The honour of initiating the crusade has also been attributed to Peter the Hermit, a recluse of Picardy, who, after a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and a vision in the church of the Holy Sepulchre, went to Urban II and was commissioned by him to preach the crusade.
Meanwhile the crusaders, revictualled by the Armenians of the Taurus region, made their way into Syria and on 20 October, 1097, reached the fortified city of Antioch, which was protected by a wall flanked with 450 towers, stocked by the Ameer Jagi-Sian with immense quantities of provisions.
From the outset the Crusades were defensive wars and checked the advance of the Mohammedans who, for two centuries, concentrated their forces in a struggle against the Christian settlements in Syria; hence Europe is largely indebted to the Crusades for the maintenance of its independence.
The Fourth Crusade was initiated by Pope Innocent III in 1202, but ended up in the sacking of Constantinople in 1204, as crusaders fought with Venetians and renegade Byzantines.
The vital crusading spirit was now dead, and the succeeding crusades are to be explained rather as arising from the efforts of the papacy in its struggle against the secular power, to divert the military energies of the European nations toward Syria.
A crusading force from Hungary, Austria, and Bavaria achieved a remarkable feat in the capture of Damietta[?] in Egypt in 1219, but under the urgent insistence of the papal legate[?], Pelagius[?], they proceeded to a foolhardy attack on Cairo, and an inundation of the Nile compelled them to choose between surrender and destruction.
As the Crusaders marched east, they were joined by thousands of men and even women, ranging from petty knights and their families, to peasants seeking freedom from their ties to the manor.
The Crusades of the 12th century, through the end of the Third Crusade in 1192, illustrate the tensions and problems that plagued the enterprise as a whole.
In the years between the failure of the Second Crusade and 1170, when the Muslim prince Saladin came to power in Egypt, the Latin States were on the defensive but were able to maintain themselves.
When the First Crusade was preached in 1095, the Christian princes of northern Iberia had been fighting their way out of the mountains of Galicia and Asturias, the Basque Country and Navarre, with increasing success, for about a hundred years.
The 13th century crusades never expressed such a popular fever, and after Acre fell for the last time in 1291, and after the extermination of the Occitan Cathars in the Albigensian Crusade, the crusading ideal became devalued by Papal justifications of political and territorial aggressions within Catholic Europe.
The eighth Crusade was organized by Louis IX in 1270, again sailing from Aigues-Mortes, initially to come to the aid of the remnants of the Crusader states in Syria.
The Second Crusade, in fact, was destined to be the last Crusade in which the armies were accompanied by large groups of pilgrims and other noncombatants.
The failure of the Crusade to achieve any victories whatever in the East emboldened Moslem military leaders, destroyed the myth of Western prowess in arms, and was to be responsible, at least in part, for causing the Moslem states of the East to draw closer together, to unite for further attacks upon the Latin states.
The end of the Second Crusade saw the Moslems preparing to unite, for the first time, against the Latin intruders in their midst, while the Latins, for their part, were divided sharply against one another.
The Second Crusade, 1147–49, was preached by St. Bernard of Clairvaux after the fall (1144) of Edessa to the Turks.
The Crusaders, led mostly by French and Flemish nobles and spurred on by Fulk of Neuilly, assembled (1202) near Venice.
The Crusader Baldwin I of Flanders was elected first Latin Emperor of Constantinople, but within a year he was captured and killed by the Bulgarians and succeeded by his brother Henry.
The crusades took place through the 11th and 13th centuries A.D. The original intent of the crusades was to recapture "Christian" lands that had been invaded by Muslims.
First Crusade: The first crusade was launched by Pope Urban II after the Council of Clermont in 1095 A.D. The Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople sent a letter to Pope Urban II, asking for his assistance against the progressing Muslim invaders.
The Ninth Crusade: The Ninth Crusade was Led by King Edward I of England in 1271 A.D. It was an attempt to defeat the Mamluk sultan of Baibers.
The crusaders did this but, when it became clear that the former emperor was unable to fulfil his promises of money, troops, and supplies, and amidst a great deal of political scheming in the capital, the crusaders took Constantinople for themselves in 1204.
Crusades were still organized and carried out later, but as the thirteenth century drew to a close, it was clear that the enthusiasm for crusading was decreasing.
It succeeded in eradicating the heresy at the expense of ravaging the countryside.
But the locals were fearful of Crusader destruction, and offered food and free passage to them to hasten them on their way.
The Sultan was having trouble with his Arab neighbors and saw the Crusaders as a possible deterrent to any of his neighbors who may have thought of invading his territories.
By this treaty, Jerusalem was to be restored to the Crusaders and Frederick II was to be King of Jerusalem, with the truce to last for about ten years.
The Latin Kingdom of the Crusaders was that of a conquering minority confined mainly to fortified cities and castles.
After the overthrow of the Crusaders by a Muslim army under Saladin (1187), the Jews were again accorded a certain measure of freedom, including the right to live in Jerusalem.
Crusader authority in the Land ended after a final defeat (1291) by the Mamluks, a Muslim military class which had come to power in Egypt.
The crusaders were persuaded to join the siege of Lisbon, which was held by the Muslims.
The crusaders begged to be taken within the city and the governor relented.
The crusader army was no longer the imposing force that had left Europe and could not even surround the city, though it was still the largest crusader army ever to march in the Holy Land.
Roger of Howden, for example, lifted his account of the crusade verbatim from Henry of Huntingdon, while the description of these events in the annals of the Cistercian abbey of Waverley in Surrey is copied word for word from Robert of Torigni.
In the case of the crusade it was licentiousness in the camp that lay at the root of divine displeasure.
Nor are accounts of the Third Crusade completely devoid of references to the Second: Roger of Howden, for example, had the crusaders tell the Muslims in 1191 that they intended restoring the Christian possessions to the frontiers as at the time of Louis' sojourn in the East.
The Crusades is the name given to a series of military expeditions, which spanned the eleventh to the thirteenth century, organized by western Christendom to recover the holy land of Palestine from the Muslims.
Convinced that God was on their side (apparently one of the crusaders, enlightened by numerous visions, found the holy lance that pierced Jesus side during the crucifixion [John 19:34]), surged out from the city to kill the infidels.
The Second Crusade (1147-1148) was called by Pope Eugenius III (d.1153) after the Turks recaptured Edessa in 1144.
Called at the Fourth Lateran Council, the Fifth Crusade was the second attempt by Pope Innocent III to restore Jerusalem to Christian control.
The failure of the Crusade in Egypt was blamed partially on Pelagius and partially on Frederick II, whose failure to depart had kept the Crusaders in constant uncertainty.
Depending on whether one counts the Crusade of Frederick II as a separate Crusade or not, this Crusade is alternately numbered the Sixth or Seventh.
After Edessa was recaptured by the Muslims in 1144, the Second Crusade was summoned by Roman bishop Eugenius III, and preached by Bernard of Clairvaux in France and Germany.
The Second Crusade was a failure, and ended when the French army, enroute to Edessa, attacked but failed to take Damascus in 1148.
The era the Crusades the first began in 1095 with Pope Urban II's famous speech and the ended in 1291 when Acre, the last of the Latin holdings in Palestine, was lost.
The Fourth Crusade: The Sack of Constantinople (1204) The crusade was to be directed at Egypt, because the Crusaders believed that conquering it would be the key to regaining Jerusalem.
Crusades (The Catholic Encyclopedia) The Crusades were expeditions undertaken to deliver the Holy Places from Moslem control.
Bernard himself preached the so-called "Second Crusade." An extraordinary pervasive man, he induced thousands of fighting men to put on the cross.
pointing out the true causes of the failure, the follies and vices of the crusaders themselves, he asserted that a new expedition, under-taken in a spirit of piety, would be crowned with success and urged the states of Christendom to combine in one great effort for securing the kingdom of Jerusalem.
A collection of19 essays on the Second Crusade (1147-49) and St. Bernard of Clairvaux focusing on the expedition's backgroundand ideology, the Crusade itself, and its aftermath.
Phillips (Jonathan and Martin Hoch, edited by), The Second Crusade: Scope and Consequences.
Essays examine the planning, execution, and consequences of the Crusade for Western Europe, the Crusader States of the Holy Land, and the Muslim Near East.
While those who participated in the Second Crusade had probably planned to do so before hearing of the loss of Edessa to Zangi, the urgency of the crusade was likely reinforced by the loss.
It is important to note that the majority of the crusaders during this period crusaded either in Iberia (where they seized Lisbon) or (more unsuccessfully) on the eastern border of Germany against the Slavs and Wends.
While the Second Crusade didn't directly help the Christian presence in the Mideast, from 1153 to 1169 the Franks were again on the offensive.
The Second Crusade was called in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144.
The second crusade was preached in France by Bernard of Clairvaux, the "honey-tongued teacher" who found it expedient to dwell upon the taking of the cross as a potent means of gaining absolution for sin and attaining grace.
Bernard of Clairvaux was also humiliated, and when his attempt to call a new Crusade failed, he tried to disassociate himself from the fiasco of the Second Crusade altogether.
Bernard of Clairveaux preached the crusade in France and Germany, promising certain victory, promising even that God would smite the hosts of the infidels by a miraculous interference.
He saved his fame as an inspired prophet by declaring the crusading armies unworthy of victory, and the defeat a divine punishment of their sins.
One of the least successful crusades, despite being led by Conrad III of Germany and Louis VII of France.
The remaining crusaders, still led by Conrad and Louis, joined Baldwin III of Jerusalem in an attack on Damascus which fell apart after arguments amongst the crusaders.
The failure of the Second Crusade demonstrated the dangers of the land route across Anatolia which the First Crusade only just survived.
Controversy around the resident numbers aside, for a person who first logged in when Second Life had 30,000 residents, the growth of Second Life is staggering.
Second Life only has a little over 45000 paid subscribers and everybody else plays the game for "free".
Second Life Insider is a member of the Weblogs, Inc. Network.
Like the Crusaders who in 1099 massacred almost the whole population of Jerusalem, earlier American Crusaders in 1991 also caused terrible death and destruction.
Guiding the crusade was the Evil One, Crazy Lord Cheney, King Bush's favorite counselor.
And that was the story of the Second Children's Crusade.


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Within 30 minutes, John Garvin went from being retired to becoming the next president of Pueblo Community College.
"Last Thursday, I had just completed my last process of retiring from the Air Force and I went home feeling a little melancholy," said Garvin, who spent 23 years in the Air Force. "Then I got the call from Dr. (Nancy) McCallin offering me the job. I was all of 30 minutes between jobs and I'd say that�s 29 minutes too long."
"I'm very much looking forward to coming to Pueblo Community College," said Garvin during a press conference Wednesday announcing him as the college's new president.
Thirty minutes after the announcement, Garvin officially began his duties as president.
He will be on campus until June 4, then will take a nine-day family vacation that had been planned before he was offered the job.
Garvin will return to the campus on June 14.
His salary will be $125,000 a year.
Garvin, 49, fills the vacancy left after Mike Davis was killed last year when the plane he was piloting crashed in the San Luis Valley.
Garvin's appointment marks the end of a months-long search for a new president, which included two national searches and the appointment of two interim presidents.
Marjorie Villani, former executive vice president, had served as interim president since Davis' death until she unexpectedly resigned Friday.
Laura Solano, dean of business and technology, was appointed Friday to oversee the day-to-day operations of the college until a new president was hired.
In announcing Garvin's appointment, McCallin said "we can end the uncertainty and start on a strong strategic path to a future that will serve Pueblo Community College and the Pueblo community well."
McCallin said that although all three finalists had many unique experiences and talents, the positive feedback received on Garvin, along with the interview she had with him, led her to pick him for the position.
"I believe he is the best choice to lead PCC," she said.
Garvin recently retired from his position as chief of the Global Space Warning Operations at Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado Springs.
He lives in Peyton but plans to move his family to Pueblo. He and his wife, Julie, have four children, Samantha, 21, Ross, 19, and 16-year-old twin sons Austin and Jacob.
Garvin said he is looking forward to fulfilling his passion of helping students reach their goals of attaining education.
"It's my sincere desire to make a difference and help our students have the opportunities that were provided to me," said Garvin, who began his higher education at a community college in Illinois.
He added that coming to PCC is like "coming home."
"I'm excited to join the close-knit community of Pueblo and advance the education opportunities for our PCC students to build a greater Pueblo," he said.
"Our students and our community face many exciting changes in the near future," he said. "I intend to proactively lead PCC in re-enforcing our rich cultural identity during significant growth, while integrating new vocational technologies and services to our education portfolio in the future."
Garvin served in the Air Force for 23 years, holding various leadership and teaching positions as well as having been a B-52 pilot for the Strategic Air Command.
He also has held several position at the Air Force Academy, including executive officer to the academy superintendent, chief of leadership development programs and director of research.
He has been published in various academic journals and has received multiple awards for outstanding teaching and leadership skills.
Garvin earned a bachelor's degree in electrical systems and science engineering from Southern Illinois University and a master's in public administration and leadership from Northern Michigan University.
Garvin earned a doctorate in higher education administration and leadership from Texas Tech University.


The greatest event in history was the coming to earth of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, and, it was divinely accomplished according to God's plan and perfect will. God the Father, out of infinite love and grace, sent his Son Jesus Christ to fulfill His plan to reconcile mankind to Himself. Jesus Christ, the Messiah, was proclaimed by the Spirit in ancient biblical oracles and prophecies and His miraculous coming was heralded by angels' songs of joy and celestial signs of wonders. The first and only virgin birth continues to be proclaimed throughout the world; nothing would ever be the same again—God made flesh in the Child Jesus, our Savior. Over 2000 years later, we still celebrate this miraculous event of hope and joy that has come to be known as Christmas.
The Old Testament contains some three hundred prophecies of the coming Messiah. The probability of all these being fulfilled in one person as merely coincidence is beyond comprehension and, for all practical purposes, mathematically impossible. All of these ancient prophecies were fulfilled in the one person of Jesus Christ, and they provide solid confirmation for: His credentials as Messiah, His claims as the Son of God and Savior, His unique life in comparison to all the other religious leaders of the world, and our hope and confidence that truly Christ alone is the one to whom we must look for salvation and meaning in life.
This Christmas, let's journey back in ancient time to reflect more fully on God's purposeful word of providence that caused and guided this historical and divine event—God's greatest gift to mankind. We begin with the Book of Genesis where God spoke out in oracle against the original sin of Adam, then to oracles and prophecies of the Old Testament, and finally to the Good News of the Gospel. As we do so, it is fitting that we give thanks and praise to our Sovereign God and Father for His blessing to us of the wondrous birth of Our Holy Redeemer, Jesus Christ our King. Scripture will guide us in our journey to Christmas.
God's Oracle of the Coming of Christ Jesus.
This prophecy, known as the Protevangelium, was written by Moses and is the oracle that the Lord pronounced when He found our first parents, Adam and Eve, guilty of sin. Our Redeemer would not be a man's seed; a virgin would miraculously conceive the Christ Child, so that He would be free of sin. The woman's seed has been proclaimed from the dawning of time as the coming victor over Satan. Jesus, the Messiah would someday crush Satan from His Cross.
The name Immanuel means, "God with us." Isaiah is appending to Genesis 3:15 the information that the virgin-born conqueror of Satan would be God Himself in the flesh.
Note: God's immeasurable and loving gift of Christ to a world undeserving of peace is One with the everlasting Father. God Incarnate in the Christ Child. Only Christianity can make that claim of their King!
More than a hundred years after Isaiah, the Hebrew prophet Jeremiah uttered another prophecy of Christ's virgin birth.
Virgin" is the Hebrew, `alma, which means "a mature, young, unmarried, and chaste woman." `Alma . . . represents a young woman, one of whose characteristics is virginity. Immanuel" is not a name, an appellation; it was instead a designation, a title or a description of who this Child would be--God with us in the flesh, both God and man.
The single Old Testament prophecy that specifies the birthplace of Jesus appears in a Messianic vision of Micah, a prophet who lived in the eighth century B.C.
Zechariah was a prophet active shortly after the people of Judah returned from exile in Babylon and reestablished regular worship at Jerusalem. In one of the visions recorded in the Book of Zechariah, the Lord instructed the prophet to take crowns and set them on the head of the high priest at that time, a man named Joshua. The words of the Lord on this occasion connect Joshua the high priest with the figure known in prophecy as the Branch. Who is the Branch? He is the coming Christ.
But let us return to our journey: Just imagine the cold, dark, star-filled night of Bethlehem. Dim candlelight was seen here and there in the windows of homes, taverns and inns. Oil lamps, scarcely used by street vendors who sold goods to visitors the like of Joseph and Mary had already been extinguished. Travelers, merchants and animals were bedded down for the night; the Roman-ruled world was a rest. At some early hour, the Holy Child's cry for life's first breath broke the silence of His manger; life's most precious breath that forever changed the world.
Joseph and Mary must have gazed in great wonder at the holy infant. We are left to imagine their first look of inexpressible joy and their humble words spoken quietly to their God as they held Him in their arms. Our God, made flesh with infant eyes not yet able to see their faces, was responsive to their warm touch and the familiar sounds of their voices. The Christ Child was encountering the first two humans on planet earth! Just imagine the inexpressible warmth of the Child God that filled their hearts. Mary surely sang an infant's lullaby to our King. Joseph and Mary made our Lord secure in the manger as best they could. They would have wanted a better birthplace for Jesus but our Lord's presence among them in that simple manger overshadowed their concern for the place of His humble beginning. All of heaven looked down on two humans bonding with Creator of mankind, and unseen angels stood nearby, silently watching over the holy family. As Mary laid their God to sleep in a bed of hay, there came a sudden awakening to shepherds in nearby fields; a heavenly messenger was at work.
Why was Bethlehem the birthplace of our King? It was at Bethlehem that Ruth (a Moabite of Gentile blood), the daughter-in law of Naomi, gleaned in the fields of Boaz; it was there that Boaz looked upon her, and she bowed herself before her lord; it was there the Lord blessed their marriage and Boaz became the father of Obed, and Obed the father of Jesse, and Jesse the father of David, king of Israel and Judah. Jesus was born in the year of Caesar Augustus, who by his whim and decree, yet by the divine will of God, caused Joseph and Mary to "…travel to Bethlehem to register Mary, who was pledged to be married to him, and was expecting a child" (Lk 2:5) because Joseph belonged to the house of David." And there, in the town of David, crowded with travelers paying taxes, they found shelter only in a manger. And in that simple manger, fourteen generations after the Jewish Exile from Egypt, Almighty God in the body of the Christ Child was born in the birthplace of kings. Faith was born in Bethlehem.
There came a celestial sign.
They had traveled by camel caravan several hundred miles to worship the Child Jesus, guided to Bethlehem by a supernatural celestial phenomenon foretold in the Scriptures. These were the three Magi, wise men who advised kings, and would have understood the meaning of God's word. Thus they followed the bright star in the east that "…went before them until it stopped over the place where the child was." Mt 2:9 The boy Jesus was then about two years of age.
These were gifts symbolic of Christ's identity and what he would accomplish: gold was a gift for a king; incense, a gift for deity; and myrrh, a spice for a person who was going to die. Did Mary allow young Jesus to touch these gifts or to be held by the strange visitors? Did Jesus gaze through young eyes and point with curiosity at the entourage of soldiers riding camels that accompanied these wise men? What might Mary and Joseph have told them about our Lord, and what message of hope did the Magi spread to others as they traveled their long way home? The ancient Scriptures would never be the same to them again. They had seen prophecy of their King fulfilled.
Our journey to Christmas, to the Infant God ends here, as it does in Scripture. This season, let's truly celebrate the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ, King of Kings. Amidst the noise and chatter of our busy days of celebration, we should remember that Our Savior came to the hearts of humility; to the broken hearts and low in spirit who would receive him. He came in divine, incomprehensible love for the redemption of our souls; for the glory of God the Father. The Christ Child grew to complete His ministry; His obedient and selfless work of soul-saving grace upon the cross to reconcile mankind to God. When we put Christmas into this perspective, is simply doesn't matter what our personal station in life happens to be. Rich or poor, healthy or ill, free or imprisoned, we can and should enjoy the spirit of Christmas for its true meaning. It's all about Him!
He was born in a manger and the world has no place for him. Will we find room for Jesus? That's all he asks, room to dwell. Our emptiness, our nothingness, our lack of goodness, our lack of grace—all these will be room for Him. It is a splendid act of Divine grace, that He should take us, who were heirs of wrath, and make us heirs of God. This Christmas, may we let Christ in to clean out the mangers of our hearts— to make room for Him to dwell in us richly, in the Spirit and through the word of God— to change us so that we desire an ever deeper and lasting relationship with our King.5 God's greatest gift to mankind came at Christmas.
1 Bible verses are from the Life Application Study Bible, New International Version, Zondervan, unless otherwise noted.


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text:
The Global Power Barometer (GPB) is a tool that measures which nations, ideologies or movements are most powerful based on how successfully they influence global opinion and events.

About

Located on PostGlobal, washingtonpost.com and Newsweek.com's panel blog on international issues, the Global Power Barometer (GPB) is a visual monitor updated each weekday by the research firm Denver Research Group, Inc. (DRGI) using a weighted sample of sources from the media, academia, governments, and NGOs from around the world. The GPB offers an indication of the most powerful nations and ideologies on any given day. PostGlobal is hosted by journalists Fareed Zakaria and David Ignatius.

Transparency in Reporting

Clicking on "Decoding Today's Chart" takes you to a bulleted explanation of the observations and drivers for the current chart, as well as archived paragraphs from earlier days and weeks. Clicking on an individual country or group on the chart displays a representative sample of sources used in determining the power shift for that day.

Looking at What's Next

As it tracks and analyzes information from across the world, the GPB often comes across issues that the PostGlobal branch of DRGI thinks will impact global politics. These are the issues that likely will move the icons in coming weeks. The "What's Next" button lets a reader access "Emerging Issues," which is a listing of issues, players, events, political intrigues or other items that the PostGlobal team believes may become important in coming days or weeks.

Tracking Movements

The reader can click on the time bar at the top of the chart to watch movement of the icons over the current week. Clicking on any of the dates stops the chart at that specific date. The movement in previous weeks can also be viewed by clicking "Other Weeks."

External links
Global Power Barometer

International relations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Renault Sherpa Light — сімейство повнопривідних військових автомобілів з колісною формулою 4×4. Вироблється концерном Рено з 2006 року.

Існують як броньовані, так і не броньовані варіанти. Призначені для використання піхотними, високомобільними підрозділами, морською піхотою, поліцейськими, тощо. Машини цього сімейства можуть бути перевезені транспортними літаками (А400М та C-130).

Машини сімейства

  (бронетранспортер) — може перевозити до 10 солдат або інший вантаж чи зброю.
  — повністю захищений варіант. Може перевозити до 5 солдат та/або додаткове озброєння.
  — існують як броньований, так і не броньований варіанти. Призначений для патрулювання, супроводу конвоїв, тощо. Може перевозити до 4-5 солдатів та встановлене на дах озброєння.
  — легкий штурмовий автомобіль з місцем на 4 особи. Призначений для використання в підрозділах спеціального призначення. Може бути встановлено комплекти протимінного та балістичного захисту.
  — варіант для перевезення вантажів. Існують броньовані та не броньовані модифікації з кабіною на 2 особи, може перевозити до 4.5 тон вантажу.

Виробник окремо пропонує шасі  для створення спеціальних автомобілів вагою до 11 тон з різною колісною базою та можливими модифікаціями.

Примітки

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 Сімейство Sherpa Light  на сайті Renault Trucks Defense

Військові автомобілі
Автомобілі Renault


text:
Elections to Dover District Council in Kent, England were held on 3 May 2007. This was on the same day as other UK local elections. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative Party gained overall control of the council.

References

Dover District Council elections
2007 English local elections
2000s in Kent


J.D. Morris Nov. 19, 2018 Updated: Nov. 19, 2018 8:59 a.m.
Pacific Gas and Electric Co. is emerging from one of its most challenging weeks under a cloud of uncertainty. Investors, regulators, employees and even those opening their monthly bills are transfixed by the question of whether the embattled utility can withstand the aftermath of California's deadliest and most destructive wildfire.
PG&E Corp., the utility's parent, endured a volatile week on Wall Street. Its shares saw both their largest single-day percentage decline and, later, their largest single-day increase since the early 2000s, when the California energy crisis forced the utility into bankruptcy.
The stock price decline, which wiped out billions of dollars in shareholders' wealth, came amid concerns from investors about PG&E's potential liability in the horrific Camp Fire, which has far exceeded any other wildland inferno in state history as measured by lives lost and structures incinerated.
Shares subsequently recovered after Michael Picker, president of the California Public Utilities Commission, made it clear he does not want PG&E to file for bankruptcy because of the fire. But the stock's Friday closing price of $24.40 was still about half its opening price Nov. 8, the day the Camp Fire began.
Investors needed reassurance about PG&E's future from California public policymakers, and while they found that to some degree in Picker's comments, his remarks fall "far short of alleviating any of the future shareholder losses," said Travis Miller, a utilities analyst at Morningstar Research Services.
Until investigations into the Tubbs and Camp fires are completed, PG&E's liability for California wildfires will remain unresolved. A few different paths lie ahead, depending on how events unfold and the Legislature responds.
Bonds: The Legislature passed SB901 last year, allowing PG&E to issue bonds paid off by ratepayers to cover the costs of 2017 wildfires over time. Applying the same fix to the Camp Fire and subsequent wildfires would require new legislation to extend SB901. The utility could also seek changes in the way California applies inverse condemnation to wildfires, but legislators have shown little interest in pursuing that to date.
Bankruptcy: Pacific Gas and Electric Co. filed for bankruptcy in 2001 amid disagreements with California over how to recoup costs from the state's energy crisis. Without some protection from wildfire lawsuits, the utility could seek protection from creditors again.
Breakup: In the longer term, legislators and regulators may seek to restructure PG&E in more significant ways, including splitting it up into smaller entities.
The Camp Fire's cause remains under investigation, as PG&E has repeatedly noted, but state officials are looking at its equipment as a possible source. On Nov. 9, the utility reported to regulators a problem with a line near the location initially identified as an ignition point for the Camp Fire. On Friday, PG&E said in a filing with the utilities commission that it had also identified a problem with its equipment near a point now under suspicion as a second origin point of the blaze.
If the utility's equipment is ultimately found responsible for sparking the conflagration, the cost to PG&E could match or exceed the estimated $15 billion it may already be liable for after the wildfires that ravaged Northern California in 2017. The cause of the worst of those blazes, the Tubbs Fire, is also still under investigation, and numerous related lawsuits against PG&E have yet to be resolved.
Under a legal concept known as inverse condemnation, PG&E can be held responsible for wildfires started by its equipment even if the utility did nothing wrong. On a Nov. 5 conference call to discuss PG&E's latest earnings report, CEO Geisha Williams said the company would "continue our focus on reforming inverse condemnation" going forward.
PG&E could be aided by a new state law that lets it grapple with wildfire costs by selling bonds its customers would pay off over time. But the current law allows PG&E to take that step only for the 2017 fires — any attempt to do so for a fire that started this year would require further action from state lawmakers, who haven't indicated whether they are willing to back such a move.
Picker said allowing wildfires to force PG&E or the state's other investor-owned utilities into bankruptcy "has a very big cost" to ratepayers.
PG&E officials agree that utilities may need further changes to the new state law, SB901.
"While SB901 addresses many urgent needs, there is more work that remains to combat the devastating threat of extreme weather and climate change, and especially the threats those pose to our state's energy future," said PG&E spokesman Paul Doherty.
The company has already come under extreme financial pressure.
PG&E shares tanked about 22 percent Wednesday, the company's deepest single-day plunge since the utility emerged from a bankruptcy caused by the energy crisis. The stock-market nosedive came after the San Francisco energy company disclosed that it had exhausted its revolving credit lines and said that if the utility's equipment had caused the Camp Fire, liabilities could exceed its insurance coverage.
Moody's analyst Jeff Cassella said in an interview Friday that Picker's comments — which appeared to help boost PG&E's stock price 37.5 percent that day — were not enough to warrant another rating action.
State Sen. Bill Dodd, D-Napa, who sponsored SB901, has not said whether he will support additional changes to the law so PG&E could offset liabilities it may incur from the Camp Fire.
If lawmakers do try to let PG&E pass Camp Fire-related costs along to ratepayers, The Utility Reform Network will "do everything in our power to fight that," said Mark Toney, the consumer group's executive director.
"It is not fair to make ratepayers pay for fires they had nothing to do with," Toney said.
Meanwhile, state Sen. Jerry Hill, D-San Mateo, a PG&E critic, is questioning whether the utility should continue to exist in its current form. Hill said his office is researching alternatives, including whether to break up PG&E.
Some changes to PG&E may come from an ongoing investigation into the utility's safety culture. In his public comments Thursday, Picker said he is broadening the scope of the investigation — which came out of the fallout from the 2010 San Bruno pipeline explosion — to include recent wildfires.


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