There is something about these muffins that is just so darn satisfying. Apple, orange, carrot, honey, oats, a hint of coconut… So many flavors come together to power you through your morning activities. Moist, naturally sweet, and will remind you of the glory days that have been or are yet to be!
Top with shredded coconut, walnuts, pecans, pumpkin seeds, choc chips etc. Be creative!


I am Syed Muhammad Anees, Co-Founder & Director of Logo Experts, branding agency in Dubai.
Everyone realizes the importance of logo designs. Logos help in producing your business as they are an identity of your brand, frequently displayed, More importantly almost every place. You can collaborate it with every effort of yours when it comes to establishing your brand.


Have you ever thought that contracting is about the only job where you have no idea how much you should be charging? You go for a job, you talk to the agency advertising it (assuming you can find them at their desk…) and you have a two minute chat about the work required. With a bit of luck (and some smart questions) you will know where the job is based, roughly what's to be done and what the agency believes the key issues are (there's always issues in my experience!).
What you don't yet know, usually, is who the client is and quite probably not even what their line of work is. That's because if the agent decides you're a waste of his time, he doesn't want you calling the client and offering your services directly, so he's only protecting his own business.
But on the basis of this rather minimal information you will be asked how much you would charge. And that's where it gets difficult.
Personally I have a clear idea in my head about what I would like to charge. The answer, oddly enough, is not "as much as I can" although that is certainly one of the parameters. I know what I need to live and I know my routine overheads, so I can work out how much I need to earn a year to pay the mortgage and keep the dog in biscuits. Working on the assumption I'll probably work seven months a year (OK, that's a bit low, but I'm getting lazy in my old age) I can set a base day rate.
To that you add the cost of getting to the job. Daily commutes are either so many miles at 40 pence per mile or the rail fares. Staying away I usually cost at £100 a day (slightly more in the Smoke, but that's usually commutable). Either way I add that amount to the day rate; while I do an all inclusive deal for my labour, I also aim to recover all my costs.
Finally I add a fiddle factor, based on the seniority of the role (it costs more if I'm managing people, for instance) and something I call the risk factor, which reflects how hard the job is going to be and how much damage I could do if I get it wrong. Then add 15%: after all, I aim to make a profit at the end of the day.
So then I have a base price. Sadly, so does the agent, driven by what the client tells him the budget is and his own margins. If we're really lucky the two will coincide. If we're even luckier, the agent will be willing to beat the client up to what I want, since he gets more money that way as well. These days, though, that's increasingly unlikely.
One problem is that the clients have a very clear idea of what they want to pay, Unless you are a serious specialist, there is very little chance you can name your own price any more. Most clients have a rate card of their own which they use to cost their own internal budgets: it's a brave manager who will deliberately put in an overspend on his own budget. Then there are the companies who have no idea, who set the budget by dividing the permie's salary by 260, who set the rate stupidly high – councils are good at that one – or even do a kind of Dutch auction, asking for three CVs and saying they'll take the cheapest (oddly enough they are also the ones wondering why their delivery record on projects is so poor…).
But at the end of the day you are having to bid for work in a fog of ignorance. This probably explains why my rate now is usually within 10% of what I was on 15 years ago when I started out.


text:
Everything but rims redesigned for Hyundai's 'real' Rally1 car
The team has extensively tested a verion of its i20 N Rally1, but its actual 2022 challenger is almost entirely different
Photography by Hyundai
Words by David Evans, DirtFish Senior Staff Writer
Forget everything you've seen regarding Hyundai Motorsport's 2022 assault on the World Rally Championship. Forget marching a media army through a faux WRC round last month. Forget the pictures, the video, the chatter.
This week, everything changes. This week Hyundai Motorsport begins testing its real 2022 challenger.
Asked how much of the car Hyundai Motorsport has tested so far for its '22 campaign would be carried over into its actual Rally1 machine, team principal Andrea Adamo's response was predictably precise.
"The rims," he said.
Seriously, that's all?
"The only thing that will be similar to the current car that you have seen are the rims, and I'm not joking."
Adamo added that when a deal was agreed for Hyundai to share M-Sport's technical director Christian Loriaux earlier this season, Loriaux was given a clean sheet of paper.
"When he arrived he asked me: 'What can I do?' I told him…"
At this point, Adamo graciously asked to borrow the DirtFish notebook. He then opened it to a clean spread of pages to demonstrate his point.
"Ask him. Call him – but he won't answer your call, because I don't authorize it!
Hyundai won't run private Rally1 cars like M-Sport
"He told me it may cost a lot. I told him: 'Your job is to make a car winning, teach my people things, help me reorganize things. My job is to find the money to make it happen: you do your job, I do mine.'"
The new car is running in secret at Hyundai's permanent test site this week.
"There will be a roll out for two days with this new car," said Adamo, "then six days of testing."
Asked if this meant Hyundai had effectively built two 2022 cars, the first being the current prototype test mule, Adamo said yes.
I was happy the other teams were watching… Andrea Adamo on Hyundai's Rally1 rally simulation
"The current car was a prototype," he said. " We put it together quite fast to let us get experience to make the new one. And I have to say my people have done – I always speak about my people – and I really love [to] work with them and I'm proud of them.
"But this time, between chassis, transmission, engine, they have done something incredible.
"We have redesigned the [transmission] casing, we have redesigned internals and we have redesigned the rear differential too to make it different like every f****** thing I told you. The propshaft is different because we modified the lines, but the driveshaft has been modified to match with the new stuff. The up-right is different. Everything is different.
"The workshop has done something incredible, the purchasing department has done something incredible. Because we have been there, and everything that they saw needed to be changed has been done. So every piece has been redone in this car. A huge job done."
Asked if the current car could be seen as a diversion and promotion for the media and fans, Adamo smiled and said: "It's why you saw [it].
"[And] I was happy the other teams were watching…"
Words:David Evans
Tags: Andrea Adamo, Hyundai Motorsport, Rally1, WRC 2022
Publish Date November 23, 2021 DirtFish https://www-dirtfish.imgix.net/2021/11/2022TEST_RT_012.jpg?fit=scale&fm=pjpg&h=520&ixlib=php-1.2.1&q=70&w=780&wpsize=entry-main November 23, 2021
GCK to run a Lancia Delta in World RX 2022

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The University of Texas at Tyler Soules College of Business
The University of Texas at Tyler, Soules College of Business
The College of Business and Technology (CBT) began as the School of Business in January 1973. In 1998, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Business Administration was approved of accreditation by AACSB. UT Tyler launched an online Master of Business Administration (MBA) in 2000. In 2008, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board authorized the Ph.D. in Human Resource Development program. The Department of Computer Science and Computer Information Systems was added to the CBT School of Technology in 2014. The College of Business and Technology (CBT) is comprised of two business departments: Accounting, Finance, Business Law, Management and Marketing and the Human Resource Development department. In addition, the CBT houses the School of Technology which includes Industrial Technology, Industrial Management, and Information Technology (Computer Science and Computer Information Systems).
COB 312.01
Tyler, TX United States
http://www.uttyler.edu/cbt


text:
The BJOC
Reductions of aldehydes and ketones with a readily available N-heterocyclic carbene borane and acetic acid
Vladimir Lamm,
Xiangcheng Pan,
Tsuyoshi Taniguchi§ and
Dennis P. Curran
Vladimir Lamm
Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
All articles from this author
Xiangcheng Pan
Tsuyoshi Taniguchi
Corresponding author email
§ Current address: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
Associate Editor: D. Y.-K. Chen
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 675–680. doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.76
Received 31 Jan 2013, Accepted 18 Mar 2013, Published 08 Apr 2013
Acetic acid promotes the reduction of aldehydes and ketones by the readily available N-heterocyclic carbene borane, 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene borane. Aldehydes are reduced over 1–24 h at room temperature with 1 equiv of acetic acid and 0.5 equiv of the NHC-borane. Ketone reductions are slower but can be accelerated by using 5 equiv of acetic acid. Aldehydes can be selectively reduced in the presence of ketones. On a small scale, products are isolated by evaporation of the reaction mixture and direct chromatography.
Keywords: NHC-borane; N-heterocyclic carbene borane; reduction
Reduction of carbonyl compounds is a common, fundamental chemical transformation. Among the numerous hydride reagents available for such reductions, boron reductants are widely used in the field of synthetic chemistry due to their availability and favorable reaction profiles [1-3]. For instance, sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is an inexpensive salt that is one of the most popular hydride sources for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones [4]. Reactions with NaBH4 are usually performed in a protic solvent such as methanol, and quenching and aqueous workup are essential steps along the way to isolation of the product. Although many borohydride reagents are relatively stable solids, their contact with moisture can cause decomposition with the release of hydrogen gas. Therefore, appropriate precautions are required for larger scale reactions as well as during transport and storage [5].
N-Heterocyclic carbene boranes (NHC-boranes) have emerged in recent years as a useful class of synthetic reagents, which have interesting chemistry in their own right [6,7]. Most NHC complexes of borane (NHC-BH3) are white solids that are convenient to handle because they are stable to air, water, strong bases, and weak acids [8]. Unlike amine-boranes such as R3N-BH3 or pyridine-BH3 [9-11], carbene-boranes (NHC-BH3) do not decomplex easily to release reactive borane (BH3) to solution under typical thermal reaction conditions. Perhaps because of their stability, the potential use of carbene-boranes as hydride sources has been largely overlooked. Lindsay and McArthur reported that strong Lewis acids such as BF3 and Sc(OTf)3 activate ketones towards reduction by achiral and chiral carbene boranes [12], and we showed that some high-temperature reductions of halides were probably occurring by ionic rather than radical pathways [13].
Recently, we discovered in collaboration with Mayr that NHC-boranes are good hydride sources by measurement of the nucleophilicity parameter, N [14]. By this measure, NHC-boranes are among the best neutral hydride donors known, more reactive than distant relatives such as silanes, stannanes, and dihydropyridines, and more reactive even than their amine-borane cousins [15-19]. Despite being neutral, 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene borane (diMe-Imd-BH3, 1, see Scheme 1) has an N value (N = 12) that is roughly comparable to the anion cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) in DMSO. Unlike NaBH3CN, diMe-Imd-BH3 (1) is freely soluble in many organic solvents, including most aprotic solvents. Unaided reductions of aldehydes and ketones by 1 are not practical (little or no reaction occurs, depending on the substrate). However, addition of silica gel causes reductions to occur at ambient temperatures (Scheme 1) [20]. In a preferred small-scale procedure, 0.5 mmol of an aldehyde or ketone can be reduced by 0.25 mmol of 1 and 500 mg of added silica gel over periods ranging from 1–24 h.
Scheme 1: Aldehydes and ketones are reduced by 1 when silica gel is added.
Jump to Scheme 1
DiMe-Imd-BH3 (1) does not react with silica gel, so it seems likely that silica gel serves as a weak acid to activate carbonyl groups toward reduction by 1. Based on this analysis, we decided to replace the silica gel with weak acids in order to extend the practicality of reductions with NHC-boranes. We specifically targeted acetic acid because it is a weak acid that is cheap, soluble and volatile. A pilot reduction of 3-phenylpropanal 2 (0.5 mmol), 1 (0.5 equiv), and acetic acid (1.0 equiv) in ethyl acetate (EtOAc) was complete in 30 min and gave 3-phenylpropanol (3) in 86% yield after evaporation and flash chromatography (Scheme 2). Other acids including pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate, benzohydroxamic acid, and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (Meldrum's acid) also promoted this reduction, but offered no clear advantages over acetic acid. No reduction occurs over 24 h when 1 and 2 are stirred in EtOAc without acid under these conditions.
Scheme 2: Pilot reduction of aldehyde 2 with 1 and acetic acid.
We next conducted a series of experiments to look at the boron products of such reactions by 11B NMR spectroscopy, and these results are summarized in Figure 1. A control experiment showed that the direct acid/base reaction of 1 with acetic acid (aldehyde omitted) was very slow at rt (entry 1). Evolution of hydrogen gas was not evident (no bubbling), and boryl acetate 4a was present in only trace amounts (<<5%) after 24 h. Evidently then, the acetic acid functions as a Brønsted acid to activate the carbonyl group towards attachment by 1. This is different from NaBH4, which reacts quickly with acetic acid to liberate H2 and form a modified reducing agent, NaBH(OAc)3 [21,22].
Figure 1: 11B NMR studies of boron products from 1 and acetic acid with and without aldehyde 2. aIn C6D6; bunreacted aldehyde remained.
Figure 1: 11B NMR studies of boron products from 1 and acetic acid with and without aldehyde 2. aIn C6D6; bun...
Even with heating, the direct acid/base reaction of 2 and acetic acid was rather slow [23]. After one day (entry 2), about 18% of 2 was converted to the known boryl acetate 4a (−14 ppm) [14]. After three days (entry 3), the major component was still the starting NHC-borane 2, but now there was 22% of 4a and 19% of a new product that exhibited a broad doublet at −3 ppm. We could not isolate this product by flash chromatography, but we tentatively assign it as boryl diacetate 4b. For comparison, the known ditriflate dipp-Imd-BH(OTf)2 resonates at −2 ppm [24].
Next we reduced hydrocinnamaldehyde 2 (1 equiv) under the standard procedure (AcOH, 1 equiv) but varying the amount of NHC-borane 1. Alcohol 3 is the reduction product, and the soluble boron products [25] were identified by 11B NMR spectroscopy of the crude product mixture. Each product spectrum gave the same four resonances, but in different ratios. With 1 equiv of 1 (entry 4), there was 55% of the starting NHC-borane 1, 24% boryl monoacetate 4a, 4% boryl diacetate 4b, and 17% of a broad resonance at about +18 ppm. This is not in the region expected for an NHC-borane, but is instead where boric acid and similar molecules resonance. Thus, it might be B(OAc)3, but it could also be boric acid itself (the solvent was not dried) or some intermediate product. We write this simply as B(OR)3. With 0.5 equiv 1 (entry 5), there was 32% of the starting 1, 39% 4a, 4% 4b and 25% B(OR)3. The final reaction with 0.33 equiv of 1 was considerably slower (entry 6). Aldehyde 2 still remained after 6 h, and the 11B NMR spectrum shows 2% starting 1, 46% 4a, 14% 4b and 38% B(OR)3. These results demonstrate that the reaction is complex on the boron side, with the second and third hydride transfers competing with the first. This makes little difference when the alcohol is the target product because all the other boron and NHC products are held back on the silica gel during flash chromatography.
To compare the acid-promoted reductions with the silica-gel-promoted reactions, we tested the scope of this reaction on many of the same aldehydes and ketones (Table 1 and Table 2). The typical procedure is convenient, and no precautions were taken to exclude moisture or air. For aldehyde reductions (Table 1), the reactants were mixed in EtOAc that was taken from the bottle without drying. The standard ratio of aldehyde to 1 was 1:0.5, so two of the three hydride equivalents of 1 are consumed. After completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator, and the residue was directly purified by silica gel chromatography.
Table 1: Reductions of aldehydes by diMe-Imd-BH3 (1) and acetic acid.a
14 89%b
aConditions: aldehyde (0.5 mmol), 1 (0.25 mmol), and AcOH (0.5 mmol) in EtOAc (2 mL) at room temperature for 24 h; breaction time was 1 h.
Aromatic aldehydes 5–8 gave the corresponding benzylic alcohols 12–15 in yields of 79–93% (Table 1, entries 1–4). Cinnamaldehyde underwent exclusive 1,2-reduction to give allyl alcohol 16 in 86% (entry 5). Branched aldehydes 10 and 11 were also reduced to the corresponding primary alcohols 17 and 18 in 85% and 84% yield, respectively (entries 6 and 7).
To be consistent with the prior silica gel reductions, ketones (Table 2) were reduced in dichloromethane, and the molar ratio of ketone to 1 was 1/1. Under the standard conditions for reduction of aldehydes (25 °C, 1 equiv acetic acid), the reaction of 1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone (19) was very slow. Heating of 19 (1 equiv), 1 (1 equiv) and acetic acid (1 equiv) at 40 °C for 24 h gave a moderate yield (68%) of secondary alcohol 26, but unreacted ketone remained. This problem was solved by increasing the amount of acetic acid to 5 equiv. Now ketone 19 was consumed in 24 h and alcohol 26 was isolated in 93% yield (Table 2, entry 1). The excess of acetic acid was removed prior to chromatography during evaporation, so the simple isolation procedure was not changed. Under these conditions, ketones 20–25 were reduced to the corresponding secondary alcohols 27–33 in good yields (Table 2). Reductions of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone (21) and 4-phenyl-2-butanone (22) needed only 1 equiv of acetic acid (as with aldehydes), while the other substrates were reduced with 5 equiv.
Table 2: Reductions of ketones by diMe-Imd-BH3 (1) and acetic acid.a
ketone
24%b
31 79%c
32 83%d
33 97%e
aConditions: ketone (0.5 mmol), 1 (0.5 mmol), and AcOH (2.5 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (2 mL) at 40 °C for 24 h; bonly 1 equiv of acetic acid was used; cminor product 30 could not be separated; dreaction time was 48 h; ereaction time was 72 h.
Reduction of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone (21) gave the cis-alcohol 28 in 65% yield and the trans-alcohol in 24% yield (89% combined yield). The major product results from axial attack and is seen with borohydride reagents [26,27] as well as with the combination of 1 and silica gel. Reaction of (E)-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one (23) gave the 1,2-reduction product 31 along with a small amount of doubly reduced, saturated alcohol 30 (90:10). The combined yield of these inseparable products was 79%. Reductions of hindered ketones 24 and 25 were slower even with 5 equiv of acetic acid, but gave the corresponding alcohols 32 and 33 in 83% and 97% after 48–72 h. For comparison, the yield of the reaction of 24 using silica gel was 73% after 96 h [20]. Overall, the reductions of aldehydes and ketones with the combination of 1 and acetic acid gave comparable yields to the silica procedure.
Chemoselective reductions were also readily achieved under the present reaction conditions (Scheme 3). Treatment of a mixture of aldehyde 6 (0.5 mmol) and ketone 19 (0.5 mmol) with 1 (0.25 mmol) and acetic acid (1 equiv) in EtOAc exclusively provided the primary alcohol 13 in 95% yield, while the ketone 19 was intact (<5% conversion to 26). The reduction of 4-acetylbenzaldehyde (34) was also chemoselective and afforded only 4-acetylbenzyl alcohol (35) in 79% yield.
Scheme 3: Chemoselective reductions of aldehydes with 1 and acetic acid. aDetermined by 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of the
crude product; bisolated yield after flash chromatography.
Scheme 3: Chemoselective reductions of aldehydes with 1 and acetic acid. aDetermined by 1H NMR spectroscopic ...
In summary, we have shown that acetic acid is a good activator for the reductions of aldehydes and ketones by stable NHC-borane 1. DiMe-Imd-BH3 (1), and by implication related carbene-boranes, are convenient reagents for small-scale reductions, because their ease of handling allows simple reaction and separation procedures.
The results of control experiments suggest that the acetic acid activates the carbonyl component, not the NHC-borane. Thus, the acid does not consume a hydride equivalent of NHC-BH3, and a stoichiometric amount of H2 gas (a safety hazard on a large scale) is not produced.
Further research and process-development work are needed before one can conclude that diMe-Imd-BH3 and related carbene boranes are generally attractive reagents on larger scales [5,21]. However, based on the established physical and chemical properties of 1 and its relatives and on the convenience of the small-scale reduction procedures with both silica gel and acetic acid, NHC-boranes deserve serious consideration as candidates for large-scale reductions.
Procedure for aldehyde reduction (examples in Scheme 2, Scheme 3, and Table 1): diMe-Imd-BH3 (1, 27.5 mg, 0.25 mmol) and acetic acid (30.0 mg, 0.50 mmol) were added to a solution of 4-bromobenzaldehyde (6, 92.5 mg, 0.50 mmol) in EtOAc (2 mL). After 24 h at room temperature, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica-gel flash chromatography (hexane/EtOAc, 1:1) to give 4-bromophenylmethanol (13, 74.0 mg, 79%) as a white solid.
11B NMR experiments in Figure 1, entries 4–6: The above procedure was followed on the same scale but with varying amounts of 1. After the solvent was removed, the residue was taken up in C6D6 prior to recording of the 11B NMR spectrum.
Procedure for ketone reduction (examples in Table 2): DiMe-Imd-BH3 (1, 55.0 mg, 0.50 mmol) and acetic acid (150 mg, 2.5 mmol) were added to a solution of 1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone (19, 99.6 mg, 0.50 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (2 mL). After stirring for 24 h at 40 °C, the mixture was cooled, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica-gel flash chromatography (hexane/EtOAc, 2:1) to give 1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanol (26, 94.2 mg, 93%) as a colorless oil.
Supporting Information File 1: contains copies of the 1H NMR spectra of all the products from Figure 1, Scheme 2 and Scheme 3, and Table 1 and Table 2.
NMR spectra of all products.
Format: PDF Size: 988.9 KB Download
We thank the U.S. National Science Foundation for support of this work. TT also warmly thanks Kanazawa University, the Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, and the Yoshida Foundation for Science and Technology for underwriting his stay at the University of Pittsburgh.
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These NMR experiments were conducted in C6D6 to avoid water and for comparison with known resonances.
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A precipitate formed in some reactions. This is presumably an imidazolium salt derived from the NHC that is released on formation of B(OR)3, but it could also contain insoluble boron species.
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References 5,21
5. Atkins, W. J., Jr.; Burkhardt, E. R.; Matos, K. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2006, 10, 1292–1295. doi:10.1021/op068011l
21. Abdel-Magid, A. F.; Carson, K. G.; Harris, B. D.; Maryanoff, C. A.; Shah, R. D. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3849–3862. doi:10.1021/jo960057x
Go to references 5,21
References 26,27
26. Lansbury, P. T.; MacLeay, R. E. J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 1940–1941. doi:10.1021/jo01042a532
27. Wigfield, D. C. Tetrahedron 1979, 35, 449–462. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(79)80140-4
Go to references 26,27
20. Taniguchi, T.; Curran, D. P. Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 4540–4543. doi:10.1021/ol302010f
Go to reference 20
References 1-3
1. Burkhardt, E. R.; Matos, K. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 2617–2650. doi:10.1021/cr0406918
2. Lane, C. F. Aldrichimica Acta 2005, 38, 43–45.
3. Seyden-Penne, J. Reductions by the Aluminohydrides and Borohydrides in Organic Synthesis; VCH: New York, 1991.
Go to references 1-3
8. Solovyev, A.; Chu, Q.; Geib, S. J.; Fensterbank, L.; Malacria, M.; Lacôte, E.; Curran, D. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 15072–15080. doi:10.1021/ja107025y
Go to reference 8
24. Solovyev, A.; Geib, S. J.; Lacôte, E.; Curran, D. P. Organometallics 2012, 31, 54–56. doi:10.1021/om201260b
References 6,7
6. Curran, D. P.; Solovyev, A.; Makhlouf Brahmi, M.; Fensterbank, L.; Malacria, M.; Lacôte, E. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 10294–10317. doi:10.1002/anie.201102717
7. Wang, Y.; Robinson, G. H. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 50, 12326–12337. doi:10.1021/ic200675u
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25. A precipitate formed in some reactions. This is presumably an imidazolium salt derived from the NHC that is released on formation of B(OR)3, but it could also contain insoluble boron species.
23. These NMR experiments were conducted in C6D6 to avoid water and for comparison with known resonances.
4. Chen, G. Boron Compounds. In Organometallics; Kaufmann, D. E.; Matteson, D. S., Eds.; Science of Synthesis, Vol. 6; Georg Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart-New York, 2004; pp 81–115.
14. Horn, M.; Mayr, H.; Lacôte, E.; Merling, E.; Deaner, J.; Wells, S.; McFadden, T.; Curran, D. P. Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 82–85. doi:10.1021/ol202836p
13. Chu, Q.; Makhlouf Brahmi, M.; Solovyev, A.; Ueng, S.-H.; Curran, D. P.; Malacria, M.; Fensterbank, L.; Lacôte, E. Chem.–Eur. J. 2009, 15, 12937–12940. doi:10.1002/chem.200902450
22. Gribble, G. W.; Ferguson, D. C. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1975, 535–536. doi:10.1039/C39750000535
12. Lindsay, D. M.; McArthur, D. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 2474–2476. doi:10.1039/c001466d
References 9-11
9. Carboni, B.; Monnier, L. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 1197–1248. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(98)01103-X
10. Carboni, B.; Carreaux, F. Boron Compounds. In Organometallics; Kaufmann, D. E.; Matteson, D. S., Eds.; Science of Synthesis, Vol. 6; Georg Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart-New York, 2004; pp 455–484.
11. Staubitz, A.; Robertson, A. P. M.; Sloan, M. E.; Manners, I. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 4023–4078. doi:10.1021/cr100105a
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References 15-19
15. Dorothea, R.; Herbert, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 1958–1961. doi:10.1002/anie.200804263
16. Mayr, H.; Ofial, A. R. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 2008, 21, 584–595. doi:10.1002/poc.1325
17. Mayr, H.; Bug, T.; Gotta, M. F.; Hering, N.; Irrgang, B.; Janker, B.; Kempf, B.; Loos, R.; Ofial, A. R.; Remennikov, G.; Schimmel, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9500–9512. doi:10.1021/ja010890y
18. Funke, M. A.; Mayr, H. Chem.–Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1214–1222. doi:10.1002/chem.19970030808
19. Mayr, H.; Patz, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 938–957. doi:10.1002/anie.199409381
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The reductive decyanation reaction: an overview and recent developments
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CAAC Boranes. Synthesis and characterization of cyclic (alkyl) (amino) carbene borane complexes from BF3 and BH3
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Investigations towards the stereoselective organocatalyzed Michael addition of dimethyl malonate to a racemic nitroalkene: possible route to the 4-methylpregabalin core structure
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text:
1.1Background
1.2Development
1.3Launch
1.4Later years
2Hardware
2.1Technical specifications
2.2Models
2.3Online support
2.4Controllers
2.5Peripherals
3Game library
4Reception
4.1Sales
5Homebrew development
6Successor
8.1Citations
Home video game console by Sony
"PS2" redirects here. For the lineup of IBM computers, see IBM PS/2. For the port, see PS/2 port. For other uses, see PS2 (disambiguation).
Left: Original PlayStation 2 with vertical stand
Right: Slim PlayStation 2 with vertical stand, 8 MB memory card and DualShock 2 controller
Home video game console
JP: 4 March 2000
NA: 26 October 2000
EU: 24 November 2000
AU: 30 November 2000
KR: 22 February 2002
CHN: 1 January 2004
PlayStation 2 Slimline
EU: 29 October 2004
JP: 3 November 2004
NA: 25 November 2004
AU: 2 December 2004
2000–2013 (13 years)
¥39,800, US$299,[1][2] £299, F2,990, DM869[3][4]
JP: 28 December 2012[5]
WW: 4 January 2013[6]
Units shipped
158.70 million (as of January 4, 2013)
DVD, CD-ROM
System on a chip
Integrated Emotion Engine, Graphics Synthesizer, 32 MB of RDRAM, and 4 MB of eDRAM (PlayStation 2 Slimline models only)
MIPS R5900 Emotion Engine[7][8] @
299 MHz (PlayStation 2 Slimline models only)[7][9]
Memory outlets
32 MB of RDRAM (system RAM)[10]
4 MB of eDRAM (video RAM)[11][12]
Removable storage
8 MB PlayStation 2 memory card
128 KB PlayStation memory card
Video output formats
SCART/JP21 RGB
VGA (progressive scan capable software only)
YPBPR component video/D-Terminal
147.456 MHz Graphics Synthesizer, 6 GFLOPS[7]
PCM 2ch 48KHz, Dolby Digital 5.1 and DTS 5.1
Controller input
DualShock 2, DualShock, PlayStation Controller, EyeToy, PlayStation 2 DVD Remote Control, PlayStation Portable
100 Mbit Ethernet/modem (requires adapter on SCPH-10000-500xx models)
1 × IEEE 1394 interface
Proprietary broadband/dialup developer-run third-party servers
Proprietary Sony DNAS server
Original PS2: 3.1" (78.7 mm) × 11.9" (302.3 mm) × 7.2" (182.9 mm)
Original PS2: 4.85 lb (2.2 kg)
Best-selling game
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas: 17.33 million sold (as of February 2009)[13]
The PlayStation 2 (PS2) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was first released in Japan on 4 March 2000, in North America on 26 October 2000, in Europe on 24 November 2000, and in Australia on 30 November 2000. It is the successor to the original PlayStation, as well as the second installment in the PlayStation brand of consoles. As a sixth-generation console, it competed with Nintendo's GameCube, and Microsoft's Xbox. It is the best-selling video game console of all time, having sold over 155 million units worldwide.
Announced in 1999, Sony began developing the console after the immense success of its predecessor. The PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor's DualShock controller, as well as its games.
The PlayStation 2 received widespread critical acclaim upon release. A total of over 4,000 game titles were released worldwide, with over 1.5 billion copies sold.[14] In 2004, Sony released a smaller, lighter revision of the console known as the PS2 Slim. Even after the release of its successor, the PlayStation 3, it remained popular well into the seventh generation. It continued to be produced until 2013 when Sony finally announced that it had been discontinued after over twelve years of production, one of the longest lifespans of any video game console. New games for the console continued to be made until the end of its life.
Released in 1994, the original PlayStation proved to be a phenomenal worldwide success and signalled Sony's rise to power in the video game industry. Its launch elicited critical acclaim and strong sales; it eventually became the first computer entertainment platform to ship over 100 million units.[15] The PlayStation enjoyed particular success outside Japan in part due to Sony's refined development kits, large-scale advertising campaigns, and strong third-party developer support.[16] By the late 1990s Sony had dethroned established rivals Sega and Nintendo in the global video game market.[17][18] Sega, spurred on by its declining market share and significant financial losses,[19] launched the Dreamcast in 1998 as a last-ditch attempt to stay in the industry.[20]
Though Sony has kept details of the PlayStation 2's development secret, Ken Kutaragi, the chief designer of the original PlayStation, reportedly began working on a second console around the time of the original PlayStation's launch in late 1994.[21][22] At some point during development, employees from Argonaut Games, under contract for semiconductor manufacturer LSI Corporation, were instructed to design a rendering chip for Sony's upcoming console.[23] Jez San, founder of Argonaut, recalled that his team had no direct contact with Sony during the development process. Unbeknownst to him, Sony was designing their own chip in-house and had instructed other companies to design rendering chips merely to diversify their options.[23]
By early 1997, the press was reporting that a new PlayStation was being developed and would have backward-compatibility with the original PlayStation, a built-in DVD player, and Internet connectivity.[24][25] However, Sony continued to officially deny that a successor was being developed.[26] Chris Deering, then-president of SCEE recalled that there was a degree of trepidation among Sony leaders to produce a console which would recapture or exceed the success of its predecessor.[27]
Sony announced the PlayStation 2 on March 2, 1999.[28] Sega's Dreamcast enjoyed a successful US launch on September 9 of that year;[28] fuelled by a large marketing campaign, it sold over 500,000 units within two weeks.[29][30]
"PlayStation 2's real-time graphics have no limitations. That's why I chose the colour black as it represents the infinity of the universe. The blue represents the intelligence and life spouting up."
—Teiyu Goto reflecting on the PlayStation 2's aesthetics[31]
Sony unveiled the PlayStation 2 at the Tokyo Game Show on 20 September 1999.[32] Sony showed fully playable demos of upcoming PlayStation 2 games including Gran Turismo 2000 (later released as Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec) and Tekken Tag Tournament—which showed the console's graphic abilities and power.[33]
Launch[edit]
The PS2 was launched in March 2000 in Japan, October in North America, and November in Europe. Sales of the console, games and accessories pulled in $250 million on the first day, beating the $97 million made on the first day of the Dreamcast.[34] Directly after its release, it was difficult to find PS2 units on retailer shelves[35] due to manufacturing delays.[36] Another option was purchasing the console online through auction websites such as eBay, where people paid over a thousand dollars for the console.[37] The PS2 initially sold well partly on the basis of the strength of the PlayStation brand and the console's backward compatibility, selling its entire inventory of 1.4 million units in Japan by 31 March 2000, less than a month after launch.[28] Backward compatibility had been widely seen as a desirable feature for consumers since the debut of the first successor video game console, but prior to the PlayStation 2 only one console had featured true backward compatibility (i.e. without the use of add-ons), the Atari 7800, due to the added hardware costs and industry concerns that backward compatibility could cause the console to appear to be a merely a new model of its predecessor or lead developers to prefer making games for the predecessor system.[38]
Later, Sony added new development kits for game developers and more PS2 units for consumers. The PS2's built-in functionality also expanded its audience beyond the gamer,[6] as its debut pricing was less than many standalone DVD players on the market. This made the console a low-cost entry into the home theater market.[39][40]
Marketing for the PlayStation 2 reverted to the same tactic used in the early days of the original PlayStation: use 17-year-olds as the target audience, since younger audiences aspire to be teenagers and older audiences enjoy video games at the same level they did when they were 17.[40]
The success of the PS2 at the end of 2000 caused Sega problems both financially and competitively, and Sega announced the discontinuation of the Dreamcast in March 2001, just 18 months after its successful Western launch. Despite the Dreamcast still receiving support through 2001, the PS2 remained the only sixth-generation console for over 6 months before it faced competition from new rivals: Nintendo's GameCube and Microsoft's Xbox. Many analysts predicted a close three-way matchup among the three consoles. The Xbox had the most powerful hardware, while the GameCube was the least expensive console, and Nintendo changed its policy to encourage third-party developers. While the PlayStation 2 theoretically had the weakest specification of the three, it had a head start due to its installed base plus strong developer commitment, as well as a built-in DVD player (the Xbox required an adapter, while the GameCube lacked support entirely).[41] While the PlayStation 2's initial games lineup was considered mediocre, this changed during the 2001 holiday season with the release of several blockbuster games that maintained the PS2's sales momentum and held off its newer rivals. Sony also countered the Xbox by securing timed PlayStation 2 exclusives for highly anticipated games such as the Grand Theft Auto series and Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty.[42]
Sony cut the price of the console in May 2002 from US$299 to $199 in North America,[43] making it the same price as the GameCube and $100 less than the Xbox. It also planned to cut the price in Japan around that time.[44] It cut the price twice in Japan in 2003.[45] In 2006, Sony cut the cost of the console in anticipation of the release of the PlayStation 3.[45]
Unlike Sega's Dreamcast, Sony originally placed little emphasis on online gaming during its first few years, although that changed upon the launch of the online-capable Xbox. Coinciding with the release of Xbox Live, Sony released the PlayStation Network Adapter in late 2002, with several online first-party titles released alongside it, such as SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs to demonstrate its active support for Internet play.[46] Sony also advertised heavily, and its online model had the support of Electronic Arts (EA); EA did not offer online Xbox titles until 2004. Although Sony and Nintendo both started late, and although both followed a decentralized model of online gaming where the responsibility is up to the developer to provide the servers, Sony's moves made online gaming a major selling point of the PS2.
In September 2004, in time for the launch of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Sony revealed a newer, slimmer model of the PlayStation 2. In preparation for the launch of the new models (SCPH-700xx-9000x), Sony stopped making the older models (SCPH-3000x-500xx) to let the distribution channel empty its stock of the units.[citation needed] After an apparent manufacturing issue—Sony reportedly underestimated demand—caused some initial slowdown in producing the new unit caused in part by shortages between the time Sony cleared out the old units and the new units were ready. The issue was compounded in Britain when a Russian oil tanker became stuck in the Suez Canal, blocking a ship from China carrying PS2s bound for the UK. During one week in November, British sales totalled 6,000 units—compared to 70,000 units a few weeks prior.[47] There were shortages in more than 1,700 shops in North America on the day before Christmas.[48]
Later years[edit]
In 2010, Sony introduced a TV with a built-in PlayStation 2.[49][50]
The PlayStation 2 continued to be produced until 2013 when Sony finally announced that it had been discontinued after over twelve years of production—one of the longest lifespans of any video game console. New games for the console continued to be made until the end of 2013, including Final Fantasy XI: Seekers of Adoulin for Japan, and FIFA 14 for North America.[51] The last game to be released on the PlayStation 2 is Pro Evolution Soccer 2014, which was released in the United Kingdom on 8 November 2013. Repair services for the system in Japan ended on 7 September 2018.
Hardware[edit]
Technical specifications[edit]
Main article: PlayStation 2 technical specifications
Emotion Engine CPU
Graphics synthesiser
Scratchpad memory controller
An early SCPH-10000 motherboard
A late SCPH-70001 motherboard
The PlayStation 2's main central processing unit (CPU) is the 128-bit R5900-based "Emotion Engine", custom-designed by Sony and Toshiba.[52] The Emotion Engine consists of eight separate "units", each performing a specific task, integrated onto the same die. These units include a central CPU core, two Vector Processing Units (VPU), a 10-channel DMA unit, a memory controller, and an Image Processing Unit (IPU). There are three interfaces: an input output interface to the I/O processor running at a clock speed of 36.864MHz, a graphics interface to the graphics synthesiser, and a memory interface to the system memory.[53] The Emotion Engine CPU has a clock rate of 294.912 MHz (299 MHz on newer versions) and 6,000 MIPS, with a floating point performance of 6.2 GFLOPS.[10]
The GPU is likewise custom-designed for the console, named the "Graphics Synthesiser". It has a fillrate of 2.4 gigapixels per second, capable of rendering up to 75 million polygons per second.[54] The GPU also runs with a clock frequency of 147.456 MHz Which is half the clock speed of the Emotion Engine, 4 MB of DRAM is capable of transmitting a display output of 1280 x 1024 pixels on both PAL and NTSC televisions.[55] The PlayStation 2 has a maximum colour depth of 16.7 million true colours.[56] When accounting for features such as lighting, texture mapping, artificial intelligence, and game physics, the console has a real-world performance of 25 million polygons per second.[55] The PlayStation 2 also features two USB ports, and one IEEE 1394 (Firewire) port for SCPH-10000 to 3900x models only. A hard disk drive can be installed in an expansion bay on the back of the console, and is required to play certain games, notably the popular Final Fantasy XI.[57]
Software for the PlayStation 2 was distributed primarily on DVD-ROMs,[58] with some titles being published on blue-tinted CD-ROM format. In addition, the console can play audio CDs and DVD films and is backward-compatible with almost all original PlayStation games.[55] The PlayStation 2 also supports PlayStation memory cards and controllers, although original PlayStation memory cards will only work with original PlayStation games[59] and the controllers may not support all functions (such as analogue buttons) for PlayStation 2 games.
The standard PlayStation 2 memory card has an 8 megabyte (MB) capacity[60] and features MagicGate encryption. There are a variety of non-Sony manufactured memory cards available for the PlayStation 2, allowing for a memory capacity larger than the standard 8 MB.
The PlayStation 2 can natively output video resolutions on SDTV and HDTV from 480i to 480p, and some games, such as Gran Turismo 4 and Tourist Trophy, are known to support up-scaled 1080i resolution[61] using any of the following standards: composite video[62] [should read component video - the higher resolution RGB connector for video ](480i), S-Video[63] (480i), RGB[64] (480i/p), VGA[65] (for progressive scan games and PS2 Linux only), YPBPR component [should read composite video - the single, lower resolution yellow connector for video] video[66] (which display most original PlayStation games in their native 240p mode which most HDTV sets do not support[67]), and D-Terminal.[68] Cables are available for all of these signal types; these cables also output analogue stereo audio. Additionally, an RF modulator is available for the system to connect to older TVs.[69]
Main article: PlayStation 2 models
Rear of the slim model, showing its built-in networking
The PlayStation 2 has undergone many revisions,[70] some only of internal construction and others involving substantial external changes.
The PS2 is primarily differentiated between models featuring the original "fat" case design and "slimline" models, which were introduced at the end of 2004. In 2010, the Sony Bravia KDL-22PX300 was made available to consumers. It was a 22" HD-Ready television which incorporated a built-in PlayStation 2.[71][72]
The PS2 standard color is matte black. Several variations in color were produced in different quantities and regions, including ceramic white, light yellow, metallic blue (aqua), metallic silver, navy (star blue), opaque blue (astral blue), opaque black (midnight black), pearl white, sakura purple, satin gold, satin silver, snow white, super red, transparent blue (ocean blue), and also Limited Edition color Pink, which was distributed in some regions such as Oceania, and parts of Asia.[73][74]
In September 2004, Sony unveiled its third major hardware revision. Available in late October 2004, it was smaller, thinner, and quieter than the original versions and included a built-in Ethernet port (in some markets it also had an integrated modem). Due to its thinner profile, it did not contain the 3.5" expansion bay and therefore did not support the internal hard disk drive. It also lacked an internal power supply until a later revision (excluding the Japan version), similar to the GameCube, and had a modified Multitap expansion. The removal of the expansion bay was criticized as a limitation due to the existence of titles such as Final Fantasy XI, which required the HDD use.
Sony also manufactured a consumer device called the PSX that can be used as a digital video recorder and DVD burner in addition to playing PS2 games. The device was released in Japan on 13 December 2003, and was the first Sony product to include the XrossMediaBar interface. It did not sell well in the Japanese market and was not widely released anywhere else.[75]
Online support[edit]
Main article: PlayStation 2 online functionality
See also: List of PlayStation 2 online games
PlayStation 2 users had the option to play select games over the Internet, using dial-up or a broadband Internet connection. The PlayStation 2 Network Adaptor was required for the original models, while the slim models included built-in networking ports. Instead of having a unified, subscription-based online service like Xbox Live as competitor Microsoft later chose for its Xbox console, online multiplayer functionality on the PlayStation 2 was the responsibility of the game publisher and ran on third-party servers. Many games that supported online play exclusively supported broadband Internet access.
Controllers[edit]
Main article: PlayStation 2 accessories
The PS2's controller, the DualShock 2, had the same form factor as the PlayStation DualShock.
The PlayStation 2's DualShock 2 controller retains most of the same functionality as its predecessor. However, it includes analogue pressure sensitivity to over 100 individual levels of depth on the face, shoulder and D-pad buttons,[10] replacing the digital buttons of the original.[76] Like its predecessor, the DualShock 2 controller has force feedback, or "vibration" functionality. It is lighter and includes two more levels of vibration.
Specialized controllers include light guns (GunCon), fishing rod and reel controllers, a Dragon Quest VIII "slime" controller, a Final Fantasy X-2 "Tiny Bee" dual pistol controller, an Onimusha 3 katana controller, and a Resident Evil 4 chainsaw controller.
Peripherals[edit]
EyeToy camera
DVD remote
8MB memory card
SingStar microphone
Composite cables
Network adaptor
Optional hardware includes additional DualShock or DualShock 2 controllers, a PS2 DVD remote control, an internal or external hard disk drive (HDD), a network adapter, horizontal and vertical stands, PlayStation or PS2 memory cards, the multitap for PlayStation or PS2, a USB motion camera (EyeToy), a USB keyboard and mouse, and a headset.
The original PS2 multitap (SCPH-10090) cannot be plugged into the newer slim models. The multitap connects to the memory card slot and the controller slot, and the memory card slot on the slimline is shallower. New slim-design multitaps (SCPH-70120) were manufactured for these models; however, third-party adapters also permit original multitaps to be used.
Early versions of the PS2 could be networked via an i.LINK port, though this had little game support and was dropped. Some third-party manufacturers have created devices that allow disabled people to access the PS2 through ordinary switches, etc.
Some third-party companies, such as JoyTech, have produced LCD monitor and speaker attachments for the PS2, which attach to the back of the console. These allow users to play games without access to a television as long as there is access to mains electricity or a similar power source. These screens can fold down onto the PS2 in a similar fashion to laptop screens.
There are many accessories for musical games, such as dance pads for Dance Dance Revolution, In the Groove, and Pump It Up titles and High School Musical 3: Senior Year Dance. Konami microphones for use with the Karaoke Revolution games, dual microphones (sold with and used exclusively for SingStar games), various "guitar" controllers (for the Guitar Freaks series and Guitar Hero series), the drum set controller (sold in a box set (or by itself) with a "guitar" controller and a USB microphone (for use with Rock Band and Guitar Hero series, World Tour and newer), and a taiko drum controller for Taiko: Drum Master.
Unlike the PlayStation, which requires the use of an official Sony PlayStation Mouse to play mouse-compatible games, the few PS2 games with mouse support work with a standard USB mouse as well as a USB trackball.[77] In addition, some of these games also support the usage of a USB keyboard for text input, game control (instead of a DualShock or DualShock 2 gamepad, in tandem with a USB mouse), or both.
Game library[edit]
See also: List of PlayStation 2 games, List of best-selling PlayStation 2 video games, List of PlayStation games incompatible with PlayStation 2, and List of cancelled PlayStation 2 video games
A screenshot from Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec, the PlayStation 2's second best-selling game
PlayStation 2 software is distributed on CD-ROM and DVD-ROM; the two formats are differentiated by their discs' bottoms, with CD-ROMs being blue and DVD-ROMs being silver. The PlayStation 2 offered some particularly high-profile exclusive games. Most main entries in the Grand Theft Auto, Final Fantasy, and Metal Gear Solid series were released exclusively for the console. Several prolific series got their start on the PlayStation 2, including God of War, Ratchet & Clank, Jak and Daxter, Devil May Cry, Kingdom Hearts, and Sly Cooper. Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas was the best-selling game on the console.
Game releases peaked in 2004, but declined with the release of the PlayStation 3 in 2006. The last new games for the console were Final Fantasy XI: Seekers of Adoulin in Asia, FIFA 14 in North America,[51] and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 in Europe. As of 30 June 2007, a total of 10,035 software titles had been released worldwide including games released in multiple regions as separate titles.[78]
Reception[edit]
Initial reviews in 2000 of the PlayStation 2 highly acclaimed the console, with reviewers commending its hardware and graphics capabilities, its ability to play DVDs, and the system's backwards compatibility with games and hardware for the original PlayStation. Early points of criticism included the lack of online support at the time, its inclusion of only two controller ports, and the system's price at launch compared to the Dreamcast in 2000.[79][80] PC Magazine in 2001 called the console "outstanding", praising its "noteworthy components" such as the Emotion Engine CPU, 32MB of RAM, support for IEEE 1394 (branded as "i.LINK" by Sony and "FireWire" by Apple), and the console's two USB ports while criticizing its "expensive" games and its support for only two controllers without the multitap accessory.[81]
Later reviews, especially after the launch of the competing GameCube and Xbox systems, continued to praise the PlayStation 2's large game library and DVD playback, while routinely criticizing the PlayStation 2's lesser graphics performance compared to the newer systems and its rudimentary online service compared to Xbox Live. In 2002, CNET rated the console 7.3 out of 10, calling it a "safe bet" despite not being the "newest or most powerful", noting that the console "yields in-game graphics with more jagged edges". CNET also criticized the DVD playback functionality, claiming that the console's video quality was "passable" and that the playback controls were "rudimentary", recommending users to purchase a remote control. The console's two controller ports and the high cost of its memory cards were also a point of criticism.[82]
The slim model of the PlayStation 2 received positive reviews for its incredibly small size and built-in networking, but received criticism for easily overheating due to exclusion of the original model's built-in fan. The requirement for a separate power adapter was criticized while the top-loading disc drive was noted as being less likely to break compared to the tray-loading drive of the original model.[83][84]
Sales[edit]
Main article: PlayStation 2 sales
Demand for the PlayStation 2 remained strong throughout much of its lifespan, selling over 1.4 million units in Japan by 31 March 2000. Over 10.6 million units were sold worldwide by 31 March 2001.[85] In 2005, the PlayStation 2 became the fastest game console to reach 100 million units shipped, accomplishing the feat within 5 years and 9 months from its launch; this was surpassed 4 years later when the Nintendo DS reached 100 million shipments in 4 years and 5 months from its launch.[86] By July 2009, the system had sold 138.8 million units worldwide, with 51 million of those units sold in PAL regions.[87]
Overall, over 155 million PlayStation 2 units were sold worldwide by 31 March 2012,[88] the year Sony officially stopped supplying updated sales numbers of the system.[89]
Homebrew development[edit]
Main article: PlayStation 2 homebrew
Using homebrew programs, it is possible to play various audio and video file formats on a PS2. Homebrew programs can also play patched backups of original PS2 DVD games on unmodified consoles and install retail discs to an installed hard drive on older models. Homebrew emulators of older computer and gaming systems have been developed for the PS2.[90]
Sony released a Linux-based operating system, Linux for PlayStation 2, for the PS2 in a package that also includes a keyboard, mouse, Ethernet adapter and HDD. In Europe and Australia, the PS2 comes with a free Yabasic interpreter on the bundled demo disc. This allows users to create simple programs for the PS2. A port of the NetBSD project and BlackRhino GNU/Linux, an alternative Debian-based distribution, are also available for the PS2.
Successor[edit]
Main article: PlayStation 3
The PlayStation 3 was released in Japan and North America in November 2006 and Europe in March 2007.
Video games portal
Linux for PlayStation 2
PCSX2 – PlayStation 2 (PS2) emulator for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS
PlayStation Broadband Navigator
Citations[edit]
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^ "Sony announces PS2 launch date and price". Gamespot. San Francisco: CBS Interactive. 13 May 2000. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
^ "Business Development/Europe". Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original on 22 April 2004. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
^ Goodley, Simon (5 August 2000). "Sony delays UK launch of PlayStation 2". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
^ プレイステーション2の日本国内での出荷が本日(2012年12月28日)で完了. Famitsu (in Japanese). Tokyo: Enterbrain. 28 December 2012. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
^ a b "PlayStation 2 manufacture ends after 12 years". The Guardian. London. 4 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
^ a b c Diefendorff, Keith (19 April 1999). "Sony's Emotionally Charged Chip" (PDF). Microprocessor Report. 13 (5). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
^ Shiloy, Anton (26 February 2007). "Sony Removes Emotion Engine, Graphics Synthesizer from PAL PlayStation 3". X-bit labs. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
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I was able to get an invitation to join Google's new social network, Google+, a few days ago, and I thought I would give my initial impressions.
First of all, it's a social network, which means that you can post content which others you specify can see, and you can see others' content that they have allowed you to see. In that way it is much like Facebook. I think you all get the idea, so I'm going to focus on what's different and new.
The first thing you'll notice when you sign up is that instead of simply "Friends", Google wants you to categorize your contacts into "Circles", which are sets of contacts. The purpose of this is so that you can easily share different things with "Family" than "Work"; "Acquaintances" than "Friends" (your real friends), and of course you can create as many custom circles as you wish.
Of course, Facebook has Friends Lists which lets you do the exact same thing, but not many people use them, and almost no one picks and chooses which Friends Lists to share things with on Facebook, whereas the idea is that with Google+, that will be the norm.
Hangouts - You can flip on your webcam and start a Hangout, which you can invite your circles to or post to your profile. Others who see you're hanging out can join you, and what results is a very easy multi-way video chat. When someone starts talking, the big video switches to them.
Automatic mobile photo/video upload - People like to take pictures and videos on their phone, and it can be quite a hassle to get those photos and videos off. You can either plug your phone in to your computer, or you can manually select pictures and videos for upload using an app. Google+ offers set-it-and-forget-it convenience: with the Google+ app, you have the option to have everything automatically uploaded to your own private space, from which you can easily share selected photos and videos. You can select whether to upload over the network, only over WiFi, or only over WiFi while charging, so it doesn't eat up your data plan or drain your battery if you don't want it to. The online backup feature alone is worth installing the app, even if you never share anything, but once it's already online, why not use it?
It's Google - and therefore very conveniently integrated with all of your Google sites, like Gmail, Google Reader, Picasa, and Google Calendar. Those of us who use these services will see a notification counter and "share" button in the top right hand corner of the page. It will just be "there" for us to use.
I find it interesting that, at least as yet, there is no way to publicly post a message to another person. On Facebook, this would be like posting to someone's wall. On Twitter, it would be @ mentions and replies. This makes it significantly less social in my opinion: basically everyone is simply publishing things and sharing and commenting on things that others publish. You can publish all you want, but no one interacts with your posts unless they follow you. Even when you mention someone else, only that person gets a notification, not their friends. The only serendipity is in comments.
I predict that this will make Google+ much less of a content generation space than Facebook. People will tend more to import their existing streams of content to Google+, rather than using Google+ to initiate the conversation.
I could be wrong. I hope so. Then again, I personally almost never post on other people's Facebook walls. All of my content on Facebook originates on other services, such as Twitter, Gowalla, Posterous, and Blogger. This makes it easy for me to check a box on those services and send the content to Google+ as well as Facebook, and thus Facebook is not the exclusive holder of my content (this is by design). But I wonder what the designers of Google+ are intending to do by not implementing such a seemingly basic feature.
I don't think Google+ will die or be as obscure as Orkut (or as hated as Buzz), but I also don't think it will become as popular a place to spend time and interact with all of your friends as Facebook. Google+ is a great personal publishing platform, and it has some useful tools for connecting with friends and colleagues, but it is definitely not a Facebook clone, nor, I fear, a Facebook killer.
I wonder if maybe over time they'll add the targeted posts (you know, Facebook's @name).
You can already do that with +name. The point is, that doesn't show up on their profile, only yours.


text:
Martins refusing to focus on title fight after costly Qualifying error
ART GRAND PRIX
Keenly aware of the herculean task that awaits him, Victor Martins says the title fight is the furthest thing from his mind as he prepares to fight back following a frustrating Qualifying session in Spa-Francorchamps.
Track evolution meant that it would all come down to the final laps set as the chequered flag was waved. Unfortunately for the ART Grand Prix driver, a mistake on his last attempt cost him dearly and he will now start both the Sprint and Features Races from P24.
A disappointed Martins admitted that this was not the way he wanted to return to the track after the three-week summer break, particularly after looking to have the pace to be fighting at the front of the field earlier on in the session before the Red Flag.
"That's not the session we wanted to do. After the summer break, you always want to come back stronger than in the few races before and we prepared really well, we were ready to do a good result, but the conditions were really, really difficult. That's always the risk when you have one lap to go, every lap counts because the track is improving a lot and I simply made a mistake on my last lap which cost me at least the top 10.
"It was difficult at the beginning because we had the wet tyres on, and it was the first time we were running them for the weekend, so everyone was exploring a bit. In the end, it was fine on the wet, we had the pace, I just made a few mistakes which was why I was around P7. Then when switched to the slick, I was on the pace straightaway, always in the top four so it's a shame."
READ MORE: QUALIFYING: Collet charges to maiden pole in last-second wet to dry thriller
Whilst he faces an uphill battle come lights out on Saturday and Sunday, there is one silver lining – there's no shortage of overtaking opportunities around the Belgian circuit. Martins says he prepared to leave nothing on the table and to focus solely on carving his way his way back up into the points.
"For sure we need to keep calm, analyse what went wrong today – what can I do, what I could have done better, and we could better as a team in those conditions to maximise what we will have tomorrow, get a good car and try some good overtakes.
"I'm looking ahead with no pressure and not in control, just sending it through the field and I'm sure we will be able to score a few points or maybe a lot, but let's see. I just want to work and see what happens on Saturday and Sunday."
READ MORE: Hadjar: 'We need a miracle after P23 in Qualifying'
Whilst he wasn't the only title contender to struggle on Friday, the fact that the top four in the standings all start at the back of the pack is no consolation for Martins. Arthur Leclerc will line up just ahead of his rivals in P20 and Championship leader Hadjar will be keeping his fellow Frenchman for company in P24, ahead of Jak Crawford, who brings up the rear of the field.
"To be honest, I'm not looking at it. We can see that in the Championship fight there is (Jak) Crawford, (Oliver) Bearman and (Caio) Collet who is going strong. I just want to be in front, winning races and getting pole positions and it's like that that you will take the Championship, so I'm not focused on everyone else out there."


text:
PAY HIS DEBT
Horrified husband reveals his wife plans to name their newborn son LANNISTER as a tribute to Game of Thrones
Lydia Hawken
AS all avid Game of Thrones fans know, the Lannisters weren't exactly the most likeable family - with the exception of Tyrion, obviously.
On the one hand, you had incestuous twins Cersei and Jamie and on the other... well, you had Cersei turning into a crazed dictator and plotting the demise of Westeros.
What do you think of when you hear Lannister? Incest, murder and drinking problems all spring to mind for us.Credit: HBO
With this in mind, you can't really imagine anyone wanting to name their children after these infamous characters in the same way parents have rushed to use the monikers Daenerys, Arya and Khaleesi.
However, one horrified dad is facing this exact dilemma after his wife revealed her plans to name their newborn "Lannister" as a tribute to Game of Thrones.
Posting on Reddit's "Am I The A*****" forum, the husband explained: "When we got married, my wife and I made a deal that she gets to name our male children while I get to name the females.
"Our first child is a girl and I named her. Our second child is a boy, so my wife should be the one to name him."
Let's face it, none of us would want our children to be associated with THIS fictional monarch
Game of Thrones season 8 episode 5 trailer teases epic King's Landing battle
However, the soon-to-be dad-of-two is seriously regretting his decision now that she wants to "name [their] son Lannister after her favourite Game of Thrones family".
At this point, we just have to take a moment and ask: why on earth are the Lannisters her favourite family?
Do we need to remind her of the time Joffrey made Sansa Stark watch her father get beheaded? Or had all his father's illegitimate children killed? Sorry we'll stop now.
The user continued: "I'd have no problem if she wanted to name our dog Lannister but this is our son."
Although he's tried to reason with his wife, the man added: "She just reminded me of our deal. She said she liked the Lannisters and it was her turn to name our child so he would be named Lannister.
"We've had this conversation countless times and she refuses to budge."
Even our beloved Charles Dance couldn't make us like a LannisterCredit: handout
Unsurprisingly, the dad is now seriously considering going behind his wife's back in the hospital and filling in the birth certificate himself while she's recovering from a C-section.
Asking whether he was in the wrong, he concluded: "I know this sounds unfair to my wife given our deal but wouldn't it be more unfair to my son if he was named after a family of power grabbing incestuous wine guzzling villains?"
Needless to say, the dilemma has sparked a fierce debate in the forum - with many urging the user to do all he can to prevent his wife's bonkers name becoming a reality.
One replied: "The way I've always heard, each parent gets unlimited vetoes on names. She can still pic the name, but not this one. It should be that way for you picking female names."
Another enthusiastically added: "If you have a son and a daughter why in the world would you NAME YOUR SON AFTER A CHARACTER WHO HAS AN INCESTUOUS RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS SISTER?" Valid. Very valid.
Meanwhile, another joked that "Kingslayer" would be a more appropriate option while others recommend the woman get her GOT fix by naming her son "Jamie" instead.
Based on their own experience, one user said the man should "beg his wife with everything he has to please reconsider" because of how much "he HATES the name".
But our favourite suggestion of all? The genius user wrote replied: "Perhaps, and this is way, way out there, you could tweet George RR Martin, explain the situation briefly, and ask him if he's willing to send a quick message back for the wife saying that it's a stupid idea?
"Perhaps the wife will listen to the advice if it came from the man himself?"
Fore more parenting dilemmas, this new mum has sparked fury for plucking her baby's unibrow as she napped.
And this mum has sparked debate after saying that smacking means you've lost control and it teaches kids "that hitting is okay".
Plus this new mum has BANNED her husband from spending quality time with his daughter "because he's a smoker".
Charles Dance who played Tywin Lannister in Game of Thrones says he wanted the show to end with Tyrion Lannister as King


The 1945 Paris–Roubaix was the 43rd edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 9 April 1945 and stretched 246 km (153 mi) from Paris to the finish at Roubaix Velodrome. The winner was Paul Maye from France.
1 2 "1945 » 43rd Paris – Roubaix". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 14 April 2015.


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