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stationary population level
More and more people are convinced that something must be done and this is especially evidenced by the current attention and concern given to the enormous and mostly unplanned suburban growth—or as it is generally called, "urban sprawl." Our highways are overwhelmed; our water supplies are dangerously low in many areas; our schools are packed—the problems are endless. 2 illustrates, these linear relationships hold for negative momentum of population decline as well as for positive momentum of population growth. For the purposes of the present discussion, 'low fertility' is taken to refer to fertility at or below the 'replacement level,' which is the level of fertility that would be consistent with a stationary population in the long run; a TFR of 2.1 is considered conventionally to be equivalent to the replacement level. States can become a true stationary population—one that is small enough to sustain life at a high level of quality. Srinivasa Rao, James R. Carey, in, In continuation of the publications of "Carey's Equality and Fundamental Theorem on, http://mbi.osu.edu/resources/success-stories/, http://esciencenews.com/articles/2014/10/06/new.theorem.determines.age.distribution.populations.fruit.flies.humans/, ) shows that we first find the bifurcation of McNeill and Walls at the point μ = 1 (K = 0). Population Pyramids: Definition. The paper by Rao (2014) develops a new theory to understand the stability of populations. Stationary population can occur if there is no growth or declines in population. This point acts as an attractor. This series of period doublings also makes it impossible in practice to obtain analytical solutions, while numerical solutions are very easily obtained on a pocket calculator. The research paper by Rao and Carey (2015) presents a novel theorem in stationary populations that states under certain conditions, two graphs, one constructed based on captured data and other on age at capture, are equal. Slovakia, Russia, Poland, Japan, Cuba etc… The countries I listed above (among others) have very small growths/declines in population each year. The two quantities are separate aspects of the long-term change in size and age structure that results from a reduction in fertility to replacement level. The momentum–mean age linear fit is quite good, and the estimated slope (as well as the theoretical value) suggests that the mean age of the population increases by a little more than two years for every 10 percent increase in population momentum. Population Composition: Definition. The population momentum expresses population aging, and vice versa. However, the ratio of the proportion under age 30 in the initial population to that in the ultimate population gives the population momentum directly. If 3 < μ < 3.4495, he observes an oscillation between two values (doubling of the period). Chaotic time evolution in the logistic model. Another characteristic of Stage Two of the demographic transition is a change in the age structure of the population. standard stationary population with replacement-level fertility (call that the RF stationary population), in which the population at age a is proportional to l(a). Stationary populations consist of two categories of cohorts, one of which is the birth cohort—all individuals who are born at the same time and thus who survive lockstep forward in time. High Stationary: High Birth Rate of High Death Rate: The first stage is characterised by high birth rate & high death rate, giving a low growth rate of population. Total Fertility Rate: the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime. Figure 1. Table 1. (2017) whose age index is what they labeled thanatological age, i.e., time until death. As recently as the mid-1970s, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan registered total fertility rates (TFRs) from six to seven, well within the range of high-fertility Third World countries. This type of behavior is classified as "chaotic" in the famous paper by Li and Yorke (1975): "period three implies chaos" [13]. Test statistic: 0.1691746 . Death rate is high during this stage for a … Stationary definition, standing still; not moving. 2861 Duke Street, Suite 36, Alexandria, VA 22314 The third plot presents the relationship between the momentum and the relative size of the proportion above age 65. Our quality of life, however defined, will improve. The stationary phase is followed by the death phase, in which the death of cells in the population exceeds the… Stationary populations are the simplest form of stable populations. In Stage One the majority of death is concentrated in the first 5-10 years of life.Therefore, more than anything else, the decline in death rates in Stage Two entails the increasing survival of … The only major difference between these regions (former USSR and East Europe) at the time of writing is that the former Soviet Central Asian populations, in which fertility decline is a comparatively recent phenomenon, have not yet attained the low fertility levels which typify the European populations. A parameter μ replaces the parameter K of the original equation. The theoretical linear relationships as well as some empirical results are presented in Kim and Schoen (1997). The bottom line is positive: if we are When 1 < μ < 3, the populations tend by oscillations to a stationary population. Fertility in Australia. An initial stationary population with r=0 bridges the negative and positive momentum seamlessly. Under such conditions, the population will eventually stabilize into a stationary population, with no year-to-year changes in age-specific rates or in total population. and migration (the demographic variables) in various ways. 40. stationary population level: A point in growth, in which a region stops growing in population. A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 represents the Replacement-Level Fertility: the average number of children per woman needed for each generation to exactly replace itself without needing international immigration.A value below 2.1 will cause the native population to decline However, the vast majority of the countries in question qualify as low-fertility countries, having experienced TFRs on the order of two to three for most of the period since World War II. Truncation from right is taken as a variable to construct partial age structure of the population. Population momentum and population aging during the transition to stationarity are two aspects of the same phenomenon. Stable populations are theoretical models widely used by demographers to represent and understand the structure, growth and evolution of human populations. 10. 1 The "replacement level" of fertility is the level of fertility, which would, if maintained indefinitely in the absence of migration, ensure a stationary population in the long run. The Romanian achievement owed much to the absence of modern methods of family planning coupled with a draconian ban on abortions, enforced to the extent of subjecting women to regular gynecological examinations to ensure that they were not employing any modern means of fertility limitation. In general, all of the countries in question have experienced fertility decline during the postwar period. If we change slightly the initial value in the domain of stability (for example, μ = 2.7), the population converges to the same value of 0.6296. In addition to the fertility level, the replacement of Although various legislative articles were implemented to enhance the effect of the pronatalist measures throughout the 1980s, they succumbed ultimately to inflation and to the collapse of the Soviet economy. Close to the bifurcation points, natural fluctuations or very slight changes in initial conditions play a role of increasing importance. 1. The second measure, F30, is defined as the ratio of the population under age 30 in the initial population to that in the ultimate stationary population, and the third measure, F65+, is defined as the ratio of the proportion over age 65 in the initial population to that in the ultimate stationary population. We have constructed partial age structure in a deterministic way without any probabilistic assumptions. 1 Questions & Answers Place. Stationary population can occur if there is no growth or declines in population. As shown in Appendix C, May proposed a numerical equivalent of the logistic equation where the population of a given generation (n+1) is related to the population of the previous generation (n) by the iterative formula: May's conclusions were published in a reference paper entitled "Simple Mathematical Models with very Complicated Dynamics" [12]. Some examples of successive generations are given in the next table. In Azerbaijan, fertility decline was halted temporarily in the mid-1980s. See more. Drought Conditions Persist in Parts of the U.S. Subrata Lahiri, in Handbook of Statistics, 2018. The first measure, ΔA, is defined as the increase in mean age of the eventual stationary population from that of the initial population. This is an indication of the "butterfly" effect. As Fig. The reader can check this behavior in May's numerical equation of the logistic model. The inactive population within the age groups of 0 to 14 years and over 60 are all considered to be dependent. Above a critical point, there exists an infinite amount of overlapping bifurcations and behaviors of varying periodicity and as well as an infinite amount of initial points x0 which lead to completely aperiodic trajectories. These pronatalist policies were generally unsuccessful in bringing about increases in fertility to levels substantially above replacement. Population evolution in stable (μ = 2.7) and chaotic (μ = 3.8) regimes. A stationary population is a special example of a stable population with a zero growth rate, neither growing nor shrinking in size, and is equivalent to a life table population. Fig. In most cases (e.g., Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland), these measures involved financial incentives such as extended maternity leave, cash awards, and housing subsidies. Contents Defintion of Population Stable and Stationary Population Calculation of Person-years lived Conclusion 3. There is little evidence of any fundamental difference between the fertility levels and trends of the countries which comprised the former Soviet Union, and other East European countries (see Fertility Trends in the Formerly Socialist Countries of Europe). 6. 2. Stationary population level is when the national population stops growing. If 0 < μ < 1, the successive generations decrease in intensity to complete extinction. The theory proposed is sensitive to the proportion of the population at each age and can be modified to adapt, even if there is no monotonic pattern for the two functions, H1 and H2 introduced. The mathematical analysis (given in Appendix C) shows that we first find the bifurcation of McNeill and Walls at the point μ = 1 (K = 0). Population Trend for Three Major Age Groups It is possible to group the countries under consideration according to their phase of the 'Demographic Transition' from high, natural fertility to low, controlled fertility (Anichkin and Vishnevskiy 1994, Vishnevskiy and Volkov 1983). According to the values of μ, May observes various behaviors, both oscillatory and not, periodic and chaotic. The vast majority of East European countries, together with the European republics of the former USSR, were in the intermediate stages of the transition prior to World War II, and completed the transition during the postwar period. Age-specific fertility and mortality rates are constant, and their net effects "cancel out" – that is, for a given period there will always be equal numbers of births and deaths. This includes the period after the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and the breakup of the former Soviet Union. A Reset font size. The method proposed in this chapter can be also helpful in arranging age structure of a captive cohort on a continuous and flexible open intervals and geometric visualization of collective time lived and collective time remaining of a captive cohort. Both the low-fertility formerly Socialist countries of Eastern Europe and the republics of the former USSR, whose governments were pronatalist in orientation, experimented with policy measures to stimulate childbearing (David and McIntyre 1981, David and Skilogianis 1999). Individuals in the captive cohort are constructed by life lived and size of the population in each age-group. Presentation on Stable and Stationary Population Presented By Aminul Islam ID:14115570 Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi E-mail:amin_pshrd@yahoo.com 2. Stationary population identity with two variables is structured in this chapter to suit analysis required to perform on a captive cohort when there exist very large number of individuals in each age-group of a population. For the purposes of the present discussion, 'low fertility' is taken to refer to fertility at or below the 'replacement level,' which is the level of fertility that would be consistent with a stationary population in the long run; a TFR of 2.1 is considered conventionally to be equivalent to the replacement level… James R. Carey, ... Arni S.R. The United States, as the millennium arrives, is overcrowded. Once these restrictions were lifted, Romania's fertility declined to a level close to that of Russia, one of Europe's lowest. However, it is both surprising and disappointing that overpopulation, by itself, is seldom seen as the culprit lurking behind these countless problems. Learn stationary population level with free interactive flashcards. After the breakup of the USSR, fertility levels continued to decline in all former Soviet republics (Vishnevskiy 1999). As Riffe notes, c(x) is proportional to the survival function, l(x), which, in turn, means that c∗(y) is proportional to some thanatological function, l∗(y), a stationary thanatological cumulative increment function. The stationary oldest-old population is shaped by a constant number of persons annually reaching age 80 and then being subject to constant mortality. The stable branch issued from the bifurcation at μ=1 produces three branches. Finally, we will bequeath to our children a much more sustainable population whose members can feel secure in knowing that there is "enough for all of us." This book concentrates on the following questions: How do we achieve these goals? In the chapters that follow, we will illustrate several population scenarios by manipulating fertility, mortality. X-concentration as a function of time (first line) and of Y-concentration (second line) (a) in a stationary state, (b) in a doubling period regime, (c) in a quadrupling period regime d. in a chaotic regime. Thanatological age equates individuals that share a common terminal state rather than a common origin state. We are fast approaching 300 million inhabitants. How do we reduce our population to a reasonable and sustainable level? The Soviet Union introduced a major set of pronatalist incentives in 1981. The stationary population is no longer unique. Thus the Pitchfork bifurcation process leads to an infinite sequence of cycles of period 2n(n → ∞). Again, luck allowed Robert May to discover a chaotic behavior in the numerical simulation of Verhulst's logistic equation. Phone: 703-370-9510 | Email: npg@npg.org, Read the entire report by downloading the PDF, Activists' Guide to Protecting America's Future, Declining Snow in Northeast Region Will Have Lasting Effects. Figure 2. A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 represents the Replacement-Level Fertility: the average number of children per woman needed for each generation to exactly replace itself without needing international immigration.A value below 2.1 will cause the native population to decline Shortly afterwards, fertility began to rise in the European republics of the USSR, together with Armenia and Georgia. What are some examples of stationary population level? A. Such considerations are new to the research in the stationary population identity which opened-up new doors in our theoretical understanding of the age structure of insect captive cohorts. The converging process is limited by value, μ∞ = 3.5699456. One primary motivation for developing nonlinear methods for time-series analysis is to be able to determine the qualitative type of stationary population dynamics that may be characterizing the studied system. Since t + x refers to the future, we use index y for thanatological age and thus deaths that occur at time t comprise a death cohort. This paper also proposes mathematical conditions under which subpopulation growth and momentum to decide whether or not the total population remains stable. Intriguingly, the fertility levels of these countries converged to approximately the replacement level in the mid-1980s. The fertility levels of most of the former Soviet republics discussed here are adjusted for underregistration of births according to the procedures of the International Programs Center of the US Bureau of the Census. Choose from 500 different sets of stationary population level flashcards on Quizlet. Peter Turchin, in Population Dynamics, 1995. At earlier dates (in the 1950s) this was also true of Albania and Azerbaijan. Srinivasa Rao, in Handbook of Statistics, 2018. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169716118300294, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169716118301056, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169716118300269, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1380732304800153, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767021069, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767021823, Integrated Population Biology and Modeling, Part A, James R. Carey, ... Arni S.R. Typically, the introduction of such measures was followed by a modest rise in fertility of relatively brief duration, and a longer-term slackening or cessation of fertility decline. From very slightly different initial conditions, resulting from errors in experimental measurements for example, the solutions can exponentially deviate over time resulting in extreme sensitivity to the initial conditions. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The study applied the ADF unit root test for stationary analysis on the variables to determine the right statistical model to use for this study. At the opposite extreme, in the indigenous population of former Soviet Central Asia, fertility decline did not take hold until the mid-1970s. The first is a set of Coale-Demeny West model stable populations (see Demographic Models) that includes 39 stable populations with the intrinsic growth rate r ranging from −0.01 to 0.05 in increments of 0.005 at three mortality levels (e0 values of 60, 70, and 80). This is in large part attributable to the media's repeated failures to put its fingers on the true and basic cause of this growth "malaise" facing our country. Beyond this value of μ, the overlap of various periods is so great that we observe a chaotic behavior. The theoretical exposition reveals that, for this measure, the contribution from the quadratic term is not negligible, and that the coefficient of the linear term is affected by mortality levels, especially at the high end of the initial growth rate. For the purposes of the present discussion, 'low fertility' is taken to refer to fertility at or below the 'replacement level,' which is the level of fertility that would be consistent with a, Journal of Computational Design and Engineering. I run the KPSS test with trend and level on same time series and the results are: H0: level stationary vs. H1: Unit root. We have used distinct parts of the partition to suit monotonic nature of the age structure and one can consider all the parts of the partition function when there is no significant pattern of the age structure. Population in OECD countries is predicted to increase from the current level of 1.25 billion people to 1.3 billion in 2020 and further increase to 1.39 billion by 2050. Not only would the total numbers be reduced, but we would no longer have to go through the agonies associated with sudden shifts in our demographic behavior (be it births, deaths, or moving) as we have with the baby boom that began in the late 1940s and with which we are still trying to cope as the "baby boomers" become "senior boomers" early in the twenty-first century. They gave an innovative proof which uses sets and graphs and concepts of Carey's Equality. Thus the rate of birth accumulation into death cohorts over thanatological age, μ∗(x), is equal to the rate of attrition of birth cohorts over chronological age, μ(x) in stationary populations. The second category of cohort in stationary populations is the death cohort described by Riffe (2015) and Riffe et al. The state of a system becomes effectively impossible to predict or "chaotic". Other articles where Stationary phase is discussed: bacteria: Growth of bacterial populations: …growth is followed by the stationary phase, in which the size of a population of bacteria remains constant, even though some cells continue to divide and others begin to die. The replacement level is generally associated with a total fertility rate of about 2.1. 8. Azerbaijan has completed the transition from high to replacement-level fertility since 1959. As a consequence, the values for a given step, xn, are never reproduced. The first plot (from left to right) shows the relationship between M and ΔA, the second M's relationship with F30, and the third with F65+. patient, if we have the courage to adjust these demographic variables, especially immigration, then the United States can attain a smaller total population without enormous age bulges—in other words, the United The two branches observed between μ=1 and μ=3 are now four branches (two stable and two instable). The fit is not as good as with the other two measures. Stationary populations (revision) See PAPP101_S08 for an overview of a stationary population. However, we have given a formula for computing probability of dying of an individual who is alive after truncation, by partitioning the number of individuals alive at the time of truncation. They are: (a) the increase in the mean age of population (ΔA), (b) the relative size of the proportion under age 30 (F30), and (c) the relative size of the proportion above age 65 (F65+). Only Romania achieved a major rise in TFR, which rose spectacularly from below replacement to over 3.5, then stabilized in the neighborhood of 2.5 for more than ten years. The active population is that group of population which is economically active and can be involved in any income generating activity. We have not used any probabilistic assumptions on the remaining lifespans of the remaining individuals who are alive at the time of truncation in the captive cohort because such assumptions need to be justified and we have found no evidence in the published literature to start constructing partial age structure. 1). the level at which a national population ceases to grow: Term. The band formed by stable x* turns into a continuum; this is the beginning of the chaos. Bifurcations in May's numerical logistic model. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. 'Under stationary growth conditions the level of σ increases from almost undetectable levels to about one third the amount of σ.' 'As an econometrician I have my doubts about the ratio of a non-stationary quantity and a stationary one.' Demography (from prefix demo-from Ancient Greek δῆμος dēmos meaning "the people", and -graphy from γράφω graphō, ies "writing, description or measurement") is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings.. Demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as education, nationality, religion, and ethnicity. Population Dynamics in the Noisy World. Find answers now! The argument is that when subpopulations will have presence of population momentum, then the local stability of the total population could become unstable. The East European countries were the first to introduce these measures, and did so in the late 1960s and the 1970s. Definitions of Stationary Population, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives of Stationary Population, analogical dictionary of Stationary Population (English) No. Concurrently, levels of fertility rose somewhat in Tajikistan, and to a lesser extent in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. J.-M. André, in Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, 2004. This stage is associated with undeveloped, low output and agricultural dominated conditions. Y.J. Population evolution according to the values of μ. To make the relationship between the dual consequences of fertility decline—population momentum and population aging—more specific, three measures of aging were considered (Kim and Schoen 1997). Defining deaths that occur together as a death or thanatological cohort, Riffe proved that chronological age structure equals thanatological age structure in a stationary population, where c(x) is the proportion age x in a stationary population and g(x) is the proportion of the population with x years remaining. When 1 < μ < 3, the populations tend by oscillations to a, Population Dynamics: Momentum of Population Growth, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, , is defined as the increase in mean age of the eventual, ). This was the result observed in 1963 by Lorenz. Fertility levels in the European former Soviet republics have fallen below replacement. Srinivasa Rao, in, Integrated Population Biology and Modeling, Part B, Arni S.R. If the population is classified according to sex, it is called composition of population by sex. The dependent variable in this study was the unemployment rate and independent variables were SMEs growth, Population growth and education level. Fertility in the World. Using x to index chronological age and y to index thanatological age (time left until death), this equation becomes, where c∗(y) refers to the stable thanatological age structure. patient, if we have the courage to adjust these demographic variables, especially immigration, then the United States can attain a smaller total population without enormous age bulges—in other words, the United States can become a true stationary population—one that is small enough to sustain life at a high level … Figure 2 presents the empirical two-way scatterplots for the momentum, M, and each of the three aging measures generated by the first data set. To calculate population momentum for population A, a theoretical population is constructed in which the birth rate for population A immediately becomes replacement level. We consider these goals to be not only ideal but necessary if the United States is to maintain anything close to our current quality of life and sustainability. In continuation of the publications of "Carey's Equality and Fundamental Theorem on Stationary Population Models" (vide http://mbi.osu.edu/resources/success-stories/) and "New theorem determines the age distribution of population from fruit flies to humans" (vide http://esciencenews.com/articles/2014/10/06/new.theorem.determines.age.distribution.populations.fruit.flies.humans/), Rao (2014) and Rao and Carey (2015) (see also Rao, 2012) have shown very interesting and new ideas and concepts on population stationary as well as on population stability and momentum. By 1990, the TFRs of the European Soviet republics had returned to approximately their 1980 levels, while fertility decline had resumed in Soviet Central Asia. The middle plot shows that the relative size of the proportions under age 30 is not only linear, but is identical to the momentum. 1. These populations remain in the early phases of the demographic transition, exhibiting sustained fertility decline. Time evolution in the logistic model for various values of μ. Furthermore, if the domain of variation of K was - ∞ < K < + ∞, that of μ is restricted to the values 0 < μ < 4. Furthermore, with a smaller and stationary population, our fragile environment will be better protected. Stationary population level is when the national population stops growing. While there has been a steady increase of population growth during the past two or three centuries, it has been especially rapid during the past 20 years. The behavior of the trajectories is never the same even if the measurement times are infinitely large. A Decrease font size. The following calculations are based on an annual contingent of 10,000 persons of whom 3500 are male and 6500 female - the average proportions observed in the group of thirteen countries in 1950-1990. Kim, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Table 2. A Increase font size. Let us note only that the bifurcation between the situations of positive and negative values of K takes place at the value of μ = 1. Poincaré was the first to assume the possibility of "irregular" or "chaotic" behavior of solutions of differential equations. Stationary Population Level: the level in which a population has a basically even distribution of age groups and population ceases to grow. By gradually increasing the value of μ beyond 3, May discovered a new phenomenon with regard to the behavior of bifurcations as previously described. For empirical relationships, two data sets are used. Fig. The population of the world, now somewhat in excess of three billion persons, is growing at about two per cent a year, or faster than at any other period in mans history. Russia and Latvia, whose respective TFRs were 1.28 and 1.09 as of 1998, figure among the lowest-fertility countries in Europe. 7. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The concepts and ideas of the two research publications, mentioned above, may be followed up for further in demographic research.
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stationary population level 2020


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Jane Foster est un personnage de bande dessinée évoluant dans l'univers Marvel de la maison d'édition Marvel Comics. Créé par les scénaristes Stan Lee et Larry Lieber ainsi que le dessinateur Jack Kirby, le personnage de fiction apparaît pour la première fois dans le comic book Journey into Mystery () #84 en septembre 1962.

Pendant de nombreuses années, le personnage de Jane Foster a été une infirmière employée par le  Donald Blake, l'identité secrète du super-héros et dieu asgardien Thor. Le désir inassouvi du dieu Thor d'épouser cette mortelle fait partie des relations romantiques les plus compliquées de l'univers Marvel. Jane Foster-Kincaid possède une entrée dans l'Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Update '89 #3.

Elle devient par la suite une incarnation féminine du dieu Thor puis la nouvelle Valkyrie en remplacement de Brunehilde.

Dans l'univers cinématographique Marvel, où le personnage est représenté sous la forme d'une astrophysicienne, le personnage de Jane Foster est interprété par l'actrice Natalie Portman.

Biographie du personnage

Infirmière
Peu d'informations sont données sur le passé de Jane Foster en tant qu'infirmière avant sa rencontre avec Thor.

Lors de ses premières apparitions, Jane Foster est une infirmière du docteur Donald Blake (alias Thor). Elle développe des sentiments pour lui et son alter ego Thor, ne sachant pas que Blake et Thor sont une seule et même personne. Le triangle amoureux dure un certain temps jusqu'à ce que Thor lui révèle son identité secrète. Il l'emmène même à Asgard avec lui. Là, l'immortalité et la puissance des dieux lui sont accordées, jusqu'à ce qu'elle échoue aux épreuves de courage prévues par Odin. Après son échec, elle est dépouillée de ses nouveaux pouvoirs, et quitte Asgard pour retourner sur la Terre.

Jane Foster et Thor finissent par se séparer et, plus tard, celle-ci rencontre son mari, le docteur Keith Kincaid, avec qui elle a un fils. Pendant un temps, Odin efface les souvenirs que Jane avait de Thor, désormais loin d'elle, mais celle-ci les retrouve finalement. Par la suite, Jane aide parfois les membres de l'équipe des Vengeurs (dont Thor fait partie) lorsque le besoin s'en fait sentir.

Médecin
Le personnage de Jane Foster recroise plus activement la route de Thor dans une série suivante.

Dans Thor () #5, elle est désormais médecin et est présentée dans une position d'autorité par rapport à plusieurs ambulanciers de New York, comprenant notamment Jake Olsen. Mais, à son insu, Jake Olsen et Thor ont fusionné, ce qui crée beaucoup de conflits : lors d'un cas d'urgence, Olsen ne tient pas compte des ordres médicaux et utilise les connaissances du docteur Donald Blake (l'ancienne incarnation mortelle de Thor) pour effectuer une procédure médicale compliquée sur un homme gravement malade. Plus tard, Foster devient impliquée dans une affaire policière contre Olsen, accusé d'avoir volé des médicaments.

Civil War
Pendant le crossover Civil War, Jane Foster s'associe à Captain America contre le Registration Act, la loi sur l'enregistrement des super-héros, et rejoint son groupe de résistance. Elle opère à partir de la cache du SHIELD 23.

Bien que très brièvement vue dans Civil War #2, l'éditeur en chef de Marvel Comics, Tom Brevoort, déclare dans une interview que c'était vraiment elle qui accueillit les Young Avengers dans leurs nouveaux quartiers. Elle apparaît également dans le numéro 4 de la série pour prodiguer des soins à Spider-Man.

Le retour de Donald Blake
Après avoir entendu des rumeurs sur le retour du docteur Donald Blake et de Thor, Jane Foster divorce de son mari et perd la garde de leur enfant.

Blake lui rend visite à son travail dans un hôpital de New York, à la recherche de Sif dont Blake pensait à tort que son esprit était en Foster, leurs esprits ayant déjà fusionné par le passé. Ils sortent ensemble, après des retrouvailles tumultueuses.

Le docteur Foster découvrit plus tard que l'esprit de Sif était prisonnier du corps mourant d'une patiente, une vieille dame atteinte d'un cancer. Elle alerta alors Blake. Thor se rendit aussitôt à New York et fut capable de restaurer Sif, juste avant le décès de la patiente.

Cancer et transformation en Thor

La Valkyrie
Lors de l'évènement , les troupes de Malekith envahissent la Terre. Brunehilde (la super-héroïne Valkyrie) et ses Valkyries périssent lors d'une bataille à New York.

Après la défaite finale du seigneur des Elfes Noirs, Jane Foster hérite de la charge des guerrières tombées au combat et devient la nouvelle Valkyrie.

Pouvoirs et capacités

Capacités
Jane Foster est une femme diplômée en médecine qui exerce dans un hôpital public de New York, entre autres au service des Urgences. Par ailleurs, elle combine un diplôme de médecin avec celui d'infirmière, ce qui lui permet d'associer ses capacités théoriques à certaines pratiques techniques du milieu de l'infirmerie.

En complément de ses pouvoirs, elle possède la force normale d'une femme de son âge et de sa constitution qui pratique un entraînement physique modéré.

Pouvoirs en tant que Thor
En tant que Thor, Jane Foster dispose de tous les pouvoirs et capacités du dieu Thor Odinson, notamment ses caractéristiques physiques surhumaines (dont une force lui permettant de soulever plusieurs tonnes et une résistance surhumaine).

Comme Thor, elle est équipée de Mjolnir, le marteau enchanté forgé dans le métal mystique uru provenant de la dimension asgardienne. Dès qu'elle le projette, celui-ci regagne automatiquement sa main. Elle peut aussi l'employer pour repousser les projectiles (ou toute autre forme d'attaque) en faisant tournoyer très rapidement le marteau  devant elle.

Grâce à Mjolnir, elle peut contrôler le climat, absorber les énergies projetées contre elle, ouvrir des portails interdimensionnels et voler dans les airs à haute vitesse.

Dès qu'elle lâche Mjolnir pendant plus de 60 secondes, elle redevient Jane Foster.

Pouvoirs en tant que Valkyrie

Versions alternatives

What if
Dans la série alternative What If? #10 d'août 1978, intitulé « What If Jane Foster Had Found the Hammer of Thor » (« Et si Jane Foster avait trouvé le marteau de Thor »), Jane est brièvement transformée en une déesse et se fait appeler Thordis.

Elle utilise même ses pouvoirs pour sauver Donald Blake (l'alter-ego de Thor, privé de pouvoirs) du danger. Pour sauver Asgard du Ragnarök, Odin l'oblige à abandonner le marteau pour Donald Blake, qui se transforme en Thor. Cela se traduit pour Jane par la perte de ses pouvoirs, mais elle est autorisée à rester sur Asgard et conserve son statut de déesse. Plus tard, elle tombe amoureuse d'Odin et l'épouse.

1985
Dans le sixième et dernier numéro de la série 1985 (2008), Jane Foster est l'infirmière présente lorsque Jerry Goodman se réveille de son coma. Il lui propose de sortir ensemble, et elle-ci accepte. Jerry avait le béguin pour elle depuis qu'il avait lu les comics Thor, étant enfant.

Ultimate
L'infirmière Jane Foster fait une brève apparition dans l'univers Ultimate Marvel, au cours de la première série Ultimates où elle est l'une des rares personnes qui est convaincue que Thor est vraiment le dieu du Tonnerre.

Apparitions dans d'autres médias

Cinéma

Interprétée par Natalie Portman dans l'univers cinématographique Marvel
 2011 : Thor de Kenneth Branagh
 2012 : Avengers de Joss Whedon (apparaît en photo quand Phil Coulson donne de ses nouvelles à Thor.) 2013 : Thor : Le Monde des ténèbres d'Alan Taylor
 2019 : Avengers: Endgame d'Anthony et Joe Russo
 2022 : Thor: Love and Thunder de Taika Waititi

 Caractéristiques dans l'univers cinématographique Marvel
La profession de Jane Foster est très différente de celle de la version comics d'origine, puisque dans l'univers cinématographique Marvel elle est astrophysicienne.

 Télévision
 1966 : The Marvel Super-Heroes (série d'animation) – doublée par Peg Dixon
 2010-2011 : Avengers : L'Équipe des super-héros'' (série d'animation) – doublée par Kari Wahlgren. Dans la série, elle n'est plus une infirmière dans un hôpital, elle effectue des secours paramédicaux.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Valkyrie

Liens externes

 Thor (Foster) sur Marvel-world.com

Personnage de Thor
Infirmière de fiction
Médecin de fiction
Personnage de comics Marvel
Personnage créé par Jack Kirby
Personnage de fiction créé en 1952

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Amanita atkinsoniana é um fungo que pertence ao gênero de cogumelos Amanita na ordem Agaricales. Produz um corpo de frutificação cujo píleo ("chapéu") é esbranquiçado a amarronzado e mede até 12,5 cm de diâmetro. Tem formato convexo ou achatado, por vezes com uma depressão central. Sua superfície é coberta por pequenas verrugas cônicas, que são remanescentes do véu universal. Elas são facilmente removíveis e perto da borda do chapéu vão ficando menores e lanosas. O tronco, branco e liso, pode atingir 20 cm de altura e 2,5 cm de espessura. Em sua base há um bulbo coberto com anéis de escamas marrom-avermelhadas.

O cogumelo foi descrito pela primeira vez pelo botânico norte-americano William Chambers Coker em 1917, com base em espécimes que ele mesmo coletou na Carolina do Norte em setembro e outubro de 1914. O epíteto específico atkinsoniana é uma homenagem a George Francis Atkinson, um micologista que descreveu cogumelos no sul e no leste dos Estados Unidos no final do século XIX. Na natureza, é encontrado principalmente nos Estados Unidos, mas sua área de distribuição vai desde Quebec, no Canadá, até o estado mexicano de Michoacán. O cogumelo frutifica mais comumente durante o verão e outono após fortes chuvas, crescendo sobre o solo de florestas de coníferas e decíduas mistas. A espécie é classificada como "possivelmente venenosa" e seu consumo não é recomendado.

Taxonomia
A espécie Amanita atkinsoniana foi descrita pela primeira vez pelo botânico norte-americano William Chambers Coker em 1917, em sua monografia sobre cogumelos do gênero Amanita do leste dos Estados Unidos. A descrição de Coker foi baseada em diversos espécimes que ele havia coletado em vários locais da Carolina do Norte nos meses de setembro e outubro de 1914. O epíteto específico atkinsoniana é uma homenagem a George Francis Atkinson (1854–1918), um micologista da Universidade de Cornell, que coletou e descreveu cogumelos no sul e no leste dos Estados Unidos no final do século XIX. Em 1952, o francês Marcel Locquin decidiu transferir a espécie para o gênero Armillaria, batizando-a de Armillaria atkinsoniana, mas essa mudança não foi adotada por outros especialistas, de modo que hoje o termo é considerado um sinônimo. Sobre este assunto, Rolf Singer escreveu, em 1955, que "Locquin está completamente isolado dentre os micologistas, os quais acreditam que as diferenças estruturais entre Armillaria luteovirens e os Amanitas são muito grandes e significantes para que não se combine os Armillaria com nenhum dos Amanita.

Amanita atkinsoniana está classificada na estirpe Microlepsis da subseção Solitariae, na seção Lepidella do gênero Amanita. Espécies na subseção Solitariae são distinguidas por várias características: a volva é composta por estruturas celulares de formatos variados; fileiras de grandes células cilíndricas a alongadas com secção transversa em forma de trevo que nunca são dominantes; uma estipe que tipicamente possui uma base bulbosa e remanescentes da volva na superfície concentrados em direção à base; a volva não é membranosa nem perto de sê-la, nunca forma prolongamentos na base da estipe, e nunca forma manchas na superfície do chapéu, onde a camada externa consiste de hifas "pressionadas" contra a superfície.

Descrição

O píleo (o "chapéu" do cogumelo) de A. atkinsoniana mede de 6 a 12,5 cm de diâmetro e, a depender do seu grau de maturidade, pode ter formato convexo ou achatado, por vezes com uma depressão central rasa. Sua cor varia de esbranquiçado a branco-amarelado, cinza-amarronzado, laranja-amarronzado a marrom-acinzentado, e é mais claro nas bordas. A superfície do chapéu é coberta com os remanescentes do véu universal na forma de pequenas verrugas cônicas marrom-avermelhadas a marrom-acinzentadas, e que são facilmente removíveis. Aproximando-se da borda do chapéu, as verrugas vão ficando menores e lanosas. A margem do píleo é lisa ou com discretos sulcos que espelham as lamelas subjacentes; tem ainda restos do véu parcial pendurados ao longo da borda. As lamelas são apinhadas, livres de adesão ao tronco, moderadamente largas, branco-amareladas, e, ocasionalmente, apresentam pequenas manchas avermelhadas. As lamélulas — lamelas curtas que não se estendem completamente a partir da margem do chapéu até o tronco — são truncadas (extremidade "cortada" drasticamente) a atenuadas.

A estipe (o "tronco" do corpo de frutificação) mede de 8 a 20 cm de altura por 1 a 2,5 cm de diâmetro. Ela tem a mesma espessura em todo o seu comprimento ou às vezes vai se afilando em direção ao ápice; é esbranquiçada e com a superfície lisa a flocosa (delicadamente algodonosa). O bulbo basal tem formato variado, e geralmente está coberto com anéis de escamas marrom-avermelhadas ou verrugas dos remanescentes do véu universal, muitas vezes estendendo-se até a estipe por uma curta distância. O véu universal sobre a base do tronco é bastante incomum em cogumelos Amanita, porque forma verrugas que se estendem quase até o fundo do bulbo. O tronco muitas vezes enraíza no solo abaixo do bulbo na forma de um cordão alongado de micélio conhecido como pseudorriza. O véu parcial forma um anel que é um pouco membranoso, frágil a moderadamente persistente e branco-amarelado a amarelo pálido. Eventualmente, quando o cogumelo amadurece, o anel colapsa sobre o tronco formando uma fina membrana. A carne é branca e possui um odor fraco de água sanitária.

Características microscópicas

Amanita atkinsoniana tem a impressão de esporos, uma técnica usada na identificação de fungos, de cor branca. Os esporos tem formato elipsoide a alongado, são hialinos (translúcidos), de paredes finas, e possuem dimensões de 9 a 12,5 por 5,5 a 8 micrômetros (µm). Eles são amiloides, o que significa que irão absorver o iodo quando corados com o reagente de Melzer, ficando de cor azul escuro. Os basídios (células que carregam os esporos) medem 35 a 60 por 7 a 13,5 µm, em forma de taco, com quatro esporos cada, com "ganchos" (clamps) em suas bases. Os queilocistídios (cistídios encontrados na borda das lamelas) medem 15 a 45 por 10 a 30 µm, são elipsoides ou em forma de taco, e abundantes. A cutícula do chapéu (pileipellis) mede até 165 µm de espessura e é feita de hifas radiais e entrelaçadas; possui 2,5 a 8 µm de diâmetro, e pode estar ligeiramente ou fortemente gelatinizada. O véu universal no píleo consiste de células que em sua maioria são aproximadamente esféricas ou elipsoides, e, em menor proporção, de outras alongadas ou com uma das extremidades afilada. Essas células podem atingir até 75 por 40 µm, e estão dispostas em cadeias terminais curtas e hifas relativamente escassas, medindo entre 3 e 7,5 µm de diâmetro. Na base da estipe, o tecido do véu universal é muito parecido com o do chapéu. Fíbulas estão presentes nas hifas.

Espécies semelhantes

Por causa da volva colorida, A. atkinsoniana se assemelha a A. onusta, que difere da primeira pelos corpos de frutificação de pequeno a médio tamanho com um véu cinzento, verrugas cinza escuro a cinza-amarronzadas, e um bulbo basal que geralmente está um pouco enraizado. Às vezes, os corpos de frutificação de A. atkinsoniana são confundidos com os de A. microlepis que podem ser distinguidos pela presença de restos volvais marrom-avermelhados a marrom-acinzentados e pelo enraizamento do bulbo de A. atkinsoniana.

Comestibilidade
O micologista canadense René Pomerleau (1904–1993) considera o cogumelo como "duvidosamente comestível", enquanto Orson K. Miller, Jr. e Hope Miller, em seu guia de campo sobre cogumelos norte-americanos, o classifica como "possivelmente venenoso" (apesar de também indicarem que não há relatos específicos de que toxinas tenham sido encontradas em A. atkinsoniana), e recomendam que, de um modo geral, nenhuma espécie de Amanita do subgênero Lepidella deve ser consumida.

Ecologia, distribuição e habitat
Como a grande maioria das espécies do gênero Amanita, A. atkinsoniana é uma espécie micorrízica, formando portanto uma associação simbiótica mutuamente benéfica com várias espécies de plantas. As ectomicorrizas garantem ao cogumelo compostos orgânicos importantes para a sua sobrevivência oriundos da fotossíntese do vegetal; em troca, a planta é beneficiada por um aumento da absorção de água e nutrientes graças às hifas do fungo. A existência dessa relação é um requisito fundamental para a sobrevivência e crescimento adequado de certas espécies de árvores, como alguns tipos de coníferas.

Os corpos de frutificação de Amanita atkinsoniana crescem sobre o solo de florestas de coníferas e decíduas mistas. Eles foram recolhidos nos estados do Alabama, Geórgia, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Carolina do Norte, Nova Jersey, Nova Iorque, Pensilvânia, Tennessee, Texas, Virgínia, Vermont, e Virgínia Ocidental. Um guia de campo aponta que o cogumelo tem uma preferência para a associação com carvalhos onde o terreno é coberto por arbustos de mirtilo (Vaccinium). O fungo também foi coletado em Quebec, no Canadá. A extensão sul da sua distribuição na natureza estende-se ao estado mexicano de Michoacán. O cogumelo frutifica mais comumente durante o verão e outono após fortes chuvas.

Notas

Ligações externas

Fotos no Mushroom Observer

atkinsoniana
Espécies descritas em 1917


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text:
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(L-R): Brian Bradford, AJ Burton, Daniel Hill, Jon Singer, Billy Lynn, Phillip White, Frank Rogers, Eric Hurt, and Ross Cameron.
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text:
Edwin Franklin Brown (Jr.)
TITLE: Jr.
Family 1: Judith Ann Whipple (15 Jan 1950 - 12 Dec 2012)
+Meredith Ann Brown (____ - ____)
Edwin Franklin "Eddie" Brown (____ - ____)
Brandon Lance Brown (____ - ____)
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|--Edwin Franklin Brown
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!SOURCE: Email from Lance Whipple (undisclosed at example dot net) to Weldon Whipple, 20 Nov 2006.
!SOURCE: Obituary of Judith A. Whipple-Brown (http://www.legacy.com/obituaries /fosters/obituary.aspx?n=judith-a -whipple-brownπd=161690999&fhid=5741#fbLoggedOut)

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