text:
Technical, business, and legal dimensions of protecting children from pornography on the Internet : proceedings of a workshop, Committee to Study Tools and Strategies for Protecting Kids from Pornography and Their Applicability to Other Inappropriate Internet Content, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council; Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, and Institute of Medicine, (electronic resource)
The instance Technical, business, and legal dimensions of protecting children from pornography on the Internet : proceedings of a workshop, Committee to Study Tools and Strategies for Protecting Kids from Pornography and Their Applicability to Other Inappropriate Internet Content, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council; Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, and Institute of Medicine, (electronic resource) represents a material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in University of Manitoba Libraries. This resource is a combination of several types including: Instance, Electronic.
The Resource Technical, business, and legal dimensions of protecting children from pornography on the Internet : proceedings of a workshop, Committee to Study Tools and Strategies for Protecting Kids from Pornography and Their Applicability to Other Inappropriate Internet Content, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council; Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, and Institute of Medicine, (electronic resource)
proceedings of a workshop
Committee to Study Tools and Strategies for Protecting Kids from Pornography and Their Applicability to Other Inappropriate Internet Content, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council; Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, and Institute of Medicine
Technical, business, and legal dimensions of protecting children from pornography on the Internet : proceedings of a workshop
Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, c2002
Description based upon print version of record
""Front Matter""; ""Preface""; ""Contents""; ""1 Basic Concepts in Information Retrieval""; ""2 Text Categorization and Analysis""; ""3 Categorization of Images""; ""4 The Technology of Search Engines""; ""5 Cyber Patrol: A Major Filtering Product""; ""6 Advanced Techniques for Automatic Web Filtering""; ""7 A Critique of Filtering""; ""8 Authentication Technologies""; ""9 Infrastructure for Age Verification""; ""10 Automated Policy Preference Negotiation""; ""11 Digital Rights Management Technology""; ""12 A Trusted Third Party in Digital Rights Management""
""13 Problems with a Dot-xxx Domain""""14 Business Dimensions: The Education Market""; ""15 Business Models: Kid-Friendly Internet Businesses""; ""16 Business Models Based on Advertising""; ""17 Constitutional Law and the Law of Cyberspace""; ""Appendix: Biographies of Presenters""
1 online resource (144 p.)
(CKB)111069351126436
(EBL)3564001
(SSID)ssj0000256379
(PQKBManifestationID)11204627
(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000256379
(PQKBWorkID)10224571
(PQKB)11237070
(EXLCZ)99111069351126436
Context of Technical, business, and legal dimensions of protecting children from pornography on the Internet : proceedings of a workshop, Committee to Study Tools and Strategies for Protecting Kids from Pornography and Their Applicability to Other Inappropriate Internet Content, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council; Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, and Institute of Medicine, (electronic resource)

 Data from Technical, business, and legal dimensions of protecting children from pornography on the Internet : proceedings of a workshop, Committee to Study Tools and Strategies for Protecting Kids from Pornography and Their Applicability to Other Inappropriate Internet Content, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council; Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, and Institute of Medicine, (electronic resource) - University of Manitoba Libraries

Data Citation of the Instance Technical, business, and legal dimensions of protecting children from pornography on the Internet : proceedings of a workshop, Committee to Study Tools and Strategies for Protecting Kids from Pornography and Their Applicability to Other Inappropriate Internet Content, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council; Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, and Institute of Medicine, (electronic resource)
http://link.lib.umanitoba.ca/resource/mcxcWJFVEVg/
http://library.link/resource/mcxcWJFVEVg/


text:
BC-holiday-horoscopes 07/19/19
HOROSCOPES BY HOLIDAY
BY HOLIDAY MATHIS
FOR RELEASE: FRIDAY, JULY 19, 2019
The Fallout of a Mercury Change
Mercury's slip into Cancer will have people talking about their feelings before they even realize they are feeling them. Also, tongues will express surprising and unprocessed thoughts, as though certain filters have been removed. It's a bad moment for secrets. They spill, trading their top clearance status for a label of common knowledge.
ARIES (March 21-April 19). Your past experience will help you as long as you understand that every case is new and today's is not exactly like anything you've seen. Try not to let what you know blind you to what you don't.
TAURUS (April 20-May 20). It's one thing to control the luck you've been given, but it's quite another spiritual skill level to manage the luck you haven't even been granted yet. Practice the latter to ready yourself for what's to come.
GEMINI (May 21-June 21). As you observe the reactions and take in the opinions of others, you'll start to suspect that you're doing things the hard way. Ask for shortcuts and they will be illuminated.
CANCER (June 22-July 22). You know when you're on track. Though it's much easier to sense when you're off, as the road gets mighty bumpy and your productivity slows, if it doesn't grind to a halt. Don't wait for all that drama. Make adjustments now.
LEO (July 23-Aug. 22). When someone says, "I'll try," it typically points to a low commitment level. If you feel yourself hedging toward this response, consider what would need to happen for you to actually dig in.
VIRGO (Aug. 23-Sept. 22). People who claim to be seeking the truth may actually be fishing around for an ego boost, which is too bad because compliments, validation and other sorts of emotional charges are a poor substitute for what truth can do.
LIBRA (Sept. 23-Oct. 23). Who needs your compassion? Everyone. The righteous and the sinners, the desperate and the confident, the joyful and the depressed, and all in between. You need it, too. When in doubt, choose tenderness.
SCORPIO (Oct. 24-Nov. 21). To sum it up, don't sum it up. To describe people in a few words would be reductive. To condense the deal down to the bottom-line dollar amount would cheapen it. Be comfortable, for the moment, with the vast undefined.
SAGITTARIUS (Nov. 22-Dec. 21). Right now, it may not seem like the real-life version is living up to your standards, but don't be so quick to judge. There are needs being fulfilled of which you aren't quite aware.
CAPRICORN (Dec. 22-Jan. 19). Self-control and self-denial are not the same thing. You'll have greater control when you don't deny yourself so much as steer yourself in the direction of a substitution.
AQUARIUS (Jan. 20-Feb. 18). When you put the time and energy into learning a thing, you want to get a return on that investment. And if the thing you're learning is another person, the return will be a very satisfying feeling of deep connection.
PISCES (Feb. 19-March 20). Wanting to be anywhere other than where you are makes things difficult. But the minute you decide that where you are is the ideal place (regardless of what's going on there), the difficulties dissipate.
TODAY'S BIRTHDAY (July 19). It was a longshot and you took it anyway. You'll be glad you did, as the solar return rewards gambling on your own ambition. You're almost too attractive at the wind down of 2019 and there's security in this. You may go more unapologetically into who you are and find exciting liberation there! Sagittarius and Capricorn adore you. Your lucky numbers are: 10, 4, 38, 17 and 15.
WEEKEND LOVE FORECAST: ARIES: When you get the signal that you're being well-received, don't act surprised, and don't hesitate. Boldly follow through. TAURUS: Humor will be the touchstone of the heart. Attune yourself to its subtle messages. GEMINI: Stay curious, even about the enemy or the competition. What you know about the opposition will give you an advantage. CANCER: Love isn't a game, but courtship can be. Apply strategy. LEO: The cool way is to find gentle and graceful ways to guide the other person without explicit instruction. VIRGO: To earn a nickname is an honor really. Though you have to accept that the name itself is out of your jurisdiction. LIBRA: Incongruences are always clues. Gently call them out to discover more. SCORPIO: When you like the way your name sounds on another person's lips, that's a good sign. SAGITTARIUS: People may think they know what they're looking for in love, but what they order up is often very different from the description that gets lip service. CAPRICORN: There's someone who would love to hear from you even though your last interaction with this person may have been less than stellar. AQUARIUS: You may witness baffling behaviors. Just keep in mind that people might be complying with needs and desires you don't yet understand. PISCES: Confusion is a repellant. That's why you strive for clarity in all manners of communication.
COUPLE OF THE WEEKEND: With the soulfully connected Pisces and Cancer couple, there's a sense that they are characters in an elegantly braided story that started many lifetimes ago and has been building through the ages, saving up its most beautiful and intricate pattern for this current incarnation. The relationship is its own entity over which neither party feels like he or she has a great deal of control.
Write Holiday Mathis at HolidayMathis.com.
For copyright information, please check with the distributor of this item, Creators Syndicate.
Authorities probe death of Rosendale woman, 44, in Rondout Creek
Ulster County Legislator James Maloney dies at 61
Homeless man arrested in Saugerties bar fight
Catskill Mountain Railroad scenic train rides expected to go mile farther
Kingston roundabout completion date pushed back to fall of 2021
Ulster County ban on single-use plastic retail bags takes effect Monday
Daytop staff member accused of raping a client at Wawarsing facility
Former Kingston parking officer Blaber accused of assaulting postal worker in Oregon
New Paltz immigrant recently freed by ICE is sued for back pay by ex-employees
Truck crash, fuel oil spill close Route 9W in Milton for 6 hours
Troy Record

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
New Leaf (Episode)
© Viacom
Episode No.: 73a
Airdate: 22 September 2006
Previous Episode: Wishing You Well
Next Episode: Once Bitten
SpongeBob SquarePants Tom Kenny
Squidward Tentacles Rodger Bumpass
Mr. Krabs Clancy Brown
No need to destroy anything, Mr. Krabs
"New Leaf" is an episode from Season 4.
2 Trivia/Goofs
The Lost inventions of Plankton © Viacom
Plankton gives up his restaurant and turns it into a store that sells knick-knacks. Mr. Krabs doesn't believe this, and he tries to lure Plankton out. It doesn't work, and Mr. Krabs decides to go into the store himself. He then confronts Plankton, and, in a rage, he destroys many of Plankton's items. Finally, Mr. Krabs realizes that Plankton is telling the truth about his surrender and walks away in shame. Later, Mr. Krabs calls Plankton, apologizes for what he did, and he takes Plankton to a carnival. After having so much fun, Mr. Krabs decides to share the secret Krabby Patty formula with Plankton. Plankton refuses to take it, but eventually, Krabs talks him into taking the paper. Later, Plankton reveals that the knick-knack store was a trick to get the formula and prepares to read the formula. But it reveals to be a note that says: "Gotcha! - ♥ Krabs" Mr. Krabs tells he had fooled him with a bigger scheme. The episode ends with Plankton screaming in anger and frustration.
Trivia/Goofs
Robot Mr. Krabs makes a cameo appearance, but isn't voiced.
When Mr. Krabs came into the store to talk with Plankton, he is wiping one of his snow-globes with a rag, he puts it down to talk with Krabs, but afterwards it disappears.
The items sold at the Chumporium include Lava lamps, Snow globes, Knick Knacks, Teddy Bears and T-Shirts. Plankton also mentioned it could sell prick-a-prack and bubblegum.
This episode originally had at the beginning of the title, making it The New Leaf. It was called "The New Leaf" during the Best Day Ever marathon.
Patrick SmartPants re-aired with this episode.
When Mr. Krabs throws the snow globe into the area with a bunch of stuff, it's actually things Plankton used for his plans before such as Mr. Krabs (robot).
New Leaf is a parody of the story The Last Leaf.
In The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, Plankton yelled "I never even have one customer!", but in this episode, Plankton reveals shows that he permanently had a customer, which was probably a prehistoric creature that couldn't finish it's burger but the movie, the creature is nowhere to be found.
This is the first time Mr. Krabs and Plankton work together. The second is Best Frenemies
In this episode the inside of Plankton's mouth is purple instead of red.
After Plankton releases the banner, which says Chumporium, SpongeBob shows Mr. Krabs the snow globe that he got at the store. How did he get it that fast if the Chumporium just opened?
After the scene where Mr. Krabs celebrates his victory of thinking that Plankton turned over a new leaf, SpongeBob and Squidward suddenly vanished for the rest of the episode.
Karen was missing in this episode.
In this episode we learn that Mr. Krabs is illiterate.
When Mr. Krabs gives Plankton the fake formula, Plankton should have noticed it was fake because the paper was blue instead of cream-colored.
The Sunset © Viacom
Robot Mr. Krabs
Transcript for New Leaf
← Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 →
61a 61b 62a 62b 63 64a 64b 65a 65b 66 67a 67b 68a 68b 69a 69b 70a 70b
71a 71b 72a 72b 73a 73b 74a 74b 75a 75b 76a 76b 77a 77b 78a 78b 79a 79b 80a 80b
Retrieved from "http://en.spongepedia.org/index.php?title=New_Leaf_(Episode)&oldid=140991"


text:
require 'test_helper'
require 'test_helper'

class ClientTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
  context "when hitting the Oodle API" do
    setup do
      @oodler = Oodler::Client.new('key')
    end
    should "have a web client" do
      stub_get("/listings?region=chicago&category=vehicle%2fcar&key=key", "listings.xml")
      wc = mock('webclient')

      Oodler::WebClient.expects(:new).with('keyval').returns(wc)
      @oodler = Oodler::Client.new('keyval')

      @oodler.web_client.should == wc

    end
  context "and using the usa_jobs conv method" do
    should " allow you to override the category param" do
       stub_get("/api/v2/listings?region=usa&category=job%2Ftech&key=key", "listings.xml")
       @oodler.usa_job_search(:category => "job/tech")
    end
  end

   context "and a region is not provided" do
      should "throw an error" do
        stub_get("/v2/listings?region=chicago&category=vehicle%2Fcar&key=key", "listings.xml")
        assert_raise(Oodler::OodleArgumentError)  do
          @oodler.search(nil, {:category=>"vehicle/car"})
        end

      end
   end

    should "retrieve a listing" do
     stub_get("/api/v2/listings?key=key&region=chicago&category=vehicle%2Fcars", "listings.xml")
     p = @oodler.search("chicago", {:category => "vehicle/cars"})

     p.region.id.should == "chicago"
     p.region.name.should == "Chicago"
     p.category.id.should == "vehicle/car"
     p.start.should == "1"
     p.listings.size.should == 10
     p.listings[0].id.should == "1899168373"
     p.listings[0].title.should == "2002 Mazda Tribute"
     p.listings[0].category.name.should == "SUVs"
     p.listings[0].source.name.should == "EveryCarListed.com"
     p.listings[0].location.zip.should == "60453"
     p.listings[0].images.size.should == 2
     p.listings[0].images[0].src.should == "http://i.oodleimg.com/item/1899168373_1m?1271098477"
     p.listings[0].paid?.should == true
     p.listings[0].properties.should_not == nil
     p.listings[0].properties["color"].should == "Grey"
    end

     should "retrieve a listing using convenience  method" do
       stub_get("/api/v2/listings?key=key&region=chicago&category=vehicle%2Fcars", "listings.xml")
       p = @oodler.search_by_category("chicago", "vehicle/cars")

       p.region.id.should == "chicago"
       p.region.name.should == "Chicago"
       p.category.id.should == "vehicle/car"
       p.start.should == "1"
       p.listings.size.should == 10
       p.listings[0].id.should == "1899168373"
       p.listings[0].title.should == "2002 Mazda Tribute"
       p.listings[0].category.name.should == "SUVs"
       p.listings[0].source.name.should == "EveryCarListed.com"
       p.listings[0].location.zip.should == "60453"
       p.listings[0].images.size.should == 2
       p.listings[0].images[0].src.should == "http://i.oodleimg.com/item/1899168373_1m?1271098477"
       p.listings[0].paid?.should == true
       p.listings[0].properties.should_not == nil
       p.listings[0].properties["color"].should == "Grey"
     end
    context "when using the listing method " do
      should "retrieve a listing " do
        stub_get("/api/v2/listings?key=key&region=chicago&category=vehicle%2Fcars", "listings.xml")
        p = @oodler.listing({:region =>"chicago", :category=>"vehicle/cars"})

        p.region.id.should == "chicago"
        p.region.name.should == "Chicago"
        p.category.id.should == "vehicle/car"
        p.start.should == "1"
        p.listings.size.should == 10
        p.listings[0].id.should == "1899168373"
        p.listings[0].title.should == "2002 Mazda Tribute"
        p.listings[0].category.name.should == "SUVs"
        p.listings[0].source.name.should == "EveryCarListed.com"
        p.listings[0].location.zip.should == "60453"
        p.listings[0].images.size.should == 2
        p.listings[0].images[0].src.should == "http://i.oodleimg.com/item/1899168373_1m?1271098477"
        p.listings[0].paid?.should == true
        p.listings[0].properties.should_not == nil
        p.listings[0].properties["color"].should == "Grey"
      end

      should "throw an error with empty hash" do
        stub_get("/api/v2/listings?key=key&region=chicago&category=vehicle%2Fcars", "listings.xml")
        assert_raise(Oodler::OodleArgumentError)  do
          @oodler.listing()
        end

      end

      should "allow inclusion of attributes in the query" do
         stub_get("/api/v2/listings?region=chicago&attributes=make_honda%2Cmodel_civic%2Cprice_12000_15000&key=key&category=vehicle%2Fcars", "listings.xml")

        @oodler.listing({:region =>"chicago", :category=>"vehicle/cars", :attributes=>"make_honda,model_civic,price_12000_15000"})

      end

      should "display error details" do
        stub_get("/api/v2/listings?region=chicago&attributes=make_honda%2Cmodel_civic%2Cprice_12000_15000&key=key&category=vehicle%2Fbogus", "fail.xml")
        assert_raise(Oodler::OodlerError) do
          @oodler.listing({:region =>"chicago", :category=>"vehicle/bogus", :attributes=>"make_honda,model_civic,price_12000_15000"})
        end

      end

    end

    should "encode spaces as %20" do
     stub_get("/api/v2/listings?key=key&region=sf&category=job&q=software%20engineer", "listings.xml")
     p = @oodler.search("sf", {:category => "job", :q =>"software engineer"})

    end

    should "encode commas as %2C" do
     stub_get("/api/v2/listings?location=San%20Mateo%2C%20CA&region=usa&key=key&category=job&", "listings.xml")
     p = @oodler.search("usa", {:category => "job", :location =>"San Mateo, CA"})

    end

    should "allow searches using job helper" do
     stub_get("/api/v2/listings?attributes=job_title_software_engineer&region=usa&key=key&category=job", "listings.xml")
     p = @oodler.usa_job_search(:attributes => "job_title_software_engineer")

    end

    should "appropriately parse refinements " do
     stub_get("/api/v2/listings?attributes=job_title_software_engineer&region=usa&key=key&category=job", "refinement.xml")
     p = @oodler.usa_job_search(:attributes => "job_title_software_engineer")
     p.refinements.values.should_not be_empty
     p.refinements.values[0].name.should == "Job Title"
    end

  end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
May - June 2019 Thermal stability of Al–Fe–Ni alloy at high temperatures
Materials preparation
Microstructure characterization
Typical microstructure of al–fe–ni alloy
Basic performance of al–fe–ni alloy
Thermal stability of alfeni phase
The hardness reduction caused by thermal exposure
Thermal stability of Al–Fe–Ni alloy at high temperatures
Zeyu Biana,b, Shihan Daia,b, Liang Wua,b, Zhe Chena, Mingliang Wanga,
mingliang_wang@sjtu.edu.cn
, Dong Chenb,c,
chend@sjtu.edu.cn
, Haowei Wanga,b
a School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
b State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
c Anhui Aluminium Matrix Composites Engineering Research Centre, Huaibei, China
Table 1. The composition of Al–Fe–Ni alloy (wt%).
Table 2. The K values at the corresponding temperatures.
Table 3. The solid solubility of Fe and Ni in the Al matrix (wt%).
Table 4. The g values at the corresponding temperatures.
The Al–Fe–Ni eutectic alloy was produced by gravity cast, and the thermal stability of this eutectic alloy was studied for the first time in this work. The phase composition was characterized by X-ray diffraction, and the morphology evolution of eutectic phase was analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter and scanning electron microscopy. According to the microstructure evolution of the eutectic phase exposed to different temperatures, three stages can be divided to distinguish coarsening behaviors of the eutectic phase, including the stable stage, transient coarsening stage and fully coarsening stage. In each stage, the coarsening behavior of eutectic phase was studied. Firstly, it was found that the stable stage can be maintained up to at least 673K. Subsequently, the eutectic phase should go through coarsening and spheroidization in the transient coarsening stage. Among this stage, both the shape change and diffusion factors have played the vital roles in affecting the coarsening rate and spheroidization process. Finally, in the fully coarsening stage, the volume fraction of eutectic phase was deemed to be the main reason accounted for the difference between the results given in literature and this work.
Al–Fe–Ni eutectic alloy
Thermal stability
Coarsening
Ostwald ripening
Spheroidization
The eutectic Al alloys possess excellent liquidity and good hot tear sensitivity, and are usually the best choices for casting Al alloys [1,2]. The Al–Si eutectic alloys have become the most widely used cast Al alloys in the past decades, owing to their good castability, high corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance [3,4]. Through the addition of Cu and Mg elements, the Al–Si matrix can be highly strengthened via the precipitation of Al2Cu and Mg2Si phases [5]. With the further demands of improved elevated temperature performance, Al–Si alloys are difficult to afford because of the high diffusivities of Cu and Mg in the Al, and the lower eutectic temperature of Si phase [6–8]. Moreover, the Fe, Ni and RE elements can diffuse slowly in the Al, and are able to form high-temperature stable phases. Therefore, these elements have been used to develop novel eutectic Al alloys [9,10]. For instance, the Al–Fe–Ni, Al–Ni and Al–Ce eutectic alloys [11–13] and Al-based entropic alloys [14] have been investigated in recent years.
The Al–Fe–Ni system has been subjected to numerous investigations due to its important technological applications, including high-temperature alloys, magnetic materials and shape memory devices [15–17]. Since the low solubility of Ni and Fe in Al, the Al–Fe–Ni alloys are considered as promising materials for various electronic and electric applications to substitute conventional low conductivity Al casting alloys [18,19]. On account of the high resistance to corrosion at high temperatures of Al–Fe–Ni alloys, Leenaers et al. [20,21] applied it as the nuclear fuel cladding material and obtained good results. Canté et al. [22] studied the effect of cooling rate on the microstructure and hardness of Al–1.0Fe–1.0Ni alloy by directional solidification. They found that the microstructure was refined with the increasing cooling rate, and provided the relationship between hardness and spacing of eutectic phase. In order to control the bulky eutectic phase formed in solidification, the powder metallurgy and rapid solidification were used [23,24]. Průša et al. [25] examined the compression performance of Al–Fe–Ni alloy prepared by centrifugal atomization and hot extrusion at higher temperatures. They found that the mechanical performance of Al–Fe–Ni alloy was better than Al–Si alloy.
The Al–Fe–Ni alloy acting as the candidate for heat-resistant Al alloy has been widely accepted [26,27]. However, recent researches are still focusing on the adjustment of preparation technologies for the alloy. The study of microstructure and secondary phase evolution at elevated temperature is still scanty. The secondary phases have played the major role in improving the high temperature performance of the alloy. Thus, the acknowledge of their behaviors in high temperature environment is of great significance [28]. The behaviors of secondary phases at elevated temperatures are usually described by Ostwald ripening [29]. During such progress, the smaller phases should be swallowed by the larger phases derived by the decrease of total surface free energy. Lifshitz, Slyozov, and Wagner (LSW) provided the primary theory of coarsening kinetics [30,31]. However, this theory has merely described an ideal steady state coarsening, thus required modification in the practical use. The existed modification mainly concentrated on the volume fraction, distribution of secondary phase or transient progress before the steady state [32–34]. Speich and Oriani [35] have extended the LSW theory to the case of nonspherical particles, and they introduced a shape factor to describe the effect of morphology. Nevertheless, they did not consider the change of diffusion caused by morphologic changes of the secondary phases. Premkumar et al. [36] investigated the coarsening behavior of the secondary phase produced by powder metallurgy in the elevated temperature. They suggested that the coarsening rate coefficient was dependent on the volume fraction of the secondary phase. However, the system they studied was close to the ideal state, in which the shape of phase was near-spheroidal. While in the common cast circumstance, the shape of Al9FeNi eutectic phase is usually needle-like [37]. Thus, there is the obvious difference from their research.
The aim of this research is to investigate the basic feature, microstructure and property of Al–1.75Fe–1.25Ni eutectic alloy prepared by the traditional gravity cast method. Specifically, the thermal stability of the Al9FeNi eutectic phase for a long-time holding at elevated temperatures was studied, and the relationship between coarsening rate coefficient and temperature was put forward. Moreover, the effect of shape change of Al9FeNi phase on the alloy performance was also discussed.
2Experiments2.1Materials preparation
The Al–1.75wt% Fe–1.25wt% Ni alloy was prepared by commercially pure grade Al ingots (99.99% purity), Al–20wt% Fe and Al–10wt% Ni master alloys. The melting process was performed by an electric resistance furnace in a clean iron crucible, which was coated with the boron nitride paint. The alloy was melted at 1033K initially. Then, the melt temperature was heating up to 1123K, and held for 30min to ensure the fully dissolution of Fe and Ni elements. Afterwards, the melt temperature was reduced to 1033K, and the alloy melt was purified by the refining agent. In the next step, the melt was degassed in the vacuum furnace for 10min. Finally, the melt was poured at ∼1013K by gravity cast into a cast iron mold that was preheated to 473K. The schematic of the iron mold which is the key equipment used in the gravity casting is shown in Fig. 1.
The schematic of the iron mold used in the gravity casting.
The elemental composition of the as-cast alloy was measured by the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES, iCAP7600). In Table 1, it is seen that the nominal composition of the Al–Fe–Ni alloy is in good accordance with the ICP result, indicating the successful casting control for the alloy.
The composition of Al–Fe–Ni alloy (wt%).
Nominal composition 1.75 1.25 – bal.
ICP result 1.67 1.26 0.028 bal.
ICP = Inductively Coupled Plasma.
2.2Microstructure characterization
The phase composition was detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD, D8 ADVANCE Da Vinci) from 20° to 90° at a speed of 2°/min. Furthermore, the as-cast samples were metallographic grinded by the 400 #, 800 #, 1200 #, 2500 # emery papers (Starcke, 991A), and polished by the diamond suspension. Some polished samples were deeply etched in 5wt% NaOH for 1h to emphasize the microstructure features. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM, TESCAN MAIA3) was applied to characterize the microstructure features of the alloy. The SEM equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used for the compositional analysis for Al–Fe–Ni alloy.
The thermal analysis was carried out using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC, Q20 type, TA Instrument) from room temperature (RT) to 1073K under a protective Ar atmosphere. The hardness was measured using a Vicker's hardness (HV) testing machine (EZ-mat, CARAT 930) with a load of 10kg and dwell time for 15s. At least five random dispersive points, on the circular section of a cylinder with a diameter of 10mm, were selected to reflect the overall hardness level of the sample. The average size and volume fraction of the second phase were obtained from SEM micrographs by the ImageJ software. At least five photos taken at different areas were used to estimate the average values of the sample at different situations. The gray scale contrast was used to distinct the eutectic phase from matrix, about 2000–5000 data points were utilized in one sample.
3Results and discussion3.1Typical microstructure of Al–Fe–Ni alloy
Fig. 2a shows the typical microstructure of Al–Fe–Ni alloy. The areas with symbols a, b and c are α-Al, the needle-like eutectic structure and grain boundary, accordingly. In Fig. 2h, the composition of Al–1.75wt% Fe–1.25wt% Ni alloy has located right in the Al–Al9FeNi two-phase region [18]. In this composition, the eutectic phase should be both Al and Al9FeNi. The eutectic temperature is about 923K as reported in literature [1], though it is not provided in Fig. 2h. Furthermore, the Al9FeNi phase has further been confirmed by the XRD analysis (Spectrum I, Fig. 2g). In the XRD pattern of as-cast sample, the Al phase and Al9FeNi phase can be well indexed to JCPDS No. 04-0787 and the reference [36], respectively. According to the calculated XRD pattern of Al9FeNi (Spectrum II, Fig. 2g) using the CrystalDiffract software, it is found that some unmarked diffraction peaks in literature should be ascribed to Al9FeNi as well. Besides, the studied Al–Fe–Ni alloy has the same composition with the alloy in literature [1], in which the intermetallic phase was deemed as Al9FeNi. Due to the typically gravity casting method in both cases, the intermetallic phase should confirm to be Al9FeNi, which has complied well with the predicted phase in the phase diagram [18].
(a) Typical microstructure of Al–Fe–Ni alloy; (b) local area of grain boundary; (c) local area of grain boundary after deep-etching; (d) a near boundary area of a grain; (e) Ni distribution map of (d), and (f) Fe distribution map of (d); (g) Spectrum I: XRD pattern of as-cast sample; Spectrum II: the calculated XRD pattern of Al9FeNi; (h) Isothermal section of the Al–Fe–Ni system at 627°C with Al content above 50at.% [18].
In this as-cast alloy, the average size of Al9FeNi needle-like eutectic phase is measured to be ∼320nm in diameter on the cross-section, with the length ranging from ∼5 to ∼50μm. Furthermore, the length distribution of the Al9FeNi phase is asymmetrical, and most of the lengths are concentrated at ∼20μm at the interior of eutectic grains. The detailed structure of the Al/Al9FeNi eutectics is analyzed in Fig. 2b, as the labeled rectangular area in Fig. 2a. The needle-like eutectic phases are both seen in the eutectic grains (Area d) and grain boundaries (Area e) (Fig. 2b). This phenomenon can be observed more clearly on the deep-etched surface, as displayed in Fig. 2c. Through the EDS analysis, it is verified that these phases are all Al9FeNi (Fig. 2d), which is in agreement with those mentioned in the literature [26].
The distribution of Fe and Ni element can be observed in the EDS maps of Fig. 2e and f, respectively. Specifically, it is found that Ni has a higher content on the grain boundary, while Fe has a higher content inside the grains through the EDS analysis (Fig. 2d). This may attribute to the non-equilibrium solidification during the actual casting process. It can be explained that the Fe element has been engulfed more inside the eutectic grains during the solidification of the Al–Fe–Ni alloy, since the Fe element has a lower diffusivity in Al matrix. Meanwhile, the abundant Ni element has been pushed into the solidifying front of the liquid phase, and finally clustered on the grain boundary.
3.2Basic performance of Al–Fe–Ni alloy
Fig. 3a shows the HV values of the as-cast alloy in relation with the holding temperatures (RT to 773K) for 1h. It can be seen that the alloy shows the almost stable HV values from 473 to 773K with the interval of 100K, which is slightly lower than that of the as-cast alloy. Fig. 3b exhibits the HV values of the as-cast alloy on dependence of the exposure duration from 0 to 24h at 598K with a very slight reduction in comparison with those of the as-cast alloy without treatment. Therefore, it should be sure that this alloy must have higher thermal stability than the typical cast Al–Si or Al–Cu alloys [2,6,7]. For instance, the high temperature tensile strength of Al–25Si based alloy has dropped from ∼155MPa to ∼10MPa, when the temperature increased from 653K to 808K [38].
(a) The HV values of alloy kept 1h in different temperatures; (b) the HV values of alloy kept in 598K after different time.
Nevertheless, there is still a gentle strength reduction of this alloy experiencing the thermal exposure, and it may be ascribed to the coarsening of eutectic structures. Based on these points, the microstructure evolution of Al/Al9FeNi eutectics under higher temperatures has attracted our further interests.
3.3Thermal stability of Al9FeNi phase3.3.1The microstructure evolution of Al9FeNi at different temperatures
As the main second phase in Al–Fe–Ni alloy, the Al9FeNi eutectic phase has played a critical role in determining the alloy performance. In order to further investigate the thermal stability of this eutectic alloy, the variation of microstructure of Al9FeNi phase has been studied in combination with the thermal exposure of the alloy at higher temperatures and longer durations.
Fig. 4 shows the microstructures of Al–Fe–Ni alloy under 673K, 773K and 898K for 24h, 48h and 72h, accordingly. After being exposed at 673K, the Al9FeNi phase exhibits the uniform distribution inside the eutectic grains during the whole duration. Meanwhile, the average equivalent diameter on the cross section (dcs) of the Al9FeNi phase can be analyzed to show the two-stage coarsening behavior. (1) At the beginning 24h thermal exposure, it is observed that the dcs value has remained ∼320nm of the Al9FeNi. (2) From 24 to 72h thermal exposure, the dcs value increased from ∼320 to ∼360nm, indicating a very small coarsening behavior. Furthermore, it is worth noting that there is little change in the length direction of the Al9FeNi phase, as shown in Fig. 5a. Generally, the Al9FeNi phase has kept stable at 673K exposure.
The sections of alloys after thermal exposure durations (0–72h) in the temperatures (573–898K).
The length direction of Al9FeNi phase holding at different temperatures after 72h: (a) 673K, (b) 773K, and (c) 823K.
During the thermal exposure at 773K, some obvious changes can be identified through the microstructure observation. Initially, some particles free areas (PFAs) are found in the eutectic grain interior (labeled in the rectangular area in Fig. 4), this phenomenon can be called as the local ablation phenomenon. In this progress, some eutectic phases are ablated into segmented phases even faded away to support their coarsening, reflecting the beginning of Ostwald ripening. However, the majority of eutectic phases have remained unchanged in length direction, apart from some PFAs formed by the phases ablated wholly or partly to a minor extent (Fig. 5b). These have indicated that only the dcs values of the Al9FeNi phase changed. Overall, the dcs values show the roughly increasing tendency with the exposure duration at 773K in a linear manner.
When the temperature is rising to 898K, approaching to eutectic temperature of this alloy, the shape of the Al9FeNi phase has generally changed from needle-like to spherical during the first 24h. This shape change progress, specific for the long needle-like phase ruptured into several segments, can be observed in a lower temperature (823K), which is exhibited in Fig. 5c. Together with this process, the ablation of eutectic phase should turn from local into global, and PFAs became even larger. The dcs values have exhibited a faster coarsening rate at the 0–24h exposure, and a slower coarsening rate at the 24–72h exposure. With the prolonging holding period, the coarsening of the Al9FeNi phase is fairly obvious compared to lower temperatures, as exhibited in the statistic diagram.
The Ostwald ripening, also known as coarsening, is usually used to describe the coarsening behavior of precipitated phase and eutectic phase at higher temperatures in the previous works [32,33]. In this procedure, the larger particles should become greater in size, while the smaller particles are dissolved by the reduction of total interface energy. Lifshitz, Slyozov and Wagner have put forwards the relation of the average particle size versus the holding time in a specific temperature [30,31], which can be described as:
d¯(t) is the average size of particle at certain time;
d¯(0) is the initial average size of particles;
K is a constant independent of time.
Using this formula, the relationships between dcs3 values for the Al9FeNi phase and thermal exposure duration in the temperatures (573–898K) have been linearly rationalized, as shown in Fig. 6.
Simulated results for the relationship between dcs3 and thermal duration.
The K values of corresponding to the temperatures have been listed in Table 2. It is clear that the coefficient K values are obviously increasing with the rising temperatures. In detail, the K values can be divided into three groups, including: (1) K(573K) and K(673K), (2) K(773K) and K(823K), and (3) K(873K) and K(898K). In each group, the K values are at the similar level with each other, indicating their similar coarsening behaviors for the Al9FeNi phase.
The K values at the corresponding temperatures.
K (μm3/h)
573 1.4071×10−4
673 2.783×10−4
873 0.00921
Fig. 7 shows the DSC curve of as-cast Al–Fe–Ni alloy heated over 973K under the heating rate of 20K/min. Two inflection points are exhibited during the whole heating process, i.e., Ta=770K and Tb=840K. According to the variation tendency of the curve, both inflection points should correspond to the endothermic peaks, indicating that the local ablation, spheroidization and coarsening behaviors may occur in the Al9FeNi phase. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that the DSC has manifested a dynamic process of temperature change, and it is used to illustrate the existence of various behaviors of eutectic phase during the energy accumulation process here. In comparison, the alloy for the thermal exposure has experienced a quasi-static process with the constant temperature. Thus, the microstructure evolution for the eutectic phase during the thermal exposure cannot be fully described by the DSC experiment. Practically, the DSC experiment can emphasize the microstructure evolution from the aspects of energy fluctuation, similar to the thermodynamic prediction.
Thermograms of samples heated under the heating rates of 20K/min.
According to LSW theory, the corresponding relation between K and temperature is given in the following formula:
γ is the interfacial energy between eutectic phase and matrix;
Vm is molar volume of the eutectic phase;
Ce is equilibrium solubility of rate-controlling solute in the matrix.
D is diffusion coefficient of rate-controlling solute in the matrix, which can be expressed as:
Take logarithm of both sides, Eq. (2) can be simplified into:
where a and b are constants independent of temperature, respectively.
The lnK values at certain temperatures are scattering plotted in the diagram as showed in Fig. 8a. The solid curve drew in Fig. 8a is used to match the relationship between lnK and T, which is referring to the theoretical values provided by Premkumar et al. [36]. There is an obvious difference between the relationship calculated from literature and measured values in this experiment. This should be related to different behaviors of needle-like Al9FeNi in different temperature ranges as mentioned above.
(a) The diagram of lnK and temperature; (b) variation of lnK with temperature and three stages among it.
According to the microstructure observation and the LSW equation analysis, the evolution of the Al9FeNi phase at different temperatures can be roughly divided into three stages (Fig. 8b). In order to separate these stages, we define the first turning point as T1 between 673K and 773K, the second turning point as T2 between 773K and 873K. The Al9FeNi phase should display different behaviors at different temperature ranges:
Stable stage: When the temperature is lower than T1, the Al9FeNi phase has kept stable with a very small coarsening rate with the extended holding time.
Transient coarsening stage: When the temperature is between T1 and T2, the local ablation for Al9FeNi phase can partly occur, and the PFAs have emerged obviously. Simultaneously, several eutectic phases may rupture to some segments. Overall, the Al9FeNi phase has shown a medium coarsening rate.
Fully coarsening stage: When the temperature is higher than T2, the rupture for Al9FeNi phase should wholly occur. All the eutectic phases are segmented into small phases, and then spheroidized and coarsened quickly.
Critical temperatures of the two adjacent stages are T1 and T2, respectively. Each stage is discussed in detail below.
3.3.2The behavior of Al9FeNi in each stage3.3.2.1The stable stage
In the stable stage, the Al9FeNi phase has kept stable as well as the performance of matrix. In this stage, the enlargement of Al9FeNi size induced by Ostwald ripening is not dominant. The main reason of the enlargement should be owing to the precipitation of Fe and Ni from supersaturated solid solution formed during solidification. The actual solid solubility of Fe and Ni in the cast Al matrix can be found using EDS in Table 3.
The solid solubility of Fe and Ni in the Al matrix (wt%).
Primary Al 0.19 0.06
Eutectic Al 0.39 0.31
The basic difference between the stable stage and transient coarsening stage is that at the transient coarsening stage, the local ablation can occur, leading to the growth of the larger phase by consuming the smaller phase. The critical temperature divided these two stages has been estimated by a simplified model exhibited in Fig. 9.
The simplified model of local ablation.
It is considered that the distribution of eutectic phase is closely packed observed from the cross section of the phase. Therefore, the ablation of a phase can affect the adjacent six phases, and a coarsening phase should be influenced by three ablative phases at least. In order to simplify calculation, the length of eutectic phase is supposed to be approximately equal. Therefore, the enlargement of phases corresponding to local ablation can be described as:
where d0 is 320nm as mentioned above.
In this experiment, the longest duration for discernible local ablation of eutectic phase is 72h in this work. Therefore, taking d¯ and d0 into formula (1), the value of lnK can be calculated as −7.873. Besides, the relationship between lnK and T at lower temperatures (i.e., 573K, 673K and 773K) can be described by a certain tendency which is matched by dashed Line 2 showed in Fig. 8a. Finally, the corresponding T1 is found to be ∼716K, which is marked by triangle symbol in Fig. 8a. This value is estimated by tendency described by dashed Line 2. Indeed, this calculated T1 has fallen into the range of 673K and 773K. Meanwhile, if the precipitation of Fe and Ni from the Al matrix is also included for consideration, the practical critical temperature should be a little higher.
3.3.2.2The fully coarsening stage
This stage has to be described prior to the transient coarsening stage, since it is a requisite to give the theoretical relationship between lnK and T beforehand. In this stage, the shape of eutectic phase has been segmented, and then transformed completely to the round shape (Figs. 4 and 5c). When the shape of eutectic phase has changed into spherical, the variation-tendency of lnK with the temperature should be in accordance with the theoretical prediction [36].
However, the tendency between lnK and T are observed to offset down along y axis in this stage of our work, which can be exhibited as dashed Line 1. This discrepancy is suggested to be caused by the influence of the volume fraction of eutectic phase. In this experiment, the volume fraction of eutectic phase (∼10vol%) is less than 30vol% mentioned in literature [36]. Kim et al. [38] found the volume fraction of eutectic phase should have the impact on the K value in the following equation:
Φ is the volume fraction of eutectic phase;
f(Φ) can be approximate to 0.5 when the volume fraction is from 10vol% to 30vol% according to this literature [39].
Thus, the tendency between lnK and T should be observed to offset down along y axis compared to literature [35]. This tendency is in good accordance with the experimental values at the fully coarsening stage in our work. Conclusively, the experimental relationship in the fully coarsening stage can be described as:
3.3.2.3The transient coarsening stage
In this stage, with the increasing temperature, the lnK values have experienced the processes of the slight rise and accelerated rise. To be specific, the transition rate of lnK versus T in each stage can be approximate to dlnK/dT, and this value should experience an increment. In this process, the initial rising rate of stable stage, which can be described as dlnKss/dT, is slower than the theory value (dlnKfcs/dT) of fully coarsening stage, as can be realized from dashed Lines 1 and 2 drawn in Fig. 8a. However, the accelerated rise of lnK value has made this variation tendency approaching to the theoretical tendency, which exhibited in Fig. 8b. According to these features in different temperature ranges, we may affirm that the shape change must be the essential reason to cause this alteration.
This shape change process should be ascribed to the spheroidization [40]. In this process, the long needle-like phase has ruptured into several spherical or near spherical particles by the decrease of strain energy. During the spheroidization, the distribution of eutectic phase should be changed, and the diffusion of element should also be affected. The constants c and d can be used to describe these changes, and the relationship between lnK and T can be expressed as:
Through matching the variation tendency before the occurrence of the spheroidization, the empirical values of c and d in this experiment can be obtained as −12.21 and 0.257, respectively.
When the shape has changed from the needle-like to spherical, the diffusion path, mainly the interface between phase and matrix, should be cut short. This has caused the diffusion to become harder after shape change. Thus, the constant d is smaller than 1, indicating the easier diffusion when the eutectic phase has kept needle-like morphology at low temperatures. Moreover, the shape change can also affect interfacial energy, equilibrium solubility at interface and distribution of phase, making the constant c have a negative value. Eventually, these effects have resulted in the apparent distinction after morphological changes, and these results are in good accordance with reference [41].
After further investigating the coarsening process as the increase of temperature, it is conscious that the impact of time is non-negligible. In other words, the spheroidization is a time-dependent behavior. The spheroidization can be initiated if the holding time is long enough in the slightly lower temperature exposure, and it has required the sufficient time to accomplish at the higher temperature exposure. That is to say, if the exposure duration can either be long enough or short enough, there are two boundaries reflected in the variation of lnK values, as shown in Fig. 10.
The transform of lnK when investigate time change.
The curve I is the theoretical prediction of K, if the Al9FeNi phase shows a near-spherical morphology [35]. The curve II is the actually preliminary variation of K, if the Al9FeNi phase shows a needle-like morphology. The spheroidization can make the variation of K change from curve II to curve I. When there is the sufficient time for coarsening process, the K change is able to begin in a very low temperature, and finish at a medium temperature.
The temperature range that allows for the inadequate spheroidization in whole duration should be very tiny. Thus, the change of K may be just a mutation (i.e., the transient coarsening stage), which has accorded with the curve III. If the coarsening has occurred in a short time interval, the spheroidization is not likely to be accomplished in this procedure. Therefore, the switch of K should become more difficult, and the curve I cannot be reached, which can be described as curve IV instead.
From another point of view, there are two temperature points: (1) the start of spheroidization during the whole thermal exposure process; (2) the finish of spheroidization before the first interval (24h in this experiment).
The first point corresponding to the start of spheroidization is usually vague and hard to estimate, but the second point is the T2 as mentioned above. T2(t) means total time spent for spheroidization, which can be described as [42]:
k is Boltzmann's constant (1.38×10−23J/K);
Ds is diffusion coefficient of rate-controlling solute (Fe) in the interface;
γ is the interfacial energy between eutectic phase and matrix (0.2J/m2[36]);
ρ is the radius of the original cylinder (160nm);
Φ denotes the atomic diameter of rate-controlling solute (Fe, 0.254nm).
From this formula, it can be seen that the diffusion coefficient (Ds) and the radius of the original cylinder (ρ) can exert highly influence on the rupture time of spheroidization. The calculation of specific diffusion at the interface of eutectic phase can be referred to literature [42]:
D0 is 91m2/s;
EA,V is 74.3kJ/mol [42].
EA,inter is 258.1kJ/mol referred to [43,44].
When the temperature is 873K, the time of spheroidization can be calculated as approximately 0.7h, which means the eutectic phase should fully accomplish the shape change during the first interval. When temperature is 773K, the time of spheroidization can be calculated as approximately 18.7h. While in this experiment, even after sample exposed 72h at 773K, the eutectic phase should mainly keep the needle-like morphology, as shown from length direction in Fig. 5b. However, some other factors can affect the spheroidization as the temperature decreases. Most importantly, the participation of vacancy in diffusion should be reduced at lower temperatures on account of the reduced vacancy concentration [45]. Thus, the diffusion coefficient Ds should be diminished, and the required spheroidization time should be further lengthened as well. In consideration of the absence of detailed theoretical models, two hypotheses are proposed here:
The vacancy should fully participate in diffusion only when the vacancy concentration is high enough. This is to say, an adequate temperature is needed. In this experiment, 873K is deemed to be the critical temperature to produce enough vacancy, as the eutectic phase can complete spheroidization rapidly as discussed above.
The reduction of the participation of vacancy in diffusion appears as the decrease of EA,V. The coefficient 'n' is used to describe this reduction, and formula (9) should be modified as:
The coefficient 'n' can be estimated relative to the vacancy concentration at certain temperature versus it at 873K, which can be described as:
In this experiment, the first interval is 24h, which is the time allowed for fully spheroidization. Accordingly, the temperature required can be calculated as about 847K, which is the critical temperature between the transient coarsening stage and the fully coarsening stage. This calculation value is in good accordance with experiment results, as the eutectic phase is still in spheroidization process even after 72h at 823K.
3.4The hardness reduction caused by thermal exposure
Fig. 11a exhibits the hardness values of the Al–Fe–Ni alloy exposed to temperatures from 573K to 898K holding for 24h, 48h and 72h, accordingly. Under a certain temperature, the reductions of the HV values can be seen with the prolonging holding duration. In general, the HV values of the Al–Fe–Ni alloy have the similar time-dependent tendency at the temperatures from 573K to 898K. Notably, a sharp decline of HV values can be seen at the first 24h. Meanwhile, it is found that this sharp decline is much severer at a higher exposing temperature. Furthermore, the reduction rates of the HV values from 24h to 72h are enhanced with the growing temperatures.
(a) The variation of hardness versus time; (b) fitting of hardness change over time.
Analogized to the Hall–Petch type correlations, it is to generate a relationship between the hardness and particle interval [46,47]:
Since the total volume fraction of the eutectic phase is constant, we can have following approximation relations:
Z is amount of particles;
C is total volume fraction of Al9FeNi phase.
Finally, the empirical relationship of the hardness and time can be formulated as:
where g is constant independent of time.
A series of curves can be acquired by using this relationship to fit the steady reduction process showed in Fig. 11a. The rationalized results are exhibits in Fig. 11b.
HV0 has been influenced by sharp decline in the first 24h, while g is affected by the coarsening behavior more importantly. The deterioration of alloy can be promoted by the gradually coarsening, which has reflected by the enlargement of g. In Fig. 11b and Table 4, it is found that the g values are stable in lower temperature, and increased remarkably at higher temperatures. This is a good correspondence to the microstructure evolution as discussed above.
The g values at the corresponding temperatures.
This work has studied the thermal stability of Al–Fe–Ni eutectic alloy. Based on the experimental results, microstructure characterizations and analytical discussions, the following conclusions can be drawn hereby:
During the whole temperature range from 573K to near melting temperature, three stages of coarsening process can be divided according to the microstructure evolution of eutectic phase:
Stable stage: the eutectic phase has mainly kept stable.
Transient coarsening stage: the eutectic phase has experienced the local ablation, coarsening and spheroidization simultaneously.
Fully coarsening stage: the eutectic phase should be fully ruptured, spheroidized and then coarsened rapidly.
The relationship between coarsening coefficient K and temperature is affected by the shape change. This influence is time-dependent, and the choices of experiment time have different effects. Meanwhile, the diffusion caused by morphologic changes of the eutectic phase has played a main role in the whole process, not only affected the coarsening rate but also the spheroidization process.
The hardness values of the alloys at different temperatures have presented the similar decreasing tendencies. In addition, the shape change and rapid coarsening of eutectic phase have resulted in the accelerated softening of the alloy.
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFB1106302), the Research Fund (Project No. 15X100040018) at Shanghai Jiao Tong University (China), and the project (Grant No. 2017WAMC002) sponsored by Anhui Province Engineering Research Center of Aluminium Matrix Composites (China).
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L. Zhang, Y. Du, H. Xu, C.Y. Tang, H.L. Chen, W.Q. Zhang.
Phase equilibria of the Al–Fe–Ni system at 850°C and 627°C.
J.M. Kim, H.S. Yun, J.S. Shin, K.T. Kim, S.H. Ko.
Mold filling ability and hot cracking susceptibility of Al–Fe–Ni alloys for high conductivity applications.
J Teknol, 75 (2015), pp. 71-77
A. Leenaers, S.V.D. Berghe, E. Koonen, S. Dubois, M. Ripert.
Post-irradiation examination of AlFeNi cladded U3Si2 fuel plates irradiated under severe conditions.
J Nucl Mater, 375 (2008), pp. 243-251
M. Wintergerst, N. Dacheux, F. Datcharry, E. Herms, B. Kapusta.
Corrosion of the AlFeNi alloy used for the fuel cladding in the Jules Horowitz research reactor.
M.V. Canté, C. Brito, J.E. Spinelli, A. Garcia.
Interrelation of cell spacing, intermetallic compounds and hardness on a directionally solidified Al–1.0Fe–1.0Ni alloy.
W.J. Boettinger, L.A. Bendersky, R.J. Schaefer, F.S. Biancaniello.
On the formation of dispersoids during rapid solidification of an Al–Fe–Ni alloy.
B.L. Silva, J.G. Dessi, L.F. Gomes, M.M. Peres, M.V. Cante, J.E. Spinelli.
Assessing microstructures and mechanical resistances of as-atomized and as-extruded samples of Al–1wt.%Fe–1wt.%Ni alloy.
F. Průša, D. Vojtěch, A. Michalcová, I. Marek.
Mechanical properties and thermal stability of Al–Fe–Ni alloys prepared by centrifugal atomisation and hot extrusion.
An alternative eutectic system for casting aluminum alloys I. Casting ability and tensile properties.
Light Met, (2015), pp. 277-281
Alternatives to the Al–Si eutectic system in aluminum casting alloys.
Int J Metalcast, 10 (2016), pp. 342-347
C.L. Chen, G.D. West, R.C. Thomson.
Characterisation of intermetallic phases in multicomponent Al–Si casting alloys for engineering applications.
Mater Sci Forum, 519 (2006), pp. 359-364
M. Mrotzek, E. Nembach.
Ostwald ripening of precipitates during two successive heat treatments performed at different temperatures.
I.M. Lifshitz, V.V. Slyozov.
The kinetics of precipitation from supersaturated solid solutions.
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C.Z. Wanger.
Theory of precipitate change by redissolution.
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F. Gruy, M. Cournil.
Theoretical aspects of Ostwald ripening in systems with high solubility and high solid volume fraction.
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J. Li, C. Guo, Y. Ma, Z.J. Wang, J.C. Wang.
Effect of initial particle size distribution on the dynamics of transient Ostwald ripening: a phase field study.
Acta Metall, 90 (2015), pp. 10-26
V.A. Snyder, J. Alkemper, P.W. Voorhees.
Transient Ostwald ripening and the disagreement between steady-state coarsening theory and experiment.
G.R. Speich, R.A. Oriani.
The rate of coarsening of copper precipitates in an alpha-iron matrix.
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M.K. Premkumar, A. Lawley, M.J. Koczak.
Processing and microstructure of powder metallurgy Al–Fe–Ni alloys.
A.D. Setyawan, D.V. Louzguine, K. Sasamori, H.M. Kimura, S. Ranganathan, A. Inoue.
Phase composition and transformation behavior of readily solidified Al–Ni–Fe alloys in α-Al-decagonal phase region.
K.H. Kim, M.S. Kim.
High temperature tensile properties of hypereutectic Al–25Si based alloy.
Met Mater Int, 24 (2018), pp. 136-141
A.D. Brailsford, P. Wynblatt.
The dependence of Ostwald ripening kinetics on particle volume fraction.
R.W. Heckel, R.D. Gregorio.
The growth and shrinkage rates of second-phase particles of various size distributions – II. Spheroidization of a eutectoid steel.
Trans Metall Soc AIME, 233 (1965), pp. 2001-2011
K. Kim, P.W. Voorhees.
Ostwald ripening of spheroidal particles in multicomponent alloys.
Acta Metall, 152 (2018), pp. 327-337
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On the silicon spheroidization in Al–Si alloys.
J Light Met, 2 (2002), pp. 263-269
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The effects of microstructure and intermetallic phases of directionally solidified Al–Fe alloys on microhardness.
Thermal stability of ultrafine grained AA8090 Al¿Li alloy...
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Flexural, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of date...


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What Cambodia's New Law on Electronic Commerce Means for Business
On November 2, 2019, Cambodia enacted the Law on Electronic Commerce ("E-commerce Law"). This development makes Cambodia the last member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)—one of the world's fastest-growing internet markets—to adopt a domestic e-commerce law. The E-commerce Law addresses electronic communications, signatures, records, and evidence, and serves to clarify the legal environment for e-commerce in Cambodia.
In the last decade, Cambodia has experienced rapid development in the financial technology sector, and financial services and products have become more accessible to Cambodians. This financial inclusion, coupled with the availability of smart devices connected to the internet, enables local e-commerce startups and encourages foreign e-commerce businesses to enter the market. To strengthen trust and security in the online realm, Cambodia's E-commerce Law regulates the activities of e-commerce service providers and intermediaries. The law also imposes consumer protection obligations, including data protection and cybersecurity obligations, on all e-commerce businesses.
The E-commerce Law aims to regulate domestic and cross-border activities in Cambodia. All commercial and civil acts, documents, and transactions executed via an electronic system are subject to the E-commerce Law unless they are related to powers of attorney, wills and successions, or real estate.
The E-Commerce Law will take effect in May 2020. During the six-month gap between the law's passage and its implementation, companies should familiarize themselves with the new obligations under the law, while government agencies are expected to issue regulations to clarify and implement the law.
The provisions on electronic communications that are found in a portion of Cambodia's E-commerce Law primarily derive from two influential works of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL); the 1996 Model Law on Electronic Commerce (MLEC) and the 2005 United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts (the "Electronic Communications Convention" or ECC).
Cambodia's E-commerce Law explicitly recognizes the validity, legal effect, admissibility, and enforceability of electronic communications and reconfirms that contracts can be made electronically. Furthermore, electronic communications may satisfy requirements imposed by outdated laws (e.g., "written," "signed," or "original" documents), if they fulfill certain conditions set out in the law.
The E-commerce Law generally considers an electronic communication to be sent when it leaves the originator's information system and to be received when it becomes capable of being retrieved by the addressee. The places of business of the originator and addressee, respectively, are considered as the locations where an electronic communication is dispatched and received.
It should be noted that Cambodia's E-commerce Law does not include comprehensive provisions on matters related to the attribution of electronic communications and acknowledgment of receipt, as suggested by the MLEC. For example, the MLEC clarifies that if an originator states that an email is conditional on receipt of its acknowledgment, that email would not be considered as sent until the originator receives the acknowledgment. The Cambodian legislation contains no such clarification.
Electronic Signatures, Electronic Records, and Electronic Evidence
The E-commerce Law sets conditions for electronic signatures, including digital and biometric signatures, and electronic records to be deemed secure. By meeting these statutory qualifications, secure electronic records are presumed to have not been altered, and secure electronic signatures are presumed to be of the signatories having the intent to sign.
In late 2017, prior to the enactment of the E-commerce Law, Cambodia introduced a sub-decree on digital signatures. This regulation provides legal recognition to digital signatures with a digital signature certificate issued by a licensed digital signature certification authority. However, the sub-decree has not been implemented yet as no license has been issued to any digital signature certification authority. Cambodia is likely to start implementing the regulation at the same time as the E-commerce Law. It will be important to observe how these two legal instruments correspond with each other in practice.
Cambodia's E-commerce Law, with certain provisions similar to the Model Law on Electronic Evidence by the Commonwealth of Nations, also supports the admissibility of electronic records as evidence in legal proceedings. The mere fact that evidence is an electronic record cannot be used as grounds to render the evidence inadmissible.
The E-commerce Law also establishes rules on the validity, integrity, and authenticity of electronic evidence. The validity of electronic evidence relies on the integrity of the electronic system that stores or records the data in question. The E-commerce Law determines circumstances in which an electronic record satisfies the element of integrity unless proven otherwise. The party introducing the evidence has the burden to prove its authenticity, and to do so the E-commerce Law allows that party to present the court with an authenticity certificate issued by, for example, a competent authority or a court-appointed expert.
E-commerce Service Providers and Intermediaries, and Electronic Payment Systems
E-commerce service providers and intermediaries are now required under the E-commerce Law to obtain operating licenses from the Ministry of Commerce (MOC) and the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (MPTC). However, the definitions of e-commerce service providers and intermediaries are crafted broadly, and it is unclear whether these licensing requirements also capture offshore e-commerce service providers and intermediaries operating without any local presence or permanent establishment in Cambodia. Since the E-commerce Law states that exceptions to this licensing regime will be clarified in the future, we hope Cambodia will issue implementing regulations that address this ambiguity before the law is implemented in May 2020.
The E-commerce Law creates a safe harbor rule for e-commerce service providers and intermediaries whereby they are not liable for unlawful third-party content on their online platforms; however, they must comply with certain mandatory content removal procedures upon becoming aware of such content. Additionally, they are obligated to comply with an e-commerce code of conduct.
The E-commerce Law also reaffirms that e-commerce service providers and intermediaries are subject to tax laws and incentives, just like brick-and-mortar businesses.
Payment service providers must also obtain authorization or a license from the National Bank of Cambodia (NBC) before commencing operations, such as operating a payment system, providing payment services, or issuing electronic payments. However, many existing banking and financial institutions in Cambodia have already been providing these payment services and have obtained necessary authorizations under various laws (e.g., the Prakas on Payment Service Providers and the Law on Banking and Financial Institutions). For that reason, it remains uncertain whether the E-commerce Law merely reiterates the existing licensing regime for payment service providers or establishes a new, separate one.
In addition, the E-commerce Law outlines situations where payment service providers must be liable for the damage caused to customers unless the damage is caused by force majeure or the customer's own fault.
Consumer Protection and Data Protection
Besides obligations under the newly legislated Law on Consumer Protection, which are applicable to both online and offline businesses, the E-commerce Law imposes additional requirements to which e-commerce enterprises must adhere.
The E-commerce Law requires anyone selling goods or services using electronic communications, except insurance and security companies, to disclose information that is necessary for customers to decide whether to purchase the goods or services. The information must at least include names, addresses, contacts, costs of the products and services, and terms and conditions for payments, cancellation, refunds, and so on. Furthermore, it is strictly prohibited to send unsolicited communications without providing clear and straightforward opt-out instructions irrespective of the originator's or recipient's locations.
Data protection rules that apply to all sectors have also been set out for the first time in the E-commerce Law. Any business that electronically stores personal information is now obligated to establish all necessary measures to ensure that the data are reasonably protected from loss or unauthorized access, use, alteration, leaks, or disclosures. In addition, a person who enters information inaccurately to an automated system that does not allow any modification has the right to correct or delete the inaccurate information.
The E-commerce Law is much-welcomed by consumers, and is a positive step for the country's digital environment. In addition, the harmonization that it brings with other countries should encourage cross-border transactions and paperless interactions among businesses and between businesses and governmental bodies.
Pichrotanak Bunthan
Jay Cohen
Partner and Director, Cambodia
BOI Expands Promoted Activities for Electric Vehicle Manufacturers
Thailand's Board of Investment (BOI) recently published BOI Notification No. Sor. 8/2564, which extends the scope of investment promotion covering electronic vehicle (EV) industry manufacturers to include the production of "automotive platforms" for electric vehicles, and creates a new category of BOI promoted activities covering the manufacture of electric bicycles (E-bikes). Automotive Platforms The following investment promotion categories have been extended: 4.24 – Manufacture of Battery Electric Vehicles 4.26 – Manufacture of Electric Battery Tricycles 4.27 – Manufacture of Electric Battery Busses and Trucks These categories now include the manufacture of "automotive platforms"—which must include an energy storage system, charging module, and front and rear axle module—benefiting from similar tax incentives and subject to additional conditions, as detailed below. New BOI Promotional Category for E-Bike Production The BOI has also introduced a new category, No. 4.28, covering the manufacture of E-bikes. Projects under this category will be eligible for a three-year CIT exemption with an additional one-year exemption if certain criteria are met. Applications for this category must cover the manufacture of E-bikes, the manufacture or sourcing of electric batteries, and a management plan for used batteries. In addition to the general conditions for EV projects (industrial standards, manufacturing timelines, etc.), the BOI has also imposed the following conditions specific to E-bike projects: E-bike frames must be produced from light-weight materials such as aluminum alloy, chromium–molybdenum alloy steel (chrome moly), titanium alloy, and carbon fiber; and E-bike batteries must adopt environmentally-friendly technology. Interestingly the BOI allows E-bike production lines to jointly use manufacturing lines for ordinary bicycles. However, the sale of ordinary bicycles is regarded as non-BOI-promoted income and will not be entitled to BOI tax incentives. These new provisions, intended to stimulate both local and foreign investments in the electric automotive industry, seem to complete the BOI promotion scheme for the full range of electric vehicles. They will hopefully accelerate the expansion of Thailand's electric vehicle production market, and the adoption of environmentally friendly vehicle technology in Thailand. For more details on any aspect of investment promotion in Thailand, please contact Napassorn Lertussavavivat at [email protected] or +66 2056 5662, or Supasit Saypan at [email protected] or +66 2056 5994.
Update on Vietnam's Draft Decree on Personal Data Protection
On February 9, 2021, Vietnam's Ministry of Public Security (MPS) released the full text of the Draft Decree on Personal Data Protection ("Draft PDPD") for public consultation, after having released an outline in December 2019, with an ambitious goal for the Draft PDPD to be promulgated and take effect on December 1, 2021. This date has now passed and the Draft PDPD remains unissued, with no concrete details on when the situation will change. Many new contents have been introduced in the Draft PDPD (please see our previous articles here and here). In this article, we take a deeper look at the issues that have attracted the most attention from national and international stakeholders as they wait for the draft to be finalized and promulgated. Please click below to read the full article.
Myanmar Issues New Investment Activity Priority Lists
On November 25, 2021, the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) issued a list of investment sectors that will receive priority attention in order to encourage national development and state building. The investment activities that MIC will prioritize are the following: Fertilizer manufacturing Cement manufacturing Iron and steel manufacturing Agriculture and livestock farming and related industries Value-added manufacturing of foodstuffs Electric vehicle manufacturing Pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing Public transportation services Both foreign investors and local investors may invest in these sectors, and the MIC, ministries, and relevant state and regional governments will provide necessary assistance to the investors under the Myanmar Investment Law 2016. For more details on the new requirements, please contact Tilleke & Gibbins at [email protected] or +95 9 772 440 001.
Practical Law: Doing Business in Thailand 2021
Attorneys from Tilleke & Gibbins have provided the latest update to the Thailand contribution to Doing Business in…, a Q&A-style guide published by Thomson Reuters Practical Law that presents an overview of the legal framework for doing business in 63 jurisdictions worldwide. The Thailand chapter of the guide outlines Thailand's legal system and key laws applicable to foreign companies doing business in the country. The chapter specifically covers the following main topics: Legal system: Thailand's court system and codified legal system. Foreign investment: Lists of reserved business activities, restrictions on doing business with certain jurisdictions, exchange controls and currency regulations, and grants and incentives available to investors. Business vehicles: Ordinary partnerships, registered ordinary partnerships, limited partnerships, private limited companies, and public companies. Environment: Main laws and regulations, factory operation. Employment: Laws, employment contract requirements, work permits, and termination and redundancy. Tax: Taxes on employment, tax and nontax resident employees and businesses, corporate income tax, value added tax, special business tax, municipal tax, stamp duty, dividends, interest, intellectual property royalties. Competition: Important aspects of Thailand's regulatory regime surrounding competition, centered around the updated Trade Competition Act. Antibribery and corruption: Laws, compliance requirements, regulatory authority. Intellectual property: Patents, trademarks, registered and unregistered designs, and copyright. Marketing agreements and advertising: Regulation of marketing agreements, Thailand's Consumer Protection Act, direct marketing, role of the Consumer Protection Board and Food and Drug Administration. E-commerce: E-commerce laws and regulations, marketing and sales via online platforms. Data protection: An outline of Thailand's Personal Data Protection Act. Product liability: Procedures and regulations for product liability and product safety, including the Unsafe Goods Liability Act and the Consumer Case Procedure Act. Product liability: Key regulatory authorities for trade competition, environmental issues, and financial services. To browse, download, or print the Thailand chapter, please visit the Practical Law website.


a.9S12 Volvo model adjustment process optimization.
b.MB91 WuLing Baojun 730 Pin Diagram repair.
c.Mileage(8 Pin) and Airbag(8 Pin), function page update, increase the search function entry, increase the wiring diagram list.
d.Updated Renesas R5F61725 driver code, now supports reading.
e.Other functions Delphi anti-theft 93C66 (6Pin) wiring diagram update, increase the read password function.
f.Program architecture optimization, memory footprint reduced by 70%.
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Thank you for joining us for this We are Pinnable party in November – can't believe it is nearly Thanksgiving for our American friends soon !!
Leanna and I are still Pinning your posts and we are always delighted to see new faces and old friends. We love checking out your posts and visiting your blogs it is always a pleasure for us and without you, dear people there would be no party.
We are working at making this party more than just a link and run type of party we care about our posters and have got to know a few of you as friends. Join us where we can hang out longer, share more and make a great community.
There is still time to join We are Pinnable – we want to make this party more than just a link and run type of party we care about our posters and have got to know a few of you as friends. Join us where we can hang out longer, share more and make a great community.
This is our 63rd Pinnable Link up Party! And we are ALWAYS thrilled to see the people that join us here as you are what make this party great. If you enjoy what we do remember to share our little party on Social Media!
All you have to do link up below and we will pin them to our This Is Pinnable Board. Each week we will feature the most clicked post and our personal favourites! If you are featured we will share your post on all social media.
1) JOIN THE "THIS IS PINNABLE BOARD".
It means, even more, exposure for your blog as you can get your posts in front of more people on Pinterest.
SIMPLY FOLLOW THE I AM PINNABLE BOARD AND EMAIL HARROPAJ@GMAIL.COM REQUESTING AN INVITATION.
Copyright Disclaimer: Snapshot and snippets, does not claim ownership of any image in this collection unless specifically indicated. Please do not pin or link directly from the images found here. Click on the links to be taken to the published recipe and pin/ link from there.
-Pin and comment on the post before yours – the more pins a post gets the better.I will -pin the last post on another board of mine to make it fair.
-Remember that great pictures get more pins!
Thanks for hosting and have a blessed week.
I hope your first full week of November is great — and I loved that you featured that recipe, because I chose it the other day, too!
Awesome features! Thank you for hosting the party each week.


If you insist on contacting Skeptic Project, keep in mind through here you'll be contacting the Editing Committee, not individual authors. If you wish to talk to specific people, you should check their member pages for contact information -- if they don't provide any, that's not our problem.
If you're interested in contacting us to provide corrections, please post them in the corrections forum, as more people will be able to review it.
Rude, bizarre, hateful, or crazy conspiracy theorist emails are subject to the hate mail section, especially those sent to individual contributors -- names and email addresses are published there.


Nerf Guns are the main weapon for all Nerf Battlers and Fighters. Every kid knows the importance of nerf gun in Nerf Mission. We have found some Sports Equipment which are useful to Kids in Nerf Battles. When you have Nerf Gun with accessories, you can fight any battle. The sports equipment will not upgrade your blaster, but it will improve you, the battler.
There are many sports equipment available in market. Such Sports Equipment includes Nerf Car, Nerf Tactical Vest, Nerf Walkie Talkie, Nerf Eyeglasses, Nerf Face Mask and many more. You need to choose the best ones as per your mission requirement. After buying the sports equipment, you can use them in any nerf mission and make your way to victory.
Nerf Go Kart is an Nerf Car for Outdoor Battles. Elder kids love to play Nerf Battles at outdoor places. Sometimes, the distance between two teams or battlers is much longer. Therefore, the kids should use Nerf Battle Racer Car to go ahead in long nerf mission. Nerf Car can be run by pedaling and holding the steering. The Nerf Go Kart has four rubber tyred wheels, so it can run on all types of roads with flat surface.
Nerf Tactical Vest is a kind of jacket for nerf battlers. The kid can wear the tactical vest as a jacket and keep some equipment on it. The tactical vest is capable to hold extra dart clips, additional darts and some small nerf guns. The kids should keep the extra dart clips loaded for quick reloading in middle of the nerf mission.
Nerf Walkie Talkies are useful for Nerf Battlers playing in teams. When four kids are playing as red team v/s blue team, they need an equipment to talk. The kids can use the Nerf Walkie Talkies to talk to their team mate and make plan for a secret attack on the opposite team. By talking on walkie talkie the battlers would know how much firepower they have to fight in the nerf battle.
Nerf Shoulder Strap is useful to carry lots of extra darts during Nerf Battle. Elder kids wear such shoulder strap and keep the extra darts ready for reloading at anytime.
Kids who are beginners in the nerf world, are advised to buy target board or circle. The Nerf Target Circle is very useful to practice shooting at home. The kids can improve their shooting range and accuracy by practicing on target circle everyday.
All the kids should wear the Eyeglasses and Face Mask while playing an Nerf Battle. No matter how experienced the kid is, these safety wears are highly recommended for everyone. Nerf eyeglasses and face mask protect kids' eyes and face from a direct hit by nerf darts.
As an Nerf Battler, you should use all these sports equipment in nerf battle. You will be more flexible and powerful with such equipment and your favorite nerf blaster.


Attendance is mandatoryon Tuesday, June 11th,12:00 pm in the cafeteria for pizza lunch followed by the grad rehearsal in the Chief Sepass Theatre.Everyone must be there! If all school fees have been paid, all textbooks returned, and you are in a position to graduate, then your grad gowns and hats will be given out at this time. Please take your gowns home and bring them with you to the Grad Ceremony the next day.
Tickets We will be offering each Grad 4FREE tickets. Grads do not require tickets. Students can collect their ceremony tickets in the office, before and after schoolstarting on April 22nd, 2019. There will be additional tickets available at $10 each, starting with 2 extra tickets per student. Additional tickets after that will be sold based on a waitlist and may also be available at a later date as ticket numbers are calculated. Tickets will notbe issued if the student has outstanding fees, textbook/ library books, or if you are in a non-grad status position.


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YNHH makes Working Mother's Best 100 list once again
For the seventh time, Yale New Haven Hospital has been chosen by Working Mother magazine as one of the nation's "100 Best Companies" for working mothers. YNHH is the only hospital in New England and one of only six Connecticut companies to be honored by Working Mother this year.
Working Mother selected Yale New Haven for the creative ways it helps employees meet the challenges of balancing work and family. The magazine based its selection on an extensive survey of benefits, women's issues and advancement, childcare, flexible work arrangements, parental leave and company culture.
"We're extremely proud that Working Mother has recognized Yale-New Hospital's commitment to addressing the work and life needs of not only our working mothers, but all employees," said Marna P. Borgstrom, president and CEO of Yale New Haven Hospital. "Yale New Haven Hospital remains firmly committed to actively maintaining open communication with managers and employees and providing the kinds of benefits and family-friendly policies that foster a positive working environment."
Yale New Haven Hospital has a growing number of programs to help employees meet work-life demands. In many departments, YNHH offers flexible work arrangements to mothers interested in returning to the workforce, such as telecommuting, part-time and casual status, compressed workweeks and job sharing.
The hospital earned special recognition this year in several key areas. Working Mother noted it was particularly impressed that senior managers donated more than $50,000 to create the employee hardship fund to help co-workers who meet with an emergency situation causing sudden financial difficulties. They also noted YNHH's program of providing employees who meet income requirements with free tax preparation as well as financial wellness and money management seminars. Expanded wellness programs include free nutrition counseling and health screenings.
Working Mother also acknowledged how employees who pursue degrees in nursing, diagnostic imaging or respiratory therapy may apply for up to $12,000 in forgivable loans.
In addition, they pointed out YNHH's provision of on-site lactation rooms for employees who are new mothers as well as the hospital day-care center's discount to families with multiple children enrolled.
YNHH employees have also benefited from the hospital's award-winning traffic demand management efforts, which include discounted bus and train tickets, bicycle racks and showers for cyclers, free shuttle rides to work and subsidies on bus and train fares.
Working Mother magazine previously selected YNHH as one of the Best 100 Companies in 2000, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and in 2009.
Yale New Haven Hospital (YNHH), part of Yale New Haven Health, is a nationally recognized, 1,541-bed, not-for-profit hospital serving as the primary teaching hospital for the Yale School of Medicine (YSM). Founded as the fourth voluntary hospital in the U.S. in 1826, today, YNHH has two New Haven-based campuses, and also includes Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, Yale New Haven Psychiatric Hospital and Smilow Cancer Hospital. YNHH has received Magnet designation from the American Nurses Credentialing Center, the nation's highest honor of nursing excellence. YNHH has a combined medical staff of about 4,500 university and community physicians practicing in more than 100 specialties. www.ynhh.org
Yale New Haven Health restricting visitors due to rising community COVID-19 numbers
New Haven, CT (Dec. 29, 2021) – Due to the concern regarding increasing community spread of COVID-19, Yale New Haven Health has announced extremely limited visitor access to patients at the hospital and its outpatient facilities.
Yale New Haven Health adopts proof of vaccination in an effort to keep patients and staff safer during current COVID surge
New Haven, CT (Dec. 22, 2021) –Yale New Haven Health (YNHHS) announced that all visitors to admitted patients in its hospitals will have to show proof of being fully vaccinated or a negative PCR test to visit.
Yale New Haven Hospital & Bank of America partner to provide mobile mammogram services in New Haven
New Haven, CT (Nov. 22, 2021) – Today, Yale New Haven Hospital announced that the Bank of America awarded a $50,000 grant to the hospital to support a new mobile healthcare van that will provide education and mammogram services to Latina women living in New Haven.


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These Vegan, Gluten-Free Cookies from Maui Are Every Snacker's Dream
A Maui entrepreneur's pandemic pivot turns a sweet hobby into a success.
Melissa Chang,
Photos: Courtesy of Stacy Maui Cookies
Despite all the craziness of the pandemic, there are bright spots: new businesses that emerge out of necessity—and thrive. Stacy Maui Cookies is one of them.
Stacy Small is no stranger to the uncomfortable process of forced evolution. A travel writer and magazine editor for her first 15 years out of journalism school, she started selling travel to … well, to make money. After losing both her parents to cancer, Small moved to Maui to find peace and learned to "thrive and stay calm amidst the chaos." Long story short, she became a master reiki healer and spiritual coach while continuing her luxury travel business.
Small is a celiac with all kinds of food allergies—including dairy, eggs and wheat—but she loves cookies and was hard-pressed to find a treat that was delicious and safe for her to eat. Anyone who has had gluten-free baked goods knows that they're often dry or tasteless. But she managed to concoct a cookie recipe that she enjoyed, using a combination of almond, tapioca and coconut flours with chocolate chips, coconut and sea salt.
Fast forward to 2020. The pandemic hit and Small's travel business dried up. With her newfound spare time, she started baking her cookies as gifts for quarantined friends around Maui, including chefs and restaurant owners; they liked them enough to encourage her to start a business. And just like that, Stacy Maui Cookies was born. "The best gluten-free, grain-free, vegan chocolate chip cookies on the planet," her website promised. "Reiki-infused and baked with aloha."
SEE ALSO: Kalo Bombs Just Showed Us Our New Favorite Ice Cream Topping
I tried her original chocolate chip cookie and was surprised to find it moist, sweet and chocolatey. But more importantly, I shared them with Frolic managing editor Mari Taketa—who has the same allergies to gluten, dairy and eggs—and she was impressed. "They look like the oat cake pucks you see at health food checkout counters," she said, "so I wasn't expecting much. But I bit in and it was indulgent. Not dry, not tasteless, with coconut aromas, creamy chocolate and a good chew. I had to do a doubletake. Indulgent vegan, gluten-free chocolate chips cookies are an oxymoron. These, I had to limit myself to two at a time."
Stacy Maui cookies are also available with macadamia nuts, and Small is launching new cinnamon walnut chocolate chip and double chocolate chip coconut flavors. She recently added thin cookies for ice cream sandwiches.
Cookies are $24 for a dozen and can be purchased on Small's website. If you're a Maui local, you can access some special deals and delivery; if you're shipping to the mainland, there's a 20% discount.
stacymaui.com/cookies, @stacymauicookies
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2020 in Review: Best Beers Brewed on O'ahu


Taylor High School has been very fortunate when applying for the Scottish Book Trust Funding. We have managed to book some amazing authors and illustrators, it is always nerve wracking when you arrange a session for the school, will the content of the session meet the Department's expectations and requirements? Will the students welcome our visitor and participate in any activities? Maybe more importantly, will the visitor be able to find the school entrance! The students who have enjoyed past sessions have been a mixture of readers and non-readers, one of the many benefits of booking professionals on the Live Literature database is that they help to encourage reluctant readers enjoy all types of material, from the classics to the graphic novel, they make sessions interactive and fun. The question and answer sessions cover amazing topics and the group photographs provide lasting memories of enjoyable experiences.
Hopefully we will continue to benefit from the Live Literature Funding for many years to come.