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A Natural History of the Pineywoods and the West Gulf Coastal Plain (Part 1): Leaving the Ice Age (Ep. 24)
By Nivien Saleh / December 4, 2022 December 4, 2022
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The Pineywoods is a forested area in Eastern Texas and in the West Gulf Coastal Plain (a very wide stretch of Gulf coast that extends from the Mississippi all the way to the Lower Rio Grande Valley). To Houstonians the Pineywoods is just a day trip away.
Today conservationist Jim Neal introduces us to the region. He tells us of its trees and of Caddo Lake, which is the only natural lake in Texas. Then he takes us back in time to the Pleistocene, when a huge ice sheet covered North America and the wooly mammoth roamed the coastal plain. What was the region like, back then? What did it take for the regions early humans to succeed? Jim Neal has answers.
Resources on the West Gulf Coastal Plain:
Jim Neal:
See Jim Neal featured in the Texas Legacy Project.
What is the West Gulf Coastal Plain?
The CALS Encyclopedia of Arkansas describes the West Gulf Coastal Plain.
For a map of the West Gulf Coastal Plain, visit
The Teacher-Friendly Guide to the Earth Science of the South Central US. Scroll down to figure 1.3, which depicts the geologic regions of the South Central. The West Gulf Coastal Plain is number 3.
To see how the shore line of the Gulf Coastal Plain moved from the end of the Cretaceous (66 million years ago) to the present day, visit
The Teacher-Friendly Guide to the Earth Science of the South Central US and scroll down to figure 1.15.
The Caddo:
An example of present-day Caddo pottery.
West Gulf Coastal Plain - Episode Transcript
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Table of Contents (Clickable!)
Nivien Saleh
What did the Pineywoods look like when early humans lived there?
[Jingle]
I'm Nivien Saleh, with Houston and Nature.
Today we'll take a trip to the Pineywoods in Eastern Texas.
It will be a trip through time: We'll see what the area looked like when the most recent ice age began 2.6 million years ago, and we'll encounter the animals that roamed the region. We'll then observe the first humans who moved in, see how they lived and what marks they left on the land.
Our tour guide will be my friend Jim Neal. Jim has spent a lifetime smack in the middle of the Pineywoods, in the city of Nacogdoches; and he looks back at a long career in conservation, having worked for the Texas Water Quality Board, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Nature Conservancy, and Texas Parks and Wildlife.
For the last few years he's been doing research for a book on the ecology and natural history of the West Gulf Coastal Plain.
Which is it? West Gulf Coastal Plain or Piney Woods?
Now you may have noticed that I am using two different terms here: West Gulf Coastal Plain and Pineywoods. So let me tell you how they relate to each other.
Imagine yourself east of Houston in Louisiana. You are standing in the delta of the Mississippi, looking first east towards Georgia and then west along the Texas coast. That entire stretch of land from east to west is called the Gulf Coastal Plain. That stretch is broad, covering all of Louisiana from north to south.
Up until 70 million years ago, perhaps even longer, that huge swath of land was covered by the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Then the water pulled back – perhaps due to the ice age, which deposited lots of water in the form of snow on top of the continents rather than in the oceans. Or perhaps due to tectonic forces that lifted parts of the North American plate up. Perhaps also due to the erosive power of glaciers north of us that deposited more and more sediment on the coast and thereby pushed it southwards.
Because all of this area was either underwater or shoreline, the Gulf Coastal Plain has a few rolling hills, but in general it's flat.
So imagine yourself in this flat landscape at the Mississippi River. As you gaze west into Texas and along its coast, you're seeing the West Gulf Coastal Plain. At times that stretch of land is very broad. As I mentioned, it covers all of Louisiana from North to South. In East Texas it goes all the way north to the Texas-Arkansas border. Moving west from there it follows the Balcones Escarpment, which is a big fault line that runs from Dallas to San Antonio like a big S. and separates the Hill Country north of the S from the West Gulf Coastal Plain south and east of the S.
Inside the West Gulf Coastal Plain lies the Pineywoods. Its Eastern border is the state border with Louisiana, and its southern border is roughly Interstate Highway number 10. Cause south of I-10 there's really not much forest to be found.
In our conversation Jim Neal will sometimes speak of the West Gulf Coastal Plain and sometimes of the Pineywoods. And that makes sense: The Pineywoods is a political-administrative region of Texas. But the West Gulf Coastal Plain is an ecological region that has nothing to do with political boundaries. As you know, neither plants nor animals feel bound by state borders, and to an ecologist like Jim Neal, state borders only matter to the extent that they define human responses to the ecological area.
Okay. Now that you are properly situated, let's see how Jim Neal characterizes the Pineywoods.
The Pineywoods is just north of I-10
The Pineywoods is a designation that people in Texas use for this portion of the state.
It's not that there are just pine trees here – far from it. But it does have pine trees. And once you go to the west, say around Crockett or just north up to Tyler, you drop out of the pines. You're now in the oak prairies, the Post Oak Savannah.
How, when leaving Houston, do you know that you are now in the Pineywoods? Is it the pine trees?
I'll tell you a little interesting rule of thumb. When you're coming up into the Pineywoods from the coast, from west of Houston all the way to Lake Charles and almost to Lafayette, the West Gulf Coastal Plain, the Pineywoods are just north of I-10.
Out of Houston, once you start to hit the pine trees, then you're in the Pineywoods or the West Gulf Coastal Plain.
The West Gulf Coastal Plain is home to Caddo Lake, a mighty cypress swamp
As another rule of thumb, you can say that the Pineywoods has a very high level of precipitation. We in Houston are used to lots of rain, but in the Pineywoods, which is farther east, you have even more because in Texas, the precipitation patterns go from east to west with the east having lots of rain and the west having little rain, right?
It's very forested with pine trees but also with other trees. And it is home to the only natural Texas lake. Tell me about that.
That's Caddo Lake, which is up in Northeast Texas. It's part of the Cypress River basin, which then drains into the Red River in Louisiana. Caddo Lake was formed by a huge logjam on the Red River that extended for hundreds of miles. For those of you who are familiar with Louisiana, it extended from the present City of Natchitoches all the way up past Shreveport and backed up waters into Arkansas and even Oklahoma.
Caddo was one of six or so lakes that were formed as a result of that huge logjam. Most of the lakes are no longer in existence. Caddo is. Once the logjam was destroyed in the 1870s by the Corps of Engineers, the lake started dewatering. But in 1914, a weir was put in that established a lake that was about four foot shallower than it was in its original extent. But it still mirrors what was Caddo Lake. And the natural environment is similar to what it was.
When you say " logjam", we're simply talking about lots and lots of trees that by themselves fell. So it's not like they were felled. They just fell, and they were washed out.
Yeah. It seems to have been a natural event. A lot of the Red River is really sandy soils. There may have been a constriction at some point, and logs just started building up. It may have been purely accidental.
Some perturbation may have caused the trees to start sloughing off the banks. This logjam was hundreds of miles in length. It was huge. It was so solid that people described horses as walking over the logjam.
Are you serious? Wow.
Yeah, it's an interesting story. um, And Caddo is still a remarkable, very beautiful place. It's the largest cypress swamp that we have in the state and one of the largest swamps in the Southeast.
I've never seen it. But I've seen pictures, and it seems to be very enchanted, like an enchanted lake.
It is, and it's a lake of four seasons, too, because it's full of cypress. Cypress is a deciduous tree. It's a conifer. But unlike pines it does shed its leaves.
So in the fall you get this beautiful yellow, when the cypress start turning. So it can be quite different in the four seasons. It's a wonderful place to be.
So you want to see it once every season.
The Shortleaf Pine, an upland species of the West Gulf Coastal Plain
The region is called Pineywoods because three specific pines grow there, the shortleaf pine, the longleaf pine, and the loblolly pine. And they are fairly different from each other.
Yes. Our native pines are shortleaf, longleaf and loblolly.
The shortleaf pine, I found out, gets 70 to 100 feet tall. It's got a broad and open crown. So if you were to look from the sky, it would seem a little depressed and almost a little flat-ish at the top, but it's quite open. And the needles are, as the name suggests, short, just between two and a half and four and a half inches long.
Right. And it's found more commonly in the western portions and northwestern portions of the Pineywoods. It's really not a wetland bottomland species at all. It's more of an upland species, on the drier sites.
It's scattered in a lot of places of the Pineywoods, but it's most commonly found to the west.
The Longleaf Pine, fire-resistant but slow-growing
And then we have the longleaf pine, and that is just a tad taller than the shortleaf pine. But its crown is quite different, very open and irregular. So I imagine that if you have stuff growing on the floor, it would get a lot more light than these same plants would get if they grew next to a shortleaf pine, because there's so much more light that comes through.
Yeah. And there are some commonalities with those two pines. In their native state they both were mostly in savannah situations: widely spaced, trees with openings in between 'em.
They're both fire tolerant. They respond to fire in slightly different ways. But their natural state tended to be more open communities.
Fire and savannah go hand in hand because when a fire comes through, it burns the trees that cannot take fire and takes them out. The grass comes back after the fire, but the trees that are not fire tolerant will not come.
So what you get after fires is a lot of grass. But then you also get here and there, the longleaf or the shortleaf pines, which is why you would call that savannah, right?
And longleafs grow in a number of different areas. They can grow in slightly wetter sites than shortleafs, although they will grow on sand hills as well. So they're a little more adaptable than shortleaf, and they're more common in the extreme eastern portions and especially the southeastern portions of the Pineywoods. Much north of Nacogdoches you don't have longleafs at all. So it's a much more restricted range. And for a long time, longleafs were not a favored commercial tree species.
So the total acreage of longleafs has really diminished over the years.
Hmm. Tell me why, were longleaf pines not favored as a commercial timber species?
It was slightly slower growing.
That makes sense. Thank you for explaining. You know, I can tell you that I have never seen a longleaf pine for real, because they have needles that are 10 to 15 inches long. These are needles that are enormous. They are longer than a foot-long Subway sandwich. . And I would have remembered if I had seen a tree with needles that
And the cones are the same way too. They're huge cones. The longleaf cones are spectacular in size – much, much larger than any of the other pines.
I grew up in a small East Texas town named Pineland. And one of my favorite memories was going to a small roadside park called Pine Park that had old-growth longleafs in it.
And just going there and marveling at the huge cones and these spectacular trees. The longleafs were the major pine tree species that had red-cockaded woodpeckers in them.
Those are so rare now.
Yes they are.
The longleafs are cool for another reason. Because of the way they grow. As you pointed out, they are pyrophytes, they can take fire.
So the longleaf seeds that fall on leaf litter stay dormant. But when fire burns the leaf, the seeds hit bare ground, and that's when they sprout. And then here comes the thing. So the seedlings look like tufts of grass. So I guess they are a foot tall …
They do. Yeah.
… or maybe two feet tall.
Yeah. Two to three feet, something like that. That's called the grass stage of the tree. And it's very slow growing up to that point. It's putting down a lot of root system and not devoting a whole lot of effort to the above-ground portion.
That grass stage gives them protection from fire.
While they're in this grass stage, which takes 12 years, they grow tap roots, and these tap roots are up to 12 feet deep. So there we have this tuft of grass , but it's got this 12 foot tap root. And then once the tap root is there, they shoot up.
Maybe I'm a nerd, but I find that very cool.
The loblolly pine – a commercial species in bottomland wetlands
Yeah. And I'll say a little bit about loblollies. In the dictionary, if you look up loblolly, it's a muddy flat. Loblollies extend into the highest portions of bottomland wetlands. Of the rivers. They'll be in the very highest portions of the bottomlands. That's where their place in the landscape was before we started mixing trees and putting them everywhere. You'll walk in the river bottoms and then come into these little hills – it's a tiny hill, just a small rise in the ground that will support these huge loblollies.
They're unique in their own right.
Yeah. And just like the longleaf pine, it gets 80 to a hundred feet tall, but unlike the other two pine trees, it has a rounded crown, which to me looks more like a Christmas tree.
It's pointy at the top, and then it becomes wider towards lower levels. So it's a little bit triangular.
which the other ones aren't. And its needles are in between the shortleaf pine and the longleaf pine, five to nine inches long. The loblolly pine grows rapidly, which is why the, the timber industry likes it, but it is not able to withstand wildfires, which is why in the past, it used to be outcompeted in certain areas by the other two pine species, but now it no longer is.
And I think it also doesn't have a tap root, like the longleaf pine, right. I mean, if it grows near river bottoms, it doesn't have to have a tap root. So it's easier felled by wind.
Squirrels could run from New York to the Pineywoods
So there we have the three main pine species of the Pineywoods, understanding that there're also hardwoods that thrive in the area. In the book "The Natural History of Texas", I read that the Pineywoods represent the westernmost extension of the Eastern deciduous forest, a vast woodland once covering essentially all of the Eastern United States.
Tell me more about that Eastern deciduous forest and the role of the Pineywoods in it.
Don't take this as gospel, but somebody wrote once that a squirrel could have run across the treetops all the way from the Atlantic coast to the plains of Texas with a continuous forest. That's not literally true, but it was an extensive, extensive forest, yeah, that extended all away from the east coast and areas in the Northeast all the way out to the Plains.
Very extensive. Mostly deciduous. There's spots within it. The Pineywoods are within it. So the Eastern deciduous forest was not completely composed of hardwoods, but very much hardwood-dominated through most of the area.
I just imagine that squirrel running all the way from New York to Texas. That's very cool.
In your book, you state that the biological communities that we see in the Pineywoods today are the results of a long process.
And you say that to understand this process, it makes sense to start in the Pleistocene. Please explain the Pleistocene.
During the Pleistocene, lots of climatic change in the West Gulf Coastal Plain
The Pleistocene began about 3 million years ago with a whole series of perturbations. It was associated with periods of glaciation, with ice buildup and then periods of warming beginning about 3 million years ago with the first glaciation period , and ending 13,000 years ago with the end of the huge glaciers that we had.
So it's the period from 3 million years ago to about 13,000 years ago.
Correct. And that nearly 3 million year period did a lot to shape the biota of the West Gulf Coastal Plane and the Pineywoods.
Most people probably know that the glaciers did not get down to Texas at all.
But even though the ice didn't get down to us, the climate was very different. It was much cooler for most of the Pleistocene.
That did have a huge impact. And not in Texas, but at the edge of the West Gulf Coastal Plain up in Arkansas, we had spruce trees growing. It was a very different period. It was much cooler. At times it was much wetter, and at other times it was much drier.
The climatic changes that were going on in the Pleistocene had huge impacts on our vegetation communities.
So the Pleistocene was a very, very disruptive age with a lot of change, which typically is a little hard for plants and animals because they have to adapt so much.
Yeah. We're dealing with a lot of climate change these days. One thing to keep in mind is, yeah, we did have periods in the past where it got very warm, in fact warmer than it is right now. But what's happened here as a result of man, is that the climate change today is occurring at a much faster pace than it ever has in the past.
Animals and plants are not able to adapt as easily with a more rapid change in climate.
Back then climate change may have been more strong, but it happened over a much slower time period.
When the Pleistocene began 3 million years ago, dinosaurs had been extinct for over 60 million years.
The West Gulf Coastal Plain was home to some giant creatures
Yes. We had our own set of giant creatures that disappeared right around the end of the Pleistocene. North America and our area had both huge herbivores and some pretty scary carnivores that are no longer present.
In fact, several authors pointed out that before that fauna was wiped out, we probably had a much more spectacular group of savannah animals than current Africa has. Wouldn't it have been wonderful to have seen that?
Yes. In your manuscript, you mentioned mammoths.
You mentioned mastodons
Camels,.
Camels, sloths. Giant sloths. Yes.
Tapirs.
Saber tooth tigers. And I still wonder how saber tooth tigers can eat anything with fangs that are constantly in their ways. But that's what we had.
We had an American lion, according to your manuscript and 15 species of horses, like 15 species.
One of the reasons that all those species went extinct is probably a combination of man and climate change.
Mega fauna being, some people say, over a hundred pounds, some people say over a thousand pounds. But of that whole group the only one that remains today is the American bison.
Yeah. I, I mean, you would say, oh, well we have horses, right? But the horses that we have nowadays were brought in from some other continent.
Yeah. By the Spaniards. Yes. Yeah.
So different from what was there in the Pleistocene. You say, "Oh, it would've been nice to see all these animals." I'm not sure I would have liked to see one up close, honestly. I enjoy being the keystone species, I gotta admit.
The North-American ice sheet never made it to the Pineywoods
Very interesting time period. And overall a lot colder than it is now.
There was this big ice sheet, which I think is called "Laurentide ice sheet" that covered a lot of North America
And almost all of Canada.
Canada, and some at some points New York was entirely in ice, Boston and St. Louis, right?
All these big cities. You said it didn't come to Texas.
I looked up how far south the Laurentide ice sheet came, and it came to the 37th is it called parallel?
And that is just north of the Texas panhandle. That is the farthest it ever came south. So never in Texas.
Sea levels were low, correct?
Exactly. A lot of our water was tied up in ice.
At the end of the Pleistocene the Gulf of Mexico expanded
Hmm. When the Pleistocene ended about 12,000 years ago, what did that mean for Texas?
There was much more water available. We got much more flooding of our river bottoms. After the melting of the last ice sheet, we had a lot more water coming down into the river valleys.
And with the water come particles, right? Like sediments.
That, that means it changed the soil.
Yeah. Yeah. We had a lot more erosion taking place as a result of the waters coming down through the valleys. Our rivers are builders, and they're destroyers too. They deposit sediments. But they also erode them.
So it's a very dynamic system. Unless man's gotten involved, rivers, they're not straight, they're meandering systems.
They meander to accommodate slope until they get right down on the coast, which is flat. And then the ends of the rivers have got a straight shot. But they're these meandering systems that are soil on one bank and eroding it on the next bank. So it's a constant building and destroying.
Why did the megafauna disappear?
Yeah. Yeah.
Correct me if I'm wrong, but it seems that the most fascinating consequences of the Pleistocene for the Pineywoods are there was a tremendous impact on the soil because of the erosive power of all that melt water that came down, but also the building power.
And then there was probably an impact on the megafauna. In your manuscript you said that the megafauna disappeared at the end of the Pleistocene, but we don't know exactly what killed the megafauna off, if it was overhunting or if it was climate change or perhaps even a swarm of comets.
Yeah, we do not know that. Looks like it disappeared fairly rapidly. We've all seen nature documentaries and watched how elephants feed. Mammoths and mastodons were our elephants. And you can imagine with these huge herds of mammoths, mastodons, camels, all these horses and stuff, what happened when you had 'em, and then you no longer have 'em. There was a huge spurt of forest growth. Of course the climate's warming now, too. Keep that in mind. We had a cooling climate, now we got a warming climate. There was at least some period, when it wasn't super dry, that we had a huge flush of forest growth when those creatures were no longer here. If we could transport back to the end of the Pleistocene, it certainly wouldn't look exactly the way it looks today. But a lot of the tree species that we have now would be old friends. We would know them.
So we, we just went through a number of possibilities of why the mega- fauna might have become extinct at the end of the Pleistocene. One of the possible candidates that we listed was killing by humans. Somebody who listened attentively might wonder what killing by humans. There were no humans in the Pleistocene, or at least it wasn't mentioned.
How did humans come into the West Gulf Coastal Plain?
So how did the humans come into the equation?
Humans showed up right at the end of the Pleistocene. At least that's what most archeologists and paleontologists figure these days. Although that is rapidly evolving. And who knows what the end result of that may be. But most of our area probably did not have humans until the end of the Pleistocene, beginning of the Holocene.
The theory I, as I understand it, is that because of the ice sheet that existed in the Pleistocene, there was a land bridge, the Bering land bridge from Eastern Russia to Western Alaska. And humans traveled over this land bridge . And then little by little, they wandered south.
And about 13 years ago, they showed up in Texas, right?
Yeah. 13,000 years ago.
I don't pretend to be an archeologist or a paleontologist. But there's a lot of controversy about that now. And some people are maintaining that perhaps there were native Americans that arrived via watercraft. And there's some indication that there may be older records of humans in North America than the timing regarding the land bridge.
I don't want to get into a whole lot of that cause it is changing. At this point in time, we know that humans came from Asia. But wherever they came from, they got into our area around 13,000 years ago.
Just at the end of the Pleistocene. Of course, the climate was warming, so it was much easier to travel then without all these big ice sheets around. So it facilitated travel. And at least for a time there were a lot of game species out there.
Hm. And the first humans, I think you called them paleo-Indians, right? Those were the first group of people.
How did the Paleo-Indians live?
I think you say that the timeframe of the paleo-Indians was 13,000 years ago to 11,000 years ago.
Is it correct to say that they were largely hunter gatherers?
The animals that they would eat are mostly familiar to us, right?
Like deer, squirrels,
Yeah. Bear. All those things that humans now eat. We don't really have bear at this point in time. I think we will in the future. But most of those things are things that we now have. And people hunt them and eat them.
Yeah. And they didn't just eat animals. They also ate plants.
Yep. A big portion of their proteins came from concoctions of native walnuts, hickory nuts pecans. They'd put them in pots and extract the fats.
The humans that were here very quickly learned what they needed to successfully survive in the wild. From remnants of some of their early sites, it was pretty clear that walnuts and hickory nuts were very important in their diet.
A number of researchers have shown that at some point in time, the native Americans then began to cultivate orchards. They found these species like persimmons, like pawpaws that were delicious. They were nutritious. And they planted them in orchards.
So they derived sustenance from both animals and plants.
What were the preferred sites that these paleo-Indians chose?
A lot of the settlement both then and later were focused on the river bottoms. That's where some of the best soils were. Those were mostly hunter gatherers, so there were not any long-term settlements. But even when people started building longer term settlements, they weren't stupid like some people are today that want to build in flood prone areas. They didn't do that. But they built near the river bottoms. So they had access and farmed on these natural levies which … Some of the best soils were there.
So they quickly learned where the best places to grow things were.
So they wouldn't have chosen the river because it's water there. It's because the soil was good and that led to good hunting opportunities, good foraging opportunities.
They certainly used the water in the rivers. But they became cognizant of the flooding capabilities and were appreciative of that.
The Paleo-Indians turned into the archaic people
And then 11,000 years ago, what we call the paleo-Indians turned into the archaic people or the archaic age. And it was 11,000 years ago to 3,000 years ago. So it was quite a long period of time of let's see, 8,000 years. How is the archaic period different from the Paleo-Indian period?
They started to become a little more settled. One of the things that archeologists used to determine which group of aboriginal people were around were the tools that they constructed.
So there was a change in the projectile points, and there were other changes that went on there. They became a little more settled in their lifestyle.
That were some of the major changes at that point.
You write that they started using clay pottery. And the reason why clay pottery is important is it's not very mobile, right? If you have clay pottery, you can't just move around and take it with you easily.
Right, exactly. And it was important in that when these people started to become more settled, more home bodies, if you will, that they have some type of pottery to eat out of. And then they became more ceremonial. They developed more of a culture with chieftains, shamans and other figures like that.
Hmm. And in terms of food, did they eat pretty much the same thing that the people that came before them ate, the same kind of fruits and nuts and animals or …?
The archaic people of the West Gulf Coastal Plain coped with a wildly varying climate
They did, they did to a certain extent. But then they started to become farmers and started farming a variety of either native plants or eventually some cultivated plants. The three sisters, they called them: corn squash, and what am I forgetting?
Beans.
And beans. Yes. Yeah, the three sisters. So eventually they became more settled and more agricultural, although that didn't take off until the next iteration of native Americans came into being.
Hmm. And I think you're right that during the time of the archaic people, the climate changed, and it warmed. And there was a point where the temperatures were even hotter than the ones we have today. But again, I think I should say that the warming that they experienced progressed over a much longer time than what we are having right now.
It did. It took much longer to get to those kind of temperatures. And within that, it was not continuous though. We would have warming periods. It was just like the Pleistocene, although we never got glaciers or anything like that, but we had these climatic maximums where it got quite warm.
And then we had what they call little ice ages that lasted for three or 400 years. This would've been from about 1300 to about 1700 present era that there were some uh years that really there was no summer.
There was a lot of fluctuation. It required a lot of ingenuity on the part of these people to be able to survive in these rapidly changing conditions.
A time without summer. That's hard to imagine. That is hard to imagine.
The Caddo had large settlements
Okay. So archaic people, 11,000 to 3,000 years ago, they had pottery. They started to be settled on rivers and streams. And then came the Caddo culture, about which we know a lot more. The Caddo culture started in the year 800 of the common era.
And that culture, I think, ended in 1680, right?
Yeah. 1680 is a convenient cutoff point because that's when the European man came into our area. Europeans first got into North America in the late 1400s but made early incursions into the West Gulf Coastal Plain, into Texas and to the coast and then through the West Gulf Coastal Plain in the early 1500s. But we really didn't have a whole lot of European settlement until 1680. That's the reason for the cutoff there.
That makes perfect sense. Tell me what are the Caddo? Did they immigrate into the area or did they grow out of the archaic people?
That's a good question. There was a lot of movement of different populations into and out of the areas, and there was evolution of these people, too. As they got to know the environment, as they became more adept at surviving in the environment and became more technologically proficient, they evolved.
There's a lot of things going on. The Caddos were part of the Mississippian culture. There was a huge development of the Mississippian people that doesn't relate to the State of Mississippi, but to the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. And we were an adjunct of that.
There were these huge settlements like Cahokia up in Illinois and Missouri, where they maybe had cities of like 15,000 people. Yeah. The cultures extended way up into the Midwest. They were not strictly Southern. There was a lot of development in the South, but it was not strictly Southern.
A lot of it was Midwestern, a great Cahokia civilization in Southern Illinois and Northern Missouri. Maybe there were as many as 15,000 people in some of those cities.
In order to sustain a city of 15,000, you have to have pretty good logistics, you know, infrastructure to bring in food and stuff.
The Caddo traded with the Southwestern cultures
Yep. Yep. And a lot of these people in the Mississippian cultures started growing corn. So corn began to support bigger population numbers. And they became adept at trading amongst themselves and then began expanding farther and trading with the Southwestern cultures – the Pueblos and others.
Yeah, and they were exploiting everything. They were still eating a lot of native plants. We see more migratory waterfowl showing up in their diets, fish, but corn was also a key.
That indicates that there was a connection to the Mexican native Americans. Right?
That's right. And you see a lot of indications of that. A lot of things from the Mayans or the Aztec cultures of Mexico coming into this area. You get some influences from the Southwest. You get different kinds of minerals and metals coming in.
They're much more adept at trading.
There were a whole bunch of Caddo groups. Did they all speak the same language or similar languages?
I believe there are some that are considered to be Caddoan that really spoke quite different languages than the main group. Most of the West Gulf Coastal Plain was dominated by Caddoan peoples.
Now, as you get down to the coast, that changed. The Caddos did not go very far down on the coast. The tribes that were more important down there were the Atakapans and then farther down on the coast below Houston, the Karankawans.
Now we don't know as much about some of those people. But they were closer to the coast. And so they had more access to coastal resources than than the people farther in the Pineywoods did.
The Caddo produced exquisit pottery
The Caddo in the Pineywoods and in the West Gulf Coastal Plain, you write, were creators of exquisite pottery. So I googled, you know, "pottery Caddo" cause I was curious, and wow, it really was beautiful. I mean, it's, it's a kind of beautiful where I think, "hmm. I would love to have this in my living room." So it's not just museum level interesting because it was advanced, but I find it aesthetically very pleasing.
Oh yeah. Very much so. There's a number of present day Caddoan potters that have produced exquisite pots and sculptures. I'm just always wowed. I went to an exhibit a while back at the opera house here in Nacogdoches where a lot of the present-day traditional Caddo pottery was displayed, and it's just stunning.
So I encourage everybody to take a look at Caddo pottery. You mentioned also that they adopted burial mounds , and I wonder what's so special about burial mounds. I mean, is it like interesting structures? Or are they just piles of dirt? Why are archeologists so fascinated by burial mounds?
There's a lot of things going on. The more elaborate mound structures haven't been found in our area, but just slightly outside of our area.
If you go into Louisiana, just outside the West Gulf Coastal Plain at Poverty Point, they have these elaborate mound structures in the shape of serpents, and it's amazing some of the stuff that they have done. And there were a variety of things that they were used for. Some of it was ceremonial, religious. There's some indication that they would burn down a portion of a village and cover it in dirt – a ritualistic kind of situation. Why that was done, I don't know. I'm not aware of that. But there were a number of different things that occurred with that mound building.
Where in the West Gulf Coastal Plain can you find traces of the Caddo?
I imagine that it has a special significance to you because you live in Nacogdoches, and there were what three mounds and a plaza found in Nacogdoches?
Yes. And one of the Caddoan groups was called the "Nacogdoche". There was also a Natchitoches Caddoan tribe, which was centered in the Louisiana city of Natchitoches. So yeah, there was quite a group of Caddoan Indians in the Nacogdoches area.
Hm. In human terms, we've covered quite a time span. We started out 13,000 years ago when the paleo-Indians arrived in Texas, then 11,000 years ago to 3,000 years ago, we looked at the archaic people.
And then from 800 years ago to 1680 of the common era was the Caddo culture. So we are talking about thousands of years in which humans were the keystone species in the Pineywoods.
How did the Caddo shape the ecology of the Pineywoods?
Keystone species means that they exerted a disproportional impact on the ecology relative to their number.
How have these native peoples shaped the land compared to what was there in the Pleistocene?
It all started with them beginning to use fire – to drive game, to open up the habitat, to promote species that were useful to them.
Hm. The megafauna did not discriminate between fire loving species and fire hating species. And that would allow oaks, for example, to thrive. But the native peoples would use fire, which privileged a vegetation that could adapt to fire. That tended to rule out oaks, but shortleaf and longleaf pines would thrive. And in the river bottoms where it's wet all the time, other plant species would also thrive. Correct?
Yeah. And I want to be clear, there are a number of hardwood species that are adapted to fire, too.
Some of the oaks – not all of them. But some of the oaks are more thicker barked. And a few of the hickories are more thicker barked and are more adapted to fire. Most of those are upland species. Sometimes the river bottoms would burn, but not commonly.
Can you get into what the impact especially of the Caddo has been on the ecology of the Pineywoods area and the rest of the West Gulf Coastal Plain?
They certainly manipulated the habitat. And sometimes besides using fire to open up the habitat they did take trees. But it was much more difficult to harvest some of these trees with the implements that were available.
They used them in construction of houses for themselves. So it was used, but yeah, there wasn't a whole bunch of clearing of the Eastern Deciduous Forest. There was some, but it was on a much smaller scale than what happened after European man came.
The Caddos and pretty much all of the native American peoples certainly modified the environment to fit their needs.
They didn't have iron plows or animals of burden. Fire was one of the best tools they had for opening up the forest for places of agriculture. They had orchards of wild bearing plants, fruit bearing plants that they intensely cultivated. And then they did cultivate the three sisters: squash, beans and corn. Of course they also used a lot of the game species. So there were all those kinds of things that native Americans did that impacted the local environment.
And I think you also say that they girdled trees.
Girdling a tree is when you cut a band around the tree because the fluid supply of the tree occurs immediately under the bark. Right. So when you
Yeah. The.
that ring, then you essentially kill a tree. Correct?
Yeah. When you disrupt the flow of nutrients and water, it kills trees. So yes, they did use girdling extensively.
Hmm. And what about water management? Did they do that?
They did. It's not as clear as the things that we knew about the Aztecs and Mayans and their use of water management. So it's not as clear what happened here, but there are indications that they did do a number of things to manage water and utilize water.
What are some simple techniques that they might have used in the way of managing water? Would they have maybe built dams?
Yeah. Build small dams, that certainly would've been one of the things that they did. They probably were able to modify some of the creeks and small streams to divert them to a certain degree.
Those are some of the things that they most certainly could have done.
But in the end, I think you would say that while the Caddo had impact on the ecology, they did not completely disrupt it. Right?
Yeah. First of all, their numbers were not astronomical. Timothy Perttula, an archeologist who's done a lot of work on the Caddos, one of his publications estimated that maybe within the realm of the Caddo, which pretty closely approximates the West Gulf Coastal Plain, there were maybe 200,000 people at the peak, by the 1500s to 1520s.
So there were not a whole lot of native Americans compared to what the populations are like today of all humans.
At least from what I know, they lived fairly lightly on the land. They didn't have massive machinery to make major modifications of the environment the way things happened after the Europeans came and got mechanized machinery.
All right, dear listeners, we have arrived at the end of today's episode. In the next episode, we'll continue with our natural history of the Pineywoods as Jim Neal tells us how the Spaniards and Anglos entered the scene. Be sure to tune in!
If you're interested in the transcript and other episode resources, visit the episode web page at HoustonNature.com/24. That's HoustonNature.com, a slash, the number 24, for episode 24.
If you enjoyed this episode, please share it with a friend.
For Houston and Nature, I'm Nivien Saleh
Or Listen Here
Copyright © 2022 Houston and Nature
So great to have you!
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Serving two masters is never easy. The South Summit Aquatic and Fitness Center in Kamas, Utah, just makes it look that way. The facility, owned by the local school system, offers recreation opportunities to both district students and the residents of Kamas Valley. It accomplishes this arduous task through an innovative design that allows the center to easily transition from a physical-education resource to a community health club several times a day.
"It was a challenge," says architect Brent Tippets of VCBO Architecture. "It has a unique double usage in a very recreation-minded community."
The design encourages the center's dual purposes through an open layout that minimizes hidden spaces. It also has separate doors for students and the public. With limited hiding places and controlled access points, educators can keep better tabs on students and prevent visitors from entering the school area.
Once inside, the facility is not your typical middle-school gym and natatorium.
The center, which is used by all grade levels in the district, features a signature aquatic component with dramatic open space, interactive play areas and two pools. The first is a traditional six-lane, 25-yard competition pool. The other is a leisure pool complete with a 150-foot long helical slide and a children's play area that includes a tot slide and water cannons. It also has a six-foot-wide lazy river that can be used for floating fun or a water-resistance workout. The pool's zero-depth entry and cushioned surfaces make it inviting to young patrons as well.
The center also includes an indoor track, fitness room, aerobics room and climbing wall. The aerobics room, which cheerleading squads often use for practice, has mirrors mounted on one wall as well as a dual-height dance barre. The room can accommodate several different activities, including dance, karate, kickboxing and yoga.
The fitness room, complete with cardiovascular and strength-conditioning equipment, is located on the second level with open views into the pool area and other activity spaces. The second-level track circulates around the majority of the center, making it a central link to the other spaces in the building.
The facility's centerpiece, however, is its climbing wall. The 32-foot wall pays tribute to the Uintah Mountain range in which the Kamas Valley lies. Designers chose to build the wall in a four-sided glass tower that offers a spectacular view of the valley and integrates the facility into its setting. The windows promote energy efficiency by reducing the need for artificial light during the day. The wall, which serves as the main focal point as one drives into the center, also gives the school system an invaluable opportunity to teach climbing safety to young students.
"We're really in a unique situation," says Stephen Sutherland, facility manager. "Everyone involved feels blessed to be a part of it."
So does that mean the students fully appreciate the incredible recreation opportunity the school district has given them?
"The parents do," Sutherland says. "We get told on a regular basis how grateful they are."
"Wonderful use of color/materials/textures. The open layout makes it interesting from all focal points."


Greetings from The Ardee School, Gurugram.
Vocabulary development is a process by which humans acquire words. Babbling shifts towards meaningful speech as infants grow and produce their first words around the age of one year. In early word learning, infants build their vocabulary slowly. By the age of 18 months, infants can typically produce about 50 words and begin to make word combinations. In their first 12 months, babies develop many of the foundations that underpin speech and language development. For the first three years or so, children understand a lot more than they can say. Language development supports your child's ability to communicate, express and understand feelings.
Language development in children is one of the prime concern at Ardee. Therefore we have regular speech day, spelling bee, read aloud sessions and other initiatives to promote a love for speaking clearly and fluently. Keeping this in mind we have started an initiative under which we are introducing new and difficult words and their meanings to the children on a regular basis.
We request you to use these words in your daily conversation with the child so that our special initiative is supplemented by your support.
Given below is a list of difficult words with meanings and short sentences and phrases for reference. They will be introduced over a period of one month. Please try to use the words in your daily conversation with the children.
It gives me immense pleasure in sharing with you that Ms Vasudha Neel Mani has been chosen as this year's recipient of the Leaders Speak Global Education Summit 2 Award 2017. The Jury has selected her as a winner in the category of Best Work In Academic Excellence and Co-Curriculum Activities. The award has been conferred on her for her work in inclusion and innovation in the education sector.
The award ceremony was held at Hotel Royal Plaza on the 5th of August, 2017.
I wish to congratulate her on receiving this recognition. It is indirectly an award to you, the parent community, too who have faith in us and support us in whatever we do. So congratulations to you too! I hope this winning streak continues and we all achieve greater heights in the future, together.
As we prepare to embark on our trip to Jaipur for the Infinite Imprints, we would like to inform you of the packing list your child will need for the trip. Please pack these items in a Duffle bag or a carry bag.
The dress code for all students for the workshop is summer uniform.
- Tooth brush, toothpaste, comb, personal soap & shampoo.
We will carry a First Aid kit.
***Mobile phones, expensive jewelry/accessories are prohibited and will not be allowed on the trip. If anything is found during the trip, the teacher has the authority to keep the same with her and will be returned at the end of the trip.
* In case a camera or an I-pad is carried by the student, he/she will be personally responsible for it and must take care of it himself/herself.
We will be staying at Jaipur National University, Jaipur.
The departure time from school on 27 July 2017 is 11:45 AM and arrival at Jaipur is at 6:00 PM.
The return is scheduled on 30 July 2017 at 5:00 AM from Jaipur and will be reaching School at around 11:00-12:00 AM. Parents are requested to pick their children from the school.
'Observation is the key to the Montessori Method'.
Our class mentors are trained to minutely observe the children and their environment.
Health and safety is of prime concern @ Ardee. Our trained Montessori mentors take full precautions to provide a safe and healthy environment for our children through numerous ways.
A harmonious environment is built when the children freely choose their work, concentrate and work independently on their own as part of a respectful, peaceful community. As Montessorians, we strive to provide an enriched, stimulating environment which fosters order, coordination, concentration and independence. The environment within which the child is an active explorer and learner, can develop self-direction and a true love of learning. Our role is to nurture the growth of the child cognitively, socially, emotionally and physically.
Learning to take care of self and care of the environment in the Practical Life area assists the children as they venture to other parts of the classroom. The time we spend reinforcing Practical Life activities, including Grace and Courtesy always helps.
Every morning and afternoon class mentors check the classroom and the area around to ensure cleanliness and safety.
Arrival and dispersal at the gate are monitored under the supervision of school heads, mentors, helpers and guards.
It is mandatory for adults to show the 'Home Card' at dispersal time. This is for the safety and security of our children.
Children are never left alone. They are always under the supervision of an adult.
Peace activities with children are done regularly in school to build a harmonious atmosphere.
Healthy meals are prepared under hygienic conditions and served to children for breakfast and lunch.
Outdoor play, co-curricular and extra curricular activities and swimming are done under adult supervision.
If a child is hurt then immediate first aid is given and the parents are alerted simultaneously. The parents are requested to come and pick up the child.
Safety and health are always on top of our priority list at Ardee but without parent community support such goals are difficult to meet. Therefore we request our parent community to work in harmony with us to reinforce health and safety precautions at Ardee.
In view of the parent community's repeated requests for reducing school hours, the Ardee School senior management has decided to change the school timings from the new academic session April 2017 on-wards.
The revised school timings for PRIMARY and SECONDARY students will be 8 am to 3 pm Monday to Friday.
PRE-PRIMARY school timings will CONTINUE TO BE THE SAME in the new academic session i.e.
This change will alter the bus pick up and drop timings as well. The changed timings will be intimated to you before the session ends on 17th March 2017.
Pre-Primary - NIDO 11 am to 12.30 pm (Monday, Wednesday, Friday) ; environment Red 9.30 am to 12.30 pm (Monday to Friday); environments Blue and Yellow 9.30 am to 2 pm (Monday to Friday).
Kindly contact us for any queries / questions regarding the above.
The Ardee group of schools (Delhi, Gurugram, Goa and Noida) seek your blessings & good wishes for the opening of their new K-12 high school in South Delhi.
We bring to you international education with superior innovative programmes designed by a team of senior think tanks.
An infrastructure based on design and exciting exploratory spaces is being created, keeping in mind the learning profile of the new age students.
Two acre campus conveniently located at New Friends Colony.


text:
FJowners.com > General Category > General Discussion > B-29 Doc @ KMCW
Author Topic: B-29 Doc @ KMCW (Read 1582 times)
CutterBill
Location: Rosamond, CA
I hate motorcycles...
Re: B-29 Doc @ KMCW
Quote from: FJ Flyer on July 20, 2019, 09:47:54 AM
Saw Doc and Fifi at the Reading airshow last year, along with Aliminum Overcast. Have to pony up someday soon to take a ride...
Highly recommended. Due to good fortune, over the years I have been able to take 3 rides in Aluminum Overcast. One of those rides was over an hour as the plane was being relocated from Lancaster to San Diego. The noise is incredible, even with earplugs. As we cruised along at 10,000 feet, I stood at the waist gunner's position and imagined what it must have been like to have German fighters boring straight at me, guns blazing. And all they had for "protection" was a thin sheet of aluminum. There was nowhere to run, no place to hide. All they could do was grit their teeth and shoot back, and hope their aim was better than the German pilot's. It must have been terrifying.
The view from the bombardier's position is truly a magic carpet ride. Be sure to bring a camera...
Never Slow Down, Never Grow Old.
Current Stable:
FJ1200 (4)
1999 Yamaha WR400 (street-legal)
2015 Super Tenere
Millietant
Location: The very middle of England (Rugby)
I wondered what the background to your username was Fred. Thought maybe you were a pilot. Presumably the current 737 issues have just allowed Boeing to catch up on production for existing 737 orders already on the books - and not impacted the future for Boeing workers.
As a private pilot (rotary) and aircraft owner (Schweitzer S300 CBi) I always had a fascination with aircraft, all of my life - especially since being refused entry to the RAF as a fast jet trainee pilot officer after university, due to a medical issue from a childhood disease and subsequent gammy hip.
I love older piston powered aircraft and their whole sound and feel and am eternally jealous of anyone who has flown in a Spitfire, a Mosquito (my ultimate piston aircraft), a P 51 Mustang, a Wellington, a Lancaster, a B17, a B29, or even a Liberator or Dakota !!! truly the golden era of aircraft.
Right now, a F15 and F16 are the two icons that I would give a limb to fly in. I also always wanted to fly a Bell Jet Ranger, but having done so as PIC, I wasn't as overwhelmed by it as I thought I would be. I bet it would be different in a F16, just as a passenger !!
Mind you, a F22 is now on my dream list for a ride, as it's really become a "classic"
Giving my nephew his first flying lesson
'89 FJ 1200 3CV - owned from new.
'88 FJ 1200 3CV - became a race bike, no longer with us.
'86 FJ 1200 1TX - sold to my boss to finance the '89 3CV I still own.
Quote from: Millietant on July 21, 2019, 01:31:13 PM
That's a great shot Quentin, start 'em young. Get them interested in aircraft they'll never be able to afford drugs. They say the two best days of aircraft ownership are the day you buy it and the day you sell it. A saying mostly quoted by owners who have no intention of selling but like to whinge or let you know they can afford an expensive hobby.
That is a great wish list you have with many iconic aircraft on it. What fun ticking them off the bucket list.
Dean, my young bloke on his first trip through Europe recently was told by brother he would be most welcome to stay with his friend in Germany. My son is a pilot and knew that my brother's friend flew "something" recreationally, and not much else.
He arranged the visit and discovered this blokes toy box included an airworthy P51, Bell 47, just back in the air after full resto, Pitts, Boeing Stearman, Bell JetRanger, Cirrus Jet, first Cessna model and some I may have forgotten. The Mustang had the engine out but they went flying in most of the others. Being both young and a young pilot, the Pitts was his favourite, an aircraft without limits. Needless to say, the garage wasn't too shabby either.
Aaaaaargh, why didn't my uncle have friends like that when I was growing up?? Why don't I have friends like that now waaaaahh :
I also have some volumes of Spitfire Merlin workshop manuals that were acquired for, and of no use after a court case about 15 years ago. The aircraft owner had an original, still crated correct Spitfire Merlin he had bought years earlier. The engineers doing the plane restoration asked if they could install this new engine for the purpose of doing all the "plumbing" and electrical while the planes original engine was away being reconditioned, to save time. The owner gave his approval on the strict understanding that it not be started.
As you may have already guessed, they started it. They obviously checked the oil level before doing so but were unaware that it was not oil, it was inhibitor. It ruined the engine. Brand new still crated Spitfire engines are a bit rare, the owner sued successfully for $1,000,000. My brother was representing the owner (which is how I got the manuals) they make great reading.
If you like exotic piston engines, there are some wonderful examples of pre war aircraft engined cars around, most of them I would think were in the UK, Hispano Suiza, Delage, Rolls Royce, Sunbeam, Mercedes....... I love old piston engines, getting to rebuild one would be the holy grail for me. Then there's the multi row, spiral radials......
1tinindian
Bronze Contributor
Location: Rockford Iowa
Lead, Follow, or get out of the way!
My efforts at keeping our local P-51 polished has its rewards.
"I want to be free to ride my machine without being hassled by the "man"!
91 FJ1200 Rally Bike
93 FJ1200 Project
84 FJ1100 (The "Lee" FJ)
TexasDave
You lucky devil! More pics, more pics!
Back in the mid 70's we had a middle aged fellow show up at the drop zone wanting to learn how to jump out of airplanes. This was a bit unusual because of his age and he had already bought his parachute gear. We didn't find out how unusual he was until we were skydiving with him for a while. During WWII he was a factory P 51 test pilot testing the new planes right off the line before they were turned over to the military. He had flown literally hundreds without a major mishap. Fast forward to early 70"s when an acquaintance asked him to test his newly rebuilt P51. During this test flight the tail came off and the million dollar(at that time) was lost. That was his first parachute jump but not his last.
Larry Quist was his name and he owned a car dealership in Janesville, Ia but he had also owned a B 26 since WWII. He flew that quite frequently until some medical issues and the FAA pulled his license. After that he would fly it once a year because the sheriffs department would be waiting for him to land and the FAA would fine him ten thousand dollars. He said that's all he could afford once a year. He finally got around this by getting his wife a multi engine rating and certified to fly a B 26. After that when he was up know one could tell who was PIC. I'm sure he has passed by now but he was a heck of a guy.
A pistol is like a parachute, if you need one and don't have one you will never need one again.
Quote from: 1tinindian on July 22, 2019, 08:17:56 AM
You are indeed a lucky man Leon - who seems to have made his own luck !!
Helping others certainly has its rewards
Wow Noel, that's a great family tale......and I definitely wish I had friends like that too. I have a few good "aviation" friends, but none have exotic or desirable aircraft like your brothers friend.
Most of my earliest childhood memories centre on making Airfix model aircraft from the Second World War- and finding out everything about them that I possibly could. That fired my lifelong love of aircraft and my childhood desire to become a pilot. A dodgy hip meant that I could never be trusted to be PIC of a fighter aircraft (G-suit pressures on my hip joints could result in instantaneous lower limb paralysis) and I stupidly didn't follow up the RAF offer of a role training to be a transport/support/rotary pilot.
Without the RAF, my family (nor myself) could never finance me getting my pilots licence in my younger years, so I gave up on thoughts of ever flying for 35 years. Mind you, once I got my focus on motorcycles, I didn't feel bad about not being a pilot as my career.
Location: near Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA, Sol III
1985 FJ, V&H4-2-1, Sport Demons.
Yeah, I like historical aircraft, too. Got a ride once in a B-25, the "Pacific Princess." Amazing machine! Wonderful sound! I was amazed at the number of old veterans who came out into their yards to hear us, see us, and cheer us on, as we flew low over town. Google can find pix of that plane for you.
The USAF would not let me fly, due to eyeglasses, and I was not happy about that call, for years. One day I woke up to the fact that I had literally been willing to kill to fly, and I have thanked them for their decision ever since. Anyway, I much prefer to do my own flying, on my own terms. Been flying Hang Gliders for the last forty-some years, with more hours airborne than many private pilots (not counting airline or military pilots). I fly the Rockies. This is one of my fine flyin' machines: same wingspread and wing area as a Cessna, 20 mph cruise, VNE somewhere north of 75 mph. Same glide ratio as the hawks and eagles. If they can climb without flapping, then I can too, in the same air. It is old, in HG terms (1978) ; I plan to restore it, in the future.
Quote from: red on July 22, 2019, 06:06:30 PM
.....It is old, in HG terms (1978) ; I plan to restore it, in the future.
Red, I'm really surprised you are allowed to fly that. It would be illegal to fly one that vintage here. While thousands did in the day, later designs were so improved the early ones were deemed unsafe to fly and banned by the authorities.
Wow Leon, that must have been fantastic. It also sort of explains your bike.
Quote from: ribbert on July 23, 2019, 08:36:11 AM
https://user.xmission.com/~red/history/fledge2.jpg
USA, Land of the Free! HG clubs have no legal voice here. FAA FAR103 governs. Those bogus "authorities" were (are) just intimidated by the spin capabilities of the Manta Fledgling-IIB. We always said, the HG pilot's skill level comes up to the Fledgling; the Fledgling's handling does not come down to the pilot's level of skill. When the USA HGMA tried to break one, it lifted the front axle of the test truck (a stake-bed Ford farm truck) one meter into the air at Vne instead. I flew the Fledglings for 2~3 decades, and the design is fine. HGMA Certification is on file, on line. I would caution any newbies that an unlicensed European copy can be had, which is not certified. I fly newer gliders now, certainly, but I do miss the power steering. Like the B-29 and other warbirds, old does not mean bad, and restoration is possible.
Troyskie
Location: Nowra NSW Australia
Wow, more av nerds are into FJs than I thought.
Here's a pic of the last flightworthy FW190
1984 FJ1100 'Effie' getting a toes up rebuild
1984 FJ1100 project 'Track Bike'
1985 FJ1200 'Yummy' Just needs hard ridin'
All the girls are sweet ambo!
Tuned forks
Gold Contributor
Is it in Australia?
1990 FJ1200-the reacher
1990 FZR 1000-crotch rocket
Quote from: Troyskie on July 24, 2019, 02:24:21 AM
That may be the "latest" flying FW190, but there are a handful flying in the world.
Av Nerds,
I know I have posted about this place before, but it may be worth a repeat. The Hill AFB AeroSpace Museum is a great place to see most of the planes ever flown by the USAF, and even some Russian examples. The history traces from a Wright Flier to the SR-71. I believe that this museum is second only to the Wright-Patterson AFB air museum, for military aircraft. Hill AFB is in northern Utah, about one hour north on I-15, from the junction of I-15 and I-80 (SLC, UT.) Exit 338 on I-15 (watch the Mile Markers) will put you there.
For some reason, the current HAFB museum webpage is now kinda lame, just a shadow of its' former self. The Wayback Machine found a good archive, though. Click on EXHIBITS, pick an era, and see pix & histories of most of the planes in the museum.
https://web.archive.org/web/20160624033323/http://www.hill.af.mil/library/museum/
In the 360view tab below, click on any small image to see it larger. On the larger image, click-drag with the mouse to rotate the view left, right, up, & down.
https://tinyurl.com/museumHAFB
Here below is the link for a .PDF map of the HAFB museum layout. Planes on gray backgrounds are outdoors. Planes on white backgrounds are indoors. Download and Zoom In:
https://www.aerospaceutah.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2018-Museum-Map-Download-COLOR.pdf

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Q: How to change swap (change) 0 to 1 in JavaScript array Is there some nicer way how to convert 0 to 1 and vice versa in an array in JavaScript than going with for loop and converting it as described here, ie:
var variable1 = [0,1,1,0,0];
var final = []

for (var i=0; i<variable1.length; i++) {
final[i] = 1-variable1[i]
}
//1,0,0,1,1

Something similar to Python's:
[1-i for i in variable1]
# [1,0,0,1,1]

Thanks.

A: If you can create a new array, I'd use .map instead:

var variable1 = [0,1,1,0,0];

const final = variable1.map(n => 1 - n);
console.log(final);

A: You can use map to shorten the syntex.
final = variable.map(num => 1^num)

var variable = [0,1,1,0,0];
var final1 = variable.map(num => 1-num) // way one
var final2 = variable.map(num => 1^num) // way two
console.log(final1, final2)

A:

var variable1 = [0,1,1,0,0];

var final = variable1.map(v => v ^ 1);

console.log(final);

It is also looping. but I think this code is more readable.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Bible Scripture Affirmations about Work - Godly Biblical Affirmations based on Scripture.
I will never be lazy, but work hard and serve the Lord enthusiastically.
Jesus Christ will give me strength to do his work.
I pray for courage to do the work of God boldly.
You know how badly we had been treated at Philippi just before we came to you and how much we suffered there. Yet our God gave us the courage to declare his Good News to you boldly, in spite of great opposition.


text:
Martes flavigula flavigula es una subespecie de  mamíferos  carnívoros  de la familia Mustelidae,  subfamilia Mustelinae.

Distribución geográfica
Se encuentra en el Himalaya y el Asia Oriental.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Boddaert, P., 1785. Elenchus animalium, volumen 1: Sistens quadrupedia huc usque nota, erorumque varietates. C. R. Hake, Róterdam, 88 pp.
 Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Tercera edición.

Enlaces externos

  ITIS (en inglés)

flavigula flavigula

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Collecting Taxes Database contains performance and structural indicators about national tax systems. The database contains quantitative revenue performance indicators, such as how well a particular tax performs in generating revenues for the treasury, given its overall rate structure, and how well the overall tax system produces revenues, given the costs of administering the tax system. The database also provides tax rate information, such as the general VAT rate or the general corporate income tax rate. Other indicators describe the main features of tax administrations and economic indicators are included so that performance, rate competitiveness, and structure can be compared given the levels of country development and other factors.
Public: This dataset is intended for public access and use. Specific details are provided below. License: See this page for license information.
The 2007-2008 Collecting Taxes Database contains performance and structural indicators about national tax systems. The database contains quantitative revenue performance indicators, such as how well a particular tax performs in generating revenues for the treasury, given its overall rate structure, and how well the overall tax system produces revenues, given the costs of administering the tax system. The database also provides tax rate information, such as the general VAT rate or the general corporate income tax rate. Other indicators describe the main features of tax administrations and economic indicators are included so that performance, rate competitiveness, and structure can be compared given the levels of country development and other factors.
The 2008-2009 Collecting Taxes Database contains performance and structural indicators about national tax systems. The database contains quantitative revenue performance indicators, such as how well a particular tax performs in generating revenues for the treasury, given its overall rate structure, and how well the overall tax system produces revenues, given the costs of administering the tax system. The database also provides tax rate information, such as the general VAT rate or the general corporate income tax rate. Other indicators describe the main features of tax administrations and economic indicators are included so that performance, rate competitiveness, and structure can be compared given the levels of country development and other factors.
The 2009-2010 Collecting Taxes Database contains performance and structural indicators about national tax systems. The database contains quantitative revenue performance indicators, such as how well a particular tax performs in generating revenues for the treasury, given its overall rate structure, and how well the overall tax system produces revenues, given the costs of administering the tax system. The database also provides tax rate information, such as the general VAT rate or the general corporate income tax rate. Other indicators describe the main features of tax administrations and economic indicators are included so that performance, rate competitiveness, and structure can be compared given the levels of country development and other factors.
The 2010-2011 Collecting Taxes Database contains performance and structural indicators about national tax systems. The database contains quantitative revenue performance indicators, such as how well a particular tax performs in generating revenues for the treasury, given its overall rate structure, and how well the overall tax system produces revenues, given the costs of administering the tax system. The database also provides tax rate information, such as the general VAT rate or the general corporate income tax rate. Other indicators describe the main features of tax administrations and economic indicators are included so that performance, rate competitiveness, and structure can be compared given the levels of country development and other factors.
The 2011-2012 Collecting Taxes Database contains performance and structural indicators about national tax systems. The database contains quantitative revenue performance indicators, such as how well a particular tax performs in generating revenues for the treasury, given its overall rate structure, and how well the overall tax system produces revenues, given the costs of administering the tax system. The database also provides tax rate information, such as the general VAT rate or the general corporate income tax rate. Other indicators describe the main features of tax administrations and economic indicators are included so that performance, rate competitiveness, and structure can be compared given the levels of country development and other factors.
The 2012-2013 Collecting Taxes Database contains performance and structural indicators about national tax systems. The database contains quantitative revenue performance indicators, such as how well a particular tax performs in generating revenues for the treasury, given its overall rate structure, and how well the overall tax system produces revenues, given the costs of administering the tax system. The database also provides tax rate information, such as the general VAT rate or the general corporate income tax rate. Other indicators describe the main features of tax administrations and economic indicators are included so that performance, rate competitiveness, and structure can be compared given the levels of country development and other factors.
Rights Under the terms of an agreement with USAID, a partner owns data it collects. Under the authority of the license that partners grant to USAID, USAID posts the data with a CC-BY license providing attribution to the partner.


The derby match of the Russian Premier League 10th round is going to be contested between Zenit and Krasnodar.
The hosts are enjoying a very good start of the campaign as they are sitting on the top spot of the table. However, they've been defeated for the first time in the season in the latest round when Anzhi Makhachkala celebrated a surprising victory. Artem Dzyba and the lads are the most productive team in the competition and they are also doing very well in the back. Zenit have allowed just a point to their visitors when Spartak Moscow held them to a goalless draw. Home side, as well as their rivals, have been successful in their Europa League mid-week challenges.
Although they've been in the top of the Russian football in recent seasons, Krasnodar are the biggest overachievers so far. They are just three points behind their rivals and they've celebrated a win seven times in a row in all competitions. Murad Musaev's side is rock solid in the back and they are really hard to crack. On the other hand, the visitors have been very productive in the final third and that was rewarded with a winning streak. Krasnodar are the best away-performers in the league and they are hoping of another positive result.
Both teams have been equally successful in their recent head to head clashes as they managed to book two wins each in the last four occasions. Their encounters have usually been moderate scoring ones.
This match is very hard to predict as both teams are playing very well lately. Zenit are slight favourites in this one, but we believe Krasnodar are capable enough of getting back home with a point in their pocket which should keep them close to the top spot.
The stake is high in this match and although both teams have been pretty productive, they might focus more on tactical battle in the middle of the park. Therefore, the crowd shouldn't expect to see more than two goals in total.