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From Orson Scott Card, the internationally bestselling author of Ender's Game, comes the riveting finale to the story of Rigg, a teenager who possesses a special power that allows him to see the paths of people's pasts.
In Pathfinder, Rigg joined forces with another teen with special talents on a quest to find Rigg's sister and discover the true significance of their powers. Then Rigg's story continued in Ruins as he was tasked to decipher the paths of the past before the arrival of a destructive force with deadly intentions. Now, in Visitors, Rigg's journey comes to an epic and explosive conclusion as everything that has been building up finally comes to pass, and Rigg is forced to put his powers to the ultimate test in order to save his world and end the war once and for all.
The Place:
From the surface of the planet Garden, it looks like a plateau surrounded by a steep cliff, with a mountain in the middle. But from space, it is plain that the plateau is a huge crater, and the mountain is its center point.
Buried deep beneath that central mountain is a starship. It crashed into the planet Garden 11,203 years ago.
Yet the starship was launched from near-Earth orbit only nineteen years ago. It journeyed seven years, then made the jump that was meant to create an anomaly in spacetime and appear near Garden instantaneously.
It was instantaneous to Ram Odin, the pilot of the starship—the only living person awake on the starship.
But compared to the surrounding universe, the ship arrived 11,191 years before it made the jump.
In the process, it divided into nineteen ships, one for each of the onboard computers that calculated the jump. All those ships contained a duplicate of Ram Odin, along with all the other humans lying in stasis, waiting to arrive at the world they would colonize.
All nineteen ships were deliberately crashed into the surface of the planet Garden. The simultaneous impact slowed the rotation of the planet, lengthening the day. Each impact formed a crater. Protected by anti-inertial and anti-collision fields, all the starships and their colonists survived.
Nineteen colonies were created, each separated from the others by a psychoactive field called "the Wall."
This starship is in the middle of the wallfold called Vadeshfold.
In the control room of the starship, there are either four men, or three, or two, or one, depending on how you count them.
One of them is the sole surviving Ram Odin. If you say that there is only one man in the control room, he is that man. He has survived all these centuries by rising out of stasis for only one day in each fifty years, or sometimes for one week after a hundred years—whatever is needed in order to make the decisions that the ship's computers are not competent to make without him.
Another of them looks like an adult man, and speaks like one, but he is really a machine, an expendable. He is called Vadeshex. All the humans in his colony were wiped out in terrible warfare more than ten thousand years before. In the years since then, he has devoted himself to creating a version of a native parasite that might be a suitable symbiotic partner for humans, if they ever came to Vadeshfold again.
The two other men were born as a single human being named Rigg Sessamekesh, fifteen years before the present day. Arguably they are not men but boys.
Both of them wear upon their heads, covering their faces, the symbiotic facemask created by Vadeshex. The facemask penetrates their brains and bodies, enhancing their senses, quickening their movements, strengthening their bodies, so that some might consider them no longer to be human at all, but rather some strange new hybrid, only half human at best.
The Situation:
A half hour ago, Ram Odin attempted to murder Rigg, but with his faster reflexes, Rigg avoided him. Then, using the time-shifting power he was born with, he went back half an hour in time and preventively killed Ram Odin. It was not just a matter of self-defense. Rigg believed that it was Ram Odin whose actions were destined to destroy the world.
Then Rigg went forward two years and saw that eliminating Ram Odin had done nothing to prevent the complete destruction of the human race on Garden. Far from being the worst menace to the humans of Garden, Ram Odin was the only source of information Rigg would need to figure out how to save Garden. So he went back in time and prevented himself from killing Ram Odin, and Ram Odin from killing the earlier version of Rigg.
The result was that now there were two copies of Rigg—the one who had done the killing, then learned it had done no good and returned; and the one who had been prevented from doing the killing or being killed, who had not experienced the inevitable coming of the Destroyers, and who now called himself Noxon, recognizing that he could never be the same person as the other Rigg.
Thus there are four men, by stature and general shape: Ram Odin, Rigg, Noxon, and Vadeshex.
But Vadeshex is not a living organism, so there are only three men.
Rigg and Noxon are really one person, divided into two separate beings half an hour ago. So there are only two genetically and biographically distinct men.
The Riggs are only fifteen years old by calendar. Older than that by the number of days they have lived through, then repeated, but still they are only boys, not men.
And the Riggs are both deeply and permanently connected to the alien facemask, making them by some reckonings only half human, and by other reckonings not human at all.
So only Ram Odin, of all the four, is a pure man; yet he is weakest of them all.
Far away, in another wallfold, Rigg's sister Param and Rigg's friend Umbo also have power over the flow of time, and are also working to save the world of Garden from the Destroyers. But it is these four in Vadeshfold who among them have control over a starship; it is these four who know that a version of Ram Odin is still alive; and it is these four who must now decide what each of them will do in order to save the human race on Garden.
For the one thing that never changes is that, despite many attempts to reshape history by the manipulation of time, the Visitors come from Earth, see what the human race has become in the nineteen wallfolds of Garden, and then send the Destroyers to blast all nineteen civilizations into oblivion.
The Conversation:
"The biggest problem we have is ignorance," said Rigg Noxon. "We don't know what causes the people of Earth to decide to destroy our whole world." Though in fact the biggest problem he was having at the moment was the realization that he was capable of killing someone in cold blood.
It was the other Rigg who had actually done the killing, but Rigg Noxon knew that they were the same person. If Rigg had not come back and prevented the killings, Noxon would certainly have done just what Rigg did. Only now, because he hadn't taken those actions, both Noxon and Rigg continued to exist as separate people with nearly identical pasts.
Am I a killer, because I know I could and would commit murder? Or am I innocent, because something prevented me from doing it? After all, the person who prevented me was myself. A version of myself.
The killer version.
"Which is why your friends have to allow the mice from Odinfold to go back to Earth with the Visitors," said Ram Odin.
"They're deciding whether to stop themselves from warning the Visitors about the stowaway mice," said Rigg-the-killer.
Ram Odin shook his head. "Why is it up to them? You go back and prevent them from giving warning."
"They had good reason for preventing the mice from getting aboard the Visitors' ship," said Rigg-the-killer. "The mice weren't going back to find out what happened. They were infected with a disease which was no doubt designed to wipe out the human race on Earth."
"When you say 'no doubt' it means that there is reason to doubt," said Ram Odin. "People only say 'no doubt' when they know they're making a judgment based on insufficient information."
"They don't have facemasks," said Rigg Noxon. "They can't hear the mice or talk to them. They can't ask."
"You can hear them," said Ram Odin. "You can ask."
"We don't necessarily believe the mice," said Rigg-the-killer. "They already killed Param once. Our goal is to save the human race on Garden, not provide mousekind with a depopulated Earth for them to inherit."
"There are too many players in this game," said Ram Odin.
"The mice were planning to take several billion of them out of the game entirely," said Rigg-the-killer.
"Not all the players are equal," said Ram Odin. "Make a decision and make it stick."
"You've been alone with the expendables far too long," said Rigg Noxon. "You think because you can play God with other people's lives, you have a right to do it."
"You think," added Rigg-the-killer, "that because you've been doing it for so long, you're fit to do it."
"Power is power," said Ram Odin. "If you have it, then it's yours to use."
"The sheer stupidity of that statement," said Rigg-the-killer, "makes me wonder how Garden struggled along for eleven thousand years with you in control."
"A child lectures an eleven-thousand-year-old man," said Ram Odin.
"There are thousands of examples in history," said Rigg-the-killer, "of people with power who used it in ways that ended up destroying their power and, usually, a whole lot of innocent people, too."
Rigg Noxon listened to his other self and realized: Having killed Ram Odin changed him. Rigg Noxon would not have treated Ram that way—as if his statements were worthless. Rigg Noxon would have tried to take them into account. Rigg Noxon would have spoken as youth to adult. But Rigg-the-killer must still be full of anger toward Ram Odin, who had, after all, tried to kill Rigg first.
We lived exactly the same life until a few minutes ago, for me; a few weeks or months ago, for Rigg-the-killer. But we are different people.
"So you leave the decision up to Umbo and Param," said Ram Odin.
"And Olivenko and Loaf," said Rigg Noxon. "We're companions, not a military force with someone giving orders and everyone else required to obey."
"Besides," said Rigg-the-killer, "I don't want to leave the future of the human race on both planets in the tiny little hands of the sentient mice of Odinfold."
"What do you plan, then?" said Ram Odin. "To sneak on board the Visitors' ship?"
"Yes," said Rigg-the-killer.
"No," said Rigg Noxon, at exactly the same moment.
They looked at each other in consternation.
"We could sneak on," said Rigg-the-killer. "We can slice time the way Param does, now that we have the facemask to let us perceive units of time that small. We'll be invisible for the whole voyage back."
"And when we get there, what will we do?" asked Rigg Noxon. "There is only a year between the coming of the Visitors and the return of the Destroyers. Most of that must have been spent voyaging. So when they return to Earth, the response, the decision, it's immediate. What are we going to do, give speeches? Hold meetings?"
"Your talents with time don't make you particularly persuasive," said Ram Odin. "And powerful people don't change their minds because of speeches."
"As soon as we arrive," said Rigg-the-killer, "we jump back in time and learn everything we need to know, make the connections we need to make."
"Of course," said Rigg Noxon. "We'll fit right in. Nobody will notice we're from another planet. I'm sure that in all human cultures, kids our age will be taken seriously and be able to influence world events. Especially kids wearing parasites on their faces."
"Or you could figure out who needs to be assassinated and kill them," said Ram Odin.
Both Riggs looked at him in consternation. "We know you're an assassin," said Rigg-the-killer. "We're not."
"On the contrary," said Ram Odin. "You came here bragging that you are."
"In self-defense," said Rigg-the-killer. "But you—when your ship made the jump and you realized that there were nineteen copies of the ship, of you, of all the colonists, you made the immediate decision to kill all the other versions of yourself."
"Precisely to avoid the kind of weak-minded, incoherent 'leadership' you exhibit," said Ram Odin. "And please remember, I'm the Ram Odin who didn't order the death of anybody."
"No, you're the sneaky one who hid out until the quickest killer version of yourself had died of old age and then you established your colony in Odinfold, violating most of the decisions your murderous self made and then living forever," said Rigg-the-killer. "Proving that you don't always think one person is fit to make all the decisions for everyone—even when that person is a version of yourself."
Ram Odin rolled his eyes and then nodded. "It's extremely annoying hearing this from a child."
"But no less true," said Rigg-the-killer.
"Once you've killed somebody," said Rigg Noxon, "can anybody honestly consider you a child anymore?"
"Then you're still a child because I stopped you from killing anybody? And I'm an adult?" asked Rigg-the-killer.
"Yes," said Rigg Noxon. "In a way. Maybe because I'm a child, or maybe because of the quirks of causality arising from the different paths we've walked recently, I have a slightly different plan."
"Either we go back with the Visitors or we don't," said Rigg-the-killer. "The difference isn't slight."
"Don't be like him," said Rigg Noxon, "and assume that because you didn't think of it, it must be wrong."
"Think of what?" asked Ram Odin impatiently.
"I think I should go to Earth, but not with the Visitors," said Rigg Noxon.
A couple of beats of silence, and then Ram Odin shook his head. "This ship can't fly again. The inertial field kept it from damage when it collided with Garden, but we can't raise it from the planet's surface. Even if we could get rid of the millions of tons of rock above us right now, the ship doesn't have enough power to lift us out of the gravity well of Garden."
Rigg Noxon shook his head. "You're forgetting what we do," he said.
"He means for one of us to go backward in time to when the ship arrived," said Rigg-the-killer. "He means for us to keep making little jumps into the past, following your path moment by moment, backward along with this ship as it slammed into Garden. I mean, as it unslams, backing out of this hole and up into space, backward and backward until it gets to Earth. Until we get to the point where you launched on this voyage."
"This ship was built in space," said Ram Odin. "It never was on Earth."
"We go back to when it was built," said Rigg Noxon. "Then we follow someone else's path off the ship."
"If you can even do that," said Ram Odin, "what's the point? Why not go back with the Visitors as the other Rigg suggested and then jump back in time?"
"There are some key differences," said Rigg Noxon. "First, we don't have to spend the voyage in hiding—not the way we would by slicing time on the Visitors' ship."
Rigg-the-killer was nodding. "And we'll have the jewels," he said, holding up the bag of jewels that gave them the ability to control the ships' computers—and stored all the information the computers had gathered in the meantime.
Ram Odin looked at the jewels. "Each time you jump backward," said Ram Odin, "the ships' computers and the expendables will be sensing these things for the first time."
"And each time," said Rigg Noxon, "it will give them a complete account of everything that's been learned in the eleven millennia of history on Garden."
"So they can take preventive measures and cause us all not to exist?" asked Ram Odin.
"They wouldn't cause us not to exist," said Rigg-the-killer. "Preservation of causality and all that. But yes, it might cause them to prevent the terraforming of Garden in the first place. What about that?" he asked Rigg Noxon. "Do we leave the jewels behind? If we do, the ship will process us as stowaways and have the expendables put us into stasis or just kill us."
Rigg Noxon shook his head. "No. Remember what Umbo learned in his reading in the library in Odinfold? The Odinfolders—or the mice, who can tell?—worked out the math of what happened in the jump. It didn't just create nineteen copies of the ship and all the humans and machinery on it. It also made either one or nineteen other copies that moved exactly backward in time."
"So what?" asked Rigg-the-killer. "They're moving backward in time. Even when we jump around, at the end of a jump we're still moving forward in time, the same direction as the rest of the universe. And the backward movement of the ship or ships would exactly duplicate the forward voyage of the ship coming here, so we'd still be inside the ship that voyaged out. We'll never be able to find the backward-moving ship. Or ships."
"Not with the skill set we've had up to now," said Rigg Noxon. "But what if we could learn to go the other direction?"
"What if we could jump straight to Earth without using any starship at all?" asked Rigg-the-killer. "Because we can't. There's no reason to think we can."
"I think Param holds the key," said Rigg Noxon.
"She slices time very thin, but she still moves forward in time."
"Because all she knew was slicing," said Rigg Noxon. "She couldn't jump forward or backward, the way we can. Now, with our facemasks, we can slice time the way she does. We can see those tiny divisions and do something about them. But we can also jump backward. We can slice time backward."
"We're still moving forward," said Rigg-the-killer. "Between slices."
"So what?" asked Noxon. "If we slice time thin enough, and we jump backward two nanoseconds, stay there for one nanosecond, and then jump backward another two nanoseconds, the effect is that we move backward in time at the rate of one nanosecond per nanosecond, which is the same rate that the back-traveling ship will be moving backward through time."
"But when we're in existence, we're going forward," Rigg-the-killer insisted. "No matter how fine you chop the time."
"Maybe you're right," said Noxon. "But you're forgetting the very first thing we ever did. We saw a path, Umbo slowed it down for us, and we latched on. That was how we jumped, by latching on to a person. If we can at least detect a backward-moving person's path, we can attach and it will change our direction."
"Or maybe not," said Rigg. "Maybe forward-time and backward-time annihilate each other when they touch, like matter and anti-matter."
"So I'll do it alone," said Noxon. "I'm the extra copy, right? So if I get annihilated, we're back to the right number of Riggs, that's all."
"And then," said Ram, "you can take hold of the backward-moving version of me and pull me—him—back into the normal timestream again."
"Just what we need," said Rigg. "More Ram Odins."
"I've shepherded nineteen wallfolds for eleven thousand years," said Ram. "What have you done?"
"You hurt his feelings," said Noxon.
"He's too sensitive," said Rigg.
"You do realize that there was a time-jump of 11,191 years. Not to mention a leap of several lightyears through folded space. Do you think you can hang on through that much time and space and a change in direction?"
"It'll be interesting to see," said Rigg. "We'll find out by trying it."
"We'll find out," said Noxon, "but I'll do the trying."
"You get all the fun with physics?" asked Rigg.
"I'm the extra. We can afford to lose me."
"Well, I can," said Rigg. "But you can't."
"I won't be around to miss me when I'm gone," said Noxon.
"I'm not sure how your brains even function," said Ram. "Everything you say makes no sense. And it's perfectly sensible."
"We can both go back, but on different ships," said Noxon to Rigg, ignoring Ram. "I'll latch on to the backward ship and ride it to Earth, and you hide on the original ship and jump back to the beginning of the voyage."
"You both get there at exactly the same time," said Ram. "The beginning of my voyage."
"Not really," said Rigg. "When I get there, if I do it, I have to deal with the fact that I'm in the same timeflow. If I don't slice time or jump, I'm visible. But Noxon, he arrives there completely invisible. And in an invisible ship. I'll be there without any friends, because I can never show myself during the voyage."
"Why not?" asked Ram.
"Because I didn't," said Rigg. "It was you on that voyage. Did you see me? If you had seen me, there's a good chance it would have derailed the entire sequence of events. Leading to the nonexistence of nineteen colonies on Garden." He turned to Noxon. "You see the danger? One slip, and you might undo everything."
"But I won't have to hide from the Ram on my backward voyage, because he's a post-voyage Ram," said Noxon. "He's not causally connected to this universe, so I won't change anything at all. And I'll have a ship that isn't buried under a million tons of rock."
"Moving backward in time," said Ram.
"If I can pull myself and the backward Ram Odin into the forward-flowing timestream, I should be able to pull the ship with us. Material objects can be dragged along."
"If your venture succeeds," said Rigg, "then I won't need to go back with the Visitors. For all I know, the Visitors will never come at all."
"So while I go to Earth, you'll stay here?"
"If you succeed, then the world of Garden won't be destroyed," said Rigg. "So while you're playing God back on Earth—"
"You'll play God here," said Noxon.
"Visit all the wallfolds," said Rigg, "and decide whether to bring the Walls down."
"Or some of them, anyway. Keep the dangerous ones quarantined," said Noxon.
"Keep the technologies of Odinfold and the facemasks of Vadeshfold and the power of the expendables out of the hands of Mother and General Citizen," said Rigg.
"So you're going to make a play to be King-in-the-Tent?" asked Noxon. "They'll be eager to follow you, with your pretty face."
"I'll set up Param as Queen-in-the-Tent. Or abolish the monarchy and the People's Revolutionary Council," said Rigg. "I have no plan."
"Yet," said Ram Odin.
"I'll have a plan when I need one," said Rigg.
"In a pinch, plans kind of make themselves, mostly because you don't have a lot of choices," said Noxon.
"Aren't you going to ask the advice of someone older and wiser?" asked Ram Odin.
"When we find somebody wiser," said Noxon, "we'll ask him for advice."
Photograph (c) Bob Henderson, Henderson Photography, Inc.
Orson Scott Card is the author of numerous bestselling novels and the first writer to receive both the Hugo and Nebula awards two years in a row; first for Ender's Game and then for the sequel, Speaker for the Dead. He lives with his wife and children in North Carolina.
Publisher: Margaret K. McElderry Books (November 1, 2015)
Book Cover Image (jpg): Visitors
Author Photo (jpg): Orson Scott Card
More books from this author: Orson Scott Card


text:
is a Japanese television jidaigeki or period drama that was broadcast in prime-time in 1976. It is 8th in the Hissatsu series.

Plot

Cast
Ken Ogata as Tokiya Yumejirō
Isuzu Yamada as Hananoya
Gannosuke Ashiya as Tobei
Kanppie Hazama as Heromatsu
Judy Ongg as Tombo
Kensaku Morita as Shikake no Tenppie

References

1976 Japanese television series debuts
1970s drama television series
Jidaigeki television series

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Don't worry if you do not have a smart TV as there is a device called PC-on-a-stick which could convert LED or LCD TV into a smart one by spending less than Rs 10, 000. The smart TV could also be used as a personal computer (PC). US majors Microsoft and Intel are eyeing India for selling this technology because PC penetration is low while sales of LED TVs are booming in the country.
The PC-on-a-stick device can turn any LED or LCD monitor with an HDMI port into a personal computer. It can not only stream media from the Internet to the TV - like Google Chromecast and Teewe - but also support a mouse and keyboard and offer processing power comparable to tablet computers, as per an Economic Times report.
Why these companies are seeing a big market in India for selling the technology? This is because Indian households don't have a personal computer but possess a TV at home, said Vineet Durani, Microsoft India's director for Windows Business Group. PC penetration is very low in the country with just 10% households having access to computers, he said.
"We can position this stick PC as a cheap alternative to PC. In those areas, chances are that people might not have a PC but they certainly have a TV in their house," said Durani.
Microsoft, along with its partners, has already executed several pilots for this product in India to gauge the opportunity and Durani termed the response as positive. The company is expected to commercially launch its product in India within a few weeks.
Microsoft is also talking to TV manufacturers to bundle this stick computer with new TVs.
1Now, a Microsoft PC-on a stick for less than RS 10,000!
9Google creates a cardboard virtual reality viewer!


text:
Echo Dot with Clock (2022) review: an almost perfect smart speaker
Christine Blau November 26, 2022 13 min read
Echo Dot with Clock (fifth-gen, 2022)
New stuff, same small package
A Dot for every room
Souped-up sound and speed
More Wi-Fi for me
Smart Home Data Privacy: Echo Dot with Clock
AGREE TO CONTINUE: AMAZON ECHO DOT WITH CLOCK
The newest Echo Dot with Clock ($59.99, fifth-gen) shows more info on its brighter, bigger (but still small) display, has more helpful smart home features thanks to a new temperature sensor, and has a new accelerometer that makes tap to snooze actually work. Add in better sound and a speedier Alexa on board, and this is more than just a minor upgrade.
The Echo Dot with Clock has long been my favorite small smart speaker, and with these improvements, it's now my go-to smart alarm clock. As someone who spends most of her day surrounded by screens, the glanceable LED grid display on the Dot with Clock is a welcome respite at nighttime, providing just enough information at my bedside to be helpful without being distracting. My other preferred bedside table smart speaker is the second-gen Google Nest Hub (the one without a camera). While the Nest does a good job of blending into the background at night thanks to its matte display, the smaller footprint and lack of screen make the Dot with Clock a less intrusive bedside companion.
Better sound
Faster response time
Clock display now more useful
Tap controls much improved
New temperature sensor is surprisingly handy
No audio jack
You pay a premium for the clock feature
Alexa app is still horrible
Eero Wi-Fi extension cuts speed in half
Amazon's Echo Dots are the most feature-rich smart speakers you can get for the price. Cheap and easy to stick anywhere, they're Amazon's attempt to add its voice assistant to every room of your house. Powered by Alexa, the Dot can do most everything its bigger siblings can, including stream music, set timers, run Alexa Routines, control smart home devices, play games, tell jokes, and work as a home intercom and telephone.
For 2022, Amazon has upgraded the entire Echo Dot range — the Echo Dot, Echo Dot Kids Edition, and Echo Dot with Clock — with more sensors, faster processors, better sound, and the ability to act as Wi-Fi extenders on an Eero network. For most people, the changes aren't compelling enough to upgrade from a fourth-gen model. But those models are currently out of stock on Amazon, so if you are looking for the best Echo experience in the smallest package, you will be happy with any of the new ones.
The biggest improvement to the range is in the Echo Dot with Clock (which is the third version with a clock but with the fifth-gen speaker). This is the model I tested for this review, and while the overall design is identical to the prior version, Amazon has replaced the four-digit, seven-segment LED display with a brighter, more functional LED dot-matrix display.
Now, in addition to displaying the time, volume level, alarms, and timers, the Dot can show a scrolling weather forecast, song title, and other text responses to queries. The scrolling feature is a tad gimmicky. It can only show a few characters at a time, so you have to stand there for 30 seconds to read a song title and artist when you could simply ask Alexa to name the song. But it's also kind of fun. The weather forecast readout, with the temperature and a little cloud, sun, or rain icon, is more useful and slightly faster than listening to Alexa say the forecast.
The small footprint and lack of a screen make the Dot with Clock a better bedside companion
One feature we got a lot of use out of in my household was asking Alexa to do a math calculation. It now shows the result on the Dot as well as saying it aloud. (When I say "we," I mean my 11-year-old daughter.) It also scrolls a word when "I" ask it to spell something, which is helpful I hear.
The Echo Dot with Clock fourth-gen (left) next to the Echo Dot with Clock fifth-gen. The new LED dot-matrix display appears crisper and brighter.
The new Dots also got two new sensors: a temperature sensor and an accelerometer. The accelerometer improves the tap-to-snooze gesture and adds more gestures. These include tap to pause or resume music and tap to end a call. And the tapping works much better. I was never able to get tap to snooze to work on the earlier Dot, and here, it's an easier process. It still requires a somewhat hefty tap, but you can tap mostly anywhere on the speaker to get the response you want. (Before, you had to target the very top, which was fiddly and didn't work).
The new Dots are the first Echo speakers with Amazon's AZ2 neural edge processor
Finally, if you use the Amazon-owned Eero mesh Wi-Fi system, the new Dot can act as a Wi-Fi extender. That feature just arrived as an update on the fourth-gen Echo and is also coming to the fourth-gen Dot later this year, so it's not really a reason to upgrade to the fifth-gen Dot on its own. One reason to upgrade is if your kid (or you) really likes owls and dragons. The two new Echo Dot Kids Editions cost $59.99 and include a two-year warranty and a year's subscription to Amazon Kids Plus.
The new Dot only has a power port. Unlike prior versions, there's no audio jack.
The only major disappointment overall with the new Dots is that, for some reason, Amazon has removed the 3.5mm audio jack from the Dot. The jack let you hook up the Dot to a more powerful speaker and was an easy way to turn a better nonconnected speaker into a smart one. The fourth-gen and third-gen Dots have the audio jack, so you're not out of luck if you want this feature. You can also use Bluetooth or Wi-Fi to connect to other speakers.
While this is a firm favorite for me as a bedside smart speaker, I also tested the Echo Dot with Clock in the kitchen and the bathroom. In both places, its glanceable display proved more useful than the regular Dot; the clock is especially handy on busy mornings when we're trying to get out the door on time.
The new temperature sensor can tell you the temperature in the room (and show you on the display) as well as trigger Alexa Routines. I set it to turn up the AC when it gets too warm in the kitchen, and it worked reliably without me having to ask Alexa to adjust the Ecobee thermostat while I toiled over a hot stove.
The onboard ultrasound motion sensor, which is also in the fourth-gen Dot, is handy for turning lights on when you walk into the room. It's not quite as fast as a dedicated motion sensor, like the Philips Hue one I normally use in both my kitchen and bathroom, but it's only a beat or so behind, and it's nice not to need a second device in the room.
The volume up and down controls, mute button, and Alexa button (to summon the assistant without saying its name) are in the same place as before.
All Echo speakers also can trigger Routines when they detect certain types of sounds. These include running water, a dog barking, an appliance beeping, snoring, a baby crying, and coughing. I tested the beep detection in the kitchen and got Alexa notifications on my phone when my toast popped up, when my microwave lunch was ready, and again when my dishwasher was done. I had to guess which alert was for which appliance; the notifications just told me "beeping detected."
I really, really, really hope Amazon has a new app in the works — anything, please
I also set up a Routine that played my favorite radio station from Apple Music whenever I turned on the tap in the kitchen. Who doesn't like some tunes playing when they're washing up? However, the running water sound trigger is a bit sensitive: it would start blasting the music whenever there was any sound in the kitchen. This also happened in the bathroom. The idea was to run a Routine that reads the weather and my calendar and then plays NPR in the morning when the shower starts, but the Routine would start playing at the smallest tinkle of running water (if you know what I mean).
Before I move on, I do need to complain about the Alexa app once again. You need it in order to set up Alexa Routines, such as those described above. It's a mess. Hard to navigate, excruciatingly slow, not enough organization options, and just generally unpleasant to use as a smart home controller, the Alexa app is ripe for a makeover.
Apple, Google, and Samsung have all made major updates and refreshes to their smart home apps now that Matter, the new smart home standard that will work across all these platforms, is rolling out. And I really, really, really hope Amazon has a new app in the works. Anything, please.
When a song starts, the Dot scrolls through the artist's name — Taylor Swift, in this case — and song title a few characters at a time.
Amazon's big selling point for the Dot lineup is better sound. The company claims it has completely redesigned the audio architecture to deliver two times the bass of the prior model. This includes a bigger driver — up to 1.73 inches from 1.6 inches. That's not a big jump, and this is still a small speaker. But it did better at filling a room with good sound than the fourth-gen Dot. The audio is also a touch crisper and clearer at louder volumes and on bassier tracks.
If you are looking for a small speaker with good sound, Apple's HomePod Mini is still superior. But it's almost twice the price. The Dot will do a decent job of filling a bedroom, office, or dorm room with sound. The other option for a diminutive smart speaker — the Nest Mini — doesn't come close in terms of sound quality. (Although, being able to mount it to a wall, which neither of the other speakers can do without clumsy accessories, adds a little more dimension to the otherwise tinny sound.) All three brands offer a stereo pairing feature for fuller sound.
The new Dots are the first Echo speakers with Amazon's AZ2 neural edge processor. First launched in the Echo Show 15 smart display last year, the AZ2 allows Echo devices to process more actions locally, resulting in faster responses to simple prompts. When I asked for the weather or to set a timer, the Dot usually responded in less than two seconds, compared to just over three seconds on the fourth-gen device. The new processor also helps speed up motion detection, according to Amazon, and the fifth-gen Dot did turn on my lights faster than the fourth-gen model.
The Echo Dot with Clock comes in this new cloud blue color as well as the original glacier white. Oddly, there is no dark color option like there is with the Echo Dot.
The most intriguing new feature is that the new Dots can act as Wi-Fi extenders for an Eero mesh system. I just had to link my Amazon and Eero accounts in the Eero app to enable this. Eero says each Dot can add up to 1,000 square feet of coverage and support speeds of up to 100Mbps and up to 10 devices. It uses Eero's TrueMesh software technology, tapping into the dual-band Wi-Fi radios in the speakers to find the strongest connection and then extend it.
Based on my testing, it's not going to give you the same performance as if you were connected to an Eero node, but it could be helpful to extend coverage to, say, a video doorbell or security camera outside your home.
The Echo is not going to give you the same performance as if you were connected to an Eero node
After a few setup hiccups (the Dot needed a software upgrade, then the Eero network needed one, too), I could see the Dot in my Eero app with an option to use it to extend Wi-Fi. I toggled it on and initially got a warning that the Dot was too close to an Eero and would not extend anything. Once I moved it farther away, it started to work.
When my laptop connected to the Dot, I got speeds of 25Mbps up and 12 down in an area of my house where I would usually get 70 / 26 from my 1.3Gbps Xfinity service. My colleague Dan Seifert also saw similar speed drops when testing a fifth-gen Dot in his house on an Eero network.
If I could choose which devices connected to the Dot — and, say, just put my smart lights on it — this would be more helpful to me. But it wasn't a great experience when my laptop connected as it cut my speeds in half. During testing, I had three Eero Pro 6E routers running in a 2,300-square-foot brick home, so my network didn't really need this.
But if you have a single Eero and a couple of dead spots, this will work well as a less expensive solution than adding another Eero node (especially if you already have an Echo Dot or were going to buy one anyway). Just expect to see less than half the speeds you would with another Eero. (I plan to test this again with a different network configuration when more Echo devices have the feature).
The Echo Dot with Clock makes an excellent bedside smart speaker.
As I've said, the Echo Dot with Clock is my favorite small smart speaker. It bridges the gap between voice-only smart speakers and Amazon's more helpful but more intrusive smart displays (which all have cameras and overly bright screens).
The fifth-gen Dots sound better, respond faster, and can do more with your smart home than the earlier models. But at $60, the Dot with Clock with its glanceable display is expensive compared to the regular Dot. Also, the fourth-gen Dot would often see price drops or be given away for free with other products. It's rare to see a sale on a Dot with Clock.
At $60, the Dot with Clock with its glanceable display is expensive
For me, the perfect Echo smart speaker is the big boy fourth-gen Echo, which is currently on sale for $50 (down from $100). Get that and not this if you are looking for a smart speaker with really good sound. It has all the other features of the new Echo Dot, too, including the temperature sensors and the ability to act as a Wi-Fi extender for Eero networks, plus a Zigbee radio. But it doesn't have the AZ2 processor.
The larger Echo will be a Thread border router, too, which is key for the Matter smart home standard. (Amazon has said all its Echo smart speakers will be Matter controllers, able to control Matter devices, but that only the Echo fourth-gen will be upgraded to be a Thread border router.) The only thing missing from the Echo is that LED display. I wish Amazon would add one; then, it would be my perfect smart speaker. In the meantime, if you want the fun and somewhat helpful features of the LED display, the fifth-gen Echo Dot with Clock is the Alexa smart speaker to get.
Photos by Jennifer Pattison Tuohy / The Verge
Bringing connected devices into your home also brings with it concerns about how the data they collect is protected. The Verge asks each company whose smart home products we review about safeguards it has in place for your data.
The primary data collected by the Echo Dot with Clock are voice and smart home device interactions with Alexa. The speaker's microphones are always listening for the wake word or trigger sounds unless you mute the device using the physical mute button or by telling Alexa to mute.
All voice interactions are encrypted in transit to the cloud and throughout the cloud verification process. Voice recordings and transcripts from requests are securely stored in Amazon's cloud. You can review and choose to delete this information at any time through the app or Amazon's Alexa Privacy Hub. You can also opt out of allowing Amazon to use your recordings to improve Alexa.
You can also review and delete any detected sounds the speaker hears and any smart home device interactions.
Every smart device now requires you to agree to a series of terms and conditions before you can use it — contracts that no one actually reads. It's impossible for us to read and analyze every single one of these agreements. But we're going to start counting exactly how many times you have to hit "agree" to use devices when we review them since these are agreements most people don't read and definitely can't negotiate.
In order to use the Amazon Echo Dot with Clock, you'll need to download the Alexa app for iOS and Android. An Amazon account is required to sign in. By signing up for one of those, you must agree to its conditions of use.
When you set up the device in the app, "you agree to Amazon's conditions of use and all of the terms found here." You can explore the documentation at that link, but below, we've listed the 12 terms that you must agree to:
Final tally: 13 mandatory agreements.
Tags: Clock DOT Echo perfect review smart speaker
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Why Should I Invest In Gold?
Coin Collections: Is This Hobby the Right One for You?


Finland is located in the eastern parts of the Nordic region. Finland is not a country often associated with banking, rather with it's many lakes and great forests. Compared to the neighbors Sweden and Norway, Finland has got very few domestic banks.
Below you will find a list consisting of Finnish banks. Our list include Commercial Banks, Savings Banks, Investment, Members-banking and other banking companies.


text:
Das stadtplanerische Konzept der Behutsamen Stadterneuerung geht auf die Initiative des Architekten Hardt-Waltherr Hämer zurück. Es wurde in den Anfängen im Fachbereich Architektur an der Berliner Hochschule der Künste Ende der 1960er Jahre in Opposition zur praktizierten Flächensanierung entworfen. Während diese faktisch an der Wende der 1970er in die 1980er Jahre durch die Hausbesetzungen gestoppt wurde, war die Behutsame Stadterneuerung in den Planungen und Aktivitäten zur Internationalen Bauausstellung 1984/87 (IBA) als rechtsfähiges Stadtsanierungskonzept ausgearbeitet worden, das 1983 vom Berliner Abgeordnetenhaus angenommen wurde. Damit war der Weg zur großflächigen Sanierung der Altstadtviertel geebnet und auch besetzte Häuser konnten legalisiert werden.

Die Behutsame Stadterneuerung hatte sich in West-Berlin und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis 1988 allgemein durchgesetzt und konnte nach der Wiedervereinigung ab 1990 auch in den Altbauquartieren Ostberlins und schließlich in allen größeren Stadtgebieten der neuen Bundesländer grundsätzlich angewandt werden.

Hintergrund und Vorgeschichte

Als Folge der weitläufigen Kriegszerstörungen im Zweiten Weltkrieg war die Reparatur des Altbaubestandes neben der Wiederherstellung des Verkehrsnetzes das dringlichste Problem der neuen deutschen Verwaltungen.

Ab den 1950er Jahren kam es allgemein in den Stadtkernen zu einzelnen Neubauprojekten und in den 1960er Jahren zu zahlreichen "modernen" Großwohnsiedlungen in den Außenbereichen der Städte.

Hier drückten jedoch bald die Kosten für die 'auf der grünen Wiese' ebenfalls neu zu errichtende Infrastruktur auf die Renditen und als Lösung erschien der großflächige Abriss alter Stadtquartiere, da dort Verkehrswege und Versorgungssysteme schon vorhanden waren – ein Vorgehen, das von der Bauindustrie in Berlin im Zusammenhang mit dem SPD-Senat Klaus Schütz ("Berliner Filz") forciert wurde.

Gegen diese Vernichtung der Altbausubstanz zugunsten von Neubauten und auch eines Autobahnringes um die Innenstadt formierte sich ab Mitte der 1970er Jahre in Berlin allmählich Widerstand in der Bevölkerung und teils auch in gesellschaftlichen Institutionen, in Behörden, Parteien und auch in Fachkreisen. Da die "Kahlschlagsanierung" rechtlich und im demokratischen Dialog offensichtlich nicht zu stoppen war, radikalisierten sich Anfang der 1980er Jahre in der Bevölkerung Teile insbesondere der Jugend und begannen im großen Maßstab mit Hausbesetzungen.

Gleichsam parallel musste es jedoch gelingen, ein stadtplanerisches Konzept zu entwickeln, das die Methodik der Flächensanierung rechtlich aushebeln und die These, dass die Erstellung von Neubau kostengünstiger wäre als der Erhalt von Altsubstanz, widerlegen konnte.

Differenziert zum Hintergrund siehe: Etappen der Stadterneuerung in Berlin

Zum Zentrum der Entwicklungen wurde West-Berlin.

Entstehung des Alternativkonzeptes
Hardt-Waltherr Hämer sah schon früh in der ab 1964 zum 'Masterplan' erhobenen Flächensanierung, für die anfangs ganze Häuserblöcke gesprengt und abgeräumt wurden, als ein brachiales, für städtisches Leben verheerendes System an. Von ihm stammt der Begriff "Kahlschlagsanierung". Die Bezeichnung "behutsam" habe er in der Vordiskussion zur IBA geprägt – gedacht als eine Art 'Stolperstein', und das Wort habe sich durchgesetzt in "Behutsame Stadterneuerung" als ein Begriff, den jeder sofort versteht und der dennoch als sehr komplex empfunden wird.

Am 2. Juni 1967 war Hämer auf die Professur für Entwerfen an die HfBK Berlin (heute Universität der Künste Berlin) berufen worden, die er bis 1987 innehatte.

"Ende der sechziger Jahre lehrten Julius Posener, Hardt-Waltherr Hämer und Thomas Sieverts an der Hochschule für die bildenden Künste (HfbK), der heutigen UDK. Sie vermittelten den Studierenden ein neues Verständnis von Städtebau, das sich auf die Bezugnahme von Stadtgeschichte, die Maßstäblichkeit der Architektur und der städtischen Räume sowie das wahrnehmungsorientierte Lesen der Stadt auszeichnet."

"In Berlin begann er seine Arbeit als Professor an der Hochschule der Künste auf dem Höhepunkt der Studentenrevolte und stellte sich quer gegen die Pläne des Senats, die historische Substanz der Innenstadt bis nach Wedding wegzuplanieren und Autobahnschneisen kreuz und quer durch Kreuzberg zu schlagen. Als einer der ersten begriff er die politische Dimension von Stadtplanung und Architektur als einheitlichem Konzept und stellte sich auf die Seite der Bewohner, die vorher niemand einbezogen hatte."

Das Geschehen wurde jedoch noch von anderer Seite diktiert: "Die Verfechter der Kahlschlag-Moderne hatten sich mit dem 'Neuen Kreuzberger Zentrum' am Kottbusser Tor [1974] noch einmal ein fatales Denkmal gesetzt, in Neukölln war das nicht minder brachiale Rollberg-Viertel entstanden."

Den Durchbruch auf dem Weg zur Realisierung des neuen Konzeptes konnten die Erneuerer 1974 nach einer als großzügig gedachten Geste des Senats auf den Weg bringen. Die 'behutsamen Sanierer' durften sich in der Praxis beweisen: Erwartet wurde dabei das Scheitern der Idee, 'behutsam' = kostengünstiger zu sanieren:

Pilotprojekte
Doch war Hämer nicht unerfahren, denn bereits 1968 konnte er im Wedding (Putbusser Straße), ohne hier eine Programmatik vorzustellen, im Rahmen eines universitären Projektes tätig werden. Er konnte Altbausanierung mit Studenten und Handwerkern erproben und in sensibilisierten Kreisen Anerkennung erhalten. Danach konnte er 1969 stadtpolitisch-offiziell eine umfangreiche Maßnahme durchsetzen:

"Hämer gelang es um 1974, den derart heruntergekommenen Klausenerplatz in Charlottenburg vor dem Komplettabriss zu bewahren und für ein Drittel der Neubaukosten zu reparieren, ein fast revolutionäres Exempel, das ihm 1979 folgerichtig die Position als Leiter des Altbau-Teils der Internationalen Bauausstellung 1984 einbrachte. Diese IBA nutzte er als Schaufenster seiner Ideen, warf den ursprünglichen Planungsprozess um und ließ unzählige Bewohner nach ihren Vorstellungen fragen. Das Modell funktionierte, die Sanierung ging zügig voran, ohne dass die Mieten unmäßig stiegen."

Bestätigt auch durch eine Stellungnahme im Auftrag einer späteren Senatsverwaltung:

"Auf einem 1976 veranstalteten Symposium anlässlich der Denkmalschutzkampagne brachte der Generalsekretär des Europarates, Georg Kahn-Ackermann, die neue Sichtweise auf ähnliche Weise wie Hämer zum Ausdruck."

Doch noch im Frühjahr 1976, in der Zeit des Symposiums, war die Gesamtbilanz eine des Abrisses: "Etwa 18.000 nach Kahlschlag neu gebauten Wohnungen stehen nur ca. 400 modernisierte gegenüber."

Und die Maschinerie der Flächensanierer arbeitete sich derweil vom Kottbusser Tor aus in Richtung Görlitzer Bahnhof vor.

1977 gründete er [Hämer, an der HfbK] den Forschungsschwerpunkt Stadterneuerung, dem wesentlicher Einfluss auf die Sanierungspraxis in Berlin zu verdanken ist. Von ihm gingen auch wichtige Impulse unter anderem auf die Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin (IBA) 1984/87 aus.

Diskussionsprozess
"Zuallererst wurden gravierende soziale und wirtschaftliche Argumente gegen die Kahlschlagsanierung ins Feld geführt, etwa von Heide Becker und Jochen Schulz zur Wiesch. Der Umgang mit dem Kleingewerbe wie mit den Mietern im Rahmen der Kahlschlagsanierung sei weder wirtschaftlich – durch die Vernichtung von Gewerbetrieben – noch sozial – durch die Zerstörung sozialer Strukturen – vertretbar. Hardt-Waltherr Hämer verwies darauf, dass über die Modernisierung von Altbauten überhaupt erst ernsthaft diskutiert wurde, nachdem er 1975 in einer Studie dargestellt hatte, dass die Erneuerung auch aus finanziellen Gründen der Kahlschlagsanierung vorzuziehen sei."

Es bildeten sich verschiedene Initiativgruppen und Projektentwürfe – zum Beispiel die Strategien für Kreuzberg:

Erste Ideen für eine behutsame Erneuerung Kreuzbergs entstanden durch zivilgesellschaftliches und kirchliches Engagement: "1977 hatte der West-Berliner Bausenator Harry Ristock auf Initiative des "Arbeiterpfarrers" Klaus Duntze einen Bürgerwettbewerb ausgeschrieben, um Ideen für Kreuzberg zu sammeln. Über 100 Vorschläge wurden eingereicht, die neue gesellschaftliche Ideen thematisierten, etwa Schülerläden, Selbsthilfeprojekte sowie neue Lebens- und Arbeitsmodelle, aber auch in Bezug auf Formen der Aktivierung und Planungsbeteiligung der Betroffenen neue Standards setzten. Pfarrer Duntze hatte die Veränderungen der Bevölkerungsstrukturen im Gebiet analysiert und festgestellt, dass drei unterschiedliche Bewohnergruppen in SO 36 leben: die Alteingesessenen, die sozial Benachteiligten und neu hinzuziehende "Außenseiter". In diese dritte Gruppe setze er die größte Hoffnung: junge Leute und Studenten, oft Neuberliner, die die "Nische" Kreuzberg als Experimentierfeld für die Erprobung neuer Lebensformen entdeckt hatten. Sie hatten eine Subkultur aus Wohngemeinschaften, politischen Initiativen, "alternativer Ökonomie", Frauengruppen, Selbsthilfeeinrichtungen und Kinderläden aufgebaut, die vom kollektiven Engagement für das Gemeinwohl geprägt war und bei der Entwicklung von Initiativen für die behutsame Erneuerung Kreuzbergs eine tragende Rolle spielen konnten."

Ab 1978 war deutlich zu erkennen, dass die diskutierende 'Ablehnungsfront' der Altstadtzerstörung nicht nur Fachleute und weite Kreise in der Politik und in den Institutionen, letztlich nicht nur die "gebildeten Schichten", sondern auch die 'einfache' Bevölkerung erreichte – doch offensichtlich änderte sich nichts im Fortgang des Abrisses.

Politik und Wirtschaft in der Stadt war es nicht gelungen, aus den Diskussionen und daraus hervorgehenden Vorschlägen Konsequenzen zu ziehen; auch nicht auf die zunehmenden Proteste mit faktischen Änderungen zu reagieren. Und angesichts dem Fortgang der Zerstörungen setzte sich die Auffassung durch, dass mit Appellen und der Suche nach einem ernsthaften Dialog nichts zu erreichen sei.

Und als in Kreuzberg 1979 erste Wohnungen in teilentmieteten Häusern 'wiederbesetzt' wurden – am Gelände des ehemaligen Görlitzer Bahnhofs, und einige Gebäude in Bezirk Berlin SO 36 'instandbesetzt' wurden, beeindruckte die Welle des Zuspruchs und die Unterstützung 'im Kiez'.

Doch weiterhin erhielt sich der Eindruck, dass zwar Diskussionen geführt und Vorschläge bedacht und behandelt werden sollten, dass aber auf der tatsächlichen Entscheiderebene – Stadtregierung und Senat – nichts geschah, das die Flächensanierung dort, wo sie genehmigt war, auch nur einschränkte. Dies zeigte sich im unverminderten Fortgang der Abrisse in Kreuzberg, Schöneberg und Neukölln und auch an verblüffenden Maßnahmen wie der Freigabe entmieteter Blöcke für Häuserkampfübungen der US-Army.

Fast das ganze Jahr 1980 bewegte sich der Senat nicht – lediglich der Block 104 in Kreuzberg wurde systematisch niedergerissen, ebenso das Viertel südlich des Kottbusser Tors zum Fränkelufer hin. Dort wurden im Dezember Häuser besetzt, die am "12.12." 1980 geräumt wurden. Darauf kam es abends und die ganze Nacht hindurch spontan zu Straßenkämpfen, die immer mehr Zulauf erhielten und sich rings um das Kottbusser Tor ausbreiteten. Der "12.12." wurde zur Legende um den Ursprung der Hausbesetzerbewegung in West-Berlin.

Der Kampf um die Häuser
Im Nachhinein wurde deutlich, dass der faktische Stopp der "Abrissmaschinerie" durch die Hausbesetzungen erfolgte. So war durch die Besetzung des Eckhauses Oranienstraße 198 am Heinrichplatz der Abrissvorgang im Block 104 gelähmt und heute sind alle zu diesem Zeitpunkt zwar demolierten, aber noch stehenden Gebäude erhalten. Seit diesem Zeitpunkt – dem 10. Oktober 1980 – wurden keine Vorderhaus-Reihen mehr beseitigt, allenfalls Einzelgebäude und, allgemein akzeptiert, stark marodierte Nebengebäude in Hinterhöfen.

Das Haus Oranienstraße 198 stand jahrelang im Fokus der 'hardliner' um Innensenator Heinrich Lummer und sein Bestand 'hing am seidenen Faden', da die Besetzerbelegschaft dort sehr jung, 'punkig' und anfangs auch häufig 'straffällig' war, doch befand sich das Gebäude trotz improvisierter Instandsetzung auch in einem Zustand, den keine andere Gruppe 'ausgehalten' hätte. Erst im Sommer 1983, als der alternative Sanierungsträger Stattbau die Verantwortung übernommen hatte, war das 'Tauziehen' zu Ende. Heute präsentiert sich der Block 104 mit "Kunst am Bau" (Astronaut), Park und der Restaurant-Zeile in der Oranienstraße sowie dem von einem Privatbesitzer hartnäckig verteidigten Einzelhaus an der Skalitzer Straße als Symbol des erfolgreichen Kampfes gegen den Kahlschlag, der hier gleichsam 'mittendrin' gestoppt war.

Insgesamt als "gelungen" gewertet wurde die Gesamtentwicklung jedoch erst, als es Stattbau und seinen Unterstützern gelang, den benachbarten Block 103 mit 12 Häusern und die "berüchtigte O 198" zu sanieren und damit auch zu legalisieren.

Der Widerstand vor Ort korrespondierte mit einer flexiblen Strategie der IBA auf der Gesetzesebene, der es gelang, auf der abgeräumten Teilfläche noch die 'Neubauversiegelung' zu verhindern.

Siehe: Weitere Entwicklung des Blocks 104

Generell bilanzierte Hardt-Waltherr Hämer das Zusammenspiel aller Protagonisten der Behutsamen Stadterneuerung:

"Die größte Wirkung hatten seinerzeit aber wohl die Instandbesetzer. Ihr Rechtsbruch war für viele Berliner moralisch gerechtfertigt."

Das bedeutet nichts anderes, als dass der Kampf der Jugendgeneration jener Zeit – auch wenn sie sich oft bei Räumungen und anderen (polizeilichen) Maßnahmen als hilflos empfand und auch hohe persönliche Risiken und Belastungen (Denunziation, Haft, Verletzungen) einging –, der Sache entscheidend zum Erfolg verholfen hatte. Ohne die IBA und Stattbau hätten die Besetzer jedoch "auch nichts erreicht." Ein sichtbares Zeichen von Gelingen und Akzeptanz war, dass 60 besetzte Häuser saniert und legalisiert wurden:

Formulierung der Alternative
Von vornherein war Hämer klar, dass ein Konzept geschaffen werden musste, das inhaltlich und formal in den komplexen Gesetzgebungsprozess eingepasst werden konnte. Faktisch konnte dies ab dem Moment erfolgen, in dem das bestehende programmatische System – das die Flächensanierung regelte –, auf die neue Methodik hin schrittweise 'umgemodelt', d. h., in Einzelbestimmungen abgeändert oder durch neue Bestimmungen ergänzt werden konnte.

Aus Erfahrung wusste Hämer, dass der Ansatz dazu nicht aus ästhetischen oder sozialen Gründen motiviert werden konnte, sondern aus einem ökonomischen Nachweis bestehen musste: Dass die Behutsame Stadterneuerung preiswerter sein musste als Abriss und Neubau mit langfristig gesehen vergleichbarem Ertrag. Entscheidend war in erster Linie, dass Erstellung des Wohnraumes billiger wurde. Dies gelang ihm mit dem Modellprojekt am Klausenerplatz, bei dem er ein Drittel unter der Abriss/Neubau-Kalkulation blieb.

In diesem Zusammenhang war dann auch das 2. Stadterneuerungsprogramm 1974 schon auf die Behutsame Stadterneuerung vorbereitet worden, durch: "Festlegung von Erneuerungsgebieten mit dem Ziel einer verstärkten Altbaumodernisierung. […] Es wurde eine Reihe von Förderungsprogrammen für die Altbaumodernisierung eingeführt. Die Betroffenenbeteiligung wurde formalisiert und die Beratungsgesellschaft für Stadterneuerung und Modernisierung (BSM) als Sanierungsbeauftragte zur Eigentümerberatung in Stadterneuerungsgebieten beauftragt."

Das stand allerdings vorerst nur auf dem Papier, denn "die Bilanz von 1976 lautete: 18.000 neugebaute Wohnungen standen nur 400 modernisierten Wohnungen gegenüber."

Erst knapp 10 Jahre später – nach der Hochphase der Besetzungen – war die Umkehrung geschaffen:

"Bilanzierend ist zu sagen, dass nach der Zustimmung des Bezirkes [Kreuzberg] und des Bausenators [1983] das 2. Stadterneuerungsprogramm stark modifiziert wurde. Anstatt 1.600 neuer Wohnungen wurden nur ca. 360 gebaut und statt der vorgesehenen 1.500 zu erneuernden Altbauwohnungen wurden über 7.000 Wohnungen saniert."

Das Programm der Behutsamen Stadterneuerung war auf "12 Grundsätze" konzentriert, auf denen basierend dann der Gesetzgebungsprozess 'das System der Flächensanierung ersetzend' vorgenommen werden konnte:

Ab Ende der 1970er-Jahre formuliert, "gelang es im Frühjahr 1982 […] für die Zwölf Grundsätze die politische Zustimmung des Bezirks Kreuzberg zu erlangen. Im März 1983 nahm das Abgeordnetenhaus schließlich diese Grundsätze als Leitlinie zustimmend zur Kenntnis." Sie wurden damit förmlich bestätigt und wurden von Kreuzberg auf die übrigen Erneuerungsgebiete West-Berlins übertragen. Danach waren sie auch programmatischer Bestandteil der Internationalen Bauausstellung 1984/87 in Berlin-Kreuzberg.

12 Grundsätze der Stadterneuerung
Die Erneuerung muß mit den jetzigen Bewohnern und Gewerbetreibenden geplant und – substanzerhaltend – realisiert werden.
Planer sollen mit Bewohnern und Gewerbetreibenden in den Zielen der Erneuerungsmaßnahmen übereinstimmen, technische und soziale Planungen Hand in Hand gehen.
Die Eigenart Kreuzbergs soll erhalten, Vertrauen und Zuversicht in den gefährdeten Stadtteilen müssen wieder geweckt werden. Substanzbedrohende Schäden an Häusern sind sofort zu beseitigen.
Behutsame Änderung von Grundrissen soll auch neue Wohnformen möglich machen.
Die Erneuerung von Wohnungen und Häusern soll stufenweise geschehen und allmählich ergänzt werden.
Die bauliche Situation soll durch wenige Abrisse, Begrünung im Blockinneren, Gestaltung von Fassaden verbessert werden.
Öffentliche Einrichtungen sowie Straßen, Plätze und Grünbereiche müssen bedarfsgerecht erneuert und ergänzt werden.
Beteiligungsrechte und materielle Rechte der Betroffenen bei der Sozialplanung müssen geregelt werden.
Entscheidungen für die Stadterneuerung müssen offen gefunden und möglichst am Ort diskutiert werden. Die Betroffenenvertretung ist zu stärken.
Stadterneuerung, die Vertrauen erzeugt, braucht feste Finanzzusagen. Das Geld muß schnell und auf den Fall bezogen ausgegeben werden können.
Es sind neue Formen der Trägerschaft zu entwickeln. Treuhänderische Sanierungsträgeraufgaben (Dienstleistungen) und Baumaßnahmen sollen getrennt werden.
Die Stadterneuerung nach diesem Konzept muß über die Zeit der IBA hinaus gesichert sein.

Ein Teil der Leitsätze sind noch in den aktuellen Zusammenhang eingebunden ("feste Finanzzusagen", "über die IBA hinaus gültig"), doch waren sie ab 1983 in ihrer prinzipiellen Anwendung gesichert.

Als 12 Leitsätze der Stadterneuerung in Berlin fanden sie ab 1993 in abgewandelter Form auch auf den späteren Stadterneuerungsprozess in Ost-Berlin Anwendung.

Beteiligung der Betroffenen
"Einen äußerst wichtigen Bewusstseinswandel sowie eine Veränderung und Neuentwicklung von Richtlinien und Vorgehensweise schuf die IBA auch im Bereich der Betroffenenbeteiligung. Es gehörte zu den wichtigsten Forderungen der behutsamen Stadterneuerung, mit den Bewohnern zu planen und sich an den Bedürfnissen der Bewohner zu orientieren. Zumindest in den Demonstrationsgebieten der IBA-Alt konnte diese Forderung auch umgesetzt werden, was vorrangig an der hohen öffentlichen Bezuschussung der Altbaumodernisierung lag. In so genannten 'Stadtteilkommissionen' wurden in den Demonstrationsgebieten der IBA-Alt Entscheidungen zu Baugenehmigungen, Förderungszusagen und öffentlichen Vorhaben diskutiert. Im Zuge der IBA konnte durchgesetzt werden, dass eine einvernehmliche Einigung von Mietern und Eigentümern über den Umfang und die Art der Modernisierung zu den Voraussetzungen für eine öffentliche Förderung gehört. Zudem wurde mit den unabhängigen Mieterberatungsgesellschaften ein Netzwerk gebildet, das die Mieter kompetent beriet und zu transparenten Einigungsverfahren beitrug."

Fazit West-Berlin 1990

In den sieben Jahren von 1983 bis 1990 wurden nach der Verhandlungslösung um die Hausbesetzungen vom alternativen Sanierungsträger Stattbau nicht nur die 13 Häuser in Kreuzberg musterhaft saniert, sondern auch Bewohner-Beteiligungsmodelle in der Praxis erprobt und genossenschaftliche Eigentumsformen entwickelt. Dazu kam eine sachgerechte Qualifizierung in Planung, Kalkulation und Umsetzung – neue 'Berufsbilder' – sowie energetische und ökologische Innovationen in den Versorgungssystemen.

Diese noch von zähen und wechselvollen Szenarien durchsetzten Leistungen rechtfertigten nicht nur den Legalisierungsprozess, sie brachten auch Erfahrungen, mit denen der Wiedervereinigung, die völlig neue Erfordernisse an alle Seiten stellte, begegnet werden konnte. In der Übertragung der Behutsamen Stadterneuerung auf die Ostberliner Altbaubereiche realisierte sich die endgültige Durchsetzung der auch im Umgang mit der Bevölkerung im Osten nicht mehr anders vorstellbaren Arbeitsweise.

Behutsame Kostenrechnung
Neben diesen offensichtlichen, auch amtlich festgeschriebenen Erfolgen, versuchte Hardt-Waltherr Hämer auch, "den Unkenrufen zum Trotz" nachzuweisen, dass die Betroffenenbeteiligung weder Verzögerung, noch Verteuerung bringe: Vorher waren "von der Entscheidung über Entmietung, durchgreifende Erneuerung oder Abriß und Neubau bis zum Wiedereinzug der Bewohner etwa sieben Jahre nötig. [Heute, 1990] braucht die Erneuerung zwar immer noch zu lange, etwa zwei Jahre […]". Und: "Das Abstimmungsverfahren hat […] geholfen, daß der Förderungsaufwand je Wohnung im IBA-Gebiet durchschnittlich um 60 % niedriger ist, als es nach dem ursprünglichen Programm des Abgeordnetenhauses von 1979 hätte sein müssen."

Zudem seien durch den modifizierten IBA-Auftrag mit 4260 Wohnungen mehr als ursprünglich vorgesehen erneuert worden.

Die durchschnittlichen Gesamtbaukosten (Wohnung mit 80 m²) beliefen sich nach Hämer 1989:
 Neubau 4780,– DM/m²
 Erneuerung 2070,– DM/m²

Modernisierungskosten (nach § 17. II WohnBauG) lagen zuvor um 130 % höher als vergleichbare Neubaukosten; die behutsame Stadterneuerung "führte tatsächlich zu einer drastischen Reduzierung der Baukosten und in Verbindung damit zu bezahlbaren Mieten nach der Erneuerung."

Schon vor dem Abschluss der IBA 1987 hatte Hämer 1986 mit seiner "IBA-Mannschaft" die Firma S.T.E.R.N. gegründet und führte dadurch die 'senatsgebundene' Organisation in ein Privatunternehmen über. Damit standen zwei ähnlich motivierte Sanierungsträger (der andere war Stattbau) für aktuelle und kommende Aufgaben zur Verfügung. Sie waren insofern konkurrenzlos, weil sie sich der Behutsamen Stadterneuerung verpflichtet sahen und im Umgang mit Stadtteil-Bewohnern Erfahrung hatten.

Mauerfall und Wiedervereinigung
"Die Dramatik der Ereignisse und die gesellschaftlichen Umwälzungen in der DDR seit dem Herbst 1989 hatten zunächst eindeutig politischen und emotionalen Charakter. Die ökonomischen Konsequenzen des Veränderungsprozesses blieben angesichts der politischen Dimensionen zu Anfang nahezu unbeachtet. Das änderte sich schnell, als Schritt für Schritt das wirtschaftliche Desaster der DDR deutlich wurde. Die erschreckende Bilanz beschränkte sich nicht nur auf den Produktionssektor, sondern gleichermaßen auf die gesamte Wohnungswirtschaft. Insbesondere die Situation der innerstädtischen Altbauquartiere in Ost-Berlin war alarmierend:":

Siehe:  Arbeitsprozess Wiedervereinigung

Arbeitsfeld Ost-Berlin
Nach der freien Zugänglichkeit der Ostberliner Stadtgebiete im Winter 1989/1990 war der unmittelbare Handlungsbedarf unverkennbar.

"Am 6. Februar 1990 beschloß der Senat die »außerplanmäßige Mittelbereitstellung zur Förderung dringender Stadterneuerungsmaßnahmen im Großraum Berlin« in Höhe von 25 Millionen DM für in den Jahren 1990 und 1991 zu realisierende Maßnahmen. Die Mittel sollen insbesondere dort eingesetzt werden, wo der Erneuerungsbedarf am größten ist, in den Bezirken Mitte und Prenzlauer Berg."

Im Juni 1990 wurde die Liste der zur Förderung vorgesehenen Projekte einvernehmlich verabschiedet. Es handelte sich um 11 Projektkategorien mit insgesamt 49 Vorhaben.

Die finanzielle Abwicklung und Kontrolle der Baumaßnahmen der Projekte übernahmen die treuhänderisch für das Land Berlin von der Senatsverwaltung für Bau- und Wohnungswesen beauftragten Gesellschaften DeGeWo, BSM, L.I.S.T., S.T.E.R.N., SPI, STATTBAU und die ARGE MITTELSTRASSE.

"Die Prinzipien der IBA wurden nach der Wende mit starker Kontinuität hinsichtlich der städtebaulichen Leitideen sowie der Akteure und Planungsabläufe auf den Osten Berlins ausgedehnt. Mit dem in Kreuzberg erworbenen Handwerkszeug der behutsamen Stadterneuerung wurden die Altbauquartiere in Mitte, Prenzlauer Berg, Friedrichshain erneuert, die Leitlinien der kritischen Rekonstruktion der Stadt boten das Grundgerüst für den Umbau des Berliner Zentrums. Auch die personellen Netzwerke konnten nach der Wende sehr schnell wieder aktiviert werden. Viele Akteure der IBA hatten nach dem Ende der Bauausstellung eigene Planungs- und Architekturbüros gegründet, die im Auftrag der zuständigen Senatsverwaltungen und vor allem mit dem ab 1991 amtierenden Senatsbaudirektor Hans Stimmann Konzepte für die strategisch wichtigen Räume der historischen Stadtmitte vorlegten – als Alternative zu den Entwürfen der Investoren."

Doch aufgrund der nun nach westlichen Standards in Ost-Berlin erforderlichen Sanierung war klar, dass der Erneuerungsprozess nicht allein von staatlicher Seite geleistet werden konnte. Die in den 80er Jahren im Westteil der Stadt vergleichsweise 'kleinteilig' durchgesetzte Behutsame Stadterneuerung schien in einer Übertragung auf die riesigen Ostberliner Areale undurchführbar.

Diskussion um ein neues Sanierungskonzept
Abgesehen von der "Hauptstadtplanung" galt nun die "Behutsame Stadterneuerung" auch für die Ostberliner Altbaugebiete: das 25-Millionen-Programm war ein Signal für die Entschlossenheit des West-Berliner Senats, die konzeptionelle Ebene beizubehalten. Allmählich wurde jedoch deutlich, dass das Problem dabei auf einer anderen Ebene lag: Der Sanierungsbedarf war so umfassend, dass es absehbar war, dass die verfügbaren Finanzmittel der Stadt Berlin allein (und auch mit einem Anteil des Bundes) bei weitem nicht mehr ausreichen würden, die Stadterneuerung im herkömmlichen, in Kreuzberg differenziert entwickelten "behutsamen" Sinne zu bewältigen.

Die Reaktion darauf war ein Diskussionsprozess, der sich darauf zu verständigen suchte, soziale Prinzipien – im Kern: auch für ärmere Bevölkerungsteile tragbare Mieten – zu erhalten und diese Errungenschaft der 1980er Jahre im Rahmen der notwendig gewordenen Übertragung der Finanzierung des Wohnbaus an private Investoren zu sichern.

Von Seite der Stadt wurde diese Debatte durch einen "Entwurf über die zukünftige Gestaltung der Stadterneuerung" Anfang 1992 unter dem Titel "10 Leitlinien für die zukünftige Förderung der Stadterneuerung" eröffnet:

"Der Entwurf [so der Autor und Kritiker Andrej Holm] folgte einer Logik, wie sie für Privatisierungen bisher öffentlicher Aufgaben typisch ist: Die Stadt Berlin hat weniger Geld, die Aufgabe der Stadterneuerung muss verstärkt von Privaten getragen werden, und bei den sozialen Ansprüchen müssen Abstriche erfolgen. Damit verabschiedete sich die Senatsverwaltung vom bisherigen Anspruch der Stadterneuerung Westberlins nach einer allumfassenden staatlichen Verantwortung für Erneuerungsprozesse."

Die Reduktion der Fördermittel ab 1990 war keine politische Entscheidung – etwa eine Neuverteilung –, gegen die hätte gekämpft werden können – unterstrichen wurde sie dann durch den offiziellen Haushaltsnotstand 2002, der noch zu einer weiteren Reduktion der staatlichen Kernaufgaben zwang.

Weiter – so Holm – "kam die Senatsverwaltung diesem Wunsch nach freundlicher Etikettierung nach. Sie orientierte sich zwar sprachlich an den Grundsätzen der Behutsamen Stadterneuerung, formulierte jedoch eine neue Sanierungspolitik, die sich an den veränderten Ausgangsbedingungen in Ostberlin orientierte. [...] In den '12 Leitsätzen zur Stadterneuerung in Berlin' vom 31. August 1993 wurde eine neue Sanierungsstrategie konkretisiert und ausformuliert."

Übrig blieb nur, aufgrund der Dominanz der Haushaltslage die Instrumente im Sanierungsprozess so zu gestalten, dass der größtmögliche Einfluss auf den Erhalt sozialer Zielsetzung gewährleistet blieb.

Neue Strategie der Stadterneuerer
Die Finanzlage Westberlins stand bereits unter Druck und die Übernahme der Stadtentwicklung durch private Kapitalgeber, die in den 'Hauptstadtbereichen' – wie am Potsdamer Platz – bereits selbstverständlich war, schien auch in den Gründerzeitvierteln unvermeidbar. Die Konsequenz musste ein Rückzug des Staates aus dem Wohnungsbau sein, um wenigstens die traditionelle Verantwortung für Infrastruktur und soziale Einrichtungen zu bewältigen. Doch galt die Behutsame Stadterneuerung als wertvolle gesellschaftliche Errungenschaft und auch die Hoffnungen und Erwartungen der Ostberliner in den verfallenen, rückständigen Vierteln richteten sich auf eine Demokratisierung, auf Mitwirkung und vor allem auf den Verbleib in ihrem Quartier nach einem Erneuerungsprozess.

Da die direkte, nach den 1980ern auf die Interessen der Mieter ausgerichtete Förderungspolitik – die staatliche Finanzierung von Wohnungsinstandsetzung und Modernisierung – aufgrund der Haushaltslage nun ausgeschlossen war, musste seitens der Behörden eine Methode entwickelt werden, mit der es gelingen konnte, denn entscheidenden Einfluss auch ohne ein Diktat des Geldes zu wahren. Die Lösung war, gegen die privaten Kapitalinteressen im Verbund mit ebenfalls privaten, mit dem Sozialgedanken verbundenen Organisationen, ein Gegengewicht zu bilden.

Diese privaten Firmen fanden sich mit den alternativen, mittlerweile erfahrenen Sanierungsträgern.

Der Staat (Senat) behielt sich alle grundlegenden, 'übergreifenden' Maßnahmen vor – die von ihm abhängigen Bezirke regelten die konkreten Ansprüche und Pläne der Investoren und Eigentümer über ein differenziertes Prinzip von Genehmigungen; die Sanierungsträger planten, koordinierten und beauftragten die (Bau-)Maßnahmen und traten damit als die eigentlichen 'Macher' auf, sie steuerten die Bürgerbeteiligung und dienten in allen Konfliktlagen als 'Prellböcke': Entscheidungen, die nicht in ihrer Kompetenz lagen, konnten (und mussten) sie auf die 'letzte Instanz', die Senatsverwaltung lenken. Das war das vielfach 'offene Geheimnis' des Mechanismus und die Grundlage der Verhandlungsorientierung des Gesamtsystems.

Zweiter Umbruch der Stadtentwicklung
War der Umbruch Anfang der 80er Jahre von aktiven Teilen der Bevölkerung, von Institutionen der Zivilgesellschaft und der IBA bewirkt worden, so wurde er nun von den 'leeren Kassen' diktiert. Durch den überraschenden Mauerfall 1989 und die Auflösung der DDR mit in der Folge erodierenden Institutionen bis auf Bezirksebene, flossen Verantwortlichkeiten in bis dato ungeahntem Ausmaß Westberliner Institutionen zu. Das galt auch für den Städtebau, und hier besonders für Berlin, denn sie war die einzige Stadt im zusammenwachsenden Deutschland, die zweigeteilt war und in der Ost und West unmittelbar und nun friedlich aufeinander trafen. Besonderheit war, dass in der (Altstadt-)Erneuerung das soziale Denken das Geschäftsprinzip überlagerte.

"Zwischen 1993 und 1995 wurden in Prenzlauer Berg die fünf Sanierungsgebiete Helmholtzplatz, Kollwitzplatz, Teutoburger Platz, Winsstraße und Bötzowstraße festgelegt; S.T.E.R.N. wurde vom Land Berlin als Sanierungsbeauftragter eingesetzt und entwickelte Konzepte nach dem Leitbild der behutsamen Stadterneuerung für ein Gebiet mit einer Fläche von 344 Hektar mit etwa 80.000 Einwohnern in 47.000 Wohnungen."

"Die behutsame Stadterneuerung kam jedoch nicht nur in den östlichen Altbauquartieren Berlins zur Anwendung, sondern wurde im Rahmen des Stadtumbaus auch exportiert – nach Potsdam, in die neuen Bundesländer, aber selbst in die alte Bundesrepublik. Auch das Arbeitsfeld wurde erweitert: Gegenstand waren nicht mehr nur die Mietskasernenviertel, sondern auch Siedlungen unterschiedlicher Zeiten, selbst Großsiedlungen in Plattenbauweise am Stadtrand, in Marzahn, Hellersdorf und Hohenschönhausen. Hier wurden die Wohnungen modernisiert, fehlende Infrastruktur ergänzt, Grünflächen und öffentliche Räume aufgewertet."

Weitere Entwicklung
Das Prinzip der "Behutsamkeit" in der Stadterneuerung entstand in Opposition zu einer an Gewinnmaximierung orientierten Methode, die mit Blick auf kurzfristiger Kostenvermeidung beim "Neubaugeschäft" im undifferenzierten Abriss von Altstadtvierteln (deren Versorgungssysteme nutzbar blieben) ihren Vorteil sah. Dies ließ sich in Deutschland im Anklang an autoritäre Führungsmethoden noch bis in die 1970er Jahre durchsetzen (in der DDR noch bis Ende der 80er) – "Betroffene" waren allenfalls Eigentümer –, doch wurde der Widerstand dagegen in allen gesellschaftlichen Ebenen immer massiver. "Behutsamkeit" als differenzierter Einbezug vielfältiger Interessen in Planung und Durchführung erscheint heute als Voraussetzung.

"Behutsamkeit" als Kennzeichnung ist somit im 21. Jahrhundert kein Methodenbegriff mehr, er hat sich zunehmend als allgemeines Handlungskriterium der gesellschaftlichen Mehrheit 'eingebürgert'. Die Durchsetzungsgeschichte in der Stadterneuerung – die auch von gewaltsamem Vorgehen (von Hausbesetzern) begleitet war –, zeigt sich in ihrer Vielschichtigkeit als gelungen. Dies zeigt zum einen die Attraktivität, die mit Altstadtvierteln weltweit verbunden ist, zum anderen auch die internationale Anerkennung, die das Konzept seit den 1990er Jahren fand.

"Das Land Berlin wurde 1994 für die außergewöhnlichen Leistungen im Rahmen der Behutsamen Stadterneuerung in Kreuzberg mit dem European Urban and Regional Award ausgezeichnet."

Zur Fortsetzung der Geschichte der Stadterneuerung in Berlin seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre siehe: Gesamtberliner Stadterneuerungsprogramme

Siehe auch
 Gründerzeitviertel

Anmerkungen

Weblinks
 Interviewsammlung zur Behutsamen Stadterneuerung auf Berliner Portraits – Erzählungen zur Architektur der Stadt
 Learning from IBA – die IBA 1987 in Berlin. Gutachten zur IBA 1987 im Auftrag der Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung, Berlin 2010. (PDF). Abruf am 23. September 2019.

Literatur
 Hardt-Waltherr Hämer: Behutsame Stadterneuerung, in: Senatsverwaltung für Bau- und Wohnungswesen (Hrsg.): Stadterneuerung Berlin, Berlin 1990. Dort auch weitere Autoren.
 Urs Kohlbrenner: Umbruch in den Siebziger Jahren – Grundlage und Modelle der bewahrenden Stadterneuerung.
 Bernd Laurisch: Kein Abriß unter dieser Nummer, Werkbund-Archiv 7, Anabas Verlag, Gießen 1981, ISBN 3-87038-088-8.

Einzelnachweise

Stadterneuerung
Stadtbaugeschichte (Berlin)
Deutsche Wiedervereinigung
Hausbesetzung


text:
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	return fmt.Sprintf("code: %d, message: %s", e.Code, e.Message)
}

func (ch *clickhouse) exception() error {
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	if hasNested {
		e.nested = ch.exception()
	}
	return &e
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Inw lemon cake was a great base to build this profile off of. And then the rest of the recipe just snowballed together. Aged bourbon cream is the first bourbon flavor I've actually liked. Having a little Jamaica special to boost the sweetness alcohol of the profile. hope you enjoy!


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Buying a house is a huge financial commitment that most people will have to deal with.
If you're thinking about buying a home, here are a few finance options available to you.
A mortgage is one of the most popular ways of financing your home. Many people opt to take out a mortgage loan, purely because they feel it's the only option for them.
When you get a mortgage, you essentially agree to the biggest loan of your life. You have to put down a small deposit first, but you get a huge amount of money to cover the full cost of your house. It seems ideal for people that want to own a house but can't afford to buy it themselves.
The tricky thing is, you will have to pay back your mortgage over a very long period of time. And, when you sign your mortgage papers, you're putting your house up as collateral.
This means that if you can't pay back your mortgage, you'll lose your house.
The benefit of financing through a mortgage loan is that the house you buy is yours to do with as you please.
You can make any adjustments and improvements, do whatever you like. The downside is that it's a huge financial burden, and they charge interest too.
So each year it will cost you more and more to pay off the loan.
It can be far easier for you to afford a new house if you choose to rent it. Renting has always been a common finance option for people who look to buy apartments. However, these days people are renting proper houses too.
This is because it is very difficult for certain people to buy a house, and they may even be denied a mortgage. Young people, in particular, prefer to rent houses rather than buy outright.
The benefit of renting is that you don't have to put down a large deposit, and you aren't stuck with the burden of a massive mortgage to pay off.
The negative side of renting is that you will not own the house at all. You're renting a house that belongs to someone else, your landlord.
This means you may not be able to do a lot of the things you could do in a house that you owned. If you wanted to add an extension, you probably wouldn't be allowed.
Your landlord could place restrictions on what you can or can't do.
For some people, they find themselves in the position to finance their home themselves. Or, perhaps not just by themselves, but with help from family too.
If you're well off and nearing retirement, then you may have a lot of money saved up for a house.
You could then use this money to finance your house and buy it. Or, some people get help from their parents and use some of their money to go towards buying a house.
It's quite a rare finance option, but if you can afford it, I'd highly recommend it.
You won't have to worry about debt or loans, you'd have a house all to yourself.


As well as being a glittering award ceremony, the prestigious Global Teacher Prize is also set to be a musical celebration with a concert held at Dubai Media City Amphitheatre.
The March 23 gig is a student's dream with an all-British pop music bill that features Rita Ora, Little Mix and Liam Payne.
All of these artists are no stranger to the UAE, having performed gigs of their own over the years. But this time around, they return to the country in an interesting phase of their career. Let's take a closer look at all artists on the bill.
If the 28-year-old looks extra jubilant on stage, then it's because it's true. Ora finally returns to the stage with new music after releasing her second album Phoenix in 2018, nearly six years since her successful debut Ora.
It's not that the singer has been resting on her laurels. Far from it, actually. Ora had so much new songs that she was itching to release a follow up record as early as 2013. However, her record label RocNation felt otherwise and thus began an acrimonious legal battle that ended in 2016, with Ora parted ways with the label.
The new album, from the title to the songs, brims with an energy of a bird released. Expect the new tracks Your Song and Let You Love Me to be performed alongside favourites How We Do (Party) and R.I.P on Saturday.
This is another act that is raring to go. After a slew of albums and hits that saw them conquer the UK and made them an arena act in Europe, the all-girl group have been focusing on cracking the notoriously tough (if you are not American) US market.
The tracks on their fifth album, LM5, might be the ones to do. It is full of various radio friendly styles ranging from pop, RnB and even Afrobeat – the latter is demonstrated in the breezy new single Think About Us. While they finally have the tunes, do they have the show to crack it state-side? We shall find out on Saturday.
The UAE holds bitter-sweet memories for Payne. As part of the now defunct boy-band One Direction, Payne performed with the group in Dubai in 2015 in what was one of the last run of shows before the boys called it a day.
The emirate also played a major role in his artistic rebirth. After gingerly returning to the music scene as a solo artist in 2017, Payne only really tested himself as a performer last year with a few low key gigs in Europe. It was his Global Village concert last year, with an audience of over 20,000, that confirmed to him he is on the right track.
In addition to a few One Direction favourites, we can expect Payne to drop solo material including the dancefloor burners Polaroid, Strip That Down and Get Low. More intriguingly Payne collaborated with Rita Ora for the 2018 single For You, which was included in the soundtrack to the film Fifty Shades Freed. Will the two performers share the same stage on Saturday and sing the sultry duet?


text:
"You Don't Make The Timeline, The Virus Makes The Timeline" – Dr. Fauci Contradicts Trump On CNN
by Tyler Durden
ZeroHedge.com
President Trump and the administration have forcefully denied reports that Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute for Allergies and Infectious Diseases and member of the White House Task Force dedicated to fighting the novel coronavirus and COVID-19, has been 'sidelined' by the administration after contradicting Trump last week.
When reporters noted Dr. Fauci's absence during Monday's briefing, the administration had a plausible explanation: he did an interview with Fox News's Sean Hannity a short time later. But the doctor's continued absence on Tuesday made some nervous, especailly after he had contradicted Trump's rosy pronouncements, especially Trump's insistence that the US get 'back to work' by Easter (though Trump clarified during last night's briefing that only states with low case numbers should return to work).
But just as the administration suggested, Dr. Fauci reappeared on Wednesday, and, more importantly, continued to disagree with President Trump.
And as the NYT continues to publish more anonymously-sourced reports about the administration continuing to "sideline" Dr. Fauci (though, to be fair, at this point, the disconnect between what Trump has been saying and what the administration has been doing is noticeably wide).
There's been a lot of anonymously sourced trash talk, though some have speculated that Trump is simply trying to present a more optimistic tone while leaving the doctors and Congress to deal with the more unpleasant realities of the situation.
https://t.co/U6l7jrRQMW
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) March 25, 2020
Whatever the case may be, Dr. Fauci followed Wednesday's briefing by an appearance on CNN with Chris Cuomo, the brother of NY Gov. Andrew Cuomo, who has emerged as a breakout star of the US outbreak for stepping up to handle the rapidly worsening situation in New York.
During the interview, Dr. Fauci didn't mince words: "The virus makes the timeline," he said. "You don't make the timeline. And if you keep seeing this acceleration, it doesn't matter what you say. 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks – you've got to go with what the situation on the ground is."
"You don't make the timeline. The virus makes the timeline," says Dr. Anthony Fauci on when coronavirus restrictions could be lifted. "…You have got to go with what the situation on the ground is… you need the data." https://t.co/L2SlTmOJ6Z pic.twitter.com/jMem16dOdM
— Cuomo Prime Time (@CuomoPrimeTime) March 26, 2020
The doctor also warned that the US should already be preparing for the next cycle: "We really need to be prepared for another cycle," he said.
But not everything Dr. Fauci said during the interview was so glum: When asked about the usefulness of sewing masks for hospital workers, Fauci said he doesn't believe the situation is currently "desperate" enough to justify such action.
This entry was posted on Thursday, March 26th, 2020 at 11:22 am	and is filed under BioWeapon, Health, Pandemic, Politics. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.


This is a light and flavorful dish the entire family loves. It is one of my personal favorites too. One pound fresh Sea Scallops, 4 ears of fresh corn on the cob (cut kernels and corn milk off cob), 1 cup halved cherry tomatoes, fresh basil and parsley chopped, salt, black pepper, garlic and onion powder to taste.
In a saute pan add a bit of canola oil on medium high heat, add corn kernels (cut off the cobs) and tomato halves, saute gently several minutes, add sea scallops, seasonings-herbs, and cook 3-4 minutes to lightly brown sea scallops and cook through.
Fun dish we just love a new favorite. I had a pastry deep dish pie shell (thawed) available, some tomatoes and fresh spinach! I always have a chunk of parmesan cheese ready to grate. So, I came up with this recipe on a whim and it was so good and easy to make. I pricked the pie crust a few times and place into a pre heated 400 F oven for 6 minutes. I used 4 fresh tomatoes diced, 1-1/4 cup baby spinach, one half onion diced finely, 2 cloves of garlic minced, one teaspoon black pepper, pinch of salt or two and mixed together in a large bowl.
Transfer to the pie shell, cover with 1-1/2 cup grated parmesan and 1/4 cup seasoned bread crumbs, 2 tablespoons melted butter and evenly spread on the top of pie.
Place into the 400 F hot oven and bake 20 minutes.
Everyone be safe and enjoy this weekend!
Add these to your BBQ! Yum.
One can 15-ounce butter beans, drained, one can 15- ounce baked beans, one can 15.5 ounce light kidney beans, 1/4 cup ketchup, squirt of brown mustard, 2 tablespoons brown sugar, one half diced finely shallot, one minced clove garlic, 4 cooked crispy bacon slices cut, 1/4 cup cashew halves.
In a stock pot (lidded) add beans, ketchup, mustard, brown sugar, shallot, garlic, on low heat, stir well, cover and cook on low heat 30 minutes, add bacon and cashews, stir and serve in individual bowls.
This is such a great meal for a Sunday Dinner! I love small potatoes roasted with any type of roast, add in freshly squeezed lemon juice and rosemary while baking them. I coat the Pork Loin Roast with cumin, black pepper, onion salt, garlic powder, add 1-1/4 cups vegetable stock, cover with foil loosely and bake 70 minutes in a 375 F hot oven. Garnish with fresh rosemary sprigs. Let Roast rest 10 minutes, slice.
Serve with your favorite side dishes and enjoy!


Q & A details -What is the strongest iron strongest alloy?
if you wanted to manufacture cast metal tools with the highest strength and heat/corrosion resistance, what metal or alloy would you use?
tungsten carbide is pretty much the hardest stuff that's readily available, but you can't have everything. you get generally get 2 out of the 3: hardest, toughest and corrosion resistant. the hardest metals are generally fairly brittle and still subject to corrosion issues. ceramics are even harder and resistant to corrosion, but they're even more brittle.


text:
Business Research Guide
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Full text in all disciplines of business, including journals (many peer reviewed), market research reports, industry reports, country reports, SWOT analyses, and much more.
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Company and industry intelligence on thousands of global companies with in-depth analysis through current news, statistical data, comprehensive reports, periodical articles, news articles, and press releases. Detailed information for domestic and international companies and associations, including information on corporate hierarchical structures, investment reports, corporate chronologies company histories, and some SWOT analyses. Also includes brands and product information, industry and company rankings, financial overviews, and demographic and market information for countries across the globe.
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Online index and text from 1984-present; print index from 1968-1993 in Reference Storage, Lower Level; microfilm of text available from 1968 - 2003.
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"Oh, really? Darn it!" said the little old lady. "I'd better go back and see if I can find them.
"Oh, no, no", said the old lady. "You see, my back yard is right next to a Golf course. A lot of Golfers come and pee through a knot hole in my fence, right into my flower Garden. It used to really tick me off.


text:
Pm3 je polská parní lokomotiva vyráběná v letech 1939 až 1941 v továrně Borsig v Berlíně. Lokomotivy tohoto typu byly používány především na osobní přepravu. Bylo vyrobeno asi 60 kusů.

Externí odkazy

Parní lokomotivy v Polsku
Hnací vozidla PKP
Hnací vozidla DB