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Military Forums
Navy and Maritime
Submarines and their types
Thread starter UAE
Los Angeles class nuclear powered fast attack submarines of US Navy
Los Angeles-class (SSN688) submarines form the backbone of the U.S. Navy's nuclear-powered attack submarine fleet; it is the class that has more operating nuclear submarines than any other in the world. Their primary missions are to hunt enemy submarines and surface ships, launch cruise-missile strikes on land-based targets and gather intelligence. The boats were designed by General Dynamics Electric Boat and they are divided in three flights (Flight I, II and III) based on improvements in their design and equipment such as electronics, armament and characteristics. The Flight I consists of 31 submarines (only 11 are active, in commission), the Flight II have a 12 Vertical Launch Tubes (VLS) for Tomahawk missiles and it consists of 8 submarines (all in active service) and the final Flight III consists of 23 submarines of which only one has been retired. The final 23 submarines of the 62-ship class are known also as improved 688s (688i). These are quieter and they are equipped with more advanced electronics and sensors as well as retractable bow planes (and not on their sails like the other Flights) and hardened sails to break through ice during Arctic operations.
Cutaway of Los Angeles class (Flight I) submarine
Cutaway of Los Angeles class (Flight III) submarine
The boats have a displacement of6,900 tons while submerged, a length of 110 meters, the maximum diving depth is +400 meters and they can achieve a speed of 20 knots surfaced and 25+ knots submerged (they are reports about an achieved speed of +33 knots!). The endurance is 90 days. The crew consists of about 130 enlisted crew members (16 officers). The boats have four 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes while the armament consists of 37 Mark 48 anti-submarine torpedoes, Tomahawk cruise missiles, Harpoon anti-ship missile and mines.
USS Albuquerque
USS Santa Fe, Flight III
USS Hartford, Flight III Los Angeles class submarine
USS Key West, Flight II Los Angeles class submarine of US Navy
Postive Rating: 1
click on the pic for larger view.
US subs
Virginia class nuclear powered fast attack submarines of US Navy
Virginia class submarines are the latest nuclear attack submarines operated by US Navy. They were conceived as a less expensive alternative to the Seawolf class attack submarines and they are planned to replace the older of the Los Angeles-class submarines. Below a great work by Stephen Rountree for U.S. Navy, General Dynamics Electric Boat Corporation and Newport News Shipbuilding.
And a photo of the lead ship of the class, USS Virginia (SSN-774), while she returns to the General Dynamics Electric Boat shipyard following the successful completion of its first voyage in open seas called "alpha" sea trials, in July, 2004.
THINK TANK: SENIOR
HDW Class 216
HDW Class 216 Submarine is a long-range multi-mission two-deck fuel cell submarine with exceptional endurance.
It features two pressure-tight compartments, high crew comfort levels and an extremely flexible payload for weapons and mission-orientated exchangeable equipment enhanced by the innovative Vertical Multi-Purpose Lock (VMPL).
PERMASYN® propulsion technology
Lithium-ion battery technology
Composite propeller
High, proven automation level
Compact sail
HABETaS® rescue system
The modular weapon and sensor mix, in combination with the submarine's air-independent features, makes the HDW Class 216 predestined for
Anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare
ISTAR - Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance
Land attack capability
Special Forces operations
Deployment of unmanned vehicles
Mine operations and mine reconnaissance.
LOA ~ 90 m
Pressure hull ø
~ 8.1 m
Surface displ.
~ 4,000 t
Weapon tubes
33
ke gordon
Legend said:
US subs are pretty cool, but I just wonder how many of our tax dollars are going for neat new naval frigates, aircraft carriers and some of the missles and more expensive weaponry that is out there. I mean couldn't the money be better spent elsewhere? I can not even imagine the cost of all these instruments of battle. Defense spending has to be overwhelming.
World military spending (as $ Billions) in 2014.
Susimi
Really informative stuff, especially that chart of US subs through the ages.
I'm really surprised to see that torpedoes are still used by modern subs. With anti-ship missiles and other advanced weaponry, I was almost certain that torpedoes had been phased out.
jliggins2002
Susimi said:
I agree I enjoyed seeing the history of the submarine. I think that they still use torpedoes because they are the most efficient for firing under water. Having do deal with both water and air resistance is something that destroyers don't and above water ships don't have to deal with. Torpedoes have come a long way though and are extremely intelligent nowadays.
Ever since I was a little kid I have always has a fascination with the submarine and other sea based vehicles. I think I just saw a movie once and that really got me going, but it has lead me to this point so I cannot argue with it. Submarines really do have an interesting history, both in war and other areas, and I always enjoy reading up on some.
explorerx7
These are impressive naval attack equipment. Their construction also calls for an, even more, impressive amount of funding. The development of each new class of these weapons comes with a higher level of sophistication. I am waiting to see if they might eventually be equipped with amphibian capabilities.
It might be an unusual expectation given the size of these crafts. However, nowadays, don't rule out anything as possible.
Kusumo
"NEYK" is a sophisticated and deadly mini submarine build by OCEAN SUBMARINE, Netherlands.
Primarily designed for SOF with its ability to be launch from Landing Platform Docks and the only submarine with the ability to walk on land using landing gears. NEYK is in the process of development to be launched in january 2018. Availables in two version for Navy's and Coastguards.
The newest type NEYK submarine with a fully pressurized single hull has excellent military capabilities. With an overall length from 19m (63ft) to 22m (73 feet) and has excellent stealth features and a very low noise profile. It has the capability to bring a complete team of Navy Seals and all its equipment undetected to almost on shore of any place on earth. Its standard diving capability of 300m (1000 feet) can be upgraded. But the Marine version of our NEYK also can deploy a lot of other military tasks. From gathering intel to active warfare.
Either for gathering information or tactical purposes the NEYK submarines will be a weapon system of its own kind. It can deploy a rapid force on any coast for infiltration or retracting purposes. It can be fitted with an extra layer of stealthy provisions. It primary and secondary weapon system are very versatile. But most of all its compact size, very low noise profile and incredible agile manoeuvrability will help every submarine commander to get his task accomplished.
The NEYK can be equipped with various weapon systems. Most likely the Navy version of our NEYK will be fitted with two launching tubes for either all types of torpedo's or mines and missiles. Besides that, it can also be rigged with various kind of defending weaponry.
The "NEYK" combat system provides the best platform for processing all gathered intel. The NEYK can function as an unseen sentinel collecting all kind of e-lint by any system you wish or eyeballed reconnaissance by its strong tactical periscope. And it can do that for a long time without surfacing.
The customer can have a choice of any combat system he likes with every type of sensor passive active ranging or intercept. This can go from a cylindrical array sonar, passive sonar, echo sounder, Intercept sonar, active sonar, self-noise indicators and all types of navigation and communication systems, standard underwater telephone, various radar systems and tactical night vision equipment for the periscope.
The NEYK by Ocean Submarine is modularly built and comes with a single pressure hull. The hull is reinforced with rafters spaced at 60 centimetres apart for maximum security. The overall design guarantees a very low hydrodynamic drag, a high shock resistance and a very low noise signature. The bow section varies to order. The submarine has spaciously dimensioned panoramic acrylate portholes for excellent sight from the cockpit. With its hydraulically driven retractable undercarriage The NEYK is the only submarine that can land by driving up a ramp by itself.
The new NEYK submarine is completely built modular. The private versions have a single pressure hull that is only slightly tapered in the rear for maximum inner space. That is where the oxygen bottles are stored. All parts as mid ship, conning tower, stern and bow sections are made of high-yield steel HY-100 (produced by Marel to meet RNIN specifications).
The bow section is not welded but bolted to the hull and can vary to order. For military use is it is likely fitted with a steel version that can contain weapons or electronics.
The NEYK can easily be airlifted to any place in the world. To transport the vessel, the vertical diving rudders and the complete tower can be removed within one hour only. The three retractable wheels with hydraulic propulsion gives the submarine the possibility to drive up any elevations up to 7 degrees such as ramp. The complete submarine can drive itself into a transport airplane like a C5-Galaxy or Antonov An-225.
Every submarine commander will love our Navy version of the NEYK series for its highest achievable comfort for his crew and its excellent handling. The revolutionary steering design makes the vessel the most agile submarine ever made. All integrated electronical control and monitoring systems makes the submarine completely operated by wire and easy to handle with only two joysticks. That makes manoeuvring very precise and predictable. The NEYK either can turn on its keel within seconds or hoover within centimetres at one spot.
The NEYK submarine can be rigged as a fast stealthy and deadly naval force to be reckoned with.
It really is the most agile underwater vessel ever build. Due to the two separately placed main engines that separately can be reversed, four vertical diving rudders and a main rudder, a bow and a stern thruster the whole submarine can turn on a dime in only seconds. And this without causing cavitation. Hoovering is also brought to the next level. The NEYK can stay actively in one place by the use of two extra vertical thruster placed in the dome on top of te tower that can give up and downforce. It can do this completely computerised at pre-set parameters.
For any Navy men on a high risk mission, the absolutely stealth concept will be a real reassurance. Also its very rugged design will be very comforting. The NEYK is a boat that can endure a beating. And think about installing provisions like high pressure chamber with inside an air lock and to the outside an extra hatch to let divers in and out under water. That hatch also can be of great value in rescuing other submarine crews if necessary.
The large spherical top viewport provides the pilot with excellent all-round visibility
Power and propulsion
The main propulsion of the NEYK is provided by two electrical nearly noiseless motors that are placed in two pods outside the pressure hull. The pods are specially designed to give the propellers more efficiency up to five percent and provide extra cooling at low speed. The revolutionary design also provides low drag and a very low underwater noise signature.
The electrical power is generated by a diesel engine. The engine provides the power for the electrical main propulsion and bow, stern and vertical thrusters when surfaced or at snorkelling depth and charges the batteries.
Ocean Submarine provides the diesel driven Rolls-Royce 4000 U83 generator as a standard. Other makes of engine can also be built in. For the electrical propulsion we use 100 kW motors as a standard. However, more powerful engines or more recreational types can be ordered.
Standard the NEYK submarine comes fully navigable with all necessary navigation systems, a fully integrated periscope, systems for surface and under water communication and safety equipment. But our NEYK submarine is a very flexible diving platform. Every vessel is unique and can be rigged with almost every piece of equipment to meet even the most demanding customer requirements.
Ocean Submarine also provides the necessary training and certification of the crew.
PRINCIPAL SPECIFICATIONS
• Overall length: 19.340m (63 feet)
• Optional extension: 2.300m (7 feet)
• Overall breadth: 7.000m (23 feet)
• Overall height: 5.545m (18 feet)
• Diameter hull: 3.000m (10 feet)
• Diameter main hatch: 0,60 m*
• Surfaced: 90.920-100 metric tons
• Submerged:
Depending on length 103.320-108 metric tons
• Diving capacity:
Depending on version 100-900 metres (300-1000 feet)
• Power generation:
Other specs possible 218 kW diesel engine
Propulsion:
• Two electrically driven propellors:
Other specs possible 100- 200 kw
Max speed depending on type of engine and 100% output
• Surfaced:
Military versions can differ 5-11 nKT
• Surbmerged:
STEERING AND MANOEUVERING
In water:
Main steering by 4 independent operational vertical rudders fore and aft with 30º elevation (full up to full down)
Two addional bow and rear thrusters 10kW. Two vertical thrusters of 5kW. Main engines independent reversible
On land:
Complete undercarriage with hydraulic propulsion on each wheel. Climbing angle 7º max.
Maximum dive angle: 30º
Max. payload depending on version: 5.8 tons
http://oceansubmarine.com/navy/
Kusumo said:
Looks good and dandy but no way its going to rival submarines build by U.S/Germany/France. It will mostly be used for quick mission execution thanks to its mobility and stealth tech however it can not be considered a backbone type of sub.
Khafee
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Navy successfully tests new submarine escape safety system
by defenceWeb -
Shortcomings in a two-man escape submarine procedure have been remedied by South African ingenuity and successfully tested onboard SAS 'Manthatisi in False Bay.
The tower escape system allows for two submariners to exit a stricken submarine via the conning tower. The seamen, wearing special air-filled suits allowing a rapid ascent to the surface, climb the conning tower ladder and wait for the tower to be flooded. They then rise to the surface and the tower is refilled with air ready for the next pair of crew members.
"Shortcomings in this two-man escape procedure were discovered during trials after the Heroine Class Type 209 submarines were commissioned," SA Navy spokesman Commander Greyling van den Berg said.
"As the tower floods, the bottom sailor is forced up by air in his suit causing both sailors to get stuck at the hatch opening."
Recently a South African developed and produced prototype system which enhances the original system, was tested onboard SAS 'Manthatisi.
"The successful test was conducted from a depth of 20 metres. Project TESS, an acronym for submarine tower escape safety system, was initiated by the SA Navy in 2009 in conjunction with Armscor, the Institute of Maritime Technology (IMT) and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
"The new system has a special mechanical rail system inside the tower. Each submariner hooks onto it one below the other. As the tower floods the rail system keeps the submariners in position, despite their air-filled suits.
"The submariners are released by an automated hold-trigger and release mechanism opening the tower upper hatch. This system works even if the submariners are unconscious.
"The entire procedure takes between three and ten seconds for two submariners to surface from a depth of 10 metres. The escape cycle is repeated until the entire crew has escaped," he said.
The SA Military Health Service (SAMHS) Institute for Maritime Medicine was extensively involved in the planning phase and provided medical support during the test. This because of the risks associated with quick ascents, including barotrauma (decompression sickness), hypothermia and carbon monoxide poisoning. SA Navy divers were on hand to assist their below surface colleagues as they surfaced.
"It is envisaged TESS will eventually be incorporated on all SA Navy submarines. Successful completion of the system by aspirant submariners will be an additional requirement for qualification.
"The successful TESS test shows the SA Navy takes the safety of all its members seriously and goes to great lengths to ensure equipment, both sub-surface and surface platforms, can be operated safely.
"The False Bay test also confirms the SA Navy and its partners – Armscor, the IMT and the CSIR – are at the forefront of technology and engineering internationally, as South African submarines will be the first fitted with TESS," Van den Berg said.
Navy successfully tests new submarine escape safety system - defenceWeb
My views on this forum are strictly my personal opinions, and do not reflect that of any institution.
Hi folks! Just thought I would get into the Submarine side of things. I have written an article recently for the Naval Association of Canada (NAC) Canadian Military magazine called "Starshell" and offer it for your reading and comments bearing in mind that this paper is only my own opinion. Cheers!
Does Canada Need a Submarine Fleet?
(NAVAL ASSOCIATION OF CANADA-STARSHELL MAGAZINE)-SUMMER 2019 ISSUE
After the end of the Cold War many states cut the funding to their militaries – the so-called 'peace dividend.' But now that the brief moment seems to be over, many states are recapitalizing their militaries, their navies in particular. Not only are states building surface ships to renew their fleets, they are also building sub-surface capabilities. Canadian allies from Australia to the United States, and non-allied competitor states Russia and China, are focusing on submarine development. Like other NATO states, Canada cut the defence budget in the 1990s, what military supporters refer to as 'the decade of darkness.' Given the renewed focus on submarine capability among Canada's allies and potential adversaries, what is Canada doing about submarines? There are three questions that need to be addressed on this topic:
• Does Canada need submarines?
• Does Canada need new submarines?
• If so, what type of submarine and capabilities would Canada need?
This arcticle will examine these three questions.
Does Canada Need Submarines?
Yes it does. There are several reasons why Canada needs submarines. Canada is a maritime state – it has oceans on three of four of its borders, and a significant proportion of its trade travel via the oceans. The Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) supports government priorities and economic prosperity and contributes to the safety, accessibility and security of Canadian waters.1 The CCG does a superb job at enforcing Canadian fisheries laws and undertaking maritime search and rescue, and boating safety. As well, the Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) and the RCMP do a great job of enforcing Canadian law within the maritime borders of the country. However CCG ships, and the law enforcement agencies have no real means to defend Canada or its maritime sovereignty claims, especially in the Arctic.
These are arguments why Canada needs a navy, but why does it need submarines? Although the United States is Canada's most important trading partner, the Canadian economy nonetheless relies heavily on goods being shipped by sea across the world. This means Canada has a stake in protecting shipping from potential threats. This can be done by a surface fleet, but sub-surface capability is also a very important part of the mix. The best way to give other submarine-possessing states pause is, without question, another submarine.
More than 40 countries have submarine capabilities. And the number of submarines being built and operated increases every year. While Canada probably does not need to worry about submarines possessed by say Singapore, there are countries which possess submarines about which Canada should be concerned – Russia and China are the most likely states to be of concern within this modern submarine sea-power paradigm.
Take the case of the recent buildup of Russia's Arctic naval presence. Russia has been updating its navy and been increasingly active in the north. This has been called the biggest military push since the fall of the Soviet Union.2 A small Russian push here, a slightly larger one there, and suddenly the RCN will sail into ostensibly Canadian waters at its own peril. Canada does not have the military forces to defend every square centimeter of its sovereign claims on any of its three oceans, including the Arctic. But, as a state, Canada must make an effort to deter action against it. Both Russia and China have enormous submarine resources and are constantly adding to their fleets almost annually with most of their more modern submarines being much quieter and harder to locate. For example, Russia's Nuclear/Conventional Submarine fleet includes 70 attack submarines including the new Akula class Attack SSNs, Yasen class guided missile SSGNs and the Typhoon and Barei class ballistic missile SSBNs, making Russia second only to the USA in submarine strength in the world. (http//russianships.info/eng/today, 2018). China is also no slouch when it comes to their submarine fleet. They have at least 63 Nuclear/Conventional submarines including their modern Jin class SSBNs, Shang I, II and III class Attack SSNs and up to 48 Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) SSK conventional subs (The National Interest-China's Advanced Submarines Are Breaking Records, July 26 2018). To say that both countries are escalating their numbers of submarine forces on an unprecedented scale, is an understatement and has given western allies great concern recently. This is another reason why Canada needs submarines to counter this potential threat.
The mere fact that other states are rapidly building up their submarine capabilities, means that Canada should have its own subs as well. First, the best way to keep other submarines out of Canadian waters is for Canada to have its own submarine capability. As former head of the Canadian navy, Admiral Paul Maddison, said in testimony before a Senate committee, "The best counter to a submarine is a submarine. In terms of our surveillance of our ocean approaches and the protection of our own sovereignty, I consider submarine capability to be critical."3 If Canada wants to know who and what is in its waters, Admiral Maddison said, "a modern submarine capability is crucial."4
As discussed in the government's new defence policy document Strong, Secure, Engaged, the roles of the Canadian Armed Forces, including submarine interests, are divided into three categories: defence of Canada and North America; support of Canadian expeditionary deployments to joint action ashore and support of Canada's interests in global maritime stability.5 The North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean in particular are concerns for Canada. Recent Russian submarine fleet excursions into these areas, plus increased activities in the air and at sea, have given NATO great concern about the security of the Atlantic Areas Of Responsibility (AORs). NATO is establishing a new Joint Force Command and sees Canada as a major player. This is the second reason why Canada needs to have submarines – to fulfill allies' expectations and to carry Canada's share of the defence burden.
A third, reason to have submarines is to assist in training Canadian, NATO and other allied naval personnel in the art of Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) and Special Forces Operations. One of the Canadian Navy's main roles during the Cold War was ASW, and this capability may be needed more than ever in the future as more countries acquire submarines. This operational expertise is not built overnight. It needs to be developed via sustained training and practice. In the past, Canada's diesel-electric submarines have provided excellent platforms with which to train in ASW with allied navies. Canadian submarines have played the cat and mouse exercises, something that is extremely useful for training purposes for surface, air and sub-surface assets.
Fourth, if Canada hopes to sit at the table when operations involving submarines are discussed, then Canada must have a modern and credible submarine capability. An important element in possessing any submarine is the concept of Water Space Management (WSM) and the 'Prevention of Mutual Interference' (PMI). These systems can be thought of as akin to an under-water traffic control system that monitors ('de-conflicts') the movements of submarines. This ensures that submarines do not accidently collide or fire upon allied submarines. The concept was adopted by NATO in the early days of the Cold War, and is used by national, NATO and allied submarine operating authorities (SUBOPAUTHs) to ensure the safety of submarine operations in the world's oceans. Using a number of different protocols and procedures, submarines are routed to their operating areas using a SUBNOTE which provides a 'Moving Haven' (MH) of defined dimensions (including depth) in which the submarine must remain while transiting.6 If a country doesn't have submarines, it doesn't participate in WSM and isn't privy to information about other states' operations in its waters. Without submarines, Canada would not know whose submarines are in its waters.
This is particularly acute in the Arctic. It is a foregone conclusion that there are submarines beneath Canada's polar ice cap, and they are not Canadian. This will become more important as global warming allows increased exploration of the Arctic seabed, and its rich resources. Only systems that can reach under the ice can tell us who else is operating there. Canada can be judged sovereign, in the context of alliance and collective defence, only if it can contribute to its own national security. The final reason for why Canada needs submarines is the ability to add stealth to naval operations. Submarines are the ultimate stealth platforms, able to operate in areas where sea and air control are not assured, and gain access to areas denied by other forces. Each submarine-possessing state, including Canada, understands that modern submarines, with their superior combat power and freedom of action, are fundamental components possessing a level of strategic power that confers an influence out of proportion to initial investment beyond their size. These are multi-mission platforms, fitted with specialized suites of equipment, weapons and stealth characteristics that enable them to operate covertly. The mere possibility that one might be loitering near strategic bases can confine a fleet or restrict its movements, interrupting seaborne commerce that sustains states in peace and in conflict.
Suffice to say that a country with the largest coastline in the world, depending heavily on seagoing commerce, with regular maritime challenges, from fishing boats lost at sea to 'Turbot Wars,' and a Russian build up of Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic naval forces, need an adequate and modern submarine fleet. As long as Canada needs a navy, it will need submarines. When testifying before a Senate committee, Admiral Paul Maddison stated that "For a G8 [now G7] nation, a NATO country like Canada, a country that continues to lead internationally and aspires to lead even more, I would consider that [loss of submarine capability] to be a critical loss of a fundamental capability and a very difficult one to regenerate at a future date.."7
Does Canada Need New Submarines?
Canada currently has four Victoria-class (SSKs) diesel-electric submarines – HMCS Victoria, Windsor, Corner Brook and Chicoutimi. These boats were purchased from Britain in the 1990s and after a slow start, they are now very useful and usable assets. One of the four submarines is always in a three-year extended deep maintenance period; the remaining three submarines are conducting operations or are in maintenance periods in accordance with the fleet operating plan. The submarines were extremely active in 2018, participating in a number of exercises in the Pacific, the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic. Since becoming operational, the Victoria-class submarines have not only been involved in recent exercises in both the Atlantic and Pacific but also in other classified surveillance operations we are not, and will not be privy to.
Despite being active, the submarines are now over 28 years old since being commissioned by the UK in 1990. HMCS Victoria was originally scheduled for retirement five years from now. The other three submarines would have followed soon after. They have been regularly updated and maintained but they cannot last forever. Eventually, it will cost too much to maintain them, and there will be increasing safety issues.
It would be considered a dire day if Canada were to lose the ability to know what is happening under the sea in the three ocean approaches of the country. The procurement process is a long one. Submarines can take up to twenty years from design to actual entry into service. Physical construction time depends on man hours available, and capability of the yards building them. In the US, the Virginia class SSN for example, took two ship yards almost 2 years to build it, but the follow on ships are being built in about a year. Once christened, they are still not commissioned. They have to run through an extensive acceptance program run by the US Navy, which can take up to a year or longer by itself. The Germans on the other hand, have built boats in ten years from concept. China bought 'new' Kilo class submarines from the Russians and got them in a year… So the short answer is, it depends on which country is building what. Diesel vs. AIP vs. Nuclear and how much redundant safety is built in. The US builds in the most safety and redundancy of any manufacturer in the world.
Canada's defence policy adopted in 2017 – Strong, Secure, Engaged – reiterates the need for Canada's navy to be comprised of a balanced fleet of platforms. This would naturally include submarines.8 In this policy, the government has clearly acknowledged the unique qualities and options a modern submarine capability brings to the table, and the pressing need to maintain this capability.
What Submarine Capabilities Would Canada Need?
A modern submarine fleet designed to meet Canadian requirements must have the ability to operate in all three oceans. This requires blunt discussions with Canadians about propulsion systems for a modern submarine that must operate in the world's most hostile and unforgiving maritime environments. The Victoria-class submarines do not possess a significant under-ice capability, making them ineffective at best in Canada's Arctic. It would be optimal if new Canadian submarines are able to operate in the Arctic without restriction and have a vigorous under-ice capability, with long endurance (including crew habitability considerations). Given the extent of Canada's coastlines, and the nature of the waters around the country, Canadian submarines need to operate for prolonged periods, at great distances, with unlimited endurance in some of the most unforgiving waters on the planet. Canada will need to take care before selecting a modern submarine design.
There is currently only one type of AIP system that can regenerate the atmosphere necessary for prolonged submerged operations in the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Oceans – that is nuclear propulsion. Only nuclear submarines (SSNs) can stay under ice and generate their own oxygen without the need to surface. As well, they have the power to surface even through several feet of ice. Nuclear-propelled subs have merit and should at least be in the conversation as replacements for the Victoria-class SSKs. The British Astute-class, the American Virginia-class, and the new French Barracuda Suffern-class (which replaces the French Rubis class, the first of which entered service in 2017) SSNs, are all world-class boats that Canada may want to consider for its new submarine fleet. These boats would greatly enhance Canada's sea power, would be game changers to Canadian capability, and give other states pause before entering Canadian waters, although they would all need adaptation to Canadian operational requirements.
Canadian submarines require an ocean-going capability that can patrol far off the coasts of Canada, with prolonged forays into the Arctic, withstand repeated surfacing through several feet of ice, and deploy worldwide either independently, or as part of a Canadian or coalition task force. Flexibility for future equipment changes and habitability requirements must be considered in any Canadian design. These requirements would lead to a modern ocean-going conventionally-powered AIP submarine with a displacement of at least 5000+ tons (submerged) as is the case with the new French Barracuda Suffern class SSNs (French - Wikipedia Barracuda class submarine) with re-enforced hulls and conning towers for breaking through the heavy ice fields of the Arctic. The issue with size is tied directly to power generation and submerged endurance. The bigger and more capable the submarine, the more power generation is required to operate efficiently.
Different forms of non-nuclear AIP, all of which need additional types of fuel,9 have been developed by, and for, European states with very different submarine operating areas than Canada. These systems are usually hybrid systems with diesel engines as the primary power generation source for endurance and an AIP system for limited periods of stealth operation.10 Notably, with the exception of both the Japanese Soryu-class and the Shortfin Barracuda Block 1A class being built for Australia, their AIP SSKs are all much smaller (2500 tons or less) and closer to resupply sources than Canadian submarines conducting domestic operations would be. Moreover, these systems are not powerful enough to generate and clear the atmosphere of the submarine, should there be emergency 'incidents' on board such as fires which would require immediate surfacing to clear smoke. Therefore, at their current level of technology, these subs are unsuitable for prolonged high Arctic under-ice operations. Other non-allied countries are either buying German Type 212/216 modern AIP SSKs, with Russian aligned countries acquiring older Russian Kilo Class SSKs or considering the new Russian Saint Petersburg or Lada class AIP SSKs. It is note-worthy that all of these classes are approximately 2500 tons or less and not suitable for open ocean or Arctic operations.
A modern Canadian conventional submarine would need a continued refinement of diesel generation technology, greater power and fuel efficiency, accompanied by better battery technology, such as lithium. This would allow increased energy storage capacity, and the potential for augmentation of an AIP source for unlimited submerged power generation (For a discussion of this, see Canadian Forces College-LCdr Simon Summers, JCSP 44-Air Independent Propulsion: An Enabler For Canadian Submarine Under-Ice Operations-2017-2018).
But does the submarine that Canada needs exist? The answer is not yet, but it could in the near future. Is a modern Canadian conventional AIP submarine fleet a viable option? Yes. However, an AIP propulsion system that can provide power endurance comparable to a nuclear power plant has yet to be developed. This is not to say it cannot be done, just that it has not yet been done. It will take more research and developmental technology, with commensurate investments in infrastructure and training, before larger ocean going modern AIP SSKs can favourably compare to the prolonged under-ice operations of SSNs that have been developed by the USA, United Kingdom, Russia or China. These larger nuclear powered submarines (at least 8000 to over 20000 tons) all have the endurance and size to operate in the high arctic with no restrictions when surfacing through heavy ice. In short, Canada needs to develop technology that will mirror nuclear propulsion, but not be nuclear.
If Canada is serious about new submarines that are capable of operating in all three oceans, it must look to Canadian industry for a solution, and push for acceptable alternatives to fossil fuels that will cause a technological revolution in power and battery technology. To operate in the high Arctic means that there are significant challenges to overcome so that Canadian submarines can achieve more than seasonal ice edge forays. Canadian industry will be a necessary catalyst to push the types of AIP technologies that must be considered in future Canadian submarine replacements.
The USN, United Kingdom, Russian and Chinese Nuclear submarines all have the capability to not only go under the high arctic ice-fields, but to surface where-ever and when-ever they desire. Present Non-nuclear AIP battery technology is not yet sophisticated enough to allow for this nuclear alternative capability. Other non-nuclear countries have not developed this R & D technology as they do not have to operate in Canada's harsh environments. Canada needs nuclear-like modern AIP capabilities for operations under the ice. The technology however, need not be developed from scratch. Canada can learn from other countries that are in the process of developing/building new submarines – France, Japan and Australia in particular. Australia is pushing extant technology to produce a modern conventional submarine, supported by a unique AIP system. This is certainly unconventional in approach, but could this be the solution for Canada? Only time will tell. It is important for Canada to pay close attention to the Australian experience, as many of its submarine requirements mirror those of Canada. Naval Group, based in France, is producing 12 large 5000+ tons (submerged) non-nuclear AIP-powered versions of its new Suffern-class SSNs called the Short-Fin Barracuda Block 1A for Australia. They will replace Australia's nine Collins-class SSKs.11 Japan has also designed and produced a 4200+ ton modern AIP Soryu-class submarine that would also be an option to consider for Canada.
The question then becomes: Can Canada build a large non-nuclear modern AIP submarine? The market for submarines has grown exponentially, but there are only a handful of countries capable of building them. There are shipbuilders that are capable of designing and building Canadian submarines, but almost all are European and most have little expertise with larger ocean-going AIP designs that have become the purview of the nuclear-powered submarine community. Is Canada capable of building them? Yes, but the last time Canada built submarines was during the First World War for Britain. However, there is a compelling argument that with the assistance of an experienced submarine shipbuilder, Canada could produce a fleet of modern AIP equipped SSK submarines, with extensive under-ice capabilities.
Once Canada decides on a design, it is reasonable to assume that a built-in-Canada solution, supported by a foreign shipbuilder with submarine-building expertise, would be most likely. Optimally, replacement submarines would be Canadian built, with Canadian steel and Canadian jobs, but with foreign expertise. Submarines are key military assets that take time to build. As well, it takes time to train personnel and develop the facilities and processes for the maintenance of the subs. Whatever submarine may be chosen, it is critical that Canadian support, infrastructure and crew training are included; a vital and expensive component in itself. In addition to building these submarines, the necessary infrastructure, particularly the supply chain, submariners and training must be in place in order to support these submarines throughout their service life from project inception to initial operation.
A submarine replacement project would reap rewards in Canadian technology as well as leverage domestic capabilities arising from the National Shipbuilding Strategy. However, if Canada were to instead procure an 'off the shelf' solution, and fail to address unique Canadian environmental requirements, many of these benefits would be lost and the RCN would struggle to maximize their return on any significant investment.12
If Canada decides that it needs new submarines and begins to consider the capabilities, it is also time to consider the number. The current fleet of four Victoria-class submarines is totally inadequate to provide an effective presence in the three oceans on Canada's borders. A much larger fleet of 5000+ ton modern AIP submarines is required. It would be important for Canada to look towards Australia and their experience for their future submarine capabilities when deciding on submarine fleet size. A 2017 Canadian Senate Defence Committee report recommended 12 modern AIP-equipped SSK submarines, with extensive under-ice capabilities.14 That number is ideal given the need for a balance between a 2% increase of GDP in defence budget, the many increases in recent and future covert and overt mission requirements by the government, Canada's ability to adequately counter the fast-growing threats from non-allied states around the world and finally, to take on a much stronger role within NATO which has recently been a concern by our allies. This would enable the stationing of six submarines on both the East and West Coasts and provide the option to effectively deploy to the high Arctic. Three boats would be high readiness/deployed world-wide , one to two would be in deep maintenance (every five years) and one to two in build up/build down/training mode.
There is no doubt that Canada's submarine capability is in great peril. The current fleet of submarines is near the end of its safe and useful life. There is also no denying current fiscal constraints on defence spending. A credible submarine capability brings with it enhanced flexibility to conduct military operations and the ability to collaborate with other states. The most cursory of glances at a globe illustrates the vastness of Canada's ocean areas and a future Canadian submarine capability must be able to operate fully in these areas. It must provide future Canadian governments with options from which to respond to international crises. Having a strategic submarine fleet, no matter what propulsion plant is used, will be essential to Canada's future defence requirements. Canada doesn't need a large navy, but it does need the navy to be adequate to defend Canadian maritime approaches and to deter challenges to security and sovereignty.
A defence budget increase to at least 2% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as proposed by the Standing Senate Committee on National Security13 would give Canada the resources needed to fund a future submarine acquisition program. A replacement of the Victoria-class, with a commensurate increase in infrastructure and submariner strength, would not only be possible, but a built-in-Canada design adopted from AIP subs either under construction or development, could be acquired and would be a transformative change for the country.
Building these submarines would mean no negative effects on Canada's defence needs in the future, or on Canada's strong economy. The ability to deploy submarine forces at home or abroad from bases in Halifax or Esquimalt, has considerable appeal to a country that wishes to renew its NATO presence. Technologically, there is no reason why a country like Canada could not field a force of 12 AIP-propelled SSK modern submarines. Canada should seriously re-examine the need to acquire a bolstered fleet of new AIP submarines.
1. Canadian Coast Guard, Mission, Vision and Mandate, 2013, available at www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca.
2. "Putin's Russia in biggest Arctic military push since the fall of the Soviet Union," National Post, 1 February 2017.
3. Head of the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) Admiral Paul Maddison, testimony at Proceedings of Standing Senate Committee on National Security and Defence, Issue 4-Evidence Meeting of February 27, 2012.
4. Admiral Paul Maddison, Proceedings of Standing Senate Committee on National Security and Defence, Issue 4, Evidence Meeting of February 27, 2012.
5. Department of National Defence, Strong, Secure, Engaged: Canada's Defence Policy, Ottawa, 2017, pp. 60-61.
6. For a discussion of this, see Captain (N) Phil Webster, "Arctic Sovereignty, Submarine Operations and Water Space Management," Canadian Naval Review, Volume 3, Number 3 (2007).
7. Admiral Paul Maddison Proceedings of Standing Senate Committee on National Security and Defence, Issue 4 - Evidence Meeting of February 27, 2012.
8. Department of National Defence, Strong, Secure, Engaged: Canada's Defence Policy, 2017, p. 34.
9. See Norman Jolin, "Future Canadian Submarine Capability: Some Considerations," Canadian Naval Review, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2015), pp. 16-21.
10. For a good discussion of the different types of non-nuclear AIP systems, see Norman Jolin, "Future Canadian Submarine Capability: Some Considerations," Canadian Naval Review, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2015), pp. 16-21.
11. Defence News, "Australia Chooses French Design for Future Submarine," 26 April 2016.
12. The experience with the current submarines is instructive in this regard.
13. As recommended by the 2017 Senate Report on National Security and Defence. (Standing Senate Committee on National Security - Eleventh Report-Reinvesting in the Canadian Armed Forces: A Plan for the Future, pp. 37-38, Recommendation 13, 2017).
14. (Standing Senate Committee Report on National Security - Eleventh Report, Military Underfunded: "The Walk Must Match the Talk," p. 21, Recommendation 2, 2017.
David K. Dunlop is a retired RCN Petty Officer 1st Class with over 41 years experience as a Tactical Data Coordinator.


With a serious system of work and precise business expression Fontis Ltd. led by a team of pharmacists has created remedies for treatment and skin therapy.
Fontis also has a salon for treatment and skin therapy known as Fontela, for whose needs the remedies are being produced in our own laboratory, which were made thanks to the many years of experience, creative challenges and projection of what is possible.
Which treatments are applied in case of the most frequent skin problems? How effective they are?
Thanks to a wide variety of our preparations we keep the health and beauty of your skin.
How to keep the beauty and health of our skin regardless of our age?
Copyright © 2010 Fontis d.o.o. All rights reserved.


Pacific Beach used to be a real surf haven for young people, while it is now seeing a transition to a more professional, affluent community. Its residents, as well as visitors, enjoy its exciting nightlife, deemed one of the best in San Diego.
It's no wonder Pacific Beach citizens strive to make the most of what the area has to offer. As younger PB residents look to become homeowners, the desire to remain in the area leads some residents to upgrade smaller, outdated single-family homes through expert Pacific Beach home remodeling services.
At Murray Lampert Design, Build, Remodel, our aim is to make our clients' living spaces more comfortable, more modern, and more functional. One of the best places to start, especially in Pacific Beach, is with a custom kitchen remodel.
The kitchen is one of the most frequently used room in the house, so it makes sense that it would top the list of common remodeling projects. Murray Lampert has been committed to providing exceptional design-build services to San Diego communities for over 40 years. Our kitchen remodeling projects in Pacific Beach comprises all of team's expertise and dedication with the aim of giving your kitchen the makeover it deserves. After we finish your project, you'll have a highly functional area for preparing meals, enjoying your daily family gatherings, and throwing dinner parties.
Our staff has one goal in mind – to build you a modern, durable, and attractive kitchen you will absolutely love. In order to do that, we strive to incorporate your ideas because we want to make your new kitchen just that…yours. Perhaps you're looking for a complete makeover, or simply an upgrade to your appliances. Or maybe you want to add a personal touch with customized kitchen cabinetry or a lavish lighting scheme. Whatever your vision is, Murray Lampert is here to bring it to life.
What's more, using the latest architectural modeling technology, our architects and designers are able to walk you through your new kitchen with the use of 3D project modeling. You'll be able to see what your kitchen remodel will look like before our work begins. This process can prove to be invaluable, since our staff architect can make changes and advise you on the best and safest options prior to breaking ground. In addition, our team will advise you on the most economical options so your dream kitchen remodel doesn't end up breaking the bank.
At Murray Lampert, our reputation is everything to us. We've worked hard and diligently for several decades and our dedication to delivering exceptional kitchen remodeling services has been recognized both by both our clients and industry associations. Our status as one of North America's best was confirmed by GuildQuality's 2015 GuildMaster Award. On top of that, we've also been awarded the BBB Torch Award for Marketplace Ethics four times since 2007, an achievement we are incredibly proud of.
If you need an expert and trustworthy partner on your kitchen remodeling project in Pacific Beach, Murray Lampert is a can't-miss choice. Our experienced team will work towards designing, building, and remodeling the kitchen you've been dreaming of. We have the client testimonials and glowing reviews to back it up!
Contact our team today to get started on your Pacific Beach kitchen remodel.


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La pena di morte in Russia è attualmente in discussione, anche se legalmente permessa (con l'unico metodo della fucilazione). Esiste sia un'implicita moratoria stabilita dal Presidente e una esplicita, stabilita dall'alta corte delle Nazioni. La Russia non ha più giustiziato nessuno a partire dal 1996 e il regolamento del Consiglio d'Europa vieta di farlo in qualsiasi momento in futuro. Tuttavia la pena di morte rimane ancora nel codice.

In passato, il presidente Vladimir Putin dichiarò più volte che la Russia avrebbe mantenuto la moratoria almeno fino al 2010. Nel novembre 2009 la Corte Costituzionale della Russia ha esteso il divieto fino all'abolizione della pena di morte.

Storia

Impero russo
Nella Russia del Medioevo, la pena di morte era estremamente rara, fino a essere bandita in molti, se non la maggior parte, principati. La legge di Yaroslaw applicava delle restrizioni su quali crimini comportavano l'esecuzione. Nel tempo, la legge è stata emendata in gran parte del paese per bandire completamente la pena capitale.

L'Impero Russo ha praticato largamente, così come quasi tutti gli Stati prima del XX secolo. Uno dei primi documenti che assomiglia a un codice penale moderno è stato promulgato nel 1398, il quale menzionava un singolo reato capitale: un furto praticato dopo due condanne precedenti. Il Codice Pskov del 1497 estende in maniera significativa questa lista, menzionando tre casi particolari di furto (quello commesso in una chiesa, il furto di un cavallo, o, come in precedenza, dopo altri due tentativi), così come incendio doloso e tradimento. La tendenza ad aumentare il numero di reati capitali continuò: nel 1649 questa lista includeva 63 crimini, una cifra che fu quasi raddoppiata durante il regno dello Zar Pietro I (Pietro il Grande). I metodi di esecuzione erano estremamente crudeli per gli standard moderni (ma in linea con gli standard del tempo), e includevano l'affogamento, la sepoltura da vivi, e l'introduzione di metallo liquido nella gola.

Sua figlia Elisabetta I non condivideva le opinioni del padre sulla pena di morte, e la sospese ufficialmente nel 1744, promulgando in sostanza una moratoria. Questa durò per 11 anni, fino a quando la pena di morte fu permessa nuovamente, dopo una considerevole opposizione alla moratoria da parte sia della nobiltà che, in parte, della stessa imperatrice.

Quella che forse è stata la prima dichiarazione autorevole e decisa a tal proposito venne da Caterina II, la cui visione liberale proveniva dalla sua accettazione dell'Illuminismo. Nel Nakaz l'imperatrice esprimeva sdegno per la pena di morte, considerandola impropria, e aggiungendo: "Nella società al suo stato normale, la pena di morte non è né utile né necessaria". Tuttavia era ancora in vigore un'eccezione esplicita, nel caso in cui qualcuno, sebbene condannato e incarcerato, "ha ancora i mezzi e il potere per incitare il disordine pubblico". Questa inequivocabile eccezione fu applicata agli ammutinati della Rivolta di Pugačëv nel 1775. Conseguentemente alla presa di posizione di Caterina, i decenni a venire segnarono un cambiamento della pubblica percezione contro la pena di morte. Nel 1824, la stessa esistenza di una tale punizione fu tra le ragioni per cui il legislatore si rifiutò di approvare una nuova versione del codice penale. Solo un anno dopo fallì la rivolta dei Decabristi e una corte condannò 36 ribelli a morte. La decisione di Nicola I di commutare tutte le sentenze, ad eccezione di cinque, fu molto inusuale a quel tempo, specialmente se si considera che la rivolta contro la monarchia risultava quasi sempre in una sentenza di morte automatica, e fu probabilmente dovuta alla mutata visione della società riguardo alla pena di morte. Fino alla fine del XIX secolo, la pena capitale per omicidio non è stata mai virtualmente eseguita, sostituita da 10-15 anni di prigione e lavori forzati, sebbene fosse ancora praticata per tradimento (ad esempio il fratello di Lenin fu impiccato nel 1889). Tuttavia nel 1910 questa fu reintrodotta e ampliata, anche se fu ugualmente usata molto poco.

Unione Sovietica
La pena di morte fu ufficialmente messa al bando dal governo provvisorio dopo la Rivoluzione di febbraio, il 12 marzo 1917, emanò la proibizione, ma esattamente 2 mesi dopo ne ridusse la validità permettendo l'esecuzione dei soldati al fronte. Tuttavia lo stesso governo durò meno di un anno.

Il Governo sovietico confermò l'abolizione della pena di morte quasi immediatamente dopo aver preso il potere, ma fu molto presto restaurata per alcuni reati. In particolare, Fanny Kaplan fu giustiziata il 4 settembre 1918 per aver tentato di assassinare Lenin il precedente 30 agosto. Nel corso dei decenni successivi, fu alternativamente proibita per i cittadini e accettata per oppositori politici e criminali. Nel capitolo IX della costituzione del 1936 la pena di morte fu totalmente proibita.

Dal 1937 al 1938, molti politici oppositori furono giustiziati nel periodo delle Grandi Purghe. Il numero esatto delle esecuzioni è dibattuto, con ricerche d'archivio che suggeriscono un numero di circa 10.000 persone.

Nel periodo della seconda guerra mondiale la pena di morte fu introdotta per tutti i traditori. Nella maggioranza dei casi i soldati traditori venivano mandati nei Shtrafbat (battaglioni di disciplina NKVD). La pena di morte è stata abolita il 25 maggio 1947 (la pena maggiore diventò di 25 anni di prigione) ma fu restaurata nel 1950: per tradimento e spionaggio, successivamente per omicidio aggravato.

Limitazioni nello statuto

Dopo la caduta dell'Unione Sovietica, la Federazione Russa praticò la pena di morte in maniera intermittente, con non più di 10 esecuzioni l'anno. Nel 1996, in attesa dell'ingresso della Russia nel Consiglio d'Europa, fu messa una moratoria sulla pena di morte, che è ancora in vigore nel 2022.

L'articolo 20 della Costituzione Russa afferma che ogni individuo ha diritto alla vita e che "fino all'abolizione", la pena di morte può essere eseguita solo per i reati più gravi contro la vita umana. Inoltre, tutte le sentenze di questo tipo richiedono un processo con giuria. Questa formulazione è stata interpretata da alcuni come un requisito affinché la pena di morte, ad un certo punto, potesse essere abolita in futuro.

L'attuale Codice Penale permette la pena di morte per cinque crimini:
 omicidio, con alcune circostanze aggravanti (articolo 105.2)
 attentato alla vita di un Giudice o coinvolta in un'indagine preliminare (articolo 295)
 attentato alla vita di un Ufficiale di un organo di polizia (articolo 317)
 attentato alla vita di uno statista o di un personaggio pubblico (articolo 277)
 genocidio (sezione 357).

Moratoria

Uno dei requisiti assoluti del Consiglio d'Europa per tutti i membri è che la pena di morte non può essere applicata per alcun crimine. Il metodo preferito dimostrato era l'abolizione e il Consiglio ha dichiarato che avrebbe accettato una moratoria, almeno temporaneamente. Coerentemente con questa regola, il 25 gennaio 1996, il Consiglio ha richiesto alla Russia di applicare una moratoria immediata e l'abolizione completa della pena di morte entro tre anni, per ottenere l'approvazione alla domanda d'ingresso nel Consiglio stesso. In pochi mesi la Russia accettò, divenendo così membro del Consiglio. La moratoria è ancora oggetto di qualche polemica poiché è stata approvata come diritto legale.

Note

Russia
Russia
Russia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


ANZAC Day Gunfire Breakfast – EnjoyPerth!
Supported by Rotary WA, the Gunfire Breakfast at Government House Gardens is open to all. Bacon and egg rolls with tea and coffee will be served for a gold coin donation.
… the usual term for the early cup of tea served out to troops in the morning before going on first parade, whenever possible. In the War [WWI] recruits in training always had 'Gun Fire' supplied to them, the work before breakfast being found particularly trying. The morning gun in a garrison town suggested the name probably.
The 'gunfire breakfast' seems to have evolved from the above, and comprises whatever is available at the time—it could be 'coffee and rum' or 'stew, sausage and bread', or even 'bacon and eggs' (which is served by the War Memorial for their 'gunfire breakfast' on Anzac Day). Explanation from the Parliament of Australia.


This books contains Lorraine Kelly's paintings and drawings containing Celtic Knots. Some of the traditional designs in this book have been inspired from The Book of Kells, which is a beautifully illuminated manuscript Gospel book. Many also have an Australian Twist.
Show Me Don't Tell Me eBooks offer exemplary fine art in convenient digital formats. They are crafted to serve as a teaching supplement and reference in the intelligent use of color, form, and composition for anyone interested in art as a means of personal expression; and, to invite the viewer to replace 'looking' with 'seeing' and 'thinking' with 'feeling.' "Show Me Don't Tell Me"
Welcome to GoFishFriday: The Art Book - a journey through CatchphraseDan's #GoFishFriday weekly illustrated playing card project. Packed to the ceiling with over 60 marvellous illustrations, this is the perfect companion to the #GoFishFriday playing card deck, taking you behind the scenes of an illustration project so tremendous that it'll turn you back to front and steal your turkey sandwiches!
This is a product of love, hope it brings same to its readers.
Felipe Cossío del Pomar (1888-1981) de origen peruano, llegó a San Miguel de Allende, México en 1926. El era un humanista, un hombre aristocrático de modales y gustos refinados. Fue pintor, escritor, historiador, profesor y líder político. Fundó la Universidad de Bellas Artes y fue uno de los co-fundadores del Instituto Allende. Esto es la historia poco contada de San Miguel de Allende.
'Van Gogh y sus cartas a Theo' es la segunda parte de la serie 'Misterios de Van Gogh' por Liesbeth Heenk, una historiadora del arte especializada en Van Gogh. La autora utiliza como fuente principal las cartas de Van Gogh y habla de la vida del artista, la cercanía de este con su trabajo y su enfermedad mental.
Conversations with eco-artists, land artists, and artists concerned about the environment.
A surreal essay on creative struggle when the inspiration just isn't there. I account my experience and thoughts when I just can't seem to come up with new ideas and how do I cope with it.
'Una Hora con Van Gogh' es una perfecta introducción a la vida y obra del que fue y será uno de los grandes artistas de la historia: Vincent van Gogh. Una sola hora de lectura basta para introducirse en el mundo de Van Gogh, figura responsable del futuro del arte moderno. El primer libro de la serie 'Misterios de Van Gogh' por Liesbeth Heenk, una historiadora del arte especializada en Van Gogh.
Windlight Magazine owner, John Herring (Johannes1977 Resident), offers tips on how to get started as an artist in the virtual world of Second Life.
UAFS Applause showcases creative works from the University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. The works are selected anonymously each year by a staff of students.
Angela Gonyea was born in upstate New York, in the small city of Plattsburgh, which is very near the Canadian boarder right on Lake Champlain. With the beauty of the Adirondack Park, with its amazing mountains, always as her backdrop. She often says how can you grow up in this beauty and not be an artist. This is a collection of some of her Art.


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Biographical Sketch of O. P. Hurford
O. P. Hurford, was born in Canton, Stark County, Ohio, in 1831; educated with the intention of entering the medical profession; reads five languages, and speaks three of them fluently; selected the mercantile business for a livelihood, and entered into business on his own account, in his native town in Ohio, in grain, milling and merchandise. At the age of twenty-two, emigrated from Ohio to Nebraska, and, in company with Mr. F. A. Schnieder, established the first hardware store, under the firm name of Schnieder & Hurford, in Omaha. In the early part of 1856, he arrived at Omaha with his family, consisting of his wife and one daughter Elta, in May 1857. Mr. H. Resided continuously in Omaha from May, 1857, until November, 1875, during which time he took an active part in building up the fortunes of Omaha and the State of Nebraska. He was connected with his brother, T. J. Hurford, in the hardware business at Council Bluffs, Iowa, from 1859 to 1870, under the firm name of T. J. Hurford & Brother, and also at Nebraska City, in connection with Mr. John Heth for several years, as Hurford, Brother & Co. From 1861 to 1866, Mr. H. Was in company with Dr. George L. Miller, post trader and Government contractor at Fort Kearney, Neb., and was largely interested in freighting to the West before the advent of the Union Pacific Railroad. From 1865 to the present date, he has been identified with the milling business in Nebraska. He built the Papillion Mills, nine miles west of Omaha, in Douglas County, in 1865, and operated them for several years. In connection with Col. Charles Mathewson, and Hon. George W. Frost, he built the Norfolk Mills at Norfolk, Madison County, Neb., about the year 1868, and remained a member of the Norfolk Mill Company for ten years. He left Omaha in November 1875, and went to Galveston, Texas, where he projected and superintended the building of the first flouring mill in that city. After a temporary sojourn of two years in Texas, he returned to Nebraska, intending to sell out finally and return to Galveston; but, being appointed by the United States Court, in 1877, to take charge of the Oakdale Mills as receiver during a certain conflict over the title to the same, he, after the quieting of the title to the mill property, took permanent possession of the same, enlarged and improved it, and thereby very much increased its capacity and business. Mr. H. was elected County Commissioner of Douglas County in 1860, and served in that capacity for one term of three years. He was appointed by Gov. Alvin Saunders Brigadier General of the First Brigade of Nebraska Militia, under the Territorial Government of Nebraska, in 1862, and served in that capacity until the State organization superseded the territorial form of Government. Mr. H., during his whole business career, has been a liberal contributor to various journals–The Omaha Herald, the Galveston News and the Texas Presbyterian, being the most prominent among them. And Mr. H. Assures the author, trusting that the suggestion may not be wholly lost, that a reasonable degree of scientific pursuit, and the judicious cultivation of a literary taste, are likely to afford to the business man a lasting satisfaction that will endure, especially when his efforts in other directions fail. Mr. Hurford stood by Omaha in her infancy, and through her darkest days and hardest struggles. He was one of a committee of gentlemen who went to New York City to secure the re-location of the Union Pacific Railroad bridge from Child's Mills, a point six miles below Omaha, and to get it located at Omaha. The conflict was a desperate one, and had to be waged against other opposing interests that were very strong and very important. Their mission was successful, and was acknowledged to be the last great battle that Omaha had to fight to secure her commercial supremacy. Mr. Hurford proposes now, so far as he is at present able to decide, to make Northern Nebraska the theater upon which to enact the closing scene of his enterprise.
Hurford,
Antelope County NE,
Compendium of History Reminiscence and Biography Of Nebraska . Chicago: Alden Publishing Company. 1912.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Gulf region's burgeoning automation sector creates new industry platform in Dubai
SPS Automation Middle East 2018 to showcase latest innovations dedicated to industrial and building automation Two-day event signs BECKHOFF, Bosch Rexroth, SICK, and Pilz as Launch Partners; Abu Dhabi Polytechnic as University Partner
Dubai, UAE: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is ushering a new manufacturing era based on a modern industrial society, as the region's only conference and exhibition dedicated to automation descends upon Dubai with the backing of global industry leaders.
SPS Automation Middle East 2018 arrives at a pivotal time in the GCC automation sector, and comes as regional countries such as the UAE and Saudi Arabia take a lead role in adopting new manufacturing technologies.
According to reports, the UAE is looking to invest US$75 billion in the manufacturing sector by 2025, leading to automation requirements for various industries such as packaging, construction, oil and gas, food and beverage, paints and coatings, Nano-sensors and healthcare.
Saudi too has big economic diversification plans with automation at the core, as highlighted by its 2017 announcement to build NEOM, a US$500 billion, 26,500sqm metropolis on the Red Sea where all services and processes will be 100 percent fully automated.
A key regional challenge though has been creating sufficient automation awareness, with global manufacturers calling out for a dedicated industry platform and focal point centred on the latest trends and technologies across all areas of industrial or building automation.
The inaugural edition of SPS Automation Middle East in 2018 will answer those calls, and has signed on leading automation players as official Launch Partners including German companies BECKHOFF Automation, Bosch Rexroth, SICK, Pilz, and LAPP.
Japanese headquartered Mitsubishi Electric Factory Automation is also a Launch Partner while American powerhouse Rockwell Automation will be on-board as the show's official Automation Sponsor.
They'll be joined by another 25 highly targeted exhibitors and dozens of international speakers at the two-day conference and exhibition, which takes place from 18-19 September 2018 at the Festival Arena in Dubai.
Ahmed Pauwels, CEO of Messe Frankfurt Middle East, the organiser of SPS Automation Middle East, said: "Industry 4.0, the merging of robotics, IoT (Internet of Things) and Artificial Intelligence, is said to be the way forward for industrial or building automation, but the key challenge has been creating awareness of this burgeoning industry which is still in its infancy in the Gulf region and wider Middle East.
"SPS Automation Middle East aims to not only foster dialogue among key players across related sectors, but to create synergies that will drive development as the industry picks up pace. While the conference will feature interactive sessions and case studies with the industry's key thought leaders, the exhibition will also showcase technological innovations in their practical applications."
Stuttgart-headquartered Pilz was one of the first Launch Partners for SPS Automation Middle East, and focuses on automation solutions found in all areas of mechanical and plant engineering, including the packaging and automobile industries and the railway technology, pressing and wind power sectors.
Horst-Dieter Kraus, Vice President of Marketing and Communications at Pilz, said: "With SPS Automation Middle East, it has become clear the immense potential for the development in automation in this region, and as a technology leader in safe automation, Pilz wants to help shape this substantial development.
"Automation's mission is to make everyday life easier for people, to support them in their personal and industrial environment. Reliability and efficiency of industrial production are inextricably linked with automation, and it creates the technical conditions for mass production," added Kraus.
SPS Automation Middle East 2018 will also focus heavily on the educational element of industrial and building automation and has signed Abu Dhabi Polytechnic and the American University of Dubai official University Partners.
Dr. Saud Aldajah, Head of Electromechanical Engineering at Abu Dhabi Polytechnic, said: "Automation in industrial development is at its infancy in the Middle East, and the main goal for Abu Dhabi Polytechnic to be on-board SPS Automation Middle East is to increase awareness about the importance of automation and the available UAE academic programs.
"Education plays a vital role in developing the region's automation sector by providing specialised programs in this important area. Participating at this inaugural event will present the local industry an idea about our existing automation programs, whilst providing our students a crucial platform to interact with industry leaders."
SPS Automation Middle East is the 5th addition to Mesago Messe Frankfurt's SPS Automation Worldwide portfolio of events, which includes SPS IPC Drives, Smart Industry Solutions India, SIAF Guangzhou, and SPS IPC Drives Italia. Much of the conference program will spotlight the rise of IoT and Industry 4.0 in industrial and building automation technologies and their impact on the Middle East landscape.
The exhibition meanwhile will provide a broad cross-section of the nuts and bolts of automated manufacturing and building infrastructure, from Drive Systems and Components, Software, IT, and Mechanical Infrastructure, to Interface Technology, Power Supplies, and Human-Machine Interface Devices.
The show aims to gather professionals of the Automation, IoT and Artificial Intelligence Industries under one roof, providing a dedicated platform for the latest innovations and solutions steering the region toward a smarter and high tech future.
Follow us @spsautomationme
If you need more help, let us know
How to get to SPS Automation Middle East
Plan your arrival


Mike, and his wife Sandy, are the parents of two grown children. Mike has been in public schools as an art teacher and guidance counselor. Mike is a Sunday School teacher and graduated from Cedarville University.


text:
Q: How to use esc_attr here? I don't know if it's ok how to use esc_attr in
echo $this->get_field_id( 'title' );

I got this. is it ok or is there an error?
echo esc_attr($this->get_field_id('title'););

A: If by esc_attr you mean the integrated wordpress function, you should put a string between the parenthesis. And it's used to escape html attributes.
In your case, you should get rid of the first semicolon:
echo esc_attr($this->get_field_id('title'));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


patent for its white toner.
JANUARY 12, 2007 -- Automatic Transfer Inc., Alpha, N.J., has received a patent pending for its white toner, which the company sells with its sublimation toner. The white toner is used as an underbase so the sublimation toner can be seen on dark substrates, such as cotton apparel, ceramic tiles, mugs, leather and vinyl.
The toner is designed for laser color printers and is available for Oki models 3200, 5200 and 7000 series laser (LED) printers. Call (866) 900-2830 for more information.
Welcome to Automatic Transfer, Inc.
Oki Data, Ricoh, Brother, Xante, Minolta, Savin, Gastetner, Lanier and Lexmark Printers.


If you have a podcast that's even remotely about movies, it's a rule that you have to cover the Oscars. They take away your podcasting license if you don't (or so we've heard; we're too afraid to try it and see). Jimmy Kimmel presided over a...unique ceremony this year, and the Screeners of course have opinions about it. Or at least 4 of them do; Josh forgot to even fill out his scorecard before the show. This is our surprised face.
Speaking of scorecards, though, we had some great responses to our Facebook survey, despite Daniel's best efforts. Some of our listeners even beat a few of the Screeners—we're sure Chris has a good excuse, though, and we're totally not going to fire him.
There's plenty to talk about in the fancy dress and botched award category, but that's not all we have for this episode. A lot of TV shows have slipped under the podcast's radar this year, but that doesn't mean the Screeners haven't been discovering some great ones. Our second segment is full of recommendations and mini-reviews of shows both new and semi-new, so prepare to take notes.
And just like that, one more Oscar episode is in the can. That's, what, 4 of them now? One more and we get a free...nothing?! What a rip-off! Anyway, join us next time for what's sure to be an uplifting discussion of Logan. Until then, see you on Facebook!


According to latest census data, over 11 percent of the U.S. population moved between 2010 and 2011. Most stayed within the same county and state. However, sometimes circumstances necessitate relocating to a different state – and this can complicate child custody and parenting time arrangements.
A parent with primary physical custody should be prepared to show that the proposed move is motivated by genuine economic opportunity and career advancement – not by any desire to limit the rights of the noncustodial parent. If the child will have similar or improved opportunities in the new location and frequent, meaningful contact with the noncustodial parent can be arranged, the court may grant permission for the move.
If parents have joint custody and one plans to move out of state, the court may award primary physical custody to the parent who offers the best environment for the child. Parenting time with the other parent would then need to be worked out.
It is essential, however, that parents recognize that relocation/removal is not limited to an out-of-state move. If one parent wishes to move with the child within the State of New Jersey, this move could constitute a change of circumstances which the Court may consider a change in custody. The Court would need to review the custody and parenting time and changes in the parties' arrangements could be ordered.
It is important for all parents to know that taking a child out of state without the permission of the other parent or the court, even if no custody orders are in place, is a serious issue. In some situations, it may be considered an offense that may carry criminal charges. If you find yourself in a situation where you or your co-parent are considering relocation, contact us for advice on how best to proceed.
For more information, or to talk about your child custody relocation options with one of our licensed and experienced New Jersey matrimonial law attorneys, give our office a call at 973-718-7705.


NOTICE chan_sip.c: Call from '' (IP_ADDRESS_REMOVED:5070) to extension '000972597103443' \\rejected because extension not found in context 'maincontext'.
It was pretty obvious that some hijacked clients tried to initialize calls trough my system. Luckily, my setup does not accept calls from unknown parties. Yet, the massive amount of connections filled up my logs entirely and opened that many connections that the system collapsed at the end.
In order to secure other systems in my environments, I'm using fail2ban, e.g. for [securing ssh logins](http://www.grosseosterhues.com/2011/02/securing-ssh-daemons-from-brute-force-attacks-in-ubuntu/). Therefore I will do the same for the sake of my Asterisk health.
This post documents how to add ModSecurity protection in Ubuntu's Apache. It has been tested on Ubuntu 11.04 but might work on earlier or latter issues with few modifications.
ModSecurity is a open source Web Application Firewall (WAF). It offers an array of request filtering and other security features to the Apache HTTP Server.
If the content of `/etc/passwd` is displayed, ModSecurity is not working. A working installation will show a "403 Forbidden" error message.
This post documents how to enable the Suhosin protection system for PHP on Ubuntu installations. It has been tested on Ubuntu 11.04 but might work on earlier or latter issues with few modifications.
Now you may play around with the other config options in order to harden your webserver even more.
There are some situations in which it becomes useful to store important and crucial data in non-trustworthy environments. One example can be an off-site backup at an external hoster where full control over the infrastructure can not be maintained. Then, encrypting your files comes in handy so that in an emergency the data can be restored and only the according key has to stay save.
Just follow the prompts. Depending on the use case and level of later automation it can be useful to skip the definition of a passphrase. Keep the key ID in mind for the next step (you can display it again with `gpg --list-keys`). The keys are now stored in the user's home directory in `~/.gnupg/secring.gpg` and `~/.gnupg/pubring.gpg`. Remember to keep these files save.
The resulting `backup.tar.gpg` can savely be stored at some non-confidential place. If your data can be compressed, it may be useful to replace `tar -c` by `tar -cz` in order to compress the data during archiving.
If you compressed your data in the encryption process you need to replace `tar xf` by `tar xzf`.
It is vital to redo these setting after a global upgrade to a new distro release.
Handling several servers in different concurrent ssh sessions can lead to confusion. This is explicitly dangerous when it comes to unintended reboots. Here, molly-guard jumps into place by adding a confirmation dialog to each reboot command that is executed from a remote shell.


text:
Villaveza del Agua é um município da Espanha na província de Zamora, comunidade autónoma de Castela e Leão, de área 26,26 km² com população de 266 habitantes (2004) e densidade populacional de 10,13 hab/km².

Demografia

Municípios de Samora (província)
Municípios da Espanha por nome
Municípios por nome de Castela e Leão
Localidades da Espanha
Localidades de Castela e Leão
Localidades de Samora (província)


text:
Apam Balik: An Ipoh Favourite
We love Apam Balik. In Malaysia, this dish has been declared a heritage food, a national treasure. The soft and light texture of the pancake, akin to Australian crumpets, the buttery sweetness of the filling, the crunch of the peanuts… Mmm!
We often come across Apam Balik (Apong, Mun Chang Kueh, Martabak Manis, Terang Bulan, Kue Bandung… it has many, many local names), when we roam the multitudinous stalls of night markets in Malaysia. It derives its name from the folding of the cooked product. Sold in two delightful forms: a thin and crispy serving, and the fluffy pancake type, both are so delicious. However, the pancake-type gets our nod for satisfaction.
Spending much of our time in Ipoh during this visit to Malaysia, we stumbled across a stall serving a delectable version of Apam at the food-court in Taman Canning. Soft and fluffy. Sweet and crunchy. Is there any more?
The owner of the stall is an energetic, young lady from Ipoh, Sandy Ong, whose staff consists of her supportive and encouraging father, Aaron Ong. Sandy is a graduate. However, her passion has always been in cooking. For this very reason, Sandy decided to follow her passion, experimenting endlessly at home with Apam Balik batters until she achieved the style of dessert which she had sought. The next step, of course, was to open a stall.
Until yesterday, Sandy's Apam Balik stall has been located at the little food court near Pasar Taman Canning. Working from 7 o'clock until 2pm, Sandy has built up a strong following of customers in the local area. In fact, her following has been so strong that it is best to arrive well before her nominal closing time. For example, last Sunday, we arrived at 9:30. Sandy approached us to tell us that she was on her final batch of batter! Ayo… we had already missed out three times in the past fortnight… the penalty for being too late!
For us, that will have to wait until our next Malaysia adventure…
ADDENDUM, December 2016... Sandy is no longer serving her delicious Apam Balik, a real loss for Ipoh. We wish her well in her new career.
Apam Balik: An Ipoh Favourite We love Apam Balik....
Late Season Mangoes of Malaysia A most interesting...


I ran into this issue at work today. Another team depends on my teams code to create customer specific solutions. Now they have an issue where they have to keep track of which versions are currently in use, and produce software for the different solutions. Now I have issues with keeping more than one version of working software in production. The administrative cost for this is enormous and it keeps the organization from scaling.
This is one of the problems that could arise from keeping more than one version of the same software in production. The team that creates customer adaptions have to keep references to the different versions of code.
This means that they might have to compile the same code but with two different versions of the software. Either they keep two versions of their software checked in under source-control at two different locations, or they keep two versions of the references checked in, or both.
Using source-control in this way defeats the purpose of using source-control. You do not use the time dimension of the source control system, instead your just using it as a shared folder.
Instead the way to use source-control is to check-in the references for each version they have to support, in order. Keeping them at the same place, this enables them to get the specific version of the reference and compile a custom delivery for that specific version. That way you are working with the time dimension instead of working in parallel to it. Dependency management can become a pain in the rear if you don't use the tools for what they are worth.


This afternoon, the volleyball team swept Pierson/Bridgehampton on their own floor in a rematch of last season's Suffolk County Championship.
With first place in League VIII on the line, the Bears saddled the Whalers with their first loss of the season, winning the match decisively 25-16, 25-17, 25-21. The win allowed the Brook to improve to 4-0 on the season with all four victories coming in sweeps. Danielle Graves and Bekah Detwiler each notched 4 kills, Sam Petersen had 6 aces and 12 assists, and Hannah Detwiler recorded 3 blocks.
The Bears are back in action on Tuesday, Sept. 26 in a home match-up with Shelter Island, the only league opponent they have not yet seen.


text:
Justia Regulation Tracker Department of Health and Human Services 2013 January 17
Department of Health and Human Services - Browse by Department
Department of Health and Human Services January 17, 2013 – Federal Register Recent Federal Regulation Documents
Final Effect of Designation of a Class of Employees for Addition to the Special Exposure Cohort
Document Number: 2013-00925
Type: Notice
Agency: Department of Health and Human Services
HHS gives notice concerning the final effect of the HHS decision to designate a class of employees from the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), in Los Alamos, New Mexico, as an addition to the Special Exposure Cohort (SEC) under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000. On December 7, 2012, as provided for under 42 U.S.C. 7384q(b), the Secretary of HHS designated the following class of employees as an addition to the SEC:
https://regulations.justia.com/regulations/fedreg/2013/01/17/2013-00925.html
HHS gives notice concerning the final effect of the HHS decision to designate a class of employees from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (X-10), in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, as an addition to the Special Exposure Cohort (SEC) under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000. On December 7, 2012, as provided for under 42 U.S.C. 7384q(b), the Secretary of HHS designated the following class of employees as an addition to the SEC:
HHS gives notice concerning the final effect of the HHS decision to designate a class of employees from the Nuclear Metals, Inc. facility in West Concord, Massachusetts, as an addition to the Special Exposure Cohort (SEC) under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000. On December 7, 2012, as provided for under 42 U.S.C. 7384q(b), the Secretary of HHS designated the following class of employees as an addition to the SEC:
HHS gives notice concerning the final effect of the HHS decision to designate a class of employees from the Mound Plant, in Miamisburg, Ohio, as an addition to the Special Exposure Cohort (SEC) under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000. On December 7, 2012, as provided for under 42 U.S.C. 7384q(b), the Secretary of HHS designated the following class of employees as an addition to the SEC:
Center for Scientific Review; Notice of Closed Meeting
Agency: Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health
Center for Scientific Review; Notice of Closed Meetings
National Cancer Institute; Notice of Closed Meetings
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; Notice of Meetings
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; Notice of Closed Meetings
Prospective Grant of a Co-Exclusive License: Adenovirus-Based Controls and Calibrators for Molecular Diagnostics of Infectious Disease Agents
This is notice, in accordance with 35 U.S.C. 209(c)(1) and 37 CFR 404.7(a)(1)(i), that the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), is contemplating the grant of a worldwide co-exclusive license, to practice the inventions embodied in US patent 6,013,638 (HHS Reference E-129-1991/0- US-03), issued January 11, 2000 and entitled ``Adenovirus Comprising Deletions on the E1A, E1B And E3 Regions for Transfer of Genes to the Lung'', and US patent 6,136,594 (HHS Reference E-129-1991/1- US-03), issued October 24, 2000, and entitled ``Replication Deficient Recombinant Adenovirus Vector'' to Life Technologies Corporation (LTC) of Carlsbad, California. The United States of America is an assignee of the rights of the above inventions. The field of use may be limited to the ``use of adenovirus-based recombinant constructs as controls and calibrators for molecular diagnostics for infectious disease agents.''
Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request
Agency: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department of Health and Human Services
Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request
Generic Drug User Fee-Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Finished Dosage Form Facility Fee Rates for Fiscal Year 2013
Agency: Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing the rate for the generic drug active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and finished dosage form (FDF) facilities user fees for fiscal year (FY) 2013. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the FD&C Act), as amended by the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2012 (GDUFA), enacted the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, as further amended by the FDA User Fee Corrections Act of 2012, authorizes FDA to assess and collect user fees for certain applications and supplements associated with human generic drug products, on applications in the backlog as of October 1, 2012, on finished dosage form (FDF) and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) facilities, and on Type II API drug master files (DMF) to be made available for reference. GDUFA directs FDA to establish each year the generic drug user fee rates for the upcoming year. In the first year of GDUFA (FY 2013), some rates will be published in separate Federal Register notices because of the timing specified in the statute. Each year thereafter the GDUFA fee rates will be published 60 days before the start of the fiscal year. This document establishes the FY 2013 rate for API and FDF facility fees. These fees are due on March 4, 2013.


This month we are focusing on the theme: Helping Homes Thrive. Every Monday you will be receiving a Helping Homes Thrive discussion starter for meal time. You may want to make that your FAITH5 experience (or you may want to do both).
Talk… This is one of many stories where Jesus shared a meal with someone. What do you think Jesus and Zacchaeus talked about? Based on the response of Zacchaeus, it must have been a deep, heart-focused conversation. What about Jesus do you think brought such a chance in Zacchaeus? As you have a meal with your family, what important things do you want to talk about? How might you include Jesus in your meal time?


text:
Q: Error using Arial font: "File arial.sty not found". But the font is there I need to compile my document using a class file, provided by the journal I am submitting to.
They require Arial font, and indeed in the .cls file they provided I can find the line
\RequirePackage{arial}

I have the font installed (I think, see details below), but I receive the error message:
File 'arial.sty' not found. \RequirePackage

I am in Linux Mint, I am using TeX Live 2019/Debian, with TeXstudio GUI.
Steps done so far:

*

*I have issued the command
kpsewhich --var-value TEXMFLOCAL
to find the fonts directory.
In this directory I find,
[TEXMFLOCAL]/tex/latex/ua1/uarial.sty

which I understand is the free version of arial font.

*

*I have also run the command
sudo -H mktexlsr
to update the fonts database, but the error is still there.

*

*I have tried to edit the class file and change
\RequirePackage{arial}
into
\RequirePackage{uarial}

but then I receive the error:
File 'uarial.sty' not found. \RequirePackage

*

*I have tried to use XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX (via the "Tools -> Commands" menu of TeXstudio) which I understand would try to use my system fonts (I checked, I have the font installed in Linux), but I receive the exact same error.

A: The \RequirePackage bit searches for a package named arial which, supposedly, would set up the Arial font for use. This package is not installed by default with TeXLive, but after some digging I found it within this bundle: https://ctan.org/pkg/pclnfss .
What this arial package does is simply \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{mhv}. mhv is not Arial; if I understand things correctly, it is a virtual font that provides the metrics for the Helvetica font embedded in PCL printers. I don't think this would work correctly when generating pdf files directly, only with dvi (I tried here and LaTeX substituted it for Computer Modern). It probably made sense in some circumstances in 2004 (when this package was created), but nowadays seems to be a bad idea overall :) .
So, what should you do? Since the original author of the class did not really expect Arial, I would simply replace \RequirePackage{arial} with \RequirePackage{tgheros}, which loads TeX Gyre Heros, an Helvetica clone.
Now, notice that neither the arial and tgheros packages actually change the main font of the document to their respective fonts; they only change the sans font. Maybe the class you are using changes the default font (with \renewcommand*\familydefault{\sfdefault}), maybe not.
If you really want Arial, you should install the font in your system (it is legally available for download - in mint, you probably only need to apt install ttf-mscorefonts-installer) and then
\usepackage{fontspec}
\setmainfont{Arial}

With this, you must compile with LuaLaTeX or XeLaTeX.


There is nearly a one-in-four chance your tap water is either unsafe to drink or has not been properly monitored for contaminates in accordance with federal law. Quality water filtration is a must if you want to keep your family in the best health possible as well as protected against potential contaminants that can find their way into your water supply. Just because your city's drinking water is deemed safe to drink does not mean that the potential for contamination as water is being moved to your home is out of the realm of possibility. Old or damaged pipes can allow harmful chemicals to seep into your water, but this kind of problem may be easily eliminated with proper filtration.
Turning to the assistance of experienced water filter professionals at Four Seasons Plumbing guarantees that your home will get the service and protection it needs. We are the very best at what we do, and can offer systems that stand apart from those store-bought filters, which are not nearly as effective as our whole-home filtration solutions. Should the water in your home be less than perfect, give us a call today and we'll have you well on your way to drinking clean, safe water.
When you call on the knowledgeable staff at Four Seasons Plumbing, you are getting years of industry experience backed by quality workmanship held to the absolute highest standards. We guarantee all of our work and won't be happy with the results of a job unless it is done right. There is no plumbing job that we cannot handle, and we offer the best work for the most affordable and fair pricing.


text:
import React from 'react';
import { storiesOf } from '@storybook/react-native';
import { withKnobs } from '@storybook/addon-knobs';
import Wrapper from './../../Wrapper';
import Usage from './Usage';
import ManageFocus from './ManageFocus';
import DefaultValue from './DefaultValue';
import Size from './Size';
import Playground from './Playground';
import Variants from './Variants';
import FormControlled from './FormControlled';
import Placeholder from './Placeholder';

storiesOf('PinInput', module)
  .addDecorator(withKnobs)
  .addDecorator((getStory: any) => <Wrapper>{getStory()}</Wrapper>)
  .add('Playground', () => <Playground />)
  .add('Usage', () => <Usage />)
  .add('Size', () => <Size />)
  .add('DefaultValue', () => <DefaultValue />)
  .add('Placeholder', () => <Placeholder />)
  .add('ManageFocus', () => <ManageFocus />)
  .add('Variants', () => <Variants />)
  .add('FormControlled', () => <FormControlled />);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;

namespace RootMotion.FinalIK {

	/// <summary>
	/// Aim %IK solver component.
	/// </summary>
	[AddComponentMenu("Scripts/RootMotion.FinalIK/IK/Aim IK")]
	public class AimIK : IK {

		/// <summary>
		/// The Aim %IK solver.
		/// </summary>
		public IKSolverAim solver = new IKSolverAim();

		public override IKSolver GetIKSolver() {
			return solver as IKSolver;
		}

		// Open the User Manual URL
		[ContextMenu("User Manual")]
		protected override void OpenUserManual() {
			Application.OpenURL("http://www.root-motion.com/finalikdox/html/page1.html");
		}

		// Open the Script Reference URL
		[ContextMenu("Scrpt Reference")]
		protected override void OpenScriptReference() {
			Application.OpenURL("http://www.root-motion.com/finalikdox/html/class_root_motion_1_1_final_i_k_1_1_aim_i_k.html");
		}

		// Open a video tutorial about setting up the component
		[ContextMenu("TUTORIAL VIDEO")]
		void OpenSetupTutorial() {
			Application.OpenURL("https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wT8fViZpLmQ");
		}
	}
}