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Great Again* Conversation between two distressed/ hopeful playwrights
Apr 12, 2017 – Stages of Resistance
by Chiori Miyagawa & Crystal Skillman
This piece is part of a blog salon, curated by Caridad Svich, called "Stages of Resistance." The series welcomes reflections on themes related to making work for live performance in political and aesthetic resistance to forms and systems that oppress human rights and censor or severely limit freedom of expression. We are in increasingly hostile, volatile times around the world, and this salon hopes to serve as a space for considered, thoughtful, polemical articulations of practice and theory on the subject of resistance, the multiple meanings of political art, and the ways in which progressive, wholistic cultural change may be instigated through artworks. Stay tuned for more articles and reflections in this series throughout March and April 2017!
CHIORI MIYAGAWA: One thing I am grateful about is you and I are talking, even if most of what we talk about is terrible news. We started talking before the 2016 elections and we virtually held hands while we wrote our respective plays in a state of disbelief—your Test and my In the Line.
CRYSTAL SKILLMAN: At points it feels like fiction is all we have, with how harsh reality is right now. I really think through writing them, not only are we trying to get through this, but we're so aware the plays are creating a space for our potential audience to go through it. But also, as playwrights working in tandem, your hand in mine was incredibly helpful.
CHIORI: I appreciate your friendship enormously. My faith in fiction fluctuates though. But right now, I feel mostly crazy getting yet another bad news - defunding the NEA. There hasn't been enough funding of the arts for decades anyway, but declaring what we make completely worthless is a powerful message in this capitalist society. I don't dare compare our situation to other countries in which writers are imprisoned, but I now think such a scenario is possible in the US. I am realizing acts and words that used to be considered unfathomable are mere possibilities today. I wasn't planning to write a new play until Michole approached me, and I don't think I could have written it without knowing that you were writing one simultaneously. I'm still a playwright because of you and Michole.
CRYSTAL: It's amazing Project Y Theater matched us, and the terrible outcome of the elections brought us closer. While we are such different writers, we've always been doing political work. Though mine has been veiled a bit in genres of comics, film, punk rock, etc.
CHIORI: I've felt that who I am - an immigrant, woman, Asian - made what I write political.
CRYSTAL: But now, we're coming at it in a whole new way, or that's how I'm feeling. It's not only art we're proud of, but there is such energy in these plays and this project. We're fueled for this, really fired up.
CHIORI: I admire your energy. I still wake up with some degree of dread every morning. It feels like I'm standing in line holding my breath for the first female president to come on stage only to find out the play doesn't exist.
CRYSTAL: What I love about your piece, Chiori, is how you actually address our feelings about waiting in line, and our sense of loss and grief in such an energetic, funny, and theatrical way. I love the style of it.
CHIORI: I appreciate the unpredictable actions of the characters in your play. The initial event that propels the play conjures certain expectations in the audience. But the characters keep surprising us. It shows the complex nature of people in emotional crisis.
CRYSTAL: Test came to me in such a strange, interesting way. I knew Ada, a high school teacher, would be the center of the piece. She finds a swastika drawn into one of the student desks. She tutors two students separately, and they both think the other did it for different reasons. The discovery of who it is drives the play. I knew the play would be structured for Ada to address the audience as students, but also the scenes would never show the two students together. The structure and idea came fast. I then had the chance to explore the character of Ada when I was asked to write for Primary Stages' Morning in America, which happened at the Cherry Lane in February.
CHIORI: That sounds very productive. It took me months to wade through rage and misery and walk toward making an effort for recovery. In the Line is a magical world, but the core of the narrative is about this journey. I remember standing in line to vote in the morning of November 8th and feeling confident. I then went to speak to the NYU students in Kristin Horton's class about Antigone Project – a project by five female playwrights that I conceived as we were approaching Bush's second-term election. That day, I was arrogant about the roles that women and people of color would play in the near future. In the same evening, everything I said to Kristin's students was disproved.
CRYSTAL: Days after, swastikas appeared in a park right by me where I go every day. That we woke up and felt the hate people had been holding inside spilling out changed all of us, I think, forever. The first morning I was walking and two men screamed at me from a van, "Hillary lost bitch." I teach college and as a guest artist at several high schools with Theater Development Fund. I see the school system every day as an outsider. I see how teachers have to navigate the system. What drives the play, beyond the huge stakes of a hate symbol appearing before children, is Ada's devotion to fairness. She is thoughtful. I believe our culture demands quick judgments. We want to be right all the time. We want assurances. We want lies to be honest. We fall for quick fixes, and that's on both sides of the political climate. We seek honesty, but are quick to blame before we step up. It's a culture of constant criticism.
CHIORI: I probably agree with all that you said, but would go a step further. I got confirmations on two human tendencies: our memories lie to us and it's easy for us to lie to ourselves. These two conditions create an untrustworthy society. This isn't a new thought. But a safety mechanism that occasionally saved us got removed, resulting in increased incidents like what you experienced with men screaming at you. I'm mortified by eons of lies that make the world, so I jammed random verifiable facts in my play. I'm currently teaching a course titled "Writing Plays based on Facts and Data." Some of the strange facts in the play were presented to me by my students.
CRYSTAL: I love that! So, something we haven't chatted about is that these two plays were written in like…two months!
CHIORI: But in reality, we've thought about nothing else for a long time.
CRYSTAL: And they are so rich and exciting. Chiori, your play In the Line has a visceral, poetic quality that is mesmerizing. Looking for an unidentifiable item we lost in line is exactly how we're all feeling. We have all lost something precious and are now looking for how to go on from here.
CHIORI: The image of a woman standing in line was all I had for a long time. In your play, Test, the crisis is immediate and feels very authentic. I like the reveal that comes, which is completely unexpected. It makes me ask: "who is really the enemy?" Caridad posed a question to us about how progressive cultural change could be made through art in these increasingly volatile times around the world. What are your thoughts?
CRYSTAL: I think we're creating stories that make people talk, think, and I hope act. In Test, Ada seeks a place for these students to grow, and feel safe, but these things are at odds with her temperance. But it is her temperance that makes her such a good teacher. She teaches not for herself, but for them. But in her self-sacrificing we see how she is selfish in her private life - she has trouble with those who are "weak." We witness her tracking her mother's progress in a home. Ada is us, with the best intentions, succeeding and failing at the same time. I think this is what activism is. There is no universal win. It is steady work. It is plowing a path.
CHIORI: Our plays are very different, but both create a shocking circumstance at the beginning, yet neither play resolves it neatly at the end. We are facing an era of people creating fake answers to serious problems. My way of addressing this scary notion is not to have all the answers in my play. To be honest, I'm sick of people who have bullshit answers.
CRYSTAL: Right on. What makes the shared bill work so well is how our humor has played into exploring the darkness of these works. I mean these plays are funny!
CHIORI: In part. And in part heartbreaking. I find your play has a more poignant ending, while my play ends with an unidentified hope. But in life, I think you're the optimistic writer and I'm the more cynical one.
CRYSTAL: All this from two writers who grew up in a horrible, complicated, visually beautiful place called Upstate…I still can't believe we came from the same town, but only just met!
CHIORI: I know! I was doing what's called "home stay" during my high school years with families in houses surrounded by huge manicured lawns. IBM was still based in Upstate.
CRYSTAL: A defining part of my life there was around age twelve. I refused to ride the bus. I was being made fun of, so I considered it a moving prison. I told my mom I wasn't going to school anymore because I was never getting on the bus again.
CHIORI: I can see school bus as a moving prison. For me, nothing hurt more than riding those yellow buses. I was the only Asian student in a class of six hundred. No one talked to me. No one ever sat next to me. The severe loneliness of being a complete outsider I experienced then probably later made me a playwright. This will sound like a non-sequitur, but - comics?
CRYSTAL: Comics!
CHIORI: When I was a child in Japan, my singular inspiration was graphic novels for girls and women. They were epic, historical, and beautifully drawn. My favorite character was a transgender captain of the French Loyal Guard at the time of revolution. They join the common people in the end and betray Marie Antoinette!
CRYSTAL: I've been in the comic book culture for some time with my hubby writing comics, and many of my plays, Geek and King Kirby with Fred, explore that world. The TV show we have now focuses on comic book creators through the decades, following a fictional family rise in that industry. This year I finally wrote my first comic! For me, the beats in plays and comics work very similarly. The theatricality of what keeps you in your seat, and turns the page, are the same. I love writing for both.
CHIORI: We are so different, but made of similar parts. DNA-wise, we are nearly identical. It's helpful for me to remember this in divisive times.
CRYSTAL: It's been really cool to get to know each other through this project.
CHIORI: You help me keep writing while the government tries to kill intelligent thoughts, kill dignity, kill the environment, kill the refugees, kill poor people, seniors, immigrants, women, and kill the culture.
CRYSTAL: That's why our plays focus on how we can live. That's important. Today, I'm celebrating. It's my birthday.
CHIORI: What!? April 2nd is your birthday?
CRYSTAL: Yeah.
CHIORI: It's MY birthday, too!
CRYSTAL: What!?
*Great Again, an evening of theater in two parts - Test by Crystal Skillman and In the Line by Chiori Miyagawa - will perform at the new ART/N.Y. Theater in June 2017, directed by Jessi D. Hill and Kristin Horton. Both one-act plays are commissioned by Project Y Theater (Co-Artistic Directors: Michole Biancosino & Andrew Smith) and developed at The Lark.
We are facing an era of people creating fake answers to serious problems. My way of addressing this scary notion is not to have all the answers in my play. To be honest, I'm sick of people who have bullshit answers."
Chiori Miyagawa is a playwright, an educator, and a registered voter in New York City. Her plays vary in subject and style, yet they all bear a unique signature—elements of magic realism, collapsed time, and a theme of memory and identity. They have been produced off-Broadway, at renowned performance houses in NYC, and regionally. Currently, she is working on a libretto based on her play This Lingering Life, which premiered in San Francisco in 2014, in collaboration with renowned librettist Mark Campbell (Pulitzer Prize, Silent Night) and composer Anne LeBaron. This Lingering Life was one of five finalists for Theater Bay Area Best Premiere of New Plays Award. Twelve of Chiori's plays are collected in two books: Thousand Years Waiting and Other Plays, published by Seagull Books and America Dreaming and Other Plays, is published by NoPassport Press. Her work has been supported by many fellowships and grants including a New York Foundation for the Arts Playwriting Fellowship, a McKnight Playwriting Fellowship, a Van Lier Playwriting Fellowship, an Asian Cultural Council Fellowship, a Rockefeller Bellagio Residency Fellowship in Italy, MAP Fund (twice from the Rockefeller Foundation and once from Creative Capital), and a Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies Fellowship at Harvard University. She is an alumnus playwright of New Dramatists, a member playwright of Lark Play Development Center, and a Usual Suspect of New York Theatre Workshop. She teaches playwriting at Bard College. chiorimiyagawa.info
Crystal Skillman is an award-winning Brooklyn based playwright. Another Kind of Love, about a family of punk rock singers, played at the Chopin Theater in Chicago in a production with Infusion Theater Company and earned rave reviews. Her three recent plays, King Kirby, co-written with Fred Van Lente, Geek! and Cut, have all earned Critics Picks from The New York Times. Wild earned three 2014 New York Innovation Theater Award nominations for its sold out production at IRT Theater ,following a critically successful run in Chicago and Off Broadway in MCC Theater's Playlabs at the Lucille Lortel. Skillman's other plays include: The Vigil or The Guided Cradle, winner of the 2010 New York Innovative Theatre Award for Outstanding Full-Length Script, and her new plays, Rain and Zoe Save the World, about two teenage activists on a cross-country mission and Pulp Vérité. Musicals with award-winning composer Bobby Cronin include: The Cover, and the musical theater adaption of the film Mary and Max. Awards include the 2015 Clifford Odets Ensemble Play Commission. She is a proud member of EST, where she started her career as a playwright in Youngblood. EST Productions/Commissions include: Tooth (Youngblood), Flow, and The Ballad of Phineas P. Gage (EST/Sloan Commission, HERE/Drama of Works Production). Other memberships include: Women's Project Lab and the Soho Rep Writer/Director Lab. Her work can be found at her publisher Samuel French, and indietheaternow.com. Crystal teaches playwriting at Pace Univeristy. crystalskillman.com
More From "Stages of Resistance" >


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Q: System screen started from intent does not survive orientation change In my android app I want to want to save contacts in the addressbook via Intent. The Intent works just fine. However, the following screen (Choose in which address book the contact should be saved) does not survive an orientation change of the activity and the devices goes back into my app.
Effectively, my user has to press my button "Save contact" again, and the system screen is shown again.
What I want to achieve is that this system screen will not be killed by an orientation change.
In case my English has failed me, here have a screenshot:

A: I don't know if you can avoid the screen being killed, as the system needs to recreate it to fit the changed screen dimensions.
But you could implement that after killing the screen while orientation change you instantly open the dialog again(maybe even pre filled with the data it contained before).
How to build that workarround
You could hold some Boolean variable like 'isDialogActive' in your activity which you set true when the dialog is opened and set to false when the dialog gets closed.
Next up you can save that Boolean to the Bundle in onSaveInstanceState lifecycle function.
protected void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle bundle) {
   super.onSaveInstanceState(bundle);
   bundle.putBoolean("is_dialog_active", this.isDialogActive);
}

So now when your orientation changes, you safe information whether the dialog was active before the rotation or not to a Bundle. This Bundle survives the orientation change and gets passed to onCreate after the change.So now we can use this information(the Bundle) when the activity is recreated in the onCreate lifecycle function.
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle bundle) {
    boolean dialogWasActiveBeforeChange =
             bundle.getBoolean("is_dialog_active")

    if ( dialogWasActiveBeforeChange){
       //use your logic that opens the dialog ( that logic should also set
       // this.isDialogActive to true )
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


What is the best way to display my street address at my residence?
Is there a bus system in the County?
Who is responsible for maintaining roads in Albemarle County, including snow removal and clogged storm drains?
I need to get an address, who should I talk to?
What are the Development Areas?
What are the Rural Areas?
What can I do with this piece of land?
What is the "Neighborhood Model?"
I heard that the County is buying development rights. How do I find out more?
I'm on a private well and worried about water supply. How can I connect to the public water system?
Will placing my property in an Agricultural/ Forestal District keep development out of my neighborhood?
Do I need permission to make changes to my historic property?
Where can I get more information about my historic property?
Albemarle County has several regulations regarding the proper display of addresses that help ensure that street addresses are prominent and visible to passing vehicles, particularly emergency service vehicles.
Address numbers should be displayed at the primary access entrance on a mailbox, fence post or other suitable location that is easily visible from the road.
The address number should be displayed as numerals and not spelled out.
The numerals displayed should be at least three inches in height on a contrasting background.
Numbers should be properly maintained by the property owner to make sure that they remain readable from the road.
There are two transit systems serving Albemarle County. Charlottesville Transit Service has bus service along Route 29 North to WalMart and the Route 250 East corridor to Pantops Shopping Center. Please call (434) 296-RIDE for scheduling information.
JAUNT serves rural Albemarle County and is the para-transit provider for the community. For additional information, please call JAUNT at (434) 296-3184.
Unlike some jurisdictions who maintain their own roads, Albemarle County's roads are maintained by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). The Albemarle area office phone number is (434) 293-0011. VDOT also has a Highway Helpline, (800) 367-7623, that you can call to report road hazards or receive information on road conditions around the state.
The Development Areas are the places designated in the County for growth to occur, primarily the urban ring around Charlottesville, along Route 29 North, in Crozet and in Glenmore. They are served by streets, public water and sewer, and are the places in which the County locates new schools, libraries, and other services. A map of the Development Areas can be seen on-line or in the Comprehensive Plan which is located in the Department of Community Development in the Albemarle County Office Building on McIntire Road. The County deliberately channels development projects to the Development Areas in an effort to help the Rural Areas remain rural. For more information click HERE.
All land outside the Development Areas has been designated Rural Area. Agricultural and forestal resources have been identified as the most critical County resources and the desired primary land use in the Rural Area. The goal of the Comprehensive Plan is to protect the elements that define the Rural Area: agricultural and forestal resources; water supply resources; natural resources; scenic resources; historic and cultural resources and limited service delivery.
All land outside the Development Areas (approximately 95 percent of the County) has been designated by the Comprehensive Plan as Rural Areas. The Guiding Principles for the Rural Areas recognizes in policy development that all of the following defining principles are important components of the Rural Areas: agriculture, forestry, water supply, natural, scenic historical, archeological, and cultural resources, as well as land preservation and conservation. For more information click HERE.
Every property within Albemarle County is governed by a set of regulations. There are state regulations regarding the use of land. Further, every property has a comprehensive plan land use designation and a zoning district classification. The many layers of regulations are realized with very different results, depending on the specific characteristics of the property. We suggest visiting the Department of Community Development with your questions, so that a thorough review of the property's specific characteristics and relative regulations can be completed.
The Neighborhood Model is a part of the Comprehensive Plan. For the County's designated Development Areas, it recommends a form for new development and redevelopment that is pedestrian friendly, promotes road connections, encourages mixed use, and encourages better sculpting of the terrain when the terrain is graded. It identifies where neighborhood centers promotes a streetscape that includes curb, gutter, sidewalks, and street trees. It promotes affordable housing and sensitivity in how the boundaries of the Development Areas and Rural Areas are developed. For more information click HERE.
The Acquisition of Conservation Easements (ACE) program has been developed to protect farm lands, open space, forest lands and other critical resources in the Rural Areas by purchase of voluntary conservation easements. The landowner retains ownership and use of the land and can tailor the easement to meet their specific goals and vision for the property. For further information, please contact Planning at (434) 296-5832. For more information click HERE.
If you are located in the Development Areas, contact the Albemarle County Service Authority (ACSA) at (434) 977-4511. They can tell you if you are in a jurisdictional area for public water and sewer. If you are not in a jurisdictional area and are not in the Development Areas, in most cases, you will not be able to connect to the public water or sewer system. If you are in the Development Areas and not the jurisdictional area, contact Planning at (434) 296-5832 to request a jurisdictional boundary adjustment.
For the period that the land remains within an Agricultural Forestal District, the land may not be developed to a more intensive use. Landowners adjacent to an Agricultural Forestal District may be restricted from developing land uses which are not permitted by-right, and which are in conflict with adjacent agricultural/forestal uses. For more information click HERE.
No. Albemarle County has not adopted a historic district ordinance, so you do not need permission from the County to make changes to your historic property. However, the County values all of its historic resources and encourages property owners to carefully consider all proposed changes and additions to historic resources to ensure that the changes will not diminish the architectural or historical significance of the resource. For more information click HERE.
Appendix G of the County's Historic Preservation Plan includes a reading list on the architectural history of the County. Copies of the plan can be purchased in the Department of Community Development for $4.00 or can be downloaded by clicking HERE.
The ARB - or Architectural Review Board - is a five-member board appointed by the Board of Supervisors to review proposed developments in the County's Entrance Corridors. Entrance corridors are roads that provide access to and through significant historic areas. The purpose of the review is to ensure that new development is orderly, attractive, and compatible with the traditional architecture of the area. Additional information on the Architectural Review Board process can be found in the Albemarle County Design Guidelines, copies of which are available in the Department of Community Development. For more information click HERE.
Below are some frequently asked questions regarding zoning and other development or issues that may be going on in the County. If you do not see your question here please send an e-mail with your specific question by clicking this link: Zoning Question?
People dump trash in a vacant lot in our neighborhood, what can we do about it?
There is a dead deer alongside the road in our neighborhood -- who can I call to remove it?
My neighbor's yard is a real mess. What can I do about it?
I saw some kind of red County sign on a piece of land near me. How do I find out what's going on?
I want to give part of my property to a family member. What do I have to do?
I want to open a business in my home, who do I need to talk to?
We want to put up a banner for our neighborhood event -- is there a sign ordinance in the county?
How do I find out what the zoning is on my parcel of property and what I can do with that property?
What are the setbacks for fences and sidewalks?
What are the regulations for a mother-in-law apartment?
If you are having problems with illegal trash dumping in your neighborhood, you should contact (434) 296-5834. The automated message will instruct you in filing a complaint which will be investigated and then appropriate action will be taken. You can also file a complaint online by following this link Code Enforcement Complaint Form.
If a dead deer or other animal carcass is located in the roadway or in the right-of-way alongside the road, you should contact the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) at (434) 293-0011 to have it removed. If the animal is on private property, it is the property owner's responsibility to dispose of the carcass.
Although there is no weed ordinance in the County, we can take action if property owners have debris or junked vehicles on their property. You should call Zoning at (434) 296-5834 if you feel that there is a situation that should be investigated. You can also file a complaint online by following this link Code Enforcement Complaint Form.
Albemarle County is required to post public hearing notices on properties which are the subject of an application for certain actions that need Planning Commission, Board of Supervisors, or Board of Zoning Appeals review. The sign you saw was for one of three types of public hearings. The three types of hearings are for Special Use Permits, Zoning Map Amendments and Variances. To find out why the sign has been posted, call the Department of Community Development at (434) 296-5832. A database will be consulted and you should be provided with the application type, the name of the application, the date or dates that the application will be heard, which board will here the application, and the name of the staff person handling the application. Click HERE to search the database by either sign number or name of the application if known.
You will have to apply for a "family division' at the Department of Community Development. With that, you would submit 3 copies of a plat showing the proposed division that has been drawn up by a certified surveyor. This surveyor should verify that the new property has a building site for a new house and that the road serving the property is adequate. If a new driveway is proposed on a public road, a permit from the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) must be obtained and their approval must be submitted with the plat. The properties must also be "perked" by a soil specialist and the completed soils report must be submitted to the Planner reviewing the family subdivision application.
Another consideration for a family subdivision is an official verification from an attorney in the form of a letter that states that the division is, indeed, a "family division" as specified in the Albemarle County Subdivision Ordinance.
Please note that if you are doing a family division, property can only be granted in direct lineage, meaning that the property can't be conveyed to a sibling or cousin for example. Only parents or grandparents to children or grandchildren or vice versa is permitted. Another important point is that the recipient of the property may not have recieved any other property through family subdivision from the same owner.
Also, to do a family division you must have owned the property for at least 4 years. The new parcel and the residue parcel may not be sold for a period of 4 years following the conveyance of the property.
Lastly, the property created must comply with the other applicable zoning regulations, such as minimum lot size or required road frontage etc. to be completely legal.
There are different types of Zoning permits for home-based businesses depending upon the zoning district you are in. If your property is zoned RA, Rural Areas then there are two types of Home Occupations permitted. A Minor Home Occupation and a Major Home Occupation. Please see the link to each application for all definitions and applicable rgulations for each type. If your property is zoned for residential uses (R-1, R-2, R-4, R-6,R-10, & R-15) a Class A Home Occupation is necessary if you are planning to run a business from your home involving yourself and other family members. A Class B Home Occupation is necessary if you are planning to open a business involving non-occupants as employees or using a detached structure and requires a Special Use Permit. For more information on home occupation licensing, please contact Zoning at (434) 296-5832 or click this email link: Zoning Question? To find your zoning district you may use the GIS Web application by clicking HERE.
There are restrictions dealing with putting up signs in the county, with size and location of signs varying according to zoning districts. For details about the sign ordinance and the permit process, please contact Zoning at (434) 296-5832 or click this email link: Zoning Question?
The zoning of a property can be seen on the map of your property using the GIS-Web application. The uses permitted on your property can be obtained in the Zoning Ordinance for your zoning district. If you have still have questions then contact staff below. In order to speed up the response, it is helpful if you have the owner name, street address or tax map parcel number of the property in question when you contact Zoning staff at (434) 296-5832 or click this email link: Zoning Question?. For more information you may use the GIS Web application by clicking HERE.
These are called accessory apartments and are allowed by right in all detached single family dwellings in the county, with some restrictions including square footages in place. Please contact Zoning & Current Development at (434) 296-5832 for more information. For more information click HERE or click this email link: Zoning Question?
I want to put an addition on my house; can I do the work myself? What do I need to get the right permit?
I am planning to build a deck and a shed on my private property; do I need a building permit?
What are the regulations for mobile homes in Albemarle County?
How long is my Building Application valid?
Property owners can apply for permits and do the work themselves. In order to obtain a permit you need to have two copies of your building plans and two copies of your recorded plat. Plans need only to show the structural elements involved and a simple overview of the floor plan. An architect's seal of approval is not required for residential construction, unless the materials and design are outside of the norm. You can obtain a permit from the Department of Community Development located on the first floor of the County Office Building.
Residential mobile homes are allowed by-right only on properties zoned RA, Rural Areas and VR, Village Residential, although all trailers must meet applicable building code and health department regulations. Zoning Ordinance.
An application for a permit shall be considered to have been abandoned six (6) months after notification by the County that the application is defective, unless the applicant has diligently sought to resolve any problems that are delaying issuance of the permit. For justifiable cause, the Building Official may grant one (1) or more extensions of time.
Any permit issued shall become invalid if work on the site authorized by the permit is not commenced within six (6) months after issuance of the permit, or if the authorized work on the site is suspended or abandoned for a period of six (6) months after the time commencing the work. It shall be the responsibility of the permit applicant to prove to the Building Official that work has not been suspended or abandoned. Upon written request, the Building Official may grant one (1) or more extensions.
Where is the office for the Department of Community Development located?
I want to put an addition on to my house. Where do I apply for the Building Permit? What information do I need to bring with me when applying for a Residential Building Permit?
What is the turn-around time on Residential Building Permits?
Do I need a Building Permit, if I am doing the work myself?
May I submit plans for a Commercial Permit before the Site Plan is signed?
How can I determine if a parcel has Development (Division) Rights?
What is the preferred process for viewing an existing project file?
How do I obtain copies of plans of an existing project?
I want to apply for a Family Division of my property, where do I start?
I work for a business that is looking to expand into the Albemarle area, where can I get information concerning processes and procedures for Albemarle County?
We are located in the Albemarle County Office Building at 401 McIntire Road North Wing, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22902.
You apply for a Residential Building Permit by coming to Community Development at 401 McIntire Road, Charlottesville, VA. An Intake Specialist will enter your information into our Permit System while you are there. This process takes approximately 20-30 minutes not counting waiting time. Your waiting time can be reduced by applying for your permit between 9:00 a.m to 12:00 p.m.and between 2:00 p.m to 4:00 p.m.
When you apply for a Building Permit you will need to bring two (2) copies of your RECORDED PLAT, and two (2) copies of your building plans. Fees will be calculated by the Intake Specialist based on the information you provide.
The typical turn-around time for Residential Building Permits to be issued is 7-10 business days. However, if your permit requires Health Department approval, it may take a little longer.
Yes. Building Permits are required no matter who performs the work. If you are not sure if the work you are performing requires a permit, please call us at (434) 296-5832.
May I submit plans for a Commercial Building Permit before the Site Plan is signed?
No. You must have a SIGNED SITE PLAN before you can submit plans for a Commercial Building Permit.
This manual provides the steps necessary for anyone to determine theoretical Development Rights for a parcel. However, if you require a more formal determination of theoretical divisions rights, you may submit an Official Letter of Determination and applicable fee to the the department at 401 McIntire Road. This application can also be picked up at our office or found on our web page by clicking HERE.
The preferred process for viewing an existing project file is to contact Community Development (434) 296-5832 and ask to speak to a Records Manager. You will need at least one of the following -- 1) Project Name, 2) Tax Map Number or 3) File Number. Once the Records Manager has determined which file you want to view, it can be pulled and left at our front counter for your viewing. Please allow two (2) business days for this process.
Follow the process above for viewing an existing file. Once you have viewed the file and determined what copies you need, we will be glad to make copies for you at a cost of 10 cents per page. Please note that copies larger than 11" by 17" (ledger size) will have to be sent to an outside vendor and your cost will be based on their price schedule.
I want to potentially develop my property, where do I start?
If you are not familiar with the application process, Community Development offers "Pre-application Meetings" to potential applicants to address your specific questions/concerns about your property or the application process. These meetings are no cost to you and are scheduled every Monday afternoon. You may schedule a meeting by calling (434) 296-5832.
You may contact the Albemarle County Economic Development Office at (434) 972-4016.


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Q: Why is my simple Angular app deployed to openshift origin not being served? I created a simple Angular (not AngularJS) app using the cli and checked it into our private GitHub repo.  I created a project in Openshift Origin running on my Windows 10 box, pointed to the angular app, and got it deployed to the NodeJS builder image - the pod is up and running.  The build logs show no errors.
Here's the problem.  When i click the link that openshift defines for me to be the external route, I get an "Application is not available" message on the screen (see below).
openshift app not available message
I don't know why the app is not being served.  I'm thinking there must be something special that needs to be done to prepare the Angular app to run on openshift, but I have been unable to tease out enough information from this site or other places to recognize what the solution is - most likely due to the fact that this is my first time trying to deploy an Angular app to a prod-like enviroment.
I am obviously missing something trying to deploy this simple angular app to openshift.  Any help would be greatly appreciated.  Thank you.

A: I found a solution to my issue.  For now, since it's not intended to be a production-ready solution, it is fine.
In package.json, I modified the "start" script to be:
"start": "ng serve --H 0.0.0.0 --port 8080 --disable-host-check"
Currently, my @angular/cli version is 1.4.2, and I'm using the ^4.2.4 @angular packages.


No modern Android-based device can be imagined without widgets.They serve for gaining quick access to application information and managing its functions without entering the app. Operability and easy handling of widgets as well as their popularity lead to the growth of demand for customized Android widget development.
Web Peppers is a leading Android widget developing company that has gained considerable experience in developing, designing and implementing customized widgets for various business segments.
Extensive technical expertise and prowess our developers and designers possess is what sets Web Peppers apart from other widget development companies. Through the years of work our specialists have acquired all necessary knowledge and skills to create Android widgets for your business sure to attract attention and build the overall authority and credibility of your company.
Cooperating with Web Peppers you will get a custom widget with a captivating design that will definitely make your visitors interact.
Step 2. Discuss Explain your requirements as to the widget: what it should do, how it should look like etc.


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Meryl Streep Robert Redford Marriage 2016
Meryl Streep is an American actress who has operated in numerous roles. She is a nominated entertainer and is known for her adaptability and accent versatility. Her best-known performances include her function in the film "The Postman" and her function in "The Artist" with Leonardo DiCaprio.
1 Acting Profession
2 Television Roles
3 Movie Roles
Acting Profession
One of the most well-known and reputable actresses of the modern-day era, Meryl Streep has had an illustrious profession. She started her acting profession at the age of twenty-one and has gotten various nominations for the Academy Awards. A leading contender for Best Actress, she has also starred in a number of hit films.
Throughout her time in the general public eye, she has actually become a role model for countless females. Understood for her adaptability and grace, she has actually been able to portray a variety of characters in her profession.
Streep began her acting career on the stage in the 1970s. Her acting in "Julia" (1977) brought her to fame. From that point on, she has actually continued to appear in a variety of hit films and television programs.
In addition to her acting on the screen, Streep has been included with many charitable organizations. She has actually worked as a spokesperson for the National Women's History Museum and has actually contributed millions of dollars to the museum.
Streep has also served as a juror for the Berlin International Film Festival. Although she has actually appeared in a number of Hollywood smash hits, she has actually maintained a prolific acting career in independent movies. Since the 1980s, she has appeared in a number of popular movies, consisting of 'Out of Africa' (1985 ), 'The Bridges of Madison County' (1990 ), 'The Devil Wears Prada' (1995 ), 'The Iron Lady' (2011 ), and 'Florence Foster Jenkins' (2016 ).
As a talented actress, Meryl Streep has actually won numerous awards, including the Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She has been nominated for an additional sixteen Academy Awards, making her the most chosen female star in Academy history.
Television Roles
Among the most identifiable starlets of perpetuity, Meryl Streep has actually dealt with both TV and film. She is popular for her performances in movies, however has actually also voiced characters in several tv programs. Here are a few of her most memorable functions
Born in Summit, New Jersey, Meryl Streep studied drama at Yale University. After finishing, she relocated to New York City. Her early profession onstage included a number of Broadway productions.
She later appeared in an Anton Chekhov play. From there, she went on to star in different theatrical films. In the 1990s, she was known for her performances in The House of Spirits, Dancing at Lughnasa, and The River Wild. Later, she played Aunt Josephine in A Series of Unfortunate Events.
For her performing in the movie adjustment of Angels in America, she won a Golden Globe and an Emmy. She was also nominated for an Oscar. Other notable films consist of Julie & & Julia, The Prom, The Devil Wears Prada, and The Iron Lady.
Streep also voiced a character in an episode of the Simpsons. She has appeared in other films, including The Homesman, Ricki and the Flash, and Mamma Mia! There have been a number of tv functions for Meryl, but none as remarkable as her portrayal of the character Ethel Rosenberg in the HBO miniseries Angels in America.
She has been chosen for 21 Academy Awards, winning 3. Most recently, she was granted an honorary prize by the American Film Institute in 2004. Some of her other noteworthy films include Julie & & Julia, The Giver, Into the Woods, and the political thriller The Manchurian Candidate.
Not many individuals understand that Meryl Streep has also been working in the television field. She has been featured in different series, such as The House of Spirits, August: Osage County, and The Post.
Movie Roles
Meryl Streep has actually made a profession out of playing a series of various functions. Whether she is playing a tormented lady, a well-known author, or a country's very first female paper publisher, she proves to be an impressive starlet.
Although she has gotten several awards throughout her profession, Meryl Streep has actually likewise had to face criticism. While she is a great performer, many critics have actually complained that her performances lack compassion. Nonetheless, Streep has actually gotten significant respect from both audiences and critics alike. In 2010, she was elected to the honorary American Academy of Arts and Letters.
Throughout her career, Meryl Streep's role has frequently been that of a tormented or enthusiastic woman. Her efficiency in "The Iron Lady" (2011) was no exception. For this performance, she earned a 3rd Oscar.
Amongst the many other motion pictures that Meryl Streep has starred in are the romantic comedy Mamma Mia!, the action-adventure The River Wild, and the action-adventure movie The French Lieutenant's Woman. She has also been a part of the ensemble of HBO's Big Little Lies.
She made her phase debut in 1975, however her first significant movie role was available in "The Deer Hunter" (1978 ). This film was a three-hour drama about the Vietnam War. It featured John Cazale and Christopher Walken, and Meryl Streep gave a powerful performance.
Other movies that include Meryl Streep include "The Washington Post" (2007 ), which was directed by Steven Spielberg, and "The Reader" (2007 ), which was adjusted by David Hare from the unique by Michael Cunningham. These movies both won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
Streep has actually acted in 27 films. She won an Academy Award for her performance in the thriller Kramer vs. Kramer in 1979.
Meryl Streep is understood for her impressive acting skills, and she is one of the most prominent stars worldwide. She has played a variety of characters, and has made lots of awards and nominations for her work. Her phase and screen credits span more than a years, with functions in numerous classics. Here are some of her most memorable efficiencies
After studying at Vassar College, Meryl Streep started her career as an actress. In her early profession, she starred in a few television series. Then, in the mid-1970s, she starred in the stage play "Happy End" and made her Broadway debut. This was followed by a function in the film "Happy End" and "Happy Days".
While at Yale, Streep went to drama school. By her junior year, she was taking voice lessons. She also studied opera. Although she studied drama, she was initially thinking about musicals. One of her instructors was a famous singer, and she ended up being so interested with the art that she later on joined the Yale Drama School.
During the 1980s, Meryl Streep started using up roles that involved more serious subjects. These included the drama "Julia" (1977) and the Holocaust motion picture "The Deer Hunter" (1978 ).
She also starred in the funny "Silkwood" (1983) and the musical "Mrs. Henderson Presents" (1998 ). Other notable motion pictures consist of "The Homesman" (1983 ), the western "The French Lieutenant's Woman" (1981) and the comedy "The Devil Wears Prada" (2003 ).
For her function in "The Iron Lady", Meryl Streep won her 3rd Academy Award. Aside from her film efficiencies, she has been known to sing onstage, consisting of cover variations of songs. Amongst her other stage credits are Mamma Mia!, "Let Them All Talk", "Marvin's Room", and "Big Little Lies".
Streep likewise won her eighth Golden Globe award for her function in The Iron Lady.
Meryl Streep is among the most decorated stars in movie history. She's won 2 Academy Awards, and has actually also gotten many nominations for numerous other awards. With 21 Oscar nominations, she's no stranger to the competitors.
Her first Academy Award came for her efficiency in the 1979 movie "Kramer vs. Kramer". It's one of the very best efficiencies ever put to movie. The chemistry between Meryl Streep and Robert Redford is unforgettable.
Meryl Streep plays the no-nonsense principal of a New York Catholic school. Her character is implicated of molestation by a priest. After speaking with a fellow nun about the abuse, she sets out to find out the fact.
Meryl Streep has handled a lot of uncommon functions, but she's always been a fantastic actress. She's known for her romantic performances, and she's won an Oscar for playing Margaret Thatcher. Other Oscar elections have originated from movies with more traditional stories, such as Frozen River and Central Station. But the actor has actually also played the matriarch in a bitter household, the author of a movie script, the country's first female paper publisher, the ex-wife of a neurotic television writer, and the terminally ill homeless woman.
Her most recent chosen function was as the matriarch of a bitter, scheming family in the film "Miranda Priestly." This is a fictionalized variation of Lauren Weisberger's novel. In addition to a starring role, Streep likewise made a supporting starlet Oscar for her function.
She's also worked with Steven Spielberg for more than 40 years. She likewise won an Emmy Award for her operate in a Holocaust miniseries.
While her best-known films are the ones she's made with Spielberg, her other roles have actually been rather remarkable too.
Did Meryl Streep Sing In Florence Foster Jenkins
Meryl Streep Movie About Radiation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


PS: I wouldn't recommend doing an image search. Just FYI.
UPDATE, Jan 15th, 9:20am: My apologies if this shows up again in your feeds! I changed the name of the post because I think it was being screened by overexcited feed readers.
It's the Japanese Feather Stole from knitspot, a blog that is starting to become one of my favourites. The stitch pattern is from Barbara Walker's second treasury, and I have fallen head over heels in love with it. I love it so much that I went to Indigo yesterday trying to find the book so I could buy it just to discover the secret of this delightful 28-row repeat, but it wasn't in. Not at the library, either. Sigh.
So I decided to do some detective work. I searched for Japanese Feathers and found two free patterns that were based on the Japanese Feathers stitch: Japanese Feather Socks, which I'd seen before and also drooled over, and the Wavy Feathers Wimple, which I'd seen before and… also drooled over. I believe there's a pattern emerging.
It would be funny to have an intarsia pullover that's red on the shoulder tops, chest, etc and then white where the shirt you were wearing when you got burned would be.


The choice to record for liquidation might be upsetting enough. Having recently encountered a separation can make the process more challenging. There are numerous things to think about when recording for liquidation and how you move ahead can influence the result of your chapter 11 case. In a few cases, it may better to document for chapter 11 preceding you index for separation. Because of the numerous contrasts in liquidation laws for every state, recording for insolvency together or separate could be influenced by these contrasts.
One of the most compelling motivations to document for liquidation before you index for separation is the simplicity of the move into separation. For any couple documenting for separation, an understanding about how the obligations and stakes will be isolated must be arrived at. Chapter 11 can enormously confuse this methodology and make part your undertakings more challenging.
The point when documenting for chapter 11 in marriage, indexing together or separate can likewise affect your insolvency case. Documenting for insolvency independently can secure the credit remaining for the non-indexing life partner. The life partner that indexes for chapter 11 separate from their mate may get a release of their generally at risk obligation and their share of a joint obligation. For couples that have an unequal obligation portion, documenting independently could be more useful than indexing together. Assuming that one mate collected to a greater extent an obligation load than the other life partner, their obligations might be wiped out without the non-indexing companion chance the obligation risk or credit effect of an insolvency.
For couples that have more imparted obligations, indexing for liquidation together may bring about preferable insolvency security over documenting independently. Recording for liquidation together in marriage can secure a greater amount of the advantages from seizure and liquidation than a singular filer. In any case, you ought to think about whether indexing for chapter 11 together in insolvency might keep you from fiscally fitting the bill for liquidation assurance. Assuming that your joined together pay is above a specified sum, you may not be qualified for obligation help through insolvency.
The chapter 11 procedure can convolute how obligations and possessions are isolated in a separation. All property is acknowledged group property in marriage. Any property that is defenseless for seizure throughout liquidation may be taken from the non-recording mate after the separation. Assuming that a divorcee records for insolvency, any non-excluded property may be seized by lenders; paying little heed to who is in ownership of the property after the separation. Partitioning up holdings, and ensuring those benefits, is much more challenging if the liquidation is indexed after a separation.
For any obligations collected on a shared service, both people accept measure up to obligation of those obligations, in the event that they were gained throughout marriage. In the event that a divorcee gets a release to a mutually held obligation after a separate, the non-indexing singular may be left exclusively obligated for the obligation after a separation. For the divorcee that is court requested to give spousal or tyke help installments, these installments are not qualified for chapter 11 security. One life partner may discover their benefits seized or wages decorated to fulfill domesticated help installments after a separation.
There are distinctive profits and dangers connected with recording for liquidation together, separate, wedded or separated. Couples recognizing chapter 11 ought to contact a qualified insolvency lawyer to help them settle on an educated choice.
How Can A Bad Credit Credit Card Improve Your Credit?


Thousands of motorcycles are stolen every year in the United Kingdom, and only about 4 in 10 of these bikes are recovered. Even if you are with an excellent insurance company, it is unlikely that you will be able to reclaim the true value of your bike, and you will never be able to compensate for the loss of the shared experiences which you would have had with it. It is therefore essential that you take every possible step to protect your motorcycle against theft.
A recent survey found that about 75% of motorcycle thefts in the United Kingdom occurred from commuter parking bays, however the majority of commuters confessed that they did not take enough time to secure their bikes before work. This means that these commuter bays are rich pickings for bike thieves. Making sensible choices about where you park your bike and how you secure your bike is the first step towards protecting it.
Motorcycles are obviously a lot easier to steal than cars are, because you do not normally have to forcefully gain access to the bike before getting to the ignition. Simply pushing a bike away without turning the engine on is actually one of the most common forms of theft. Thieves will move the bike to a garage or more private space where they can do more extensive work on it so to try to change its identity. Therefore, it is important that you take every reasonable step that you can to stop the vehicle being moved.
Fit a heavy duty chain onto your rear wheel to stop the wheel from being turned. A disc lock is also a good idea.
Fit a tracking device to your bike, so that if it does go missing, you will be more likely to get the bike back. GPS trackers can help to lead the police to the whereabouts of the criminals and will help them to reclaim your bike for you. In many cases, the bike will be returned to you as soon as possible, although the police may want to keep it for a short time period for evidence.
If thieves are concerned that the bike may have a tracking device fitted to it, they may park the bike somewhere unconnected to them for a few days, so that they can see whether or not the police come to reclaim the bike. Although this may not lead to any arrests being made, at least you will be able to get your bike back. Having a tracking device fitted to your motorcycle can also help to reduce your annual insurance premium. If you do have a tracking device fitted to your motorcycle, then you should check it regularly to make sure that it is working properly.
Mark your bike overtly and covertly in several different places. Thieves are known to be less likely to consider taking a bike which is easily identifiable, because they would have to do more work if they wanted to sell the vehicle on. Ultraviolet pens are a great way to mark individual components to reduce resale opportunities.
Although you can't always control where you have to park your bike when you are out and about, you can take steps to improve where your park and store it when you are at home. If you have the available resources then a locked garage is the ideal place. It is even better if you are able to fit an alarm or remote monitoring system to the garage. Domestic security cameras are available which are turned on by motion and which can be watched from a smartphone or computer, and some are surprisingly cheap and give good value for money.
If you discover that your bike has been stolen then you should report the incident to the police at once. You will be asked to give as much detail as possible about the bike and where you last saw it.
Some people find it helpful to take a picture of their motorcycle so that they can show this to the police if necessary. You should also report the incident to your insurance provider. Prompt action can help to catch the criminals and may speed up your claim.


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Manchester's Finest and the Northern Quarter
Discover the best independent bars, restaurants, arts & culture in Manchester. Northern Quarter Manchester, Spinningfields and Manchester City Centre
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Thomas Dakin Gin Distillery to open in the City Centre
By Ashley Proudfoot
Construction has begun on the Thomas Dakin Gin Distillery, Manchester's much-anticipated new city centre gin distillery and visitor experience.
The distillery will be located right in the heart of the city centre between Deansgate and Albert Square, and the experience will bring the craft gin distilling process to life for the thousands of visitors expected to visit each year.
Taking pride of place behind the distillery's impressive glass frontage will be three craft copper pot stills, with the brand's focus on a commitment to quality distillation and craftsmanship. Alongside the working gin distillery, the venue will include a gin distillery bar, an event space for hospitality and entertaining.
The Thomas Dakin Distillery is expected to become one of the city's top new tourist attractions with 70,000 visitors expected in the first year. It will create more than 50 jobs and will have the capacity to produce over 1 million bottles of gin every year.
The new distillery will continue the legacy of Thomas Dakin, the 18th century visionary who pioneered the development and refinement of quality English Gin and set the benchmark for London Dry Gin in 1761.
Inspired by his passion, commitment to craft and his entrepreneurial attitude, the team behind the new distillery plan to produce gins that Dakin would be proud to put his name to today, combining traditional techniques employed by Dakin himself centuries ago, with pioneering modern methods to break new ground in craft gin.
The distillery, which received full planning permission in 2018, will open in early Autumn this year.
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DO YOU LOVE ALPS MOUNTAINS ?
DREAM A HOLIDAY IN A SKI CHALET ?
FOR SALE OR FOR RENT ?
CONTACT US, WE'LL REALIZE YOUR DREAM !
An Alps Chalet Horse Property allows you to make horse excursions with your family on the Alps mountains and Dolomites with a breathtaking panorama. Want to own your Alps Chalet Horse Property to breed your horses on Alps mountains? Contact us, and we'll find your Alps Chalet Horse Property, Cottage, Country House, Rustic House, Riding School, Equestrian Center, Alpine Farm with stables, Stud Farm, Equestrian Property Horse Farm! Contact us to get your Alps Chalet Horse Property!
Horse riding on Alps mountains allows to get in perfect harmony with your horse and with the environment and the landscape surrounding your Alps Chalet Horse Property… especially if your Alps Chalet Horse Property is on the Dolomites, in Trentino Alto Adige, or below the Monte Rosa and Monte Bianco, in Val d'Aosta!
An Alps Chalet Horse Property can be realized in an Alps Chalet, Luxury Cottage, Farmhouse, Rustic Cottage, or Equestrian Farm, for the simple pleasure to breed your horses, or to start in your Alps Chalet Horse Property a new business, opening an Equestrian Center and Riding School. In your Alps Chalet Horse Property you can also make "Hippotherapy": a form of therapeutic riding which, thanks to the interaction between horse and people with disabilities and autism, generates excellent results. Many generous philanthropists have already made available their Alps Chalet Horse Property to offer hippotherapy to children with autism and people with disabilities. Contact us for more info.
On Alps mountains there are plenty of properties in beautiful locations suitable to become an Alps Chalet Horse Property: from Country Houses and Cottages with horse stables, to Rustic Houses and Rural Properties to be transformed in an Alps Chalet Horse Property… Only if you've been so lucky to take a horse ride on Alps mountains you can understand the emotions you can feel! The teams of Chalet Rent and Ville da Sogno will select for you some of the most beautiful Alps Chalet Horse Property on Alps mountains. Contact us to realize your dream!
Imagine to ride your horse in the awesome Dolomites countryside on gentle hills of Val Gardena, or below the snowy Monte Rosa in Val d'Aosta… an Alps Chalet Horse Property on Alps mountains lets you discover new landscapes, through a horse riding excursion on Alps… a very special experience always full of unforgettable emotions.
Would you like to admire an amazing sunset or sunrise over Alps mountains while taking a ride on your horse? An Alps Chalet Horse Property lets you experience intense feelings, while you ride along spectacular trails on the Alps mountains. Starting from your Alps Chalet Horse Property you'll discover incredible landscapes, smell the earth scents and feel a deep sense of peace.
A typical Alpine chalet, a country house with stables, a luxury Country House near a golf course, or a renewed cottage with vineyards… on Alps mountains we will find for you various types of Alps Chalet Horse Property where you can spend holidays, breed your horses with passion, or produce a great wine. Below are just a few examples of Alps Chalet Horse Property.
If you ca't find what you are looking for, contact us and we'll scout the market for you!
2) helping you to save your time and easily find the best solution according to your specific needs.
Alps Christmas Markets, enjoy Christmas on Alps Mountains!


The Association is being established to promote better understanding of Reproductive and Sexual Medicine. The founder chairman Dr. T. Kamaraj, MD, Ph.D due to his untiring efforts has ensured the association blooms under the aegis and flagship of Indian Institute of Sexual Medicine at Chennai. With a view to promote and foster inter disciplinary communication, a vast array of clinical topics useful in daily practice would be presented in the form of informative booklets, brochures, posters, clinical updates by e-mail and annual conferences which would be a meeting ground for discussions, debates and presentations. Eminent faculty members from across India would be on the board and encouraging CMEs. On-line discussions either by char or video-conferencing are some of the benefits being offered to the Life Members. Membership to the association is open to all individuals or organizations demonstrating active interest in the field of reproduction and sexual medicine and interrelated disciplines. Membership is conferred upon approval from the Membership Committee. Application for the membership will be available either on-line or one could download the application and fill it and post it to the postal address of association office.
Currently only Life-membership is available which shall be conferred by the committee.
In addition to filling professional qualifications, attachments of presentations, abstracts of papers and publications and any other extra-ordinary achievement in the field of your work would be quoted in our member's directory.
Sum of Indian Rs. 5000/- shall be paid in the form of a crossed Cheque or Demand Draft or Pay Orders are acceptable. Any bank charges as applicable will be paid by the member.


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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Jyostna Chouturi, M.B.B.S [2]
A leading cause of deaf-blindness, Usher syndrome (sometimes referred to as "Usher's syndrome") is a relatively rare genetic disorder that is associated with a mutation in any one of 10 genes. Other names for Usher syndrome include Hallgren syndrome, Usher-Hallgren syndrome, rp-dysacusis syndrome and dystrophia retinae dysacusis syndrome.[1] Usher syndrome is incurable at present; however, using gene therapy to replace the missing gene, researchers have succeeded in reversing one form of the disease in knockout mice.[2]
This syndrome is characterized by deafness and a gradual vision loss. The hearing loss is associated with a defective inner ear, whereas the vision loss is associated with retinitis pigmentosa (rp), a degeneration of the retinal cells. Usually, the rod cells of the retina are affected first, leading to early night blindness and the gradual loss of peripheral vision. In other cases, there is early degeneration of the cone cells in the macula, leading to a loss of central acuity. In some cases, the foveal vision is spared, leading to "doughnut vision"; central and peripheral vision are intact, but there is an annulus around the central region in which vision is impaired.
Usher syndrome has three clinical subtypes, denoted as I, II and III in decreasing order of severity.[3] People with Usher I are born profoundly deaf, and begin to lose their vision in the first decade of life. They also exhibit balance difficulties and learn to walk slowly as children, due to problems in their vestibular system. People with Usher II are also born deaf, but do not seem to have noticeable problems with balance; they also begin to lose their vision later (in the second decade of life) and may preserve some vision even into middle age. People with Usher syndrome III are not born deaf, but experience a gradual loss of their hearing and vision; they may or may not have balance difficulties.
Usher syndrome I and II are associated with a mutation in any one of six or three different genes, respectively, whereas only one mutation has been linked with Usher III. Since Usher syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, both males and females are equally likely to inherit Usher syndrome. Consanguinity of the parents is a risk factor. Since Usher syndrome mutations are recessive, if both parents have Usher syndrome in the same gene, all their children are overwhelmingly likely to have the same condition; by contrast, the children of a mixed marriage (one parent with Usher syndrome and the other with wild-type genes) are overwhelmingly likely to not have the condition, although they will be all carriers. First recognized in the 19th century, Usher syndrome was the first condition to demonstrate that phenotypes could be inherited in tandem; deafness and blindness are inherited together, but not separately. Animal models of this human disease (such as knockout mice and zebrafish) have been developed recently to study the effects of these gene mutations and to test potential cures for Usher syndrome.
Usher syndrome is named after the British ophthalmologist Charles Usher, who examined the pathology and transmission of this illness in 1914 on the basis of 69 cases.[4] However, it was first described in 1858 by Albrecht von Gräfe, a pioneer of modern ophthalmology.[5] He reported the case of a deaf patient with retinitis pigmentosa, who had two brothers with the same symptoms. Three years later, one of his students, Richard Liebreich, examined the population of Berlin for disease pattern of deafness with retinitis pigmentosa.[6] Liebreich noted that Usher syndrome is recessive, since the cases of blind-deafness combinations occurred particularly in the siblings of blood-related marriages or in families with patients in different generations. His observations supplied the first proofs for the coupled transmission of blindness and deafness, since no isolated cases of either could be found in the family trees.
Symptoms and subtypes
Usher syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. The genes implicated in Usher syndrome are described below.
Usher syndrome is responsible for the majority of deaf-blindness.[7] The word syndrome means that multiple symptoms occur together, in this case, deafness and blindness. It occurs in roughly 1 person in 23,000 in the United States,[8] 1 in 28,000 in Norway[9] and 1 in 12,500 in Germany.[10] People with Usher syndrome represent roughly one-sixth of people with retinitis pigmentosa.[3]
Usher syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. "Recessive" means that both parents must contribute an appropriate gene for the syndrome to appear, and "autosomal" means that the gene is not carried on one of the sex chromosomes (X or Y), but rather on one of the 22 other pairs. (See the article on human genetics for more details.)
The progressive blindness of Usher syndrome results from retinitis pigmentosa.[11][12] The photoreceptors usually start to degenerate from the outer periphery to the center of the retina including the macula. The degeneration is usually first noticed as night blindness (nyctalopia); peripheral vision is gradually lost, restricting the visual field (tunnel vision), which generally progresses to complete blindness. The qualifier pigmentosa reflects the fact that clumps of pigment may be visible by an ophthalmoscope in advanced stages of degeneration.[3]
Although Usher syndrome has been classified clinically in several ways,[13] the prevailing approach is to classify it into three clinical sub-types called Usher I, II and III in order of decreasing severity of deafness.[11] Usher I and II are the more common forms; the fraction of people with Usher III is significant only in a few specific areas, such as Finland[14] and Birmingham.[15] As described below, these clinical subtypes may be further subdivided by the particular gene mutated; people with Usher I and II may have any one of six and three genes mutated, respectively, whereas only one gene has been associated with Usher III. The function of these genes is poorly understood as of yet. The hearing impairment associated with Usher syndrome is better understood: damaged hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear inhibit electrical impulses from reaching the brain.
Usher syndrome I
People with Usher I are usually born deaf and often have difficulties in maintaining their balance owing to problems in the vestibular system. Babies with Usher I are usually slow to develop motor skills such as walking. Worldwide, the estimated prevalence of Usher syndrome type I is 3 to 6 per 100,000 people in the general population.
Usher syndrome type I can be caused by mutations in any one of several different genes: CDH23, MYO7A, PCDH15, USH1C, and USH1G. These genes function in the development and maintenance of inner ear structures such as hair cells (stereocilia), which transmit sound and motion signals to the brain. Alterations in these genes can cause an inability to maintain balance (vestibular dysfunction) and hearing loss. The genes also play a role in the development and stability of the retina by influencing the structure and function of both the rod photoreceptor cells and supporting cells called the retinal pigmented epithelium. Mutations that affect the normal function of these genes can result in retinitis pigmentosa and vision loss.
Usher syndrome II
People with Usher II are generally hard-of-hearing rather than deaf, and their hearing does not degrade over time; moreover, they generally have a normal vestibular system. Usher syndrome type II occurs at least as frequently as type I, but because type II may be underdiagnosed or more difficult to detect, it could be up to three times as common as type I.
Usher syndrome type II may be caused by mutations in any of three different genes: USH2A, GPR98 and DFNB31. The protein encoded by the USH2A gene, usherin, is located in the supportive tissue in the inner ear and retina. Usherin is critical for the proper development and maintenance of these structures, which may help explain its role in hearing and vision loss. The location and function of the other two proteins are not yet known.
Usher syndrome III
By contrast, people with Usher III experience a progressive loss of hearing and roughly half have vestibular dysfunction. The frequency of Usher syndrome type III is highest in the Finnish population, but it has been noted rarely in a few other ethnic groups.
Mutations in only one gene, the CLRN1 gene, have been linked to Usher syndrome type III. The CLRN1 gene encodes Clarin-1, a protein that is important for the development and maintenance of the inner ear and retina. However, the protein's function in these structures, and how its mutation causes hearing and vision loss, is poorly understood as yet.
Since Usher syndrome is incurable at present, it is helpful to diagnose children well before they develop the characteristic night blindness. Some preliminary studies have suggested that as many as 10% of congenitally deaf children may have Usher syndrome.[1] However, a mis-diagnosis can have bad consequences, e.g., if the parents elect to give the child cochlear implants.
The simplest approach to diagnosing Usher syndrome is to test for the characteristic chromosomal mutations. An alternative approach is electroretinography (ERG), although this is often disfavored for children, since its discomfort can also make the results unreliable.[1] Parental consanguinity is a significant factor in diagnosis. Usher syndrome I may be indicated if the child is profoundly deaf from birth and especially slow in walking.
Thirteen other syndromes may exhibit signs similar to Usher syndrome, including Alport syndrome, Alstrom syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, Flynn-Aird syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Hurler syndrome (MPS-1), Kearns-Sayre syndrome (CPEO), Norrie syndrome, osteopetrosis (Albers-Schonberg disease), Refsum's disease (phytanic acid storage disease), and Zellweger syndrome (cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome).
Genes associated with Usher syndrome
Table 1: Genes linked to Usher syndrome
Freq [16]
Gene locus
Size (AA)
USH1B 39–55% 11q13.5 MYO7A Myosin VIIA Motor protein 2215 Q13402 276900
USH1C 6–7% 11p15.1-p14 USH1C Harmonin PDZ-domain protein 552 Q9Y6N9 276904
USH1D 19–35% 10q21-q22 CDH23 Cadherin 23 Cell adhesion 3354 Q9H251 601067
USH1E rare 21q21 ? ? ? ? ? 602097
USH1F 11–19% 10q11.2-q21 PCDH15 Protocadherin 15 Cell adhesion 1955 Q96QU1 602083
USH1G 7% 17q24-q25 USH1G SANS Scaffold protein 461 Q495M9 606943
USH2A 80% 1q41 USH2A Usherin Transmembrane linkage 5202 O75445 276901
USH2C 15% 5q14.3-q21.1 GPR98 VLGR1b Very large GPCR 6307 Q8WXG9 605472
USH2D 5% 9q32-q34 DFNB31 Whirlin PDZ-domain protein 907 Q9P202 611383
USH3A 100% 3q21-q25 CLRN1 Clarin-1 Synaptic shaping 232 P58418 276902
Several genes have been associated with Usher syndrome using linkage analysis of patient families (Table 1) and DNA sequencing of the identified loci.[17][18] A mutation in any one of these genes is likely to result in Usher syndrome. The clinical subtypes Usher I and II are associated with mutations in any one of six (USH1B-G) and three (USH2A,C-D) genes, respectively, whereas only one gene, USH3A, has been linked to Usher III so far. Two other genes, USH1A and USH2B, were initially associated with Usher syndrome, but USH2B has not been verified and USH1A was incorrectly determined and does not exist.[19] Research in this area is ongoing.
Using interaction analysis techniques it could be shown that the identified gene products interact with one another in one or more larger protein complexes. If one of the components is missing, this protein complex cannot fulfill its function in the living cell and it probably comes to the degeneration the same. The function of this protein complex has been suggested to participate in the signal transduction or in the cell adhesion of sensory cells.[18]
Prospects for gene therapy
Since Usher syndrome results from the loss of a gene, gene therapy that adds the proper protein back ("gene replacement") may alleviate it, provided that the added protein becomes functional. Recent studies of mouse models have shown that one form of the disease — that associated with a mutation in myosin VIIa — can be alleviated by replacing the mutant gene using a lentivirus.[2] However, some of the mutated genes associated with Usher syndrome encode very large proteins — most notably, the USH2A and GPR98 proteins, which have roughly 6000 amino-acid residues. Gene replacement therapy for such large proteins may be difficult.
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Mets MB, Young NM, Pass A, Lasky JB (2000). "Early diagnosis of Usher syndrome in children". Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society. 98: 237&ndash, 245. PMID 11190026. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ 2.0 2.1 Hashimoto T, Gibbs D, Lillo C, Azarian SM, Legacki E, Zhang XM, Yang XJ, Williams DS (2007). "Lentiviral gene replacement therapy of retinas in a mouse model for Usher syndrome type 1B". Gene Therapy. 14: 584&ndash, 594. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302897. PMID 17268537. Text " Azarian SM, LegackiE " ignored (help); Text " Zhang XM et al. " ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Williams DS (2007). "Usher syndrome: Animal models, retinal function of Usher proteins, and prospects for gene therapy". Vision Research. xx: xx&ndash, xx. PMID 17936325.
↑ Usher C (1914). "On the inheritance of Retinitis pigmentosa with notes of cases". Roy. Lond. Ophthalmol. Hosp. Rep. 19: 130&ndash, 236.
↑ von Gräfe A (1858). "Exceptionelles Verhalten des Gesichtsfeldes bei Pigmententartung der Netzhaut". Archiv für Ophthalmologie. 4: 250&ndash, 253.
↑ Liebreich R (1861). "Abkunft aus Ehen unter Blutsverwandten als Grund von Retinitis pigmentosa". Dtsch. Klin. 13: 53.
↑ Vernon M (1969). "Usher's syndrome — deafness and progressive blindness. Clinical cases, prevention, theory and literature survey". Journal of Chronic Disorders. 22: 133&ndash, 151. PMID 4897966.
↑ Boughman J, Vernon M, Shaver K (1983). "Usher syndrome: Definition and estimate of prevalence from two high-risk populations". Journal of Chronic Disorders. 36: 595&ndash, 603. PMID 6885960. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Grøndahl J (1987). "Estimation of prognosis and prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome in Norway". Clin. Genet. 31: 255&ndash, 264. PMID 3594933.
↑ Otterstedde CR, Spandau U, Blankenagel A, Kimberling WJ, Reisser C (2001). "A new clinical classication for Usher's syndrome based on a new subtype of Usher's syndrome type I". Laryngoscope. 111: 84&ndash, 86. doi:10.1097/00005537-200101000-00014. PMID 11192904. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ 11.0 11.1 Smith RJ, Berlin CI, Hejtmancik JF, Keats BJ, Kimberling WJ, Lewis RA; et al. (1994). "Clinical diagnosis of the Usher syndromes. Usher Syndrome Consortium". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 50: 32&ndash, 38. PMID 8160750. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Fishman GA, Kumar A, Joseph ME, Torok N, and Andersonj RJ. "Usher's syndrome". Archives of Ophthalmology. 109: 1367&ndash, 1374. PMID 6604514. Unknown parameter |fate= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Hammerschlag V (1907). "Zur Kenntnis der hereditaer-degenerativen Taubstummen und ihre differential diagnostische Bedeutung". Z. Ohrenheilk. 54: 18&ndash, 36.
Bell J (1933). Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Diseases (2nd edition ed.). London: Cambridge University Press. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Hallgren B (1959). "Retinitis pigmentosa combined with congenital deafness with vestibulo-cerebellar ataxia and mental abnormality in a proportion of cases: Clinical and geneto-statistical survey". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Suppl. 138: 9&ndash, 101. PMID 14399116.
Merin S, Auerbach E (1976). "Retinitis pigmentosa". Surv. Ophthalmol. 20: 303&ndash, 345. doi:10.1016/S0039-6257(96)90001-6. PMID 817406.
Davenport S, Omenn G (1977). The Heterogeneity of Usher Syndrome (volume 426 ed.). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation.
Gorlin R, Tilsner T, Feinstein S, Duvall AJ (1979). "Usher syndrome type III". Arch. Otolaryngol. 105: 353&ndash, 354. PMID 454290. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Fishman G, Kumar A, Joseph ME, Torok N, Anderson RJ (1983). "Usher's syndrome: Ophthalmic and neuro-otologic findings suggesting congenital heterogeneity". Arch. Ophthalmol. 101: 1367&ndash, 1374. PMID 6604514. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Sankila EM, Pakarinen H, Kääriäinen H, Aittomäki K, Karjalainen S, Sistonen P, de la Chapelle A (1995). "Assignment of Usher syndrome type III (USH3) gene to chromosome 3q". Hum. Mol. Genetics. 4: 93&ndash, 98. PMID 7711740. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Pakarinen L, Tuppurainen K, Laipapala P, Mäntyjärvi M, Puhakka H (1996). "The ophthalmological course of Usher syndrome type III". International Ophthalmology. 19: 307&ndash, 311. PMID 8864816. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Hope CI, Bundey S, Proops D, Fielder AR (1997). "Usher syndrome in the city of Birmingham — prevalence and clinical classification". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 81: 46&ndash, 53. PMID 9135408. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Roux AF, Faugere V, Le Guedard S, Pallares-Ruiz N, Vielle A, Chambert S, Marlin S, Hamel C, Gilbert B, Malcolm S, Claustres M (2006). "Survey of the frequency of USH1 gene mutations in a cohort of Usher patients shows the importance of cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15 genes and establishes a detection rate of above 90%". J Med Genet. 43: 763–768. doi:10.1136/jmg.2006.041954. PMID 16679490. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Ouyang XM, Yan D, Du LL, Hejtmancik JF, Jacobson SG, Nance WE, Li AR, Angeli S, Kaiser M, Newton V, Brown SD, Balkany T, Liu XZ (2005). "Characterization of Usher syndrome type I gene mutations in an Usher syndrome patient population". Hum Genet. 116: 292–299. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1227-2. PMID 15660226. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ C. Petit: Usher syndrome: from genetics to pathogenesis. Annu.Rev.Genomics Hum.Genet. 2001 (2): 271-297 PMID 11701652
↑ 18.0 18.1 J. Reiners et al.: Molecular basis of human Usher syndrome: deciphering the meshes of the Usher protein network provides insights into the pathomechanisms of the Usher disease. Exp Eye Res. 2006;83(1):97-119 PMID 16545802
↑ S. Gerber et al.: USH1A: Chronicle of a Slow Death. Am J Hum Genet. 2006;78(2):357-9. PMID 16400615
Parker PM (2007). Usher Syndrome - A Bibliography and Dictionary for Physicians, Patients, and Genome Researchers. ICON Group International. ISBN 978-0497113049.
Icon Health Publications (2004). The Official Patient's Sourcebook On Usher Syndrome: Directory For The Internet Age (revised, updated edition ed.). Icon Health Publications. ISBN 978-0597842030. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Stiefel SH, Lewis RA (1991). The Madness of Usher's: Coping With Vision and Hearing Loss/Usher Syndrome Type II. Business of Living Publications. ISBN 978-1879518063.
Duncan E, Prickett HT (1988). Usher's Syndrome: What It Is, How to Cope, and How to Help. Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 978-0398054816.
Vernon M (1986). Answers to your questions about Usher's syndrome (retinitis pigmentosa with hearing loss). Foundation Fighting Blindness. ASIN B00071QLJ6.
Vernon M (1969). Usher's syndrome: Deafness and progressive blindness : clinical cases, prevention, theory and literature survey. Pergamon Press. ASIN B0007JHOJ4.
General overview from the NIH
Usher Syndrome Information from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD).
Information on Usher syndrome from Sense, a British organization for deafblind people
Scientific review of Usher 1
Usher Syndrome Resource Guide from the National Eye Institute (NEI).
Usher syndrome mailing list
Boys Town National Research Hospital
The Williams retinal Physiology Research Group, UCSD
http://www.dblink.org/lib/topics/usher-index.htm
http://www.boystownhospital.org/Usher/information.asp
http://www.boystownhospital.org/Usher/index.asp
http://www.hearseehope.com
Mutations in USH1C
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