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Leaflets (Fig. 1) can be stripped from the feathery, fern-like leaves and used in any spin...
Leaflets (Fig. 1) can be stripped from the feathery, fern-like leaves and used in any spinach recipe. They are exceptionally nutritious. Very young plants can also be used as a tender vegetable. In many cultures, the diet consists mainly of a starchy dish or porridge made from corn meal, cassava, millet or the like. Side dishes or "sauces" served with the starchy main dish are therefore very important nutritionally, as they are often the only source of extra protein, vitamins and minerals. Moringa leaves could easily be added to such sauces as a potherb or as dried herbs. ECHO has published a separate Technical Note that includes numerous moringa recipes.
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THE MORINGA TREE By Dr. Martin L. Price Published 1985; Revised 2000, 2002, 2007 by ECHO Staff Moringa oleiferatree. Photo by Beth Doerr What's Inside Uses of moringa: Plant parts As an antibiotic Cultivation of moringa Propagation of moringa Species of moringa Seed sources Web sites with more information Appendix: Information on a seed dehusker Copyright © ECHO 2007. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced for training purposes if distributed free of charge or at cost and credit is given to ECHO. For all other uses, contact echo@echonet.org for written permission. Introduction The moringa tree, Moringa oleifera, has probably been the most popular plant in ECHO's seed bank of underutilized tropical crops. The tree is native to India but has been planted around the world and is naturalized in many locales. Moringa goes by many names. In the Ph ilippines, where the leaves of the moringa are cooked and fed to babies, it is called "mother's best friend" and "malunggay." Other names for it include the benzolive tree (Haiti), horseradish tree (Florida), Nébéday (Senegal) and drumstick tree (India). There are about 13 species of moringa trees in the family Moringaceae. They are native to India, the Red Sea area and/or parts of Africa including Madagascar. Of these species, Moringa oleifera is the most widely known. In this document, the term 'moringa' refers to M. oleifera. All other species are referred to by their Latin name. Eingestellt über www.PDF-ins-Internet.de. Haftung für Inhalt und Inhaber aller Rechte ist der Puplisher. Kontaktdaten und Anbieterkennung des Puplishers/Autors entnehmen Sie bitte dem PDF-Archives auf www.PDF-ins-Internet.de. Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 2 USES OF MORINGA LEAVES Back to top Leaflets (Fig. 1) can be stripped from the feathery, fern-like leaves and used in any spinach recipe. They are exceptionally nutritious. Very young plants can also be used as a tender vegetable. In many cultures, the diet consists mainly of a starchy dish or porridge made from corn meal, cassava, millet or the like. Side dishes or "sauces" served with the starchy main dish are therefore very important nutritionally, as they are often the only source of extra protein, vitamins and minerals. Moringa leaves could easily be added to such sauces as a potherb or as dried herbs. ECHO has published a separate Technical Note that includes numerous moringa recipes. Fig. 1 Moringa leaves. Photo by Tim Motis Frank Martin states in Survival and Subsistence in the Tropics that "among the leafy vegetables, one stands out as particularly good, the horseradish tree. The leaves are outstanding as a source of vitamin A and, when raw, vitamin C. They are a good source of B vitamins and among the best plant sources of minerals. The calcium content is very high for a plant. Phosphorous is low, as it should be. The content of iron is very good (it is reportedly prescribed for anemia in the Philippines). They are an excellent source of protein and a very low source of fat and carbohydrates. Thus the leaves are one of the best plant foods that can be found." In his book Edible Leaves of the Tropics, he adds that the leaves are incom- parable as a source of the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cystine, which are often in short supply. Researchers at the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) showed that leaves of four moringa species (oleifera, peregrina, stenopetala and drouhardii) all contained high levels of nutrients and antioxidants. They also found that nutrient content varied little between ten accessions of Moringa oleifera. Nutrient content did, however, vary with preparation method, leaf age and harvest season. Though some nutrients in vegetables are lost as a result of cooking, AVRDC scientists observed that boiled moringa leaves or leaf powder provided at least three times more bio-available iron than raw moringa leaves. Boiling also enhanced antioxidant activity of moringa leaves. Nutrient content was higher in mature than young leaves, though people usually prefer to eat young shoots. Vitamin A was highest during the hot-wet season, whereas iron and vitamin C were highest during the cool-dry season. Experiments at the University of Baroda in India revealed that cooking moringa leaves with oil helps retain beta carotene and enhances the conversion of beta carotene to vitamin A in the body. These studies also showed that, because vitamin A is unstable under acidic conditions, beta carotene is reduced when moringa leaves are cooked with tomato products. Dennis Rempel in Burkina Faso reported on seed ECHO had sent. "Folks loved the leaves. In fact it is supposedly found locally, though I have yet to be shown any. They say it is rare but highly prized to be added to sauces. Everyone wants more." In many warm-climate countries today, health workers are now treating malnutrition in small children and pregnant and nursing women with moringa leaf powder. The results have often been dramatic and very large numbers of moringa trees are being planted. Some of the results are published below. Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 3 An Impressive Moringa Project in Senegal Back to top Lowell Fuglie with Church World Service (CWS) in Senegal sent us a report on an impressive CWS project called "Moringa oleifera: Natural Nutrition for the Tropics" [also adapted and written in ECHO Development Notes (EDN) 64]. ECHO and others have published articles about the many uses, nutritional content and hardiness of this drought-resistant "vegetable tree." Fuglie's report contains valuable technical information and adds an important human face by reporting results of an evaluation of the project and interviews with people who have benefited from it. People have different nutritional requirements at different stages of their lives. Lactating women and weaned children ages 1-3 are especially vulnerable in areas where malnutrition is commonplace. Fuglie's report lists the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for the major nutrients for children ages 1-3 and for lactating women and compares these RDAs to the amount of the nutrients present in moringa pods, moringa leaves and moringa leaf powder. Here are highlights from several tables. "For a child aged 1-3, a (same weight as 1/10 of a liter of water) serving of fresh leaves would provide all his daily requirements of calcium, about 75% of his iron and half his protein needs, as well as important supplies of potassium, B complex vitamins, copper and all the essential amino acids. As little as 20 grams of fresh leaves would provide a child with all the vitamins A and C he needs." "For pregnant and breast-feeding women, moringa leaves and pods can do much to preserve the mother's health and pass on strength to the fetus or nursing child. One 100 g portion of leaves could provide a woman with over a third of her daily need of calcium and give her important quantities of iron, protein, copper, sulfur and B-vitamins." Moringa leaves can be easily dried (Fig. 2). Leaves should be dried in the shade to reduce loss of vitamins, especially vitamin A. AVRDC research showed that most nutrients were retained by drying at 50°C (122°F) for 16 hours. The brittle leaves are then pounded and sifted to remove leaf stems. Leaves can also be rubbed over a wire screen to make a powder, which should be stored in a sealed, dark container. The powder can conveniently be added to soups, sauces, porridges, baby food, etc. "It is estimated that only 20-40% of vitamin A content will be retained if leaves are dried under direct sunlight, but that 50-70% will be retained if leaves are dried in the shade." "One rounded tablespoon (8 g) of leaf powder will satisfy about 14% of the protein, 40% of the calcium, 23% of the iron and nearly all the vitamin A needs for a child aged 1-3. Six rounded spoonfuls of leaf powder will satisfy nearly all of a woman's daily iron and calcium needs during pregnancy and breast-feeding." Fig. 2. Moringa leaves spread out to dry. Photo by Beth Doerr. Fig. 3. Malnourished child being fed moringa. Photo by Beth Doerr. "During pregnancy and breast-feeding, women are most at risk of suffering from nutritional deficiencies." Table 1 shows the percent of the RDA of various nutrients for a nursing mother eating six rounded tablespoons (about 50 g) of leaf powder daily. It also shows the percent of the RDA for a 1-3 year old child (Fig. 3) with one rounded tablespoon of powder added to his food, three times daily. Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 4 Table 1. Percentage of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of various nutrients supplied to a nursing mother and a 1-3 year old child by moringa leaf powder (6 tablespoons per day for a nursing mother; 1 tablespoon three times per day for a 1-3 year old child). RDA (%) Nutrition component supplied Parent Child Protein 21 42 Calcium 84 125 Magnesium 54 61 Potassium 22 41 Iron 94 71 Vitamin A 143 272 Vitamin C 9 22 Lowell says he first became aware of the nutritional value of moringa from reading EDN. He did not need to order seeds from our seed bank, however, because moringa already grew wild in Senegal. It was seldom eaten, and Lowell writes, "much of the nutritional content (was) lost by the common practice of boiling the leaves and then discarding the water as many as three times before the leaves (were) eaten." The project began in early 1997. CWS partnered with a local NGO, Alternative Action for African Development (AGADA). Together they trained a network of government health workers, including doctors, nurses, and midwives, in ways of using moringa. Informational booklets, brochures, a seminar and radio spots were put together. In December 1998, several directors of health- and nutrition-related programs conducted an outside evaluation of the project. The project evaluators interviewed 70 individuals. Based on their report, answers to many of the project's initial questions we re obtained. Here are the questions, along with answers based on their report. Would moringa leaves, leaf powder and pods be visibly effective in treating malnutrition and promoting physical health and well being? "Successful treatment of malnourished children has been well-documented. Interviews with men and women who have made moringa a regular part of their diets point out that they have a keen awareness of improvements in their health and energy. At one health post, the pharmacy is now selling moringa leaf powder to mothers with malnourished children. " There is limited awareness of nutrition and the importance of balanced diets. Would people see the value of adding moringa to their foods as a purely nutritional measure? "It is apparent that one does not need an education in nutrition to know whether or not one is feeling healthy. People expressed every intention of continuing to include moringa in their diets because of the sense of physical well being it gives them. In one village, virtually every household now maintains a stock of moringa leaf powder." Would people be receptive to changing the way they prepared fresh moringa leaves? "Traditionally, leaves are boiled 2-3 times and the water discarded after each boiling to remove some of the bitter taste. However, some individuals claim they are no longer discarding the water or boiling the leaves more than once. In addition, making sauces with leaf powder instead of fresh leaves appears to be quite popular because it saves time and is easy to use." (Fig. 4) Fig. 4. Pounding moringa leaves to make leaf powder. Photo by Beth Doerr. Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 5 Would they be receptive to adding new foods, such as moringa pods, to their diets? "This has been surprisingly successful, since new foods are often very difficult to introduce in West Africa. People interviewed have shown considerable inventiveness when it comes to preparing moringa pods, seeds and flowers." Fig. 5 Moringa leaf powder added to food. Photo by Doris Strong. Would local consumption remain dependent on outside encouragement and training, or could it develop spontaneously? "Partly thanks to radio broadcasts about moringa, partly through training provided local communities by some of the more dynamic health agents, and partly through word-of- mouth and example, moringa and its properties are gradually becoming known even outside the project's target area. The project directly sponsored planting 10,000 trees in 1998, but it is likely that a similar number was planted by individuals within the region." As I read through excerpts from interviews, I selected a few to share here. The supervisor of the primary health department at a hospital said, "We have always had problems with the classical approach to treating malnourished children. This was based on industrial products: whole milk powder, vegetable oil and sugar. All these things are expensive. When you tell a parent to go out and buy them - this can be truly costly for them." A nurse in charge of pediatrics at a hospital keeps dried leaf powder on hand to give out to mothers of malnourished children. An administrator at another general hospital is a diabetic. "I have for the past three years been controlling my blood sugar by peri odically drinking a tea made from moringa leaves." He decided to plant a thousand trees around the hospital complex. "This way we will always have a ready supply of leaves to treat the cases of malnutrition we receive." One of the mothers said, "At first, when I tried to nurse my son, I was not producing enough milk. Then I started to eat moringa. After a short while I had enough milk again. We now eat moringa sauces at least three times a week. Every other time I had a baby, I lost weight during the months I was breast-feeding. This time I have been gaining weight." Many adults mentioned that they were no longer so tired. Some mentioned that they and their children sleep better. One said "After we boil the pods, we distribute the water and drink it. It tastes sugary." There were some accounts of children vomiting worms the first time they were fed moringa. Fuglie's 68-page book also contains many recipes. There are numerous pictures of the people being interviewed, which might be helpful in proposing a similar project to local leaders in other countries. The Senegal project is written up in a book called The Miracle Tree: The Multiple Attributes of Moringa, edited by Lowell Fuglie. The book is available from ECHO Bookstore (echonet.org) in both English and French. A video on the project, made by Lowell Fuglie titled The Miracle Tree (Moringa oleifera) is also available from ECHO in English and French. Moringa leaves are not always available throughout the whole year. M. stenopetala is deciduous in some of its native range. In West Africa, moringa leaves appear at the end of the dry season when there are few other sources of leafy green vegetables. Leaf drop varies depending on climate and rainfall. Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 6 Fig. 6-7. Moringa trees growing at ECHO (Fig. 6; left) and as a household tree in Africa (Fig. 7; right) Photos by Tim Motis (left) and Beth Doerr (right). Table 2. Nutritional value of Moringa oleifera.* Moringa pods, fresh (raw) leaves and dried leaf powder have shown them to contain the following per 100 grams of edible portion: Component analyzed Pods Leaves Leaf Powder Moisture (%) Calories Protein (g) Fat (g) Carbohydrate (g) Fiber (g) Minerals (g) Ca (mg) Mg (mg) P (mg) K (mg) Cu (mg) Fe (mg) S (mg) Oxalic acid (mg) Vitamin A - B carotene (mg)** Vitamin B -choline (mg) Vitamin B1 -thiamin (mg) Vitamin B2 -riboflavin (mg) Vitamin B3 -nicotinic acid (mg) Vitamin C -ascorbic acid (mg) Vitamin E -tocopherol acetate (mg) Arginine ( mg ) Histidine ( mg ) Lysine ( mg ) Tryptophan (mg) Phen ylanaline ( mg ) Methionine (mg) Threonine ( mg ) Leucine ( mg ) Isoleucine (mg) Valine (mg) 86.9 26 2.5 0.1 3.7 4.8 2.0 30 24 110 259 3.1 5.3 137 10 0.11 423 0.05 0.07 0.2 120 - 90 27.5 37.5 20 108 35 98 163 110 135 75.0 92 6.7 1.7 13.4 0.9 2.3 440 24 70 259 1.1 7 137 101 6.8 423 0.21 0.05 0.8 220 - 402 141 288 127 429 134 328 623 422 476 7.5 205 27.1 2.3 38.2 19.2 - 2,00 3 368 204 1,324 0.57 28.2 870 1600 16.3 - 2.64 20.5 8.2 17.3 113 1325 613 1325 425 1388 350 1188 1950 825 1063 * From The Miracle Tree: Edited by Lowell Fuglie ** The B-carotene found in moringa is a precursor to retinol (Vitamin A). There are around 25 kinds of B-carotene. Efficiency of retinol production varies among types. Research is still required to know more about the B-carotene types in moringa leaves, particularly with what efficiency they are converted to retinol, and how much is lost or inactivated due to various moringa-processing methods. Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 7 Moringa Research by BIOMASA Back to top At Proyecto BIOMASA, an agricultural research program located in Nicaragua, moringa has been studied for over six years. Researchers have found evidence, for example, that moringa can be used as a foliar spray to increase plant growth and as a green manure to improve soil fertility. Lowell Fuglie summarized some of BIOMASA's major findings in a report excerpted below. 1) BIOMASA has discovered that moringa leaf extract contains a plant growth hormone. Fuglie writes, "Juice from fresh moringa leaves can be used to produce an effective [spray containing] plant growth hormone, increasing yields by 25-30% for nearly any crop: onions, bell pepper, soya, maize, sorghum, coffee, tea, chili, melon. . . .One of the active substances is Zeatin: a plant hormone from the cytokinins group. This foliar spray should be used in addition to (and not in lieu of) other fertilizers, watering and sound agricultural practices. "In one trial, use of this hormone [spray] increased maize yields from 60 to 130 sacks per hectare. Using this hormone [spray], BIOMASA was able to grow coffee at 30 meters altitude. Coffee, shaded with Jatropha curcas , produced beans in just 17 months." Fuglie describes how the spray was made at BIOMASA: "a) Make an extract by grinding young moringa shoots (not more than 40 days old) together with a bit of water (about one liter per 10 kg fresh material). "b) Filter the solid out of the solution. This can be done by placing the solution in a cloth and wringing out the liquid. The solid matter, which will contain 12-14% protein, can be used as livestock feed. "c) Dilute the extract with water at a 1:32 ratio and spray directly onto plants (if the extract is not going to be used within five hours, it is best stored in a freezer until needed). Apply about 25 ml per plant. The foliar spray should be applied 10 days [from] the moment plants emerge, again at about 30 days before plants begin to flower, again when seed appears and again during the maturation phase." 2) Moringa shoots can also be used as a green manure. Fuglie writes, "Using moringa as a green manure can significantly enrich agricultural land. In this process, the land is first tilled. Moringa [seed] is then planted 1-2 cm deep at a spacing of 10x10 cm (a density of one million seeds per hectare. The density can be greater: the only limits to plant density are availability of seed, water and fertilizer). After 25 days, plow the seedlings into the soil to a depth of 15 cm. Prepare the land again for the crop desired. "Seeding can be done mechanically if the seeds are first de-hulled (see page 9 for information about how Nikolaus Foidl at BIOMASA de-hulls moringa seed and Appendix A on page 16 for diagrams of a de-huller from Church World Service). Planting kernels will reduce germination time by up to three days. "A simple method of seeding is to first rototill the soil to a depth of 10 cm, then scatter seed over the soil and rototill again to a depth of 2-3 cm." 3) "Whether produced for use as a green manure, for livestock or for human consumption, moringa can be grown intensively with yields of up to 650 metric tons of green matter per hectare. This compares very well to other green manure crops such as lablab beans, which yield up to 110 tons/hectare of green matter in pure stands. Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 8 "These high yields were obtained through subsoiling to a depth of 60 cm (to encourage drainage and good root development), rotavating, then planting moringa at a 10x10 cm density (one million plants per hectare) with sufficient fertilizer (cow dung is preferred). BIOMASA did sub-soiling with a deep plugging unit produced by a German company called HOWARD. "The green matter is harvested when plants reach a height of 50 cm or more (every 35-40 days). To harvest, cut at a distance of 15-20 cm above the ground. Although losses of seedlings may be 20-30% in the first year, the vigorous regrowth of the remaining seedlings will produce 3 or 5 new shoots after each cutting. Up to nine harvests can be obtained annually. In time (some of BIOMASA's moringa stands are three years old) the 15-20 cm stem will become thick and woody but will continue to send up green shoots. "The 650 metric ton yield was obtained in sandy, well-drained soil at 30 meters altitude. Rainfall was 1300 mm annually with irrigation practiced during the dry season. At this level of production, the nutrient requirement per hectare each year is: 1,800 kg Calcium 0.5 kg Copper 1,400 kg Magnesium 380 kg Phosphorus 0.6 kg Boron 280 kg Nitrogen 0.3 kg Zinc "For bulk orders, local fertilizer producers can mix this to order. Barring that, adding urea to existing fertilizers can provide many of the needed nutrients." [Ed.: Note that the soils in other locations may be able to provide a portion of these requirements and fertilizer needs may be different.] 4) BIOMASA conducted extensive trials using moringa leaves as livestock feed for beef and milk cows, swine, and poultry. When moringa leaves constituted 40-50% of feed, milk yields for dairy cows and daily weight gains for beef cattle increased 30%. "Ca ttle were fed 15-17 kg of moringa daily. Milking should be done at least three hours after feeding to avoid the grassy taste of moringa in the milk." Milk production was 10 liters/day when cows were fed moringa, compared to 7 liters/day without moringa. With moringa feed, daily weight gain of beef cattle was 1,200 grams/day, compared to 900 grams/day without moringa feed." Fuglie makes some comments in his report: "The high protein content of moringa leaves must be balanced with other energy food. Cattle feed consisting of 40-50% moringa leaves should be mixed with molasses, sugar cane, young elephant grass, sweet (young) sorghum plants, or whatever else is locally available. The maximum protein and fiber content of livestock feed should be (Table 3): Table 3. Highest amount (%) of protein and fiber in livestock feed considered safe for cows and pigs. Animal Protein Fiber Lactating cow: 18% 26-30% Beef cow: 12-14% 36% Lactating sow: 16-18% 5-7% Meat pig: 12-14% 5-7% "Care must be taken to avoid excessive protein intake. Too much protein in pig feed will increase muscle development at the expense of fat production. In cattle feed, too much protein can be fatal (from alteration of the nitrogen cycle)." Foidl explains that ruminants need nitrogen to feed the bacteria in their stomach, but too much nitrogen can lead to reduced liver and kidney function and possibly to death. Back to top Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 9 "Nutrient value of moringa leaves can be increased (for poultry and swine) through the addition of an enzyme (phytase) to break down the phytates, leading to increased absorption of the phosphorus found in moringa. The enzyme should be simply mixed in with the leaves without heating." It is NOT for use with ruminants; they are already equipped with the enzyme that enables them to break down food material. [Phytase feed enzyme products are sold through worldwide distributors of companies such as BASF (Natuphos), Danisco (Phyzyme™), DSM Nutritional Products (Ronozyme® or Roxazyme®) and JBS United (Optiphos®). Formulations and prices of these products vary.] With moringa as 40-50% of feed, "the average birth weight for local Jersey cattle, usually 22 kg, increased by 3-5 kg. "The higher birth weight can be problematic for small cattle. It may be advisable to induce birth 10 days prematurely to avoid problems. Incidence of twin births also increased dramatically with moringa feed: 3 per 20 births as opposed to the usual average of 1:1000. 5) Sometimes moringa leaf concentrate is preferable to fresh leaves for use in livestock feed. "Chickens will not voluntarily consume moringa leaves or moringa leaf powder. However, about half the protein content can be extracted from the leaves in the form of a concentrate which can then be added to chicken feed (or used in many other ways). The protein content desired in chicken feed is 22%. To obtain the concentrate, mix leaves with water and run the mix through a hammer mill. Heat this mash to 70 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes. The protein will (clump) and settle to the bottom." The protein can be freeze-dried after the liquid has been poured off. Nikolaus Fiodl of BIOMASA wrote to us about a somewhat simpler alternative to freeze-drying. He wrote, "Take a pressure cooker and fit a copper or steel tube in the top. Take a compressor from an old refrigerator. Link the tube to the compressor inlet and run the compressor. At a temperature of 30 degrees C and about 50 mm of vacuum you can take out most of the water by evaporation in vacuum. "If you wish to use the concentrate as a fresh fodder, just take the sludge after sedimentation and mix it with dry fodder until you can handle it as a semidry mass. Then press it through a meat grinder to make homemade pellets." For pig fodder, the homemade pellets can be mixed with the normal fodder. Foidl warns, "Be careful not to overdo it with protein; fattening pigs need 12-14% protein and lactating pigs need 16-18%." PODS Back to top The young pods (Fig. 8), known as "drumsticks" by Indian communities, are cooked and reportedly have a taste like asparagus. They are sold fresh and canned in many Asian markets. Tinned drumsticks are exported from India, Sri Lanka and Kenya to Europe and Asia. They are eaten much like green beans. The green peas and surrounding white material can be removed from larger pods and cooked in various ways. Figs. 8-9. Moringa oleifera seed pods (Fig. 8; left) and flowers (Fig. 9; lower right). Photos by Tim Motis FLOWERS Back to top After 8 to 12 months, the tree begins to flower and continues year round. The flowers (Fig. 9) can be eaten or used to make a tea. In Haiti, tea from the flowers is drunk for colds. The flowers provide good amounts of calcium and potassium. Moringa flowers also provide a year-round source of nectar for bees, although some have claimed that honeybees do not gather nectar from moringa. Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 10 SEED Back to top Seeds (Fig. 10) can be extracted and eaten as "peas" (boiled or fried) when still green. The dry seeds are apparently not used for human consumption, perhaps because the bitter coating becomes hardened. The mature seed is about 40% oil. Moringa oil is of excellent quality (73% oleic acid, similar to olive oil) for cooking. Sold for many years as "ben oil," it is used in cooking and perfumes and has been used as a Fig10. Seeds of Moringa oleifera (brown seeds on left) and Moringa stenopetala (larger, white seeds on right). Photo by ECHO staff. watch lubrication, but was replaced long ago by sperm oil. It can be used for making soap and is also excellent to burn for light. The oil is slow to become rancid. The species, M. peregrina, from the Red Sea area reportedly produces very good oil. Oil can be extracted from moringa seed in the home. Seed from mature pods-which can be 60 cm (24 in) long-are roasted, mashed and placed in boiling water for 5 minutes. After straining and sitting overnight, the moringa oil floats to the surface. Footsteps magazine (Issue 28) describes the oil extraction process: "Moringa seed has a fairly soft kernel, so the oil can be extracted by hand using a screw press (also known as a "spindle" or "bridge" press). The seed is first crushed, 10% by volume of water is added, followed by gentle heating over a low fire for 10-15 minutes, taking care not to burn the seed. One such test yielded 2.6 liters of oil from 11 kg of kernels. Once the best processing conditions are worked out, an extraction efficiency of 65% could probably be expected." BIOMASA also researched moringa seed oil extraction. Fuglie states in his report, "Nikolaus Foidl designed a motorized moringa seed de-huller with a built-in blower to separate out the chaff. The de- hulling part of the machine consists of two revolving rubber plates slightly oval in shape. Seed is run through 3 times, with the space between the plates diminished slightly each time (smaller seed not de- hulled the first time will be de-hulled the 2 nd or 3 rd time). Foidl suggests that a screw press made of simple iron may be better suited for moringa oil extraction than one made of steel. Chromium and nickel in steel may react with the oil at high temperatures and lower oil quality. One possible screw press is the FAKT press, a German-designed oil press now produced in India, which BIOMASA has successfully used to extract Jatropha oil. The FAKT press will process 80-90 kg/hour. [Contact FAKT - FAKT Consult for Management, Training and Technologies, Gänsheidestrasse 43, 70184 Stuttgart, Germany; phone: + 49 (0) 711 21095-0; fax: + 49 (0) 711 21095-55; website: http://www.fakt-consult.de; e-mail: fakt@fakt-consult.de] Fuglie continues, "Following extraction, moringa oil should be filtered (through cheese cloth or coffee filter). This will remove the protein content upon which bacteria feed. Viscosity of oil can be improved by heating it to 40-50q C before filtering." "At Church World Service in Senegal, one oil extraction trial used kernels that had been de-hulled three months earlier. The oil promptly separated into a milky wax and liquid. According to Foidl, this was probably due to the rapid deterioration in the stored kernels of the anti-oxidant tocopheral acetate (vitamin E). A few (1-5) drops per liter of the essential oil of sage, rosemary or mint (or a twig of the latter), [all] Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 11 excellent antioxidants, can be added to moringa oil to stabilize it. (Trials can be done to determine at what point the taste of the sage or rosemary oil becomes noticeable.)" The seedcake left over after the oil extraction process has several uses. It can be used as soil fertilizer or in the treatment of turbid water (see below). It is being researched as an animal feed, but has a bitter taste and contains anti-nutritional factors (glucosinolates, haemagglutinins, alkaloids and a saponin). We have read that in order to remove the bitter taste and anti-nutritional factors, you can soak the seedcake in water for 20 to 30 minutes, then sieve it to recover the residue. We do not know of feeding trials that were done in the field to test this method. In addition to their usefulness as a source of oil, moringa seeds can be used for water treatment (Fig. 11). Dr. Samia Jahn, a German woman who for many years worked for the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), told ECHO how to use moringa seeds to clarify water. Suspensions of ground seed of the moringa tree are used as primary coagulants. They can "clarify Nile water of any degree of visible turbidity." At high turbidities their action was almost as fast as that of alum, but at medium and low turbidities it was slower. The doses required did not exceed 250 mg/l. Coagulating the solid matter in water so that it can be easily removed will also remove a good portion of the suspended bacteria. Jahn wrote that river water is always polluted with human waste. At GTZ's sampling site, the total coliform bacteria count during the flood season was 1,600-18,000 per 100 ml. After one hour of treatment with moringa seed powder, the coliform count was 1-200 per 100 ml. According to Jahn, "Good clarification is obtained if a small cloth bag filled with the powdered seeds of the moringa is swirled round in the turbid water." Fig 11. A comparison of non-treated (jar on left) vs. moringa-seed-treated (jar on right) pond water. Photo by Beth Doerr. To prepare the seed for use as a coagulant, remove the seed coats including the "wings." The white kernel is then crushed to a powder using a mortar or by placing in a cloth on top of a stone and crushing. Two heaping teaspoons or two grams of the powder shoul d be mixed with a cup of clean water in a bottle (e.g. a soda bottle). The water and moringa kernel powder should be shaken for five minutes to form a paste. This paste is then poured through a cloth strainer into 20 liters of the water to be purified. The water is stirred rapidly for two minutes, and then slowly for 10-15 minutes. Leave the bucket of water undisturbed for at least an hour. Impurities will then sink to the bottom. The water should be strained again into a storage container for use. This process removes 90-99% of impurities. If there is a possibility of disease in the water, it can be purified by chlorine, boiling or solarizing (placing in the direct sun in a clear bottle for two hours). BIOMASA also studied moringa seed powder for use in water treatment. From Fuglie's report: "BIOMASA installed a water treatment system using moringa seed powder in one village in Nicaragua. BIOMASA also isolated the active ingredient, a polyelectrolyte, in the laboratory. One hundred kg of moringa kernels will produce about 1 kg of (almost pure) polyelectrolyte." A SPECIAL NOTE: BIOMASA found that "the level of polyelectrolyte present in the kernels is substantially less during the wet season. (This may explain why, in CWS's work in Senegal, a water treatment experiment done last September failed to work!) Seed harvested for water treatment should be harvested during the dry season only." Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 12 Fuglie claims that a general rule of thumb is to use powder from one moringa kernel for 2 liters of water when water is slightly turbid, and powder from one kernel for 1 liter when water is very turbid. The seeds and powder can be stored, but the paste (mentioned a few paragraphs previously) needs to be fresh for purifying the water. Fuglie states that according to BIOMASA, "Seed powder can also be used to harvest algae from waste water, currently an expensive process using centrifuges." Spirolina algae is used in health food and cosmetic products, and it is a common fish food ingredient. The algae is farmed in Mexico and Israel with minor production in other countries. To harvest the algae, sprinkle seed powder on the water. "Seed powder will cause the algae to sink to the bottom. Once harvested, further drying can be done with a simple steam-heated drum dryer heated to 110qC to kill eggs, etc." Be aware that algae food or feed products can contain toxins from the water in which the algae was grown. 100% of the protein in fish food can come from algae sources, but at most 10% of protein in cattle feed can be replaced with algae protein. Foidl comments that algae protein has a different composition of amino acids than other proteins. Mammals' main source of protein should be from plants or animals. WOOD Back to top Moringa wood is very soft. It is advocated by some as a good live fence tree. This may be true if it is used as living fence posts with wire or other material attached to the tree. At ECHO we attempted to make an animal-proof fence using extremely close spacing between trees, but we were not successful. Trees were spindly and would not restrain anything. Moringa makes acceptable firewood but poor charcoal. According to Foidl, moringa wood makes excellent paper pulp - as good as poplar (Populus sp.). The bark is sometimes used to make mats and rope. A blue dye is also made from the wood in Senegal and Jamaica. ROOTS Back to top Small trees a few months old can be pulled up and the taproot (Fig. 12) can be ground, mixed with vinegar and salt and used in place of horseradish. We are told that when grown for its roots, the seeds are sometimes planted in a row like vegetables. At about 60 cm (24 in) in height the tree is harvested. Make sure the root bark is scraped off, as it contains several alkaloids including the toxic and physiologically active moringinine. Eating large amounts of the root at once or too often should be avoided, because roots also contain pterygospermin (see below) and an alkaloid called spirachin, a nerve-paralyzing agent. Fig 12. Root of a young moringa tree. Photo by Tim Motis USE AS AN ANTIBIOTIC Back to top Pterygospermin and/or related compounds (isothiocyanates), found in various parts of the moringa plant, have been shown to have antibiotic and fungicidal properties. Though other moringa plant parts are reported to be effective against infections, much of the formal research to date has focused on extracts from the seed. A study at the University of San Carlos in Guatemala was summarized in EDN 37 ( Amaranth to Zai Holes p. 298); a reprint of the summary follows: "Herbal applications are commonly used to treat skin infections in developing countries, although few investigations are conducted to validate scientifically their popular use. A previous study had showed that Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 13 moringa seeds are effective against skin infecting bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro (i. e. in a test tube). This study showed that mice infected with S. aureus recovered as quickly with a specially prepared aqueous extract of moringa seed as with the antibiotic neomycin. This study proves only the effectiveness of moringa as they prepared it. That preparation could be done in any country, but not with just household utensils. It was prepared by infusing 10 g (0.02 lb) powdered moringa seeds in 100 ml (3.4 oz) of 45qC (96°F) water for 2 hours. The part that is a bit more complicated is reducing the 100 ml (3.4 oz) down to 10 ml (0.34 oz) by placing it in a rotavaporator. This is a very common piece of laboratory equipment that continually rotates a flask containing the liquid. An aspirator producing a modest vacuum is connected to the rotavaporator, reducing the pressure and causing the water to evaporate rather quickly without boiling it. The ointment was prepared by placing 10% of the extract in Vaseline. (We can send a copy of the article to medical personnel)." Further studies were done in 2001 by researchers in the biology department at Gordon College in Wenham, Massachusetts. Jennifer Bonina, Grace Ju and Russell Camp wanted to develop a method of extraction that did not require specialized equipment or rotoevaporation. They ground Moringa seeds with a mortar and pestle, then placed the powder in 90ºC (194°F) water for 1 hour with some shaking. The extract was filtered through coffee filter paper, and the liquid was used to saturate small filter disks. The disks were placed on bacteria growing on nutrient medium. The seed extract inhibited growth of S. aureus and B. subtilus, but did not inhibit growth of P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The filter paper and flasks were sterilized for the experiment. If you are in a situation where there is a shortage of antibiotics but you have access to electricity and running water, perhaps this ointment could be prepared for use in the local community. If you make and test ointment from moringa seeds, please let ECHO know. CULTIVATION Back to top Moringa grows best in the hot, semi-arid tropics. It is drought- tolerant and grows with rainfalls of 250-1500 mm (10-60 in) per year. Altitudes below 600 m (2000 ft) are best for the moringa; however, it grows up to 1200 m (4000 ft) in some tropical areas and has been recorded growing at 2000 m (6000 ft). M. stenopetala in Ethiopia is regularly found at altitudes up to 1800 m (6600 ft). At Proyecto Biomasa in Nicaragua, they found the effective altitude limit for growing moringa to be 500 m (1640 ft). [This might be higher nearer the equator.] They also say that excessively windy conditions cause the tree to dry out. Fig 13. Intensive moringa cultivation in northern Senegal. Photo by Caroline Olivier, Church World Service. In the sub-tropics, moringa will tolerate light frosts. A freeze can kill a mature tree back to the roots (as has happened to our trees here at ECHO), but it is capable of recovering. It quickly sends out new growth from the trunk when cut, or from the ground when frozen. A good temperature range for the tree is 25- 35º C (77-95º F), although it can tolerate up to 48ºC (118ºF) for limited amounts of time. The moringa tree prefers well-drained sandy or loam soil. It will tolerate a clay soil but not water logging. At ECHO the tree is set back when our water table stays for long periods at an inch or two Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 14 below the surface. It tolerates a wide range of pH (5-9), growing quite well in alkaline conditions up to a pH of 9. We have found that it responds well to mulch, water and fertilizer. Moringa is an extremely fast-growing tree. It can reach up to 4 m (15 ft) in a year, reaching an eventual height of 6-15 m (20-50 ft). Roy Danforth in Zaire wrote, "The trees grow more rapidly than papaya, with one three-month old tree reaching 2.4 m (8 ft). I never knew there would be such a tree." The tree in our organic garden grew to about 4 m (15 ft) in 9 months, and had been cut back several times to make it branch out more. It is advisable to prune trees frequently to a shrub form, or they will become lanky and difficult to harvest. If folks begin regularly breaking off tender tips to cook when trees are about 1.3 m (4 or 5 ft) tall, the trees become much bushier. Those to whom we have sent the tree in Africa have been pleased at its tolerance of dry weather. Rob Van Os rated its growth, yield and potential as exceptional and added that it "can be planted after the other crops, even near the end of the rains." He has introduced it into several villages already. The first plants grew so well for Gary Shepherd in Nepal that he had us arrange for 1,000 seeds to be shipped. He reports that at five months one was 3.6 m (12 ft) tall and most were 1.8 m (6 ft). Alicia Ray wrote a booklet on the moringa (or benzolive) tree in Haiti some time ago. She wrote, "It seems to thrive in impossible places - even near the sea, in bad soil and dry areas. Seeds sprout readily in one or two weeks. Alternativel y, one can plant a branch and within a week or two it will have established itself. It is often cut back year after year in fencerows and is not killed. Because of this, in order to keep an abundant supply of leaves, flowers and pods within easy reach, "topping out" is useful. At least once a year one can cut the tree off 3 or 4 feet above the ground. It will readily sprout again and all the valuable products will remain within safe, easy reach." Beth Mayhood with Grace Mountain Mission in Haiti wanted to establish a model vegetable garden on a small piece of land. "It was windswept and sun baked with no natural barriers or trees in the area. Soils were poor and very alkaline. The salt content was also high. We started in January to prepare large quantities of compost. In April, holes were dug in the poor soil and filled with compost. Moringa trees planted in seedbeds germinated in 3-4 days. In 9 weeks they were transplanted in between the garden beds, around the edge of the 60 x 75 m (200 x 250 ft) area and in a double row about 1.5 m (5 ft) apart in the middle. The trees protected against the prevailing winds." I saw slides of this spot later, and it was impressive. The light shade of the tree is a considerable help to most vegetables. I cannot emphasize enough how important it is to use pruning of some sort. If left to itself, the tree becomes quite tall and lanky. This method of cutting it back to 1.2 m (4 ft) each year sounds good (Fig. 14). One method I tried with some success was to cut each branch back a foot after it had grown 0.6 m (2 ft) until it was a multi-branched shrub. It appears that there is genetic variability that results in some trees that are pruned sending the new branches straight up rather than to the sides. ECHO planted seed from every source in our seed bank looking for trees that have horizontal branching in response to pruning. The Indian variety PKM-2 seems to do best. This also makes it a better shade tree. Alternatively, normal harvesting can have the same effect if begun while the tree is young. Beth Mayhood wrote, "We liked them so much we began picking the growing tips to boil as a spinach several times a week. This picking of the growing tips caused the tree to branch. Our constantly pruned trees became thick-limbed and many-branched." Fig 14. Regrowth after cutting back to about 1.2 m (4 ft). Photo by Tim Motis Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 15 PROPAGATION Back to top Moringa can be grown easily from seeds or cuttings. Seeds should be planted 2 cm (approximately 1 in) deep and ought to germinate within 1-2 weeks. Germination rates are usually very good, but can drop to 0% after 2 years. Dr. Jahn reports on work in the Sudan that shows that optimum light for germination of all moringa species is half shade. When sown in the hotter weather of mid-April, germination percentages for M. stenopetala and M. oleifera were only 54 and 40 percent, compared to 92 and 94 percent in half shade. During the cool dry season there was little difference. Both M. oleifera and M. stenopetala (described in the following section) can be started from cuttings. Cuttings 45-100 cm (18-40 in) long with stems 4-10 cm (2-4 in) wide should be taken from the woody parts of the branches. It should be wood from the previous year. Cuttings can be cured for three days in the shade and then planted in a nursery or in the field. However, you should note that trees grown from cuttings are known to have much shorter roots. Where longer roots are an advantage for stabilization or access to water, seedlings are clearly preferable. OTHER SPECIES Back to top M. stenopetala is native to Africa and, as mentioned earlier, produces larger seeds and leaves than M. oleifera. M. stenopetala leaves taste similar to M. oleifera when cooked and milder if tasted raw. Below is an adapted excerpt on M. stenopetala, from ECHO's book Amaranth to Zai Holes (p. 115). MORINGA STENOPETALA. Moringa oleifera, native to India, is the number one seed in our seed bank in terms of number of requests and positive reports. When we learned that a moringa native to Ethiopia had larger edible leaves, more drought resistance, and larger seeds (important for those using moringa to purify water), we were obviously interested. Dr. Samia Jahn shared some seed with us which we shared with our network. The trees (Fig. 15) at ECHO have flowered but never produced seed. Occasionally are able to get seed from those to whom ECHO has sent seed. If you have had success with M. oleifera, it may be time to try this "new" species. The genetic base is probably quite limited because all the trees came from a small number of original seeds. So if M. stenopetala does well, you might want to try to find a second source to increase the diversity in the genetic base before beginning a large project. Fig 15. A Moringa stenopetala tree at ECHO (Florida). Photo by Tim Motis Michael Madany wrote from Somalia of his comparison trial with seed received from elsewhere a few years ago. "In spite of the initial rapid growth of M. oleifera, in drier years the species has not done well without some watering. The M. stenopetala, by contrast, has the lushest green foliage and continued to grow during the exceptionally long dry season from last August until this April. We began cooking leaves and young shoots in April (taste of the two species very similar). We obviously aren't eating it fast enough, since two large limbs have fallen under their own weight." Compared with M. oleifera, the trunk of M. stenopetala is considerably thicker at the base, the tree seems more vigorous, the leaves are larger, and if tasted raw the leaves are milder (Fig. 16). Dr. Jahn says that in the Sudan M. oleifera develops into a slender tree, M. stenopetala into a round shrub-like tree. Fig 16. Trunk and leaves of Moringa stenopetala. Photo by Tim Motis Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 16 The more bushy M. stenopetala can be planted as a wind break. We were told of one situation as follows: "Seedlings were planted in a windy corner at a spacing of 1 m. As soon as the upper branches of the tree grew broader, they were cut and the trees responded by more profuse growth of their lower branches, thus thickening the hedge. Vegetables cultivated behind it profited from this protection." M. stenopetala trees have been grown as ornamentals in private gardens of Europeans in Kenya, reaching 10-12 meters. Their trunk diameters are at least 2-3 times as thick as that of M. oleifera in Sudan. In Ethiopia, M stenopetala is cultivated as high as 1800 meters (5400 feet), where people use ash as the main fertilizer. By the end of a long dry season the trees may have lost their leaves. Dr. Jahn cites reports that M. stenopetala trees are not as quick to set flowers (Fig. 17) as M. oleifera. In Sudan the first flowers appeared after 2 1/2 years, compared to 11 months for M. oleifera. Charlie Forst reported that a tree that he planted in the Central Plateau of Haiti flowered in 15 months; however, it was grown from a cutting, which may make the difference. At that site, the low-branching, large-leafed M. stenopetala showed far superior growth in the dry season. It is in full leaf after months without rain, while M. oleifera suffers after severe drought. Figs 17-18. Flowers (left; Fig. 17) and pods (right; Fig. 18) of Moringa stenopetala in Haiti. Photos by Tim Motis Michael Madany wrote again, this time from Kenya. "Since I am quoted in EDN with regard to our experience with M. stenopetala in southern Somalia, I'd like to send a few more comments. The last time I saw the trees we planted in February 1986 was January 1990. They had only flowered once (in 1987 or 1988; only a few flowers) and never set seed. Thus, whenever I wanted to plant more, I was obliged to use cuttings. As far as a source of green vegetable matter in the dry season, the tree surpasses its domestic relative M. oleifera in that climate (bimodal rainfall of 400-800 mm; 20-40qC). However, for the purpose of producing water-purifying seeds it seems to be not so successful, at least in the first 5 years. I am mystified as to the reasons for this. The provenance for our trees was over 500 km west at a considerably higher elevation." Michael mentions that, during the civil war in Somalia, the project buildings were destroyed and "all the trees in our garden were cut down." Jay Ram wrote from the Pacific Neem Mission in Hawaii. "My M. stenopetala tree is now 10 feet tall and growing vigorously. I really share your enthusiasm for this wonderful tree. It is one of the best species we have come across- fast growing with good form, and high palatability. In fact, I commonly will eat the boiled leaves by themselves, [something I do not do with M. oleifera which is common on the island]." There is another interesting difference. The roots of M. oleifera are used as a condiment similar to horseradish. With M. stenopetala it is the bark that is so used. A Caution about Eating Excessive Amounts of Moringa stenopetala: Eat Like the Deer Excerpt from EDN Issue 82, January 2004, By Dawn Berkelaar: The East African Medical Journal featured results of a survey involving 597 school children and their parents in areas of southern Ethiopia with very high incidence of goiter. Measurements of iodine concentration in the urine showed that children were getting plenty of iodine (lack of iodine can cause goiter). One important factor in the prevalence of goiter was a familial tendency to develop goiter. Children whose parent(s) had goiter were significantly more likely to develop goiter themselves. Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 17 Also significant was the role of locally consumed foods. Survey participants were questioned about the regions' most commonly consumed foods, including maize, yam, potato, teff, M. stenopetala (locally referred to as halleko) and sorghum. Only M. stenopetala had a significant association with the prevalence of goiter. In particular, those who ate M. stenopetala more than twice per day were 4.57 times more likely to have goiter than the other groups. The authors of the article mentioned that isothiocyanate and hydrocyanic acid have been isolated from M. pterygosperma, now thought to be M. oleifera. Isothiocyanate is a known cause of goiter, while hydrocyanic acid metabolizes to thiocyanate in the human body. M. stenopetala may have similar substances. The authors recommend that further studies be done on M. stenopetala to find out what links (if any) its consumption has to the occurrence of goiter. Until then, what should you do if you are growing M. stenopetala? Before you become alarmed and stop eating the leaves of this valuable tree, remember that practically any food contains both helpful compounds (e.g. carbohydrates for energy; protein; vitamins and minerals) and harmful ones (e.g. hydrocyanic acid). Our advice has been stated in EDN many times previously: "Eat like the deer." That is to say, whenever possible, eat a variety of different foods in moderation rather than very large quantities of one thing. MORINGA PEREGRINA. Native to the Red Sea area, M. peregrina is another moringa species with much potential for oil production. The starchy roots are eaten. The leaves were found by AVRDC researchers to contain more antioxidants than three other moringa species ( oleifera, stenopetala, and drouhardii), though antioxidants were high for all four of the species tested. The wood of M. peregrina resists termites and is good for firewood and charcoal. As the tree ages, its leaves become longer with smaller leaflets (Fig. 19). Fig 19. A tree and narrow leaflets of M. perigrina.Photos by Tim Motis SEED SOURCES Back to top ECHO can provide trial-sized quantities of Moringa oleifera at no charge to those who are doing agricultural development work. For others or those seeking larger quantities, write us for prices. The following companies indicate that they sell moringa seed: x The Banana Tree, 715 Northampton St., Easton, PA, 18042; 610/253-9589; http://www.banana-tree.com/ x Carter Seeds, 1611-A SO Melrose Dr. #1, Vista, CA, 92083; 800/872-7711; http://www.carterseeds.com x Hurov's Seeds & Botanicals, P. O. Box 1596, Chula Vista, CA, 91912; , 619/ 690-1741 x Ellison Horticultural PTY.Ltd267 Rous Road, A/stonville NSW 2477 Australia p: 6144-214255 Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 18 x Horti Nursery (for bulk orders), 25 1 st Fl. Raji Medical Bldgs, 1103 EVN Rd. ERODE, 638009, TN INDIA; p:91-424-261815; fax: 91-424-267588;e-mail: kodis@eth.net x Kumar International, Ajitmal 206121, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India. x Shivalik Seeds Corporation, 47, Panditwari, P. O. Prem Nagar, Dehra Dun - 248007, U. P., India; tel. 91-135-683-348; fax 91-135-683-776; E-mail: hilander@del2.vxnl.net.in x Samuel Ratnam, Inland & Foreign Trading Co., (Block 79A, Indus Road #04-418/420, Singapore, Tel: 0316 p 2722711, fax: 2716118) x Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), P. O. Box 20412, Nairobi, Kenya, Tel. (254) 154- 32891; Fax (254) 154-32844; E-mail kefri@arcc.or.ke. x Tanzania National Tree Seed Programme, P.O. Box 373, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tel: (255)-56-3192 or (255)-56-3903; Fax: (255)-56-3275; E-mail: ntsp@twiga.com WEB SITES WITH MORE INFORMATION Back to top x Moringa News network of people interested in Moringa and clearinghouse for Moringa information: http://www.moringanews.org/ x Trees for Life Moringa information: http://www.treesforlife.org/project/moringa/default.en.asp x Miracle Tree book by Church World Service: http://www.moringatrees.org/ x University of Leicester 's Department of Engineering page on moringa: http://www.le.ac.uk/engineering/staff/Sutherland/moringa/moringa.htm x The home page of the family Moringaceae by Mark Olson: http://www.mobot.org/gradstudents/olson/moringahome.html x Phytochemical and Ethobotanical database: http://www.ars- grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=1435 x PDF document on Moringa by HDRA: http://www.hdra.org.uk/pdfs/international_programme/Moringa.pdf x PDF document on growing Moringa by AVRDC: http://www.avrdc.org/LC/indigenous/moringa.pdf x ECHO's web site contains information about Moringa and our bookstore has several Moringa publications: http://www.echonet.org Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 19 APPENDIX A Back to top A Seed Dehusker from Church World Service Church World Service's booklet "Design for a Hydraulic Press Adapted for Moringa Seeds" says the following about the pictured seed dehusker: "A simple machine can be built to make the job of removing the shells easier. This pedal-powered seed dehusker was built by a Senegalese technician in Dakar. "Although a fan was built into the machine for the purpose of separating the chaff from the kernals, this proved to be impractical and the fan is presently not being used. "Inside the machine, a turning screw shaft cracks the shells and the whole kernels and bits of shell drop through the hole at the bottom. The space between the end of the shaft and the machine housing can be adjusted to accommodate different types of seed."


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Cleveland Browns activate offensive guard Joel Bitonio from COVID-19 reserve list
Serving the community: Springfield Twp. student creates campaign to help at-risk youth
A local veteran attending Owens Community College proposed to help an organization that has been serving at risk youth in Toledo for 11 years by creating a GoFundMe campaign.
Author: Renata Cló
Published: 7:39 PM EDT April 21, 2019
TOLEDO, Ohio — A Springfield Township veteran who served in active duty for six years returned home with the goal to keep serving. This time, rather than just serving the country, he is serving his local community too.
Now a enrolled student at Owens Community College and current staff sergeant in the Air Force, Blake Bethel proposed to help the Soul City Boxing Gym for one of his classes by creating a GoFundMe campaign aimed at renovating their ring and equipment.
"I found inspiration to reach out to Soul City a little bit through Owens Community College and a little bit through how I've been trained to think in the military," Bethel said. "We serve our country but they also encourage us to be involved with the community. And then, in this class at Owens our project was to find a way to be more involved."
The gym has been serving at-risk youth in Toledo since 2008 when physical education funding was cut from Toledo Public Schools. They have been offering boxing classes and other after-school activities as a way to get kids out of the streets and minimize violence.
Soul City coach and co-founder, Roshawn Jones, said they chose to be at Junction Avenue in central Toledo because of the low high school graduation rate in that area and their goal to help kids in the inner city learn basic skills such as math, reading, writing, among others.
"We're here to trying to save kids, trying to save lives, trying to provide a future for kids. It's not about boxing, we are just trying to give kids a life lesson," Soul City director Sharisha Crockett said. "We have kids on the honor roll, we have kids in college. It runs the gamut of the kid that may be trying to drop out of school, the one who has dropped out of school, all the way to somebody who is graduating from college."
Over the summer, Soul City takes care of kids full time rather than just on the weekends and after school hours. Besides the boxing training, they also provide the kids with lunch and dinner while relying solely on donations.
Their aim is to reach $5,000, which is how much they estimate is needed to improve their gym equipment and boxing ring. So far, they have collected $430.
"The best thing about this renovation, us spending this money, is that we will have more space for the kids, more activities for them to do, which will make more kids wanna come," Jones said.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Six years ago this coming weekend at Cold Wars, I played in the Mini. I typically did not play while umping but there was nothing I could do about the odd number of players. Bill had brought lead (of course) and suggested I play Thracians. He had an army list ready to go. Twas a no-brainer as the army was easy to run, quick for most results and fun to play.
At no point did anybody question the list. I certainly didn't given the time constraints of getting ready to play. Two months later (May 2013), I asked Bill to send me the list as I wanted to use it as a possible template for an ancient Spanish list. It was then that I noted that he'd costed the 12E LMI mobs incorrectly; he added enough points for the front rank to be Irr B, not Irr A as they were listed in the list. Therefore, I had a list that was 27pts over, not to mention the entire different tactical approach of Irr A vs Irr B in the front rank.
At some point, I played them again after having made adjustments per above but leaving everything else more or less the same. I'd swear I played in another Cold Wars Mini but don't see me in any of the results. But let's assume I did. The list then would have been one or two that Bill subsequently developed per the above. I think I played one that had 2 LI units and one LC unit instead of the other way around. Again, nobody questioned anything.
Earlier this month, in anticipation of being the odd player in the Mini, I again asked Bill to bring Thracians and I again sat down to look at the lists…to see that they were *still* incorrect.
The list is Early Hill Thracian. And yet, the list I last used had two generals, each being a 2E HC unit. Hill Thracians can't have any HC other than the general's element. Furthermore, I noted that the LC were shielded, another no-no for Early Hill Thracian. If you want shielded cav, it's everybody and then you're in the Mid and Late periods.
Thus, back in 2013, I had a list that was over-costed, had troops not available for it *and* had total flexibility with shields on cav. Good thing I didn't win!
Thus, I've got this killer Thracian list ready with P-armed El and 12E barbarian mobs with Irr A in the front rank. Y'all better hope there's an even number of players.
While I can't speak for everyone, I know that mistakes are certainly made and some of them even bigger than yours. I don't think anyone would speak ill of you for your unintentional mistake - it happens. I screwed up a list 30 years ago that was about 200 points over..... and it was caught DURING the tournament.


Musa acuminata hybrid, plant/flower/fruit. Family Musaceae, Subclass Zingiberidae. Origin: Cultivated.
Beverly Thompson (2011). Musa acuminata hybrid (Cultivated). Available electronically from http : / /hdl .handle .net /1969 .1 /104839.


I have been trying to get a picture of this quilt for several days. This morning I decided that I was done waiting for the perfect time and weather, and went out in the clouds and drizzle. This quilt was based on Nancy Cabot's vintage block, Union Square. You can read more about the history of the block in this blog post.
The weather made photographing this one a bit hard, but I did take a picture of the full top on my design wall inside before I quilted it.
Basting and quilting this one was super fast because of it's small size. I quilted it in a meandering, free motion design. I do love using my BERNINA stitch regulator (BSR).
I really love how this quilt turned out. The border finishes it off nicely. The fabric is from Rainwalk by Anna Graham of Noodlehead, for Cloud9.
For my backing and binding, I used Petite Plus by Rashida Coleman-Hale for Cotton + Steel. The quilt ended up measuring in at 34" x 43". I plan on hanging it up in my sewing space. Blue is my favorite color afterall!
Next up, I need to finish my daughter's teacher's quilt. I am ready and just waiting for her to finish the embroidered label for the back. School is out in 2-1/2 weeks! Eek!


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The War on Anti-Islamic Activity
Thursday, January 17, 2008 2:50 PM
All I can say about the story below is that it is not a joke. I mean, it IS a joke--only it's not meant to be a joke. So who gets the last laugh? Not us, I'm afraid.
From the Daily Mail:
Government renames Islamic terrorism as 'anti-Islamic activity' to woo Muslims
By JAMES SLACK - Last updated at 22:16pm on 17th January 2008
Ministers have adopted a new language for declarations on Islamic terrorism.
In future, fanatics will be referred to as pursuing "anti-Islamic activity".
Home Secretary Jacqui Smith said that extremists were behaving contrary to their faith, rather than acting in the name of Islam.
Security officials believe that directly linking terrorism to Islam is inflammatory, and risks alienating mainstream Muslim opinion.
In her first major speech on radicalisation, Miss Smith repeatedly used the phrase "anti-Islamic".
In one passage she said: "As so many Muslims in the UK and across the world have pointed out, there is nothing Islamic about the wish to terrorise, nothing Islamic about plotting murder, pain and grief.
"Indeed, if anything, these actions are anti-Islamic'.
Another section referred to enlisting the Muslim community against "anti-Islamic activity".
Her words were chosen to reflect new Government strategy on labelling the terrorists and their recruiting agents.
The shift follows a decision taken last year to stop using the phrase "war on terror", first adopted by U.S. President Bush.
Officials were concerned it could act as a recruiting tool for Al Qaeda, which is determined to manufacture a battle between the values of Islam and the West.
The strategy emerging across Government is to portray terrorists as nothing more than cold-blooded murderers who are not fighting for any religious cause.
Al Qaeda inspired terrorism is instead being described by key figures as "more like a death cult".
Last night the Home Office stressed that no phrases have been "banned".
But senior Whitehall sources have made it clear that the "war on terror" and "Islamic extremism" will not be used again by people at the top of Government or those involved in counterterrorism strategy.
Jacqui Smith: New language
Sir Ken Macdonald, the Director of Public Prosecutions, has also said phrases which liken London to a " battlefield" will no longer be used.
In her speech, Miss Smith said extremists who use the internet to radicalise young children would be pursued in the same way as paedophiles.
She will meet members of the online industry in the next few weeks to decide how to crack down on Al Qaeda inspired sites. ...
I can hear undercover investigators infiltrating suspect chatrooms now: So, are you into anti-Islamic activity?
Who needs the cavalry when you've got Jacqui (with an "i") Smith?


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	git checkout <branch you want javadoc for>
      	cd MobileBuy
    	./gradlew javadoc
    	mv buy/build/docs/ temp
    	git checkout gh-pages
    	git rm -r buy/build/docs
    	mv temp buy/build/docs
    	git add buy/build/docs/*
    	git commit -m 'update javadoc'
    	git push

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Montenotte Hotel have been offering an Afternoon Tea treat for the past two years. They had a rather special February offering, both an acknowledgement of the food bounty of the county and a tribute to the local Cork Chamber who are celebrating 200 years. The menu included local delicacies from Milleens cheese and Gubbeen chorizo bites to Tanora paté de fruit and Toonsbridge Ricotta cake.
The offering followed traditional lines, moving from the savoury to the sweet. There were sandwich style bites with Ardsallagh and Milleens cheeses, followed by Cork Gin Trifle, Murphy's Stout (the cream!) Chocolate Tart, Barry's Tea Crême Brulée and the sweetest of finishes featuring Tanora Paté de Fruit and Midleton Rare Whiskey Fudge.
You'll take your Afternoon Tea in the Panorama Bistro and Terrace which overlooks the river and the city. Of course, the mix of bites will change from time to time and in line with the seasons but it is always quite an occasion. So do take it easy, enjoy the food, the company and the view. Maybe treat yourself to an upgrade with a glass or two of Prosecco or Champagne.
We didn't have the bests of days when we took up the invitation to try it out last Friday - it lashed outside. But we were warm and comfortable inside as we started on the lower tier with those very tasty Finger Sandwiches. Tier 2 had the Selection of Mini Pastries including their macaron and delicious scone with jam and cream.
The highlight was, of course, the top level, with all kinds of sweet things, even strawberries slices and cream and also those outstanding Handmade Truffles (with a drop or two of whiskey in the mix!). No shortage of tea, of course, or coffee if you prefer.
And if you have too much - it's entirely possible - the Montenotte are well prepared for that too. They have a lovely carry-box so that you can take any of the goodies home with you. This is an occasion where you can truly have your cake and eat it (later, if you like!).
By the way, I had an evening meal in the restaurant here a few months back. It's well worth checking out. Details here.
Cold and wet outside but in the Drawing Room of the Maryborough Hotel, there was a warm welcome to Afternoon Tea. The hotel's dedicated afternoon tea room was opened earlier this month and you do get one of the best experience around in a beautifully appointed room, part of the Newenham suite, in the original 17th century house.
The old world charm has been retained and you'll relax under the high ceiling and take in the Georgian décor with plush lounge seating, listening to baroque (rather than rock) and, when you're ready, let your concentration focus on the three tiers of deliciousness that the butler has just delivered to the table.
Tea, of course, is an integral part of the event and you'll have been helped make your choice from an impressive list of over a dozen, including well known ones such as Earl Grey, "safe" choices like Irish Breakfast, and the exotic Bi Lo Chun. In all, I tried three and my favourite was the Rooibos & Caramel (Relaxing - Full-bodied Rooibos sweetened with the delicate, sensual notes of caramel deliver a nicely rounded, sweet and mellow finish). Could be a great one for Christmas.
CL"s favourite was Ginger & Lemongrass (Uplifting - Green Tea from China with spicy ginger and the fresh delicate citrus notes of asian lemongrass). I hadn't heard of the Bi Lo Chun before. Maybe you haven't either? Its description is: Boasting a stunning sweet, slightly fruity and floral taste with a delicious lingering finish.
There is also a full list of coffee options, from Espresso to Cappuccino. I think Hot Chocolate was also mentioned. We were guests for the occasion. Thirty five euro is the regular cost; add Prosecco (€43.00), Champagne (50.00).
The savoury offerings looked great and tasted even better, a very strong line-up indeed, quite innovative too. This was our running order. I enjoyed them all and would be hard-pressed to find a winner, other than myself! Indeed, I was most surprised with the #3 and #4 as I didn't think they'd be as good as they were.
The second half was sweet indeed. All the items were excellent and again hard to pick a winner. The Crème Brûlée was a joint favourite. But when we finished up with the Grand Marnier Trifle, the heads were nodding in agreement that this was the one, thanks mainly to the fact that there was no shortage of the orange-flavoured Cognac based liqueur in the trifle sponge! Cold and wet outside but warm inside as we left.
1: Boa Bun filled with a Turmeric and Fermented Chilli Marinated Chicken, Carrot Slaw, Miso Aioli.
2: House Cured Salmon, Wakame Seaweed, Cucumber Gel, Squid Ink Emulsion, and Toasted Rye Bread.
3: Butternut Squash Pannacotta filled with West Cork Bluebell Falls Goat Cheese, Honey-ied Walnut, and Balsamic Pearls.
A: Caramelised Apple, Coffee and Cinnamon Cake.
B: Chocolate and Grand Marnier Trifle.
C: Chestnut and Pear Crème Brulée.
D: Eclair filled with Pistachio and Hazelnut Praline.
E: Warm Cranberry Scones served with House Preserves and Clotted Cream.
We arrive at the K Lounge in the Kingsley Hotel just as a busy lunch service is starting to wind down. But we are far from the first arrivals for their "classic Afternoon Tea".
A little bit of luck has brought us here. Back at the Cork Summer Show, we bought a lovely snack at the Kingsley stand and filled up a coupon and that very coupon was the lucky one, earning the two of us this gorgeous and rather well balanced treat.
We started off with the savoury pieces, off the bottom of three tiered plates. These included Egg and Mayonnaise sandwiches, a very tasty Cheese, Ham, and Relish sandwich, a Tuna wrap and Smoked Salmon on brown bread.
Had begun with tea and continued with it as we moved to the middle plate. Here we had superb Scones, a delicious Carrot Cake and their own sweet Tea Cake. Lovely stuff and time now for a pause in the very comfortable chairs as we switched from tea to coffee for the final part of the treat and took in the view of the river flowing by outside. Indeed, we might well have been outside had the weather been as hot as it had been a few days earlier.
So now, so sweet! I started with the Lemon Meringue and finished with the chocolate mousse. In between, the pleasure was uninterrupted as I introduced my palate to Shortbread biscuit, Orange Macaroon and Coffee Cake (perhaps my favorite).
All Afternoon Teas here are served with home-made jam, Kerry butter and whipped cream.
And the menu changes and might include some scrumptious raspberry tartlets and coffee and chocolate opera cakes; a selection of freshly baked plain and fruit scones; smoked salmon and capers mille-feuille and goat cheese and sun blush tomato tartlet. And there is also a Gluten Free Afternoon Tea option available.
Much as we enjoyed our visit, I wouldn't be taking Afternoon Tea every day. Indeed, next time, I could well go for the lunch as that menu continues to be available until 5.00pm. Some tempting items listed, among them Crispy Skeaghanore Duck Breast Salad and a very impressive list of Munster Farmhouse cheeses featuring favourites such as Cashel Blue, Gubbeen Smoked, Milleens, Coolea and Cooleeny. The K Lounge, by the way, is just one of a number of dining options here.


It's that time of the year for the gallery's annual Winter Salon. This show features new works by Gustavo Acosta, Bernard Ammerer, Bergman & White, Marcy Brafman, Kathy Bruce, Marie Dolma Chophel, Jallim Eudovic, Reynier Ferrer, John A. Parks, Ian Hughes, Ilyan Ivanov, Julie Langsam, Nadja Marcin, Darrell Nettles, Alastair Noble, Eva O'Leary, Tanja Selzer.
Working across diverse media, including painting, photographs, mixed media, video, these artists pursue the addiction of art from varying and unique points of view. Brought together, their vibrant works create a space for seductive engagement and thoughtful perceptions.


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The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3)
IOM3 had an outdated website and a separate, bespoke CRM - 'Concept' by Advanced NFP. The fact that the website wasn't integrated with their CRM was causing numerous difficulties and sub optimal working practices. In addition, they felt their website wasn't realising its full potential in terms of recruitment and engagement of their user base.
The main challenge was in the very complex technical requirements of the integration. IOM3 formed out of a number of mergers and with roots dating back to 1869, and therefore, like with many membership organisations, have intricate internal operational structures, systems and processes as well as a disparate and dispersed membership. The project as such was a complex digital transformation piece which touched many areas of the organisation and interfaced with numerous internal and external 3rd party systems.
IOM3 knew Drupal was their platform of choice, as the scalability and flexibility it offers is perfect for such a complex, bespoke project. They commissioned Pedalo, a London based web design agency known for their extensive experience with Drupal, to deliver the digital solution.
In order to successfully deliver the project to the set timeframe, an effective streamlining of the project elements was needed. Two separate project cycles were launched, running parallel to one another. The first cycle focussed on the website user experience, design, build and development, while the second cycle was dedicated to the larger and more complex CRM integration. In this second cycle, Pedalo, IOM3 and their 3rd party suppliers scoped out the development of a bespoke CRM API toolset, defined and facilitated testing phases, and migrated thousands of pages of restructured content from an old CMS tool to a new and improved toolset. The simultaneous cycles included a robust process of consultation, technical scoping, stakeholder alignment and testing.
A variety of hosting platforms were considered alongside Acquia, but Acquia proved to be the best solution because of its scalability and reliability, as well as their bespoke Drupal package.
As the simultaneous processes drew to an end, the result was a brand new website, for the first time integrated with the organisation's bespoke CRM.
The new website was built with usability in mind, the graphic design and build a result of a comprehensive User Experience work cycle. The new website presents a fresh new online brand, optimised for viewing across devices and provides users with a vastly improved user journey, facilitating the online recruitement of new users and engagement of existing ones. The site was built to modern website standards, including SEO optimisation.
Drupal delivered a powerful solution that allowed internal work processes to be improved significantly. The new website tooling is now more user friendly and powerful for administrators. Back-office workflows have been vastly improved, bringing in efficiencies and reducing unnecessary working practices. Thanks to the integration work, user data can now be viewed and managed, providing intelligent and valuable insights.
Paving the road for the future:
IOM3's membership systems and processes have been interrogated and analysed, putting the organisation in a much stronger position to streamline and build for the future. Together with Pedalo, they are continuing to build on the integration work that has been done, adding features and functionality. No longer held back by the shackles of outdated technology, they are now liberated to grow and expand their digital activities to benefit the organisation and its members.
The new website has allowed us to present our activities in a much more visual way, give identity to our activity groups and make use of the great images that represent our industry sector. All in all that makes for a much more attractive site. We're also pleased with the flexibility Drupal 7 gives us to manage and present our content, and in the back end the ability to manage users and view user data is very valuable. – Dr Nuna Staniaszek, Director of Communications at The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3)
Since launch, Thousands of users have registered on the site
Existing member log-ins have increased x100
Organic traffic to the site has doubled
Visits to the homepage increased by over 17%
Session duration has increased by over 35%
Average pages per session has increased by 11%
Bounce rate has reduced by 13%


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Shamrock Sports to Rep SeaWorld Parks
SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment signed Shamrock Sports & Entertainment to represent the company's corporate marketing partnerships, licensed consumer products and branded entertainment program. SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment will work wit
SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment will work with the agency to develop new corporate marketing partnership and sponsorship platforms, licensing categories, and multi-media content programming utilizing SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment assets.
In addition, SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment is offering new partnership opportunities in the categories of technology, telecommunications/wireless, environmental and consumer packaged goods.
"This is an extraordinary time of growth for our company," says Barbara Emener Karasek, vice president of corporate partnerships and licensing for SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment. "The management team of Shamrock Sports & Entertainment has a well-deserved reputation for forging winning partnerships among Fortune 500 companies, and will be a valued partner in developing these new programs and relationships."


Hi Loves! I back again with a feature Friday Featuring me! A few weeks ago, I had the opportunity to link up with fellow blogger Ori of Origin1al blog. In the 13 min segment we discuss my journey to photography and how I've been using it share empowering stores such as the Warrior Series.
We also discuss ways to be a part of Sickle Cell Awareness Month such as donating blood and knowing your genotype.
You should definitely check out Ori's site (she has great book recommendations).


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Tag Archives: Eduardo
Facebook's Saverin: 'No Hard Feelings' Against Mark Zuckerberg
In an extensive interview with Brazilian publication Veja – via Forbes – Facebook co-founder Eduardo Saverin says he says he is having no hard...
Saverin Says He Intends To Pay All Taxes He Owes On US Investments
The big chunk, social giant's co-founder whose initial $30,000 investment turning into $3 billion once the Facebook goes public, the latest new to bring...
Facebook's Saverin Jackpot: His $30,000 Savings Into Facebook Becomes $3 Billion Tomorrow
With Facebook likely to set its share price value final at $38 per share, bringing the valuation to $104 billion, what not to forget is social giant's...
Senators Expects To Announce A Plan To Re-Impose The Taxes On Saverin
TechCrunch is reporting that Facebook's co-founder Eduardo Saverin might has given up his U.S. citizenship, but U.S. government does not want him to...
Facebook's Saverin: 'I'm Not A Tax Expert'
We reported last week that Facebook co-founder Eduardo Saverin has renounced his U.S. citizenship as per an internal revenue service reports. But the...
Facebook Co-founder Saverin: Rules Are Painful Although American Citizenship Is Good, But All Happened Before Facebook IPO
We reported last week that Facebook co-founder Eduardo Saverin has renounced his U.S. citizenship as per an internal revenue service reports. But the real...
Facebook Co-Founder Saverin Renounces Citizenship
As Facebook IPO May 18 date approaches, company co-founder Eduardo Saverin has renounced his U.S. citizenship as per an internal revenue service reports....


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Greggs on a vegan roll with soaring UK sales
Bakery chain Greggs has seen a dramatic sales increase after the introduction of its vegan sausage roll at the start of January.
By Rosie Lintott
Greggs' sales increase after launch of vegan sausage roll Caption: Greggs Image library
Greggs sells 1.5 million sausage rolls a week. The firm created the new option after an online petition by Peta calling for a vegan version was signed by more than 20,000 people last year.
The strong demand for the vegan-friendly product drove a 14% rise in sales for the British high street baker in the first seven weeks of 2019, compared to the previous year of 6.2%.
Like-for-like sales went up 9.6% for the first seven weeks of the year to 16 February 2019, compared with 2018's like-for-like sales of 2.9%.
Greggs' vegan sausage roll will be sold in all 1,950 stores by 8 March 2019, the company has confirmed. A "vegan sausage roll locator" has been uploaded to its website so consumers can check if the vegan friendly snack is available in their local Greggs.
The strong finish to 2018 has been supported by extensive publicity from the launch of the vegan sausage roll. This increased customer transaction numbers, with additional sales mainly comprising of savoury products such as the vegan-friendly sausage roll and traditional products such as the sausage roll and bakes.
According to IBES data from Refinitiv pre-tax profit for 2019 is expected to average £88.6m, the FTSE-250 company's shares were expected to rise to 5% according to premarket indicators.
The strength of trading will have a positive impact on the first half results for 2019, Greggs is expected to announce results for the full year ended 29 December on 7 March.
Rosie Lintott
Independent restaurant sales drop amid Omicron surge, says survey
Covid-19: UK announces $1.33bn support for hospitality businesses
China inspects Starbucks stores over food safety concerns