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Int J Med Sci 2012; 9(7):539-544. doi:10.7150/ijms.4474
Gender Difference in Prevalence of Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Retrospective Study on 243 Consecutive Patients
Bora Bagis1 , Elif Aydogan Ayaz2, Sedanur Turgut2, Rukiye Durkan3, Mutlu Özcan4
1. İzmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, İzmir, Turkey;
2. Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Trabzon, Turkey;
3. Kocatepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Afyon, Turkey;
4. University of Zürich, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Clinic for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Science, Zürich, Switzerland.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC) License. See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions.
Bagis B, Ayaz EA, Turgut S, Durkan R, Özcan M. Gender Difference in Prevalence of Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Retrospective Study on 243 Consecutive Patients. Int J Med Sci 2012; 9(7):539-544. doi:10.7150/ijms.4474. Available from http://www.medsci.org/v09p0539.htm
Background: This study evaluated the prevalence of the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) among patients with TMD symptoms. Methods: Between September 2011 and December 2011, 243 consecutive patients (171 females, 72 males, mean age 41 years) who were referred to the Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon were examined physically and completed a questionnaire regarding age, gender, social status, general health, antidepressant drug usage, dental status, limited mouth opening, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds, and parafunctions (bruxism, clenching). The data were analyzed using the chi-square test and binary logistic regression model (alpha = 0.05). Results: With a frequency of 92%, pain in the temporal muscle was the most common symptom, followed by pain during mouth opening (89%) in both genders. TMJ pain at rest, pain in the masseter muscle, clicking, grinding, and anti-depressant use were significantly more frequent in females than males. Age (p=0.006; odds ratio 0.954; 95% CI 0.922-0.987) and missing teeth (p=0.003; odds ratio 3.753; 95% CI 1.589-8.863) had significant effects on the prevalence of TMD. Conclusion: Females had TMD signs and symptoms more frequently than males in the study population. The most common problem in both genders was pain.
Keywords: temporomandibular joint dysfunction, orofacial pain, epidemiology, oral parafunctions, dental health.
It is generally accepted that the etiology of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) is multifactorial, and is related to a number of dental and medical conditions, such as occlusion, posture, parafunctional habits, restorative procedures, orthodontic treatment, emotional stress, trauma, anatomy of the disc, pathophysiology of the muscles, genetic and psychosocial factors, age, and gender [1,2]. Typical signs and symptoms of TMD are pain, limited mouth opening, joint sounds, mandibular deviation, and chewing disability. These symptoms may exist alone or in combination [2].
Pain is the most important symptom of TMD for both patients and clinicians, as it is often the main reason why patients seek for medical help [3]. Most patients suffer from pain during mandibular movements, at rest, or on palpation of the muscles. Pain results from the changes in muscle activity that limit the movements of the mandible and protect it from further damage, while trying to promote healing [4]. TMD can also occur as a consequence of pain of non-dental origin in the orofacial region, including the head, face, and related structures [4]. TMD is a possible cause of headaches, as a positive correlation was found between TMD and the prevalence of headaches [4]. Fortunately, the treatment of symptomatic TMD significantly decreases headache complaints [5,6]. Although limited mouth opening is generally a result of painful mandibular movement, it may or may not be accompanied by pain. In general, mouth opening of less than 30 mm is considered limited [7].
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds, such as clicking or crepitation, are one of the most common symptoms, followed by headache [8]. Since sound is not always considered as a problem, but rather as a risk factor, TMJ clicking may be a normal variant rather than a disorder [9]. Changes in condyle morphology, disk displacement, and mechanical disk derangements may cause TMJ clicking without pain or significant dysfunction. Epidemiological studies have shown an increased prevalence of TMJ sounds among patients between 15 and 25 years old [10].
Studies have identified changes in occlusion, such as angle malocclusion, crossbite, open bite, occlusal interference, excessive overjet, and overbite, crowding, midline discrepancies, and missing teeth, as predisposing, triggering, or perpetuating factors for TMD [11]. The lateral bite forces between the retruded and intercuspal contact positions, as well as unilateral crossbite, are possible local risk factors for developing TMD [10]. Parafunctional habits such as bruxism, tooth clenching, gum chewing, biting foreign objects, and prolonged nail biting might increase the risk of developing TMD [10,11]. Parafunctional activities are usually harmless, until the forces exerted exceed the structural tolerance [7]. Bruxism and clenching reportedly lead to joint space reduction, followed by disc compression, and resulting pain in the masticatory muscles [9]. In addition, psychological factors have been closely linked to TMD and may be a component of the clinical presentation. Increased levels of somatization; i.e., depression or anxiety, affect TMD sufferers negatively compared to people without TMD [12].
Epidemiology is a discipline that evaluates the frequency and distribution of conditions related to disease or health in a population. Epidemiological studies of TMD are important for amassing knowledge of symptomatic complexes and therapeutic approaches that might help to establish prevention and control programs [3]. Therefore, this study evaluated the prevalence of the signs and symptoms in TMD patients and investigated whether gender influences its prevalence.
Data were collected from 243 consecutive patients (171 females, 72 males; mean age 41 (range 14-59) years) seeking treatment for TMD at Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Trabzon. Patients who joined the study gave informed consent. The Ethics Committee in Human Research of Karadeniz Technical University approved the research protocol (Number: 2011.91.21.2).
Patients with fibromyalgia, trigeminal neuralgia, burning mouth syndrome, atypical facial pain, migraine, atypical odontalgia, and cervical and neuropathic pain and those with a history of TMD treatment were excluded from the study.
Patients were initially questioned using a questionnaire based on the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) [11] including the following items: age, gender, social status, general health (diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, arthritis, etc.), antidepressant use, dental status (missing/filled teeth, fixed/removable prosthetic restorations), occlusion type, limited mouth opening, TMJ sounds, and parafunctions (bruxism, clenching).
Clinical examination
A history was taken and the patients were examined clinically, including the muscles and TMJ. The physical examination followed the order of the questionnaire items; i.e., inspection, palpation, and an intraoral examination. The masticatory, subhyoid, suprahyoid, and head and neck muscle were examined. Tense areas and localized pain were identified. The masseter was palpated at its attachments to the zygomatic arch and angle of the mandible. The temporalis, in both the temporal fossa and intraorally along the ascending ramus of the mandible, and the medial pterygoid were examined bimanually, by placing one finger externally at the medial aspect of the angle of the mandible and the other intraorally in the lingual vestibule in the retromolar region. While the lateral pterygoid muscle was palpated behind the tuber maxilla in a medial direction, the digastric muscle was palpated at the mid-point between the angle of the mandible and the jaw. Mouth opening was measured between the central incisors using a ruler. TMJ sounds were evaluated with a stereoscope and recorded as no sound, clicks, or crepitation.
One examiner examined all of the subjects and a second reviewer controlled whether all of the questions were understood and answered in full.
The data were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS for Windows, version 15.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). The chi-square test was used to compare the distribution of variables in TMD patients according to gender and binary logistic regression model tests were used to identify dominant factors. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant for all statistical tests. The confidence level was set at 95%.
The study population had more females (n=171, mean age 35 years) than males (n=72n 30%; mean age 41 years). Class I malocclusion (55% females, 20% males) was most common, followed by Classes II (11% females, 6% males) and III (4% females, 3% males).
In both genders, pain in the temporal muscle was the most common symptom, with a frequency of 92%, followed by pain during mouth opening (89%). TMJ pain at rest and pain in the masseter muscle were significantly more frequent in the females than males (Table 1). Among TMJ sounds and parafunctions, clicking (p=0.044) and grinding (p=0.013) were significantly more frequent in females than in males (Table 2).
Antidepressant use was reported by 16% of the patients and females reported significantly more use than males (p=0.021). Limited mouth opening was observed in 89% of the patients, but it was not significantly different between the genders (p=0.219). Hyperactivity in the temporal muscle was less frequent (8%; p>0.05; Table 3).
No significant difference was found between the dental status groups according to gender (p>0.05; Table 4).
Age (p=0.006; odds ratio 0.954; 95% CI 0.922-0.987) and missing teeth (p=0.003; odds ratio 3.753; 95% CI 1.589-8.863) had significant effects on the prevalence of TMD (Table 5).
Incidence of TMD symptoms and differences between genders. *Significant at p<0.05.
Incidence (%)
Pain during opening mouth 120 55 p=0.352 72
Pain during mastication 112 50 p=0.655 66
Headache 149 63 p=0.1 87
Earache 147 65 p=0.407 87
TMJ pain at rest 129 44 p=0.018* 71
Pain in masseter muscle 113 34 p=0.009* 39
Pain in temporal muscle 158 67 p=0.858 92
Incidence of TMJ sounds, parafunctions, and differences between genders. *Significant at p<0.05.
Clicking 74 21 p=0.044* 39
Crepitation 8 8 p=0.087 6
Clenching 96 37 p=0.573 54
Grinding 40 7 p=0.013* 19
Incidence of other TMD symptoms, antidepressant use, and differences between genders. *Significant at p<0.05.
Hyperactivity in temporal muscle 12 8 p=0.311 8
Limited mouth opening 150 67 p=0.219 89
Antidepressant drug use 21 18 p=0.021* 16
Dental status and differences between genders. *Significant at p<0.05.
Dental status
Missing teeth 95 37 p=0.575 54
Unerupted teeth 37 14 p=0.863 20
Teeth with fillings 83 18 p=0.713 37
Fixed partial denture 34 17 p=0.605 20
Removable partial denture 13 5 p=0.858 7
Complete denture 5 5 p=0.150 4
The effects of variables on TMD according to binary logistic regression model tests. *Significant at p<0.05.
S.E.
Exp (B)
95% CI.
Age -,047 ,017 7.554 1 ,006* ,954 ,922 ,987
Wisdom tooth -19.553 14373.941 ,000 1 ,999 ,000 ,000 .
Missing tooth 1.322 ,438 9.096 1 ,003* 3.753 1.589 8.863
Filling -21.223 4814.836 ,000 1 ,996 ,000 ,000 .
Fixed partial denture 2.233 16747.565 ,000 1 1.000 9.332 ,000 .
Removable partial denture -22.068 14094.323 ,000 1 ,999 ,000 ,000 .
Complete denture 20.982 14094.323 ,000 1 ,999 1295147073.969 ,000 .
Drug use 38.155 9851.574 ,000 1 ,997 37206949702489390.000 ,000 .
Constant 2.693 1.167 5.323 1 ,021 14.776
A number of factors have been studied in relation to TMD, such as dental status, number of teeth, parafunctions, clicking and locking of the jaws, and a history of trauma [2]. It has been difficult to characterize TMD owing to the large number of symptoms and signs, and the variation in the number and types manifested in any one patient. A systematic review of clinical studies reported that age, gender, and psychological factors were associated with TMD. Several retrospective clinical studies have investigated the relationship between the risk factors and TMD. Michelotti et al. examined the effect of oral parafunctions on TMD in 557 patients and concluded that diurnal parafunctional activities, especially daytime tooth clenching/grinding, were risk factors for subgroups of TMD and myofascial pain [13]. In a study of 87 patients with psychological distress, Lee et al. found jaw disability [14]. In another study, malocclusion and orthodontic treatment were not associated with TMD [15], while Hagag et al. found that occlusion and prosthodontic treatment influenced TMD [16].
This study studied the gender effect on the prevalence of signs and symptoms of TMD primarily. Generally, epidemiological studies have documented a greater frequency and severity of TMD in females than in males [11,17]. Although these differences have been explained by behavioral, psychosocial, hormonal, and constitutional factors, no conclusions have been drawn [11,15]. In our study, females were found to have a higher risk of TMD (2.3:1) than males, yet the results were not significant. Manfredini et al. made similar observations in a study of 433 patients in whom the risk ratio was 2.6:1 (276 females, 73.2%; 101 males, 26.8%) [17].
Patients with TMD generally suffer from different kinds of pain. Our study also demonstrated a strong relationship between TMD and orofacial pain. TMD-related orofacial pain is generally seen as a chronic, regional pain in the form of headaches or earaches. Our questionnaire indentified pain localized during opening mouth, mastication, or at rest, headache, and earache, and pain in temporal or masseter muscle. The patients mostly reported pain in the temporal region (92%), followed by headache (87%). Cooper et al. examined the presence of symptoms and signs of TMD in 4528 patients and reported that 96.1% of the patients complained of TMJ pain, followed by headache (79.3%) [2]. Although our study population was smaller than that of Cooper et al. [2], similar trends were observed.
The incidence of TMD pain in females has been studied widely [3]. While Velly et al. reported that females had approximately three times the risk of myofascial pain than males in a series 83 patients [18], Karibe et al. investigated 71 patients and found that chewing significantly increased the pain in patients with a history of chronic masticator muscle pain, but also in females with no such history [19]. Moreover, the increased pain persisted significantly longer in females. According to our results, pain in the joint region in the resting position and in the masseter muscle was significantly greater in females than in males. This might be related to biological, anatomical, or hormonal factors acting alone or in combination in females.
Temporomandibular joint sounds, in the form of clicks and crepitus, are other signs and symptoms of TMD [8,20]. In our series, joint sounds were infrequent symptoms: 39% of the patients had clicking and 6% crepitus. In a similar study of 40 patients, clicking was observed in 40% and crepitus in 15% [21]. Although we found no significant difference between the genders regarding these signs, Troeltzsch et al. reported a significant difference in TMJ clicking in females compared to males in a series of 1031 patients [22]. In our study, a significant difference was found between genders in terms of clicking sounds, which were nearly four times more frequent in females than in males.
Painful jaw movements frequently lead to a reduction in mouth opening, which causes problems while chewing and social difficulty for the patients. Clinically, limited mouth opening poses problems for dental treatments. In general, the mouth opening is greater in males than in females [23,24]. This difference may be the result of the significant difference in mandibular length between males and females [21]. Our results also indicated that the patients with limited mouth opening were mostly females (61%) compared with males (28%), which might affect dental treatments.
Parafunctional habits such as bruxism, clenching, and grinding are considered among the important etiological causes of TMD [18,25]. In patients with bruxism, the habit of pressing or grinding the teeth changes the lubrication mechanism of the articular structures due to the overload on the articular surfaces, altering the TMJ biomechanics [26]. In this study, the most frequent parafunctional habit was clenching the teeth, with a frequency of 54%, followed by grinding in 19%. Psychological factors might be closely linked to these findings. Usually TMD patients show increased somatization, stress, depression, and anxiety [27,28]. In our series 16% of the patients reported using an antidepressant, and this rate was significantly higher in females. However, the main reason for the use of antidepressants could not be identified with our questionnaire. Further studies should also investigate whether drugs are used to avoid TMD symptoms. Nevertheless, the prevalence of TMD sounds and parafunctions tended to increase with the stress level, especially in females [28].
Studies have identified dental status, malocclusions, and missing teeth as factors predisposing to TMD [29,30], although the role of occlusion-related factors is controversial and they are weakly associated with TMD [10]. Regression analysis indicated a significant influence of missing teeth on the incidence of TMD. These results need to be verified in a larger population, while considering the number of missing teeth.
With its multi-factorial etiology, risk factors for TMD include age, gender, social status, and race. Although epidemiological studies generally concur, there are some contradictory results. One reason for this could be non-standardized examination procedures [10]. Despite numerous studies, the mechanism of TMD is not fully understood. Each clinician who is confronted with a patient complaining of symptoms TMD needs to address the entire problem to maximize the potential for a successful outcome. In our series, females were more likely to suffer from TMD. In addition, age-related factors and missing teeth should be considered when evaluating TMD patients. Healthcare systems might make use of this information when implementing policy.
Females had TMD signs and symptoms more frequently than males in our study population. The most common problem in both genders was pain. Headache, earache, pain in the temporal muscle, and limited mouth opening were the most frequent symptoms, being reported in more than 80% of the TMD patients. Age and missing teeth had a significant effect on the prevalence of TMD.
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3. Dao TT, LeResche L. Gender differences in pain. J Orofac Pain. 2000;14:169-184
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5. Goddard G, Karibe H. TMD prevalence in rural and urban Native American populations. Cranio. 2002;20:125-128
6. Roda RP, Fernandez JMD, Bazan SH, Soriano YJ, Margaix M, Sarrion G. A review of temporomandibular joint disease (TMJD). Part II: Clinical and radiological semiology. Morbidity processes. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008;13:102-109
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10. Magnusson T, Egermarki I, Carlsson GE. A prospective investigation over two decades on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and associated variables. A final summary. Acta Odontol Scand. 2005;63:99-109
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17. Manfredini D, Chiappe G, Bosco M. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD) axis I diagnoses in an Italian patient population. J Oral Rehabil. 2006;33:551-558
18. Velly AM, Gornitsky M, Phlippe P. Contributing factors to chronic myofascial pain: a case-control study. Pain. 2003;104:491-499
19. Karibe H, Goddard G, Gear RW. Sex differences in masticatory muscle pain after chewing. J Dent Res. 2003;82:112-116
20. Feteih RM. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and oral parafunctions in urban Saudi arabian adolescents: a research report. Head Face Med. 2006;16:2
21. Özkan N, Özkan F. The relationship of temporomandibular disorders with headaches: a retrospective analysis. Agri. 2011;23:13-17
22. Troeltzsch M, Troeltzsch M, Cronin RJ, Brodine AH, Frankenberger R, Messlinger K. Prevalence and association of headaches, temporomandibular joint disorders, and occlusal interferences. J Prosthet Dent. 2011;105:410-417
23. Mezitis M, Rallis G, Zachariades N. The normal range of mouth opening. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989;47:1028-1029
24. Gallagher C, Gallagher V, Whelton H, Cronin M. The normal range of mouth opening in an Irish population. J Oral Rehabil. 2004;31:110-116
25. Austin DG. Special considerations in orofacial pain and headache. Dent Clin North Am. 1997;41:325-339
26. Okeson JP. Long-term treatment of disk-interference disorders of the temporomandibular joint with anterior repositioning occlusal splints. J Prosthet Dent. 1988;60:611-616
27. Pallegama RW, Ranasinghe AW, Weerasinghe VS, Sitheeque MA. Anxiety and personality traits in patients with muscle related temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil. 2005;32:701-707
28. Akhter R, Morita M, Esaki M, Nakamura K, Kanehira T. Development of temporomandibular disorder symptoms: a 3-year cohort study of university students. J Oral Rehabil. 2011;38:395-403
29. Pullinger AG, Seligman DA. Quantification and validation of predictive values of occlusal variables in temporomandibular disorders using a multifactorial analysis. J Prosthet Dent. 2000;83:66-75
30. Gesch D, Bernhardt O, Kirbschus A. Association of malocclusion and functional occlusion with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in adults: a systematic review of population-based studies. Quintessence Int. 2004;35:211-221
Corresponding author: Assoc. Prof. Bora Bagis, Adress: İzmir Katip Celebi Universitesi Dis Hekimligi Fakultesi, Aydınlık Evler Mahallesi, Cemil Meriç Caddesi, 6780 Sokak. No:48, 35640-Çiğli/İzmir/Turkey. E-mail: bbagiscom Tel: +90-532-6804656.
Accepted 2012-8-191
Published 2012-8-30


text:
A Seriola a csontos halak (Osteichthyes) főosztályának a sugarasúszójú halak (Actinopterygii) osztályába, ezen belül a sügéralakúak (Perciformes) rendjébe és a tüskésmakréla-félék (Carangidae) családjába tartozó nem.

Rendszerezés
A nembe az alábbi 9 faj tartozik:

Seriola carpenteri Mather, 1971
sárgafarkú fattyúmakréla (Seriola dumerili) (Risso, 1810)
Seriola fasciata (Bloch, 1793)
Seriola hippos Günther, 1876
Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833
Seriola peruana Steindachner, 1881
Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes, 1833
Seriola zonata (Mitchill, 1815)
Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel, 1845

Források

Seriola FishBase
Wikifajok

Tüskésmakréla-félék
Halnemek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Lee Thompson, the 250R's owner, had DRI prepare the Honda like a race machine, with the best available engine and suspension modifications, even though the machine would be ridden mostly for fun and raced only occasionally. The machine's list of mods is like a mechanical dream team.
The 250R's two-stroke engine was treated to DRI's PC2000 275cc midrange engine kit to give the machine serious performance, but with broad, easy-to-ride power that is more controllable for trail riding.
one of the keys to the engine's combination of usable power delivery, and massive top-end pull. The PC2000 billet head accepts different domes for a variety of compression settings. A 39mm Keihin PWK carburetor provides better flow and throttle response than the stock carb, and a Paul Turner exhaust is used to maximize the engine's output. A Hinson/DRI clutch is used to assure smooth, reliable clutch operation with the more powerful engine. The engine and transmission were blueprinted and assembled at the DRI race shop.
Handling on Honda's 250R is as legendary as its engine performance, but modern chassis parts and shock technology let DRI improve the suspension to a new level. Duncan Racing began with a new frame and added Roll Design A-arms, and a +1/2- inch Roll Design swingarm with Elka Stage 5 shocks to provide more travel and full adjustability. A GPR steering stabilizer is used with a Roll Design steering stem, anti-vibe handlebar mounts, and Flexx shock-absorbing handlebars for better control and increased comfort.
to experience how great the Honda was and is.
The light, two-stroke 275R feels like it weighs nothing. It accelerates and brakes instantly, with an unmistakable two-stroke hit to the power, and it turns like a housefly.
DRI's exclusive PC2000 power-valve cylinder gives the engine broad power delivery and massive top-end pull. The PC2000 billet head accepts different domes for a variety of compression settings.


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Last two weeks: Narrative as Reality: A World Reimagined/ Selections from the Jessica and Kelvin Beachum Family Collection closes May 22
Ten works by contemporary Black artists from the Jessica and Kelvin Beachum Family collection are on view at Hamon's Hawn Gallery until May 22. The exhibition, Narrative as Reality: A World Reimagined, presents the work of artists, Dominic Chambers, Ryan Cosbert, Robert Hodge, Nelson Makamo, Delita Martin, Sungi Mlengeya, Mario Moore, Robert Pruitt, Athi-Patra Ruga, and Ferrari Sheppard. As described by the exhibition's curator, Dr. Valerie Gillespie, on the installation, "Each composition within the collection offers a unique story. These non-linear narratives on the Black experience, with their own distinct actualities exhibit a reality not often portrayed, yet a collective, lived experience that strives to represent a livelihood untouched."
Dominic Chambers, The Night is Our Friend, Oil on Canvas, 2020
This selection of works represents a fraction of the collection owned by the Beachums, who began acquiring works by Black artists in 2013. Of the works in their collection, they express a personal approach to their acquisitions, "We want to look back on each piece and know it represents something we love, something we remember, something historically significant, or something we never want to forget. The intergenerational component is what is most special."
Kelvin Beachum graduated from SMU in 2010 with a B.A. in Economics and earned a Master of Liberal Studies in Organizational Dynamics in 2012. A four-year starter as offensive tackle for SMU Mustang football, he serves as a member of the Executive Boards for the Simmons School of Education and Human Development and Lyle School of Engineering. Named an SMU Emerging Leader in 2018, Kelvin honored the late Dennis Simon, his political science professor and mentor, by endowing SMU's annual Civil Rights Pilgrimage in Simon's name.
Drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2012, Kelvin has played for the Jacksonville Jaguars, the New York Jets and now the Arizona Cardinals during his 10-year NFL career.
Jessica Beachum graduated from Baylor in 2011 with a degree in Sociology. She earned her B.S. in Nursing in 2017 from Duquesne University and her M.S. in Healthcare Delivery in 2021 from Arizona State University.
An exhibition catalogue of Narrative as Reality is available in print and pdf through the website.
OTHER SPRING 2022 EXHIBITIONS AT SMU LIBRARIES
Two other exhibitions at SMU Libraries offer excellent opportunities for visitors this spring and summer.
Continuing to May 23, In Search of Belonging at the Hamon Arts Library, first floor reading room presents an exhibition organized by Pride@SMU, founded by SMU senior and Queer Senator Bri Tollie. Drawing upon oral history interviews and University archives, this student-led exhibition looks at the history of LGBTQ+ organizing on campus for equality and representation.
At the Hillcrest Exhibit Hall, Send Me a Postcard: Women on the Road Across 19th – 20th Century America explores the travel experience for women from the DeGolyer Library's holdings of rare books, pamphlets, ephemera and manuscripts, including the Archives of Women of the Southwest. This exhibition continues to August 31.
More information: https://www.smu.edu/Libraries, or email hawngallery@smu.edu.
Categories: Events, Exhibitions
In Search of Belonging – Opening reception on April 23, 1 – 3 pm at the Hamon Arts Library
On-n-On: Ciara Elle Bryant in Conversation with Octavia E. Butler – opening reception Sept. 1, 5 – 7 pm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Harper Books
Design experts unpack why 'Goodnight Moon' soothes the internet's collective angst
By Opheli Garcia Lawler
Written and illustrated more than 60 years ago, the children's book Goodnight Moon still hits. The aesthetically pleasing universe crafted by playwright Margaret Wise Brown and illustrator Clement Hurd is an enduring image of top tier comfort. In a time obsessed with nostalgia, it only makes sense that adults on the internet have found something to grasp on to in its pages.
The most iconic scene features a small rabbit in a bedroom awash in vibrant colors and patterns reminiscent of a Hockney painting. It has inspired both ire — a humor blog from 2015 lambasted the room — and longing, with tweets calling it "timeless, effortless."
Ted Vadakan, co-founder of the lifestyle brand Poketo, told Mic that the illustration feels like a contrast to the uncertainty that seems to pervade everything right now. "I think that this generation is focused more, not on having things, but rather seeking experiences and a comfort and meaning in life," Vadakan said.
Alessandra Wood, the Vice President of Style at the online interior design company Modsy, told Mic that the company has done research into what people want in their homes, and in many ways, it aligns with the vibe of the Goodnight Moon image.
"I think we can identify that it's a little unsettling out there in the world the past few years," says Wood. "I think, actually the design world is trending more towards this notion of staying in."
"I feel like when you go home at night, it's like how we run to vacation," New York-based interior designer Gail Davis told Mic. "Like you can't wait."
Davis pointed out that the image from Goodnight Moon draws on a time period disconnected from technology. She says her clients have asked for similar unplugged-ness. No televisions in the bedroom, and she suggests having your charging station outside, too.
As for the exact elements in the illustration, all three design experts point to a few key qualities. A big space with a fireplace, warm colors, and blankets.
"It's funny, a lot of people really just want to go to sleep in peace and not have it disturbed," Davis says.
Wood pointed out that the mixed and matched nightstands in the illustration speak to an eclectic timelessness. The type that makes the idiosyncrasies of a childhood room so comforting.
"I don't do a lot of matching with my furniture pieces," Davis says. "I do pieces that complement each other. You don't want to feel like you walked into these big box stores where they sell you the sofa and the two chairs, and all the pieces are the same color."
At the end of the day, it's about a room that shelters us from the outside world. A room where, left to our own devices, we'd want to stay in forever. The feeling of being young again.
"When you look at actually what's in the space, there's a nostalgia for a different time," Wood says. " When we had a different connection with our homes."


Understanding the Pregnancy Discrimination Act - John Howley, Esq.
The civil rights laws protect you from illegal discrimination, harassment, and retaliation at work. One of these laws, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 (PDA), specifically prohibits discrimination against employees because they are pregnant, intend to become pregnant, or have a pregnancy-related illness or disability.
An employer may not refuse to hire you, refuse to promote you, fire you, or take any other adverse action against you just because of your pregnancy. Your employer may not use your pregnancy to demote you, force you to take a leave of absence, or decrease your hours.
Your employer cannot change you job responsibilities because of your pregnancy, even if your employer believes that the change would be in your best interest. For example, your employer may not exclude you from working in a warehouse, a laboratory, or around chemicals out of concern for your health. Only you and your doctor can decide whether you should continue working in those environments.
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act requires employers to accommodate pregnant women as they would any employee who is temporarily disabled. This means that a pregnant woman is entitled to be treated the same as any other employee who has a short-term disability. For example, if a man who cannot lift heavy objects due to a temporary back injury is allowed to continue working on light duty, then a pregnant woman who cannot lift heavy objects during her pregnancy is also entitled to continue working on light duty.
If you have a pregnancy-related illness or disability, you may also have rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
Your legal protections continue after you give birth. Under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), you and your spouse are entitled to up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave to care for yourself and your child. And, once you return to work after a pregnancy, your employer must restore you to the same position or a similar one.
That said, you are not required to stay out of work for any period of time after you give birth. You are entitled to decide for yourself when you are ready to return to work.
If you have been fired or otherwise discriminated against at work because of a pregnancy, then you should consult with a pregnancy discrimination lawyer promptly to protect your rights. Do not delay. There are strict time limits and procedural requirements to assert your claims.
To schedule a free and confidential consultation with an experienced pregnancy discrimination lawyer in New York, call John Howley, Esq. at (212) 601-2728.


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text:
Cablegate: Embassy Moscow
Thursday, 18 October 2007, 3:45 pm
Ref: 07MOSCOW5066
PP RUEHDBU
DE RUEHMO #5066/01 2911545
ZNY CCCCC ZZH
P 181545Z OCT 07
FM AMEMBASSY MOSCOW
RUEHXD/MOSCOW POLITICAL COLLECTIVE
C O N F I D E N T I A L SECTION 01 OF 02 MOSCOW 005066
E.O. 12958: DECL: 10/17/2017 TAGS: PGOV PINR KDEM SOCI RS
Classified By: Ambassador William J. Burns. Reasons: 1.4 (b,d).
1. (C) Federal Narcotics Service (FNS) Chief Cherkesov's October 9 article in the national daily Kommersant lifted the veil on long-simmering rivalries in Putin's inner circle, catalyzed much media comment, and fulfilled the predictions of those who thought that elite interests would collide in a more visible way as the President's term in office drew to an end. Observers here agree that the proximate cause of Cherkesov's article was Putin's failure to respond to the arrest of several of his FSKN colleagues, but there is little sense of whether the in-fighting will remain visible or disappear from view. Observers think it very unlikely that Putin will lose control of elite rivalries, but as always it's hard to determine how much the President is instigating and managing conflicts in order to maintain a divided, weakened inner circle, and how much he is refereeing a sport that has rules of its own. End summary.
Cherkesov Article Energizes Kremlin Watchers
2. (C) As has been widely reported, long-simmering rivalries in Putin's inner circle surfaced dramatically on October 9 in a newspaper article by head of the Federal Narcotics Service's (FSKN) Chairman Viktor Cherkesov. Cherkesov complained, in the national daily newspaper Kommersant, about those siloviki who had become businessmen instead of soldiers for the state and he lifted the lid on the power struggle among the Kremlin-centered elite. He also credited the intelligence agencies for having steered Russia through the difficult 1990s, and argued that circumstances dictate that they remain at the wheel for the foreseeable future.
3. (C) Cherkesov's decision to go public was not unprecedented --in a December 2004 Komsomolskaya Pravda article he had described the siloviki as a bulwark against chaos - but the timing of his October 9 editorial, which was published following the dramatic detention of four of his subordinates and in the middle of Russia's delicate succession process, prompted a flood of media and think tank commentary.
4. (C) Most commentators chose to view Cherkesov's article through the lens of his ongoing conflict with Presidential Administration Deputy Sechin and FSB Chief Patrushev. They saw the arrest that preceded its publication as revenge for the FSKN Chief's role in the "Three Whales" furniture stores and Chinese goods corruption probes, as well as the ouster, in summer 2006, of then-Prosecutor General Ustinov, all of which undercut the FSB. Some also collaterally believed that the arrests were intended to trim the sails of Cherkesov, who they guessed would either be appointed to the vacant post of Secretary of the Security Council, put in charge of a consolidated, multi-ministry criminal investigative agency to be created after the new year, or replace Patrushev at the FSB.
5. (C) Commentators noted that one of the key players in the detention of four of Cherkesov's subordinates was the recently-established Investigative Committee, which was in part created, they believe, to circumscribe the authority of the Cherkesov-friendly Prosecutor General Yuriy Chayka, whose office previously was responsible for both criminal investigations, indictments, and prosecutions (reftel).
6. (C) Against the background of that struggle, Cherkesov's Kommersant piece was seen as an appeal to Putin and a challenge to his opponents. The Investigative Committee saw it as an attack, and immediately issued a statement that it would "continue fighting corruption" wherever it was found. Chayka's office has gone to court in an effort to neutralize the Committee's campaign by arguing that there are no grounds for continuing to detain close Cherkesov colleague Aleksandr Bulbov. A hearing is scheduled on October 31.
Putin's Faction Management
7. (C) It had been long predicted that Kremlin clan rivalries would heat up as the succession date approached. In the absence of political institutions, the glue of the system created by Putin is his personalized power and the loyalty of those he has appointed to key positions. Putin has attempted to preserve that power by keeping those jockeying for continued influence off balance. His strategy has been to further reduce the transparency of the process, continue to appoint Petersburgers of proven loyalty to key positions, make liberal use of the element of surprise, and indicate, more and more unmistakably, that he will be a force to contend with for the foreseeable future.
8. (C) Although Putin appears to be succeeding in his efforts to preserve the delicate balance of interests among the competing elites, the Cherkesov article suggests that the system is nevertheless under strain, and it is no longer clear whether Putin is managing or refereeing the transition. In the Cherkesov case, there appears to be evidence to support both interpretations. XXXXXXXXXXXX reported that Putin had stage-managed Cherkesov's efforts in the "Three Whales" case to weaken Sechin and Patrushev. Per XXXXXXXXXXXX, Putin had called aide Viktor Ivanov into the key "Three Whales" meeting with Cherkesov, then arranged to have Sechin "run into" Cherkesov and Ivanov as they were leaving Putin's office, allowing Sechin, through Ivanov, to connect the dots.
9. (C) On the other hand, there have been signs that Putin is not as omniscient as XXXXXXXXXXXX suggests. There have been persistent press reports that two FSB generals dismissed last year by Putin in connection with the Cherkesov-fostered Chinese goods scandal have remained at their desks, in open defiance of the President's orders. Putin has made no known attempt to discipline Patrushev or the generals for their behavior. On the contrary, Putin was reported to have visited FSB headquarters the evening before Cherkesov's article appeared.
10. (C) Analyst XXXXXXXXXXXX termed Cherkesov's article "damaging to Putin," as it offers to the public evidence of a rift in the President's team, official confirmation that Russia is not a law-governed state, and proof that a war for resources is under way. XXXXXXXXXXXX, on the other hand, saw in the article evidence only that Putin was fostering fighting among the Kremlin factions in order to weaken them. XXXXXXXXXXXX was one of many who judged the affair too murky to analyze accurately, but agreed that there appeared to be clashes. XXXXXXXXXXXX seconded XXXXXXXXXXXX suggestion that it was the publicity, not the fact of the dispute that damaged Putin the most. Yabloko Chairman Yavlinskiy thought that the article probably made Putin "uneasy" but did not represent a threat to stability.
11. (C) Some trace an upsurge in fighting among the siloviki to Putin's appointment of Zubkov as Prime Minister. As former Chairman of the Committee on Financial Monitoring with a reputation for integrity, harshness, and unswerving loyalty to Putin, Zubkov is ideally positioned to begin a purge under the guise of an anti-corruption campaign. The prospect of a housecleaning may have made the elites nervous. On the other hand, one of the reasons Putin may have chosen Zubkov, a man not associated with any of the Kremlin factions, was in order not to disturb the delicate balance among the competing clans.
12. (C) Observers expected that in-fighting of the kind seen over the last week would become more visible as Putin's term of office wound down. The failure to create institutions able to regulate the transition process has painted the President into a corner and frustrated, so far, his efforts to create a system of governance that could survive his departure. One commentator likened succession to transferring a spider web from the branch of one tree to another. Putin seems to have realized the impossibility of that task and has resigned himself to the delicate job of transitioning constitutionally to a new position while at times restraining, at times encouraging, the worst impulses of the fractious clans who surround him.


Welcome to Raiacars.com, The next review about 2019 Ford Escape Beach Interior Model Features from Ford cars. Let's see more specification, concept and review details for this cars below.
2019 Ford Escape Beach Interior Model Features, Seemingly, all this completed when the lightheadedness grew to become a great deal of to control! A operate together with the water's advantage was the best strategy to very clear my head and get a feel for the on-will need all-time drive process which Ford telephone calls Smart All-Tire Drive. It is fast and adapts the sum of torque simply getting delivered to every wheel every 16-milliseconds. A graphical on the screen in the musical instrument group demonstrates precisely where it is acquiring sent so you can keep an eye on what is happening regularly.
I expected a little bit of noticeable spinning in the sand from time-to-time, but that failed to happen. The beach sand was the relatively organization, and I also was careful to maintain the speed continuous and driving a car a vehicle approach modern therefore all of it arrived jointly to generate a stress-totally free of cost experience. An element that performed trigger a little of stress and panic was the AEB physical activity.
Getting in no way interested the system on fine sand properly before, I was not good how the lack of grasp on the decrease function surface could have an impact on the performance of the security method. It has low-pace AEB, created to work on prices of about 30km/hr. Even at this average pace, it was challenging to technique the shield and ongoing to help keep my feet from the brake pedal. I fought the promote and managed to give all handle and allow the car do its thing.
Sure ample it was drafted before the hurdle regardless of seeking a bit more opportunity to glide to a full end. It was closed, nevertheless! The Ford Escape packages a higher attribute for the mid-sized SUV section with impressive, easy-to-use modern technology and the supply of a package of safety measures. Furthermore, it delivers a massive cargo spot of approximately 1603L, plenty of region for the kids and excellent fold-straight down plate desks in the second row. Read the overall review right here. An 8.-" touchscreen with Sync 3 is standard throughout the range. It provides The apple company CarPlay and Android os Auto, digital electronic FM radio, satellite menus and speech demand that is produced excessive better understand the Aussie stress.
You are improbable to distinguish too many company-spanking new forms even though, so it was an exciting experience to operate right away the bitumen as well as onto the sand. In the Ford Escape, it had been so easy – no stops make it possible for ventilation out of the car tires. It was the element of the exercising. Nevertheless, we may suggest lowering tire stress just before moving off-road. The new Escape is the most important kickoff of the year for Ford Escape within Australia, and then there are plenty of changes on the in and out. All-wheel push is provided all over the range, and then there are a few engine choices; a 1.5-litre and 2.-litre EcoBoost fuel engines or a 2.-litre diesel.
The front side area wheel travel is only available with the 1.5-litre petrol engine in the accessibility period Ambiente and mid-spec Trend variations. The Ambiente can be got with both a 6-speed manual or six-velocity auto transmission, although the diesel engine is teamed with a 6-speed two-clutch system method automatic transmission. About in-car technological know-how and security features, the technical posts are continually relocating, and the Escape packages frontward an engaging situation amid its competition in the medium-sized SUV portion, especially with regards to infotainment.
2019 Ford Escape Beach Interior Model Features. All Images, Picture, Photo, Wallpapers and backgrounds found here are believed to be in the "public domain". Most of the images displayed are of unknown origin. We do not intend to infringe any legitimate intellectual right, artistic rights or copyright for 2019 Ford Escape Beach Interior Model Features images. If you are the rightful owner of any of the images posted here, and you do not want it to be displayed or if you require a suitable credit, then please contact us.


You cannot win in chess without taking risks. Winning requires courage and psychology. No matter how deep you calculate, there always comes a point where you have to deal with uncertainties and make a decision. What is a carefully calculated risk, and what is a bluff? Why were famous players like Lasker and Tal so successful with both? They realized that chess is not a science. Emotions also play a role behind the board. If you can guess what your opponent is feeling and thinking, you are ahead of him. When your main aim is to derail your opponent's calculation by weaving a web of deception, you engage in the highest form of risk: bluff.
Renowned chess coach Vladimir Tukmakov has played against, and worked with, quite a few chess greats. Many of them told him frankly about their thoughts and feelings during crucial games. These stories became the foundation of a collection of more than 100 practical ways that masters and grandmasters have used to push beyond the limits of calculation and take a deliberate risk. It works - even at the highest level! Tukmakov shows how to trick your opponent into believing your bluff.
After studying this book, with its many fascinating and often funny examples, you will think twice before wasting an opportunity to do what eve the greatest players do: bluff your way to victory!


The suspension mounting in your car improves the link between the chassis and the shock absorber to give a smoother ride. Finding the right suspension mounting components for your car is easy– just enter your reg and select from a range of high-quality products.
Just a simple component, the small mounting plate itself is one of the most important parts of your car's whole suspension system and can cause significant and costly damage to your vehicle if it fails. Your car has two or four mounting points, depending on whether it has two- or four-wheel independent suspension. The suspension mounting is attached by a circular metal plate that is bolted securely into place at several points. It is located above the two front wheels, to either side of the motor, and, in the case of four-wheel independent suspension, also close to both rear wheel wells where the mounting meets the suspension. Being the part that absorbs all the bumps and vibrations while driving, the suspension mounting is put under intense strain and can become easily worn or damaged as a result. Symptoms of a defective mount include poor handling, hard or noisy steering, instability when cornering and uneven wheel alignment. A fully functional suspension mounting will improve the lifespan of shock absorbers and other vital suspension parts such as tyres. Checking the mounting regularly is an essential part of car maintenance, and replacing mounts when worn is a small price to pay to ensure the safety and handling of your car remains intact. Replace both or all four mountings together to ensure even wear.


Father Carta is a hero. Please pray for him. It is obvious that God's ways are not our ways.
Sending much Love and Prayers from our family to you…we love you and we pray for healing through out your body! So loved and admired! And greatly missed in our parish at St. Jude's! Please forward his address so we can forward cards to him please! Many blessings!


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Home » Coronavirus » Trump: Wants $2,000 stimulus checks for Americans impacted by the CCP Virus
Trump: Wants $2,000 stimulus checks for Americans impacted by the CCP Virus
December 26, 2020 by keichri
Trump Doubles Down on Sending $2,000 Stimulus Checks to Struggling Americans
President Donald Trump insisted that he wants to send $2,000 stimulus checks to Americans who are impacted by the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) virus.
"I simply want to get our great people $2,000, rather than the measly $600 that is now in the bill. Also, stop the billions of dollars in 'pork,'" he wrote in a Twitter post on Saturday morning.
The president apparently was referring to the personally motivated spending in the COVID relief and Omnibus spending bill which was passed in the House and the Senate.
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said on Thursday that the bill has been enrolled and sent to the White House.
Trump implied in a video statement on Dec. 22—after the bill was passed in the Congress—that he would block the bill unless Congress removed billions in spending allocated to foreign nations and domestic institutions unrelated to the battle against the COVID-19, commonly known as the novel coronavirus, the disease caused by the CCP virus.
The foreign aid items Trump criticized are a standard feature in annual spending bills, but nevertheless triggered Trump's reaction as they were included with the $600 payments Congress took months to negotiate. He highlighted that the bill "contains $85.5 million for assistance to Cambodia, $134 million to Burma, $1.3 billion for Egypt and the Egyptian military, which will go out and buy almost exclusively Russian military equipment."
Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) confirmed Trump's stance on the $2,000 checks on Friday.
He said the president is "more determined than ever" to increase payments from $600 to $2,000 in the spending and COVID-19 stimulus bill.
"After spending some time with President @realDonaldTrump today, I am convinced he is more determined than ever to increase stimulus payments to $2,000 per person and challenge Section 230 big tech liability protection," Graham wrote in a Twitter post.
"Both are reasonable demands, and I hope Congress is listening. The biggest winner would be the American people," he added.
Graham spent Christmas golfing with Trump at Trump International Golf Club in Florida and spoke out about Trump's calls for a higher stimulus payment amount on Friday.
Section 230 is part of the communications code that largely shields online platforms from liability for content posted by their users, although they can be held liable for content that violates anti-sex trafficking or intellectual property laws.
The White House said in a policy statement that "Section 230 facilitates the spread of disinformation online and is a serious threat to our national security and election integrity. It must be repealed."
The unemployment rate in America dipped down to 6.7 percent in November from 6.9 percent in October, six months after hitting a record high of 14.7 percent in April, according to data released by the Labor Department earlier this month (pdf).
There are now 10.9 million unemployed people in the United States, compared to 11.1 million in October, the government said, however, new forecasts suggest employment won't return to pre-pandemic levels until 2024.
I Stand With President Trump. We Will Always Stand With Trump.
Wayne Allyn Root, Fight For Trump! The media, politicians and the D.C. swamp haven't got a clue what the people Read more
We The People The Latest: President Trump Speaks
President Trump's Video Below: President Is Not Resigning... The President of the United States is not resigning. https://youtu.be/6X4wX_4qOiY Trusting Lamestream Read more
Trump Turns Up the Pressure on Pence
President Donald Trump early Wednesday turned up the pressure on Vice President Mike Pence to take action during congressional hearings Read more
The House Should Re-elect Trump
John and Andy Schlafly, In our system of divided government, the Constitution vests the primary authority in the House of Read more
Categories Coronavirus Tags CCP Virus, Direct Payments, Economic Stimulus, Fight for Trump Post navigation
The Oval Office War Council and Our Fight For Trump
Pelosi Refusing to Advance China Task Force Legislation Items


U. S. Route 20, the longest road in the US, 3365 miles from west to east.
Another coastal sign. Bandon, Oregon.
Hah, that wasn't there the last time I was there! Have you heard of any rock art on the private property there? Scott P. once told me about hiking up the canyon in the 80s and seeing some pictos that are now off-limits due to the fence/gate.
I haven't heard of anything, but it would be a place I'd look if it weren't for the private property.
I have very similar picture from Denali ... along the northern border of the park/preserve.
That's a good one !!!
This isn't really a sign, but a van here in Glenwood Springs, CO.
Now that's a message we can all get behind!
The real question is, where will they go once freed? Will they run amok and create havoc and mayhem in the streets? Will Petco stock crash?


In a single week, the number of Austin Regional Clinic patient testing positive for influenza doubled – from 220 cases Jan. 6-12 to 431 Jan. 13-19, KXAN-TV reported Wednesday.
While it's still too early to make predictions about this year's flu season, Dr. Christopher Chang, family medicine physician at ARC's Far West clinic, warned that the number of Central Texas cases will likely continue to climb.
Dr. Chang warned KXAN viewers, if they think they have the flu, not to jump right away to taking Tamiflu. The popular medicine is effective only in the first 48 hours of illness, he noted.
Also, routinely using Tamiflu can reduce the effectiveness of the medicine for treating flu.
"Every year, the flu virus changes, so every time we use Tamiflu in somebody who doesn't really need it, there's a chance it'll increase the risk of resistance from future flu cases," Dr. Chang warned.
The KXAN story notes routine ways that Central Texans can avoid getting and spreading the flu: cover your cough, stay home if you're sick and wash your hands frequently.
See the complete interview on KXAN-TV.
Suffering from flu-like symptoms and want to be tested? Book an appointment with an Austin Regional Clinic physician.


This is a special starter kit package which includes everything you would need to begin decorating your pastry delights.
We've included the most popular Print-a-Cake 2.0 Software to use with our pre-cut Supreme Icing Sheets.
It's easy to use and print perfectly on your pre-cut sheets every time! No more hassles with misalignment!
You can also use it for standard paper sizes and be able to add filters and text however you want! Take advantage of this awesome kit and let your imagination come to life!
This printer exceed my expectations, I love the pre cut sheets and the print a cake software works perfect. Needless to say that I am one happy customer and I will be staying with this company.
Q: My laptop doesn't have a place to put any CD's in. Can I still somehow install the software to be able to use this printer without using a CD?
A: Yes of course .. it's actually streamlined for you. As soon as you ad new device as wireless or hook it up with usb cable your laptop will install it for you .
New Windows and IOS are built in printer drivers making cd trays obsolete..
Q: Does this printer have a scanner?
A: Yes it does ..
Q: Can this print both cake size prints and cupcake/cookie size prints?
Q: Hi, Can you use this printer to print on photo image cookies?
A: yes you can , it's built for it ..
Q: What model printer is the Canon Edible Printer Cupcake and Cookie Kit 2? Is it wireless??
Q: Is this printer compatible with a MacBook Pro? Also, what model is this?
A: Yes , printer is compatible with Mac Book Pro with included printer driver and basic editing software , however additional software included in this kit ( Print a Cake layout software ) will not work with Mac platform . I would recommend to get standard kit and use available Word templates for printing on precut icing sheets .
Q: i recently bought this item but i couldn't find the print-a-cake software and it's supposed to be included?
Q: Is this printer wireless? Also, does it come with soft ware to take red eye out of pictures?
A: Printer is wireless . Software included have capability for printing on precut and standard icing sheets , wafer paper and transfer sheets as well as photo editing .
Q: can u print with 8x10 wafer paper and frosting sheets?
Q: What model Canon printer is this?
Q: does this printer have NFC ?