text:
https://www.thetelegraph.com/news/article/Local-firm-part-of-500-million-verdict-12595884.php
Local firm part of $500 million verdict
Alton-based law firm part of counsel in product liability suit against Johnson & Johnson
Sanford J. Schmidt, sschmidt@civitasmedia.com
Published 10:07 pm CDT, Saturday, March 19, 2016
ALTON — An Alton law firm is part of a $502 million product liability verdict against Johnson & Johnson, which sold hip replacement devices through one of its affiliates.
A spokesman for Alton-based Simmons Hanly Conroy said the jury verdict was for $142 million compensatory and $360 million in punitive damages after 37 days of testimony in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas Dallas Division.
A spokesman for Simmons Hanly Conroy said the firm has filed no similar cases locally.
The lawsuits, including those of more than 7,000 plaintiffs nationwide in the multidistrict litigation, claim that the market-leading DePuy implants were defective and caused metal debris to enter into patients' bloodstreams, causing severe injuries and sometimes leading to revision surgery.
"This is a significant and well-earned victory for the plaintiffs, who have suffered major injuries caused by these dangerous devices," said Jayne Conroy, a shareholder at Simmons Hanly Conroy and co-counsel for the plaintiffs.
Conroy is a member of a committee of other plaintiffs' attorneys who have been working on many suits against Johnson & Johnson in connection with the devices.
"The evidence in the testimony against J&J has been groundbreaking, particularly in relation to what, in effect, amounted to hundreds of millions of dollars in bribes to orthopedic surgeons to use and recommend this product."
According to Conroy, plaintiffs' attorneys also discovered several instances in which physicians lied in medical clinical testing of the devices and forged consent forms for patients who were using the product to lie about the results the patients experienced with the product.
"So, apart from the DePuy Pinnacle implant being a bad device to begin with, the deeper story has a much more evil component to it due to the manipulation of science to sell the product," Conroy added.
The case, decided in Dallas, is a combination of five cases brought by five plaintiffs.
The trial outcome is expected to be a significant factor in consideration for a possible settlement program to address the complaints of the remaining plaintiffs with cases involving DePuy Pinnacle, consolidated in the Northern District of Texas and overseen by U.S. District Judge Ed Kinkeade.
The DePuy Pinnacle hip implants have not been recalled. The DePuy Pinnacle implant design predates J&J's Articular Surface Replacement metal-on-metal hip device that in 2013 was the focus of a $4 billion settlement with patients who experienced complications with the devices.
A J&J spokeswoman told Reuters News Service the company will appeal.
John Beisner, a lawyer for the company, said he expected the verdict to be a costly victory that could be slashed significantly. Appeals courts often reduce massive personal-injury verdicts, and Texas law limits the amount of punitive damages that can be awarded to plaintiffs.
Beisner estimated that punitive damages could be reduced to as little as $10 million. Lanier said plaintiffs would address the issue in post-trial proceedings.
Lanier said the nine jurors returned a carefully considered verdict. "There are thousands of these cases, and J&J needs to get responsible," he added.
The verdict came in the second federal trial involving the Pinnacle device. J&J was cleared of liability in the first trial, which ended in 2014.
Verdicts in these early trials are not binding on the rest of the litigation, but are used to help gauge the value of the remaining claims. More than 8,000 Pinnacle lawsuits have been consolidated in Texas federal court.
Reach reporter Sanford Schmidt at 618-208-6449.


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using System.Reflection;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using Xunit;

// All other assembly info is defined in SharedAssembly.cs

[assembly: AssemblyTitle("Squirrel.Tests")]
[assembly: AssemblyProduct("Squirrel.Tests")]
[assembly: AssemblyDescription("Squirrel.Tests")]

// Setting ComVisible to false makes the types in this assembly not visible
// to COM components.  If you need to access a type in this assembly from
// COM, set the ComVisible attribute to true on that type.

[assembly: ComVisible(false)]

// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
[assembly: Guid("f781bbe0-d19d-41aa-a78b-c689b1943094")]

[assembly: CollectionBehavior(MaxParallelThreads=1, DisableTestParallelization=true)]
[assembly: AssemblyMetadata("SquirrelAwareVersion", "1")]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Top » Catalog » Lockheed Martin Prepar3D » Download
B-25 Mitchell Real World Audio
((LISTEN BEFORE YOU PURCHASE)))
Tech Notes:If used in conjunction with "Roy Chaffin's" B-25 aircraft each engine is independently controllable.
{Interior & Exterior audio samples were recorded from their respective positions}.
{Fine tuned so each stage of the RPM power band is accurately represented}.
{No Cross Channel Phasing}.
Compiled from real world recordings for a truly immersive sound experience inside and outside the aircraft.
Powerplant: 2x (Wright R-2600 Cyclone 14 (also called Twin Cyclone)
Timed Animations
Long Coughing Start Up
Shut-Down
Prop Trill
Prop Flutters
Stall/Air-frame Stress
Exit/Open/Close
Gear/Up/Down
Heavy Bass Flyby/Distance Doppler--> (Drone Heard Miles From The Airport).
The North American B-25 Mitchell was an American twin-engine medium bomber manufactured by North American Aviation. It was used by many Allied air forces, in every theater of World War II, as well as many other air forces after the war ended, and saw service across four decades.
The B-25 was named in honor of General Billy Mitchell, a pioneer of U.S. military aviation. By the end of its production, nearly 10,000 B-25s in numerous models had been built.These included a few limited variations, such as the United States Navy's and Marine Corps' PBJ-1 patrol bomber and the United States Army Air Forces' F-10 reconnaissance aircraft .
The B-25 was a descendant of the earlier XB-21 (North American-39) project of the mid-1930s. Experience gained in developing that aircraft was eventually used by North American in designing the B-25 (called the NA-40 by the company). One NA-40 was built, with several modifications later being done to test a number of potential improvements. These improvements included Wright R-2600 radial engines, which became standard on the later B-25.
In 1939, the modified and improved NA-40B was submitted to the United States Army Air Corps for evaluation. This aircraft was originally intended to be an attack bomber for export to the United Kingdom and France, both of which had a pressing requirement for such aircraft in the early stages of World War II. However, those countries changed their minds, opting instead for the also-new Douglas DB-7 (later to be used by the U.S. as the A-20 Havoc). Despite this loss of sales, the NA-40B re-entered the spotlight when the Army Air Corps evaluated it for use as a medium bomber. Unfortunately, the NA-40B was destroyed in a crash on 11 April 1939. Nonetheless, the type was ordered into production, along with the army's other new medium bomber, the Martin B-26 Marauder.
Curtiss Hell Diver Real World Audio
Fairchild A-10 R.W.A. Version 2.0
Pilatus PC-12 R.W.A.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Correlation of Elastohydrodynamic Friction with Molecular Structure of Highly Refined Hydrocarbon Base Oils
Hak Mook Kim1,2 &
Hugh Spikes2
Tribology Letters volume 68, Article number: 23 (2020) Cite this article
The molecular compositions of a range of low viscosity hydrocarbon base oils spanning API Groups II to IV have been quantified using 13C NMR and correlated with base oil elastohydrodynamic (EHD) friction. A strong correlation has been found between the proportions of paraffin, linear and branched carbons and EHD friction, with a high proportion of linear and paraffinic carbon atoms contributing to low-EHD friction but branched carbons contributing to high-EHD friction. Correlation equations have been developed to predict EHD friction based on base oil composition. At very high temperature and low pressure, this correlation breaks down as the lubricant in the contact does not reach sufficiently high shear stress for shear thinning to occur. For Group IV polyalphaolefin, the correlation must be extended to account for the very high proportion of linear carbons originating from linear alkene oligomerization. The correlations developed in this study can be used to guide the design of low-EHD friction base oils.
To meet challenging carbon dioxide emissions reduction targets, coupled with increasing demands of electric vehicles whose transmissions are subjected to very high torque and thus high contact pressures, industry is increasingly demanding high quality base stocks with superior elastohydrodynamic (EHD) frictional characteristics. Base stock qualities depend primarily on the crude oil feedstock and the refining process technology employed, and these result in widely differing base oil structures, and thus properties and performance, including EHD friction.
Crude oils consist of mixtures of hydrocarbon molecules with primarily paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic structures. They need to be refined to produce targeted base stocks suitable for lubricant applications. Since crude oils have both undesirable and desirable components, the refining process needs to be a balance between removing, converting and retaining components to achieve an appropriate molecular structural transformation to the target product.
Vacuum gas oil or deasphalted oil from distillation of crude oil is generally used as feedstock to produce base stocks. Unlike Group I base stocks which are rich in aromatics and typically obtained from solvent processes, paraffinic base stocks are produced by catalytic hydroprocessing routes including hydrotreating, hydrocracking, isodewaxing and hydrofinishing. To obtain highly refined and highly paraffinic base stocks featuring high viscosity index, low cold cranking simulator (CCS) viscosity, better oxidation stability and higher boiling temperature, a combination of waxy feedstocks and severe hydroprocessing technology is typically adopted [1].
Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) is present in lubricated components such as gears, rolling bearing, cam-tappet systems and constant velocity joints, where non-conforming contacts generate high strain rate and very high pressure. EHD friction is determined by how the lubricant molecules respond to these conditions. It is now recognized that EHD friction is mainly affected by the structure and flexibility of the base oil molecules present, since these control how easily molecular layers move past one another during shear at high pressure when the available free volume is very limited [2].
Although there have been many studies concerning the EHD friction properties of different base oils, these have mainly focused on synthetic base oils designed to provide high-EHD friction for traction drives [3, 4]. Studies of the EHD friction of conventional, petroleum-derived hydrocarbon base oils has been limited to exploring the impact of base oil viscosity and API group type, with little attempt to relate EHD friction to detailed base oil composition.
In this study, the EHD friction of low viscosity, highly refined paraffinic base oils such as are becoming prevalent in low-friction lubricant formulations is correlated with molecular structural parameters determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The aim is to better understand how to obtain low viscosity, hydrocarbon lubricants that provide low friction in EHD contacts.
There has been considerable previous research on the EHD friction properties of base fluids aimed at relating their friction behaviour to their composition. Gunsel and co-workers studied a wide range of base fluids from various refining processes and with different kinematic viscosities, and found that synthetic polyalphaolefin (PAO) and hydro-treated base oils gave lower friction than solvent-treated mineral base oils [5]. This has been recently confirmed by Zhang et al. [2].
Most systematic exploration of the relationship between EHD friction and molecular structure of base fluids has focused on synthetic base oils and especially fluids that deliver high-EHD friction [3, 4 6–11]. This is unsurprising since the molecular structure of most synthetics is much better defined than that of mineral oil-derived fluids. It has been shown that cyclic saturated ring structures give high-EHD friction [3, 6] and that the extent of alkyl chain branching also contributes to an increase of EHD friction [4]. Tsubouchi identified five key molecular structure features for high-EHD friction to be high molecular stiffness, large size, short alkyl chain length, high melting point and low molecular polarity [7,8,9,10]. Edgar and Hurley applied quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) to predict EHD friction based on friction measurements on a learning set of molecules of known structure to aid in the development of new traction fluids [11].
Oxygen-containing Group V synthetic base oils, such as esters and glycols have been another area of interest in terms of EHD friction behaviour. Hetchshel studied various polyglycols and found that ethylene-based ones gave the lowest EHD friction. He proposed that lubricant molecules with a thread-like shape and a minimum of pendant structural subunits or functional groups reduced the intermolecular interactions that contribute to EHD friction [12]. Chang et al. found that shear stress (and thus friction) was strongly dependent on ester structure, demonstrating that esters with long and linear chains gave low shear stress, while branched chain esters gave relatively high shear stress [13]. Zhang et al. measured the EHD friction properties of a very wide range of base fluids including synthetics and mineral oils. They confirmed the importance of molecular structure of the base fluid on EHD friction and that liquids having linear-shaped molecules with flexible bonds give lower friction than liquids with bulky side groups or rings [2].
Most of the studies above have employed disc machines or ball-on-disc tribometers and were aimed specifically at measuring EHD friction. A number of studies have also explored the impact of lubricant molecular structure on the friction and efficiency of actual engineering components. Rounds used a thrust ball bearing rig to measure the friction properties of several mineral and synthetic base oils and found that naphthenic base oils gave higher friction than paraffinic base oils [14]. Yang et al. measured the temperature rise of a loaded thrust bearing to correlate with measured EHD friction. Based on this, they suggested that EHD friction is one of the important lubricant properties in determining rolling bearing efficiency and found that Group III + , IV and ester (Group V) have generally low-EHD friction [15]. Yoshizaki et al. studied the influence of base oil structures on friction loss by testing spur gears [16] while Höhn et al. investigated the influence of base oil type on gear mesh losses [17]. They both noted torque reduction with synthetic base oils including esters, polyglycols and PAO, compared to mineral base oils.
In this study, highly refined hydrocarbon base oils with quite similar compositional types have been selected to conduct a systematic study of the impact of molecular structure on EHD friction. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been reported to be a powerful tool to understand the structural parameters of base oils and has been correlated with the latters' bulk properties such as low-temperature rheology and pressure-viscosity coefficient [18,19,20,21,22]. In this study, NMR has been applied to derive a range of quantitative structural parameters of the base oils of interest and a series of EHD friction property measurements has been made on the same set of base oils at various conditions. Finally, correlation by multiple regression fit has been made between the quantitative molecular structural characteristics and EHD friction. This correlation between structure and property can be used to inform the design of tailored molecules to create new base oils able to cope with the rising demand for high quality, low-friction base oils.
Test Fluids
The eleven hydrocarbon base oils used in this study are listed in Table 1. They include a range of Group II, III and IV base oils as classified by American Petroleum Institute (API) [23], with kinematic viscosities of around 4 centistokes (cSt) at 100 °C measured using the ASTM D445 test method. Although Group II + and Group III + are marketing terms generally expressed to differentiate higher VI base stocks within their own groups (Group II + : VI 110–119, Group III + : VI 130 or more), the base oil samples studied here were further classified based on their Viscosity Index (VI). PAO designated as Group IV was used as a synthetic hydrocarbon base oil.
Table 1 Hydrocarbon base oils tested
EHD Friction
EHD friction was measured using a mini traction machine (MTM2, PCS Instruments). In the MTM, a ball is loaded against the flat surface of a disc immersed in lubricant and these are independently driven to enable any desired combination of rolling and sliding speed. Friction curves were obtained at a fixed entrainment speed of 2.0 m/s over a wide range of slide-roll ratio (SRR) values ramped up from 0 to 50%. In this study, 19.5 mm diameter AISI 52100 steel balls and 46 mm diameter AISI 52100 steel discs were employed. Their root mean square surface roughnesses, Rq, were 11 and 5.5 nm, respectively.
The tests were conducted at five different temperatures, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 °C, and four different applied loads, 15.0, 25.9, 41.1 and 61.3 N, corresponding to mean Hertz pressures of 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 GPa, respectively.
EHD Film Thickness
The EHD film-forming properties of the test oils were also measured in order both to ensure that friction measurements were made in full-film EHD conditions and also to enable calculation of the mean shear rates present in the frictional contacts. EHD film thickness measurements were made using an ultrathin film measurement system (EHD2, PCS Instruments). This employs optical interferometry to measure lubricant film thickness in a rolling steel ball on coated disc contact [24].
In this study, the measurements of central film thickness were made as a function of entrainment speed in nominally pure rolling with a steel ball/glass disc combination at an applied load of 20 N.
13C NMR analysis was carried out on a 600 MHz NMR spectrometer in deuterated chloroform. The experiments were performed at room temperature and chemical shifts were measured with respect to tetramethylsilane (TMS) used as an internal standard. Neat base oils were analyzed without separation of saturate and aromatic fractions. Structural parameters of the base oils were computed from the data obtained from 13C NMR measurements.
Some of the EHD friction coefficient versus SRR curves obtained at different temperatures and pressures are presented in Fig. 1. All fluids were tested twice and all showed less than 5% variation between repeat tests under all conditions. All of hydrocarbon base oils showed a very similar pattern of frictional behaviour, where friction increased with pressure and decreased with temperature. There is an evident systematic variation of friction coefficient with API group except at very low pressure and high temperature.
EHD friction versus SRR for hydrocarbon base oils, a 40 °C/0.5GPa, b 40 °C/0.8GPa, c 80 °C/0.5GPa, d 80 °C/0.8GPa, e 120 °C/0.5GPa, f 120 °C/0.8GPa (The all set of EHD friction data shown in Appendix)
Film thickness measurements were made on all the base oils over the temperature range 40 to 120 °C. Figure 2 shows results at 40 and 100 °C. These measurements were used to estimate the film thicknesses in the MTM friction tests. In this estimation, allowance was made for the effects of differences in elastic modulus and applied load between film thickness and friction measurements by using the Dowson and Hamrock film thickness equation [25]. They showed that all subsequent MTM friction measurements were made in full-film EHD conditions with lambda ratio (ratio of central EHD film thickness to composite surface roughness) always greater than 4.
EHD film thickness versus entrainment speed for hydrocarbon base oils, a 40 °C, b 100 °C
These film thickness data were also used to determine strain rates (sliding speed/film thickness) to enable conversion of EHD friction curves to plots of mean shear stress versus strain rate as described later in this paper.
A 13C NMR spectrum of one of the base oils is shown in Fig. 3. The quantitative 13C NMR provides important details on the different types of carbon atoms present in the average structure of base oils. Therefore, it gives a compositional profile for each base oil including detailed paraffinic structure estimation. The general assignment of all of the peaks in 13C NMR spectra was carried out based on earlier studies [18,19,20,21,22].
13 NMR spectrum of hydrocarbon base oil GrIII(A)
The carbons are first divided into saturated (CSAT, 5–60 ppm) and aromatic (CARO, 90–160 ppm) types. As most of the base oils studied here are highly refined base oils, saturated carbon atoms are divided into paraffin carbons and naphthenic carbons to identify specific saturate carbon structures. Naphthenic carbons are poorly resolved in 13C NMR spectroscopy, which results in a broad hump in the 24–60 ppm region. Therefore, a baseline correction was applied to remove the naphthenic carbon background. Paraffin carbons are then further divided into linear carbons and branched carbons. Linear carbon content is determined by integrating terminal carbons on long alkyl chains with carbon atoms located 1, 2, 3 and 4 or more carbon atoms away from a terminal carbon. These are indicated as α, β, γ, δ, and ε in Fig. 4(a) and 13C NMR peaks of these are at 14.1, 22.9, 32.1, 29.6 and 29.9 ppm, respectively. Not included as linear carbons are those within three carbons of a tertiary carbon, as indicated by α′, β′, γ′ in Fig. 4a. Branched carbons are determined by integrating carbons in branched environments consisting of the total of pendant and terminal carbons in methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl groups as illustrated in Fig. 4b. These correspond to 19.2–20.1 ppm (3 and more-Me), 22.6–22.8 ppm (2-Me), 10.9–11.6 ppm (Et), 14.4–14.8 ppm (Pr), and 23.2–23.4 ppm (Bu).
Paraffinic structures of hydrocarbon base oil
The measured values of the above three derived structural parameters are listed in Table 2 for all the base oils except for the PAO which will be discussed separately in the discussion section.
Table 2 13C NMR structural parameters of hydrocarbon base oils
Shape of EHD Friction Curves
At most temperatures and loads, the friction coefficient versus SRR curves as illustrated in Fig. 1 show classical EHD friction behaviour, with a rapid rise in friction with SRR followed at higher SRR by a levelling out and then, at the highest loads, a slight drop in friction coefficient. Johnson and Tewaarwerk have produced the most widely accepted model of this behaviour [26]. At very low SRR and thus low strain rates, the fluid behaves in a Newtonian fashion, though this tends to be overlain at high pressures with an accommodation of some of the strain by a viscoelastic response of the fluid and elastic shear compliance of the contacting surfaces. When the strain rate and thus the shear stress reaches a critical value, often called the Eyring stress, the film starts to shear thin so that its shear stress no longer rises linearly with strain rate and this is responsible for the initial levelling out of the friction curves. At high shear stress and strain rate, the fluid film experiences a significant temperature rise due to shear heating, and this produces a full levelling out and even slight fall in the friction at high SRRs for most lubricants, including the ones tested in this study.
If EHD film thickness is known, friction coefficient versus SRR curves can be converted to graphs of mean shear stress (mean pressure multiplied by friction coefficient) versus strain rate (sliding speed divided by film thickness). This is shown in Fig. 5 for the two sets of friction curves at 40 °C in Fig. 1. In this figure, the graphs are plotted versus log (strain rate) and this shows approximately linear behaviour at high strain rate. This is as predicted by the Eyring-activated shear model which states that [26];
$$\overline{\tau } \, = \,\tau_{e} \sin {\text{h}}^{ - 1} \left( {\frac{{\eta_{\rho } \dot{\gamma }}}{{\tau_{e} }}} \right)$$
where τe is the Eyring stress above which shear thinning occurs, ηp is the low shear rate viscosity of the lubricant at the prevailing pressure and \(\dot{\gamma }\) is the strain rate [27].
EHD shear stress versus strain rate curves for hydrocarbon base oils, a 40 °C/0.5GPa, b 40 °C/0.8GPa
At shear stresses greater than about 1.5τe this simplifies to;
$$\overline{\tau } \, = \,\tau_{e} \log_{e} \left( {\frac{{2\eta_{\rho } \dot{\gamma }}}{{\tau_{e} }}} \right)$$
Isothermal Correction
Figure 5 shows that over much of the SRR range, mean shear stress is proportional to log (strain rate) but that at high strain rate the shear stress curves flatten and at high pressures, actually start to fall. This is due to shear heating of the EHD film at a combination of high shear stress and high strain rate. To determine the intrinsic EHD friction of base oils the effects of shear heating of the EHD film can be subtracted to obtain isothermal shear stress versus strain rate curves.
The mean temperature rise of oil film in a contact is the sum of the mean "flash temperature rise" of the two solid surfaces as they pass through the contact, Δ \(\overline{T}\) surf, and the mean temperature rise of the oil film above this surface temperature Δ \(\overline{T}\) oil, giving the mean oil film temperature in the contact, \(\overline{T}\) oil film as;
$$\overline{T}_{{{\text{oil}}\;{\text{film}}}} \, = \,T_{{{\text{o}}\,}} + \,\Delta \,\overline{T}_{{{\text{surf}}}} \, + \,\Delta \,\overline{T}_{{{\text{oil}}}}$$
$$= \,T_{{\text{o}}} \, + \,\frac{1}{{(2\pi K_{s} \rho c^{0.5} )}}\left( \frac{2b}{U} \right)^{0.5\,} \,\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}\, + \,\frac{{h_{c} }}{{8K_{{{\text{oil}}}} }}\,\dot{q}^{\prime\prime}$$
where To is the bulk temperature, Ks, ρ and c are the thermal conductivity, density and specific heat of the surfaces, respectively, b is the contact half width and Koil the thermal conductivity of the oil film. \(\dot{q}{^{\prime}}{^{\prime}}\) is the rate of heat generation by friction per unit area of film and is given by
$$\dot{q}^{\prime\prime} = \,\frac{{Fu_{s} }}{A}\, = \,\overline{\tau } \,u_{s} \, = \,\overline{\tau } \dot{\gamma }h_{c} \,$$
In Eq. 4, Ksρc = 7.95 × 107 J2 K−2 s−1 m−4, b was 98 µm at a load of 15 N, 118 µm at 25.9 N, 137 µm at 41.1 N and 157 µm at 61.3 N. Koil was estimated from data in [28] by selecting the nearest fluid type and correcting to the relevant mean contact pressures. For each measured friction value, the mean oil film temperatures in the contact calculated and mean shear stresses obtained from measured friction data were corrected back to their bulk test temperatures as described in [2].
Figure 6 shows the effect of this correction to isothermal conditions for a set of friction data. It can be seen that the correction has the effect of extending the logarithmic response region to higher strain rate, confirming the fit of the data to the Eyring shear thinning model. It does not change the ranking order of the various base oils in terms of their EHD friction.
Isothermally corrected EHD friction versus SRR for hydrocarbon base oils; dashed lines are isothermally corrected values
Eyring Stresses
Figure 7 shows calculated Eyring stress for hydrocarbon base oils tested in this study. Some of these were used to predict friction coefficient, and then compared with isothermally corrected friction curves of base oils, as shown in Figs. 9 and 10.
Calculated Eyring stress for hydrocarbon base oils
Friction Behaviour at High Temperature and Low Load
As can be seen in Fig. 1e, at very low pressure and high temperature, the friction coefficient versus SRR curves are almost linear and there is relatively little difference in friction between the different groups. This is because under these conditions, all the fluids are behaving in a predominantly Newtonian fashion and do not reach sufficiently high shear stress to experience shear thinning. In this case dynamic viscosity alone will control friction. Evans and Johnson have derived regime maps to describe lubricant film rheological response at different pressures and strain rates [29, 30]. These suggest that fluids behave in a Newtonian fashion at low strain rates, if they have low viscosity or are at modest pressure, but that in high pressure contacts, they show a shear-thinning response.
Figure 8 shows two sets of isothermally corrected shear stress versus strain rate data. The main graphs show shear stress versus log (strain rate) while the insets show shear stress versus linear strain rate. At high pressure and low temperature, the plots show that mean shear stress is proportional to log (strain rate). At low pressure and high temperature, however, the shear stress versus log strain rate curves are certainly not linear. Instead shear stress is proportional to strain rate suggesting little if any shear thinning in the EHD contact.
Isothermally corrected EHD shear stress versus log10 (strain rate) curves for hydrocarbon base oils, a 40 °C/0.8GPa, b 120 °C/0.5GPa. The insets show linear shear stress versus strain rate plots
Figures 9 and 10 compare isothermally corrected, measured friction curves with calculated ones. Figure 9 is for EHD friction measured at low temperature and high pressure (61 N and 40 °C). This is compared with two predictions, one assuming that the fluid experiences an exponential rise in viscosity with pressure but does not shear thin. The second allows both a piezoviscous response and also shear thinning according to the Eyring equation. For both predictions, the pressure-viscosity coefficient was taken to be 11 GPa−1 and in the shear-thinning prediction an Eyring stress of 11.7 MPa was used, as determined from the slope of the measured curve at high shear rate. It is evident that measured friction results from a fluid that is experiencing both piezoviscous response and shear-thinning response. By contrast, Fig. 10 shows that at low pressure and high temperature using a pressure-viscosity coefficient of 10 GPa−1, the friction can be predicted solely from a piezoviscous response without any shear thinning.
Comparison of isothermally corrected friction curve of GrIII(A) base oil at high pressure and low temperature with predicted curves based on (i) piezoviscous, Newtonian and (ii) piezoviscous Eyring shear-thinning response
Comparison of isothermally corrected friction curves of GrIII(A) base oil at low pressure and high temperature with predicted curve based on piezoviscous, Newtonian response
Correlation of EHD Friction and Structural Parameters
It is evident from Fig. 1 that base oil groups Group III, III + and IV show relatively low-EHD friction. As suggested by previous researchers [2, 5, 6, 12, 13] this can be attributed to more linear paraffinic molecular structures in higher base oil groups, which enable easier alignment and less interaction with neighboring molecules during shear at high pressure, thus favouring lower EHD friction. In the current study, detailed structural parameters for each base oil were obtained using 13C NMR as listed in Table 2 and multiple linear regression analysis of these parameters with EHD friction was carried out to model the relationship between them. Correlations were made for EHD frictions measured at each temperature and pressure at five different SRR values of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50%. As expected, the parameters of total paraffin carbons and linear carbons are positively correlated with EHD friction, but the parameter of branch carbons is negatively correlated.
Detailed results of regression analysis are presented in Table 3. Very close correlations with R2 coefficient of over 0.99 are obtained with EHD friction measured at 0.7 GPa and 0.8GPa at 80 °C and 0.8 GPa at 100 °C, while the average R2 for all EHD frictions measured was 0.968 and increased to 0.984 except for results measured at combined low pressure and high temperature (0.5 GPa and 0.6 GPa at 120 °C and 0.5 GPa at 100 °C). As indicated above in these last three conditions, although the contact is operating in the EHD regime, the shear stress in the contact is not high enough to cause shear thinning. Therefore all the fluids behave in a predominantly piezovisous Newtonian fashion and do not reach sufficiently high shear stress to experience shear thinning. To clarify the relative contribution of the three parameters, Table 4 shows the same fits but in normalized form. This shows that the linear carbons make the strongest contribution and also that branched carbons have a more significant effect at low than at high SRR.
Table 3 Detailed result of regression analysis relating EHD friction to 13C NMR structural parameters of base oils (in these regression equations, CP, CL and CB are fractional values, not percentages as in Table 2)
Table 4 Normalized regression equations relating EHD friction to 13C NMR structural parameters of base oils; (in these regression equations, CP, CL and CB are fractional values, not percentages as in Table 2)
Although the effects of molecular structure on EHD friction such as more linear chains and less branches to give lower EHD friction, have been reported mainly qualitatively, this study has clearly shown the effect of molecular structures quantitatively and a high degree of correlation based on detailed molecular carbon level. Thus, the findings could be applied to design lower EHD friction base oils to maximize fuel economy and energy efficiency.
The above correlations were made using the raw EHD friction data without thermal correction. Correlations were also tested using isothermally corrected friction data. The isothermally corrected average R2 coefficient was 0.964 and increased to 0.984 when results measured at 0.5 GPa and 0.6 GPa at 120 °C, and 0.5 GPa at 100 °C were excluded. These are almost identical to the uncorrected friction correlations of 0.968 and 0.984. This is unsurprising since the isothermal correction is based on friction in a systematic way and should scale linearly with friction.
EHD Friction and Structural Parameters of PAO
PAO has been included in this study to compare the effectiveness of the correlation for synthetic hydrocarbon base oils that have considerably different structures from mineral base oils. As generally recognized, PAO shows relatively low-EHD friction based on a very high proportion of linear paraffin chains. Although PAO is synthesized paraffinic base oil, 13C NMR structural parameters showed 6.9% of naphthenic carbons when a baseline correction is applied as was done for the rest of base oils. However, it was confirmed that the PAO sample has more than 99% paraffinic carbons by the mass spectrometry (MS)-based ASTM test method D2786.
Multiple linear regression analysis between EHD friction and 13C NMR structural parameters of hydrocarbon base oils including PAO (with CP: 93.1, CB: 10.5, CL: 50.6) give considerably lower R2 coefficients than when PAO is not included and the average R2 coefficient falls down to 0.908 (0.925 except for results measured at 0.5 GPa and 0.6 GPa at 120 °C and 0.5 GPa at 100 °C). This can be explained in terms of the unique molecular architecture of PAO, which has long chain branches on a main backbone. Based on the assignment rule applied to 13C NMR, carbons that are located 4 or more carbon atoms away from a backbone chain on long chain branches, corresponding to ε, δ, γ, β, α in Fig. 4a, are defined as linear carbons, but they are obviously on long branches.
The PAO sample used in this study was polymerized with 1-decene and the ratio of trimer, tetramer and pentamer can be estimated by gas chromatography (trimer 82.2%, tetramer 16.8%, pentamer 1%). Thus, after calculating the number of the linear carbons on long branches and reassigning them as branch carbons (CP:93.1, CB:19.9, CL:41.2), the average R2 coefficient is improved to 0.966 (0.980 except for results measured at 0.5 GPa and 0.6 GPa at 120 °C and 0.5 GPa at 100 °C), which is close to the R2 coefficient with mineral oils only. This improvement is shown in Fig. 11 which compares R2 before and after reassignment.
Regression analysis for EHD friction and 13C NMR structural parameters of base oils at 40 °C, a before, b after PAO reassignment
This study shows quantitatively the impact of molecular structures of highly refined hydrocarbon base oils on EHD friction. The relationship between the EHD friction and the molecular structural parameters of base oil has been established with very high R2 coefficient, especially at high pressure and low and mid-range temperature. The critical average structural parameters for the EHD friction are total paraffin carbons, linear carbons and branched carbons determined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Distinguishable EHD friction curves are achieved depending on API base oils (Group II, II + , III, III + , IV) with similar kinematic viscosity, reflecting the obvious differences in their molecular structures.
Hsu, C.S., Robinson, P.R.: Petroleum science and technology. Springer, Cham (2019)
Zhang, J., Tan, A., Spikes, H.A.: Effect of base oil structure on elastohydrodynamic friction. Tribol. Lett. 65, 13 (2017)
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Muraki, M.: Molecular structure of synthetic hydrocarbon oils and their rheological properties governing traction characteristics. Tribol. Int. 20, 347–354 (1987)
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Tsubouchi, T., Hata, H., Yoshida, Y.: Optimisation of molecular structure for traction fluids. Lubr. Sci. 16, 393–403 (2004)
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Chang, H.-S., Bunemann, T., Spikes, H.A.: The shear stress properties of ester lubricants in elastohydrodynamic contacts. J. Synth. Lubr. 9, 91–114 (1992)
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Yang, S., Reddyhoff, T., Spikes, H.A.: Influence of lubricant properties on ARKL temperature rise and transmission efficiency. Tribol. Trans. 56, 1119–1136 (2013)
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Sharma, B.K., Stipanovic, A.J.: Predicting low temperature lubricant rheology using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Tribol Lett 16, 11–19 (2004)
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The authors would like thank SK innovation Institute of Technology Innovation for their support for this study.
Institute of Technology Innovation, SK Innovation Co., Ltd, 325 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34124, Republic of Korea
Hak Mook Kim
Imperial College London, Tribology Group, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
& Hugh Spikes
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Correspondence to Hak Mook Kim.
See Figs. 12 and 13.
EHD friction data for hydrocarbon base oils at all conditions tested
Regression analysis data for EHD friction and 13C NMR structural parameters of hydrocarbon base oils
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Kim, H.M., Spikes, H. Correlation of Elastohydrodynamic Friction with Molecular Structure of Highly Refined Hydrocarbon Base Oils. Tribol Lett 68, 23 (2020) doi:10.1007/s11249-020-1265-5
Accepted: 02 January 2020
13C NMR
API groups
Base oil structure
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Friends who don't garden can't accept the idea that I am enjoying myself when I'm weeding. The myth that it's drudgery, an unpleasant chore, is too much with us. Truth be told, weeding is a stolen pleasure, time all to myself. The monotonous rhythm of repeated action allows my mind to wander—my imagination unclogs, and the frustrations of daily life are washed away with the glow of perspiration.


The employee filed the claim with the EEOC. The EEOC is the equal employment opportunity commission, a government agency that enforces all EEO laws. The federal agency process all claims, writes laws to protect employee rights and it is also responsible for gathering information and disseminating it appropriately. In addition, the EEOC is objective when reviewing cases as the same laws protect employers doing the right things against false claims from disgruntled employees. The law is complex as it can overlap with other laws to protect employees such as the Equal Pay Act, Age Discrimination Employee Act, Americans with Disability Act and the Vietnam Era Veterans Readjustment Act of 1974. These laws can unintentionally overlap one another or in some cases cancel each other out. In this case, the only law that applies is the Title VI of the Civil Rights Act as the employee's compensation was set according to standards, his age was not a factor, no disability was disclosed or recorded on file and the employee is too young to have served his country during the Vietnam War.
TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction	2 2. People Management	3 2.1. Line-managers training program	4 2.2. Motivating line managers	6 3. Diverse Workforce	6 3.1. Importance of Diverse Workforce	7 3.2. Challenges of Cultural Diversity	8 4. Teamwork Training	10 5. Evaluation and Appraisal	12 6. Conclusion	13 APPENDIX	14 Teamwork training course	14 Budget	26 REFERENCES	26 Introduction People Management Line managers play an important role in the management….
Exam 1 - Short Cases Exercising Strategy: Home Depot's Bumpy Road to Equality 1) Under the circumstances presented in this case, Home Depot was likely guilty of discrimination under the theory of "Disparate Impact." Disparate Impact is a theory of discrimination based on facially neutral employment practices that disproportionately exclude a protected group from employment opportunities. Discrimination by way of Disparate Impact does not require that the discriminating party intend to discriminate….


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Home News S.Africa: Zuma found guilty, opposition launches impeachment campaign
S.Africa: Zuma found guilty, opposition launches impeachment campaign
South Africa's President Jacob Zuma violated the constitution after he failed to repay some of the money he used to upgrade his private home, the country's highest court has ruled.
Following the ruling, the main opposition party has right away launched impeachment proceedings against Mr. Zuma.
In a unanimous judgement, the Constitutional Court said that Mr Zuma's failure to repay the money was "inconsistent" with the constitution, BBC reports.
"The president failed to uphold, defend and respect the constitution of the Republic," it added.
And according to the BBC, the Thursday ruling is a victory for the opposition, which accused him of using "ill-gotten wealth" to upgrade his home with a swimming pool and amphitheatre, allegations that President Zuma has denied.
The court has given the treasury 60 days, to determine how much he should pay back.
In March 2014, an investigation by an independent watchdog organisation, the Public Protector, found that Zuma spent 246 million rand ($15 million) renovating his home in Nkandla about 150 miles north of Durban shortly after he was sworn into office in 2009. The upgrades include a swimming pool, cattle kraal, chicken run, visitors center and an amphitheater.
Sources say that complaints about the renovations date to as early as 2009, the Public Protector's report shows, when the funds in question totaled 65 million rand ($4 million), but the upgrades carried on until it ballooned to 246 million rand ($15 million).
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Penn Medicine Discovery Could Lead to Fewer Side Effects from a Diabetes Treatment
A mouse study detailed the differences between the two forms of the protein PPARgamma, a target of "glitazone" diabetes drugs, could cut out weight gain side effects
By uncovering the subtle difference between two varieties of a protein, researchers from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania may have discovered how to eliminate the risk of weight gain from a certain type of diabetes medication. Through this, it's possible that more patients with diabetes could get more effective treatment from modified thiazolidinediones, which many likely avoid in their current form due to side effects. These findings were published in Genes & Development.
"One small, undiscovered difference between the two forms of a single protein proved to be extremely significant," said study senior author Mitchell Lazar, MD, PhD, the Willard and Rhoda Ware Professor in Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases at Penn. "Our findings suggest a way to improve on the mechanism of action of thiazolidinedione drugs, which holds promise for eliminating the side effect of weight gain."
The popularity of diabetes drugs called thiazolidinediones, which are also known as glitazones, has been reduced because of side effects such as weight gain. They work by activating a fat cell protein called PPARgamma (PPARγ). The protein occurs in two forms, PPARγ1 and PPARγ2, whose functional differences have been unclear. But when the Penn researchers examined each form of the protein on its own, they found that activating just PPARγ2 with a thiazolidinedione drug protects mice from diabetes-like metabolic changes—without causing weight gain.
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by the progressive dysfunction of the insulin hormone signaling system in the body, resulting in chronic, high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. This, in turn, contributes to the hardening of arteries, high blood pressure, heart attacks, strokes, and other serious diseases. Thought to arise largely due to obesity, poor diets, and modern sedentary lifestyles, type 2 diabetes has become epidemic in many countries. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has estimated that, in the United States alone, about 35 million people, roughly 10 percent of the population, are living with the disorder.
Thiazolidinediones, which include rosiglitazone (under the brand name Avandia), were introduced in the 1990s and, for many years, were widely used as diabetes drugs. They have since become less popular due to side effects. This has led some researchers to investigate whether new compounds could be developed that retain these drugs' therapeutic effects while having fewer side effects.
In their study, Lazar and his team approached this problem by taking a closer look at thiazolidinediones' target, PPARγ, which helps control fat cell production. The scientists studied two lines of mice: One greatly deficient in one form of the protein, PPARγ1, the other greatly deficient in PPARγ2. In the mice, the scientists showed that activating PPARγ1 or PPARγ2 with a thiazolidinedione had an anti-diabetic effect in each case, protecting mice from the metabolic harm of a high-fat diet.
However, the researchers discovered that activation of these two forms has subtly different downstream effects on gene activity. Specifically, in the PPARγ1-deficient mice (in which most of the present PPARγ takes the form of PPARγ2), the thiazolidinedione treatment caused no weight gain.
The finding therefore suggests that it may be possible to realize the benefits of thiazolidinediones without the weight gain side effect, by activating only PPARγ2 and not PPARγ1.
"We're now studying in more detail how PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 work and how they differ, in the hope of finding ways to selectively activate PPARγ2," Lazar said.
The research was supported by the American Diabetes Association, the American Heart Association, Cox Medical Institute, the JPB Foundation, and the National Institutes of Health (1-18-PDF-132, 827529, R01-DK049780, R01-DK121801, K01-DK125602).
Penn Medicine is one of the world's leading academic medical centers, dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and excellence in patient care. Penn Medicine consists of the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (founded in 1765 as the nation's first medical school) and the University of Pennsylvania Health System, which together form a $9.9 billion enterprise.
The Perelman School of Medicine has been ranked among the top medical schools in the United States for more than 20 years, according to U.S. News & World Report's survey of research-oriented medical schools. The School is consistently among the nation's top recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health, with $546 million awarded in the 2021 fiscal year.
The University of Pennsylvania Health System's patient care facilities include: the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Penn Presbyterian Medical Center—which are recognized as one of the nation's top "Honor Roll" hospitals by U.S. News & World Report—Chester County Hospital; Lancaster General Health; Penn Medicine Princeton Health; and Pennsylvania Hospital, the nation's first hospital, founded in 1751. Additional facilities and enterprises include Good Shepherd Penn Partners, Penn Medicine at Home, Lancaster Behavioral Health Hospital, and Princeton House Behavioral Health, among others.
Penn Medicine is powered by a talented and dedicated workforce of more than 47,000 people. The organization also has alliances with top community health systems across both Southeastern Pennsylvania and Southern New Jersey, creating more options for patients no matter where they live.
Penn Medicine is committed to improving lives and health through a variety of community-based programs and activities. In fiscal year 2021, Penn Medicine provided more than $619 million to benefit our community.
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The cardiology stethoscope from Almedic is designed to detect systolic and diastolic heart sounds in the low frequency range. The thicker design of the tubing provides superior sound transmission. Complete with extra set of ear tips, and a pediatric adapter.


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How will I know that the power of attorney, Court of Protection order or third party mandate has been lodged correctly with HSBC or if there are any issues?
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I am applying to become a deputy for an HSBC customer. Can you provide me with the security deposit I need to become a deputy from the customer's account?
If you submitted the documentation to us, we will contact you as soon as possible if there are any issues causing a delay in processing the third party access.
It can vary depending on whether we have received a complete and correctly filled out set of documents. We will contact you in case there are any issues causing a delay in processing your documentation.
You may appoint any number of third parties if you are using a third party mandate or power of attorney. The mandate or power of attorney must state clearly who has been appointed and whether they are authorised to act "jointly" or "jointly and individually" when making decisions. Appointing multiple third parties to act "jointly" means that they must all make decisions together, while appointing them to act "jointly or individually" means that they are authorised to make decisions together or alone.
Please note, for security reasons if the third parties can only make decisions "jointly", they will not be able to have access to telephone banking or online banking.
In the case of a Court of Protection order, the Court will decide who to appoint as a deputy and what their duties and powers will be.
Any third party access may include restrictions to the third party's powers depending on the wishes of the person providing access to his or her accounts. A third party mandate is a pre-printed bank document that allows you to choose from certain restrictions. Powers of attorney allow you to add your own restrictions.
Please note, for security reasons any restriction on a third party mandate or power of attorney will stop the third party having access to telephone banking and online banking.
In the case of a Court of Protection order, the Court will decide what restrictions, if any, should be made to the deputy's powers.
You and any other parties to the joint account need to agree and submit jointly signed instructions to us if you would like to appoint a third person to have access to the joint account.
If we are notified that you have become incapable of managing your accounts, any joint accounts you hold will be inhibited unless a third party can present us with a registered lasting or enduring power of attorney (stamped and perforated by the Office of the Prosecutor) or until we receive a Court of Protection order appointing a deputy to manage your accounts. Some pre-authorised payments, for example mortgage or utility bill payments, may continue to debit the account while it is inhibited.
If you lose capacity and you have an attorney appointed to manage the joint account on your behalf, any other parties to the joint account will be notified. The attorney and the other joint account holder(s) will have to agree on how to manage the joint account in the future.
Once you authorise another person to have access to your account(s), you will be responsible for their actions or omissions as if they were your own as long as you remain mentally capable. If you have given the third party access via a third party mandate or power of attorney, you do have the option of restricting the level of access they have.
If you lose capacity, the types of third party access which may be used would be a registered lasting or enduring power of attorney or a Court of Protection order. Registered attorneys and deputies have a responsibility to act in the best interest of the individual they represent. You can follow these links to the Directgov website to find out more information on the duties of deputies and attorneys.
The main differences are that a third party mandate is an HSBC-specific document that gives a third party access to your HSBC bank account. An ordinary power of attorney can be written by you and can give a third party access to different accounts in different financial institutions.
A specific ordinary power of attorney includes restrictions on what the third party has control over. You can find more information about the standard wording of an ordinary power of attorney on the Official UK Legislation website.
You may not need a third party to manage your bank account while you are abroad. If you have online or telephone banking access, you may still be able to do so yourself. Find out how to contact us.
If you absolutely need a third party to access your bank accounts, you can still make a power of attorney if you're already abroad by following the instructions here. You can then ask the attorney to submit the power to us in the UK, ensuring you include all supplementary documentation.
Any decision to accept a foreign power of attorney will be made on a case by case basis.
See our information pages on third party access for some potential alternatives if your power of attorney is not accepted.
You can find more information about mental incapacity and about the practical application of the 2005 Mental Capacity Act on the NHS website. You'll also find information on the Directgov website.
The enduring power of attorney was replaced by the lasting power of attorney on 1st October 2007 and both documents have almost the same application. Enduring powers of attorney may still be used as long as they were signed and dated before the 1st October 2007.
Both lasting and enduring powers of attorney are legal documents which allow the attorney to make decisions on your behalf. Lasting powers of attorney have to be registered with the Office of the Public Guardian in order to be valid. Enduring powers of attorney may be used without registering as long as you retain mental capacity.
Should you lose mental capacity, a lasting power of attorney will remain valid. An unregistered enduring power of attorney will be suspended if you lose mental capacity, but if your attorney registers it with the Office of the Public Guardian, it will be valid again.
You can find out more information on the Directgov website.
A registered lasting power of attorney gives a third party access whether or not you have mental capacity.
An enduring power of attorney is slightly different. If you have mental capacity they can use an unregistered ensuring power of attorney. But if you lose mental capacity, it must be registered with the Office of the Public Guardian before it can be used.
Once we are notified that you have lost capacity, the attorney's powers under an enduring power of attorney will be limited to actions which are essential to prevent loss to you and other people dependent on you. Depending on the situation, this could mean, for example, that some pre-authorised payments may continue to debit your account, such as payments for a mortgage or utilities. Once the enduring power has been registered, the attorney will regain full powers.
Both enduring and lasting powers of attorney must be made and signed by you when you still have mental capacity.
You have the option of appointing a limited company to act as your third party instead of a private individual. In this case, please ensure that the appointment and signing instructions are clearly outlined in the power.
The company acting as third party must provide the bank with a board resolution appointing named individuals to act on its behalf, as well as with specimen signatures which will be copied and processed with the rest of the documents submitted with the power of attorney.
We will ask to see suitable identification and verification of address documents for the attorney and anyone authorised to sign on your accounts on behalf of the company.
We will also carry out a credit search on the company to ensure that it has not been listed for bankruptcy in the past.
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We give information to the Office of the Public Guardian, not to solicitors, friends or relatives who are preparing an application. So unfortunately we can't give you any details about a customer's account unless you are a signatory to that account.
The Court may carry out periodic audits of a deputy's bank accounts to ensure that the deputy is managing the customer's assets in accordance with the Court order. If the Court of Protection or Office of the Public Guardian request specific information from us, we will respond to the request.
You can find more useful information about a deputy's responsibilities and powers on the Directgov website.
I'm applying to become a deputy for an HSBC customer. Can you provide me with the security deposit I need to become a deputy from the customer's account?
No. If the Court of Protection has required a security deposit, it must be in place before we can accept the Court of Protection order. The deputy must show us the original (or an original copy certified by a solicitor) of the letter containing the endorsement number of the security bond. This document will form part of the Court of Protection order and a photocopy of it will be retained by us for our records.
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Download sheet music for North Point InsideOut including new and popular songs such as, Death Was Arrested and Death Was Arrested. Each purchase of digital sheet music from PraiseCharts includes permission for up to 5 copies making it even easier to play and enjoy music from popular North Point InsideOut albums like Death Was Arrested. Browse top albums, popular worship songs and all North Point InsideOut sheet music.
North Point InsideOut is a worship band based out of North Point Ministries in the greater Atlanta area.
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ISPWP | Summer 2016 Winning Images!
We are so psyched to have TWO images place in the Summer 2016 International Society of Professional Wedding Photographers contest! As always, it's such a pleasure to be placed among these talented photographers world wide!
Be sure to check out the rest of this season's contest winners HERE.
ABOVE: Nicole & Bryan's ceremony at The Connors Center.
BELOW: Gillian, before she got into her dress at The Lenox Hotel.


text:
Zwierzyniec (polaco: Gmina Zwierzyniec) é uma gminy (comuna) na Polónia, na voivodia de Lublin e no condado de Zamojski. A sede do condado é a cidade de Zwierzyniec.

De acordo com os censos de 2004, a comuna tem 7261 habitantes, com uma densidade 46,3 hab/km².

Área
Estende-se por uma área de 156,78 km², incluindo:
 área agricola: 27%
 área florestal: 66%

Demografia
Dados de 30 de Junho 2005:

De acordo com dados de 2002, o rendimento médio per capita ascendia a 1255,73 zł.

Subdivisões
 Bagno, Guciów, Kosobudy, Kosobudy-Bór, Obrocz, Sochy, Topólcza, Turzyniec, Wywłoczka, Żurawnica.

Comunas vizinhas
 Adamów, Józefów, Krasnobród, Radecznica, Szczebrzeszyn, Tereszpol, Zamość

Ligações externas

Zwierzyniec

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Information inside a meta element describes the document.
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text:
Santa Maria La Alta es una junta auxiliar del municipio de Tlacotepec de Benito Juárez, ubicado al sureste del estado de Puebla, México.

Geografía

 Se encuentra a 38 km de la Ciudad de Tehuacán, a 103 km de la Ciudad de Puebla y a 225 km de la Ciudad de México.
 Está a una altitud de 1940 msnm. Es de clima semicálido con lluvias en verano.
 En 2010 tenía 6626 habitantes.

Sociedad
La mitad de los habitantes son miembros de distintos pueblos indígenas, y hablan su idioma además del español. La mayoría habita viviendas de una sola habitación, con suelo de tierra, actualmente un 70% de la comunidad ya cuenta instalaciones eléctricas, sanitarias, servicio de alumbrado y pavimento público.
La mayoría de habitantes de santa maría la alta, cuentan con una estabilidad económica, ya que hay muchas fuentes de empleo, a demás de tener presente la cultura de superación que caracteriza a esta comunidad.

La comunidad se identifica al ser  productores artesanos que más del 80% se dedica a esto, anteriormente solo esa la elaboración de columpios, cunas, acamas , sacudidores ,estantes, plumeros, etc. Ahora se ha ido desarrollando y existen fábricas reconocidas que dan empleo a varios pobladores los cuales  producen principalmente muebles exhibodores,  vitrinas, mostradores, rejas , maniquís .divisiones ,niveles, lokers todos los muebles para emprender un negocio. Es así que varias  pobladores hay salido a reconocer vendes su productos a otros estados como son Oaxaca ,Nayarit ,Guadalajara , Chiapas , Aguascalientes, Monterrey .

Ubicación
Ubicada al sureste del municipio de Tlacotepec de Benito Juárez, cercana a la zona arqueológica Santo Nombre, dentro del área de influencia regional de la ciudad de Tehuacán, Santa María La Alta es una microciudad de apenas 8 mil habitantes, cuyo valor es su elevada cohesión social propensa a la sustentabilidad urbana y ambiental. Su vocación es industrial.

Cultura
Santa María la alta es una comunidad la cual la mayoría de sus habitantes son de una cultura de trabajo la cual fueron desarrollando a través del tiempo, lo cual todo lo que han logrado es gracias a su trabajo y  su empeño por querer lograr lo neccesario para su comunidad. una cultura  que parte de la sierra negra del estado de puebla una comunidad con un número de habitantes los cuales hablan nahuatl y parte de otras lenguas

La mayoría de habitantes de santa maría la alta se dedican al comercio de mercancías, siendo este su principal fuente de ingresos,también exportando esta misma mercancía a todos los estados de la república mexicana.

Costumbres y tradiciones
Como era de esperarse esta comunidad tiene un gran espíritu en tradiciones y costumbres propias que con el paso del tiempo han permanecido a lo largo de la historia.

Algunos ejemplos claros de esto son:

Carnaval
Esta tradición es realizada entre tres y cinco días de los meses febrero o marzo. Las personas que suelen participar en esta festividad son hombres y niños en su mayoría, los cuales están divididos en dos grupos: barrenquero y barrio macho, llamados así por los barrios a los que perteneces (San Francisco y San Mateo).

Ambos grupos realizan recorridos en las calles por los días mencionados, disfrazados y bailando al compás de la música carnavalera.

para el último día, se realiza un conteo de los participantes de cada grupo y el que tenga una mayor cantidad será conocido como el que realizó mejor su trabajo.

Día de muertos
Otra costumbre con la que cuentan es el día de muertos donde las personas elaboran sus altares y las tumbas de seres queridos con flores y de más.

Fiestas patronales
La comunidad se encuentra dividida en cuatro barrios: Santa Rosa, San Mateo, San Francisco y Santa Teresa; cada una de estas son festejadas en distintas fechas al igual que la fiesta del pueblo en conjunto de La Inmaculada Concepción de María festejada el 8 de diciembre de cada año.

las fiestas incluyen bailes, procesiones, adornos florales y pirotecnia, entre otros.

Artesanías
Esta comunidad cuenta con una gran variedad en el tipo de artesanías que realizan ya que utilizan distintos materiales como palma, cinta, plumas, enequen o plástico.

Algunos ejemplos de las artesanías que se elaboran son:

Aunque la mayoría de estas artesanías son usadas para el comercio y sustento familiar, han sido utilizadas en distintas festividades como adornos o complementos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Nuestro México.com.
 Pueblos de América.

Localidades del estado de Puebla


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text:
Home » Uncategorized » Chile relations in trouble after spat
Chile relations in trouble after spat
by gandaily November 22, 2004 April 20, 2021
SANTIAGO, Chile (AP) — President Bush tried to mend relations in Latin America with fresh promises of immigration reform yesterday, while a new security spat surfaced with Chile after an embarrassing fracas in which Bush intervened.
Eston Bond
President Bush and his wife Laura arrive at the Estacion Mapocho Cultural Center at the APEC Summit Saturday in Santiago, Chile. To the right is the unidentified U.S. Secret Service Agent originally blocked from entering. (AP PHOTO)
What was supposed to have been an elaborate state dinner with 200 people yesterday was downgraded to an official working dinner, reportedly because Chilean President Ricardo Lagos balked at Secret Service demands for guests to walk through metal detectors. The guest list for the working dinner was pared down to the leaders, their wives and top aides.
On Saturday night, Bush waded into a scuffle that erupted when Chilean authorities blocked the president's Secret Service agents from accompanying him into a dinner. As tempers flared and a shoving match ensued, Bush pushed into the commotion, grabbed his lead agent, Nick Trotta, and pulled him inside.
The incident, shown repeatedly on television worldwide, was an unlikely episode in an otherwise staid gathering of 21 Pacific Rim leaders at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. In a moment of levity, the leaders posed in colorful, hand-woven ponchos — following the summit tradition of wearing native garb of the host country.
White House press secretary Scott McClellan, referring to the Saturday night scuffle, said, "The president is someone who tends to delegate but every now and then, he's a hands-on kind of guy."
Bush, arriving at La Moneda palace, greeted Lagos with self-deprecating humor: "Ricardo, aqui esta el gringo." Translation: "Ricardo, the gringo's here."
The two-day summit ended with pledges to shore up global security, fight terrorism and push ahead with negotiations to lower trade barriers seen as impediments to economic growth.
Bush opened the day with Mexican President Vicente Fox, discussing immigration issues that are sensitive on both sides of the border. Bush began his presidency with a campaign to improve relations with Mexico but his attention was diverted by the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001.
Renewing a plan, which stalled in Congress after he unveiled it in January, Bush urged changes in U.S. law that could allow millions of undocumented laborers to work legally in the United States on temporary visas but would not provide a path to citizenship. Fox hopes to persuade Bush to expand his plan.
"One way to make sure the border is secure is to have reasonable immigration policies," the president said. He said he assured Fox that Mexicans should be treated with respect and dignity in the United States.
Fox said he wanted to meet with Bush in Washington to discuss economic-security issues. "Mexico wants to fulfill its responsibility to make its economy grow, make it stronger, to have more jobs in Mexico," Fox said. "That is our first priority."
Fox said afterward he expected to meet with Bush in Washington in February or March to discuss migration and trade.
"Our friendship, our relationship is strong, it's a very optimistic one," Fox said.
Asked whether Bush had promised to move the immigration legislation forward, Fox told CNN's "Late Edition:" "What I got, and very firmly, is his will, his will to attend this issue."
Bush and Fox avoided talking about subjects where they differ, such as Iraq and Cuba, administration officials said.
The U.S. reputation in Latin America has been hurt by the Iraq war, which is deeply unpopular in the region. There also is a feeling that the Bush administration has neglected the needs of the Western Hemisphere, and there is friction over the U.S. push for open, freer economies, a campaign viewed by some as an unwelcome dictate from Washington.
After the summit, Bush met briefly with Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo to discuss an Andean free-trade pact involving Colombia, Peru and Ecuador in commerce with the United States.
Flying home to Texas today, Bush will stop in Cartegena, Colombia, to meet with President Alvaro Uribe, a conservative whose war against narcoterrorists and leftist rebels has received major funding from the United States.
The visit allows Bush to make a visible statement about the U.S. commitment to fighting terrorism. It also is meant to highlight American contributions that have helped to bring some stability to a country ravaged by decades of guerrilla war.
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Dhiren Desai (l) and Vikram Chaudhari sell lottery tickets at the Esquire News & Smoke Shop, Freehold, on April 3. Many small-business owners are concerned that privatization of the lottery would have a negative impact on business. ERIC SUCAR staff Like so many mom-and-pop shops around the state, Esquire News & Smoke Shop is an integral part of the downtown in which it is situated.
From early morning until the doors close at night, owner Vikram Chaudhari and his employees greet residents, area workers and other mostly familiar faces from Freehold Borough as they stop in for a newspaper, cigarettes, coffee or some other convenience — and, more often than not, a lottery ticket.
"Most customers are lottery players," Chaudhari said.
The 5 percent that Chaudhari receives from the state for his lottery sales represents only a tiny portion of his profits, and the 1 percent commission on jackpots amounts to even less. But that's not really the point, he said. Offering the lottery is more about drawing in customers than about profits made from the state's gambling enterprise.
"When they come in, they'll buy something else," he said. Some independent retailers that sell tickets feel threatened, however, by a plan introduced last year by Gov. Chris Christie that would turn over the lottery's marketing and sales to a private company. Opponents argue that this would kill jobs and hurt small businesses.
"Now in New Jersey, the overwhelming amount of lottery sales tend to be at small [independent] stores," said Seth Hahn, legislative and political director of Communications Workers of America (CWA) NJ, a telecommunications union that has voiced opposition to Christie's proposal.
Lottery sales in small retail outlets trigger the sale of higher-profit items, such as coffee, soft drinks and sandwiches — sales that Hahn and others believe could diminish if the private company set to take over the lottery focuses on larger retailers and moves ticket sales to the Internet.
Quinn said the move would not be a takeover of the entire lottery, but only a piece of it. Still, critics fear that it would put small retailers at the mercy of the private company in charge.
"There's nothing in the governor's proposal that would stop these private vendors from charging fees for using or maintaining lottery products," Hahn said.
The state's sole bidder in the solicitation process, initiated in August, was Northstar, a joint venture between GTECH, Scientific Games and the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System. The bid was for a 15-year contract that would begin with the company making a $120 million upfront payment to the state, an amount included in Christie's 2013 budget.
"This is just a bad way to plug the hole in the budget," state Assemblyman Patrick Diegnan (D-Middlesex) said.
Diegnan, along with other Democrats, sponsored a bill that would require legislative approval before privatization of the lottery could occur. Because the governor can use his veto power to strike down the bill, it is largely symbolic.
Diegnan and other critics of the move say Christie and his administration have been hush-hush about plans to bring in the private company.
"We couldn't even get the state treasurer to come before our committee and testify," he said.
Quinn said state officials are still evaluating the bid.
The relative silence on the issue isn't the only sticking point. Diegnan said that if selling off a major part of the lottery to a private group cannot be stopped, additional bidders should be sought to make the process fairer.
Aside from the obvious boon of the upfront payout, it's hard for some to figure out why the process is happening in the first place. The purpose, Quinn said, is to improve sales and possibly make other changes to the lottery.
"There's a concern that younger people are not playing the lottery as much as older people are," he said, adding that Northstar would operate under an incentive-based structure that would reward the company for increased lottery sales.
"The lottery's growth trend has slowed in recent years," Quinn said.
A study conducted by Macquarie, a statehired consultant, projects New Jersey's total lottery revenue to decrease by 0.8 percent by 2016, and contributions from the lottery to the state to decrease by 1.1 percent in the same timeframe.
Although the study also speaks of a gradual decline among the most frequent players of the lottery, it also shows that 2011 yielded $930 million, which was the highest contribution to the state since 2006. And in 2012, according to the New Jersey Lottery's website, it enjoyed record sales, grossing more than $2.7 billion and contributing more than $950 million to state coffers. It represents the state's fourth-largest producer of revenue.
"It generates about a billion bucks a year, and revenue is growing. I really just think it's ludicrous [to make changes to it]," Diegnan said.
"It's really a case of, if it's not broke, don't fix it," Hahn said.
The CWA points out that in Illinois, where Northstar entered into a similar deal, the company was expected to be a quarter-billion dollars short of projected revenue targets. According to a Chicago Tribune report, the company requested more than $230 million in concessions from the state of Illinois, but was later denied.
Quinn said New Jersey taxpayers would not be on the hook if revenue targets are not met.
"If they don't meet those [goals], then they would be liable to the state of New Jersey for the shortfall," he said.
Although opponents cite a range of issues with privatization, the one that may matter most to the average New Jerseyan is the potential loss of jobs.
The Asian American Retailers Association (AARA) estimates that 7,000 jobs would be lost in New Jersey if the lottery were privatized. However, Quinn questioned the validity of that claim, stating that the group's study has not been publicly released. The AARA did not respond to requests for a copy of the study.
"More retail dollars are being spent at chain stores and bigger stores," Quinn said, adding that it makes sense to try to optimize opportunities in those outlets. He noted that the plan, which remains preliminary, would not cast aside smaller retailers.
"Certainly, the lottery will want to maintain its base of independent convenience stores that have been with the lottery for a long time," he said.
According to Hahn, 63 New Jersey Lottery workers, or nearly half of the staff, would be laid off if the contract is signed.
Chaudhari said he thinks the move will have a negative impact on his store's sales.


text:
God Bless the Renegades is the first full-length solo album by Sevendust's guitarist Clint Lowery. The album was recorded and mixed at Studio Barbarosa in Gotha, Florida, produced by Michael "Elvis" Baskette. It was released under label Rise on January 31, 2020.

Track listing

Personnel
Clint Lowery – lead vocals, guitars, bass guitar, drums
Wolfgang Van Halen – additional drums
Michael "Elvis" Baskette – production, mixing, co-writing

See also
List of 2020 albums

References

2020 debut albums
Rise Records albums
Albums produced by Michael Baskette


text:
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice
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Home > Health Professions Division > College of Health Care Sciences > IJAHSP > Vol. 12 > No. 1 (2014)
Percentile Ranks for Walking Speed in Subjects 70-79 Years: A Meta-Analysis
James Roush, Still University
R. Curtis Bay, Still University
It has been suggested that walking speed is the sixth vital sign. To adequately assess the status of walking speed of patients, normative data or percentile ranks are required. The purpose of this study was to develop percentile ranks for walking speed using a meta-analytic approach for independent, community-dwelling males and females between 70 and 79 years of age. Using PubMed and CINAHL, articles were included in the analysis if: 1) subjects were between 70 and 79 years of age; 2) "walking speed" was described as "comfortable," "preferred," "usual," "normal," or "self-selected"; 3) subjects were classified as independent and community-dwelling; 4) data were provided separately for males and female; 5) means, standard deviations (SD) and sample size were presented or easily discerned; and 6) the English language was used. Two systematic reviews (Bohannon and Andrews, Rydwik et al) were also used to help identify relevant studies. Articles were not included if the sampling methods or testing protocol were not well described by the authors. Principal author, country of study, and timing method, mean walking speed, SD, and number of subjects were obtained for each article. Weighted means, pooled SD, and percentile ranks from 5 to 95 were calculated. Samples of 6359 males from 22 studies representing 10 countries and 12064 females from 34 studies representing 12 countries were used for analysis. Minimal Detectable Changes (MDC) were also calculated for 95% and 90% confidence levels. The weighted mean walking speed was 116.72 cm/sec (pooled SD + 18.77) for males and 105.49 cm/sec (pooled SD + 21.20) for females. Percentile ranks from 5 to 95 were calculated for males and females. For females, the MDC95 was 10.18 cm/sec, while the MDC90 was 8.57 cm/sec. For males, the MDC95 was 9.01 cm/sec, while the MDC90 was 7.59 cm/sec. Percentile ranks are easy to explain and easy to understand, and may be used as adjunctive information during routine healthcare visits.
Roush J, Bay RC. Percentile Ranks for Walking Speed in Subjects 70-79 Years: A Meta-Analysis. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 2014 Jan 01;12(1), Article 5.
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