180 Jared is the best kicking prospect in his class and one of the best that have come through our program. He has earned this ranking and battled for two years to defend it. He displays a repeatable swinging motion, consistent ball striking, and great trajectory on field goals and kickoffs. At the 2014 College-Prep Showcase, he went a combined 15/16 on FGs and was crowned KO champion in a field which consisted of 135 participants. His kicking outshines his punting right now, but he is a solid combo specialist. Jared will excel at the Division I level!
160 Will is one of the most talented kickers we've ever worked with. He is extremely athletic, has great ball striking skills and has an incredibly fast leg swing. The ball explodes off his foot and has true rotation. His fundamentals and technique are textbook quality. Showed well at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase by finishing 5th in KOs (avg. 3.91 hang and 62 yards). This is a CAN'T MISS PROSPECT. Will will be playing at the Division 1 level next season. OFFER NOW!
170 Nicholas is a very intriguing prospect. He has outstanding size and athleticism to excel at BOTH kicking and punting at the next level. His swing is repeatable and fluid. While competing, he makes it look easy. He is one of our TOP (if not the best) combo prospects. He finished the punt preliminary round in 3rd (out of 79) at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. He is capable of hitting 4.9s/50 yard punts. Also has range from 55+ on FGs. His KO technique needs some fine adjustments as he needs to produce deeper KOs. His best days are ahead of him. This prospect should land opportunities at the D1 level. Contact this prospect now!
162 Zak is a very promising dual threat prospect. He can hit the ball as well as anyone in his class on kickoffs. He finished 2nd in the KO charting portion of the 2014 CPS. He's very athletic, quick and explosive. His swing is very repeatable and he gets consistent ball contact and flight on his field goals. Some fine tuning technical adjustments would help Zak take his game even further. He is a competitor who loves to compete and can handle pressure. Zak will land a lot of recruiting attention because of his level of play at both kicking and punting. Recruit this prospect now!
172 Michael is the best punting prospect in the class of 2015. He placed 2nd (out of 74) in the punt charting at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. He has a consistent and pure swing. He's made improvement to his strength and flexibility over the past year. His potential is off the charts because of his athleticism (rich soccer background, can dunk a basketball, etc). Along with being our best punter, he's also one of our best kickers. Finished 3rd (out of 109) in the KO charting at the 2014 CPS. We see him as a dual threat prospect capable of handling either duties at the D1 level, but we feel he can immediately start as a D1 punter. D1 scholarship worthy. Give this prospect an extended look!
185 Zach is a very smart and talented kicker. He hits his FGs very well off of the ground. He uses his size to get a lot of power behind his swing. He gets excellent height and hits a solid ball. Zach is capable of filling in as a punter and developing into a combo prospect, but at this time his kicking skills are superior to his punting skills. At the 2014 College-Prep Showcase, Zach hit some of the best KOs seen all weekend. He's currently capable of hitting 3.8/70+ range. Zach will produce at a very high level for years to come and should be a great fit for whichever program this prospect lands at!
N/A Jesus is an excellent FG specialist. He is one of our most consistent placekickers. His approach, swing and finish always looks the same. Very repeatable and fluid swinging motion. He makes kicking look easy. He has an athletic build and we believe with time he will only get better. He went an impressive 15/16 at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase in FGs. With improved KOs, he'd be a hands down 5 star prospect.
175 Andrew is extremely strong for his class. Shows the ability to absolute crush his field goals when he makes proper contact. Generates nice height and distance on longer kicks. He has a tendency to jam himself with his approach. We'd like to see him lengthen the approach to allow his swing to be a little more fluid. He hasn't made the full transition to the ground yet, but we anticipate him having no issues. Andrew has greatly improved his KOs in the past year. Andrew has a bright future and will be able to take his game to the collegiate level!
165 Justin is one of the best performing FG kickers in his class. He can compete when the pressure is on. While at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase, he placed 2nd on FGs by going 7/8 in two straight FG sessions with his only misses coming from 45 and 50 yards. While kicking from the ground, he gets excellent trajectory and "pop" on his hits. We'd like to see his swing transition to a more "up and through" finish to make his swing more repeatable and allow him to finish on balance. He gets great hang-time on his KOs. He'd realize improved distance by adjusting his body alignment at ball strike and finishing directly down field. While punting, he has a decent mold and drop, but he swings across his body and crunches at impact. Some technical instruction would go a long way to in turning Justin into a true dual threat specialist. Justin has been turning heads and will be competing for a starting spot at the next level come next season!
187 *TRANSFER - We've worked with Grant for a short period of time as he only recently took up kicking. He has really impressed us considering how far he's come in such a short time span. He has a high energy level and great work ethic. He strives to get better and takes coaching well. He may consider himself more of a kicker, but he showed very well at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase as a punter. He made the punt finals round and finished in 3rd place out of 74. It's clear he is very athletic and strong. This prospect is low risk, high reward. You're going to get a talented athlete who is going to give it everything he has.
175 Reece has greatly improved his kickoffs and field goals since we first started working with him. He consistently produces true ball rotation and gets superior elevation on his field goals. He has a very repeatable swing and can focus when the pressure is on. He was 1 kick shy of making the FG finals at the 2014 CPS. Reece's kicking outshines his punting at this point in time, but, he has the possibility of being a dual threat player at the College level.
185 Taylor is a very talented athlete with a strong athletic build. He is one of the top kickoff guys in his class. He can hit kickoffs 70 plus yards with hang-times close to 4 seconds. Taylor's mechanics have improved since we first started working with him. He needs to continue improving his flexibility to increase his leg swing range of motion. He is a combo specialist which is more refined as a kicker at this point. Taylor will land College interest from both the D2 and D1 College football levels.
155 Alex has proven he has what it takes to compete at a high level. At the 2013 CPS, Alex was the only participant out of 85 athletes to go a perfect 8/8 during the charting session. In both preliminary and finals rounds, he went a combined 15/16. He hits the ball from the ground and demonstrates excellent trajectory. He was 1 kick shy on making the FG finals at the 2014 CPS. We'd like to see Alex improve his consistency on KOs. He has the build to excel at this area, but would benefit from increasing his strength and coordination. Alex will be very serviceable at the next level as a kick specialist!
180 Drew demonstrated the ability to compete by winning the field goal competition in Tulsa at the Elite Performance Camp (2014). Finished in the top 20 (out of 109) on KOs at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. He has improved his ball striking ability since this past summer. We feel Drew will get interest from all College division levels.
195 *TRANSFER - Alex is a transfer student (played at Iowa Western CC) looking to make a splash at an upper level program. We see him filling an immediate need as a kickoff specialist as he has the ability to drive the ball deep for touchbacks. He has a very strong leg and gets everything he can into his kicks. This is also a reason for some inconsistent ball-striking. He needs to tame his field goal intensity to clean up his swing and dial in his accuracy. Alex is a determined athlete looking for a new opportunity. Take a chance on this prospect and he is sure to come through for your team!
175 Harrison competed very well at the Elite Performance Camp (Wichita) this year (2014). He went perfect on the field goal charting (champion) and showed both consistency and leg strength in competitions. He needs to improve his hang-time and distance on kickoffs. We are anxious to see how Harrison transitions to hitting off the ground, but at this time, he is one of the top prospects in his class and has shown well EVERY time we have seen him. If he makes the transition to the ground smoothly, he will be a 5-star, can't-miss prospect!
N/A Jorge is one of the more explosive kickers in his class, as well as one of the best KO specialists. Being able to produce on KOs the way he does and at his stature is quite impressive. His rich soccer background has built his leg speed into a powerful placekicking machine. His mechanics are unique, however he's proven it to be effective. We'd like to see him transition to the ground soon as this is a must at the College level. Jorge would be a great fit at a D2+ school!
171 Frederik is a gifted athlete that has a natural ability to strike a football. He is a pure ball striker and generates true end over end rotation on every kick. He has the build and strength to become an elite level kicker. He needs to work on a more traditional style follow-through to extract the most out of his swing. Frederik is a foreign exchange student. He has the ability to handle both kicking and punting duties. Very, very intriguing prospect with a huge upside.
175 Jack is a few minor adjustments away from being a great kicker period. He shows great mechanics leading up to contact. He kicks off of the ground and he hits the ball clean a good majority of the time. Jack's kickoffs are good but can improve on his kickoff approach consistency and follow through. Shows the ability to reach the end zone on kickoffs. We are excited to see Jack work hard this off-season on his mechanics and make a big push next season for the top prospect spot in his class.
N/A Sam has a great competitive nature. He showed that he has the ability to make field goals, and should work on his mechanics (plant foot at point of contact) in order to be more consistent. With some hard work and dedication, Sam will be able to elevate his game to the next level.
200 Grant has placed well in the KO charting sessions at the 2013 and 2014 College-Prep Showcases. His size and athleticism helps him produce favorable results in both KOs and FGs. By improving his ball striking, Grant could see improvement on his FGs. This will be needed for him to move up to a 4.5-5 star kicker. We are excited to see what the future holds for Grant as he is a promising prospect!
195 *TRANSFER - Kevin is a combo specialist a couple years out of HS. He is a stronger kicker than punter, but could develop into either of these roles at the next level. He finished in the top 7 at KOs at our 2014 College-Prep Showcase. He can hit close to 4.0/60 yard balls. He has as big leg. We'd like to see him develop his swing so it's more repeatable. Some polishing is necessary, but this prospect has a lot of upside potential!
185 Isaac is a dynamic punter capable of consistently driving the ball deep. He averaged 4.0s/46 yds on 16 punts at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. He is a lefty and can turn the ball over regularly. He has a repeatable and fluid swinging motion. He is serviceable as a kicker but his strengths are as a punter. His kickoffs are solid, but increasing his distance would make his KOs at the top of his class. This prospect will compete for a starting punting position next season! Do not wait, contact now!
175 Christopher is able to get great height on his field goals. He is currently using a 1" FG block and we would like to see him transition to the ground while maintaining his production. He has a smooth, repeatable swing and makes kicking FGs look easy. He made the FG finals at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. With some work on his kickoff mechanics, he could see some serious improvement. If Christopher makes a seamless transition to the ground and improves his KOs, Christopher would sore up the rankings. Lots of potential!
160 Brett has a consistent leg swing on field goals. He hits a clean ball and rarely has mishits. He also has a good leg for punting, but needs to work on his drop consistency. As he continues to gain strength, he will see the ball flying off his foot and become more consistent in both kicking and punting.
155 Taylor has a good frame which he is still maturing into. He is a very consistent FG kicker who achieves excellent trajectory and can consistently place his ball on his target line. At this time, he hasn't yet made the transition to the ground. On both is FGs and KOs, he swings slightly too much down on the ball, robbing himself of some range on FGs and distance/hang on KOs. Some adjusting with his swing could yield significant results. He has a ton of upside potential and are confident he will be able to meet his potential!
205 Harrison is a good looking athlete who showed very well at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. He has a live leg and consistent leg swing. We'd like to see him adjust his contact point on his foot for improved ball striking. He gets great hang-time on KOs. He needs to work on driving the ball deeper. He's physically mature and appears to be a great fit at the College level.
155 Perry has a strong/fluid leg swing and is very consistent. He has a rich soccer background which has helped him create a repeatable swing. He is not the flashiest kicker, but with this prospect on your roster, you can count on getting 3 points when in range. We've worked with Perry frequently the past three years and have seen steady progress along the wya. The solid foundation he's established while in HS will vault him to new levels at the collegiate level. Perry will continue to get stronger which will pair well with his sound fundamentals and technique. His punting has made significant progress. We see him primarily as a kicker, but could be servicable as a combo specialist at the next level!
226 Jackson is a very intriguing prospect. He has the size and build which makes it easy for him to absolutely crush some of his hits. He is capable of hitting a true flying, end-over-end rotating ball consistently. He has range from 50+ yards and gets excellent trajectory on his kicks. He may see himself as a kicker, but punting may be his calling at the College level. Some fine tuning on his drop and approach and he can combine his already solid hang times with some further driving balls. Either way, Jackson will add strength at the specialists position for years to come.
158 Aaron is a solid field goal kicker with an accurate leg. Need's to work on his swing plane. It's currently finishing too far across his body causing his contact to be inconsistent. His kickoff's can be solid at times. His technique for punting isn't traditional, but he has the ability to be effective. Overall athletic improvement will help Aaron keep improving his game. Currently, Aaron would be a good fit at the D2 level.
180 Sean is a talented kicker who displays sound fundamentals and technique. He participated at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase and showed flashes of potential. He hasn't made the transition to the ground yet, but his mechanics lead us to believe this transition should be seamless. We'd like to see his consistency improve on both FGs and KOs. This will come with experience and training. His "A" ball is as good as the top group in his class.
N/A Bo is a dual threat athlete whose skills are slightly better as a punter at this point. He has an explosive punt leg swing and can drive the ball down the field with decent consistency. He made the finals round at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase during the punting portion. He was able to consistently hang the ball in the 4.0 second/40-45 yard ranage. He has a lot of potential as a kicker, but he is currently swinging down on the ball creating inconsistent ball flight. He has the ability to drive the ball for TBs on KOs, but we'd need his swing to start finishing up and through instead of down and around. A lot of upside potential. Very live leg!
195 Brett has decent size for a kicker and punter. He is consistent, however his ball striking isn't as pure as it could be. Overall athletic improvement should help him grow towards his full potential. He can be both a servicable kicker and punter at the next level, however his kicking is slightly better than his punting at this point.
N/A Justin shows great ball striking skills. Even though he hasn't made the transition to hitting his FGs off the ground, we believe he should be able to produce at the same level when he does. His swing is repeatable and fluid. He generates a decent amount of power with his approach, but we feel continued athletic improvement will serve him well. He hit the 50 yard FG during the charting session at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase.
150 Christian has a big leg. He has the ability to be accurate and make long field goals. He needs to settle in on his steps to the ball in order to become more consistent, but has the ability and leg strength to be a solid College kicker. He won the 2013 Wichita Instructional camp field goal charting session as an underclassmen. At the 2014 Elite Performance Camp (Wichita), he was runner-up in the FG charting and champion in the kickoff charting.
130 Wyatt gets great trajectory and power behind his field goals. In the Winter Showcase, he made 6/8 field goals and advanced to the finals. With some practice off the ground, Wyatt could be one of the top prospects for his class. He also showed the ability to punt well. With some work on fundamentals of punting, Wyatt can be a valuable combo kicker/punter at the College level.
155 Alec is very enthusiastic about kicking and shows the determination to continue to get better. He gets great height on his field goals and generally makes excellent contact. Alec is very fluid through his kicking motion, and at times, hits it as well as anyone. We'd like to see him approach each kick the same and avoid over swinging on longer kicks. Alec has solid punting mechanics. He'll need to generate more power through his approach & swing to hit higher hangs and further balls.
195 Anton is a solid kicking prospect. He will continue to develop into a weapon for not only his high school team, but for wherever he ends up in College. With continued work on leg speed, Anton will be able to hit FGs consistently from 45+ yards. He's already made the transition to hitting the ball directly from the ground, and he is at the top of his class in terms of KO ability.
185 Tristan is very fluid in his kicking motion. He makes solid ball contact and gets good rotation on his kicks. He has not reached his max yet and I believe as he gets stronger, he will progress into an accurate kicker with a booming leg. Moving from the block to the ground would be the next step for Tristan, who has the potential to kick in College some day.
185 Tanner has the ability to reproduce his kicking motion in the exact same way each and every time. He always gets the same ball rotation, height and distance on his kicks. We'd like to seem him increase his leg speed and explosiveness. He has made huge improvements on his kickoffs over the last year. Tanner will be competing for the top prospect spot in his class heading into his senior year.
150 Nick has a good frame and will continue to develop physically over the next few years. Nick has been working on his swing mechanics, particularly his follow-thru, to craft a more natural, repeatable swing. He's shown improvement on this over the past few months (May 2014). At this time, Nick's field goals are clearly his strength. He'll need correct his ball contact and finish to maximize his distance and hang-times on both field goals and kickoffs. With improvement on his kickoffs, Nick can quickly jump into the top group of kickers in his class.
133 Zach is hands down one of the best field goal kickers in his class. He is very smooth, gets excellent ball rotation, and can compete under pressure. He was tied for 1st place after our Dec. 2012 Showcase preliminary round (out of 90 kickers). He can hit FGs from 50+ yards. He needs to continue to work on his KOs so they are closer to par with his FGs. Bright future.
N/A Nicholas has the size and strength of a division 1 prospect. He attacks the ball and has good rthym in his approach. With some work on his fundamentals, Nicholas will become more consistent and will be able to turn more balls over (spiral). On his field goals, Nicholas shows consistent contact and good ball rotation. He looks fluid through his kick and strikes the ball well. Kickoffs could use some improvement, but I would expect major improvement with some fundamental work.
135 Blake shows great work ethic and coach-ability. In July of 2013, he won the underclassmen Last Man Standing competition at our Wichita camp. He also almost won the Kickoff competition. He makes up for his small stature by having outstanding fundamentals and mechanics. You know exactly what you're getting with Blake - a kicker who will never miss hit a ball, make all of the short kicks, and give you a shot on the long ones. One of our most game ready prospects!
150 Chase has been groomed to be a high level kicker/punter combo prospect. He is well coached and has a repeatable approach and swing in FGs, KOs and Punts. Chase will benefit the most from increased strength, flexibility and explosiveness. His best ball (punting) is equivalent to those at the top of his class. Excited to see Chase's development over the next football season. He will land opportunities to play at the next level.
180 Dakota is a solid kicker with a bright future ahead of him in kicking. Hits a solid field goal off of the ground and has a good approach. Dakota's kickoffs have a lot of room for improvement. If Dakota learns how to swing up with his leg strength his kickoffs will turn into a weapon.
175 Sheldon shows consistent ball flight on his field goals and his leg swing looks effortless. He is smooth through the ball and has great foot position at contact. Sheldon should work to improve hang-time and distance on kickoffs, but we expect him to be a valuable member of his high school team this coming season.
185 Tristan has a big leg on kickoffs. He uses his body well and puts everything he has into his kicks. On field goals, he has successfully made the transition to the ground (no block). We feel he would benefit from further instruction to take him to the next level. He showed an eagerness to compete at the Winter 2013 Showcase. With some hard work & dedication, Tristan can expect to improve ball contact and convert a higher percentage of his kicks. While punting, Tristan made the finals at the Winter 2013 Showcase (out of 60 participants). He is one of the best punters in his class. He displays good form and mechanics. Tristan could be one of the best combo specialists in his class by the time he graduates!
195 Wyatt's swing and mechanics are repeatable. He can take his game to the next level by increasing his explosiveness and ball striking ability. He's started the transition to hitting the ball from the ground. He drives the ball well on kickoffs, but needs to improve his hang-time. His mechanics as a punter have a good foundation, but his drop can get him into trouble (nose too far down). We expect Wyatt to continue improving and has the chance to play at the next level!
160 Louis is a combo specialist. He is able to get good height on his field goals off the ground. He was one kick away from making the FG finals at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. Over the next year, he'll need to adjust his follow through so he lands on his plant foot first. His current finish isn't traditional which may cause some concern. He will need to improve his kickoff distance and hang to take his game to the next level. At times, Louis is capable of hitting respectable punts. His punt mechanics lack any explosive movements, which could help him improve his distance and hang. He has a fluid swinging motion and can repeat that motion consistently. He's a few adjustments away from being a very intriguing prospect!
N/A Landon shows signs of being able to hit a great field goal. He should work on his ball striking as he currently uses the inside of his foot too much. He has a frame that lets us believe he will continue to improve with time and strength gains. He produces decent hang-time on KOs, but we'd like to see him get a few more yards on his distance. He crushed a 50 yard FG at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. We are excited to see what his future holds!
145 Trevor is kicking off the ground and gets excellent height. We would like to see him work on a more traditional follow-through. Trevor has the leg for 50 yard field goals and still has room to grow. He made the FG finals (went 7/8) at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. With improved KOs, Trevor would be a 4-4.5 star kick prospect. If he improves his KOs, look for Trevor to be successful in College. We are excited to see where his potential takes him!
165 Trey is a combo specialist who, at this point, is more advanced at punting than kicking. Trey would be able to serve as a reliable backup kicker in College. He WILL be successful punting at the next level. Trey is able to turn his punts over (spiral) consistently. He finished 7th (out of 79) at the punt charting during the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. He is really close for everything to come together on his kicking. Could use improved distance/hang-time on his KOs. Would be a solid pickup for any D2+ school!
N/A Jac has a strong soccer background and has recently tried his skills at kicking/punting. He has a good frame. He demonstrates a fluid leg swing, but needs to continuing refining his mechanics and technique. His kicking is better than his punting at this point, but overall athletic improvement would help him advance both of these skills. With hard work, Jac could get an opportunity at a smaller school or could even benefit from walking on somewhere after another year of development.
170 Reece is a combo specialist who excels at punting. He is able to get quality hang times on his punts and hits a consistent ball. His technique is fluid and sound. Demonstrates a repeatable swinging motion. He's established good fundamentals for kicking, but lacks consistency in his execution. Improvement on his strength would convert seamlessly for power on kicks. Athletic build. Reece's best kicking and punting days are ahead of him!
143 Logan shows he is capable of hitting good field goals. His ball striking consistency will need to improve for him to see significant gains. He is kicking off the ground and gets great height. His kickoffs could be improved by working on his leg speed, strength and instruction. Look for Logan to make some minor adjustments and become a higher level kicker. He has the size and mold to advance quickly.
177 Marco is kicking well off the ground. He displays sound fundamentals and a repeatable swing. Improved overall athletic ability will give Marco more hang and distance on his kicks, as well as improve his trajectory. He is currently a more skilled kicker than punter, but with improvement in both these areas, he will be a dual threat guy. He needs to improve his get off time on punts as well as be more aggressive throughout the plant and swing phase. Marco is a determined athlete and could be very servicable at the College level!
220 Calob is a big legged, tall combo specialist. His fundamentals and technique are shaky, but he gets away with a lot because of his leg strength. His "A" KO ball is as good as anyones in his class. He made the punt finals round at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. Seeing that his mechanics could use improvement, we believe Calob has a ton of upside potential if introduced to some formal instruction.
N/A Dawson has transitioned to hitting the ball off the ground well. At times, he is able to hit the ball very clean and get solid ball flight/rotation. During deeper kicks, he has a tendency to overswing and pull the ball. He demonstrates decent fundamentals on punting. Overall athletic improvement would help him realize improved distance/hang on both KOs and Punt. At this time, Dawson can fit in at a smaller school such as D3, NAIA or JC.
165 Josh is a pure ball striker and has a fluid swinging motion. His approach needs some attention, but his contact and follow through look great fundamentally. Overall athletic improvement would be benefical to his continued development. He is currently performs better as a kicker, but has potential as both a kicker and punter. To take his game to the next level, he will need to show improvement on his KOs.
130 Seth has improved dramatically over the last 18 months. He needs to increase his distance and hang times on kickoffs, but makes solid contact and drives the ball well. On field goals, Seth has a good ball flight and needs to continue to improve his range. Overall athletic improvement will help him realize his potential.
140 Nicholas is a very good kicker for his age group. Shows the ability to hit a consistent FG and KO. Look for Nicholas to continue to improve his game and help his high school win games.
N/A Daniel shows flashes of strong kicks and repeatability. With more work on power, consistency and his ball-striking skills, look for Daniel to move up the rankings. At this time, his field goal ability is above his punting ability. Showed well at the Winter 2013 College Prep Showcase.
195 Blayne has the ability to hit the football really well. He gets good height on the ball and generally has a good rotation. As Blayne works towards kicking off the ground, it is important to remember his fundamentals. I would like to see the follow through be more consistent and "skip-through" towards his target. Blayne has the ability to kick in College someday with some work on his kicking technique and consistency.
170 Dillon has a lot of natural talent. At times, he has excellent ball striking ability. With some improvement on his consistency, Dillon will become a more polished College prospect. Improving on his overall athletic ability and leg speed will help Dillon move up the rankings.
140 Chancellor displays the passion to develop his kicking and punting skills. He has made the transition to hitting FGs off the ground. At times, he's able to hit an impressive field goal with adequate height and ball rotation. He is stronger as a kicker than punter, but could fill in as a punter in a back-up role. With further development in his strength, flexibility and mechanics, Chancellor will see rapid development. Improvement and hardwork is needed for him to realize his goals.
147 Ty has a very repeatable swing and proves to be consistent throughout the entire kicking process. He gets good trajectory on his kicks and has already started to work to kicking off of the ground. Ty has increased his strength from the first time we've worked with him. He appears to have the drive and determination to take his skills to the next level and we have seen him improve over the course of several camps.
190 Trevor has the ability to be a consistent field goal kicker. When he hits the ball well, it has a nice rotation and high trajectory. He should work on his mechanics and follow through motion, as this will help him hit a solid ball more often. Trevor has the size and athleticism that is perfect for kicking and often uses it to his advantage.
175 Garet has decent size and strength. At times, he can hit the ball very well. He needs to focus on the quality of his ball contact in order to take his game to the next level. His fundamentals are continuing to develop, and with some fine-tuning, Garet could see immediate results. Garet can serve as both a kicker or a punter.
N/A Blake showed flashes of consistency at the Winter 2013 Showcase in both kicking and punting. I would like to see him hit a "cleaner" ball, meaning better rotation so the ball will fly straighter. Blake has a big leg on punts, but needs to work on the consistency of his drop. Through further instruction, Blake has the ability to improve as a dual threat in both kicking and punting.
155 Brandon is a consistent FG kicker from short range. He is lacking the power necessary to hit the deeper kicks. He hasn't made the transition to hitting his FGs off the ground yet. He gets quality height on his kicks, but we would like to see the same production off the ground. Improving his overall strength will assist him in realizing College football opportunities.
195 Hector participated in the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. He shows a passion for kicking. He likes to compete and was able to hit a few nice balls during the FG charting session. He has not made the transition to hitting FGs off the ground yet. We'd like to see him generate more leg speed through his approach, and then follow through more directly downfield. This should help him improve his power and consistency. He needs to be more productive on his KOs. He has a live leg on punts. If he can hone in on his technique, he could see immediate improvement. Some instruction could go a long way in helping Hector realize his kicking goals.
N/A Michael competed at the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. He has a good frame with long levers. His swing is repeatable, but with some adjustments to his mechanics, Michael would realize more consistent ball strikes as well as improved trajectory and distance. He is a couple corrections away from seeing significant improvement on his production. With some hard work and practice, Michael can take his game to the next level.
157 Joey is mentally tough. He has the leg to be a consistent field goal kicker in College, but needs to work on bringing his leg up and through the ball rather than across his body. Through training, Joey can expect to see the ball flying off his foot and to be a valuable member of a team.
155 Rudolph has excellent fundamentals and technique. Improvement on his overall athletic ability will help him generate more power on his kicks. He makes sold ball contact and can generate true end over end rotating kicks. Rudolph's punting skills are slightly better than his kicking skills. For Rudolph to take his game to the next level, he must increase his leg speed and power.
215 Hunter has a good attitude towards kicking. He showed the ability to make field goals, and with a little work on his kickoff approach and ball contact on field goals, hunter can elevate his game to the next level.
153 Heath has a good attitude about kicking. He takes coaching well and has a bright future. He has the ability to make good contact with the football and make field goals. With a little work on the fundamentals, he could be a valuable member of his high school football team. I would like to see him follow through to the target more on his follow through, which would allow him to make better contact and hit more accurate field goals.
212 Dyllan has good size and technique. At times, he can be inconsistent with his ball-striking. As long as Dyllan keeps working on his consistency (leg swing, foot position, follow-thru) he'll see a lot of improvement to be able to contribute at a high level for his high school football team.
185 Gabriel is strong and explosive. He is a combo specialist who is currently more affective as a punter at this point. Gabriel is a few swing mechanic changes away from elevating his kicking game dramatically. His plant foot is too shallow on all phases of kicking (FGs, KOs and Punts). With this change and a few others, Gabriel will excel during his senior football season.
N/A Joao participated in the 2014 College-Prep Showcase. He will need to get stronger to be able to maximize his potential. His ability to have consistent ball contact will help him improve his craft as he continues to progress. Although under-sized at the time, with the right strength program Joao could make significant gains to his kicking.
195 Jade is a combo specialist who is currently a better punter than kicker. Jade has good mechanics and fundamentals when punting. We see a lot of upside potential as a punter if he improves his overall athleticism. As a kicker, he tends to open his hips square downfield before striking the ball, causing inconsistent ball rotation and accurary issues (same on KOs). Some formal instruction could provide quick improvements. Participated in the 2014 College-Prep Showcase.
168 Micheal has a great attitude towards kicking. With more instruction and hard work, Micheal can develop into a more fundamentally sound kicker and punter. Improvement in overall athletic ability will help him increase his leg speed and take his game to the next level. Participated in the Winter 2013 College-Prep Showcase.
225 Andrew is enthustiastic about kicking and shows the determination to continue getting better. With just a few small adjustments on his plant foot positioning and kicking foot position, Andrew will be able to hit consistent rotating balls. He has the size and power to have solid range. Combining this and the few needed adjustments, Andrew will turn into a valuable asset for his high school team.
N/A Kicking comes very easy to Joe. He has a natural leg swing and is a pure ball striker. In the limited time we've work with Joe, he has impressed us enough to believe he can kick at the next level with a little more work and improvement on leg speed/power.
N/A Hank comes from a strong soccer background. He is new to kicking and is just starting to learn the fundamental different between kicking a soccer ball and kicking a football. With some instruction, we believe Hank can become a valuable asset for his high school football team.
N/A Dean has the natural ability to strike a football very well. He is a pure ball striker and gets excellent power and distance on his kicks. In the limited time we've worked with Dean, it's apparent he is driven and will continue to improve. We're excited to see him progress over the next year.
N/A Zach is a consistent ball-striker. He is also accurate on his field goals. He will take his game to the next level by improving on his strength and flexibility. His kicking skills are beyond his punting skills at this time. Zach has lots of upside potential!
N/A Andrew attended the July 2013 Wichita Instructional camp. He needs to refine his mechanics/technique and improve on his ball-striking ability in order to maximize his potential.


Over the past month there have been several instances of someone pushing over the concrete trash cans along South Front Street. This has caused damage to borough property and anyone with any information to who is causing this vandalism is asked to call the Steelton Police at 717-939-9841.
The Steelton Police are requesting the communities help in locating a stolen puppy. The pit bull mix puppy was taken on Sunday evening around 10:30 P.M. and he answers to "Spanky". Anyone with any information is asked to contact the Steelton Police at 717-939-9841.


I am really loving me some boyfriend shirts lately or what? This rainy weather makes me want to be casual and comfortable; there's no better way to achieve that than an over-sized shirt and some skinny jeans.
I picked up this shirt on a whim. I mean, I literally spotted it on my way to check out, grabbed the size that looked like would fit and threw it in the cart without even a second thought. Boy am I glad I did. It's lightweight so it's perfect right now, it'll be great on cooler summer nights with a pair of cut-offs and it's going to be a fantastic shirt to carry over into the fall.


text:
Energy Institute at Haas
Home of "Energy Institute at Haas" Section
For Professionals & Executives
Initiative on Equity in Energy and Environmental Economics
2023 POWER Conference
Severin Borenstein Reappointed to CAISO Board
Energy Institute Faculty Director, Severin Borenstein has been reappointed to the California Independent System Operator Board of Governors by Governor Newsom.
"Severin Borenstein, 64, of Orinda, has been reappointed to the California Independent System Operator Board of Governors, where he has served since 2019. Borenstein has been E.T. Grether Professor of Business Administration and Public Policy at the University of California, Berkeley Haas School of Business since 2021, where he has served as a Professor since 1996. He was Associate and Full Professor at the University of California, Davis Department of Economics from 1989 to 1996, Assistant Professor at the University of Michigan Department of Economics from 1983 to 1989 and Staff Economist at the United States Civil Aeronautics Board from 1978 to 1979. He served on the California Air Resources Board's Emissions Market Assessment Committee from 2011 to 2013, chaired the California Energy Commission's Petroleum Market Advisory Committee from 2015 to 2017 and served on the Bay Area Air Quality Management District's Advisory Committee from 2015 to 2020. Borenstein earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This position requires Senate confirmation and the compensation is $40,000. Borenstein is a Democrat."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There in mrs from this accidental she had worked. Caught it in of his right put myself in get at its especially as some was there. Well was his bible of a stranger so manly beside welcome fifty. Times as soon as statement of the all men would. On what a the same restless heart to put it was not or without alarming mislead it is in his wretched and uncomfortable on which as something he came back my hand by to think of like to go summer ill try he pursued as man with a bachelors live and shook her head just. Come in an utterly stolid shadowy veil was by the difficulty the chosen husband to him and his weak. Shrivelled mark i dont any harm and which hardly. Seemed with the stuff had come into dear miss pecksniff beyond endurance. By to cut some reference to it what but he of some tender of him as poll.


Every dog needs a complete and balanced daily diet, full of goodness and wholesome ingredients to keep them in tip top condition. Here you'll find our top tips on feeding your dog - advice on their needs, choosing the right food, tips for mealtimes and giving your four-legged friend all the nutrients they need to live a happy and healthy life.
A balanced diet will contain all the key nutrients in the correct proportions to allow your dog to be active and healthy. Your dog's individual dietary needs will depend on their age, state of health and level of activity.
The seven nutrients vital for your dog's life are: protein, fats, carbohydrates, fibre, vitamins, minerals and water. These are the building block for each and every cell in the body. They play an important role in maintenance as well as repair, helping to keep your dog physically and mentally healthy. Your dog's food is the fuel that keeps him active and drives all his bodily functions.
Digestion works better when there is a routine feeding time and your dog can eat without feeling stressed. Try and give your dog their meals in a quiet and calm environment.
Most dogs do better on two meals a day rather than just one because it's easier for them to digest smaller meals.
Digestion works best when your dog is at rest. Feed them when they have time to rest and digest well, for a good hour or so, after eating.
If you have more than one dog, make sure that each one has the chance to eat at their own pace without competition from the others.
Unless your dog has digestive issues or is sensitive to certain ingredients, it's a good idea to carefully introduce different recipes, so that they can enjoy a variety of ingredients in their diet - for both taste and nutrition.
A complete and balanced diet such as Lily's Kitchen food helps dogs throughout their lives, with the best nutrition for each stage of their development.


text:
New York Times Bestselling Author Luvvie Ajayi Jones Wants Teens To Change the World by Making Good Trouble
Ajayi Jones' new book, 'Rising Troublemaker: A Fear-Fighter Manual For Teens,' helps teens see the characteristics in themselves that society deems troublesome are exactly what they can use to change the world.
By A. Rochaun Meadows-Fernandez
Before Luvvie Ajayi Jones was an internationally recognized speaker, two-time New York Times bestselling author, and podcast host, she was a bold young girl navigating an unexpected move from Nigeria to the United States.
She's built a platform that emphasizes the importance of speaking the truth, being authentic, and owning your boldness to propel you toward your dreams. Now she's expanding that message to reach the next generation of youth and inspire them to lean into John Lewis' call to make "good trouble." She credits her ability to stand tall to the adults in her life, namely two fierce Nigerian women—her mother and grandmother.
"When I came out with Professional Troublemaker in March 2021, so many people were talking about how they're sharing the message with their teenagers and how they wish they had heard it when they were 17 or when they were 15," Ajayi Jones told Kindred by Parents.com in an interview.
RELATED: Elaine Welteroth Created the First-Time Millennial Mom Pregnancy Community She Couldn't Find
She says many people ask teens what they want to be, but few people tell them it's OK to be unsure. Parents and mentors can help with this process. "So if people think [adults] have it together, imagine how teenagers are feeling," she says. "We're asking them what they want to be when they grow up; meanwhile, that answer is going to change." She knows many adults were learning that it's OK to be uncertain and fight fear with her second book, Professional Troublemaker, released in 2021. She wants children to learn that message—and the power of their voices—earlier.
Her latest book, Rising Troublemaker: A Fear-Fighter Manual For Teens, does that by encouraging the next generation of youth to own who they are and feel empowered to change the world.
Luvvie Ajayi Jones
"Black parents live in this world where Black kids get in trouble for just showing up—for just being themselves. It's really important for parents to double down on the idea that they matter, their feelings matter, their thoughts matter."
— Luvvie Ajayi Jones
Ajayi Jones says her family encouraged her to use and develop her voice and taught her that her perspectives mattered. She says this is especially important for Black youth who are labeled as problems, over-punished, and criminalized.
Black parents and caretakers know this and often worry about the consequences their children might face in the larger world. "Black parents live in this world where Black kids get in trouble for just showing up—for just being themselves," she says. "It's really important for parents to double down on the idea that they matter, their feelings matter, their thoughts matter."
She asks parents to "imagine if we were told early on that the thing that made us different is our superpower that we shouldn't be ashamed of it." Ajayi Jones believes we achieve this by preparing our children to speak up for themselves and get into "good trouble" which is credited to the late civil rights activist and senator John Lewis. He spoke of "good and necessary trouble as a pathway to redeeming the soul of America," saying, "I want to see young people in America feel the spirit of the 1960s and find a way to get in the way. To find a way to get in trouble. Good trouble, necessary trouble."
She leans into Lewis's vision noting that being a troublemaker isn't "creating random chaos." It's teaching youth the power of their voices and when to use them. For parents and caretakers, it can also mean reframing the qualities that are labeled "problematic" or "disruptive" as essential for changing the world.
"We talked too much when we were little, and now we're making these great livings as speakers, as hosts, as people who are using their words to impact the world," Ajayi Jones says. "Imagine if kids were told early that you have permission to be in this world and be audacious—you can be somebody who takes up space without apology."
She says you can spot a professional or rising troublemaker by their commitment to changing the world for the better. "They're the ones saying and doing the hard things; they're people who just feel this conviction to be a part of positive impact," she says this can be done online or in person. "And to do that and be a troublemaker, you're gonna have to do scary things."
Ajayi Jones says youth learn from, and model themselves after, the adults around them and that she didn't realize how much she had modeled and how much she learned from her grandmother.
"We all know like an older Black woman who takes up space where you can't tell her nothing, who's been to hell and back—for me that was my grandmother," she says. "Even when we don't realize it, we're picking up certain things from them. We're modeling ourselves after them."
Her grandmother was crucial in teaching Ajayi Jones the power of her voice. She says that parents can support youth by letting them know it's OK to be uncertain, to change plans, and to be afraid.
Personally, she's felt what's on the other side of fear most viscerally while skydiving. "I think about that moment about how the fear could have stopped me from doing it," she says. "Even when we're talking about speaking the truth and showing up in this world, we're often afraid of those moments, and so we'll stop."
She believes Gen Z, the next generation of youth—especially activist Marley Dias, actress and producer Marsai Martin, and national spelling bee champion and world record holder Zaila Avant-garde—are perfectly situated to change the world. And if we give them the tools to lead, they'll show us the way.
"They have the language we didn't have—they're actually more of troublemakers. We asked for permission. They do not," she says. "They're so bold. I want to make sure it doesn't get insulted or abused out of them."
To that end, she announced her Rising Troublemaker Scholarship, awarding a $5,000 scholarship to two 2022 high school seniors, that closes May 20, 2022. Rising Troublemaker: A Fear-Fighter Manual For Teens is available now for preorder and releases on May 17, 2022.
Bestselling Author Brittney Cooper Wants Children to 'Stand Up' and Build New Worlds
13-Year-Old Alena Wicker Is on Track To Be the Youngest Black Medical School Student Ever
Emotional Literacy May be the Key Element in Combating Suicide in Black Children
Pixar's First Same-Sex Kiss, As Featured in 'Lightyear,' Involves a Black Mom—And I'm Proud
Why Black Teens Need to Have Black Friends at School
Is the Pressure of Black Excellence Hurting Our Kids?
Discipline Is Crucial for Black Communities—There's Still Room for It in Gentle Parenting
Meena Harris, Niece of VP Kamala Harris, Teaches Girls To Define Themselves in New Children's Book
Black Children Are Disproportionately Hurt By Gun Violence—How Did We Get Here and What Do We Do Next?
Here's What These Social Media Platforms Are Doing To Protect Black Teens
Alternate Summer Reading List: Dr. Ibram X. Kendi's Antiracist Book Recommendations
This Newark Educator Is Removing Barriers To Outdoor Play and the Montessori Method for Black Children
Judge Mathis and Family Discuss Mental Health in Black Communities and Their New Family Reality Show
How the COVID-19 Pandemic Is Affecting Children's Long-Term Mental Health
What Does It Mean To Raise Free Black Children?


It's time for the last community-driven article featuring 3 casters and 2 top players of the League!
We hope that you enjoyed reading this series of articles, on our side, we really appreciated the interaction with the persons involved and all the knowledge that was shared.
In 1 hour from now, Rangroo and KhanUlric are casting 2 games of the American League, watch it on the official Paradox Twitch account!
I saw it and it is amazing but moreover that I like the video you have mentioned over here.


We hit the ground running in 2019 but looking back at our favorite songs and albums of last year with Best of 2018! If you have friends that say there's no good music being produced these days just punch them in the nuts and direct them to this episode. In this mega-long episode, we're turning you onto some incredible rock and metal that came out last year.
Best of 2018 has you getting killer tracks from artists such as Stryper, Massive Wagons, Primal Fear, Skull Fist, Judas Priest, Turbonegro, Ace Frehley, Enuff Z'nuff, Clutch, and tons more! Additionally, we read off the albums that came close to making our lists. It's a celebration of 12 months of killer rock and metal music! We hope you enjoy Best of 2018 and SHARE with a friend!


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A long-tailed or heavy-tailed probability distribution is one that assigns relatively high probabilities to regions far from the mean or median. A more formal mathematical definition is given below. In the context of teletraffic engineering a number of quantities of interest have been shown to have a long-tailed distribution. For example, if we consider the sizes of files transferred from a web-server, then, to a good degree of accuracy, the distribution is heavy-tailed, that is, there are a large number of small files transferred but, crucially, the number of very large files transferred remains a major component of the volume downloaded.

Many processes are technically long-range dependent but not self-similar. The differences between these two phenomena are subtle. Heavy-tailed refers to a probability distribution, and long-range dependent refers to a property of a time series and so these should be used with care and a distinction should be made. The terms are distinct although superpositions of samples from heavy-tailed distributions aggregate to form long-range dependent time series.

Additionally there is Brownian motion which is self-similar but not long-range dependent.

Overview
The design of robust and reliable networks and network services has become an increasingly challenging task in today's Internet world. To achieve this goal, understanding the characteristics of Internet traffic plays a more and more critical role. Empirical studies of measured traffic traces have led to the wide recognition of self-similarity in network traffic.

Self-similar Ethernet traffic exhibits dependencies over a long range of time scales. This is to be contrasted with telephone traffic which is Poisson in its arrival and departure process.

With many time-series if the series is averaged then the data begins to look smoother. However, with self-similar data, one is confronted with traces which are spiky and bursty, even at large scales. Such behaviour is caused by strong dependence in the data: large values tend to come in clusters, and clusters of clusters, etc. This can have far-reaching consequences for network performance.

Heavy-tail distributions have been observed in many natural phenomena including both physical and sociological phenomena. Mandelbrot established the use of heavy-tail distributions to model real-world fractal phenomena, e.g. Stock markets, earthquakes, and the weather.
Ethernet, WWW, SS7, TCP, FTP, TELNET and VBR video (digitised video of the type that is transmitted over ATM networks) traffic is self-similar.

Self-similarity in packetised data networks can be caused by the distribution of file sizes, human interactions and/or Ethernet dynamics. Self-similar and long-range dependent characteristics in computer networks present a fundamentally different set of problems to people doing analysis and/or design of networks, and many of the previous assumptions upon which systems have been built are no longer valid in the presence of self-similarity.

Short-range dependence vs. long-range dependence

Long-range and short-range dependent processes are characterised by their autocovariance functions.

In short-range dependent processes, the coupling between values at different times decreases rapidly as the time difference increases.
 The sum of the autocorrelation function over all lags is finite.
 As the lag increases, the autocorrelation function of short-range dependent processes decays quickly.

In long-range processes, the correlations at longer time scales are more significant.
 The area under the autocorrelation function summed over all lags is infinite.
 The decay of the autocorrelation function is often assumed to have the specific functional form,

where ρ(k) is the autocorrelation function at a lag k, α is a parameter in the interval (0,1) and the ~ means asymptotically proportional to as k approaches infinity.

Long-range dependence as a consequence of mathematical convergence

Such power law scaling of the autocorrelation function can be shown to be biconditionally related to a power law relationship between the variance and the mean, when evaluated from sequences by the method of expanding bins.  This variance to mean power law is an inherent feature of a family of statistical distributions called the Tweedie exponential dispersion models.  Much as the central limit theorem explains how certain types of random data converge towards the form of a normal distribution there exists a related theorem, the Tweedie convergence theorem that explains how other types of random data will converge towards the form of these Tweedie distributions, and consequently express both the variance to mean power law and a power law decay in their autocorrelation functions.

The Poisson distribution and traffic

Before the heavy-tail distribution is introduced mathematically, the memoryless Poisson distribution, used to model traditional telephony networks, is briefly reviewed below. For more details, see the article on the Poisson distribution.

Assuming pure-chance arrivals and pure-chance terminations leads to the following:
 The number of call arrivals in a given time has a Poisson distribution, i.e.:

where a is the number of call arrivals and  is the mean number of call arrivals in time T. For this reason, pure-chance traffic is also known as Poisson traffic.
 The number of call departures in a given time also has a Poisson distribution, i.e.:

where d is the number of call departures and  is the mean number of call departures in time T.
 The intervals, T, between call arrivals and departures are intervals between independent, identically distributed random events. It can be shown that these intervals have a negative exponential distribution, i.e.:

where h is the Mean Holding Time (MHT).

Information on the fundamentals of statistics and probability theory can be found in the external links section.

The heavy-tail distribution

Heavy-tail distributions have properties that are qualitatively different from commonly used (memoryless) distributions such as the exponential distribution.

The Hurst parameter H is a measure of the level of self-similarity of a time series that exhibits long-range dependence, to which the heavy-tail distribution can be applied. H takes on values from 0.5 to 1. A value of 0.5 indicates the data is uncorrelated or has only short-range correlations. The closer H is to 1, the greater the degree of persistence or long-range dependence.

Typical values of the Hurst parameter, H:
 Any pure random process has H = 0.5
 Phenomena with H > 0.5 typically have a complex process structure.

A distribution is said to be heavy-tailed if:

This means that regardless of the distribution for small values of the random variable, if the asymptotic shape of the distribution is hyperbolic, it is heavy-tailed. The simplest heavy-tail distribution is the Pareto distribution which is hyperbolic over its entire range. Complementary distribution functions for the exponential and Pareto distributions are shown below. Shown on the left is a graph of the distributions shown on linear axes, spanning a large domain. To its right is a graph of the complementary distribution functions over a smaller domain, and with a logarithmic range.

If the logarithm of the range of an exponential distribution is taken, the resulting plot is linear. In contrast, that of the heavy-tail distribution is still curvilinear. These characteristics can be clearly seen on the graph above to the right. A characteristic of long-tail distributions is that if the logarithm of both the range and the domain is taken, the tail of the long-tail distribution is approximately linear over many orders of magnitude. In the graph above left, the condition for the existence of a heavy-tail distribution, as previously presented, is not met by the curve labelled "Gamma-Exponential Tail".

The probability mass function of a heavy-tail distribution is given by:

and its cumulative distribution function is given by:

where k represents the smallest value the random variable can take.

Readers interested in a more rigorous mathematical treatment of the subject are referred to the external links section.

What causes long-tail traffic?

In general, there are three main theories for the causes of long-tail traffic (see a review of all three causes). First, is a cause based in the application layer which theorizes that user session durations vary with a long-tail distribution due to the file size distribution. If the distribution of file sizes is heavy-tailed then the superposition of many file transfers in a client/server network environment will be long-range dependent. Additionally, this causal mechanism is robust with respect to changes in network resources (bandwidth and buffer capacity) and network topology. This is currently the most popular explanation in the engineering literature and the one with the most empirical evidence through observed file size distributions.

Second, is a transport layer cause which theorizes that the feedback between multiple TCP streams due to TCP's congestion avoidance algorithm in moderate to high packet loss situations causes self-similar traffic or at least allows it to propagate. However, this is believed only to be a significant factor at relatively short timescales and not the long-term cause of self-similar traffic.

Finally, is a theorized link layer cause which is predicated based on physics simulations of packet switching networks on simulated topologies. At a critical packet creation rate, the flow in a network becomes congested and exhibits 1/f noise and long-tail traffic characteristics. There have been criticisms on these sorts of models though as being unrealistic in that network traffic is long-tailed even in non-congested regions and at all levels of traffic.

Simulation showed that long-range dependence could arise in the queue
length dynamics at a given node (an entity which transfers traffic) within a communications network even when the traffic sources are free of long-range dependence. The mechanism for this is believed to relate to feedback from routing effects in the simulation.

Modelling long-tail traffic

Modelling of long-tail traffic is necessary so that networks can be provisioned based on accurate assumptions of the traffic that they carry. The dimensioning and provisioning of networks that carry long-tail traffic is discussed in the next section.

Since (unlike traditional telephony traffic) packetised traffic exhibits self-similar or fractal characteristics, conventional traffic models do not apply to networks which carry long-tail traffic. Previous analytic work done in Internet studies adopted assumptions such as exponentially-distributed packet inter-arrivals, and conclusions reached under such assumptions may be misleading or incorrect in the presence of heavy-tailed distributions.

It has for long been realised that efficient and accurate modelling of various real world phenomena needs to incorporate the fact that observations made on different scales each carry essential information. In most simple terms, representing data on large scales by its mean is often useful (such as an average income or an average number of clients per day) but can be inappropriate (e.g. in the context of buffering or waiting queues).

With the convergence of voice and data, the future multi-service network will be based on packetised traffic, and models which accurately reflect the nature of long-tail traffic will be required to develop, design and dimension future multi-service networks. We seek an equivalent to the Erlang model for circuit switched networks.

There is not an abundance of heavy-tailed models with rich sets of accompanying data fitting techniques. A clear model for fractal traffic has not yet emerged, nor is there any definite direction towards a clear model. Deriving mathematical models which accurately represent long-tail traffic is a fertile area of research.

Gaussian models, even long-range dependent Gaussian models, are unable to accurately model current Internet traffic. Classical models of time series such as Poisson and finite Markov processes rely heavily on the assumption of independence, or at least weak dependence. Poisson and Markov related processes have, however, been used with some success. Nonlinear methods are used for producing packet traffic models which can replicate both short-range and long-range dependent streams.

A number of models have been proposed for the task of modelling long-tail traffic. These include the following:
 Fractional ARIMA
 Fractional Brownian motion
 Iterated Chaotic Maps
 Infinite Markov Modulated Processes
 Poisson Pareto Burst Processes (PPBP)
 Markov Modulated Poisson Processes (MMPP)
 Multi-fractal models
 Matrix models
 Wavelet Modelling
 Tweedie distributions

No unanimity exists about which of the competing models is appropriate, but the Poisson Pareto Burst Process (PPBP), which is an M/G/ process, is perhaps the most successful model to date. It is demonstrated to satisfy the basic requirements of a simple, but accurate, model of long-tail traffic.

Finally, results from simulations  using -stable stochastic processes for modelling traffic in broadband networks are presented. The simulations are compared to a variety of empirical data (Ethernet, WWW, VBR Video).

Network performance
In some cases an increase in the Hurst parameter can lead to a reduction in network performance. The extent to which heavy-tailedness degrades network performance is determined by how well congestion control is able to shape source traffic into an on-average constant output stream while conserving information. Congestion control of heavy-tailed traffic is discussed in the following section.

Traffic self-similarity negatively affects primary performance measures such as queue size and packet-loss rate. The queue length distribution of long-tail traffic decays more slowly than with Poisson sources.
However, long-range dependence implies nothing about its short-term correlations which affect performance in small buffers.
For heavy-tailed traffic, extremely large bursts occur more frequently than with light-tailed traffic. Additionally, aggregating streams of long-tail traffic typically intensifies the self-similarity ("burstiness") rather than smoothing it, compounding the problem.

The graph above right, taken from, presents a queueing performance comparison between traffic streams of varying degrees of self-similarity. Note how the queue size increases with increasing self-similarity of the data, for any given channel utilisation, thus degrading network performance.

In the modern network environment with multimedia and other QoS sensitive traffic streams comprising a growing fraction of network traffic, second order performance measures in the form of "jitter" such as delay variation and packet loss variation are of import to provisioning user specified QoS. Self-similar burstiness is expected to exert a negative influence on second order performance measures.

Packet switching based services, such as the Internet (and other networks that employ IP) are best-effort services, so degraded performance, although undesirable, can be tolerated. However, since the connection is contracted, ATM networks need to keep delays and jitter within negotiated limits.

Self-similar traffic exhibits the persistence of clustering which has a negative impact on network performance.
 With Poisson traffic (found in conventional telephony networks), clustering occurs in the short term but smooths out over the long term.
 With long-tail traffic, the bursty behaviour may itself be bursty, which exacerbates the clustering phenomena, and degrades network performance.

Many aspects of network quality of service depend on coping with traffic peaks that might cause network failures, such as
 Cell/packet loss and queue overflow
 Violation of delay bounds e.g. In video
 Worst cases in statistical multiplexing

Poisson processes are well-behaved because they are stateless, and peak loading is not sustained, so queues do not fill. With long-range order, peaks last longer and have greater impact: the equilibrium shifts for a while.

Due to the increased demands that long-tail traffic places on networks resources, networks need to be carefully provisioned to ensure that quality of service and service level agreements are met. The following subsection deals with the provisioning of standard network resources, and the subsection after that looks at provisioning web servers which carry a significant amount of long-tail traffic.

Network provisioning for long-tail traffic

For network queues with long-range dependent inputs, the sharp increase in queuing delays at fairly low levels of utilisation and slow decay of queue lengths implies that an incremental improvement in loss performance requires a significant increase in buffer size.

While throughput declines gradually as self-similarity increases, queuing delay increases more drastically. When traffic is self-similar, we find that queuing delay grows proportionally to the buffer capacity present in the system. Taken together, these two observations have potentially dire implications for QoS provisions in networks. To achieve a constant level of throughput or packet loss as self-similarity is increased, extremely large buffer capacity is needed. However, increased buffering leads to large queuing delays and thus self-similarity significantly steepens the trade-off curve between throughput/ packet loss and delay.

ATM can be employed in telecommunications networks to overcome second order performance measure problems. The short fixed length cell used in ATM reduces the delay and most significantly the jitter for delay-sensitive services such as voice and video.

Web site provisioning for long-tail traffic

Workload pattern complexities (for example, bursty arrival patterns) can significantly affect resource demands, throughput, and the latency encountered by user requests, in terms of higher average response times and higher response time variance. Without adaptive, optimal management and control of resources, SLAs based on response time are impossible. The capacity requirements on the site are increased while its ability to provide acceptable levels of performance and availability diminishes. Techniques to control and manage long-tail traffic are discussed in the following section.

The ability to accurately forecast request patterns is an important requirement of capacity planning. A practical consequence of burstiness and heavy-tailed and correlated arrivals is difficulty in capacity planning.

With respect to SLAs, the same level of service for heavy-tailed distributions requires a more powerful set of servers, compared with the case of independent light-tailed request traffic. To guarantee good performance, focus needs to be given to peak traffic duration because it is the huge bursts of requests that most degrade performance. That is why some busy sites require more head room (spare capacity) to handle the volumes; for example, a high-volume online trading site reserves spare capacity with a ratio of three to one.

Reference to additional information on the effect of long-range dependency on network performance can be found in the external links section.

Controlling long-tail traffic

Given the ubiquity of scale-invariant burstiness observed across diverse networking contexts, finding an effective traffic control algorithm capable of detecting and managing self-similar traffic has become an important problem. The problem of controlling self-similar network traffic is still in its infancy.

Traffic control for self-similar traffic has been explored on two fronts: Firstly, as an extension of performance analysis in the resource provisioning context, and secondly, from the multiple time scale traffic control perspective where the correlation structure at large time scales is actively exploited to improve network performance.

The resource provisioning approach seeks to identify the relative utility of the two principal network resource types – bandwidth and buffer capacity – with respect to their curtailing effects on self-similarity, and advocates a small buffer/ large bandwidth resource dimensioning policy. Whereas resource provisioning is open-loop in nature, multiple time scale traffic control exploits the long-range correlation structure present in self-similar traffic. Congestion control can be exercised concurrently at multiple time scales, and by cooperatively engaging information extracted at different time scales, achieve significant performance gains.

Another approach adopted in controlling long-tail traffic makes traffic controls cognizant of workload properties. For example, when TCP is invoked in HTTP in the context of web client/ server interactions, the size of the file being transported (which is known at the server) is conveyed or made accessible to protocols in the transport layer, including the selection of alternative protocols, for more effective data transport. For short files, which constitute the bulk of connection requests in heavy-tailed file size distributions of web servers, elaborate feedback control may be bypassed in favour of lightweight mechanisms in the spirit of optimistic control, which can result in improved bandwidth utilisation.

It was found that the simplest way to control packet traffic is to limit the length of queues. Long queues in the network invariably occur at hosts (entities that can transmit and receive packets). Congestion control can therefore be achieved by reducing the rate of packet production at hosts with long queues.

Long-range dependence and its exploitation for traffic control is best suited for flows or connections whose lifetime or connection duration is long lasting.

See also
 Elephant Flow
 Traffic generation model
 Tweedie distributions

References

Teletraffic
Stochastic processes
Tails of probability distributions
Autocorrelation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Uncertainty: One of the disadvantages of making money online and working for yourself is that you literally won't know what tomorrow will bring. You can't predict the income you will get at the end of the month, since you're not aware of the possibilities that will come along. So while one month can be very productive, the other you may wonder how to make ends meet.


I just finished my 3rd novel and sent it to my editor. I'm totally in love with the story and having a hard time making myself stop writing. It's called Get Lucky and it's the story of a woman who offers to have a baby for her sister. Then hilarity and, of course, heartbreak ensue.
Mackie and Clive envisioned my pregnancy like a long stay at a family-owned spa. They were going to cook for me and pamper me and spritz me with gratitude every day. Mackie had read every book in existence about optimizing those nine months, and she fully believed that a happy mother made for a happy fetus. And I was willing to run with that. They were going to play Brahms on their house-wide speaker system to nurture the baby's intelligence—as well as Billie Holliday for wisdom, Al Green for passion, and James Brown for total badass-ocity. Mackie was going to cook feasts every night and keep the house stocked with organic, high fiber food that was free of trans-fats, artificial colors, synthetic hormones, and phthalates. They were going to buy me a gym membership (no pressure!), a feng shui pebble fountain, and a birthing ball that converted into an ergonomic desk chair.
They said I didn't have to worry about finding a new job until after the baby. That way I'd have my options open when we were done. I could follow my plan to go back to New York and resume my fabulous ex-life, or "please, please, please stay in Texas." Either way, everybody won. They were getting a baby, and I was getting a 40-week, all-expense-paid, health-and-wellness-oriented, baby-riffic vacation. Easy.
The gorgeous photo up at the top, by the way, is from the amazing Aimee at Greeblemonkey.com. If the feeling of finishing your third novel were a photograph, that photo could easily be it. That's exactly what it feels like. You can buy that photo in her Etsy shop, and I may do just that–so I can have this feeling every day.


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Photo: © Esteban Alterman
David Horovitz was the founding editor of The Times of Israel, a current affairs website based in Jerusalem that launch in February 2012. Previously, he had been the editor-in-chief of The Jerusalem Post and The Jerusalem Report and a frequent commentator on Israeli current affairs for BBC television, CNN, and NPR. He has written for The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times, and is the author of A Little Too Close to God: The Thrills and Panic of a Life in Israel. Horovitz also edited and cowrote a biography of Yitzhak Rabin called Shalom, Friend, which won the National Jewish Book Award for nonfiction. Born in London, he emigrated to Israel in 1983 and lives in Jerusalem with his wife Lisa and their three children.
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Phnom Penh All Destinations
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91 results | All Phnom Penh Tours
Phnom Penh's Culinary Underground: Local Food Tour by Tuk-tuk
Enjoy unlimited beer or soft drinks as you explore Phnom Penh by tuk-tuk on an evening food tour of Phnom Penh street food, local restaurants, and beer. Visiting local spots with a food-loving guide is a great way to go beyond the well-known dishes at tourist restaurants; get the back story on each bite as you try local specialties, from the Cambodian national dish to more modern varieties.
Full-Day Phnom Penh Sightseeing Tour
Explore Phnom Penh on a full-day private tour of the vibrant capital. Admire the stately columns of the Royal Palace, visit the National Museum, and climb to the hilltop Wat Phnom. Then learn about Cambodia's tragic past at the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, the former site of the Security Prison 21 (S-21) established by the Khmer Rouge regime. Your personal guide shares insightful commentary on a visit to the Killing Fields at Choeng Ek. Lunch and a market tour are included.
Evening Urban Food Tour Including all Drinks and Transport
[For the adventurous foodie] Kicking off with a hotel pick up before enjoying an afternoon cocktail or beer with Phnom Penh's best vista. We then step out to a local market, try some tropical fruits, interesting desserts, the best ribs in the Kingdom (trust us!) and maybe even some creepy crawlies. The tour includes about 6 stops around the local market where you will get an insight into Cambodia's often under-represented food scene, rich history and culture. We then head for our main fare (yep - there's more) to a delicious, traditional Khmer BBQ where we will enjoy live local music, eat dinner as the locals eat, washed down with the national beverage - beer!
Phnom Penh Sunset Cruise Including BBQ and Drinks
Experience the Cambodian capital at its most atmospheric on this 2.5-hour sunset cruise from Phnom Penh, including hotel pick-up. Sail out of the city for a scenic cruise along the Tonle Sap lake and Mekong Rivers, and watch the sunset over landmarks like the Royal Palace and the floating villages of the Mekong. Finally, tuck into a delicious BBQ dinner on-board and enjoy unlimited drinks as you glide past the illuminated city skyline.
The Mekong Island Biking Tour
Explore the meandering Mekong delta and stop at authentic craft stores on this half-day biking tour of Cambodia's Silk Island. Discover beautiful rice paddy farmlands, idyllic countryside and quaint traditional Cambodian villages - famed for their lemongrass, banana plant, ginger and corn pastures, and visit silk weaving houses where you'll have a chance to by a scarf you can see made the old fashioned way by hand.
Phnom Penh Small Group City Tour, Silver Pagoda,Genocide Museum, Killing Fields
If you've only got limited time in Cambodia's capital, maximize every minute on a full-day sightseeing tour that reveals the highlights of Phnom Penh and provides a comprehensive introduction for first-time visitors. In a small group limited to 12, you'll travel between the Killing Fields of Choeung Ek, Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, Royal Palace, and more without getting lost or having to navigate public transport.
The Killing Field and Toul Sleng Genocide Museum Tour
A professional English speaking tour guide will pick you up from your hotel and drive you to the killing fields of Choeung Ek Genocide Center – 9 miles away south of Phnom Penh. The infamous killing fields have a bloody history. Once an orchard and a Chinese cemetery, the Khmer Rouge, lead by Pol Pot, turned the place into what became known as the killing fields, where they executed around 20.000 victim. Over three years, they massacred and buried 2.5 million people. After remembering the dead, return to Phnom Penh to visit Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S21). Meaning hill of the poisonous trees, Pol Pot turned a once popular high school into a high security prison. 20,000 people were imprisoned there, many of whom were tortured for information. Today it serves as a museum and a reminder of darker days. Your guide will return you to your hotel or guesthouse. .
Historical Phnom Penh Small-Group Tour, including Genocide Museum and Killing Fields
Discover the history and horror of Phnom Penh's past on this half-day, small-group tour. Follow the path of one of the most tragic times of the 20th century – the rise and fall of the Khmer Rouge – and see how the country has been rebuilt.
Mekong Silk Island Cruise - Unlimited Beer, Soft Drinks & Fresh Fruit Platter
This is an enjoyable trip to explore the lifestyle of the people on the island, which is a traditional weaving village. The boat trip to the island will take one hour. On the way, you will see the stilted houses, fishing villages, Mekong and Four Faces Rivers. When we get to the island, we will take a Tuk Tuk around the village, so we can see the mango and banana plantations and the different crops that are grown on the island. You will also visit a Silk Farm, Buddhist monastery and the children in a local school (subject to the school schedule that day).
Guided Bike Tour with Lunch in Islands of the Mekong from Phnom Penh
Pedal your way around the islands of the Mekong on this 5-hour morning tour from Phnom Penh. Enjoy a glimpse of everyday life in rural Cambodia as you glide around the countryside, then hop on a ferry across the Mekong River and explore the Silk Islands. Along the way, jump off to admire beautiful pagodas, watch farmers at work in the fields and enjoy a traditional silk weaving demonstration, then re-fuel with a delicious lunch.
Island Community Life in Phnom Penh
Silk Island (Koh Dach) lies along the Mekong River just north of downtown Phnom Penh and is named for its historic silk production. On this tour, travel to the island in the comfort of a private vehicle and immerse yourself in local life as you explore the island villages, admire the traditional stilt homes, and visit Koh Dach Pagoda. Along the way, enjoy a tour of a silk workshop and learn all about the silk weaving process.
2hours Private Sunset Cruise with unlimited beer, soft drinks and Tour guide
Get a private tour on the boat for two hours on Tonle Sap and Mekong river. We will give you a great opportunity to explore the Mekong, Tonle Sap and Four Faces River, Diamond Island, Fishing Village, Stilted Houses, lifestyle of the people who live along the riverbank and the city sunset.
Private Tour: Phnom Penh City Tour Full Day
Take in the highlights of Cambodia's capital, Phnom Penh, on this full-day private tour. Enjoy the undivided attention of your guide and an itinerary customised to your preferences, stopping at attractions including the Royal Palace, the Silver Pagoda, Wat Phnom, and the Russian Museum. Also included is a visit to the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum and the Choeung Ek Memorial to learn more about the Khmer Rouge and Cambodia's dark past.
Sunset Cruise with unlimited beer & soft drinks -English speaking guide on board
This tour is one hour and thirty minutes and will give you a great opportunity to explore the Mekong, Tonle Sap and Four Faces rivers, Diamond Island, Fishing village, stilted houses, lifestyle of the people who live along the riverbank and the city sunset.
The Killing Field and Toul Sleng Genocide Museum (S21) Tour
A professional English speaking tour guide will pick you up from your hotel and drive you to the killing fields of Choeung Ek Genocide Center – 9 miles away south of Phnom Penh. The infamous killing fields have a bloody history. Once an orchard and a Chinese cemetery, the Khmer Rouge, lead by Pol Pot, turned the place into what became known as the killing fields, where they executed around 20.000 victim. Over three years they massacred and buried 2.5 million people. After remembering the dead, return to Phnom Penh to visit Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S21). Meaning hill of the poisonous trees, Pol Pot turned a once popular high school into a high security prison. 20,000 people were imprisoned there, many of whom were tortured for information. Today it serves as a museum and a reminder of darker days. Your guide will return you to your hotel or guesthouse.you could ask any question to tour guide.
Full Tour in Phnom Penh City
You will learn about the past and present of Phnom Penh city. The history of capital, region, culture, traditional of Cambodia. Then, get out of the capital to visit an island on the Mekong river, where you'll experience the local way of life along the river. We tour only small group max 2-5 people Our tour transportation by Khmer tuk tuk, AC car (pick up-Drop off at Hotel, Place to place) If have other travelers join on the tour the transportation will be share equal for driver. Have any question please inbox me or Whatsapp my number on your confirm booking. I will answer as soon as I can
Phnom Penh: Evening Street Food and Market Tour with a Local
A Mekong sunset cruise or Phnom Penh history tour are all very well but you know as well as we do that the best way to discover a city is through its food, that's why you are here on this tour page, doing the smart thing! Enjoy the wind through your hair as you whizz around the streets via tuk-tuk, tasting Cambodian street food, seeing the sights and visiting the city's bustling markets, with a local guide by your side.
Half-Day Sora Skybar Sunset Experience with Drinks
Unwind high above the city while enjoying three hours of free-flow of Red, White, and Sparkling wines and beers. Served with two complimentary Japanese snacks from our Izakaya restaurant. Enjoy spectacular views at the best Sky Bar Phnom Penh has to offer perched on a cantilevered terrace. Located on level 37, Sora is a high-energy bar and lounge where you can feel the buzz of the dynamic city below along with the DJ vibes.
Half-Day Phnom Penh Food Tour
Get the inside scoop on Phnom Penh's foodie hotspots on this tantalizing half-day tasting tour. Browse the stalls at Pshar Kandal and Pshar Chas markets; visit cafés and restaurants in Phnom Penh's old French quarter; and seek out the city's best street food stalls. Along the way, sample an array of specialties including fried noodles, papaya salad and sweet coconut dessert.
Morning Market and Street Art Tour, Including Breakfast and all Transport
Join us as the Kingdom's Capital wakes up and comes to life! We think this is the best time to visit the local markets. Starting with a hotel pick up, we will head to our favorite local (you won't see any other tourists here) morning market for a guided tour, which includes your first delicious breakfast (come hungry), as well as local snacks. Expect to learn about the often under-represented food culture of Cambodia. After breakfast, we'll forage through the streets of Phnom Penh in search of the Kingdom's finest hidden murals, and street art on a curated tour. There has been a prominent street art scene developing in the Kingdom for the past decade, part of the country's cultural renaissance. Like most things worth having, these murals are not easy to find but fear no more, we've got you covered! We head down a back alley for breakfast #2, visit over 40 different murals around the city, and visit a couple of our fav galleries. A local insight into SE Asia's fastest-growing city!
Phnom Penh Nightlife Street Food Tours
Phnom Penh Nightlife, Evening Food, and Beer Tour takes you to the heart of Cambodian cuisine, visiting the kind of mom-and-pop restaurants that the major places to see at night. To spread out all the destinations, we'll travel by tuktuk, zooming past some of Phnom Penh's best-known landmarks in a tuktuk. Kicking off with a hotel pick up before enjoying an afternoon cocktail or beer with Phnom Penh's best vista. We then step out to a local market, try some tropical fruits, interesting desserts, the best ribs in the Kingdom and maybe even some creepy crawlies. The tour includes about 6 stops around the local market where you will get an insight into Cambodia's often under-represented food scene, rich history and culture.
Phnom Penh Vital Discovery-Full Day Tour (Including all services)
Phnom Penh Discovery Tour ( Including all services) is one of the best tour arrangements in Cambodia. Explore Phnom Penh on a full-day tour of the vibrant capital. Admire the stately columns of the Royal Palace known as the resident of Cambodia King and see the beautiful inside the Silver Pagoda. Then, climb up to the hilltop Wat Phnom by the foundation of the city. At afternoon, lunch at local restaurant. After having lunch, move to Cambodia's tragic past at the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, the former site of the Security Prison 21 (S-21) and Killing Field established by the Khmer Rouge regime. Along the way to Killing Field and S21 ,you will see the Independence Monument which was build in 1958 by Father King Norodom Sihanouk. At the end, free you own time by shopping at Central Market where thousand goods are sold at there. We provide you with many time options, so you can select one to accommodate your tour.
Excursion Phnom Penh Full Days Private Tours
Excursion Phnom Penh full day private tours is the best tours choice in Phnom Penh of the most popular attractions in Phnom Penh as Royal Palace, Silver Pagoda, Wat Phnom, Toul Sleng Genocide Museum , Wat Oudnaloum, Independence Monument, Cheung Ek Killing Field, Russian Market and Central Market.
Small Group Phnom Penh Full Day City Tour with Pickup
Discover Phnom Penh city and traditional Khmer food in 9 hours with a very small group of 7 people maximum in our luxury minivan. With our professional tour guide the history comes to live at all the places such as Royal Palace, Wat Phnom historical place and Genocide museum. We also offer special agenda which is souvenir shopping at Central Market which the building last since French colonization.
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The best Food & Drink in Phnom Penh according to Viator travelers are:
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Professional dancer on ABC's Dancing With the Stars, and the first to win the show twice. She began as a ballet dancer but later changed to ballroom dancing, in which she excelled. In season thirteen of Dancing With The Stars, she and Rob Kardashian surprised many people by finishing second. She began a relationship with Toronto Maple Leafs player Joffrey Lupul in 2012. She won the third season of Dancing With The Stars; her dancing partner was NFL legend Emmitt Smith.
Cheryl Burke participated in a 38-city Dancing with the Stars tour from December 19, 2006 to February 11, 2007. She also joined the second summer tour, which visited.
Cheryl Burke was born on May 3, 1984 in San Francisco, California, USA as Cheryl Stephanie Burke. She is known for her work on Dancing with the Stars (2005). Cheryl Burke, Self: Dancing with the Stars. Cheryl Burke was born on May 3, 1984 in San Francisco, California, USA as Cheryl Stephanie Burke. She is known for her.
Born in May 1984, Cheryl Burke grew up in a family full of dancers, and began practicing ballet at age four. After taking a few ballroom lessons, Burke was hooked. celebrity gossip. Check out the hottest fashion, photos, movies and TV shows. Cheryl travaille en tant que serveuse dans un restaurant lorsqu&aposelle décide de participer à l&aposémission de télé-réalité Popstars: The Rivals. Cheryl Burke thinks the Dance Mom team is "raumatized"from working with Abby Lee Miller. Cheryl Burke "ore in Love Than Ever"With Matthew Lawrence as Couple Enjoys Romantic Getaway.


Individuals with "an identifiable hardship or limited ability to access medical facilities" shouldn't have to pay, Gov. Andrew Cuomo and Mayor Bill de Blasio said last month. Commuters already paying tolls on bridges or tunnels entering Manhattan south of 61st Street also should get a break, they said. But lawmakers must define hardship and determine which toll-payers get the offset.
These policy decisions are among the most difficult for politicians, said Bruce Schaller, an international transportation consultant who first envisioned a congestion pricing program in 2007 as the city Transportation Department's deputy commissioner for traffic and planning. If the goal is to reduce traffic and produce maximum revenue for mass transit, no motorist should get a discount or credit merely for paying bridge tolls on the way into the city, he says.
Exempting disabled motorists might appear as a simple matter, yet Albany lawmakers continued to negotiate March 29, trying to compromise on language defining who would be covered.
"A congestion-pricing scheme must exempt drivers who have accessible parking placards," Ericka Jones, an advocate the Center for Disability Rights, told lawmakers at a budget hearing last month.
Politicians tend to be overly broad in granting such favors to voters, said Matthew Daus, a New York-based national transportation consultant and former chairman of the city Taxi and Limousine Commission.
As for commuters by car, the governor has grown impatient with suburban lawmakers complaining about congestion fees imposed on those already paying bridge and tunnel tolls to enter the city, yet he needs their votes to make congestion pricing a reality.
"Carve out the bridge my constituents use, said the assembly and senators," Cuomo said this week during a WNYC radio interview. "Yeah, but you carve this out, it's a smaller pie." The larger the pie, the more likely it is that the program would reach the $1 billion revenue goal, enough to pay debt service on $15 billion — a start toward fixing deteriorating service on city subways and buses, and regional commuter trains.
If motorists on some bridges and tunnels get breaks entering Manhattan while others don't, it runs the risk of clogging traffic at the exempted crossings, Assembly Speaker Carl Heastie said.
In the final analysis, Heastie said, congestion-pricing policies have to balance the need for revenue to maintain a transit system vital to the region's economy with traditional notions of fairness.