text:
Koch v. Schneider
State of Conner by Conner v. Ambrose, (N.D.Ind. 1997)
The intimidation of witnesses and improper administration of polygraphs, even if proved, cannot be shown to…
Nunn v. City of Chicago
In addition, the termination of a prior proceeding in plaintiff's favor is an essential element in a…
Full title:Dean KOCH, Plaintiff, v. George SCHNEIDER, Dennis Miller, Milo Rafelli…
Court:United States District Court, N.D. Illinois, E.D
550 F. Supp. 846 (N.D. Ill. 1982)
United States District Court, N.D. Illinois, E.D
No. 81 C 1709.
Anesi, Ozmon, Lewin Assoc., Ltd., Maureen A. Mitchel, Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff.
Judge, Drew, Cipolla Kurnik, Ltd., William W. Kurnik, Park Ridge, Ill., for defendants.
MORAN, District Judge.
Plaintiff Dean Koch brings this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Police Officers George Schneider ("Schneider") and Dennis Miller ("Miller"), Chief of Police Milo Rafelli ("Rafelli") and the Village of Justice ("Village"), to redress alleged violations of his Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Schneider and Miller have moved to dismiss Count III for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Rafelli and the Village have similarly moved to dismiss Counts IV and V, respectively. For the reasons stated below, Count III is dismissed, but the motion to dismiss Counts IV and V is denied.
Accepting plaintiff's allegations as true for purposes of this motion, Mitchell v. Archibald Kendall, Inc., 573 F.2d 429, 432 (7th Cir. 1978), the following facts form the basis of this lawsuit. On March 13, 1979 plaintiff's automobile went into a drainage ditch in the Village of Justice. He left to seek assistance in removing his car and upon his return found Officer Schneider there with a tow truck. Schneider refused plaintiff's request that he be permitted to tow the auto and then, without cause or justification, the police officer physically restrained plaintiff, pinned his arms together, threw him against the car, handcuffed him and shoved him into the squad car. Without informing the plaintiff of his rights or the charges against him Schneider drove him to the police station, where he dragged plaintiff from the vehicle by his legs. Once in the station Schneider struck plaintiff on the back of the head with a flashlight, knocking him unconscious. Officer Schneider, in a conspiracy with Officer Miller, then charged the plaintiff with damage to city property, and with battery.
In Count I plaintiff avers that Schneider violated § 1983 by falsely and maliciously charging him with damage to city property and with battery. Additionally, plaintiff states that his arrest without probable cause deprived him of liberty without due process of law. In Count II plaintiff alleges that Schneider used unreasonable and excessive force in arresting and detaining him, in violation of § 1983. Count III contains allegations that Officers Schneider and Miller conspired to bring a false complaint against him and to offer false testimony at a trial on these charges. Finally, Rafelli and the Village of Justice, in Counts IV and V, respectively, are charged with ratifying or approving the unlawful conduct of the officers and being, therefore, liable under the Civil Rights Act. Schneider has not moved to dismiss Counts I and II.
I. Schneider and Miller's Motion to Dismiss Count III
Plaintiff alleges in Count III that Officers Schneider and Miller deprived him of liberty without due process in violation of § 1983 by conspiring to bring a false complaint of battery against him and by offering false testimony at a trial on these charges. Defendants contend that neither allegation states a claim under § 1983. This court agrees.
In Briscoe v. Lahue, 663 F.2d 713 (7th Cir. 1981), cert. granted, ___ U.S. ___, 102 S.Ct. 1708, 72 L.Ed.2d 132 (1982), the Seventh Circuit addressed the question whether police officers can be sued under § 1983 for testifying falsely in criminal proceedings. Although finding important considerations both favoring and weighing against absolute immunity in a § 1983 suit, the court was persuaded that recent Supreme Court comments on the subject compel the conclusion that police officers, as witnesses, are absolutely immune from § 1983 liability. Id. at 720. Accord, Myers v. Bull, 599 F.2d 863, 866 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 901, 100 S.Ct. 213, 62 L.Ed.2d 138 (1979); Burke v. Miller, 580 F.2d 108, 109 (4th Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 930, 99 S.Ct. 1268, 59 L.Ed.2d 487 (1979); Blevins v. Ford, 572 F.2d 1336, 1338 (9th Cir. 1978).
Whether § 1983 provides a remedy for the officer's alleged agreement to bring a false complaint of battery presents a more difficult question. To state a claim under § 1983 plaintiff must allege that the defendant, acting under color of law, deprived him of a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States. Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 100 S.Ct. 1920, 64 L.Ed.2d 572 (1980); Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 96 S.Ct. 1155, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976). Schneider and Miller contend that not only is state action lacking but, moreover, that a claim sounding in common law malicious prosecution may not be maintained under § 1983. Additionally, Miller argues that he is only liable as a co-conspirator, and that the allegations of conspiracy are insufficient.
As to Miller, we agree that the count should be dismissed. The complaint states that only Officer Schneider signed the false complaint, but holds Miller liable for "agreeing implicitly or explicitly with Schneider to bring [a] false complaint and have it prosecuted." Even assuming that Officer Schneider was acting under color of law, no facts are alleged to establish Miller as a state actor. The mere fact that Miller is employed as a police officer does not make his every act performed under color of law. U.S. v. McGreevy, 652 F.2d 849 (9th Cir. 1981); Norton v. Liddel, 620 F.2d 1375 (10th Cir. 1980). While it can be asserted that Schneider acted pursuant to state authority because part of the duties of the arresting officer is to file a charge based on that arrest, no such argument can be made on Miller's behalf. No allegations in the complaint remotely involve Miller as a police officer. His only complicity concerns "agreeing" to the filing of a charge.
A private party, however, may be liable under § 1983, where they have jointly engaged with public officials in the denial of civil rights. Adickes v. S.H. Kress Co., 398 U.S. 144, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970); Tarkowski v. Bartlett Realty Co., et al., 644 F.2d 1204, 1206 (7th Cir. 1980). A conspiracy exists when plaintiff alleges facts sufficient to show that "there was an agreement between the parties to inflict a wrong or injury upon another and an overt act that results in damages." Hampton v. Hanrahan, 600 F.2d 600, 621 (7th Cir. 1979), rev'd in part on other grounds, 446 U.S. 754, 100 S.Ct. 1987, 64 L.Ed.2d 670 (1980). Plaintiff's sole attempt to establish a nexus between Miller and Schneider is the allegation that the parties "implicitly or explicitly" agreed to file the charge. Mere allegations that the parties acted in concert, however, without any of the necessary factual averments, is insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss. Tarkowski v. Bartlett Realty Co., supra, at 1206. McCabe v. City of Chicago, No. 81 C 5108 (N.D.Ill. 3/2/82). "Plaintiffs must allege with some particularity that the public defendant, acting in his official capacity, conspired with the private defendants to deny plaintiffs their rights; vague or conclusory allegations of official participation are not sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss." Weiss v. Willow Tree Civic Ass'n., 467 F. Supp. 803, 811 (S.D.N.Y. 1979) (emphasis added). Accordingly, since the allegations in the complaint are insufficient to support a claim that Miller acted under color of law or conspired with state officials, the motion to dismiss Count III as to Miller is granted. In the event that discovery should provide some particularized basis for a claim against Miller, plaintiff will have ample opportunity to seek his rejoinder as a defendant.
With regard to Schneider, the inquiry becomes more complicated. Both strands of the test for stating a claim under § 1983 — state action and deprivation of a federal right — pose close questions not yet addressed in this circuit. Ultimately, we conclude that although Schneider may have been acting under color of law when he signed the complaint, that act did not deprive Koch of a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States.
"[A]cts committed by a police officer even while on duty and in uniform are not under color of state law unless they are in some way `related to the performance of police duties.'" Brisco v. LaHue, supra, at 721 n. 4, quoting Johnson v. Hackett, 284 F. Supp. 933, 937 (E.D.Pa. 1968). Undoubtedly, private citizens and, indeed, individuals employed as police officers, may sign complaints without there being any indicia of state action. See Norton v. Liddel, supra, at 1379 (10th Cir. 1980). In the circumstances presented here, however, we believe the complaint sufficiently indicates that Schneider acted in his official capacity. The full performance of an officer's investigative responsibilities includes, either by regulation or custom, a duty to swear out complaints based on that investigation. Cf. Briscoe v. LaHue, supra, at 721 n. 4.
Of course, state action is necessary but not sufficient to satisfy the threshold requirements in a § 1983 suit. The Act "imposes liability for violations of rights protected by the Constitution, not for violations of duties of care arising out of tort law." Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 146, 99 S.Ct. 2689, 2695, 61 L.Ed.2d 433 (1979). Thus, the question becomes whether malicious prosecution contravenes the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee against deprivation of life, liberty or property without due process of law.
The Seventh Circuit has not directly considered whether malicious prosecution states a claim under the Civil Rights Act, and district courts within the circuit are split. Compare Brainerd v. Potratz, 421 F. Supp. 836, 840 (N.D.Ill. 1976) (malicious prosecution is not a violation of a constitutional right), with Spears v. Conlisk, 440 F. Supp. 490, 498 (N.D.Ill. 1977) (false accusation of battery actionable under § 1983).
It can be argued, however, that this Court of Appeals in the past supported, sub silencio, the maintenance of § 1983 action based on the tort of malicious prosecution. See Terket v. Lund, 623 F.2d 29 (7th Cir. 1980); Hampton v. Hanrahan, supra, at 630; Banish v. Locks, 414 F.2d 638 (7th Cir. 1969). Nonetheless, recent decisions by the Supreme Court and this circuit cast doubt on whether traditional common law torts for which there are obvious and adequate state court remedies are cognizable under the Civil Rights Act. For example, in Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 101 S.Ct. 1908, 68 L.Ed.2d 420 (1981), the Supreme Court held that a state actor's mere negligent deprivation of property is not unconstitutional when the victim can be made whole in a post-deprivation state court proceeding. While Parratt, by its terms, dealt only with loss of property, the Seventh Circuit, in Ellis v. Hamilton, 669 F.2d 510, 515 (1982), seems to have somewhat expanded the scope of that decision. In Ellis the court considered the authority of welfare and judicial officers to institute proceedings to remove the plaintiff's grandchildren from her home and allow them to be adopted by strangers. The Court found no violation under § 1983 because state law provided a variety of remedies to correct and promptly remedy any deprivation of liberty that might occur. Together these cases support a notion that in certain circumstances no denial of the due process required by the Fourteenth Amendment occurs if the state provides reasonable and adequate remedies. Cf. Johnson v. Miller, et al., 680 F.2d 39 (7th Cir. 1982).
In all three cases, the issue of whether plaintiff's malicious prosecution allegations stated a claim under the Civil Rights Act was not directly posed. Plaintiff relies most heavily on Hampton v. Hanrahan, supra, to contend that the Seventh Circuit regards an action for malicious prosecution as stating a claim under § 1983. There the court noted, "An action for malicious prosecution may be brought under § 1983 if, acting under color of state law, the defendant has subjected the plaintiff to a deprivation of constitutional magnitude." Id. at 630 (emphasis added). Such a statement, however, begs the question and the court never actually analyzes whether plaintiff indeed was deprived of a constitutional right. Nevertheless, an argument can be made that the court in Hampton, by stating the issue in the manner that it did, and by proceeding to analyze the malicious prosecution claim, implicitly held that the tort infringed a constitutional right.
Without deciding the parameters of Parratt v. Taylor, and its appropriateness for situations besides deprivations of property, see McCowen v. City of Evanston, 534 F. Supp. 243 (N.D.Ill. 1982), we think the concerns expressed there are applicable here. In the case at bar the allegedly malicious prosecution does not implicate liberty interests since there is no indication that plaintiff was kept in jail during trial, and any injury to his reputation that results from the prosecution is not considered a protectable liberty interest. See Paul v. Davis, supra. No other "extra factor" such as litigiousness, that may elevate the tort to the level of a constitutional violation, is alleged in the complaint. See Beker Phosphate Corp. v. Muirhead, 581 F.2d 1187, 1189 (5th Cir. 1978). In sum, any injury suffered by plaintiff's facing prosecution is fully compensable in a state court proceeding based on the common law tort. The Fifth Circuit has consistently held, for these reasons, that no cause of action is stated under § 1983 by an allegation of malicious prosecution:
Neither the Fourteenth Amendment nor the Civil Rights Act purported to secure a person against unfounded or even malicious claims or suits in state courts, especially when the laws and courts of the state are available and furnished adequate remedies to a person aggrieved. Curry v. Ragan, 257 F.2d 449, 450 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 851, 79 S.Ct. 78, 3 L.Ed.2d 85 (1958).
Accord, Cook v. Houston Post, 616 F.2d 791 (5th Cir. 1980), Paskaly v. Seale, 506 F.2d 1209 (9th Cir. 1974), Brainerd v. Potratz, supra.
In light of the increasing recognition that it may be appropriate to consider "the adequacy and availability (not exhaustion) of remedies under state law before concluding that a deprivation of life, liberty or property violates due process of law," Ellis v. Hamilton, supra, at 515, we believe that were the Seventh Circuit to be faced directly with the question it would concur with the sentiments expressed by the Fifth Circuit. "To hold otherwise would make the Fourteenth Amendment `a font of tort law to be superimposed upon whatever systems may already be administered by the states.'" Brainerd v. Potratz, supra, at 840, quoting Paul v. Davis, supra, at 701, 96 S.Ct. at 1160. Accordingly, the common law tort of misuse of legal procedure, without more, does not give rise to the level of a constitutional wrong to be remedied by § 1983, Beker Phosphate Corp. v. Muirhead, supra, at 1189, and Count III is therefore dismissed.
It should be remembered that plaintiff still has remaining against Schneider a false arrest charge and a pendent state claim for malicious prosecution. See discussion on page 854, infra.
II. Village's Motion to Dismiss Count V
Plaintiff alleges in Count V that the Village of Justice approved or ratified the unlawful conduct of Miller and Schneider. The Village moves for dismissal on two grounds: first, that plaintiff fails to set forth with sufficient specificity the existence of a policy or custom as required under Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978), and second, that allegations of a public entity's constructive knowledge of prior instances of unconstitutional conduct are insufficient to give rise to liability.
Defendants do not dispute that the use of excessive force by a police officer during the course of an arrest constitutes a deprivation of liberty, in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. See Starstead v. City of Superior, infra.
In Monell the Supreme Court held that in certain circumstances municipalities and other governmental units can be sued directly under § 1983 for monetary relief. A municipality, however, "cannot be held liable solely because it employs a tort-feasor, or in other words, a municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior theory." Monell, supra, at 691, 98 S.Ct. at 2036. Rather, a municipality can be sued directly under the Civil Rights laws only when the alleged constitutional violation stemmed from a "policy statement, ordinance, regulation or decision officially adopted or promulgated by that body's officers." Id. at 690, 98 S.Ct. at 2035.
In the circumstances presented here, where the existence of a policy must be inferred from the actions of the parties, plaintiff must allege sufficient facts demonstrating that the officer's conduct was part of a pattern of activity amounting to a governmental custom or practice, rather than simply the product of an individual officer's tortious conduct. A single incident, by itself, normally cannot evidence a governmental policy or custom. Powe v. City of Chicago, 664 F.2d 639 (7th Cir. 1981); Cattan v. City of New York, 523 F. Supp. 598 (S.D.N.Y. 1981); Gomez v. City of West Chicago, 506 F. Supp. 1241, 1245 (N.D.Ill. 1981); Hamrick v. Lewis, 515 F. Supp. 983, 985 (N.D.Ill. 1980); Magayanes v. City of Chicago, 496 F. Supp. 812, 814 (N.D.Ill. 1980).
Plaintiff maintains that the complaint meets the requisite standard by the following allegations:
35. The police officers of the [Village] made a constant and repeated practice of physically abusing prisoners. . . .
36. The [Village] knew or should have known of the above stated conduct of the police officers, yet . . . with deliberate indifference and gross negligence failed to provide proper training to its police officers and take disciplinary steps. . . .
37. The [Village] impliedly or tacitly authorized, approved or encouraged the above stated conduct of its officers.
There appears to be substantial disagreement in this district with regard to the specificity of pleading required in a suit against a municipality under § 1983. See Giarrusso v. City of Chicago, 539 F. Supp. 690, 693 (N.D.Ill. 1982), Rivera, et al. v. Farrel, et al., 538 F. Supp. 291 (N.D.Ill. 1982), and cases cited therein. The various approaches taken by my colleagues "evidence the court's efforts to draw a principled line between the admittedly general standards of federal notice pleading [Rule 8(a)] and the principle that a pleading is insufficient if it merely alleges the conclusions of the pleader without any factual support." Rivera, et al. v. Farrell, et al., supra, at 294.
After consideration of the differing viewpoints, this court concurs with the sentiments of Judge Marshall, most recently expressed in Means v. City of Chicago, et al., 535 F. Supp. 455 (N.D.Ill. 1982), in which he rejected any distinction between other cases and § 1983 lawsuits with respect to the liberal pleading requirements of Rule 8(a):
This is not to say that simply reciting that the actions of an individual employee were pursuant to the "policies, customs and usages" of the City is sufficient to state a claim under the statute. The plaintiff must allege what the policy is that is being challenged and demonstrate that it may, under some set of facts, be a proximate cause of the injury in the particular case. . . . But the test is not whether the plaintiff has pleaded factual instances demonstrating that an unconstitutional policy exists, but rather whether the policy, custom or practice, once pleaded, can be proved. See Murray v. City of Chicago, 634 F.2d [365] at 367. . . . The instant case is instructive as to why the allegations of a particular policy is sufficient without insisting on particularized allegations of underlying facts. Plaintiff alleges in what some might term simply "conclusory" allegations, that the City failed to train adequately the officers in question and police officers generally, failed to supervise and control their actions, and failed adequately to discipline them for past misconduct thereby encouraging the use of excessive force in the future. The complaint details the facts of only the instant incident. However it clearly contemplates proof of more than this incident in order to prove the alleged policy; it contemplates proof of numerous instances of misconduct upon which the City failed to act. . . . The law is clear that if plaintiff can establish that "senior supervisory personnel have knowledge of a pattern of constitutionally offensive acts by their subordinates but fail to take remedial steps, the municipality may be held liable for a subsequent violation if the supervisor's inaction amounts to deliberate indifference or to tacit authorization of the offensive act. Herrara v. Valentine, 653 F.2d [1220] at 1224.
Means v. City of Chicago, supra, at 459-60 (emphasis supplied).
The reasoning of Means is in accord with a decision by the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. In Murray v. City of Chicago, 634 F.2d 365 (7th Cir. 1980), the Court (while not elaborating in any significant detail) took a liberal approach to construing Monell complaints against municipalities. Starstead v. City of Superior, 533 F. Supp. 1365, 1372 (W.D.Wisc. 1982). The allegations of the complaint in Murray parallel those in the case at bar: plaintiff alleged past acquiescence in prior misconduct as the basis for the existence of a city policy, but provided no facts concerning the alleged past incidents. The district court dismissed the action against the city. In reversing, the Court of Appeals held that
As to the City, it is possible that existence of a policy, custom or practice might be established. If plaintiff succeeds in proving her allegations that similar unwarranted arrests have occurred frequently, to the knowledge of the parties involved, it might be possible to show dereliction of duty of constitutional dimension upon the part of the responsible officials.
634 F.2d at 367.
Thus, Murray suggests that a complaint is sufficient under § 1983 if the plaintiff pleads "the skeletal outlines of a viable theory of municipal culpability." Spriggs v. City of Chicago, 523 F. Supp. 138, 145 (N.D.Ill. 1981).
Under the standards set forth in Murray and Means, the allegations made by Mr. Koch state a claim under Monell against the Village of Justice.
III. Rafelli's Motion to Dismiss Count IV
In Count IV plaintiff alleges that Rafelli, directly or indirectly, ratified or approved the unlawful conduct of Schneider and Miller. In order to state a claim against supervisory personnel under § 1983 there must be alleged an affirmative link between the supervisory personnel's acts or omissions and the actions causing the alleged constitutional violations so that the supervisor can be said to have encouraged, approved of or acquiesced in the complained-of conduct. Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 96 S.Ct. 598, 46 L.Ed.2d 561 (1976). Such an affirmative link requires more than an allegation of mere negligent supervision over those whom a person has authority and control. Stringer v. City of Chicago, 464 F. Supp. 887, 891 (N.D.Ill. 1979). Rather, plaintiff must allege that the supervisor was personally involved in the deprivation. Adams v. Pate, 445 F.2d 105 (7th Cir. 1971).
In attempting to meet this standard plaintiff charges that Rafelli knew or should have known that police officers under his command or supervision engaged in police misconduct and, moreover, that Rafelli recklessly and consciously failed to provide proper training and supervision of the officers under his command.
While these allegations are not models of specificity, they are sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss. See McClelland v. Facteau, 610 F.2d 693, 696 (10th Cir. 1979). They apprise defendant of the facts and circumstances of his liability, indicating that the supervisor was personally responsible for instituting the policies in question, had knowledge of the inadequacies of training and supervision, and yet failed to act. Such acts and omissions allegedly caused the beating and false arrest of the plaintiff. Since these facts are all that is required to be pled at this stage of the litigation, see Means v. City of Chicago, supra, the motion to dismiss Count IV is denied.
Although Counts I and II were not specifically made the focus of any motion, this court feels compelled to make several comments concerning the allegations therein. The exact basis for Count I is unclear. To the extent that plaintiff alleges a violation of § 1983 by virtue of malicious prosecution and false testimony, Count I does not differ substantively from Count III and hence no claim is stated. Alternatively, if plaintiff is attempting to proceed directly under the Fourteenth Amendment he again fails to state a claim. See also Stringer v. City of Chicago, supra; Turpin v. Mailet, 591 F.2d 426, 427 (2d Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1016, 101 S.Ct. 577, 66 L.Ed.2d 475 (1980). We instead construe the count to be a pendent state law claim for malicious prosecution and false arrest, with federal jurisdiction based upon a § 1983 claim for the latter tort.
As defendants note, however, the termination of a prior proceeding in favor of the plaintiff is an essential element in a malicious prosecution claim and must be factually alleged in the complaint. LaSalle National Bank v. 222 E. Chestnut Street Corp., 267 F.2d 247 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 361 U.S. 836, 80 S.Ct. 88, 4 L.Ed.2d 778 (1959), Freides v. Sani-Mode Manufacturing Co., 33 Ill.2d 291, 295, 211 N.E.2d 286 (1965). The complaint lacks any allegations in this regard although plaintiff states in his brief that there has been a termination of a judicial proceeding in his favor. This, however, does not cure the fatal defect in the pleadings since the sufficiency of a complaint must be judged solely by the facts alleged therein. Gonzalez, et al. v. McCabe, et al., No. 79 C 3130, slip opinion at 5 (N.D.Ill. June 12, 1981). Therefore, the malicious prosecution claim will be dismissed in 30 days unless plaintiff amends to allege a claim.
Properly amended, Count I states a state law claim for malicious prosecution, and this court chooses to exercise its discretion to hear the state law claim as pendent to the federal claims. See United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966); McCabe v. City of Chicago, et al., No. 81 C 5108 (N.D.Ill. 3/2/82).


Youssef Delara and Michael D. Olmos directed this drama about an up-and-coming rap artist who is courted by a shady record label. With Gina Rodriguez, Jenni Rivera, and Lou Diamond Phillips.
Filly Brown is not showing in any theaters in the area.


text:
Meditating and Figuring
TM Could Be Good for You
Yogananda Varied Many Hindu Concepts ☥
You could learn about TM (Transcendental Meditation) and improve your life and yourself through it. TM is compatible with wise enough religions. The last pope, Benedictus XVI, when he was Cardinal Ratzinger, signed a newsletter in 1990 where TM, along with other eastern meditations, was described as helpful . . . to attain peace "even amidst turbulence". At that time Ratzinger was the prime custodian in the world of the purity of catholisism, overseeing the doctrine of the Catholic Faith. [◦Link]
The Buddhist leader Bhikkhu Sanghasena practices Trancendental Meditation, and has decided to introduce TM in his schools and monastery in Ladakh, Kashmir in Himalayan India. People from all over the world formerly came to his international meditation center to learn his buddhistic meditation techniques. Sangashena has expressed great appreciation of Maharishi and his teachings, which he will implement in Ladakh, including Maharishi Ayurveda and Consciousness-Based Education. [Ibid]
During the last few years, Rev. Koji Oshima, a Japanese Buddhist monk, a TM-Sidha, who practices TM since 9 years, has inspired Buddhist monks in Thailand and Sri Lanka to learn TM. Today over 3100 Buddhist monks have learned TM. [Ibid]
Deep meditation such as TM assists men and women of many kinds of faith.
TM Combats Stress
Sane yoga, meditation, and relaxation can counteract gross effects of stress. Example: ]Healing Stress]
Psychosomatic disorders are physical diseases that are believed to have a mental component. "Stress-related disorders encompass a broad array of conditions, including psychological disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder) and other types of emotional strain (e.g., dissatisfaction, fatigue, tension, etc.), maladaptive behaviors (e.g., aggression, substance abuse), and cognitive impairment (e.g., concentration and memory problems). In turn, these conditions may lead to poor work performance or even injury. Job stress is also associated with various biological reactions that may lead ultimately to compromised health, such as cardiovascular disease, or in extreme cases death." [WP, "Workplace stress"]
"Stress-related problems include mood disturbance, psychological distress, sleep disturbance, upset stomach, headache, and problems in relationships with family and friends. The effects of job stress on chronic diseases are more difficult to ascertain because chronic diseases develop over relatively long periods of time and are influenced by many factors other than stress. Nonetheless, there is some evidence that stress plays a role in the development of several types of chronic health problems – including cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and psychological disorders." [Ibid]
There are many things a leader or firm can do to prevent job stress, such as (1) designing jobs to provide meaning, stimulation, and opportunities to use skills; (2) provide opportunities for social interaction among workers. [Ibid]
⚶ ⚶ ⚶
Some call the very best wine heart-gladness. Helpful meditation tries are marked by ease and not tenseness.
And from being tolerably respected you can even rise above thinking of steps and stages.
Yogananda Varied Many Hindu Concepts
The audience in time lowered the concepts most used and the spectacle
Paramahansa Yogananda's (1893-1952) teachings are lined up to the Yoga-sutras by Patanjali (2nd century BC). One end goal is called Self-realisation, as the goal of his meditation system. There are many levels and outlets of accomplishment, though, for those who trudge on. TM uses some of the Patanjali verses for advancing meditation practice - but contemplation on sutras is not part of the basic TM method, and is not absolutely necessary for making advancements within either.
Yogananda crossed the Atlantic by boat
As for Yogananda, despite his claims that his gurus who sent him to America were almighty and things like that, had to get to America by boat. He did not fly or swim across the ocean, neither in the shape of an eagle or a fish or whale or in his own human shape. Compare how the Danish "King Harald told a warlock to hie to Iceland in some altered shape, and to try what he could learn there to tell him: and he set out in the shape of a whale." [From The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway, King Olaf Trygvason's Saga, chapter 36.]
Yogananda did no such things. He turned into no whale. And yet his ardent followers hold him to be God incarnated, an avatar, because he said he was -
He begged his way (it was not uncommon in his case) on and upward to god-realisation, he writes in his Autobiography. There are some incidences where he nagged and bothered men for it. To get a ticket on the ship, he even annoyed a clark. Yogananda tells about it in some detail in SRF's Golden Anniversary Booklet.
But where is the Biblical evidence that apostle-given Christianity is to be lorded over by Hindu swami-monks with centres and meditation groups in over 50 countries?
Some decades after the guru did not swim across the ocean, he sat down to write his Autobiography, very much helped by disciples. The book was first published in 1946, and he later confessed that God (not himself) made him edit it too. That suggests (1) God was not much into it in the first place, or God later saw that the first edition was not quite good enough! Consider that Yogananda and two other masters of his line declare that the Lord is the Sole Doer. It should not be necessary for God to do things twice if time was short - but don't succumb to chastising words like "Bad God!" and not even "Bad work!" - for good work may be improved too, even a lot, for different times, different people, different -isms, and the like.
Yogananda also dictated other works, and his tendentious commentary to the Rubaiyyat has recently been published by two separate publishers. The americanised guru's books have become popular and influential. Swami lectures from many US cities have appeared in a collection of books. So far it is a trilogy. [Ak; Jse; Dr]
The guru also turned some followers into monastics, even teen-age girls. The current SRF president became a monastic at 14 or 15, and the previous one was ca. 17 when she became a monastic.
The concept "guru farm" may hint at something, just as the tentative "A monastic is a serf; not his or her own". The whole organisation the guru strove to build, is governed over by "guru devotees" today, if that is what they are. They keep saying dogmatically his wisdom is not just OK, but without flaw - things like that. if they really mean it, it is bad, and if they do not mean it while they say it, it is bad too. Moreover, Yogananda spoke well of Hitler, Mussolini, and dictatorship. He was "that kind of future blind."
SRF - who claims to be in 100% harmony with "original Christianity as taught by Jesus Christ", ignores central parts of the gospels that do not get along well with its founder's quite rabid ideas. But let us suppose they represent the teachings of Jesus for the sake of argument. In that case they stick to slavery, such as "Keep the Canaanite slave forever." It is part of the Law that Jesus said was valid - but broke when he felt for it [Matthew 5:17-19].
Maybe all the four, five or six gurus that are Yogananda-claimed to be behind SRF, is one unified gel. I dare say they are not, however, among other plausible-looking reasons that Jesus of the Bible warns against false Christs who lead astray and things like that. I have also found reasons to reflect on a message from the Sanskrit Upanishads:
"He who worships another (than one's own godhood deep inside) . . . is not wise, but like a house-dog (or beast). - Brihadaranyana Upanishad 1.4.10 [Puh 62]. (The Upanishad in Max Müller's translation is here: [Link])
The attraction to get bound hand and foot
"These farm teachings - moo."
You had better not succumb to Yogananda's half-ritual "cry for Divine Mother till she appears" either. It is a deviant yoga practice. You can get hurt by it.
Yogananda taught a simplified, aborted kriya yoga. The basic kriya method is taught onsite, and may be learnt from a book or two too. The same is the case with the hong-so method of meditation.
A large part of Yogananda's attraction on gullible guys is his unverified and suspect kriya hype. Almost overnight he changed the prospects of doing kriya. One round of the kriya yoga he was sent to the West to teach, was said to equal one month's natural progress. But when he had taken away techniques that are held to be indispensable to higher kriyas in his own kriya line, he also made the claim that his simplified kriya yoga could bring about cosmic consciousness faster than the handed over kriya system - wherever he got that idea from.
A very good thing in our days is that you do not have to be bound hand and foot by a morally faulty SRF pledge to learn kriya and hong-so and so on. You can learn them elsewhere and still preserve your freedom. I would go for that.
You do not have to go bananas (crazy; wildly deranged) to be a kriya yogi.
Nimbarka stands of Self-Realization Fellowship
Hinduism contains much good, but is extremely diversified. Yogananda's so-called Church of All Religions is basically of Hinduism. Even though Yogananda and SRF hardly mentions Nimbarka, they propagate a kind of duality in unity, or duality and nonduality at the same time, they too. It is the Vaishnava Theology of Dvaitadvaita. Nimbarka refers to five methods to Salvation. They are:
Ritual action within one's caste and phase of life;
Knowledge, vidya, for those inclined to spend much time in scriptural study and reflections;
Upasana or dhyana (meditation) of three sorts: (a) meditation on the Lord as one's self, as the Inner Controller; (2) meditation on the Lord as the Inner Controller of the non sentient; (3) meditation on Lord as different from the sentient and non-sentient;
Surrender to God as Radha Krisna. This method is available to foreigners too. It is referred to as devotion (bhakti) through regulations.
Devotion and self surrender to guru.
1. Yogananda's Self-Realization Fellowship, SRF, hardly stresses the first point on the list, for the guru's teachings were adapted to American Christians by hook and crook.
2. He does advocate study, as in his unprompted counsel to the US president Calvin Coolidge.
3. Yogananda also teaches "a little of this, a little of that" about how to meditate, as seen in his collected talks and essays and other books published and edited by SRF.
4 and 5. He also teaches devotion and surrender, and Krishna is included among the six SRF gurus, along with Jesus and four more.
Yogananda teaches Vedanta and Krishna's Bhagavad Gita and Yoga Sutras, etc. However, Vedanta is variegated, and there are many Vedanta schools. One of them is the nondualist Vedanta school of Shankara, another is the school of Ramanuja, and still another that of Nimbarka.
Vedanta schools teach differently about the relation between the self (jiva) and God (Brahman). Some hold that the self and God are different entities. This view is called dvaita, dualism. Some others, like Shankara, hold that the two are the same, and that view is called advaita, non-dualism. Others again, like Ramanuja, hold that the two are related like parts and whole, and that view may be called qualified monism. There are still other views, but the best known among the Vedanta schools are those of Shankara and Ramanuja.
Like Ramanuja, Nimbarka too believes in a kind of identity-in-difference, bhedabheda. The doctrine of Nimbarka has very much in common with that of Ramanuja. Both regard the difference as well as the non-difference, as real. But, for Nimbarka, difference and non-difference are on the same level, while for Ramanuja, non-difference is the principal, and only qualified by difference, which is thus subordinate to it, V. S. Ghate points out. [in Wo 424]. A Nimbarka-looking sort of hovering Hinduism is a marked feature of SRF. [cf. Wo 11; 349-50].
The audience in time lowers the concepts most used and the spectacle.
Blaming a yogi's illusions on Maya far and wide is too short-sighted. Mature guys at least seek to be responsible for wrongs and awkward things in their charge or hands, and which ardent followers parrot. Gurus teach different things; is anything right?
Handy teachings are good for you. Some instruct and others may astonish and amuse, but seldom all of it at once.
Naturally, concepts (constructs) often repeated, may assist or dwarf our minds and development if firmly put to use - or glance off. It depends a lot on how nuanced, accurate, and beneficial they are. Effects depend not solely on the sender and the message, though. The involved ones who receive messages and transmit them further, may respond to parts of a whole, distort a few things, and so on, and in the end influence the outcomes of message medleys too. Both proficiency and forethought could help.
Final words for now
"Bah, bah, little sheep" shows concerns that eventually make it "clear" in abundance to a little tot that sheep can be sheared and made use of beneath us. [More]
Some folks have great needs to whitewash facades. Yet very insincere guys and hypocrisy should not be more welcome at home than a maggot, roughly speaking.
Shrand, Joseph A., with Leigh M. Devine. Manage Your Stress: Overcoming Stress in the Modern World. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2012.
Ak: Yogananda, Pa.: Man's Eternal Quest. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship, 1975.
Ap: Mieder, Wolfgang (main editor), Stewart A. Kingsbury, and Kelsie E. Harder: A Dictionary of American Proverbs. (Paperback) New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Dr: Yogananda, Paramahansa. The Divine Romance. New ed. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship, 1993.
Hi: Smith, Carolyn D., ed, et al. Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology. 14th ed. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, 2003.
Jse: Yogananda, Paramahansa. Journey to Self-realization: Discovering the Gift of the Soul. New ed. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship, 2000.
Pa: Yogananda, Pa.: Autobiography of a Yogi. 11th ed. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship, 1971.
Puh: Deussen, Paul. The Philosophy of the Upanishads. New York: Dover (Reprint of Clark's 1906-ed), 1966.
Say: Yogananda, Paramahansa: Sayings of Yogananda. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship, 1958.
Til: Evans-Wentz, Walter Yeeling, ed. The Tibetan Book of the Dead: After-Death Experiences on the Bardo Plane, according to Lama Kazi Dawa-Samdup's English Rendering. London: Oxford University Press, 1927.
Wo: Chatterjee, Satischandra, and Dhirendramohan Datta. An Introduction to Indian Philosophy. 7th ed. Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1968.
Harvesting the hay
Symbols, brackets, signs and text icons explained: (1) Text markers — (2) Digesting.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
UK Publisher
US Publisher
Australia Publisher
New Zealand Publisher
India Publisher
Lethal White
When Billy, a troubled young man, comes to private eye Cormoran Strike's office to ask for his help investigating a crime he thinks he witnessed as a child, Strike is left deeply unsettled. While Billy is obviously mentally distressed, and cannot remember many concrete details, there is something sincere about him and his story. But before Strike can question him further, Billy bolts from his office in a panic.
Trying to get to the bottom of Billy's story, Strike and Robin Ellacott – once his assistant, now a partner in the agency – set off on a twisting trail that leads them through the backstreets of London, into a secretive inner sanctum within Parliament, and to a beautiful but sinister manor house deep in the countryside.
And during this labyrinthine investigation, Strike's own life is far from straightforward: his newfound fame as a private eye means he can no longer operate behind the scenes as he once did. Plus, his relationship with his former assistant is more fraught than it ever has been – Robin is now invaluable to Strike in the business, but their personal relationship is much, much more tricky than that . . .
Formats Available:
Paperback, Hardback, ebook, Audiobook, Audio CD
Lethal White - Chapter 1&2
When Billy, a troubled young man, comes to Strike's office to ask for his help investigating a crime he thinks he witnessed as a child, it's the catalyst for a twisting investigation from the backstreets of London, to the secretive sanctum of Parliament, and a beautiful but sinister manor house deep in the countryside.
'Lethal White is full of twists and turns, and when its many threads come together, it's exciting and engaging reading'
'Blackmail, murder and other bad behaviour abounds in Robert Galbraith's Lethal White'
Lethal White TV Series
The grandeur and tradition of Parliament comes to life in this TV adaptation of the 4th Strike novel, set against the vibrant and celebratory mood of the country during the London Olympics 2012.
More Strike Novels


text:
Q: Playing HLS without Android OS support for .ts files I have developed an HLS player for Android 2.3.  It works.  However, I am finding that certain Android devices lack support for .ts files.  On these phones my player does not work.  So, my question is this:  Is there a way that I can include support for these files within my app (perhaps a codec or a library of some sort)?  After exhaustive searching, I'm really not sure where to go.
Thanks.

A: You can take a look at vitamio. I think that your player will work if vitamio is installed on the the devices that don't already support the ts files.

A: Try to port FFMPEG to Android with the NDK, I think that's the best solution for your playing issues. I'm now in that way, I could report you my advances .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Anti-Choice Law Shutters an Abortion Clinic in Tennessee. Clinic Owner Somehow Manages to Make Me Feel Hopeful.
Nothing I could possibly write this week could be more pressing than the letter a woman named Deb Walsh wrote 10 days ago.
Nothing could be more touching. Nothing could more starkly represent the nature of the times we're living in.
Maybe you've never heard of Deb Walsh.
She's the owner of Volunteer Women's Medical Clinic in Knoxville, Tennessee. She wrote this letter when she was on the verge of shuttering the abortion clinic where she'd worked for more than 30 years.
I found out last night that I will have to close Volunteer Women's Medical Clinic in Knoxville TN, effective today. A law that went into effect July 1st 2012 called "The Life Defense Act", made it illegal for our local, Board Certified OB-GYN physician to perform abortions in our fully licensed Ambulatory Surgical Treatment Center. The law requires Drs. who perform abortions to have local hospital admitting privileges. The law applies exclusively to abortion. One of our Drs., Morris Campbell, was actually able to reinstate his privileges a few weeks before the law went into effect. Sadly, he had a stroke and died a few days after receiving the news about his hospital privileges.
I'm 25 years old. It's hard for me to imagine how anyone would feel disassembling the place they'd worked for 30 years. What relics of feminist history were packed into boxes and stacked into the Uhaul shown sitting outside the clinic in a recent photo? What inspirational signs, contraceptive teaching devices, letters from grateful patients...what must if have felt like to pack all that away?
According to its website, the clinic has been caring for women since 1975. That's two years after Roe v. Wade. That's 38 years. Many of the young women who sought abortions there back in the years when it first opened are probably grandmothers now. Deb Walsh remembers them.
The clinic has been open for 38 years and I have worked there for over 30 years. I still remember the name of the first patient I took care of on the day I started, and I remember the answer an eleven year old girl gave when, after days of counseling, I asked her what she wanted to do. She said "I just want to go ride my new bicycle". No kidding baby girl. So many images remain of the strength of women.......the day we looked out the front window and saw an Appalachian woman we'd just discharged pushing an electric blue Corvette Sting Ray fast enough that her husband could pop the clutch and start the engine.......the coal miner's daughter that was full term and about to go into labor but swore it couldn't be true because no one had ever been "up on" her.......the sorority girl that said she got pregnant by trying on her friend's diaphragm that "must have had sperm on it"......the woman I brought back to life when she stopped breathing who later told us she had withheld critical medical history from us because she was afraid we wouldn't let her have an abortion if she told us the truth......all the Catholic women who had abortions over and over again because taking a birth control pill every day added up to more sins than a few abortions a year.
I'm so angry about this, also sad, and I'm grateful for whatever wisdom I possess that keeps me from feeling like a victim.
Thank you to everyone who has reached out with kind words during this nightmare. Now, I've got to get back to packing. Imagine it all working perfectly.
There's a hope resonating through the final words of that letter that took my breath away.
The struggle to maintain abortion access in this country is a mix of bitter, tragic losses and, along the way, some victories.
And lest we end on a totally tragic note, there's success for common sense in Kansas, where a prosecutor has dropped all remaining charges against a local Planned Parenthood, ending what was believed to be the first attempt in the country's history at criminally prosecuting a Planned Parenthood facility. The prosecutor, Phill Kline, is the same one who charged George Tiller with more than 30 misdemeanors. All charges were later thrown out. Three years later, Tiller was murdered.
Some days we win, some days we lose -- irreparably, enormously, senselessly. But there's hope in the movement precisely because of people like Deb Walsh. Precisely because of her courage. Precisely because of her unwillingness to be beaten, even while antis are literally forcing her out the door of her clinic.
Imagine, she says. Imagine it all working perfectly.


text:
Q: How to import existing AWS resources like VPC using cdktf? I can import AWS resources using AWS CDK (python) like this
   # lookup existing VPC
    vpc = ec2.Vpc.from_lookup(self,"vpc",vpc_id=vpcID,)

    #lookup existing Security group
    sec_group = ec2.SecurityGroup.from_lookup_by_id(self,'SG',sgID)

I cannot find proper documentation or example of doing the same in terraform cdktf

A: CDKTF(Terraform) provides data sources to fetch information from resources created outside of Terraform, therefore you can use the DataAwsVpc method.


text:
Home > Women's Studies > Trace
Melanie Figg
Publisher: New Rivers Press
Description Links & Reviews Author Bio
Poetry. Women's Studies. Figg's is a collection that embraces and experiments with the multiple meanings of the title: without a trace, tracing, trace elements, etc., and with multiple female figures: mother, sister, girl, woman in an insane asylum, and so on. There is a ghostliness here embodied in the poems' palimpsestic layers of feminist meaning and in the variety of interpretation inherent in its verse.
"In language so lovely, rich, and full of voices that seem out of another world, this book of departures also opens many doors. Each door lets in a wild wind of longing, loss, gods, myths, war, and ragged humanity. We find ourselves in a museum maze with one entrance and one exit but that final exit, we do not want to take. It is art that speaks us through, speaks witness, speaks desire, tells us there are other worlds in an ending world. We can move beyond if we are only brave enough to endure the moment of departure."—Heid E. Erdrich
"The stunning poems in Melanie Figg's debut full-length collection, TRACE, exist in a sublime and terrifying world filled with visual art, human atrocity, and a complex family history, including a sister that serves as a mirror and window into the forces that formed them both. These poems are breathtaking in their braided complexity, unwillingness to settle for two-dimensional revelation, and ability to face the abyss and sing, symphonically, into it. The two long, sectioned poems, 'Untitled' and 'Leaving a Trace,' are the crowning jewels of this book and illuminate Figg's tremendous gift on the page, 'forming perfect sentences / of evidence and sorrow.'"—Allison Benis White
"'You can pray if you want to,' says Melanie Figg in her ravishing debut collection TRACE, 'but the wind / makes its own halting pleas.' TRACE is a collection of metamorphosis, of things becoming more than they are and the liminal spaces between transitions. Figg explores the stains of history both global and personal as well as the mythos of love to reveal the vestiges of light inherent in all. 'Better to unmuscle and move through / a field of wildflowers you cannot name,' she concludes. TRACE is a revelation."—Quan Barry
Kirkus, starred review
Melanie Figg has received grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, the McKnight and Jerome Foundations, and local arts councils. Her long poem, "Leaving a Trace" won the 2018 Iron Horse Literary Review Trifecta. Her poems, essays, and reviews have been published in dozens of literary journals, including The Iowa Review, Nimrod, Conduit, and Colorado Review. As a certified professional coach, she teaches creative writing, offers writing retreats, and works one-on-one with writers.
Author City: SILVER SPRING, MD USA
Alchemy for Cells & Other Beasts
Maya Jewell Zeller and Carrie DeBacker
Salt Bride
Ilona Martonfi
I Will Tell This Story to the Sun Until You Remember That You Are the Sun
Erin Slaughter
Marlene Cookshaw
Nighttime on the Other Side of Everything
Sarah Kobrinsky
Emily Brandt
We Are No Longer Babaylan
Elsa Valmidiano


Day 1 of The Friends Life Women's Tour has drawn to a close and what an incredible day it was. We were lucky enough to grab a casual chat with Wiggle Honda's Giorgia Bronzini. And despite the fact that she is currently suffering from a nasty cold, we are happy to report that this world class sprinter was as charming as ever!
Today was an exciting day, can you describe the atmosphere?
It was incredible, I could barely come out of the hotel for getting my picture taken. It was really nice. I was expecting something like that because yesterday when we were in the press conference there were so many journalists, which was really amazing for us. The people here, they're following us and cheering for us, and that's really cool!
You are obviously suffering from a bad cold, that's no secret. How has that affected you in the run up to the event?
Well, I'm here for work, but when you are suffering from this kind of chill you really feel it.
Did you have any low moments in the stage today?
When it started to rain! Because I was already feeling cold, and I really hate the rain, in general. At that point, even more! But then after a while it dried up and it was okay, and I could focus on the finish.
If you have a low moment in the race, do you have a particular technique you use to overcome your low moment?
I remember that it's not the first time for me – I'm 30, so it's nothing new! So I say 'Okay, Giorgia, if you don't get to the finish line with your body, you try to get to the finish line with your head.' That's my solution.
Also today I wasn't in the best shape, but in the finish line I had to fight for my place. It's important for me, for my teammates and for the team itself.
If I said 'I'm sick, I'll stay at the back' then all the responsibility would be on the shoulders of my teammates, and that's not fair. If we had a second sprinter, then yes, I'd say 'today is not my day' but in the kind of sprint we had today it was better that I took responsibility.
You obviously had a strategy coming into today's stage – would you say your strategy for today went to plan?
We wanted to see what the other teams did, because this event is new for everyone. There was a bit of a nervous atmosphere in the race group because nobody wanted to take the work into their own hands. Nobody wanted to say 'we are the best team and we ride how we want to ride.' Only the two sprinters who raced for finish.
For my team, I said that we should remain relaxed, because it's the first day and we didn't want to get too tired. I said 'we should try to follow the others, and if we arrive in a bunch sprint, you stay next to me and work for me', and in the end that's what happened. It was as we expected.
Do you still get scared when you are reaching eye watering speeds on steep descents?
Sometimes I feel scared when I follow Vos because she is a little bit crazy. About two years ago, in Luxembourg, I followed her around the last corner and I fell off my bike. I don't know how she stayed on the bike. In my head I thought if she can take the corner at that speed I could too but straight away my bike was away from me and she went on to win. So she must be able to do something on the bike that I cannot do.
The older I get the more responsible I get. When I was young I put myself into the sprint but in the years when you become more responsible so I save my body and the bodies of the others so I think of what I am doing and I try to think of everyone. I am not scared of the speed and the downhill but I do try and stay safe.
How do you unwind and relax after each stage and prepare yourself for the next stage?
Often I begin the race in a slow condition and build as the race goes. But this time I don't know if I will get better as I am sick. For the legs, day by day I will be better, I am pretty sure about that.
Who are you racing for at The Women's Tour?
This is not my time but I hope it is the time of one British girl. For us it would be a dream to get a breakaway with Laura (Trott) or Dani (King), it would be really good to bring them into a good position. This is their country, they are so excited to be here and they want to show people what they can do. If I can be important for them and help them I will be happy.


Ball-Pythons.net - Photos and details about the Coleman cooler that a member turned into an incubator.
Ball-Pythons.net - Check out these step-by-step photos for turning an old upright soda cooler into a slick incubator.
Ball-Pythons.net - A member shares his new DIY incubator made from a used wine cooler.


text:
All results for Winnie L. SMITH
Winnie Lovina SmithPowell Family Tree
Edward Major Cliff
xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx
xxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxx
xxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
xx xxx xxxx xxxxxxxxxBrunswick, North Carolina, USA
xx xxx xxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxNew Hanover, North Carolina, USA
xxx xxxxxxxxBurlington, New Jersey, USA
Winnie Lovina Cliff
20 Nov 1875 Brunswick County, North Carolina, United States of America
30 Aug 1969 Wrightsville Beach, New Hanover County, North Carolina, United States of America
North Carolina, U.S., Death Certificates, 1909-1976
Winnie Smith Cliff
[Winnie Smith Smith]
xxxx x xxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx
xxxxBrunswick, North Carolina
North Carolina, U.S., Marriage Records, 1741-2011
Winnie Smith
Jo W Sherard
xx xxx xxxxWayne, North Carolina, USA
U.S., Newspapers.com Obituary Index, 1800s-current
U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014
xxxxxxxxxVermont
Anna C Smith
Addie L Smith
5 Mar 1880 North Carolina, United States of America
9 Nov 1969 Enfield, Halifax County, North Carolina, United States of America
[Addie L Jones]
x xxx xxxx x xxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx
x xxx xxxx xxxxxxxxHalifax, North Carolina, USA
xxxxxxxx xxxxxHalifax, North Carolina
Wannie Smith
Vabdakey Bradley
x xxx xxxxSwain, North Carolina, USA
x xxx xxxx
xxxxxx xxxxNew Hampshire
Alabama, U.S., Marriage Index, 1800-1969
Winnie L Smith
xxx xxxxEscambia, Alabama
Ohio, U.S., Death Records, 1908-1932, 1938-2018
Fanny L Smith
xx xxx xxxx xxxxxxxxxxxHighland, USA
xxxxxxxxxxxHighland, Ohio, USA
England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995
xx xxx1969 England
W L Smith
Major Cliff
xx xxx xxxxBrunswick, North Carolina, USA
xxxxxxxSmith
xxSmith
Australia, Death Index, 1787-1985
Winifred Smith
x xxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxx
North Carolina, U.S., Death Indexes, 1908-2004
Jennie Smith
x xxx1969 Richmond
England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1916-2007
Annie L Smith
xxx xxxx xxxxxxxxxxxEssex, England
Brunswick County, North Carolina, United States of America
Wrightsville Beach, New Hanover County, North Carolina, United States of America
North Carolina, United States of America
Enfield, Halifax County, North Carolina, United States of America


text:
Onderstaande tabellen bevatten de deelnemers aan de UEFA-toernooien uit  Faeröer.

Mannen
NB Klikken op de clubnaam geeft een link naar het Wikipedia-artikel over het betreffende toernooi in het betreffende seizoen.

Deelnames
Aantal seizoenen
 25x Havnar B Tórshavn
 20x B36 Tórshavn
 15x NSÍ Runavík
 13x KÍ Klaksvík
 11x GÍ Gøta
 8x Víkingur Gøta
 7x EB/Streymur
 5x B68 Toftir
 3x ÍF Fuglafjørður
 2x B71 Sandur
 2x Skála ÍF
 2x VB Vágur

Vrouwen
NB Klikken op de clubnaam geeft een link naar het betreffende toernooi in het betreffende seizoen op Wikipedia

Deelnames
 19x KÍ Klaksvík
 2x EB/Streymur Eiði/Skála ÍF

Voetbal op de Faeröer
Deelnemers UEFA-toernooien

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Watch Florida A&M Rattlers men's basketball live
The Florida A&M Rattlers basketball team is the basketball team that repres...
The Florida A&M Rattlers basketball team is the basketball team that represent Florida A&M University in Tallahassee, Florida. The school's team curre...
The Florida A&M Rattlers basketball team is the basketball team that represent Florida A&M University in Tallahassee, Florida. The school's team currently competes in the Southwestern Athletic Conference. The team last played in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament in 2007. Their home arena is the Teaching Gym/Alfred Lawson, Jr. Multipurpose Center, which seats a maximum of 9,639.
Florida A&M Rattlers men's basketball
UTEP Miners men's basketball
ⓘ Subject to availability in your area
Alcorn State Braves men's basketball
Jackson State Tigers men's basketball
Alabama A&M Bulldogs men's basketball
Alabama State Hornets men's basketball
Texas Southern Tigers men's basketball
Prairie View A&M Panthers men's basketball
Grambling State Tigers men's basketball
Southern Jaguars men's basketball
Bethune-Cookman Wildcats men's basketball
Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils men's basketball
Arkansas-Pine Bluff Golden Lions men's basketball
Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball
Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball
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LeMoyne-Owen Magicians men's basketball
Kansas State Wildcats men's basketball


text:
package org.myrobotlab.roomba;

import org.myrobotlab.logging.LoggerFactory;
import org.slf4j.Logger;

/**
 * The abstract base for all Roomba communications.
 *
 *
Overview
 This class contains the communications layer-independent
 * parts of how to communicate with a Roomba. It does assume a very serial
 * port-like interaction, as the only working subclass is for serial ports.
 * Thus, this objects form may change in the future.
 *
 * Standard lifecyle of this object (and its subclasses)
 *
 *

 *   RoombaComm roomba = new RoombaCommSubClass();  // (e.g. RoombaCommSerial)
 *   roomba.listports();               // if implemented
 *   roomba.connect("someportid");
 *   roomba.startup();
 *   roomba.updateSensors();
 *   while( ... ) {
 *      roomba.sensors();
 *      roomba.playNote( 53, 12 );
 *      roomba.goForward( 400 );
 *      roomba.spinRight( 45 );
 *      if( roomba.bump() ) roomba.goBackward( 100 );
 *   }
 *   roomba.disconnect();
 *

 *
 *
API levels
 Describe different API levels
 *
 *
Sensor Functions
 Describe sensor functions
 *
 *
Sublass behavior
 Describe subclassing strategries
 *
 *
 * @author Tod E. Kurt
 *
 */
public abstract class RoombaComm {

	public final static Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RoombaComm.class.getCanonicalName());

	/** version of the library */
	static public final String VERSION = "0.96";

	/** turns on/off various debugging messages */
	public boolean debug = true;

	/** distance between wheels on the roomba, in millimeters */
	public static final int wheelbase = 258;
	/** mm/deg is circumference distance divided by 360 degrees */
	public static final float millimetersPerDegree = (float) (wheelbase * Math.PI / 360.0);
	/** mm/rad is a circumference distance divied by two pi */
	public static final float millimetersPerRadian = (float) (wheelbase / 2);

	/** default speed for movement operations if speed isn't specified */
	public static final int defaultSpeed = 200;

	/** default update time in ms for auto sensors update */
	public static final int defaultSensorsUpdateTime = 200;

	/** current mode, if known */
	int mode;

	/** current speed for movement operations that don't take a speed */
	public int speed = defaultSpeed;

	/** computed boolean for when Roomba is errored out of safe mode */
	boolean safetyFault = false;
	/** if sensor variables have been updated successfully */
	public boolean sensorsValid = false;
	/** Set to true to make sensors auto-update (at expense of serial b/w) */
	boolean sensorsAutoUpdate = false;
	/** Time in milliseconds between sensor updates */
	int sensorsUpdateTime = 200;
	/** last time (System.currentTimeMillis) that the sensors were updated */
	protected long sensorsLastUpdateTime;
	/** how many bytes we expect to read from the sensor command */
	int readRequestLength;

	/** internal storage for all roomba sensor data */
	protected byte[] sensor_bytes = new byte[1024];

	/** connected to a serial port or not, not necessarily to roomba */
	protected boolean connected = false;

	public RoombaComm() {
		connected = false;
		mode = MODE_UNKNOWN;
	}

	public RoombaComm(boolean autoUpdate) {
		this();
		if (autoUpdate)
			startAutoUpdate();
	}

	public RoombaComm(boolean autoUpdate, int updateTime) {
		this(autoUpdate);
		sensorsUpdateTime = updateTime;
	}

	public void startAutoUpdate() {
		new Thread(new Runnable() {
			public void run() {
				try {
					while (sensorsUpdateTime > 0) {
						if (connected())
							sensors();
						Thread.sleep(sensorsUpdateTime);
					}
				} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
				}
			}
		}).start();
	}

	/**
	 * List available ports
	 *
	 * @return a list available portids, if applicable or empty set if no ports,
	 *         or return null if list is not enumerable
	 */
	public abstract String[] listPorts();

	/**
	 * Connect to a port (for serial, portid is serial port name, for net,
	 * portid is url?)
	 *
	 * @return true on successful connect, false otherwise
	 */
	public abstract boolean connect(String portid);

	/**
	 * Disconnect from a port, clean up any memory in use
	 */
	public abstract void disconnect();

	/**
	 * Send given byte array to Roomba.
	 *
	 * @param bytes
	 *            byte array of ROI commands to send
	 * @return true on successful send
	 */
	public abstract boolean send(byte[] bytes);

	/**
	 * Send a single byte to the Roomba (defined as int because of stupid java
	 * signed bytes)
	 *
	 * @param b
	 *            byte of an ROI command to send
	 * @return true on successful send
	 */
	public abstract boolean send(int b);

	/**
	 * Query Roomba for sensor status and sync its state with this object's
	 * Subclasses should query Roomba and fill up 'sensor_bytes' with the full
	 * sensor data set If a RooombaComm object is constructed with 'autoUpdate'
	 * true, calling this method is not required because a separate thread is
	 * created to do sensor updating.
	 *
	 * @return true on successful sensor update, false otherwise
	 */
	public abstract boolean updateSensors();

	/**
	 * Wake's Roomba up, if possible, thus optional To wake up the Roomba
	 * requires twiddling its DD line, often hooked up to the RS-232 DTR line,
	 * which may not be available in some implementations
	 */
	public void wakeup() {
		logmsg("subclass has not implemented");
	}

	/**
	 * Put Roomba in safe mode. As opposed to full mode. Safe mode is the
	 * preferred working state when playing with the Roomba as it provides some
	 * measure of autonomous self-preservation if it encounters a cliff or is
	 * picked up If that happens it goes into passive mode and must be
	 * 'reset()'.
	 *
	 * @see #reset()
	 */
	public void startup() {
		logmsg("startup");
		speed = defaultSpeed;
		start();
	}

	/**
	 * Reset Roomba after a fault. This takes it out of whatever mode it was in
	 * and puts it into safe mode. This command also syncs the object's sensor
	 * state with the Roomba's by calling updateSensors()
	 *
	 * @see #startup()
	 * @see #updateSensors()
	 */
	public void reset() {
		logmsg("reset");
		stop();
		startup();
		control();
		updateSensors();
	}

	/** Send START command */
	public void start() {
		logmsg("start");
		mode = MODE_PASSIVE;
		send(START);
	}

	/** Send CONTROL command */
	public void control() {
		logmsg("control");
		mode = MODE_SAFE;
		send(CONTROL);
		// set blue dirt LED on so we know roomba is powered on & under control
		// (and we don't forget to turn it off, and run it's batteries flat)
		// FIXME: first time after a poweron, the lights flash then turn off
		setLEDs(false, false, false, false, false, true, 128, 255);
	}

	/** Send SAFE command */
	public void safe() {
		logmsg("safe");
		mode = MODE_SAFE;
		send(SAFE);
	}

	/** Send FULL command */
	public void full() {
		logmsg("full");
		mode = MODE_FULL;
		send(FULL);
	}

	/**
	 * Power off the Roomba. Once powered off, the only way to wake it is via
	 * wakeup() (if implemented) or via a physically pressing the Power button
	 *
	 * @see #wakeup()
	 */
	public void powerOff() {
		logmsg("powerOff");
		mode = MODE_UNKNOWN;
		send(POWER);
	}

	/** Send the SPOT command */
	public void spot() {
		logmsg("spot");
		mode = MODE_PASSIVE;
		send(SPOT);
	}

	/** Send the CLEAN command */
	public void clean() {
		logmsg("clean");
		mode = MODE_PASSIVE;
		send(CLEAN);
	}

	/** Send the max command */
	public void max() {
		logmsg("max");
		mode = MODE_PASSIVE;
		send(MAX);
	}

	/**
	 * Send the SENSORS command with one of the SENSORS_ arguments Typically,
	 * one does "sensors(SENSORS_ALL)" to get all sensor data
	 *
	 * @param packetcode
	 *            one of SENSORS_ALL, SENSORS_PHYSICAL, SENSORS_INTERNAL, or
	 *            SENSORS_POWER, or for roomba 5xx, it is the sensor packet
	 *            number (from the spec)
	 */
	public void sensors(int packetcode) {
		logmsg("sensors:" + packetcode);
		switch (packetcode) {
		case 0:
			readRequestLength = 26;
			break;
		case 1:
			readRequestLength = 10;
			break;
		case 2:
			readRequestLength = 6;
			break;
		case 3:
			readRequestLength = 10;
			break;
		case 4:
			readRequestLength = 14;
			break;
		case 5:
			readRequestLength = 12;
			break;
		case 6:
			readRequestLength = 52;
			break;
		case 100:
			readRequestLength = 80;
			break;
		case 101:
			readRequestLength = 28;
			break;
		case 106:
			readRequestLength = 12;
			break;
		case 107:
			readRequestLength = 9;
			break;
		case 19:
		case 20:
		case 22:
		case 23:
		case 25:
		case 26:
		case 27:
		case 28:
		case 29:
		case 30:
		case 39:
		case 40:
		case 41:
		case 42:
		case 43:
		case 44:
		case 46:
		case 47:
		case 48:
		case 49:
		case 50:
		case 51:
		case 54:
		case 55:
		case 56:
		case 57:
			readRequestLength = 2;
			break;
		default:
			readRequestLength = 1;
			break;
		}

		byte cmd[] = { (byte) SENSORS, (byte) packetcode };
		send(cmd);
	}

	/**
	 * get all sensor data
	 */
	public void sensors() {
		readRequestLength = 26;
		sensors(SENSORS_ALL);
	}

	/**
	 * Query a list of sensors. This is a roomba 5xx only command.
	 *
	 * @param sensorList
	 *            A byte array containing the sensor groups requested to be read
	 * @param returnLen
	 *            The number of bytes of data expected to be returned from
	 *            roomba
	 */
	public void queryList(byte[] sensorList, int returnLen) {
		int i = 0;

		readRequestLength = returnLen;
		byte cmd[] = new byte[1 + sensorList.length];
		cmd[i++] = (byte) QUERYLIST;
		for (i = 0; i < sensorList.length; i++)
			cmd[i + 1] = sensorList[i];
		send(cmd);
	}

	//
	// basic functions
	//

	/**
	 * Alias to pause
	 *
	 * @see #pause(int)
	 */
	public void delay(int millis) {
		pause(millis);
	}

	/**
	 * Just a simple pause function. Makes the thread block with Thread.sleep()
	 *
	 * @param millis
	 *            number of milliseconds to wait
	 */
	public void pause(int millis) {
		try {
			Thread.sleep(millis);
		} catch (Exception e) {
		}
	}

	//
	// higher-level functions
	//

	/**
	 * Stop Rooomba's motion. Sends drive(0,0)
	 */
	public void stop() {
		logmsg("stop");
		drive(0, 0);
	}

	/** Set speed for movement commands */
	public void setSpeed(int s) {
		speed = Math.abs(s);
	}

	/** Get speed for movement commands */
	public int getSpeed() {
		return speed;
	}

	/**
	 * Go straight at the current speed for a specified distance. Positive
	 * distance moves forward, negative distance moves backward. This method
	 * blocks until the action is finished.
	 *
	 * @param distance
	 *            distance in millimeters, positive or negative
	 */
	public void goStraight(int distance) {
		float pausetime = Math.abs(distance / speed); // mm/(mm/sec) = sec
		if (distance > 0)
			goStraightAt(speed);
		else
			goStraightAt(-speed);
		pause((int) (pausetime * 1000));
		stop();
	}

	/**
	 * @param distance
	 *            distance in millimeters, positive
	 */
	public void goForward(int distance) {
		if (distance < 0)
			return;
		goStraight(distance);
	}

	/**
	 * @param distance
	 *            distance in millimeters, positive
	 */
	public void goBackward(int distance) {
		if (distance < 0)
			return;
		goStraight(-distance);
	}

	/**
     *
     */
	public void turnLeft() {
		turn(129);
	}

	public void turnRight() {
		turn(-129);
	}

	public void turn(int radius) {
		drive(speed, radius);
	}

	/**
	 * Spin right or spin left a particular number of degrees
	 *
	 * @param angle
	 *            angle in degrees, positive to spin left, negative to spin
	 *            right
	 */
	public void spin(int angle) {
		if (angle > 0)
			spinLeft(angle);
		else if (angle < 0)
			spinRight(-angle);
	}

	/**
	 * Spin right the current speed for a specified angle
	 *
	 * @param angle
	 *            angle in degrees, positive
	 */
	public void spinRight(int angle) {
		if (angle < 0)
			return;
		float pausetime = Math.abs(millimetersPerDegree * angle / speed);
		spinRightAt(Math.abs(speed));
		pause((int) (pausetime * 1000));
		stop();
	}

	/**
	 * Spin left a specified angle at a specified speed
	 *
	 * @param angle
	 *            angle in degrees, positive
	 */
	public void spinLeft(int angle) {
		if (angle < 0)
			return;
		// float pausetime =
		float pausetime = Math.abs(millimetersPerDegree * angle / speed);
		spinLeftAt(Math.abs(speed));
		pause((int) (pausetime * 1000));
		stop();
	}

	/**
	 * Spin in place anti-clockwise, at the current speed
	 */
	public void spinLeft() {
		spinLeftAt(speed);
	}

	/**
	 * Spin in place clockwise, at the current speed
	 */
	public void spinRight() {
		spinRightAt(speed);
	}

	/**
	 * Spin in place anti-clockwise, at the current speed.
	 *
	 * @param aspeed
	 *            speed to spin at
	 */
	public void spinLeftAt(int aspeed) {
		drive(aspeed, 1);
	}

	/**
	 * Spin in place clockwise, at the current speed.
	 *
	 * @param aspeed
	 *            speed to spin at, positive
	 */
	public void spinRightAt(int aspeed) {
		drive(aspeed, -1);
	}

	//
	// mid-level movement, no blocking, parameterized by speed, not distance
	//

	/**
	 * Go straight at a specified speed. Positive is forward, negative is
	 * backward
	 *
	 * @param velocity
	 *            velocity of motion in mm/sec
	 */
	public void goStraightAt(int velocity) {
		// System.out.println("goStraightAt: velocity:"+velocity);
		if (velocity > 500)
			velocity = 500;
		if (velocity < -500)
			velocity = -500;
		drive(velocity, 0x8000);
	}

	/**
	 * Go forward the current (positive) speed
	 */
	public void goForward() {
		goStraightAt(Math.abs(speed));
	}

	/**
	 * Go backward at the current (negative) speed
	 */
	public void goBackward() {
		goStraightAt(-Math.abs(speed));
	}

	/**
	 * Go forward at a specified speed
	 */
	public void goForwardAt(int aspeed) {
		if (aspeed < 0)
			return;
		goStraightAt(aspeed);
	}

	/**
	 * Go backward at a specified speed
	 */
	public void goBackwardAt(int aspeed) {
		if (aspeed < 0)
			return;
		goStraightAt(-aspeed);
	}

	//
	// low-level movement and action
	//

	/**
	 * Move the Roomba via the low-level velocity + radius method. See the
	 * 'Drive' section of the Roomba ROI spec for more details. Low-level
	 * command.
	 *
	 * @param velocity
	 *            speed in millimeters/second, positive forward, negative
	 *            backward
	 * @param radius
	 *            radius of turn in millimeters
	 */
	public void drive(int velocity, int radius) {
		byte cmd[] = { (byte) DRIVE, (byte) (velocity >>> 8), (byte) (velocity & 0xff), (byte) (radius >>> 8), (byte) (radius & 0xff) };
		logmsg("drive: " + hex(cmd[0]) + "," + hex(cmd[1]) + "," + hex(cmd[2]) + "," + hex(cmd[3]) + "," + hex(cmd[4]));
		send(cmd);
	}

	/**
	 * Play a musical note Does it via the hacky method of defining a one-note
	 * song & playing it Uses up song slot 15. If another note is played before
	 * one is finished, the new note cuts off the old one.
	 *
	 * @param note
	 *            a note number from 31 (G0) to 127 (G8)
	 * @param duration
	 *            duration of note in 1/64ths of a second
	 */
	public void playNote(int note, int duration) {
		logmsg("playnote: " + note + ":" + duration);
		byte cmd[] = { (byte) SONG, 3, 1, (byte) note, (byte) duration, // define
																		// song
				(byte) PLAY, 3 }; // play it back
		send(cmd);
	}

	public void playSong(int songnum) {
		byte cmd[] = { (byte) PLAY, (byte) songnum };
		send(cmd);
	}

	/**
	 * Make a song
	 *
	 * @param songnum
	 *            number of song to define
	 * @param song
	 *            array of songnotes, even entries are notenums, odd are
	 *            duration of 1/6ths
	 */
	public void createSong(int songnum, int song[]) {
		int len = song.length;
		int songlen = len / 2;
		logmsg("createSong: songnum:" + songnum + ", songlen:" + songlen);
		byte cmd[] = new byte[len + 3];
		cmd[0] = (byte) SONG;
		cmd[1] = (byte) songnum;
		cmd[2] = (byte) songlen;
		for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
			cmd[3 + i] = (byte) song[i];
		}
		send(cmd);
	}

	/**
	 * Make a song
	 *
	 * @param songnum
	 *            number of song to define
	 * @param song
	 *            array of Notes
	 */
	public void createSong(int songnum, Note song[]) {
		int songlen = song.length;
		logmsg("createSong: songnum:" + songnum + ", songlen:" + songlen);
		byte cmd[] = new byte[songlen + 3];
		cmd[0] = (byte) SONG;
		cmd[1] = (byte) songnum;
		cmd[2] = (byte) songlen;
		int j = 3;
		for (int i = 0; i < songlen; i++) {
			cmd[j++] = (byte) song[i].notenum;
			cmd[j++] = (byte) song[i].toSec64ths();
		}
		send(cmd);
	}

	/**
	 * Turns on/off the non-drive motors (main brush, vacuum, sidebrush). Sort
	 * of low-level.
	 *
	 * @param mainbrush
	 *            mainbrush motor on/off state
	 * @param vacuum
	 *            vacuum motor on/off state
	 * @param sidebrush
	 *            sidebrush motor on/off state
	 */
	public void setMotors(boolean mainbrush, boolean vacuum, boolean sidebrush) {
		byte cmd[] = { (byte) MOTORS, (byte) ((mainbrush ? 0x04 : 0) | (vacuum ? 0x02 : 0) | (sidebrush ? 0x01 : 0)) };
		send(cmd);
	}

	/**
	 * Turns on/off the various LEDs. Low-level command. FIXME: this is too
	 * complex
	 */
	public void setLEDs(boolean status_green, boolean status_red, boolean spot, boolean clean, boolean max, boolean dirt, int power_color, int power_intensity) {
		int v = (status_green ? 0x20 : 0) | (status_red ? 0x10 : 0) | (spot ? 0x08 : 0) | (clean ? 0x04 : 0) | (max ? 0x02 : 0) | (dirt ? 0x01 : 0);
		logmsg("setLEDS: " + binary(v));
		byte cmd[] = { (byte) LEDS, (byte) v, (byte) power_color, (byte) power_intensity };
		send(cmd);
	}

	/**
	 * Turn all vacuum motors on or off according to state
	 *
	 * @param state
	 *            true to turn on vacuum function, false to turn it off
	 */
	public void vacuum(boolean state) {
		logmsg("vacuum: " + state);
		setMotors(state, state, state);
	}

	//
	// sensor functions
	//

	/**
	 * Compute possible safety fault. Called on every successful
	 * updateSensors(). In normal use, call updateSensors() then check
	 * safetyFault().
	 *
	 * @return true if indicates we had an event that took the Roomba out of
	 *         safe mode
	 * @see #updateSensors()
	 */
	public boolean computeSafetyFault() {
		safetyFault = (sensor_bytes[BUMPSWHEELDROPS] & WHEELDROP_MASK) != 0 || sensor_bytes[CLIFFLEFT] == 1 || sensor_bytes[CLIFFFRONTLEFT] == 1 || sensor_bytes[CLIFFRIGHT] == 1
				|| sensor_bytes[CLIFFFRONTRIGHT] == 1;

		if (safetyFault && (mode == MODE_SAFE))
			mode = MODE_PASSIVE;

		return safetyFault;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns current connected state. It's up to subclasses to ensure this
	 * variable is correct.
	 *
	 * @return current connected state
	 */
	public boolean connected() {
		return connected;
	}

	/** current ROI mode RoombaComm thinks the Roomba is in */
	public int mode() {
		return mode;
	}

	/** mode as String */
	public String modeAsString() {
		String s = null;
		switch (mode) {
		case MODE_UNKNOWN:
			s = "unknown";
			break;
		case MODE_PASSIVE:
			s = "passive";
			break;
		case MODE_SAFE:
			s = "safe";
			break;
		case MODE_FULL:
			s = "full";
			break;
		}
		return s;
	}

	/** */
	public boolean sensorsAutoUpdate() {
		return sensorsAutoUpdate;
	}

	/** */
	public void setSensorsAutoUpdate(boolean b) {
		sensorsAutoUpdate = b;
	}

	/** */
	public int sensorsUpdateTime() {
		return sensorsUpdateTime;
	}

	/** */
	public void setSensorsUpdateTime(int i) {
		sensorsUpdateTime = i;
	}

	/**
     *
     */
	public boolean safetyFault() {
		return safetyFault;
	}

	/**
     *
     */
	public boolean sensorsValid() {
		// FIXME:
		if (sensorsValid) { // may be valid but stale
			long difftime = System.currentTimeMillis() - sensorsLastUpdateTime;
			if (difftime > 2 * sensorsUpdateTime) { // give it some space
				return false;
			} else
				return true;
		}
		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * @return all sensor data as a string
	 */
	public String sensorsAsString() {
		String sd = "";
		if (debug) {
			sd = "\n";
			for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
				sd += " " + hex(sensor_bytes[i]);
		}
		return "bump:" + (bumpLeft() ? "l" : "_") + (bumpRight() ? "r" : "_") + " wheel:" + (wheelDropLeft() ? "l" : "_") + (wheelDropCenter() ? "c" : "_")
				+ (wheelDropLeft() ? "r" : "_") + " wall:" + (wall() ? "Y" : "n") + " cliff:" + (cliffLeft() ? "l" : "_") + (cliffFrontLeft() ? "L" : "_")
				+ (cliffFrontRight() ? "R" : "_") + (cliffRight() ? "r" : "_") + " dirtL:" + dirtLeft() + " dirtR:" + dirtRight() + " vwal:" + virtual_wall() + " motr:"
				+ motor_overcurrents() + " dirt:" + dirt_left() + "," + dirt_right() + " remo:" + hex(remote_opcode()) + " butt:" + hex(buttons()) + " dist:" + distance()
				+ " angl:" + angle() + " chst:" + charging_state() + " volt:" + voltage() + " curr:" + current() + " temp:" + temperature() + " chrg:" + charge() + " capa:"
				+ capacity() + sd;
	}

	/** Did we bump into anything */
	public boolean bump() {
		return (sensor_bytes[BUMPSWHEELDROPS] & BUMP_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** Left bump sensor */
	public boolean bumpLeft() {
		return (sensor_bytes[BUMPSWHEELDROPS] & BUMPLEFT_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** Right bump sensor */
	public boolean bumpRight() {
		return (sensor_bytes[BUMPSWHEELDROPS] & BUMPRIGHT_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** Left wheeldrop sensor */
	public boolean wheelDropLeft() {
		return (sensor_bytes[BUMPSWHEELDROPS] & WHEELDROPLEFT_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** Right wheeldrop sensor */
	public boolean wheelDropRight() {
		return (sensor_bytes[BUMPSWHEELDROPS] & WHEELDROPRIGHT_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** Center wheeldrop sensor */
	public boolean wheelDropCenter() {
		return (sensor_bytes[BUMPSWHEELDROPS] & WHEELDROPCENT_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** Can we see a wall? */
	public boolean wall() {
		return sensor_bytes[WALL] != 0;
	}

	/**
	 * @return true if dirt present
	 */
	public boolean dirt() {
		int dl = sensor_bytes[DIRTLEFT] & 0xff;
		int dr = sensor_bytes[DIRTRIGHT] & 0xff;
		// if(debug) println("Roomba:dirt: dl,dr="+dl+","+dr);
		return (dl > 100) || (dr > 100);
	}

	/**
	 * amount of dirt seen by left dirt sensor
	 */
	public int dirtLeft() {
		return dirt_left(); // yeah yeah
	}

	/**
	 * amount of dirt seen by right dirt sensor
	 */
	public int dirtRight() {
		return dirt_right();
	}

	/** left cliff sensor */
	public boolean cliffLeft() {
		return (sensor_bytes[CLIFFLEFT] != 0);
	}

	/** front left cliff sensor */
	public boolean cliffFrontLeft() {
		return (sensor_bytes[CLIFFFRONTLEFT] != 0);
	}

	/** front right cliff sensor */
	public boolean cliffFrontRight() {
		return (sensor_bytes[CLIFFFRONTRIGHT] != 0);
	}

	/** right cliff sensor */
	public boolean cliffRight() {
		return sensor_bytes[CLIFFRIGHT] != 0;
	}

	/** overcurrent on left drive wheel */
	public boolean motorOvercurrentDriveLeft() {
		return (sensor_bytes[MOTOROVERCURRENTS] & MOVERDRIVELEFT_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** overcurrent on right drive wheel */
	public boolean motorOvercurrentDriveRight() {
		return (sensor_bytes[MOTOROVERCURRENTS] & MOVERDRIVERIGHT_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** overcurrent on main brush */
	public boolean motorOvercurrentMainBrush() {
		return (sensor_bytes[MOTOROVERCURRENTS] & MOVERMAINBRUSH_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** overcurrent on vacuum */
	public boolean motorOvercurrentVacuum() {
		return (sensor_bytes[MOTOROVERCURRENTS] & MOVERVACUUM_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** overcurrent on side brush */
	public boolean motorOvercurrentSideBrush() {
		return (sensor_bytes[MOTOROVERCURRENTS] & MOVERSIDEBRUSH_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** 'Power' button pressed state */
	public boolean powerButton() {
		return (sensor_bytes[BUTTONS] & POWERBUTTON_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** 'Spot' button pressed state */
	public boolean spotButton() {
		return (sensor_bytes[BUTTONS] & SPOTBUTTON_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** 'Clean' button pressed state */
	public boolean cleanButton() {
		return (sensor_bytes[BUTTONS] & CLEANBUTTON_MASK) != 0;
	}

	/** 'Max' button pressed state */
	public boolean maxButton() {
		return (sensor_bytes[BUTTONS] & MAXBUTTON_MASK) != 0;
	}

	//
	// lower-level sensor access
	//
	/** lower-level func, returns raw byte */
	public int bumps_wheeldrops() {
		return sensor_bytes[BUMPSWHEELDROPS];
	}

	/** lower-level func, returns raw byte */
	public int cliff_left() {
		return sensor_bytes[CLIFFLEFT];
	}

	/** lower-level func, returns raw byte */
	public int cliff_frontleft() {
		return sensor_bytes[CLIFFFRONTLEFT];
	}

	/** lower-level func, returns raw byte */
	public int cliff_frontright() {
		return sensor_bytes[CLIFFFRONTRIGHT];
	}

	/** lower-level func, returns raw byte */
	public int cliff_right() {
		return sensor_bytes[CLIFFRIGHT];
	}

	/** lower-level func, returns raw byte */
	public int virtual_wall() {
		return sensor_bytes[VIRTUALWALL];
	}

	/** lower-level func, returns raw byte */
	public int motor_overcurrents() {
		return sensor_bytes[MOTOROVERCURRENTS];
	}

	/**  */
	public int dirt_left() {
		return sensor_bytes[DIRTLEFT] & 0xff;
	}

	/** */
	public int dirt_right() {
		return sensor_bytes[DIRTRIGHT] & 0xff;
	}

	/** lower-level func, returns raw byte */
	public int remote_opcode() {
		return sensor_bytes[REMOTEOPCODE];
	}

	/** lower-level func, returns raw byte */
	public int buttons() {
		return sensor_bytes[BUTTONS];
	}

	/**
	 * Distance traveled since last requested units: mm range: -32768 - 32767
	 */
	public short distance() {
		return toShort(sensor_bytes[DISTANCE_HI], sensor_bytes[DISTANCE_LO]);
	}

	/**
	 * Angle traveled since last requested units: mm, diff in distance traveled
	 * by two drive wheels range: -32768 - 32767
	 */
	public short angle() {
		return toShort(sensor_bytes[ANGLE_HI], sensor_bytes[ANGLE_LO]);
	}

	/**
	 * angle since last read, but in degrees
	 */
	// FIXME I think this should be (360 * angle())/(258 * PI)
	public float angleInDegrees() {
		return (float) angle() / millimetersPerDegree;
	}

	/**
	 * angle since last read, but in radians
	 */
	// FIXME I think this should be (2 * angle())/258
	public float angleInRadians() {
		return (float) angle() / millimetersPerRadian;
	}

	/**
	 * Charging state units: enumeration range:
	 */
	public int charging_state() {
		return sensor_bytes[CHARGINGSTATE] & 0xff;
	}

	/**
	 * Voltage of battery units: mV range: 0 - 65535
	 */
	public int voltage() {
		return toUnsignedShort(sensor_bytes[VOLTAGE_HI], sensor_bytes[VOLTAGE_LO]);
	}

	/**
	 * Current flowing in or out of battery units: mA range: -332768 - 32767
	 */
	public short current() {
		return toShort(sensor_bytes[CURRENT_HI], sensor_bytes[CURRENT_LO]);
	}

	/**
	 * temperature of battery units: degrees Celcius range: -128 - 127
	 */
	public byte temperature() {
		return sensor_bytes[TEMPERATURE];
	}

	/**
	 * Current charge of battery units: mAh range: 0-65535
	 */
	public int charge() {
		return toUnsignedShort(sensor_bytes[CHARGE_HI], sensor_bytes[CHARGE_LO]);
	}

	/**
	 * Estimated charge capacity of battery units: mAh range: 0-65535
	 */
	public int capacity() {
		return toUnsignedShort(sensor_bytes[CAPACITY_HI], sensor_bytes[CAPACITY_LO]);
	}

	// possible modes
	public static final int MODE_UNKNOWN = 0;
	public static final int MODE_PASSIVE = 1;
	public static final int MODE_SAFE = 2;
	public static final int MODE_FULL = 3;

	// Roomba ROI opcodes
	// these should all be bytes, but Java bytes are signed, sucka
	public static final int START = 128; // 0
	public static final int BAUD = 129; // 1
	public static final int CONTROL = 130; // 0
	public static final int SAFE = 131; // 0
	public static final int FULL = 132; // 0
	public static final int POWER = 133; // 0
	public static final int SPOT = 134; // 0
	public static final int CLEAN = 135; // 0
	public static final int MAX = 136; // 0
	public static final int DRIVE = 137; // 4
	public static final int MOTORS = 138; // 1
	public static final int LEDS = 139; // 3
	public static final int SONG = 140; // 2N+2
	public static final int PLAY = 141; // 1
	public static final int SENSORS = 142; // 1
	public static final int DOCK = 143; // 0
	public static final int PWMMOTORS = 144; // 3
	public static final int DRIVEWHEELS = 145; // 4
	public static final int DRIVEPWM = 146; // 4
	public static final int STREAM = 148; // N+1
	public static final int QUERYLIST = 149; // N+1
	public static final int STOPSTARTSTREAM = 150; // 1
	public static final int SCHEDULINGLEDS = 162; // 2
	public static final int DIGITLEDSRAW = 163; // 4
	public static final int DIGITLEDSASCII = 164; // 4
	public static final int BUTTONSCMD = 165; // 1
	public static final int SCHEDULE = 167; // n
	public static final int SETDAYTIME = 168; // 3

	// offsets into sensor_bytes data
	public static final int BUMPSWHEELDROPS = 0;
	public static final int WALL = 1;
	public static final int CLIFFLEFT = 2;
	public static final int CLIFFFRONTLEFT = 3;
	public static final int CLIFFFRONTRIGHT = 4;
	public static final int CLIFFRIGHT = 5;
	public static final int VIRTUALWALL = 6;
	public static final int MOTOROVERCURRENTS = 7;
	public static final int DIRTLEFT = 8;
	public static final int DIRTRIGHT = 9;
	public static final int REMOTEOPCODE = 10;
	public static final int BUTTONS = 11;
	public static final int DISTANCE_HI = 12;
	public static final int DISTANCE_LO = 13;
	public static final int ANGLE_HI = 14;
	public static final int ANGLE_LO = 15;
	public static final int CHARGINGSTATE = 16;
	public static final int VOLTAGE_HI = 17;
	public static final int VOLTAGE_LO = 18;
	public static final int CURRENT_HI = 19;
	public static final int CURRENT_LO = 20;
	public static final int TEMPERATURE = 21;
	public static final int CHARGE_HI = 22;
	public static final int CHARGE_LO = 23;
	public static final int CAPACITY_HI = 24;
	public static final int CAPACITY_LO = 25;

	// bitmasks for various thingems
	public static final int WHEELDROP_MASK = 0x1C;
	public static final int BUMP_MASK = 0x03;
	public static final int BUMPRIGHT_MASK = 0x01;
	public static final int BUMPLEFT_MASK = 0x02;
	public static final int WHEELDROPRIGHT_MASK = 0x04;
	public static final int WHEELDROPLEFT_MASK = 0x08;
	public static final int WHEELDROPCENT_MASK = 0x10;

	public static final int MOVERDRIVELEFT_MASK = 0x10;
	public static final int MOVERDRIVERIGHT_MASK = 0x08;
	public static final int MOVERMAINBRUSH_MASK = 0x04;
	public static final int MOVERVACUUM_MASK = 0x02;
	public static final int MOVERSIDEBRUSH_MASK = 0x01;

	public static final int POWERBUTTON_MASK = 0x08;
	public static final int SPOTBUTTON_MASK = 0x04;
	public static final int CLEANBUTTON_MASK = 0x02;
	public static final int MAXBUTTON_MASK = 0x01;

	// which sensor packet, argument for sensors(int)
	public static final int SENSORS_ALL = 0;
	public static final int SENSORS_PHYSICAL = 1;
	public static final int SENSORS_INTERNAL = 2;
	public static final int SENSORS_POWER = 3;

	public static final int REMOTE_NONE = 0xff;
	public static final int REMOTE_POWER = 0x8a;
	public static final int REMOTE_PAUSE = 0x89;
	public static final int REMOTE_CLEAN = 0x88;
	public static final int REMOTE_MAX = 0x85;
	public static final int REMOTE_SPOT = 0x84;
	public static final int REMOTE_SPINLEFT = 0x83;
	public static final int REMOTE_FORWARD = 0x82;
	public static final int REMOTE_SPINRIGHT = 0x81;

	/*
	 * no button = -1 power = -118 8a pause = -119 89 clean = -120 88 max = -123
	 * 85 spot = -124 84 spinleft = -125 81 (8d keyup?) forward = -126 82 (8c?)
	 * spinright = -127 83
	 */

	//
	// utility methods
	//

	/**
     *
     */
	static public final short toShort(byte hi, byte lo) {
		return (short) ((hi << 8) | (lo & 0xff));
	}

	/**
     *
     */
	static public final int toUnsignedShort(byte hi, byte lo) {
		return (int) (hi & 0xff) << 8 | lo & 0xff;
	}

	public void println(String s) {
		System.out.println(s);
	}

	public String hex(byte b) {
		return Integer.toHexString(b & 0xff);
	}

	public String hex(int i) {
		return Integer.toHexString(i);
	}

	public String binary(int i) {
		return Integer.toBinaryString(i);
	}

	/**
	 * just a little debug
	 */
	public void logmsg(String msg) {
		if (debug) {
			log.debug(msg);
		}
		// System.err.println("RoombaComm ("+System.currentTimeMillis()+"):"+msg);
	}

	/**
	 * General error reporting, all corraled here just in case I think of
	 * something slightly more intelligent to do.
	 */
	public void errorMessage(String where, Throwable e) {
		e.printStackTrace();
		throw new RuntimeException("Error inside Serial." + where + "()");
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ariat is excited and proud to make Fresno the home of our first ever retail store. Explore Ariat's authentic equestrian style in an interactive shopping environment designed to highlight the best of our brand.
Not only does this fine, fast-growing city share our California roots, but it also has a history based in agriculture and an appreciation for the Western lifestyle. In other words, it felt like home.


Bentley T1, 1966, LHD. Finished in two-tone Georgian Silver over Graphite with a lovely patina black leather interior with black carpeting. A very nice original car first registered in The Netherlands. The car has a factory fitted, manually operated, metal sunroof (very rare!). The condition of the car inside and out is very nice indeed with nice wood- (a stunning dashboard) and good chromework. The paint has some blemishes but is overall good. The last owner recently spend some 7.000euro on repairs and maintainance. A very early, low-mileage (53899km) car beeing one of the first thousand Bentleys T1 ever produced. The T1 (together with the Silver Shadow) is the first car by Rolls-Royce that is of a chassisless monocoque construction. When compared to previous models it is almost a lightweight. Hence the 6.23 litre V8 engine gives the performance of a sports car. A sportive looking, driving and sound handling T1 in the right colour combination. Only 1703 T1 saloons were produced between 1965 and 1977. This car will be delivered with a new APK/MOT/TÃœF and Dutch licence (or export licence on request).


Plateau Music Artist, Bobby Brooks Wilson, is the son of Legendary R&B/Soul Singer, Jackie Wilson. Bobby has the same amazing traits and talents of his father, that many say Jackie Wilson's legacy lives on through him. His adoring fans have dubbed him as 'Mr. Entertainment' from his natural ability to entertain and bring crowds to life.
Bobby is a three-time Grammy Balloted Artist with his latest CD, "It's About Time," and four Top 10 hits that peaked #10 on the Adult Contemporary Charts.


PrintLogic Inc. is a complete commercial printing company located in Monroe GA. We have the capability to handle small to large jobs with our hassle free service.
"Customer service is priority number one".
Let our experienced staff of print professionals help you on your next print project.
Spring of 2012 we moved to our new facility. We have also added several new pieces of equipment to help us continue our growth and keep up our customers demands.


Contact National Vehicle Protection Services, Inc. for your Auto Protection Plan Today.
Thank you for visiting our website. Please contact auto care specialists with any questions or comments about our auto extended warranty services.
You may contact our auto care specialists Monday through Saturday at the hours below. You may also find your claims and roadside assistance number in your policy.
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National Vehicle Protection Services, Inc is one of the oldest and most advanced vehicle service contract providers in the nation. We are seeking those interested in a fun and exciting career. You will help and assist our customers seeking an auto protection plan. Please email us at the address below to schedule a time to speak. We look forward to meeting and discussing what National Vehicle Protection Services, Inc. can provide for you and your family.
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