text:
Proceedings paper, Special issue
Alhama, R. G., Siegelman, N., Frost, R., & Armstrong, B. C. (2019). The role of information in visual word recognition: A perceptually-constrained connectionist account. In A. Goel, C. Seifert, & C. Freksa (Eds.), Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2019) (pp. 83-89). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
Proficient readers typically fixate near the center of a word, with a slight bias towards word onset. We explore a novel account of this phenomenon based on combining information-theory with visual perceptual constraints in a connectionist model of visual word recognition. This account posits that the amount of information-content available for word identification varies across fixation locations and across languages, thereby explaining the overall fixation location bias in different languages, making the novel prediction that certain words are more readily identified when fixating at an atypical fixation location, and predicting specific cross-linguistic differences. We tested these predictions across several simulations in English and Hebrew, and in a pilot behavioral experiment. Results confirmed that the bias to fixate closer to word onset aligns with maximizing information in the visual signal, that some words are more readily identified at atypical fixation locations, and that these effects vary to some degree across languages.
https://mindmodeling.org/cogsci2019/papers/0036/0036.pdf
Allerhand, M., Butterfield, S., Cutler, A., & Patterson, R. (1992). Assessing syllable strength via an auditory model. In Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics: Vol. 14 Part 6 (pp. 297-304). St. Albans, Herts: Institute of Acoustics.
Bentum, M., Ten Bosch, L., Van den Bosch, A., & Ernestus, M. (2019). Listening with great expectations: An investigation of word form anticipations in naturalistic speech. In Proceedings of Interspeech 2019 (pp. 2265-2269). doi:10.21437/Interspeech.2019-2741.
The event-related potential (ERP) component named phonological mismatch negativity (PMN) arises when listeners hear an unexpected word form in a spoken sentence [1]. The PMN is thought to reflect the mismatch between expected and perceived auditory speech input. In this paper, we use the PMN to test a central premise in the predictive coding framework [2], namely that the mismatch between prior expectations and sensory input is an important mechanism of perception. We test this with natural speech materials containing approximately 50,000 word tokens. The corresponding EEG-signal was recorded while participants (n = 48) listened to these materials. Following [3], we quantify the mismatch with two word probability distributions (WPD): a WPD based on preceding context, and a WPD that is additionally updated based on the incoming audio of the current word. We use the between-WPD cross entropy for each word in the utterances and show that a higher cross entropy correlates with a more negative PMN. Our results show that listeners anticipate auditory input while processing each word in naturalistic speech. Moreover, complementing previous research, we show that predictive language processing occurs across the whole probability spectrum.
Bentum, M., Ten Bosch, L., Van den Bosch, A., & Ernestus, M. (2019). Quantifying expectation modulation in human speech processing. In Proceedings of Interspeech 2019 (pp. 2270-2274). doi:10.21437/Interspeech.2019-2685.
The mismatch between top-down predicted and bottom-up perceptual input is an important mechanism of perception according to the predictive coding framework (Friston, [1]). In this paper we develop and validate a new information-theoretic measure that quantifies the mismatch between expected and observed auditory input during speech processing. We argue that such a mismatch measure is useful for the study of speech processing. To compute the mismatch measure, we use naturalistic speech materials containing approximately 50,000 word tokens. For each word token we first estimate the prior word probability distribution with the aid of statistical language modelling, and next use automatic speech recognition to update this word probability distribution based on the unfolding speech signal. We validate the mismatch measure with multiple analyses, and show that the auditory-based update improves the probability of the correct word and lowers the uncertainty of the word probability distribution. Based on these results, we argue that it is possible to explicitly estimate the mismatch between predicted and perceived speech input with the cross entropy between word expectations computed before and after an auditory update.
Brehm, L., Jackson, C. N., & Miller, K. L. (2019). Incremental interpretation in the first and second language. In M. Brown, & B. Dailey (Eds.), BUCLD 43: Proceedings of the 43rd annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 109-122). Sommerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Bruggeman, L., & Cutler, A. (2019). The dynamics of lexical activation and competition in bilinguals' first versus second language. In S. Calhoun, P. Escudero, M. Tabain, & P. Warren (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 20195) (pp. 1342-1346). Canberra, Australia: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.
Speech input causes listeners to activate multiple candidate words which then compete with one another. These include onset competitors, that share a beginning (bumper, butter), but also, counterintuitively, rhyme competitors, sharing an ending (bumper, jumper). In L1, competition is typically stronger for onset than for rhyme. In L2, onset competition has been attested but rhyme competition has heretofore remained largely unexamined. We assessed L1 (Dutch) and L2 (English) word recognition by the same late-bilingual individuals. In each language, eye gaze was recorded as listeners heard sentences and viewed sets of drawings: three unrelated, one depicting an onset or rhyme competitor of a word in the input. Activation patterns revealed substantial onset competition but no significant rhyme competition in either L1 or L2. Rhyme competition may thus be a "luxury" feature of maximally efficient listening, to be abandoned when resources are scarcer, as in listening by late bilinguals, in either language.
Cutler, A., Burchfield, A., & Antoniou, M. (2019). A criterial interlocutor tally for successful talker adaptation? In S. Calhoun, P. Escudero, M. Tabain, & P. Warren (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 20195) (pp. 1485-1489). Canberra, Australia: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.
Part of the remarkable efficiency of listening is accommodation to unfamiliar talkers' specific pronunciations by retuning of phonemic intercategory boundaries. Such retuning occurs in second (L2) as well as first language (L1); however, recent research with emigrés revealed successful adaptation in the environmental L2 but, unprecedentedly, not in L1 despite continuing L1 use. A possible explanation involving relative exposure to novel talkers is here tested in heritage language users with Mandarin as family L1 and English as environmental language. In English, exposure to an ambiguous sound in disambiguating word contexts prompted the expected adjustment of phonemic boundaries in subsequent categorisation. However, no adjustment occurred in Mandarin, again despite regular use. Participants reported highly asymmetric interlocutor counts in the two languages. We conclude that successful retuning ability requires regular exposure to novel talkers in the language in question, a criterion not met for the emigrés' or for these heritage users' L1.
Cutler, A., Kearns, R., Norris, D., & Scott, D. (1992). Listeners' responses to extraneous signals coincident with English and French speech. In J. Pittam (Ed.), Proceedings of the 4th Australian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology (pp. 666-671). Canberra: Australian Speech Science and Technology Association.
English and French listeners performed two tasks - click location and speeded click detection - with both English and French sentences, closely matched for syntactic and phonological structure. Clicks were located more accurately in open- than in closed-class words in both English and French; they were detected more rapidly in open- than in closed-class words in English, but not in French. The two listener groups produced the same pattern of responses, suggesting that higher-level linguistic processing was not involved in these tasks.
Cutler, A., & Robinson, T. (1992). Response time as a metric for comparison of speech recognition by humans and machines. In J. Ohala, T. Neary, & B. Derwing (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Spoken Language Processing: Vol. 1 (pp. 189-192). Alberta: University of Alberta.
The performance of automatic speech recognition systems is usually assessed in terms of error rate. Human speech recognition produces few errors, but relative difficulty of processing can be assessed via response time techniques. We report the construction of a measure analogous to response time in a machine recognition system. This measure may be compared directly with human response times. We conducted a trial comparison of this type at the phoneme level, including both tense and lax vowels and a variety of consonant classes. The results suggested similarities between human and machine processing in the case of consonants, but differences in the case of vowels.
Dideriksen, C., Fusaroli, R., Tylén, K., Dingemanse, M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2019). Contextualizing Conversational Strategies: Backchannel, Repair and Linguistic Alignment in Spontaneous and Task-Oriented Conversations. In A. K. Goel, C. M. Seifert, & C. Freksa (Eds.), Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2019) (pp. 261-267). Montreal, QB: Cognitive Science Society.
Do interlocutors adjust their conversational strategies to the specific contextual demands of a given situation? Prior studies have yielded conflicting results, making it unclear how strategies vary with demands. We combine insights from qualitative and quantitative approaches in a within-participant experimental design involving two different contexts: spontaneously occurring conversations (SOC) and task-oriented conversations (TOC). We systematically assess backchanneling, other-repair and linguistic alignment. We find that SOC exhibit a higher number of backchannels, a reduced and more generic repair format and higher rates of lexical and syntactic alignment. TOC are characterized by a high number of specific repairs and a lower rate of lexical and syntactic alignment. However, when alignment occurs, more linguistic forms are aligned. The findings show that conversational strategies adapt to specific contextual demands.
Felker, E. R., Ernestus, M., & Broersma, M. (2019). Evaluating dictation task measures for the study of speech perception. In S. Calhoun, P. Escudero, M. Tabain, & P. Warren (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 2019) (pp. 383-387). Canberra, Australia: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.
This paper shows that the dictation task, a well- known testing instrument in language education, has untapped potential as a research tool for studying speech perception. We describe how transcriptions can be scored on measures of lexical, orthographic, phonological, and semantic similarity to target phrases to provide comprehensive information about accuracy at different processing levels. The former three measures are automatically extractable, increasing objectivity, and the middle two are gradient, providing finer-grained information than traditionally used. We evaluate the measures in an English dictation task featuring phonetically reduced continuous speech. Whereas the lexical and orthographic measures emphasize listeners' word identification difficulties, the phonological measure demonstrates that listeners can often still recover phonological features, and the semantic measure captures their ability to get the gist of the utterances. Correlational analyses and a discussion of practical and theoretical considerations show that combining multiple measures improves the dictation task's utility as a research tool.
Felker, E. R., Ernestus, M., & Broersma, M. (2019). Lexically guided perceptual learning of a vowel shift in an interactive L2 listening context. In Proceedings of Interspeech 2019 (pp. 3123-3127). doi:10.21437/Interspeech.2019-1414.
Lexically guided perceptual learning has traditionally been studied with ambiguous consonant sounds to which native listeners are exposed in a purely receptive listening context. To extend previous research, we investigate whether lexically guided learning applies to a vowel shift encountered by non-native listeners in an interactive dialogue. Dutch participants played a two-player game in English in either a control condition, which contained no evidence for a vowel shift, or a lexically constraining condition, in which onscreen lexical information required them to re-interpret their interlocutor's /ɪ/ pronunciations as representing /ε/. A phonetic categorization pre-test and post-test were used to assess whether the game shifted listeners' phonemic boundaries such that more of the /ε/-/ɪ/ continuum came to be perceived as /ε/. Both listener groups showed an overall post-test shift toward /ɪ/, suggesting that vowel perception may be sensitive to directional biases related to properties of the speaker's vowel space. Importantly, listeners in the lexically constraining condition made relatively more post-test /ε/ responses than the control group, thereby exhibiting an effect of lexically guided adaptation. The results thus demonstrate that non-native listeners can adjust their phonemic boundaries on the basis of lexical information to accommodate a vowel shift learned in interactive conversation.
Frost, R. L. A., Isbilen, E. S., Christiansen, M. H., & Monaghan, P. (2019). Testing the limits of non-adjacent dependency learning: Statistical segmentation and generalisation across domains. In A. K. Goel, C. M. Seifert, & C. Freksa (Eds.), Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2019) (pp. 1787-1793). Montreal, QB: Cognitive Science Society.
Achieving linguistic proficiency requires identifying words from speech, and discovering the constraints that govern the way those words are used. In a recent study of non-adjacent dependency learning, Frost and Monaghan (2016) demonstrated that learners may perform these tasks together, using similar statistical processes - contrary to prior suggestions. However, in their study, non-adjacent dependencies were marked by phonological cues (plosive-continuant-plosive structure), which may have influenced learning. Here, we test the necessity of these cues by comparing learning across three conditions; fixed phonology, which contains these cues, varied phonology, which omits them, and shapes, which uses visual shape sequences to assess the generality of statistical processing for these tasks. Participants segmented the sequences and generalized the structure in both auditory conditions, but learning was best when phonological cues were present. Learning was around chance on both tasks for the visual shapes group, indicating statistical processing may critically differ across domains.
Goldrick, M., Brehm, L., Pyeong Whan, C., & Smolensky, P. (2019). Transient blend states and discrete agreement-driven errors in sentence production. In G. J. Snover, M. Nelson, B. O'Connor, & J. Pater (Eds.), Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics (SCiL 2019) (pp. 375-376). doi:10.7275/n0b2-5305.
Hahn, L. E., Ten Buuren, M., De Nijs, M., Snijders, T. M., & Fikkert, P. (2019). Acquiring novel words in a second language through mutual play with child songs - The Noplica Energy Center. In L. Nijs, H. Van Regenmortel, & C. Arculus (Eds.), MERYC19 Counterpoints of the senses: Bodily experiences in musical learning (pp. 78-87). Ghent, Belgium: EuNet MERYC 2019.
Child songs are a great source for linguistic learning. Here we explore whether children can acquire novel words in a second language by playing a game featuring child songs in a playhouse. We present data from three studies that serve as scientific proof for the functionality of one game of the playhouse: the Energy Center. For this game, three hand-bikes were mounted on a panel. When children start moving the hand-bikes, child songs start playing simultaneously. Once the children produce enough energy with the hand-bikes, the songs are additionally accompanied with the sounds of musical instruments. In our studies, children executed a picture-selection task to evaluate whether they acquired new vocabulary from the songs presented during the game. Two of our studies were run in the field, one at a Dutch and one at an Indian pre-school. The third study features data from a more controlled laboratory setting. Our results partly confirm that the Energy Center is a successful means to support vocabulary acquisition in a second language. More research with larger sample sizes and longer access to the Energy Center is needed to evaluate the overall functionality of the game. Based on informal observations at our test sites, however, we are certain that children do pick up linguistic content from the songs during play, as many of the children repeat words and phrases from songs they heard. We will pick up upon these promising observations during future studies
Heilbron, M., Ehinger, B., Hagoort, P., & De Lange, F. P. (2019). Tracking naturalistic linguistic predictions with deep neural language models. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience (pp. 424-427). doi:10.32470/CCN.2019.1096-0.
Prediction in language has traditionally been studied using simple designs in which neural responses to expected and unexpected words are compared in a categorical fashion. However, these designs have been contested as being 'prediction encouraging', potentially exaggerating the importance of prediction in language understanding. A few recent studies have begun to address these worries by using model-based approaches to probe the effects of linguistic predictability in naturalistic stimuli (e.g. continuous narrative). However, these studies so far only looked at very local forms of prediction, using models that take no more than the prior two words into account when computing a word's predictability. Here, we extend this approach using a state-of-the-art neural language model that can take roughly 500 times longer linguistic contexts into account. Predictability estimates fromthe neural network offer amuch better fit to EEG data from subjects listening to naturalistic narrative than simpler models, and reveal strong surprise responses akin to the P200 and N400. These results show that predictability effects in language are not a side-effect of simple designs, and demonstrate the practical use of recent advances in AI for the cognitive neuroscience of language.
Joo, H., Jang, J., Kim, S., Cho, T., & Cutler, A. (2019). Prosodic structural effects on coarticulatory vowel nasalization in Australian English in comparison to American English. In S. Calhoun, P. Escudero, M. Tabain, & P. Warren (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 20195) (pp. 835-839). Canberra, Australia: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.
This study investigates effects of prosodic factors (prominence, boundary) on coarticulatory Vnasalization in Australian English (AusE) in CVN and NVC in comparison to those in American English (AmE). As in AmE, prominence was found to lengthen N, but to reduce V-nasalization, enhancing N's nasality and V's orality, respectively (paradigmatic contrast enhancement). But the prominence effect in CVN was more robust than that in AmE. Again similar to findings in AmE, boundary induced a reduction of N-duration and V-nasalization phrase-initially (syntagmatic contrast enhancement), and increased the nasality of both C and V phrasefinally. But AusE showed some differences in terms of the magnitude of V nasalization and N duration. The results suggest that the linguistic contrast enhancements underlie prosodic-structure modulation of coarticulatory V-nasalization in comparable ways across dialects, while the fine phonetic detail indicates that the phonetics-prosody interplay is internalized in the individual dialect's phonetic grammar.
Kempen, G., & Hoenkamp, E. (1982). Incremental sentence generation: Implications for the structure of a syntactic processor. In J. Horecký (Ed.), COLING 82. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Prague, July 5-10, 1982 (pp. 151-156). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Human speakers often produce sentences incrementally. They can start speaking having in mind only a fragmentary idea of what they want to say, and while saying this they refine the contents underlying subsequent parts of the utterance. This capability imposes a number of constraints on the design of a syntactic processor. This paper explores these constraints and evaluates some recent computational sentence generators from the perspective of incremental production.
Levelt, W. J. M. (1984). Spontaneous self-repairs in speech: Processes and representations. In M. P. R. Van den Broecke, & A. Cohen (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 105-117). Dordrecht: Foris.
Mamus, E., Rissman, L., Majid, A., & Ozyurek, A. (2019). Effects of blindfolding on verbal and gestural expression of path in auditory motion events. In A. K. Goel, C. M. Seifert, & C. C. Freksa (Eds.), Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2019) (pp. 2275-2281). Montreal, QB: Cognitive Science Society.
Studies have claimed that blind people's spatial representations are different from sighted people, and blind people display superior auditory processing. Due to the nature of auditory and haptic information, it has been proposed that blind people have spatial representations that are more sequential than sighted people. Even the temporary loss of sight—such as through blindfolding—can affect spatial representations, but not much research has been done on this topic. We compared blindfolded and sighted people's linguistic spatial expressions and non-linguistic localization accuracy to test how blindfolding affects the representation of path in auditory motion events. We found that blindfolded people were as good as sighted people when localizing simple sounds, but they outperformed sighted people when localizing auditory motion events. Blindfolded people's path related speech also included more sequential, and less holistic elements. Our results indicate that even temporary loss of sight influences spatial representations of auditory motion events
https://mindmodeling.org/cogsci2019/papers/0395/index.html
McQueen, J. M., & Cutler, A. (1992). Words within words: Lexical statistics and lexical access. In J. Ohala, T. Neary, & B. Derwing (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Spoken Language Processing: Vol. 1 (pp. 221-224). Alberta: University of Alberta.
This paper presents lexical statistics on the pattern of occurrence of words embedded in other words. We report the results of an analysis of 25000 words, varying in length from two to six syllables, extracted from a phonetically-coded English dictionary (The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English). Each syllable, and each string of syllables within each word was checked against the dictionary. Two analyses are presented: the first used a complete list of polysyllables, with look-up on the entire dictionary; the second used a sublist of content words, counting only embedded words which were themselves content words. The results have important implications for models of human speech recognition. The efficiency of these models depends, in different ways, on the number and location of words within words.
Moisik, S. R., Zhi Yun, D. P., & Dediu, D. (2019). Active adjustment of the cervical spine during pitch production compensates for shape: The ArtiVarK study. In S. Calhoun, P. Escudero, M. Tabain, & P. Warren (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 20195) (pp. 864-868). Canberra, Australia: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.
The anterior lordosis of the cervical spine is thought to contribute to pitch (fo) production by influencing cricoid rotation as a function of larynx height. This study examines the matter of inter-individual variation in cervical spine shape and whether this has an influence on how fo is produced along increasing or decreasing scales, using the ArtiVarK dataset, which contains real-time MRI pitch production data. We find that the cervical spine actively participates in fo production, but the amount of displacement depends on individual shape. In general, anterior spine motion (tending toward cervical lordosis) occurs for low fo, while posterior movement (tending towards cervical kyphosis) occurs for high fo.
Nijveld, A., Ten Bosch, L., & Ernestus, M. (2019). ERP signal analysis with temporal resolution using a time window bank. In Proceedings of Interspeech 2019 (pp. 1208-1212). doi:10.21437/Interspeech.2019-2729.
In order to study the cognitive processes underlying speech comprehension, neuro-physiological measures (e.g., EEG and MEG), or behavioural measures (e.g., reaction times and response accuracy) can be applied. Compared to behavioural measures, EEG signals can provide a more fine-grained and complementary view of the processes that take place during the unfolding of an auditory stimulus. EEG signals are often analysed after having chosen specific time windows, which are usually based on the temporal structure of ERP components expected to be sensitive to the experimental manipulation. However, as the timing of ERP components may vary between experiments, trials, and participants, such a-priori defined analysis time windows may significantly hamper the exploratory power of the analysis of components of interest. In this paper, we explore a wide-window analysis method applied to EEG signals collected in an auditory repetition priming experiment. This approach is based on a bank of temporal filters arranged along the time axis in combination with linear mixed effects modelling. Crucially, it permits a temporal decomposition of effects in a single comprehensive statistical model which captures the entire EEG trace.
Norris, D., Van Ooijen, B., & Cutler, A. (1992). Speeded detection of vowels and steady-state consonants. In J. Ohala, T. Neary, & B. Derwing (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Spoken Language Processing; Vol. 2 (pp. 1055-1058). Alberta: University of Alberta.
We report two experiments in which vowels and steady-state consonants served as targets in a speeded detection task. In the first experiment, two vowels were compared with one voiced and once unvoiced fricative. Response times (RTs) to the vowels were longer than to the fricatives. The error rate was higher for the consonants. Consonants in word-final position produced the shortest RTs, For the vowels, RT correlated negatively with target duration. In the second experiment, the same two vowel targets were compared with two nasals. This time there was no significant difference in RTs, but the error rate was still significantly higher for the consonants. Error rate and length correlated negatively for the vowels only. We conclude that RT differences between phonemes are independent of vocalic or consonantal status. Instead, we argue that the process of phoneme detection reflects more finely grained differences in acoustic/articulatory structure within the phonemic repertoire.
Parhammer*, S. I., Ebersberg*, M., Tippmann*, J., Stärk*, K., Opitz, A., Hinger, B., & Rossi, S. (2019). The influence of distraction on speech processing: How selective is selective attention? In Proceedings of Interspeech 2019 (pp. 3093-3097). doi:10.21437/Interspeech.2019-2699.
-* indicates shared first authorship - The present study investigated the effects of selective attention on the processing of morphosyntactic errors in unattended parts of speech. Two groups of German native (L1) speakers participated in the present study. Participants listened to sentences in which irregular verbs were manipulated in three different conditions (correct, incorrect but attested ablaut pattern, incorrect and crosslinguistically unattested ablaut pattern). In order to track fast dynamic neural reactions to the stimuli, electroencephalography was used. After each sentence, participants in Experiment 1 performed a semantic judgement task, which deliberately distracted the participants from the syntactic manipulations and directed their attention to the semantic content of the sentence. In Experiment 2, participants carried out a syntactic judgement task, which put their attention on the critical stimuli. The use of two different attentional tasks allowed for investigating the impact of selective attention on speech processing and whether morphosyntactic processing steps are performed automatically. In Experiment 2, the incorrect attested condition elicited a larger N400 component compared to the correct condition, whereas in Experiment 1 no differences between conditions were found. These results suggest that the processing of morphosyntactic violations in irregular verbs is not entirely automatic but seems to be strongly affected by selective attention.
Pouw, W., Paxton, A., Harrison, S. J., & Dixon, J. A. (2019). Acoustic specification of upper limb movement in voicing. In A. Grimminger (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6th Gesture and Speech in Interaction – GESPIN 6 (pp. 68-74). Paderborn: Universitaetsbibliothek Paderborn. doi:10.17619/UNIPB/1-812.
https://osf.io/9843h/
Pouw, W., & Dixon, J. A. (2019). Quantifying gesture-speech synchrony. In A. Grimminger (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6th Gesture and Speech in Interaction – GESPIN 6 (pp. 75-80). Paderborn: Universitaetsbibliothek Paderborn. doi:10.17619/UNIPB/1-812.
Spontaneously occurring speech is often seamlessly accompanied by hand gestures. Detailed observations of video data suggest that speech and gesture are tightly synchronized in time, consistent with a dynamic interplay between body and mind. However, spontaneous gesturespeech synchrony has rarely been objectively quantified beyond analyses of video data, which do not allow for identification of kinematic properties of gestures. Consequently, the point in gesture which is held to couple with speech, the so-called moment of "maximum effort", has been variably equated with the peak velocity, peak acceleration, peak deceleration, or the onset of the gesture. In the current exploratory report, we provide novel evidence from motiontracking and acoustic data that peak velocity is closely aligned, and shortly leads, the peak pitch (F0) of speech
Rissman, L., & Majid, A. (2019). Agency drives category structure in instrumental events. In A. K. Goel, C. M. Seifert, & C. Freksa (Eds.), Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2019) (pp. 2661-2667). Montreal, QB: Cognitive Science Society.
Thematic roles such as Agent and Instrument have a long-standing place in theories of event representation. Nonetheless, the structure of these categories has been difficult to determine. We investigated how instrumental events, such as someone slicing bread with a knife, are categorized in English. Speakers described a variety of typical and atypical instrumental events, and we determined the similarity structure of their descriptions using correspondence analysis. We found that events where the instrument is an extension of an intentional agent were most likely to elicit similar language, highlighting the importance of agency in structuring instrumental categories.
Schuerman, W. L., McQueen, J. M., & Meyer, A. S. (2019). Speaker statistical averageness modulates word recognition in adverse listening conditions. In S. Calhoun, P. Escudero, M. Tabain, & P. Warren (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 20195) (pp. 1203-1207). Canberra, Australia: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.
We tested whether statistical averageness (SA) at the level of the individual speaker could predict a speaker's intelligibility. 28 female and 21 male speakers of Dutch were recorded producing 336 sentences, each containing two target nouns. Recordings were compared to those of all other same-sex speakers using dynamic time warping (DTW). For each sentence, the DTW distance constituted a metric of phonetic distance from one speaker to all other speakers. SA comprised the average of these distances. Later, the same participants performed a word recognition task on the target nouns in the same sentences, under three degraded listening conditions. In all three conditions, accuracy increased with SA. This held even when participants listened to their own utterances. These findings suggest that listeners process speech with respect to the statistical properties of the language spoken in their community, rather than using their own speech as a reference
Scott, D. R., & Cutler, A. (1982). Segmental cues to syntactic structure. In Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics 'Spectral Analysis and its Use in Underwater Acoustics' (pp. E3.1-E3.4). London: Institute of Acoustics.
Seijdel, N., Sakmakidis, N., De Haan, E. H. F., Bohte, S. M., & Scholte, H. S. (2019). Implicit scene segmentation in deeper convolutional neural networks. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience (pp. 1059-1062). doi:10.32470/CCN.2019.1149-0.
Feedforward deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) are matching and even surpassing human performance on object recognition. This performance suggests that activation of a loose collection of image features could support the recognition of natural object categories, without dedicated systems to solve specific visual subtasks. Recent findings in humans however, suggest that while feedforward activity may suffice for sparse scenes with isolated objects, additional visual operations ('routines') that aid the recognition process (e.g. segmentation or grouping) are needed for more complex scenes. Linking human visual processing to performance of DCNNs with increasing depth, we here explored if, how, and when object information is differentiated from the backgrounds they appear on. To this end, we controlled the information in both objects and backgrounds, as well as the relationship between them by adding noise, manipulating background congruence and systematically occluding parts of the image. Results indicated less distinction between object- and background features for more shallow networks. For those networks, we observed a benefit of training on segmented objects (as compared to unsegmented objects). Overall, deeper networks trained on natural (unsegmented) scenes seem to perform implicit 'segmentation' of the objects from their background, possibly by improved selection of relevant features.
Seuren, P. A. M. (1984). Logic and truth-values in language. In F. Landman, & F. Veltman (Eds.), Varieties of formal semantics: Proceedings of the fourth Amsterdam colloquium (pp. 343-364). Dordrecht: Foris.
Seuren, P. A. M. (1982). Riorientamenti metodologici nello studio della variabilità linguistica. In D. Gambarara, & A. D'Atri (Eds.), Ideologia, filosofia e linguistica: Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi, Rende (CS) 15-17 Settembre 1978 ( (pp. 499-515). Roma: Bulzoni.
Ten Bosch, L., Mulder, K., & Boves, L. (2019). Phase synchronization between EEG signals as a function of differences between stimuli characteristics. In Proceedings of Interspeech 2019 (pp. 1213-1217). doi:10.21437/Interspeech.2019-2443.
The neural processing of speech leads to specific patterns in the brain which can be measured as, e.g., EEG signals. When properly aligned with the speech input and averaged over many tokens, the Event Related Potential (ERP) signal is able to differentiate specific contrasts between speech signals. Well-known effects relate to the difference between expected and unexpected words, in particular in the N400, while effects in N100 and P200 are related to attention and acoustic onset effects. Most EEG studies deal with the amplitude of EEG signals over time, sidestepping the effect of phase and phase synchronization. This paper investigates the relation between phase in the EEG signals measured in an auditory lexical decision task by Dutch participants listening to full and reduced English word forms. We show that phase synchronization takes place across stimulus conditions, and that the so-called circular variance is narrowly related to the type of contrast between stimuli.
Ter Bekke, M., Ozyurek, A., & Ünal, E. (2019). Speaking but not gesturing predicts motion event memory within and across languages. In A. Goel, C. Seifert, & C. Freksa (Eds.), Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2019) (pp. 2940-2946). Montreal, QB: Cognitive Science Society.
In everyday life, people see, describe and remember motion events. We tested whether the type of motion event information (path or manner) encoded in speech and gesture predicts which information is remembered and if this varies across speakers of typologically different languages. We focus on intransitive motion events (e.g., a woman running to a tree) that are described differently in speech and co-speech gesture across languages, based on how these languages typologically encode manner and path information (Kita & Özyürek, 2003; Talmy, 1985). Speakers of Dutch (n = 19) and Turkish (n = 22) watched and described motion events. With a surprise (i.e. unexpected) recognition memory task, memory for manner and path components of these events was measured. Neither Dutch nor Turkish speakers' memory for manner went above chance levels. However, we found a positive relation between path speech and path change detection: participants who described the path during encoding were more accurate at detecting changes to the path of an event during the memory task. In addition, the relation between path speech and path memory changed with native language: for Dutch speakers encoding path in speech was related to improved path memory, but for Turkish speakers no such relation existed. For both languages, co-speech gesture did not predict memory speakers. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of the relations between speech, gesture, type of encoding in language and memory.
Wagner, M. A., Broersma, M., McQueen, J. M., & Lemhöfer, K. (2019). Imitating speech in an unfamiliar language and an unfamiliar non-native accent in the native language. In S. Calhoun, P. Escudero, M. Tabain, & P. Warren (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 20195) (pp. 1362-1366). Canberra, Australia: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.
This study concerns individual differences in speech imitation ability and the role that lexical representations play in imitation. We examined 1) whether imitation of sounds in an unfamiliar language (L0) is related to imitation of sounds in an unfamiliar non-native accent in the speaker's native language (L1) and 2) whether it is easier or harder to imitate speech when you know the words to be imitated. Fifty-nine native Dutch speakers imitated words with target vowels in Basque (/a/ and /e/) and Greekaccented Dutch (/i/ and /u/). Spectral and durational analyses of the target vowels revealed no relationship between the success of L0 and L1 imitation and no difference in performance between tasks (i.e., L1 imitation was neither aided nor blocked by lexical knowledge about the correct pronunciation). The results suggest instead that the relationship of the vowels to native phonological categories plays a bigger role in imitation
Wolf, M. C., Smith, A. C., Meyer, A. S., & Rowland, C. F. (2019). Modality effects in vocabulary acquisition. In A. K. Goel, C. M. Seifert, & C. Freksa (Eds.), Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2019) (pp. 1212-1218). Montreal, QB: Cognitive Science Society.
It is unknown whether modality affects the efficiency with which humans learn novel word forms and their meanings, with previous studies reporting both written and auditory advantages. The current study implements controls whose absence in previous work likely offers explanation for such contradictory findings. In two novel word learning experiments, participants were trained and tested on pseudoword - novel object pairs, with controls on: modality of test, modality of meaning, duration of exposure and transparency of word form. In both experiments word forms were presented in either their written or spoken form, each paired with a pictorial meaning (novel object). Following a 20-minute filler task, participants were tested on their ability to identify the picture-word form pairs on which they were trained. A between subjects design generated four participant groups per experiment 1) written training, written test; 2) written training, spoken test; 3) spoken training, written test; 4) spoken training, spoken test. In Experiment 1 the written stimulus was presented for a time period equal to the duration of the spoken form. Results showed that when the duration of exposure was equal, participants displayed a written training benefit. Given words can be read faster than the time taken for the spoken form to unfold, in Experiment 2 the written form was presented for 300 ms, sufficient time to read the word yet 65% shorter than the duration of the spoken form. No modality effect was observed under these conditions, when exposure to the word form was equivalent. These results demonstrate, at least for proficient readers, that when exposure to the word form is controlled across modalities the efficiency with which word form-meaning associations are learnt does not differ. Our results therefore suggest that, although we typically begin as aural-only word learners, we ultimately converge on developing learning mechanisms that learn equally efficiently from both written and spoken materials.
(-) Proceedings paper


text:
Q: Bash Scripting logging and redirection of STDOUT and STDERR to file and to screen so as to take have user interaction I came across the below commands in a comment by member 'reto' which will do most what I want. unfortunately I can't comment back as I just joined.
They do most of what I want to do but I would also like to have stdout being redirected screen at certain times in my script; when the user is being asked for a username and password if an if statement fails. Then once the user interaction is complete to revert stdout to logging.
Any help would be great.
update
#this works for me

LOGFILE=./ClamAV_install_script.log

exec 3>&1 >$LOGFILE 2> >(tee -a $LOGFILE >&2)
# Everything below will go to the file 'ClamAV_install.log':
date

#all these go to screen
 {
 tail -40 ./ClamAV_install_script.log

#To give option to scan full system
 printf "\n\n\nDo you wise to scan the full file system / ? \n"
 read -p 'Type Y to scan: ' Conformation
 printf "\nYou have entered: $Conformation\n"
 } >&3

#!/bin/bash

set -e

outfile=logfile

exec > >(cat >> $outfile)

exec 2> >(tee -a $outfile >&2)

#STDOUT and STDERR will be written to $outfile, only STDERR will be seen on the console

A: You can save a stream by dup'ing it onto another file descriptor before redirecting it.
$: exec 3>&1 >>$outfile 2> >(tee -a $outfile >&2)
$: date     # goes to log
$: date >&3 # goes to console
Tue, Sep 15, 2020  8:24:19 AM

c.f. https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Redirections.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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This Professional Core course is the foundation of the WISE Level I Certification Programs. It provides you with a broad overview of the wine business and wine tasting basics with special emphasis on the history of wine in America, fundamentals of grape growing and winemaking, basics of consumer direct wine sales and service standards, hands on wine tasting and sensory evaluation. Successful completion of this course provides the knowledge and confidence required to be a WISE Professional and is a prerequisite for all four Level I Certificate courses.


text:
You are here: Home / Archives for Saudi arabia
Saudi Arabia says two Saudi oil tankers attacked near UAE waters
DUBAI: Saudi Arabia said on Monday (May 13) that two Saudi oil tankers were among vessels targeted by a "sabotage attack" off the coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), condemning it as an attempt to undermine security of global crude supplies.The UAE said on Sunday that four commercial vessels were hit by sabotage near the emirate of Fujairah, one of the world's largest bunkering hubs lying just outside the Strait of Hormuz.The UAE gave no details on the nature of the sabotage or who was behind it. It said there were no casualties and operations at Fujairah port were normal.The strait, a vital global oil and gas shipping route, separates the Gulf states and Iran, which has been embroiled in an escalating war of words with the United States over sanctions and the US military's presence in the region.Saudi Energy Minister Khalid al-Falih said in a statement that one of the two Saudi vessels attacked was on its way to be loaded with Saudi crude from Ras Tanura port for delivery to … [Read more...] about Saudi Arabia says two Saudi oil tankers attacked near UAE waters
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After Saudi Arabia, Kimia Farma eyes expansion to Vietnam
January 3, 2017 thejakartapost Leave a Comment
After acquiring shares in a Saudi Arabian company, state-owned pharmaceutical company PT Kimia Farma has expressed its intention to expand its business to Vietnam by acquiring a local company. Kimia Farma finance director I.G.N Suharta Wijaya said the company was studying the regulations in the country to find out if a foreign company was allowed to control the majority of shares in a local company. "So, it depends on the regulation in the country. It the regulation is okay, we will enter the country this year," Suharta said in Jakarta on Tuesday as quoted by tempo.co. He stressed that to enter the country, Kimia Farma had to hold majority shares of a local company as otherwise, the investment was not secured. Suharta said Kimia Farma was interested in acquiring a Vietnamese company that had 400 outlets in the country, fewer than the outlets owned by Kimia Farma. "If the sales of each Kimia Farma outlet in the country is Rp 1.5 billion [US$104,877] per month, [the … [Read more...] about After Saudi Arabia, Kimia Farma eyes expansion to Vietnam
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Saudi Arabia replaces civil aviation head amid airport delays
May 8, 2019 channelnewsasia Leave a Comment
RIYADH: Saudi Arabia replaced the head of its civil aviation authority on Wednesday (May 8), after lengthy flight delays at domestic airports disrupted journeys at the start of a busy annual travel season.A royal decree appointed Abdelhadi al-Mansouri president of the General Authority for Civil Aviation (GACA), which oversees airport operations across the country. His predecessor was sacked in January.Local media reported cancellations and delays of up to 11 hours over the past five days as the Muslim holy month of Ramadan began, with many people making pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina or visiting family in other cities.Disgruntled travellers took to social media to complain. A photo of an information board at Riyadh airport showed delays on almost every domestic route, and a video showed scores of people crowded outside a state-owned Saudi Arabian Airlines (Saudia) ticket office.One passenger told Reuters that delays on Saudia had forced him to re-book on a different airline two days … [Read more...] about Saudi Arabia replaces civil aviation head amid airport delays
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Myanmar to resume fish exports to Saudi Arabia after inspections
May 6, 2019 mmtimes Leave a Comment
After inspections are carried out by Saudi Arabia, Myanmar will be able to resume its fish export which had been suspended. Saudi Arabia has sent the necessary checklists to Myanmar Fisheries Department on April to allow farmed fishes export from Myanmar said U Thet Naing, deputy director of the Quality Control and Research Division of Fisheries Department. "They sent some question based on our fact. We resent the question to the responsible department, collect the answer and report to our superior. If the department head accepts then we will provide the result to Saudi Arabia. They will then come and inspect our fishery system after everything is completed so we can resume exports,." said U Thet Naing. Saudi Arabia, which imports about 20,000 tonnes of marine products from Myanmar annually, had stopped buying rohu fish since April last year after bacteria was found on the same fish species imported from Vietnam. Before the suspension, Myanmar exported 60 percent of river catfish … [Read more...] about Myanmar to resume fish exports to Saudi Arabia after inspections
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Trump is backing the crack-down by MBS in Saudi Arabia
May 1, 2019 thestar Leave a Comment
By Rashid Husain Syed Opinion Wed., May 1, 2019 The ongoing tirade by President Donald Trump against Iran and his unwavering support for the "embattled" Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman (MBS) has emboldened the brash young prince to persevere with his crusade against dissent in the kingdom. On April 23 Riyadh executed 37 nationals. Thirty-four of them were identified as Shiites. The Saudi government defends such executions as a powerful tool for deterrence. A Saudi interior ministry statement said those executed were found guilty of attacking security installations with explosives, killing a number of security officers and cooperating with enemy organizations against the interests of the country. However, Amnesty International said 11 of the men were convicted of spying for Iran and sentenced to death after a "grossly unfair trial." At least 14 others were convicted of violent offences related to their participation in anti-government … [Read more...] about Trump is backing the crack-down by MBS in Saudi Arabia
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Bachelor's in International Economics and Trade
Zhejiang University of Science and Technology
The Bachelor's in International Economics and Trade at Zhejiang University of Science and Technology (ZUST) is a 4 years long program for international students, taught in English.
Zhejiang University of Science and Technology (ZUST) is a multi-disciplinary university with emphasis on engineering, incorporating disciplines in science, arts, economics, management, and education. Combining the technical know-how of German Applied Science Universities with its own experience, ZUST explores ways of cultivating international specialists with applied skills.
📚About the Program
Bachelor's in International Economics and Trade at Zhejiang University of Science and Technology (ZUST)
The purpose of this program is to train high-level application-oriented professionals, who can grasp the fundamental theories, knowledge and skills of international economics and trade; who should be quick in the awareness of the current economics and trade, marketing management both at home and abroad; who can comprehend and apply into practice the current accepted standards, rules, regulations of international economics and trade and who can solve practical problems in this field.
🏫About Zhejiang University of Science and Technology (ZUST)
ZUST is located in the historical and picturesque city of Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang Province, one of the most prosperous provinces in China. ZUST is at the foot of Xiaohe Mountain, with a tranquil lake inside and rolling hills surrounding the campus, only twenty-minute ride from the most famous scenic spot in China–West Lake.
ZUST is designated by the Chinese Government as a pilot institution of Chinese-German cooperation in cultivating high-level career-focused talents, the standing organizer of "Chinese-German Education Forum", and one of the first ten local pilot universities of implementing the national project of "Cultivating Excellent Engineers". The development of ZUST is closely associated with its international cooperation. ZUST, since its foundation, has entered into cooperation with Germany, and now it's an important platform for education and technology cooperation between Zhejiang Province and Germany. Up today, ZUST has successfully established formal cooperation with over 50 universities in Germany, USA, Italy, UK, Australia, France, Japan, Korea, Holland, Belgium, Romania, etc.. ZUST is still making strides in the development of international cooperation in the areas of faculty and student exchange, research and degree programs. Many honored guests and professors visited ZUST and worked here, including the former German President Roman Herzog and Christian Wulff.
At present, ZUST has been running 10 English-taught undergraduate programs and 2 English-taught postgraduate programs. Meanwhile, ZUST provides a bachelor's degree program of Business Chinese for Chinese language beginners, and is ready to receive transfer students with Chinese language basic. With the further development of international cooperation and the establishment of distinctive undergraduate and postgraduate majors, the number of international students is increasing significantly. In 2014, more than 1400 international students from 97 countries are studying on the campus.
About Hangzhou
Hangzhou,"Paradise on Earth", "Cultural State", "Home of Silk", "Tea Capital"!
Hangzhou located along Southeast coast of China, only 40 minutes with the most convenient High-Speed train to Shanghai, and to Beijing only 5 hours, is the capital of Zhejiang Province and serves as the center of politics, economy, science, education, and culture of. Hangzhou is a key national tourism city, historical city and international city as confirmed by the State Council, which is with much better living environments than the other big cities in China.
One of Hangzhou's most popular sights is the West Lake, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The West Lake Cultural Landscape covers an area of 3,323 ha (8,210 acres) and includes some of Hangzhou's most notable historic and scenic places. Adjacent to the lake is a scenic area includes historical pagodas, cultural sites, as well as the natural beauty of the lake and hills.
At present, there are 45 student associations at the school level and 35 student associations at each secondary school level, which can be divided into five categories: science and academy, theory study, humanity and art, social service, interest and hobby.
Every year, more than 110 activities are successively carried out, such as debate, "Blue Space" computer festival, "Eyas Cup" electronic design contest, "Computer Hospital", "DIY" contest, artistic performance, sports competition.
International Students' Union (ISU)
International Students' Union was founded in June, 2013. It is established to help the students in ZUST, especially the International students, to expand their skills in cooperating and organizing. This union has a mission to realize self-service, self-management and self-education. It also create inspirational and amazing activities for International students and also as a bridge between office and students. The president of ISU is be elected by students' vote. The employment term is 2 years. Other members of ISU are nominated by president. Mr Dibu Dave Mbako from Democratic Republic of the Congo served as the the first session of president. The new presidents are Ingels, Malaq and Zaid. There are four branches, Academic Department, Entertainment and Sports Department, Department of Publicity and Social Service Department.
International Culture Communication Association(ICCA)
International Culture Communication Association was founded in 2008. It is the first students association which serves as the bridge between Chinese students and foreign students. ICCA aims at strengthen the communication between Chinese students and foreign students and promote the construction of harmonious campus. Through diverse channels such as organizing activities, ICCA helps students know more about multiculture and raise students' intercultural communication ability.
International Students Art Troupe
This is the first art troupe of Zhejiang Province and has a very significant meaning. Up to now, our school has more than 1000 international students from various countries. Among them there are many talented students. So the foundation of Art Troupe provide a large stage to them. Aicha Diallo from Kenya becomes the first head of art troupe and the teachers from Arts Education Department serve as art directors.
Donghe Building for International Students Tingsong International Students Dormitory
📍 Zhejiang University of Science and Technology (ZUST)/Xiaoheshan Campus /Donghe Building for International Students
Donghe living building 4 and building 7 are special buildings for international students of Zhejiang University of Science and Technology Xiaoheshan Campus (Main Campus).
SINGLE 800.00 RMB RMB 800 per month/room. Water bill and internet bill are free of charge.
DOUBLE 400.00 RMB RMB 400 per month/person (2-person shared). Water bill and internet bill are free of charge.
📍 Zhejiang University of Science and Technology (ZUST)/Xiaoheshan Campus /Tingsong International Students Dormitory
The Tingsong Living Building No. 2, No. 3 and No. 4 are special buildings for international students of Zhejiang University of Science and Technology Xiaoheshan Campus (Main Campus).
SINGLE 1200.00 RMB RMB 1200 per month/room. Water fees, internet, and cable TV bills are free of charge. But students should pay electricity fees.
DOUBLE 600.00 RMB RMB 600 per month/student for 2 sharing students. RMB 1200 per month/room. Water fees, internet, and cable TV bills are free of charge. But students should pay electricity fees.
64,000 RMB in total
📝 Zhejiang University of Science and Technology (ZUST) Reviews
Application Deadline Aug. 15, 2022
16,000 RMB per year 64,000 RMB in total
Location Hangzhou
Request More Info 81 students applied for this program
81 students applied for this program
Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT)
Bachelor's in Economics
Bachelor's in International Business Economics
University of Nottingham Ningbo China (UNNC)
Tuition 110,000 RMB
See 167 more bachelor economics programs


First of all I want to thank for making Julia so useful for systems architects to set up initial algorithms. It ia very elegant and very modern.
For me when doing the digital signal processing in HW perspective, I miss arbitrary bit width integers. Like 5 bits signed number or 19 bit unsigned number and associated arithmetic support. It will be wonderful if we Chip architects can have it - will be killer for early algorithm design.
For tomorrow's state-of-the-art applications in chip architecture, up to how many bits do you want to have available for these arbitrary bit width integers? Please list the operations you consider to be "associated arithmetic support", including any exotics.
You should be able to implement this as a package. Have a look how Bool and BitArrays work.
PS: my guess is that "HW" means "high wiggle".
You can look at BitIntegers.jl, it's registered. But it's not possible to create bits type with a number of bits which is not a multiple of 8.
For any practical purpose bit-width upto 128 should suffice all signal processing and RF architectural needs.
Range Access and write routines.
Data representation with 1's complement, 2's complement and Canonical Signed Digit will make you lovable.
Optional overflow handling (like: Saturation, Wrap Around) and optional rounding on discarded (LSB) bits (happens due to shifting or division) will make you legends.
Please let me know if you need any further information on this. Will be happy to help.
If you want speed, when thousands of these kind of variables will be there, then you will not try that. We have examples of that kind of disasters.
Will that satisfy your requirement "bit-width up to 128 should suffice"?
If you're going for arbitrary bit-width integers, why not go for arbitrary fixed-point numbers, which are often used in custom hardware. For example one might have a fixed-point number of width 18 bits, with 5 fractional bits, 1 sign bit, and 12 magnitude bits. There are lotsa things that could be done with this to model the flow of bits through an FPGA or ASIC.
FixedPointNumbers is not quite this flexible.
Actually I need generic way to create such variables to write reusable and parametric code. The naming you are suggesting are too unfriendly for that purpose.
We use fixed point numbers. But they have base 10 and are complex in terms of area and current consumption. What I asked are simple HW types we use everyday which are base 2.
I believe, what I asked more as overflow and rounding feature confused you.
We even use arbitrary bit width floating point numbers.
Your willingness to help matters. I am inclined to do this as long as there are other contributors.
It would be great to glean design insight from the community before some of us IntegerBits.jl.
I am willing to help! I immediately promise you to help with concept and requirements. For coding level contribution, you need to wait till next week when I need to take some additional approvals from my management and legal.
By the way, I saw you already wrote ArbFloat - Thats a pleasant surprise for me.
Let me give you a brief overview on how we do things. We design untimed (no clock or reset, only data flow) algorithms of differ blocks using MATLAB and once when they work correctly, we re write them as timed and detailed architectures using C++/SystemC/SystemC-AMS to create a complete chip model and make the complete thing working also by modelling it's environment. This working thing is called proof of concept. We then extract out the specs for design implementation.
We want MATLAB to be replaced by Julia.
Please let me know what else do you expect.
are any of these implementations that go above 128 bits treated as isbits types?
Do you have a use for that?
yes, I have a use for something like that in DirectSum.jl and Grassmann.jl, where I would like to generalize the bit depth, at the moment it relies on 64 bit, it would require somewhat significant redesign though.


Faber and Faber, London, 1951.
Faber and Faber, London, 1936.
Bellamy, following the "ice cosmology" of Hoerbiger, suggested that humans had experienced two major catastrophes in the last 50,000 years. The first was the disintegration and impact of the earth's previous moon. The second was the capture of the earth's current moon. Bellamy collated hundreds of myths from all over the world to support his ideas. Velikovsky used a number of these myths in Worlds in Collision.
Braghine collates geological, astronomical, historical, and mythological evidence to support the idea of at least one and possibly two global catastrophes having been witnessed by humans during the Holocene. He suggested that a giant comet entering the inner solar system around 4,000 B.C. altered the orbits of the earth and Venus, at least, and also caused a variety of cataclysmic events on the earth itself. Braghine was aware of the dating problems associated with catastrophes, so he was willing to credit the ideas of Bellamy and others who suggested an earlier catastrophe around 9,000 to 10,000 B.C.
Bragine rejected many of the inaccurate "proofs" of the existence of Atlantis put forth by earlier authors (e.g., there is no wild version of the banana plant). He was also aware of most previous catastrophists and, unlike Velikovsky, he gave them due credit and summarized their ideas. Much of the material presented in Braghine appears in Velikovsky's later works, although Velikovsky never mentions Braghine.
Carli expands upon the ideas of Whiston and suggests an encounter with a large comet modified earth's previously circular orbit into an elliptical orbit. Each year was lengthened by ten days, one hour, and thirty minutes. The cometary passage pulled the oceans up into and eight mile high flood tide, which together with condensation from the atmosphere, caused the Deluge.
D. Appleton, New York, 1883.
This book details the "ice cosmology" which was adopted enthusiatically in Germany during the 1930s and 1940s. Bellamy adopted Hoerbiger's ideas of the acquisition and destruction of a series of moons by the earth as the basis of a catastrophist theory for the history of the earth. Incidentally, Hoerbiger suggested that both Mercury and Venus had once had orbits outside that of the earth. These two planets passed by the earth but were too large to be captured by the earth as moons. The current moon, Luna, formerly an independent planet, was captured by the earth around 11,500 years ago as Luna spiralled in towards the sun.
Pensacola Engraving Co., Pensacola, FLorida, 1953.
Kelly and Dachille suggest that the dinosaurs were wiped out by the environmental consequences of a major impact event, predating the famous 1980 Alvarez et al paper by twenty-seven years. Kelly and Dachille also suggest development of a rocket system to deflect near-earth-crossing objects that would otherwise impact and cause damage. They further suggest the Deluge resulted from a large impact off the North Carolina coast. This books presents some mythological material but most of the material is geological. Many of the themes raised by Kelly and Dachille find echoes in Velikovsky's later work Earth in Upheaval.
Radlof, Johann Gottlieb. Zertrummerung der grossen Planeten Hesperus und Phaethon und die darauf folgenden Zerstorungen und Ueberflutungen auf der Erde; nebst neuen Aufschlussen uber die Mythensprache der alten Volker.
In a remarkable display of prescience, Radlof essentially enunciates Velikovsky's theories almost 130 years before Velikovsky. Radlof suggests that a planet between Mars and Jupiter exploded after being struck by a comet. One fragment collided with the Earth, giving rise to the legends of Phaeton, deluges, and combat myths with cosmic monsters like Typhon. Another fragment, taking on a cometary orbit and appearance, encountered the planet Mars and later settled down into its current orbit as the planet Venus. Radlof, a philogist, tries to support his contentions with mythological evidence -- including some of the very same material Velikovsky, among others, later used.
This book appears to have been mostly ignored, although the theme of the fragmented fifth planet as Phaeton informed a number of later authors.
You may view the title page of Radlof's book.
Academy Chicago Publishers, Chicago, 1985.
Chicago author Mel Waskin expands on a suggestion by Donnelly that the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, and the concurrent conflagrations in Wisconsin and Michigan, were caused by a Tunguska-like impact event. Waskin suggests a fragment of Biela's comet as the culprit. Waskin evidences caution in attributing the fires to an impact event. He writes in a "what if" style. Very entertaining reading with lots of interesting information about the Chicago fire as well as those in Peshtigo (Wisconsin) and Manistee (Michigan).


text:
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// <auto-generated>
//     This code was generated by a tool.
//
//     Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if
//     the code is regenerated.
//
//	   Copyright (c) 2017 Citrix ShareFile. All rights reserved.
// </auto-generated>
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

package com.citrix.sharefile.api.models;

import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.net.URI;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.HashMap;

import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName;
import com.citrix.sharefile.api.*;
import com.citrix.sharefile.api.enumerations.*;
import com.citrix.sharefile.api.models.*;

public class SFOutlookInformation extends SFODataObject {

	@SerializedName("DownloadInfoLevel")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionString DownloadInfoLevel;
	@SerializedName("UploadInfoLevel")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionString UploadInfoLevel;
	@SerializedName("NotifyOnDownload")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionBool NotifyOnDownload;
	@SerializedName("NotifyOnUpload")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionBool NotifyOnUpload;
	@SerializedName("MaxDownloads")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionInt MaxDownloads;
	@SerializedName("LinkExpiration")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionString LinkExpiration;
	@SerializedName("RequestText")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionString RequestText;
	@SerializedName("SendText")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionString SendText;
	@SerializedName("BannerHTML")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionString BannerHTML;
	@SerializedName("UseBanner")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionBool UseBanner;
	@SerializedName("AutoConvert")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionBool AutoConvert;
	@SerializedName("ConvertAbove")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionInt ConvertAbove;
	@SerializedName("AttachPaperclip")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionBool AttachPaperclip;
	@SerializedName("EncryptedEmailRecipientVerification")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionString EncryptedEmailRecipientVerification;
	@SerializedName("EncryptedEmailExpiration")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionString EncryptedEmailExpiration;
	@SerializedName("EncryptedEmailNotifyOnRead")
	private SFOutlookInformationOptionBool EncryptedEmailNotifyOnRead;

		/**
		* DownloadInfo Level
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionString getDownloadInfoLevel() {
		return this.DownloadInfoLevel;
	}

		/**
		* DownloadInfo Level
		*/
	public void setDownloadInfoLevel(SFOutlookInformationOptionString downloadinfolevel) {
		this.DownloadInfoLevel = downloadinfolevel;
	}
		/**
		* UploadInfo Level
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionString getUploadInfoLevel() {
		return this.UploadInfoLevel;
	}

		/**
		* UploadInfo Level
		*/
	public void setUploadInfoLevel(SFOutlookInformationOptionString uploadinfolevel) {
		this.UploadInfoLevel = uploadinfolevel;
	}
		/**
		* Notify on download of Share
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionBool getNotifyOnDownload() {
		return this.NotifyOnDownload;
	}

		/**
		* Notify on download of Share
		*/
	public void setNotifyOnDownload(SFOutlookInformationOptionBool notifyondownload) {
		this.NotifyOnDownload = notifyondownload;
	}
		/**
		* Notify on upload of Share
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionBool getNotifyOnUpload() {
		return this.NotifyOnUpload;
	}

		/**
		* Notify on upload of Share
		*/
	public void setNotifyOnUpload(SFOutlookInformationOptionBool notifyonupload) {
		this.NotifyOnUpload = notifyonupload;
	}
		/**
		* Max downloads
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionInt getMaxDownloads() {
		return this.MaxDownloads;
	}

		/**
		* Max downloads
		*/
	public void setMaxDownloads(SFOutlookInformationOptionInt maxdownloads) {
		this.MaxDownloads = maxdownloads;
	}
		/**
		* Link expiration
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionString getLinkExpiration() {
		return this.LinkExpiration;
	}

		/**
		* Link expiration
		*/
	public void setLinkExpiration(SFOutlookInformationOptionString linkexpiration) {
		this.LinkExpiration = linkexpiration;
	}
		/**
		* Default text when requesting files
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionString getRequestText() {
		return this.RequestText;
	}

		/**
		* Default text when requesting files
		*/
	public void setRequestText(SFOutlookInformationOptionString requesttext) {
		this.RequestText = requesttext;
	}
		/**
		* Default text when sending files
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionString getSendText() {
		return this.SendText;
	}

		/**
		* Default text when sending files
		*/
	public void setSendText(SFOutlookInformationOptionString sendtext) {
		this.SendText = sendtext;
	}
		/**
		* Banner HTML
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionString getBannerHTML() {
		return this.BannerHTML;
	}

		/**
		* Banner HTML
		*/
	public void setBannerHTML(SFOutlookInformationOptionString bannerhtml) {
		this.BannerHTML = bannerhtml;
	}
		/**
		* Use banner
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionBool getUseBanner() {
		return this.UseBanner;
	}

		/**
		* Use banner
		*/
	public void setUseBanner(SFOutlookInformationOptionBool usebanner) {
		this.UseBanner = usebanner;
	}
		/**
		* Auto convert
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionBool getAutoConvert() {
		return this.AutoConvert;
	}

		/**
		* Auto convert
		*/
	public void setAutoConvert(SFOutlookInformationOptionBool autoconvert) {
		this.AutoConvert = autoconvert;
	}
		/**
		* Auto convert
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionInt getConvertAbove() {
		return this.ConvertAbove;
	}

		/**
		* Auto convert
		*/
	public void setConvertAbove(SFOutlookInformationOptionInt convertabove) {
		this.ConvertAbove = convertabove;
	}
		/**
		* Attach paperclip
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionBool getAttachPaperclip() {
		return this.AttachPaperclip;
	}

		/**
		* Attach paperclip
		*/
	public void setAttachPaperclip(SFOutlookInformationOptionBool attachpaperclip) {
		this.AttachPaperclip = attachpaperclip;
	}
		/**
		* Encrypted Email Recipient Verification
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionString getEncryptedEmailRecipientVerification() {
		return this.EncryptedEmailRecipientVerification;
	}

		/**
		* Encrypted Email Recipient Verification
		*/
	public void setEncryptedEmailRecipientVerification(SFOutlookInformationOptionString encryptedemailrecipientverification) {
		this.EncryptedEmailRecipientVerification = encryptedemailrecipientverification;
	}
		/**
		* Default Encrypted Email Expiration
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionString getEncryptedEmailExpiration() {
		return this.EncryptedEmailExpiration;
	}

		/**
		* Default Encrypted Email Expiration
		*/
	public void setEncryptedEmailExpiration(SFOutlookInformationOptionString encryptedemailexpiration) {
		this.EncryptedEmailExpiration = encryptedemailexpiration;
	}
		/**
		* Default Encrypted Email Notify on Read
		*/
	public SFOutlookInformationOptionBool getEncryptedEmailNotifyOnRead() {
		return this.EncryptedEmailNotifyOnRead;
	}

		/**
		* Default Encrypted Email Notify on Read
		*/
	public void setEncryptedEmailNotifyOnRead(SFOutlookInformationOptionBool encryptedemailnotifyonread) {
		this.EncryptedEmailNotifyOnRead = encryptedemailnotifyonread;
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Articles ›
May/June 2019 ›
The Written Image: Cara Barer
In the Information Age we might find our homes crowded with reference books we no longer use—a phone book, a set of encyclopedias, a long-outdated computer manual. Rather than throwing away such books, Houston artist Cara Barer has transformed them into a new form of art. Since the early 2000s, Barer has been turning books into sculptures, creating intricate radial patterns from their pages and spines that she then dyes and photographs. "Books, physical objects and repositories of information, are being displaced by zeros and ones in a digital universe with no physicality," writes Barer on her website (carabarer.com). "Through my art, I document this and raise questions about the fragile and ephemeral nature of books and their future." The project is ongoing, and Barer, who has shown her work in galleries and museums across the United States, will open a new exhibit in June at the Andrea Schwartz Gallery in San Francisco.
The Written Image: Mira Jacob's Good Talk
by Staff | News and Trends 2.13.19
A graphic memoirist explores issues of race, identity, family, and America through conversations with her six-year-old son.
The Written Image: Jane Mount's "Bibliophile"
Colorful illustrations accompany notes, quotes, and literary trivia about books to read and bookstores to visit.
The Intersection of Art and Literature
by Megan N. Liberty | News and Trends 10.10.18
Siglio Press celebrates ten years of publishing genre-defying books that incorporate literary and visual art.


text:
By Michael Plekon
Rams Hills Makes A Gift to the BMA
Last updated 11/2/2022 at 11:37am
(L to R): Diane Johnson, Laura and Fernando Alcaraz, Rev. Mateo Mamea, Brother Geoff Barton, and Rams Hill COO and GM Harry Turner.
Harry Turner, Chief Operations Officer and General Manager of Rams Hill, recently presented a check for $6,720 to the Borrego Ministers Association (BMA).
Rams Hill has a program managing homes in Rams Hill for short-term rentals for golfers. Ten percent of the rental service fee goes into a fund named, "For the Love of Borrego," which annually donates to local charities and community organizations.
This year, Rams Hill raised approximately $15,200. The BMA was one of three community organizations selected to receive a portion of the proceeds. This year's other recipients include OLAX and BVEF for the legal fund to fight the placement of sexual violent predators in Borrego Springs. Last year Rams Hill donated $11,000 to the BMA.
The BMA has for over a decade assisted Borregans in need. The BMA provides food coupons as well as help with rent, utilities, transportation costs for medical appointments.
"For the Love of Borrego" is one of three philanthropic programs underwritten by Rams Hill. There is the scholarship grant program, which offers $1,000 scholarships, per school year, made to Borrego High School students and alumni, and can actually be turned into four-year grants by students that meet performance criteria. Five students received scholarships this year.
Rams Hill also offers assistance to employees with a short-term need through a giving program called, "Rams Hill Hugs." According to Turner, "These are not great sums of money. But Rams Hill Hugs make a difference in an unexpected financial emergency."
On behalf of Rams Hill, Foreman Fernando Alcaraz and his wife Laura, along with COO and GM Harry Turner, presented the check.
The Alcaraz's have many years of serving at St. Richards Catholic Church.
Accepting on behalf of the Ministers Association were Diane Johnson, Rev. Mateo Lavea Mamea, pastor of the Community Methodist Church and Brother Geoff Barton of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in Borrego and treasurer of the BMA.


text:
package com.arjuna.databroker.metadata.rdf.selectors;

import com.arjuna.databroker.metadata.selectors.MetadataContentsSelector;
import com.hp.hpl.jena.rdf.model.Model;
import com.hp.hpl.jena.rdf.model.Property;
import com.hp.hpl.jena.rdf.model.ResIterator;

public class RDFMetadataContentsSelector implements MetadataContentsSelector
{
    public RDFMetadataContentsSelector(Model model)
    {
        _model = model;
    }

    public RDFMetadataContentSelector withPath(String path)
    {
        return new RDFMetadataContentSelector(_model.getResource(path));
    }

    public RDFMetadataContentSelector withPropertyValue(String propertyName, String propertyValue)
    {
        if (_model != null)
        {
            Property    property         = _model.getProperty(propertyName);
            ResIterator resourceIterator = _model.listResourcesWithProperty(property, propertyValue);

            return new RDFMetadataContentSelector(resourceIterator.nextResource());
        }
        else
            return new RDFMetadataContentSelector(null);
    }

    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public <S extends MetadataContentsSelector> S selector(Class<S> c)
        throws IllegalArgumentException
    {
        if (c.isAssignableFrom(RDFMetadataContentsSelector.class))
            return (S) this;
        else
            return null;
    }

    private Model _model;
}


text:
Q: System.Net.WebRequest - Timeout error The below piece of code is giving
Error Message : "The operation has timed out"
Error Sourse : at System.Net.httpWebRequest.GetResponse()
This method is calling a URL and fetching the response object.
NOTE : This is all working fine in my end..but when i send the same code to production..it shows time oout errors
public GetUpdatedInventoryUnitValues(Vehicle aeVehicle)
{
            WebRequest oWebRequest = null;
            StringBuilder oStringBuilder = null;
            StreamReader oStreamReader = null;
            dcDealerDetails = new Dictionary<string, string>();

            MSRP = string.Empty;
            NetPrice = string.Empty;
            string strLine = string.Empty;
            string strURL = GetUpdatedInventoryUnitValues.GetFormattedURL(aeVehicle);

            try
            {
                /* Open the requested URL */
                oWebRequest = WebRequest.Create(strURL);
                oWebRequest.Method = "GET";
                oWebRequest.ContentType = "application/xml";
                /* Get the stream from the returned web response */
                oStreamReader = new StreamReader(oWebRequest.GetResponse().GetResponseStream());
                /* Get the stream from the returned web response */
                oStringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
                /* Read the stream a line at a time and place each one into the stringbuilder  */
                while ((strLine = oStreamReader.ReadLine()) != null)
                {
                    /* Ignore blank lines */
                    if (strLine.Length > 0)
                        oStringBuilder.Append(strLine);
                }

                string[] tempArray = null;
                string[] tempNextArray = null;
                //Split string by semicolon as a separater
                tempArray = Data.SplitString(oStringBuilder.ToString(), new char[] { ';' });

                if (tempArray != null)
                {
                    foreach (string invUnits in tempArray)
                    {
                        //Split string by '=' as a separater
                        tempNextArray = Data.SplitString(invUnits, new char[] { '=' });

                        if (tempNextArray != null && tempNextArray.Length == 2)
                        {
                            switch (tempNextArray[0].ToLower())
                            {
                                //case "msrp":
                                //    MSRP = Data.RemoveDoubleCode(tempNextArray[1]);
                                //    break;
                                case "netprice":
                                    NetPrice = Data.RemoveDoubleCode(tempNextArray[1]);
                                    break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                ErrorLog.ErrorMessage = ErrorLog.Separator;
                ErrorLog.ErrorMessage = "Exception during posting data to another application .";
                ErrorLog.ErrorMessage = "ERROR MESSAGE : " + ex.Message;
                ErrorLog.ErrorMessage = "ERROR SOURCE: " + ex.StackTrace.ToString();

            }
            finally
            {
                if (oStreamReader != null)
                {
                    oStreamReader.Close();
                }
                if (oWebRequest != null)
                {
                    oWebRequest = null;
                }
            }
        }

Please suggest what am i doing wrong or missing?

A: Just sharing experience.
I was getting the same error "Operation Timed Out".
I have tried using both WebClient And WebRequest (set Timeout also) but was still getting error.
Reason was that I was not disposing the response.
So I used as mentioned above :
using (var response = oWebRequest.GetResponse())

{
    ...
}

And it solved the problem...

A: Are you perhaps finding that the first couple of requests are okay, and then they start timing out? If so, I suspect this is the problem:
oStreamReader = new StreamReader(oWebRequest.GetResponse().GetResponseStream());

You're fetching the response, but never disposing of it. You should use:
using (var response = oWebRequest.GetResponse())
{
    ...
}

In fact, you can get rid of your finally block entirely if you use using statements throughout.
As an aside, this is a pretty long method - 77 lines! - and worse, it looks like it's actually a constructor:

*

*Try to split it out into smaller, more easily understood, more easily testable chunks

*Try to avoid doing a lot of work in constructors

A: I personnally use this code for one of my program and it works perfect:
    WebRequest webRequest = WebRequest.Create(requestUri);
    webRequest.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(login, password);
    WebResponse webResponse = webRequest.GetResponse();
    Stream response = webResponse.GetResponseStream();
    StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(response);

So i think it doesn't come from your code but from your production platform.