilises microchip-reading technology and unlocks only when it recognises the resident pet's microchip or RFID-collar tag, ensuring unwanted animals are kept out.
On 10 July 2018, Sure Petcare launched its second connected product, the SureFlap Microchip Cat Flap Connect, which is a drop-in replacement for many standard cat flaps. Both products have been designed to support a wider pet ecosystem to be developed and released by Sure Petcare over the next 12 months, supporting their mission to enable proactive pet care, by providing owners with greater insight into their pet's behaviour.
Be the first in the know about our new products, seasonal updates and pet care tips, competitions and more.
SureFlap Ltd. Trading as Sure Petcare
Copyright ©2018 SureFlap Ltd. All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Electronic voting machines can be hacked in 90 minutes: Report
Several teams of security experts found it easy at a conference last week.
By Michael Martin
Security researchers have shown that election hacking is a real and present dangers as it's possible to access and change votes on the electronic voting machines used in U.S. elections — in less than 90 minutes, New Scientist reports.
The demonstration at DEF CON, a security conference held in Las Vegas last week, involved 30 machines purchased from eBay or government auctions. Security experts attending the conference were able to hack into the machines and change votes in a variety of ways, even wirelessly.
One machine was powered by Windows XP, which can be accessed remotely through a Wi-Fi system, meaning that votes could be changed from anywhere. Other machines had mechanical locks that could be pried open, allowing access to the USB ports inside. Others simply had uncovered USB ports. One hacker team just plugged in a keyboard to gain control of the machine.
The primary reasons the machines are vulnerable, the magazine reports, is that individual manufacturers conduct their own testing and don't make their code available to outside experts or the public to examine for weaknesses. "If you make your code open source, any vulnerabilities that are found can be sorted before election day, which is good for democracy but not necessarily for the manufacturer's reputation," says Steve Schneider, director of the Surrey Center for Cybersecurity.
Potential solutions include requiring that precincts only use voting machines with open-source software so manufacturers have to be equally transparent; or using voting machines that have "end-to-end verifiability," which give voters an encrypted receipt of their vote that can be physically tallied if there's evidence a machine has been hacked.
Although there's no evidence that Russia directly changed vote totals in the last presidential elections held in the United States — although there is proof that Russian hackers accessed and attempted to alter some voter databases — until greater security measures are implemented, it's difficult, if not impossible, to know for sure. "It could have already happened and we wouldn't know," says Schneider.
TechnologyElection 2016Hacking
Boxing-'Professor' Pacquiao vows to teach Thurman a lesson


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Mar 23, 2016· Refining with Sulphur. A more speedy method of removing iron, copper, lead and base metals from bullion is to add sulphur to the molten metals. Although gold sulphides may be readily formed in the wet way, they are decomposed into gold and sulphur by merely heating them to a temperature below 300 deg. C.
Jun 08, 2017· Zeolite Ore, Wholesale Various High Quality Zeolite Ore Products from Global Zeolite Ore Suppliers and Zeolite Ore Factory,Importer,Exporter at iron ore sulphur removal equipment. Quotation More Copper Slag / Grit / Iron Silicate - Buy High Quality Copper Slag .
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text:
evidence &
Research Council for Complementary Medicine
The Research Council for Complementary Medicine (RCCM) is a charity founded in 1983, dedicated to developing high quality research in CAM.
What is CAM
Regulation of CAM practitioners
CAM Professional Bodies
"CAM" stands for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, which covers a whole host of different therapies used traditionally and in the community. There are a number of different formal definitions of CAM, as discussed in the slides below:
'Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is a title used to refer to a diverse group of health-related therapies and disciplines which are not considered to be a part of mainstream medical care' (House of Lords, 2000).
'CAM, as utilized by European citizens, represents a variety of different medical systems and therapies based on the knowledge, skills and practices derived from theories, philosophies and experiences used to maintain and improve health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, relieve or treat physical and mental illnesses. CAM therapies are mainly used outside conventional health care, but in many countries some therapies are being adopted or adapted by conventional health care' (Uehleke et al., 2012).
'Those forms of treatment which are not widely used by the conventional healthcare professions, and the skills of which are not taught as part of the undergraduate curriculum of conventional medical and paramedical healthcare courses' (BMA, 1993).
'Complementary and alternative medicines are treatments that fall outside of mainstream healthcare' (NHS, 2016)
'The terms "complementary medicine" or "alternative medicine" are used interchangeably with traditional medicine in some countries. They refer to a broad set of health care practices that are not part of that country's own tradition and are not integrated into the dominant health care system' (WHO, 2000).
'traditional medicine is the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness' (WHO, 2000).
'Complementary medicine (CM) is a broad domain of healing resources that encompasses all health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the politically dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period. CM includes all such practices and ideas self-defined by their users as preventing or treating illness or promoting health and well-being. Boundaries within CM and between the CM domain and that of the dominant system are not always sharp or fixed.' (Zollman & Vickers).
'Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a broad domain of healing resources that encompasses all health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the politically dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period' (Wieland, 2011).
'CAM is a group of diverse medical health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered to be part of conventional medicine' (NCCAM, 2007).
BMA (British Medical Association)., (1993). Complementary Medicine: New Approaches to Good Practice. UK: Oxford University Press.
House of Lords, Select Committee on Science and Technology., (2000). Sixth report. Complementary and alternative medicine. London: House of Lords.
NCCAM (National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine)., (2007). CAM Basics. USA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
NHS, (2016). Complementary and alternative medicine. Accessed at: http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/complementary-alternative-medicine/Pages/complementary-alternative-medicines.aspx
Uehleke, B., Falkenberg, T., von Ammon, K., Lewith, G., Lazarus, A., Roberti di Sarsina, P., (2012). A pan-European research network for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. CAMbrella.
WHO., (2000). General Guides for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Wieland, L.S., Manheimer, E., Berman, B.M., (2011). Development and classification of an operational definition of complementary and alternative medicine for the Cochrane Collaboration. Alternative therapies in health and medicine. 17.(2), 50.
Zollman, C., Vickers, A., (1999). What is complementary medicine? BMJ. 319. (693).
C/O Dr John Hughes, Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine, 60 Great Ormond St, London WC1N 3HR
RCCM is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales
Email: info@rccm.org.uk
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text:
Alisa Apps v. Universal Music, et al.
D. Nev. (2016)
Alisa Apps
"Love Me Again"
Comment by Charles Cronin
Like many recent music copyright infringement claims, this one is based on the fact that the defendant's work, like the plaintiff's, includes a repeated commonplace verbal phrase — in this case "I Need to Know". The complaint (linked below) goes on at some length about a few tenuous, and ultimately professionally unfruitful, contacts the plaintiff had with successful pop musicians like Shawn Carter ("Jay-Z"). Presumably this is an attempt to establish both the plaintiff's credibility as a player in the pop music industry, and also the possibility that the defendant may have heard plaintiff's song before creating his own. Apart from a sweeping allegation that the defendant "copied the words, music, and melody of certain portions of Ms. Apps' song" the complaint provides no evidence whatever to support this claim. From a quick comparison of the audio recordings of the two songs it is apparent that the only commonality between the songs is the phrase "I Need to Know" opening of the "chorus" with a predictable durational stress on the first word ("I").
Complaint: PDF


The LEIBINGER trade show stand at drupa in 2016.
The number wheels of the LENservo numbering machines are checked to ensure movement and correctness using magnets and a sensor strip.
German numbering machine and marking specialist Paul LEIBINGER received an overwhelming response from visitors to this year's drupe trade fair. Professionals from the printing industry visiting the event showed great interest in the LENservo electronically controlled random numbering system with a new, double-monitoring function and the variants for passport printing. Additionally, LEIBINGER presented its camera and marking system at the world's leading trade fair for printing and cross media solutions.
The Paul LEIBINGER company, located in Southern Germany, developed a worldwide unique feature for its LENservo electronically controlled random numbering machine. The number wheels are checked for movement and accuracy by an additional monitoring process using magnets and a sensor strip. Additionally, an encoder continues to monitor the servo motors of the LENservo.
This double monitoring process gives printing companies the most effective position monitoring at machine startup and during production. The printing machine's numbering cylinder switches itself off before any incorrect numbers can be printed. The latest development from the LEIBINGER company is truly a quantum leap, especially for banknote and security printing where there is absolutely no room for waste. Additionally, the high level of the LENservo's flexibility was on display. While mechanical numbering machines offer only two options – counting forwards or backwards – the LENservo gives you complete flexibility when programming the numbering sequences.
Paul LEIBINGER also presented LENservoP variants for numbering passport documents and for single banknote numbering to the public for the first time at drupa. The numbering machine has 10 motorized number or letter wheels instead of 7 and is designed in such a way to ensure it is ideally suited to be installed into passport machines. The LENservoP is also available with 11 wheels on request. Additionally, each individual part in the LENservoP is designed to meet the specific requirements of passport printing. Number wheels, motors and lubricating grease must withstand temperatures of over 100 °C in the often-implemented hot-foil process. Visitors were able to experience the function of the LENservoP directly at the trade show stand in a simulated passport printing process.
The drupa is a tradition for the family-owned company from Tuttlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. LEIBINGER's first trade fair appearance at drupa was in 1954. Back then, LEIBINGER numbering machines were presented exclusively. Camera verification systems and industrial inkjet printers were added to the product portfolio in the 90's. This year, over 79 % of the inquiries came from companies located abroad. This number shows how important the innovations from the LEIBINGER development department in Germany are in an international context.
In the verification area, LEIBINGER presented its LKS 5 camera system at drupa. This image processing system is a reliable solution for printing control and monitoring fixed data as well as variable data such as digits, letters, barcodes, 2D codes as well as for presence and logo control. The high-resolution cameras carry out the checks, decode the information and compare it with a database for correctness during ongoing production. The LKS 5 is used in the graphic, pharmaceutical and in general industry for mailing production and for the production of products relevant to safety.
Trade show visitors were given the opportunity to become familiar with the verification system on site during a live demonstration. Additionally, LEIBINGER presented the LKS 5 in a rotating system and, in doing so, simulated the real-world process in automated production as closely as possible. As an example, the numbering sequences of banknotes as well as codes on package inserts were checked on the reroller.
The LKS 5 camera system can be used as a standalone solution or in conjunction with a LEIBINGER continuous inkjet printer, which was also presented at drupa. The LEIBINGER JET3up and JET2neo inkjet printers mark all possible products and materials such as cardboard and paper – without ever making contact – imprinting fixed and variable data such as expiration dates, LOT/batch numbers or codes. The marking process takes place during ongoing production. Different product surfaces, regardless of whether they are convex, concave, rough, flat, smooth or structured, can be labeled in this process. LEIBINGER inkjet printers are known for the highest levels of reliability thanks to the automated Sealtronic nozzle seal. This technology prevents ink from drying, even during long shut-down periods. During pauses in production, the gutter and the nozzle form an airtight circuit. This ensures the printers themselves are ready to go within a minute after long shut-down periods – and without cleaning cycles.


text:
Cowie Military and Defence (shelf 5)
Object type Photograph Record level Series
The series is composed of images of airshows, troops and visiting military personnel concentrating on events that occurred at RAF Leuchars and St Andrews.
George M Cowie St Andrews Photojournalism Collection
George M Cowie St Andrews Photojournalism Collection Parent record level Collection
Cowie, George, Middlemass, (1902 - 1982), St Andrews, Scotland (photographer)
negatives (photographs)
gelatin dry plate negatives
56 22 32 N, 002 51 48 W
RAF Leuchars
Leuchars
Records in this Series
Cowie Military and Defence (shelf 5). University of St Andrews Collections. (2021). Retrieved 20 January 2021 from https://collections.st-andrews.ac.uk/series/cowie-military-and-defence-shelf-5/493121.
"Cowie Military and Defence (shelf 5)". 2021. University of St Andrews Collections. https://collections.st-andrews.ac.uk/series/cowie-military-and-defence-shelf-5/493121
University of St Andrews Collections. 2021. Cowie Military and Defence (shelf 5). [online] Available at: https://collections.st-andrews.ac.uk/series/cowie-military-and-defence-shelf-5/493121 [Accessed 20 January 2021].
"Cowie Military and Defence (shelf 5)". university of St Andrews Collections, 2021, https://collections.st-andrews.ac.uk/series/cowie-military-and-defence-shelf-5/493121. Accessed 20 January 2021.
© The University of St Andrews
CC BY-NC Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License
Courtesy of the University of St Andrews Libraries and Museums


In this February, 2016, interview with Stephanie Deutsch, Greg reveals that his involvement with Soccer on the Hill started when his own son was old enough to play, but his inspiration for continuing well beyond his own son's time was an older man who coached Greg's Mighty Mites baseball team during his youth.
DEUTSCH: Stephanie Deutsch with Greg Frane. Ok. Greg, can you just say hi?
FRANE: Hello there. Hi, Stephanie.
DEUTSCH: Nice live voice. So Greg, where did you grow up?
FRANE: I grew up in Minnesota. Suburb of the Twin Cities.
Since when I was a kid, there weren't very many organized sports for kids to play, but I did have my share of tossing the ball around with my friends.
FRANE: Was a good thing. I did try out for Little League, though, when I was little, and I didn't make it at first. They had a kind of back up position for the kids that didn't make Little League. They had something called Mighty Mites.
DEUTSCH: How old would you have been?
FRANE: Probably older than I would like to admit to being on the Mighty Mites team. [Laughter] But it was a long time ago. I did eventually make the Little League team, but that was later.
DEUTSCH: So was baseball the big sport that kids played?
FRANE: Yeah, in the wintertime kids liked to play a little bit of hockey because it was Minnesota. It never was much of an established thing. The local rink, they didn't have time set aside for sports like that. It was just all open time. So there wasn't a whole lot of opportunity to do stuff like that. And I was absolutely, completely inept at basketball.
DEUTSCH: [Laughs] So you played Little League for a few years?
friends ... His name was Seaford, as I recall. It was really strange for me to remember something back that long ago. But he was a really, really great old guy.
I remember one day kind of wondering about why he did what he did, because obviously none of these kids were his kids. [Laughter] So I asked him about it. My dad, by the way, he didn't do sports at all. That was not his thing. And he told me that his children were grown and that he liked to do it just because he enjoyed doing it. And I was really, really impressed by that, and I was impressed by two things: one is that he was an older person and he really enjoyed doing it [unintelligible] the way it is, which I really never went into before. And the other thing was that he just seemed like a really, really great guy. And I always remember him for some reason.
DEUTSCH: So what brought you to Washington?
DEUTSCH: What did you study in college?
to Washington and I got a job eventually.DEUTSCH: What did you do?
FRANE: I was what they called a budget analyst at the time. They later changed the title to program analyst but basically I worked on budgets.
FRANE: Yes, when it broke up, I went with the education side of it.DEUTSCH: Then you moved to the Hill?
FRANE: My wife and I rented on the Hill. By mutual agreement, we decided that before we would try and have children, we would wait three years. Because we wanted to make sure that we had a good chance of being compatible before we had children. Then we had a daughter and a couple of years later, a son.
DEUTSCH: And so when did the sports kick in?
deciding that we wanted to stay on the Hill, because when we first came here ...DEUTSCH: The whole school thing?
FRANE: Well, school [was] not so much a thing because my wife got a job here too. And so we were making enough money so that school wasn't a big concern for us because education was real important and we were willing to spend for more things that educate you. But early on, the thing that convinced us that we should stay on the Hill—because our original plan was to move off the Hill when we had children—was the fact that we had neighbors that had children. And they had lived on the Hill for several years. The guy worked for Congress and was very close to Congress so they had strong reasons for staying.
give it a try. And we did. We bought a house and we've lived there ever since.DEUTSCH: Mass. Ave. right?
FRANE: Yeah, that's where we moved to, yeah.
DEUTSCH: Okay, so now you're going to stay on the Hill.
type problems and she figured, I think, that he would burn up some of this excess energy that he had. She went and signed him up for the Soccer on the Hill program. Much over my objections.
DEUTSCH: Why did you object?
DEUTSCH: [Laughs] So who was right?
and he went on and he was a very good soccer player.
DEUTSCH: What is his name?
DEUTSCH: By "my kids" you mean your team?
FRANE: My team, yeah. They were the best team. Best kids in the whole world. And they played the best soccer and, you know, they were just super. I didn't understand why we lost as much as we did sometimes [laughter] because it was inconsistent with my perception that we were always playing better than the other team. But it turned out to be true. [Laughs] As I coached more and more, I got a more realistic perception of what things are like.
FRANE: Yeah, eventually realized actually, that there was a whole lot of people that were better coaches than I am and I could actually help kids a lot more doing other things lots of times. That's what I do mostly now. Why I do it.
DEUTSCH: That's good of you.
FRANE: Uh huh, I thought so. But I still really, really liked the kids, so I figured if I wasn't maybe as good at Under-10s as I would like to be, I went back and I did Under-8s for a few years. Several years, I don't know how many years, but a long time. Enough so that I coached Larry Kaufer's son when he was Under-8. Of course, he doesn't remember that. Kids when they're under eight don't remember a lot of things. My son, though, he progressed and went on, and eventually we began to find out more about things called "travel teams." And so he got pulled into the travel team world.
DEUTSCH: That must have been just at the beginning of when we got travel?
know anybody. We were on Capitol Hill. We were pretty isolated from other people.DEUTSCH: Yeah, yeah.
FRANE: It's like, "What's happening in the outside world?" But everything was much smaller. Much, much smaller scale it was then.
DEUTSCH: So he got to be a good soccer player and kept with it?
amount of time because they're travel teams and you go out. You go this place or that place or this tournament or that tournament. It was a significant amount of money.
DEUTSCH: Was he an Under-8?
DEUTSCH: And he wanted to play with Soccer on the Hill because there wasn't an equivalent thing in his neighborhood?
FRANE: Well, there wasn't anything in his neighborhood by a long way. But he was much closer to Stoddert up in Northwest Washington, and that's where I advised him to go in the first place. But he, for some reason, didn't go along with it. As I began to think about it, it could have waited. I said, "Well, here my wife and I are both taking my son to his games. And they're way over there and they're travel and we're paying all this money to do it." I did the math, arithmetic, and I realized I could do a whole team of these kids for what it took for my kid to play where he was playing. After that I began doing more and more things with people like that.
DEUTSCH: Bringing more kids in?
idea of the beginning, and then the evolution and then where I wound up.DEUTSCH: Yeah, starting with your own child and then branched out.FRANE: Because of my wife. Don't forget that.
DEUTSCH: Because of your wife. Jean.
DEUTSCH: Along the way you learned to referee? You became a referee ...?
FRANE: Yeah, well, in the early days I could get away with refereeing without actually being a real referee. I just faked it and then finally I got ... I was never a very good referee, I'm still not a very good referee. I couldn't fake it anymore so I had to become a referee.
DEUTSCH: Which involves taking a training course ...FRANE: Training course, yeah, uh huh.
DEUTSCH: So now your son must be in his 30s.FRANE: 40.
DEUTSCH: Does he still play sports?
FRANE: No, not so much anymore. He's more into doing more outdoorsy stuff and traveling.
DEUTSCH: But you're still ... do you get out on the field anymore? Are you still registrar? What's your role now?
FRANE: Like I said, I do various odd jobs. I help do the wrestling program in the winter time.DEUTSCH: Help coaching wrestling?
FRANE: No, no. I had to do that one year. That was really bad. My wrestling experience was limited to junior year in high school. That was not a very good basis. [Laughs] All the rules have changed.
one of the really nice things about Sports on the Hill—that it's a volunteer organization.DEUTSCH: Yeah.
FRANE: Yeah, "Come on folks." Larry's much better at that than I am. I'm too shy about asking people to do things. But it throws them right into the pot. Sometimes it doesn't work, but most of the time it works. People step up to it and they learn a lot from the process of kind of working with their kids and working with other people's kids.
DEUTSCH: How often do you have meetings—you and the other guys who are getting the award? Do you meet together or ...?
FRANE: Yes. Periodically, as the occasion arises.
DEUTSCH: And do you still do the equipment?
FRANE: Oh, yeah. Uh huh.
DEUTSCH: People drop off the used shoes at your house and you ...?
FRANE: Well, actually the used shoe business isn't as good as it used to be. Back in the old days, I used to be able to use almost all of the used shoes that I got. But nowadays, the world's a little bit more affluent every place. It's a better world in a lot of ways than it used to be back then. So there's not as much demand for shoes as there once was. I think one of the other things is the price on the shoes has probably gone down, too.
to go to school with. Yeah, but that was getting to be a long time ago now. Things are much better.DEUTSCH: Yeah, so you don't have the shoes in the basement?
DEUTSCH: [Laughs] And shin guards and all that?
FRANE: And shin guards and standard equipment, yes. But that's part of the philosophy of the organization. As we began maturing a little bit more and getting more kids, part of making it accessible to people is making sure that they had all the stuff that they needed to do [it]. When Soccer on the Hill started out, for example, there was a rule that we had that you could not wear cleats. Because if you've ever been kicked with cleats, you know that they hurt a lot. Since the kids didn't have shin guards and we didn't want anyone to get hurt, you couldn't wear cleats. You had to wear soft shoes. So then we got into cleats and then you've got to have shin guards and how do you make sure that all the kids have got shin guards? That it doesn't become a burden on them to get? Even if most of the kids could afford it, you don't want to put any kids in the situation were it's going to be a detriment to them playing.
DEUTSCH: Right. [Laughs] I'm not surprised. You said something about making it accessible. I feel that has been one of the philosophies of Soccer on the Hill or Sports on the Hill. To try and make sure that everybody can participate. Everybody who wants to.
FRANE: Yeah. I really have incredible admiration for the people who are the original founding fathers and a lot of the people that I worked with in the early days, because the Hill, as you know, was a much different kind of place then. If you lived in a place and you could do things with your kid and you wanted your kid to do something, there were the other neighborhood kids there. They didn't have as many opportunities and I think that it was more natural. People had a tendency to reach out to the kids that were around them and try to help them too. The things that people did back in those days to help kids who really needed help ... to me are just absolutely amazing what they did.
FRANE: ... the community is different. Yeah, that's a good way to describe it. It's so different that I had a neighbor that lived next door to us for a few years. They've been gone for, what, a year now? And they had moved to Capitol Hill because they thought it was like it was in the old days and then they got here and found out that it wasn't like that at all. [Laughs] And so they moved out someplace else.
DEUTSCH: Right. Now it's the affluent neighborhood. Who knew?
DEUTSCH: Are you going to just keep doing this until they beat you away or do you have any plans to retire from ...?
FRANE: No, no, what I probably should do is scale back because I'm not as good at doing things. I'm not particularly adept at doing the things even that I do. It's just that you don't find many people that want to manage equipment. There's no competition for the job. It's a good thing, though, it gives me a lot of satisfaction. And with some of the things that I do, I don't really have to do very much. Maybe I just drive the car and watch the kids' games and cheer when they do stuff.
FRANE: And that's fun, yes.
DEUTSCH: Are you a big sports fan in terms of professional sports?
DEUTSCH: Takes away the fun.
FRANE: Yeah, takes away the fun and the real benefit. A lot of times, it's people who are professionals. They're professionals. They make their living off of it so it's a different kind of environment that they live in. They try to be, I think, good, but it's difficult when you rely on something as a profession to do always what might otherwise be the right thing. Another sad thing the same article said is that kids do more drills than they do playing soccer.
FRANE: Well, yeah, that's not really true. It's because when people look at it, they're professionals and they're looking at it. And what are they looking at? They're looking at people like travel team people or even us and our teams and stuff like that. They're not looking at the kids at recess, running around, kicking the ball in the yard. Or the first kids that I had all were from El Salvador except for Nicaragua— they talk all the time about what they did back in El Salvador. They weren't talking about doing drills. They were out there every chance they got and they were just kicking the ball around, playing, and having fun. That's what the things that are important are. Professional sports, they just kind of mess up the whole fun of it. I know it's got a lot of hype and stuff like that but I don't think that's where things should really be at.
FRANE: Well, it's the fun and it's the discipline, the education they get out of it. For some kids, justplaying with other kids sometimes. I remember a team that I had that came from some place that didn't have sports where they could play, and it was very difficult for them to play games with other kids. If they lost, their inclination was—and this is not just one team, this is other people's experience with the same kind of kids—they would throw stones at the other team. I mean, this is nasty stuff, the whole thing about ... Even for younger kids, they have to dominate the other people and they do stupid things. They push and they trap and [so on] because I don't think they've ever had a chance to play with other kids the way we like our kids to play with each other. And you can learn from that. It's not just fun, it's not games, part of it's what learning life experience is. I mean, how you act with other people.
DEUTSCH: It's funny. They love it. And my son, who started at five—he's now coaching.
FRANE: Really? See this is great!
FRANE: [Laughs] Plastic, I hope.DEUTSCH: Oh, no, it's wood!
FRANE: Oh really, okay. Well, watch out for your shins! [Laughs]DEUTSCH: For those that take to it, it's a huge thing.
FRANE: Yeah, I know it's a lot of work. That and swimming I think [are] some of the most demanding sports.
DEUTSCH: Yeah, swimming is demanding.


text:
from __future__ import absolute_import

from datetime import date
import traceback

from django.db import IntegrityError
from django.test import TestCase, TransactionTestCase

from .models import Person, ManualPrimaryKeyTest, Profile

class GetOrCreateTests(TestCase):
    def test_get_or_create(self):
        p = Person.objects.create(
            first_name='John', last_name='Lennon', birthday=date(1940, 10, 9)
        )

        p, created = Person.objects.get_or_create(
            first_name="John", last_name="Lennon", defaults={
                "birthday": date(1940, 10, 9)
            }
        )
        self.assertFalse(created)
        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.count(), 1)

        p, created = Person.objects.get_or_create(
            first_name='George', last_name='Harrison', defaults={
                'birthday': date(1943, 2, 25)
            }
        )
        self.assertTrue(created)
        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.count(), 2)

        # If we execute the exact same statement, it won't create a Person.
        p, created = Person.objects.get_or_create(
            first_name='George', last_name='Harrison', defaults={
                'birthday': date(1943, 2, 25)
            }
        )
        self.assertFalse(created)
        self.assertEqual(Person.objects.count(), 2)

        # If you don't specify a value or default value for all required
        # fields, you will get an error.
        self.assertRaises(IntegrityError,
            Person.objects.get_or_create, first_name="Tom", last_name="Smith"
        )

        # If you specify an existing primary key, but different other fields,
        # then you will get an error and data will not be updated.
        m = ManualPrimaryKeyTest.objects.create(id=1, data="Original")
        self.assertRaises(IntegrityError,
            ManualPrimaryKeyTest.objects.get_or_create, id=1, data="Different"
        )
        self.assertEqual(ManualPrimaryKeyTest.objects.get(id=1).data, "Original")

        # get_or_create should raise IntegrityErrors with the full traceback.
        # This is tested by checking that a known method call is in the traceback.
        # We cannot use assertRaises/assertRaises here because we need to inspect
        # the actual traceback. Refs #16340.
        try:
            ManualPrimaryKeyTest.objects.get_or_create(id=1, data="Different")
        except IntegrityError as e:
            formatted_traceback = traceback.format_exc()
            self.assertIn('obj.save', formatted_traceback)

class GetOrCreateTransactionTests(TransactionTestCase):

    def test_get_or_create_integrityerror(self):
        # Regression test for #15117. Requires a TransactionTestCase on
        # databases that delay integrity checks until the end of transactions,
        # otherwise the exception is never raised.
        try:
            Profile.objects.get_or_create(person=Person(id=1))
        except IntegrityError:
            pass
        else:
            self.skipTest("This backend does not support integrity checks.")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


As a home owner, you need a vacuum cleaner to regularly clean your home. A good vacuum cleaner should be equipped with a variety of attachments designed to facilitate easy cleaning and make the arduous task a bearable one. Finding out the best home appliances that suits your needs can be confusing and an uphill task. The market is flooded with many models of vacuum cleaners to choose from which might leave you in a state of confusion when choosing which best suits you.
The best vacuum cleaner is meant to keep your indoor environment tidy and healthy for you and your family. Purchasing a substandard vacuum cleaner will be a loss to you in the long run and may not serve the initial purpose. You require a vacuum cleaner that is that is made to clean all types of tile floors irrespective whether they are mosaic, ceramic, quarry, marble, glass or natural stone. Below is a list of top 10 best vacuum for tile floors reviews that are made to serve all types of floors and there of the highest quality standard in the market.
The black and Decker CHV1410l 16V MAX Lithium Cordless dust buster hand vacuum cleaner is the best vacuum cleaner which has a long durability due to its lithium ion battery technology. The light weight nature of this vacuum cleaner accompanied by its power makes it best suited for cleaning boats, cars, pet house kitchen and other areas within your home.
The good thing black and Decker CHV1410l 16V is that not only is pocket friendly but also it comes with 2 years warranty and so far it is one of the most purchased vacuum cleaners in amazon due to its effectives. Some of its distinguished features that will make you love this product I have listed them below.
• The vacuum has brush and crevice tool which are essential in your cleaning.
This vacuum cleaner is ideal for carpet cleaning, hardwood floors, stairs, pet hair, tile floors and other household areas.
Effective cleaning is possible with Bissell vacuum cleaner technology. This vacuum cleaner has the least weight compared to others and very intense suction power and equipped with a super brush which cleans dirt thoroughly. The price is very cheap and pocket friendly. Its features such as the state of the art cyclonic system has the ability to create high speed rotations focusing on the separation of large particles from the air. Those soft surfaces in your home like furniture, stairs, and wardrobes have been taken care of by the Turbo Brush tool. It also comes with accessories such as 6-foot stretch hose, extension wand, dusting brush, and a 25-foot power cord. The product comes with two year warranty and it's easy to use. Check it out on the link above.
If you're in the era of bloom and dustpan and you're looking for an upgrade this the best choice for you. For excellent results on rugs and hard floors Dirt Devil SimpliStik Lightweight Bagless Stick Vacuum SD20000RED is the best choice. Its super suction power and consistency makes it very unique over choices.
Buying this product will not only give you value for your money but will also give you quality and reliable product.
Black+Decker BDH2000PL MAX Lithium Pivot Vacuum, 20-volt is best for picking small spills, tidying your car and can clean those areas far the reach of big vacuum cleaners such as countertops, and windowsills.
Some of the advantages of Black+Decker BDH2000PL handheld vacuum cleaner is that is small and very light in weight. This makes it ideal for carrying around the house or any other location you might need it. The narrow nozzle is another feature that allows it to access small cracks that over vacuums are unable to making cleaning easy.
The most unique feature that distinguishes this vacuum cleaner from the rest is its 3-stage filtration function. If your asthmatic or have dust allergies this vacuum cleaner has taken care of you through its three stages which are filtration system, where large debris is removed and second stage where dust particles are removed and final stage where air is purified. If you're looking for efficient product that is environmentally friendly and serves the purpose then go for Black+Decker BDH2000PL MAX Lithium Pivot Vacuum, 20-volt.
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Shark Navigator NV356E works well in carpets and bare floors. Shark navigator doesn't only play the role of vacuum cleaner but also takes care of your health through an Anti –Allergen Complete Seal Technology which is meant to trap 99.99% of dust particles.
Among the most notable features are detachable canister. This large canister can be used to clean hard areas and it's portable for ease carrying. Another notable feature is its cyclonic technology which separates fine dust from air making filters free from clogging. When handling narrow spaces crevice tool can be used and when removing pet hair you can use pet power brush. Other accessories that come along with Shark Navigator are turbo brush, crevice tool, super-stretch hose and micro fiber pads. When you take into account factors of durability performance and value for your money, the Shark Navigator NV356E tops the list.
Linx cordless stick it's a light weight vacuum cleaner. Its most notable features are its long lasting Lithium battery system, easy usability and its powerful suction power. The hoover its main function is to clean hard floor surfaces and carpets.
You should make a purchase of this vacuum cleaner because of these awesome features. Hoover has a transparent dirt cup which lets you know when it's time to empty. Its use of cyclonic technology system which keeps the dirt away from filters will save you money on repairs and can be reclined to reach areas under furniture during cleaning process. Hoover is designed to pick fine and medium sized dirt chunks.
These are the best and the top 10 best vacuum cleaners for tile floors. In order to avoid the fatigue that is brought by sweeping with a normal broom on hard surfaces, under seats, in between spaces and on top of shelves you should make a decision to purchase one of these modern vacuum cleaners available here.


text:
HOUSE !.■■•-.U'TUST 24,   1948
Present:    Mrs. Michel? r. Dean; Mr.  Sidman,  Mr. Shultz.
Meeting was held  starting at 8:00 o'clock and ending at  11:00 P. M.
Letter from the AJP was read  indicating a maximum expenditure
of $100.00 with  the approval of the AJP.     It was voted and resolved  that  the  Committee  recommend  to the Board  of Trustees  that
the Boar m record as rejecting this proposal.    The Committee
feels  that  adoption of  this proposition would  entirely eliminate
the need  of a House-Committee and would  seriously  interfere  with
its proper functions.     The Committee members feel thet  in view of
the above,   if this restriction went  into effect,   they would all
resign as members of  the house-Committee.
The Committee further authorized the purchase  of a new 30 cu.   ft.
refrigerator at a cost of $450.00 made of  stainless  steel and which
In the  judgment of the Committee,   should solve all the refrigeration problems of  the House both  present and  future.     The Committee
has authorized the purchase of this refrigerator based upon the
following  provisions:
(a) That the  surplus  of the  stove money be applied to  the
purchase. vl)}3 -ft
(b) That  the '.Veiskopf legacy in  the amount ( 0.00 be
authorized  by the Board.
^C/That the balance  of $137-00 be supplied by the P T A.     Mr. Robert
11  confer  with  the PTA and  if account  is  shown  favoraoly,  Mr.
Sidman  .'ill  thencontact  the Executive Board  for approval as to
the iVeis.kcpf  legacy.
The Committee  voted  the expenditure  of $il4.00  for the  purchase of
a  gasoline motored  lawn mower.    The Committee  is  informed that all
the   janitors are kept at work mowing the  lawn and  that   it takes
time  of a period of  three days to complete this  job.     In view of
Mr.  Sidman *s statement,  the Committee feels that  this is an en.er-
cy measure  and authorizes this expenditure without the authority
cf  the Board.
Mr.  Sidman recommended repairing the bus.       He  states that the
motor needs replacing and  that this can be done at a cost  of
"0.00 - #500.00.     The Committee does not approve  of this expenditure and  instead recommends that the Board take action for the
purpose of obtaining sufficient funds to purchase a new bus.     The
tee feels that a repair expenditure will result    in wasted
funds.
The  Committee before adjournia t  through the House  and made an
inspection of all the rooms and hallways for the  purpose of redecorating.     The  Coinmittee  examined  estimates made by  two paint
concerns which  have done  the   painting for the  iiouse   in  the past
and  after   outlining certain plans and  after examining the bids and
estima tes  of both parties,  voted  to award  the   Daintim*-   contract,  t.n
Dates 1946; 1947; 1948; 1949; 1950
House Committee
Transcript 1. 2. HOUSE !.■■•-.U'TUST 24, 1948 Present: Mrs. Michel? r. Dean; Mr. Sidman, Mr. Shultz. Meeting was held starting at 8:00 o'clock and ending at 11:00 P. M. Letter from the AJP was read indicating a maximum expenditure of $100.00 with the approval of the AJP. It was voted and resolved that the Committee recommend to the Board of Trustees that the Boar m record as rejecting this proposal. The Committee feels that adoption of this proposition would entirely eliminate the need of a House-Committee and would seriously interfere with its proper functions. The Committee members feel thet in view of the above, if this restriction went into effect, they would all resign as members of the house-Committee. The Committee further authorized the purchase of a new 30 cu. ft. refrigerator at a cost of $450.00 made of stainless steel and which In the judgment of the Committee, should solve all the refrigeration problems of the House both present and future. The Committee has authorized the purchase of this refrigerator based upon the following provisions: (a) That the surplus of the stove money be applied to the purchase. vl)}3 -ft (b) That the '.Veiskopf legacy in the amount ( 0.00 be authorized by the Board. ^C/That the balance of $137-00 be supplied by the P T A. Mr. Robert 11 confer with the PTA and if account is shown favoraoly, Mr. Sidman .'ill thencontact the Executive Board for approval as to the iVeis.kcpf legacy. The Committee voted the expenditure of $il4.00 for the purchase of a gasoline motored lawn mower. The Committee is informed that all the janitors are kept at work mowing the lawn and that it takes time of a period of three days to complete this job. In view of Mr. Sidman *s statement, the Committee feels that this is an en.er- cy measure and authorizes this expenditure without the authority cf the Board. Mr. Sidman recommended repairing the bus. He states that the motor needs replacing and that this can be done at a cost of "0.00 - #500.00. The Committee does not approve of this expenditure and instead recommends that the Board take action for the purpose of obtaining sufficient funds to purchase a new bus. The tee feels that a repair expenditure will result in wasted funds. The Committee before adjournia t through the House and made an inspection of all the rooms and hallways for the purpose of redecorating. The Coinmittee examined estimates made by two paint concerns which have done the painting for the iiouse in the past and after outlining certain plans and after examining the bids and estima tes of both parties, voted to award the Daintim*- contract, t.n 4.


text:
30 September 2004 bHROS installation and system performance
Margaret E. Aderin
Margaret E. Aderin1
1Univ. College London (United Kingdom)
Proceedings Volume 5492, Ground-based Instrumentation for Astronomy; (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.550960
Event: SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, 2004, Glasgow, United Kingdom
The Gemini bHROS instrument, (Bench-Mounted High Resolution Optical Spectrograph) was delivered to the Gemini South Telescope in March 2003, after passing it's onsite acceptance test at UCL (University College London). The instrument was installed through the 2003 period, getting its final components, the fibre system, in September of that year. A number of nights were then allocated to the instrument to verify it throughput. This paper discusses the installation of the bHROS system in the pier lab and the difficulties encountered getting an accurate measure of the throughput of the system. An overview of the measured performance of the instrument and details of additional, proposed, system enhancements is given and an indication of the timescales for its release to the astronomical community is discussed.
Margaret E. Aderin "bHROS installation and system performance", Proc. SPIE 5492, Ground-based Instrumentation for Astronomy, (30 September 2004); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.550960
Charge-coupled devices
Gemini Observatory
Camera shutters
A 64 Mpixel camera for the Wendelstein Fraunhofer Telescope Nasmyth...
Recent advances with WYFFOS
T80Cam the wide field camera for the OAJ 83...
High Resolution Echelle Spectrographs For The Ang Lo Australian Telescope...
The LBT double prime focus camera control software
Instrumentation at the Magellan Telescopes 2008
CIRPASS: a NIR integral field and multi-object spectrograph
Margaret E. Aderin, "bHROS installation and system performance," Proc. SPIE 5492, Ground-based Instrumentation for Astronomy, (30 September 2004); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.550960


ClickZ had a long Q&A session with Facebook's project manager in charge of the recent Insights overhaul.
1. The number of "People Taking about this" is the key metric Brands should really focus on. It measures Brand's ability to create word of mouth visibility on Facebook.
2. The new Insights have been designed to allow better post-level A/B testing. Introducing a new video ? It's now easy to see which videos and accompanying text have had the best results in the past.
3. The new "Total Reach" metric has been incorporated to satisfy Brands' request.
4. Sentiment analysis of comments is not going to come to Insights anytime soon.
5. Forget tabs and fancy pages design. What matters, in terms of distribution, is quality of posts, not quality of pages.
6. Photos and videos are almost always more engaging than text.


text:
@interface MONVerticalButton : UIButton

@end


Item listed 321 day(s) ago.
The only thing more cool than this pack would be flying, just ask your budding pilot! Made of sturdy canvas and strong nylon straps, durable stitching keeps it all together to last for years to come.
The adjustable, padded straps will grow with your child and allow versatile carrying options while he or she is rushing to the next flight or playing pilot for the afternoon. Plenty of storage is available in the large interior pocket with easy to pull zippers keeping it all secure.
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