text:
RCom Users Will Have Free Access To Twitter During The ICC World Cup
Reliance Communication has partnered with Twitter to bring free unlimited accesses to the social network for its customers during the ICC Cricket World Cup 2015.
Customers will have access to all the buzz surrounding the Cricket World Cup on Twitter through its Match and Tournament Timelines without incurring any data charges.
RCom users without Twitter accounts will also have access to Cricket-related Tweets during the World Cup by logging onto www.rcom.co.in/cricket on their mobile devices.
Reliance Communication recently tied up with Facebook to bring the Internet.org to India, offering its customers free access to certain online services. As part of the program, the only social network users would have access to was Facebook.


text:
Helen Patricia Sharmanová (* 30. května 1963 Sheffield, Spojené království) je první astronautka ze Spojeného království, která pracovala v roce 1991 na sovětské orbitální stanici Mir.

Život

Mládí a výcvik
Vzdělání získala doma ve Velké Británii. Roku 1981 ukončila střední školu Jordan Thorpe Comprehensive School, pak ve svém rodném městě školu vysokou University of Sheffield, obor chemie (ukončeno 1984). Nastoupila do práce u General Electric, Hammersmith, Londýn a zároveň pokračovala ve studiu na Bisbeck College. Zde získala titul PhD a od roku 1987 byla civilním povoláním chemička čokoládovny Mars ve Slough.

V týmu připravujících se kosmonautů SSSR se objevila v roce 1989 jako zástupkyně týmu projektu Juno z Velké Británie. Její let financovala Moscow Narodny Bank se sídlem v Londýně.

Let do vesmíru
Z kosmodromu Bajkonur odstartovala v polovině května 1991 na palubě sovětské kosmické lodě Sojuz TM-12 (v katalogu COSPAR 1991-034A). Pro ni to byla sedmidenní mise na stanici Mir (jeho devátá posádka), letěla do vesmíru jako patnáctá žena. Současně byla 249. člověkem ve vesmíru. V Sojuzu s ní vzlétli sověti Anatolij Arcebarskij a Sergej Krikaljov. Dne 20. května se s pomocí ručního řízení (automatické nefungovalo) připojili ke stanici Mir, kde již byla připojena loď Sojuz TM-11. Posádka této lodi již na Miru sloužila a nyní se obě posádky na šest dní společné práce spojily. Sharmanová se zapojila do vědeckých experimentů. Dne 26. května pak společně s původní posádkou Viktor Afanasjev a Musa Manarov v jejich lodi Sojuz TM-11 odletěla na Zem. Přistáli bez problémů na území Kazachstánu.

 Sojuz TM-12, Mir, Sojuz TM-11 (18. května 1991 – 26. května 1991)

Odkazy

Externí odkazy

 Sharmanová na MEK
 Let TM-12
 Sharmanová na SPACE 40

Narození v roce 1963
Britští kosmonauti
Žijící lidé
Kosmonautky
Ženy
Narození 30. května
Narození v Sheffieldu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
15-Year-Old Killed, Five Other Juveniles Wounded In Trio Of Shootings In Chicago On TuesdayShootings like these are part of the reason Mayor Lori Lightfoot is expected to ask for federal help while she's in Washington, D.C., on Wednesday to meet with members of the Biden administration and attend the U.S. Conference of Mayors.
Nurses Picket At University Of Chicago Medical Center, Protest Over Staffing Levels And Security Concerns
Filed Under:Chicago, Chicago News, Local TV, protest, University of Chicago Medical Center, Vi Nguyen
CHICAGO (CBS) — Registered nurses are protesting at the University of Chicago Medical Center, claiming poor working conditions prevent them from providing patients with the best possible care.
Nurses have been negotiating a new contract with the University of Chicago Medicine since April, and not surprisingly, the hospital tells a different story.
More than 100 nurses organized an informational picket outside the hospital Monday morning, calling on the hospital to meet their demands, such as increased staffing and security.
The nurses have been working without a contract since April, and have been negotiating with the hospital on several key issues. Their union – The National Nurses Organizing Committee/National Nurses United (NNOC/NNU) said it is concerned about short staffing levels, and a shortage of medical equipment.
Nurses said they also have been verbally abused and physically assaulted by patients or visitors while on the job.
READ MORE: Chicago Has 'Formally Passed The Omicron Peak' As New COVID-19 Infections Decline, Hospitalizations Level Off, Top Doc Says; Cautious Optimism With Similar Trend Reported Statewide
They believe more security protocols need to be in place so nurses will know what to do.
"We do have placards on the walls, and on the doors and windows, that says violence will not be tolerated. But what's most important is nurses don't really have the tools if something does happen. What do we go to? Do we need to call just the manager? You know, we need more security presence," said pediatric nurse Brigitt Manson-McToy.
A hospital spokesperson issued the following statement:
"We believe contract issues are best settled through respectful and cooperative negotiations and that external posturing takes time away from the table. It's important to note that informational picketing is not the same as a strike and that pickets are a common tactic for unions and is part of NNU's playbook to gain attention across the country. The University of Chicago Medical Center remains committed to constructive dialogue and good-faith negotiations to reach a fair and equitable labor agreement with the NNOC/NNU that supports our nurses and enables them to do their best work.
UCMC has a deep respect for the professional practice of nursing, and we thank our nurses for their continued dedication to our patients and excellence in patient outcomes despite working without a contract since April, when the previous Collective Bargaining Agreement expired.
UCMC takes its commitment to staffing seriously and is proud to be a staffing leader in Chicago and the Midwest. UCMC rejects NNOC/NNU's core proposals to move our organization to fixedCalifornia-style ratios. We believe in evaluating our patients' acuity and needs on an individual basis, not based on predetermined fixed ratios that consume resources even when patients do not need them.
The data bear this out. Staffing on our units continues to average well ahead of the fixed ratios that NNOC/NNU advocates, and we remain a health care leader on staffing as shown by Illinois Hospital Report Card data published by the State. Case in point, our ICU averages 1.67 patients per nurse, rather than the 2-patients-per-nurse model suggested by the NNOC/NNU. More information on UCMC's superior staffing is posted on ucmcnurses.org.
In addition, UCMC provides nurses with excellentcompensation and benefits that are above the industry average. Our nurses' average hourly rate under the current CBA is over $47 per hour. This is $11 more per hour than the average pay rate that their peers get at acute-care hospitals in the Chicago area. With even the opening wage package we have proposed, our nurses would remain at the top of the Chicago market. NNOC/NNU has not yet responded to our offer, which was made in June."
The hospital said the informational picket won't have an impact on patient care and hospital operations would continue as normal.
MORE NEWS: No Changes To Chicago Travel Advisory; Every State Remains On The List For 3rd Week In A Row
The union said it plans to meet with the hospital again next month.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


One million dollars might sound like enough to retire with today, but by the time you reach your last day of work, it'll be worth less than you might think.
The reason is inflation, and it impacts how you plan for the future. Here's a look at what inflation is and how to keep it from draining your short- and long-term savings.
Broadly speaking, inflation is the increase in overall prices for goods and services in an economy. You'll need more money tomorrow to buy the same things you buy today.
"Inflation is the silent killer of your financial plan," says Derek Brainard, manager of education services at AccessLex Institute, a nonprofit that helps law students understand their finances.
The long-term average rate of inflation is between 2% and 4% annually, based on data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Consumer Price Index, one of the most common measurements of inflation. So, if you kept money in a safe, it'd be worth 2% to 4% less per year.
Invest your money for retirement with a 401(k) or IRA. You might already do this, but you might not know why it matters: These accounts are your best bet for earning long-term returns that beat inflation.
Investing in the stock market through brokerage accounts such as 401(k)s and IRAs has led to an average return in the past century of about 10% annually. When you factor in inflation, that leaves the real return closer to 6% to 8%.
For short-term savings, find a high-yield certificate of deposit. Some online banks and credit unions have one-year CDs with annual percentage yields higher than 2% and five-year CDs with APYs over 3%. These federally insured bank accounts lock up funds for a fixed period, so they're best for money you don't need for months or years.
"You can beat inflation by a little bit right now if you pick a good CD," says Robert Frick, the corporate economist at Navy Federal Credit Union.
Investing to curb inflation's effect is smart, but you also need savings outside of CDs and brokerage accounts to cover emergencies.
Dana Twight, a Seattle-based certified financial planner and owner of Twight Financial Education, says "your emergency fund's purpose is not to beat inflation." Rather, it's for easy access to money when you need it. A regular savings account is easier to withdraw money from than a CD or investment account.
An emergency fund should cover three to six months of living expenses, but "that's based on the costs today," says Brainard. "It's important to revisit that [number] every single year." Inflation will likely increase those costs.
A little inflation is not a bad thing. "Around 2%" is generally an acceptable rate, according to the Federal Reserve. And it helps stave off deflation, which is when overall prices and even wages can decline, which happened during the Great Depression.
Since the 2008 recession, inflation has been historically low. But "there's some sign that inflation is ticking up," says Jim Benedict, North Carolina-based certified financial planner and senior wealth strategist at PNC Wealth Management.
Spencer Tierney is a writer at NerdWallet. Email: spencer.tierney@nerdwallet.com. Twitter: @SpencerNerd.The article Inflation Erodes Your Savings. Here's How to Shore Them Up originally appeared on NerdWallet.


that always plumed its crater.
Yes, the volcano would be first.
Yet another poem from my University of Iowa MOOC writing experience. Visit Tuesday Poem for for a great poem by Pascale Petit: Fauverie - Emmanuel.


Using all of one shareholder's votes to vote the same way. Usually in publically traded companies shareholders are allowed one vote per each share that they hold. Straight voting is when a shareholder uses all of their shares to vote the same way.


How terrific it's to have the capacity to create someone a letter! It's likewise helpful in the event the letter is created by a person that has actually known the accused for some minute. It's possible to publish 1 letter each page, yet you might need to experiment to obtain the perfect font style dimension.
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The template will certainly consist of all the appropriate details which you will need to put in your paper. It may be useful to tape the templates in place to ensure that you could observe just how the ended up embroidery will appear. You could make your personal cover letter template on your mac utilizing the above stated layout. A layout offers you a recommended structure for your letter, and that implies you could quickly begin creating. If you can't locate a template that helps your needs or perhaps you have to merge some components of a couple of themes, you could make your personal. You are able to upload your very own customized letter templates.
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Our themes have a common letter prepared by default which you'll be able to add to or personalize relying on your needs. In detail, a template just can conserve you time. Our word doc model Letter Suggestion Layouts enable you to provide your exclusive information, you relation to the private you're suggesting and also their one-of-a-kind capabilities and also credentials.
A design template is able to help you structure your letter so that it's well organized. Layouts likewise show you exactly what aspects you desire to place in your letters, consisting of intros and body paragraphs.
This Eviction Letter Sample Cover Letter Example uploaded by Aleen Stamm from public domain that can find it from google or other search engine and it's posted under topic Sample Letter Template. If you have any complain about this image, make sure to contact us from the contact page and bring your proof about your copyright image. All trademarks referenced here in are properties of their respective owners and most of the sources material is posted on this website after the "Fair use" doctrine of copyright released for non-commercial News reporting, education and discussion purposes. We will comply with all takedown requests.


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		<edmx:Include Namespace="com.sap.vocabularies.Common.v1"/>
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: jQuery Calculation Plugin - Nutrition Calculator - Add values on click of associated radio button I'm using the jQuery calculation plugin here: http://www.pengoworks.com/workshop/jquery/calculation/calculation.plugin.htm
Here is a jsFiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/k3edG/4/
As you can see, I have multiple radio buttons. Alongside the radio buttons, right now - I have spans that sum up all the nutrition data in the totals area.
What I want to do is have the totals of each nutrition item only be calculated when the user selects the related radio button.
I thought about doing onclick events for each individual radio button but I haven't been able to get anywhere yet.
Any thoughts?
$(document).ready(function() {

// get the sum of the elements
var calories = $(".caloriesSum").sum();
var fat = $(".fatSum").sum();
var satfat = $(".satfatSum").sum();
var carbs = $(".carbsSum").sum();
var protein = $(".proteinSum").sum();
var sodium = $(".sodiumSum").sum();
var chloresterol = $(".chloesterolSum").sum();

// update the total
$("#totalCalories").text(+ calories.toString());
$("#totalFat").text(+ fat.toString());
$("#totalSatFat").text(+ satfat.toString());
$("#totalCarbs").text(+ carbs.toString());
$("#totalProtein").text(+ protein.toString());
$("#totalSodium").text(+ sodium.toString());
$("#totalChloresterol").text(+ chloresterol.toString());

});

Pick Your Meal

                <input type="radio" id="wwheatt" name="meal" value="whole_wheat_tortilla"> Whole Wheat Tortilla
                280
                6
                0
                44
                8
                340
                0

                <input type="radio" name="meal" value="flour_tortilla"> Flour Tortilla
                290
                6
                2
                49
                9
                770
                0

                <input type="radio" name="meal" value="naked"> Naked, zero nutrients
                0
                0
                0
                0
                0
                0
                0

Select Your Protein

                <input type="radio" name="protein" value="steak"> Steak
                230
                9
                3
                3
                32
                170
                90

                <input type="radio" name="protein" value="carnitas"> Carnitas
                210
                9
                3
                2
                29
                490
                90

                <input type="radio" name="protein" value="chicken"> Chicken
                190
                2
                0
                4
                35
                560
                90

                <input type="radio" name="protein" value="tofu"> Tofu

A: Very basic; but is this the sort of thing you are after? http://jsfiddle.net/k3edG/3/
What I've done is add an active class to the
 which has a selected option.
Then I've modified your original update function to only add the values of active items.
I assumed that you would have nutritional information for the checkbox items as well as the radios
Hope that helps :D

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A63-year-old man had fallen and become trapped underneath his car in the set down lane' at Stansted Airport in Essex this morning.
Due to a medical emergency the Express Set Down will be closed until further notice, passengers are advised to allow extra time for their journey to the airport. Thank you.
Police were called shortly after 4am this morning and closed in Terminal Road North while they dealt with the scene.
The driver, from Waltham Cross, was taken to Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge with a head injury.
Anyone travelling to the airport was advised Terminal Road North, or the 'Express Set Down' as it is also known, was closed.
Passengers were encouraged to allow extra time for their journey to the airport.
Essex Police Inspector Rob Brettell said the roundabout near to the blue short stay was temporarily closed while the vehicle was recovered.


With hard-earned experience of our skillful workers, we offer a wide gamut of Epoxy & Polyurethane Florring Service . This floor paint is made by quality assured material & contemporary technology along with the quality standards. Additionally, provided floor paint is widely recommended by our customers for its fine finishing & low cost. This floor paint is given to the customers with numerous stipulations at budget friendly prices.
With an aim to fulfill customer's request, we bring forth a complete spectrum of Floor Densifying Service. The offered service is done by experts with the help of quality assured tools & technology in line with quality standards. In order to provide best floor service, we take all the requirements from customers before the start. Customers can take this floor service at various specification & nominal rates.
With hard-earned experience of our skillful workers, we offer a wide gamut of Ashford Floor Treatment Service. The offered floor treatment is done by experts with the help of quality assured tools & technology in line with quality standards. In order to provide best floor treatment, we take all the requirements from customers before the start. Customers can take this floor treatment at various specification & nominal rates.


text:
Approved Premises
Groupwork Calendar
Information for Referrers
Memories of Mary Phillips
We were deeply saddened to learn of the death of Mary Phillips on 2 January 2018.
Mary joined Elizabeth Fry Charity as a Trustee in 2008 and became Chair in 2009. During her time as Chair she had overseen many positive and far reaching changes to the Charity.
Mary's career started as a Youth and Community Worker becoming the first female General Secretary with the YMCA in the UK. She later became the manager of a multi-disciplined Youth Offender Team in Berkshire going on to work at the Youth Justice Board. She had worked in the private and public sector and became a Board Member of The Thames Valley Probation Trust.
Mary had been a Magistrate from 1990 to 2016. During this time she served as Chair of the Oxfordshire Family Bench. Mary had also been Chair of the Thames Valley Domestic Abuse Scrutiny panel.
Mary gave much of her time to the causes she believed in and was particularly passionate about addressing domestic abuse issues and keeping victims safe. She was also deeply committed to the work of Elizabeth Fry Charity in giving Women Offenders the opportunity to enable them to live meaningful and fulfilled lives.
She will be greatly missed as both a friend and as an inspirational leader.
©2020 Elizabeth Fry. All rights Reserved. Registered Charity no. 1152840.
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Children's Ministries love to find ways to involve children in service. Typical service projects include donation drives for food banks, VBS mission projects, and goodie bags for the homeless. I love all of these. I use all of these fairly regularly. But I also don't believe these are enough to instill in our children a deeply rooted love for the discipline of service. Let me explain.
Self-righteous service prefers to do deeds of titanic proportions. True service finds it almost impossible to distinguish the small from the large.
Self-righteous service calculates results and expects reciprocity. True service delights only in the service itself.
Self-righteous service picks and chooses whom to serve, mostly because of gaining a coveted public image. True service is indiscriminate in its ministry and almost never notices whether others are watching.
Moods and whims affect self-righteous service. True service ministers simply and faithfully because there is a need.
Self-righteous service is temporary. Having served, it rests easy. True service is an ongoing lifestyle.
Children don't always get to partake in the fruits of their labor. Kids don't get to enjoy whatever food, toys, goodies, etc. they are assembling for someone else. For example, during Work Camp (a week long house painting service project for 7th-12th graders), I hosted Work Camp, Jr. for 3rd – 5th graders. We would create a gift for each home owner whose home was being painted and then we would divide into groups to delivery the gifts & take popsicles to the teens who were working in the heat of summer. I told our kids the Popsicles were not for them. They were to give them away freely without expectation of a reward for themselves. Some of our adults would balk at this requirement but the kids learned this act of service was not about them. It is not why we serve others. We serve others because we follow in Jesus' footsteps, and He taught us that service is not about me.
Push kids out of their comfort zones. Most of our kids are still pretty fearless and unaware of comfort zones. Yes, there are shy, introverted children who need more coaxing but even they can learn to serve outside of their comfort zones. At Work Camp, Jr. the kids were given instructions to follow at each home they visited: greet the homeowner, introduce themselves, present the gift, ask him/her a couple questions and then pray with the homeowner. After that they were to go to the teens, give them a Popsicle, ask them a few questions and then pray with them, too. The caveat? The adults with them were not to do any of the talking. And all of the kids had to share in the talking responsibilities. The result? They encouraged one another. The outspoken child couldn't carry the group and the wallflower couldn't hide in the background. My prayer is that if I can get my kids comfortable living outside of comfort zones they will be a lot more equipped to serve God than I can even begin to fathom!
Challenge kids to serve in secret. This one is fun and really pretty easy to incorporate into your ministry. Look at the groups you already have formed (Bible classes, small groups, groups at camp, etc.). Challenge each group to serve another group in secret. Think Secret Santa for service. I would highly recommend assigning groups so that way every group gets served by someone without getting left out.
Stop thinking of it as a "service project." The word "project" implies it is a one time thing that has an expiration date. Yes, some do (like Work Camp, Jr. or VBS mission projects) but we need to help kids see "service" as something they can do every day. When our attitude is one of humbly serving our neighbor like Jesus did there are thousands of things we can do daily to serve others: picking up trash, putting classroom supplies away, holding a door open, helping someone carry something, praying for someone, saving money for a tithe, making cookies for someone, visiting someone sick, being a friend to the new person, etc. Acknowledge these small acts of service and make this a part of your regular vocabulary.
Let the children participate in the follow-through whenever possible. I could have had our 3rd-5th graders make a gift for the homeowners and then sent it with the Youth Ministry to distribute & deliver. It would have been easier but not as meaningful. Their participation in the delivery of the gift & getting to talk to the homeowner is so valuable to all the parties involved. What a HUGE teaching & learning opportunity would be missed if they weren't able to be a part of the follow-through.
Find a balance in acknowledgement. Our 450 VBS kids raised $9,000 for our VBS Mission Project this year. They went out and raised that money on their own. This wasn't mom & dad writing a check for their child's contribution. They deserved to be celebrated & recognized. However, we need to be intentional in also teaching that service needs to be done even when no one else is watching. Maybe all it requires is a quiet note from you when you observe a child selflessly serving someone else. When children are willing to serve without acknowledgement or recognition I believe they are beginning to fully grasp the difference between self-righteous service & true service.
The Discipline of Service is one of the most fun disciplines for children to participate in. It's active, engaging and can be done in community. It's a great discipline for families to practice together. Join us on Thursday as we hear from one family who regularly practices Service together. In the meantime, I'd love to hear from you. How do you have teach your children the difference between self-righteous service & true service?


text:
Il loncosauro (Loncosaurus argentinus) è un dinosauro erbivoro appartenente agli ornitopodi. Visse nel Cretaceo superiore (Santoniano/Campaniano, circa 80 milioni di anni fa) e i suoi resti fossili sono stati ritrovati in Sudamerica (Argentina). L'identità è dubbia.

Classificazione
Descritto per la prima volta nel 1898 dal paleontologo argentino Florentino Ameghino, questo dinosauro è noto solo attraverso un femore parziale. Un dente ricurvo, attribuibile in realtà a un dinosauro carnivoro, era stato riferito erroneamente allo stesso animale. Il femore, che sembrerebbe provenire da un animale lungo un paio di metri, mostra una certa affinità con gli ornitopodi, e in passato è stato attribuito agli ipsilofodontidi, una famiglia di ornitopodi dalle forme leggere e snelle. È più probabile, però, che Loncosaurus fosse un rappresentante primitivo degli iguanodonti, ornitopodi evoluti dalle forme generalmente più massicce, e che forse fosse avvicinabile ai driosauridi. Sono state anche proposte parentele con il poco conosciuto Notohypsilophodon.

Significato del nome
Il nome Loncosaurus deriva probabilmente dalla parola di lingua araucana lonco, che significa "testa" o "capo", o forse dal greco lonkhos ("lancia"); il riferimento non è chiaro, e forse si riferisce alla (presunta) natura predatoria dell'animale, ritenuto in possesso di denti aguzzi e ricurvi.

Bibliografia
 Ameghino, F. 1898. Sinopsis geológico-paleontológica. Segundo conso de la República Argentina. Folia:Buenos Aires, 1:112-255. [Spanish]
 Ameghino, F. 1899. Nota preliminar sobre el Loncosaurus argentinus, un representante de la familia Megalosauridae de la República Argentina. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 49:61-62. [Spanish]
 Coria, R.A., and Salgado, L. 1996. Loncosaurus argentinus Ameghino, 1899 (Ornithischia, Ornithopoda): a revised description with comments on its phylogenetic relationships. Ameghiniana 33(4):373-376.

Collegamenti esterni

Ornitopodi

Taxa classificati da Florentino Ameghino


text:
Previous (Charles Darwin)
Next (Charles Dow)
Portsmouth, Hampshire, England
Charles John Huffam Dickens (February 7, 1812 – June 9, 1870) was an English novelist of the Romantic and Victorian eras and one of the most popular writers in the English language. His works have continued to endure in public memory for their vivid characterization, poignant drama, and moral insight. Lifelong rival of the wealthy writer William Makepeace Thackeray, Dickens rose up from destitute poverty to become a truly "self-made man"—one of the first writers to support himself, and successfully so, entirely by his art. He was remarkable not only for his penetrating insight into human nature, but for the tremendous speed with which he was able to produce stories, novels, and other writings. The only writers of his age who can compare with him for sheer volume of published materials would be Honoré de Balzac and Henry James.
Dickens was not merely prolific, however. He was, as many writers, philosophers, and even political leaders have pointed out, one of the most politically revolutionary figures of his times. Having been born into a middle-class family that, early in his childhood, went bankrupt, Dickens experienced the underbelly of London society firsthand. Like the French novelists Victor Hugo and Emile Zola, Dickens brought to the foreground aspects of society that had rarely been depicted. But unlike the great French and Russian realists, Dickens' originality derived from his presentation of "types"—Uriah Heep, Mr. Macawber, Miss Havisham, Mrs. Jellyby, Ebenezer Scrooge, Fagin, among countless others—vividly drawn caricatures that endure in memory because Dickens' genius imbues each with an uncanny verisimilitude.
2 Literary style
2.2 Episodic writing
2.3 Social commentary
3.1 The Bildungsromans: Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, and Great Expectations
3.2 A Tale of Two Cities
3.2.1 Plot Summary
3.3 A Christmas Carol
5.1 Major novels
5.2 Selected other books
5.3 Short stories
5.4 Essays
5.5 Articles
Dickens depicted to generations of readers the injustices and immoralities of a world corrupted by industrial power. He remains among the most beloved writers in the world for his enduring qualities of compassion, faith, generosity, and empathy for humanity.
Dickens was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire to John Dickens (1786–1851), a naval pay clerk, and his wife Elizabeth Dickens neé Barrow (1789–1863). When he was five, the family moved to Chatham, Kent. At age ten, his family relocated to 16 Bayham Street, Camden Town in London. His early years were an idyllic time. He thought himself then as a "very small and not-over-particularly-taken-care-of boy." He spent his time outdoors, reading voraciously with a particular fondness for the picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding. He talked later in life of his extremely poignant memories of childhood and his continuing photographic memory of people and events that helped bring his fiction to life. His family was moderately well-off, and he received some education at a private school but all that changed when his father, after spending too much money entertaining and retaining his social position, was imprisoned for debt. At the age of twelve, Dickens was deemed old enough to work and began working for ten hours a day in Warren's boot-blacking factory, located near the present Charing Cross railway station. He spent his time pasting labels on the jars of thick shoe polish and earned six shillings a week. With this money, he had to pay for his lodging and help to support his family, which was incarcerated in the nearby Marshalsea debtors' prison.
After a few years, his family's financial situation improved, partly due to money inherited from his father's family. His family was able to leave the Marshalsea, but his mother did not immediately remove him from the boot-blacking factory, which was owned by a relation of hers. Dickens never forgave his mother for this and resentment of his situation and the conditions under which working-class people lived became major themes of his works. Dickens told his biographer John Forster, "No advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no consolation, no support from anyone that I can call to mind, so help me God!" In May 1827, Dickens began work as a law clerk, a junior office position with potential to become a lawyer. He did not like the law as a profession and after a short time as a court stenographer he became a journalist, reporting parliamentary debate and traveling Britain by stagecoach to cover election campaigns. His journalism formed the basis of his first collection of pieces Sketches by Boz and he continued to contribute to and edit journals for much of his life. In his early twenties he made a name for himself with his first novel, The Pickwick Papers.
On April 2, 1836, he married Catherine Thompson Hogarth (1816–1879), with whom he was to have ten children, and set up home in Bloomsbury. In the same year, he accepted the job of editor of Bentley's Miscellany, a position he would hold until 1839, when he had a falling out with the owner. Dickens was also a major contributor for two other journals, Household Words and All the Year Round. In 1842, he traveled together with his wife to the United States; the trip is described in the short travelogue American Notes and forms the basis of some of the episodes in Martin Chuzzlewit. Dickens' writings were extremely popular in their day and were read extensively. In 1856, his popularity allowed him to buy Gad's Hill Place. This large house in Higham, Kent was very special to the author as he had walked past it as a child and had dreamed of living in it. The area was also the scene of some of the events of William Shakespeare's Henry IV, part 1 and this literary connection pleased Dickens.
Dickens separated from his wife in 1858. In Victorian times, divorce was almost unthinkable, particularly for someone as famous as he was. He continued to maintain her in a house for the next twenty years until she died. Although they were initially happy together, Catherine did not seem to share quite the same boundless energy for life that Dickens had. Her job of looking after their ten children and the pressure of living with and keeping house for a world-famous novelist apparently wore on her. Catherine's sister Georgina moved in to help her, but there were rumors that Charles was romantically linked to his sister-in-law. An indication of his marital dissatisfaction was conveyed by his 1855 trip to meet his first love, Maria Beadnell. Maria was by this time married as well, and, in any event, she apparently fell short of Dickens' romantic memory of her.
On June 9, 1865, while returning from France to see Ellen Ternan, Dickens was involved in the Staplehurst rail crash in which the first six carriages of the train plunged off of a bridge that was being repaired. The only first-class carriage to remain on the track was the one in which Dickens was berthed. Dickens spent some time tending the wounded and the dying before rescuers arrived. Before finally leaving, he remembered the unfinished manuscript for Our Mutual Friend, and he returned to his carriage to retrieve it.
Dickens managed to avoid an appearance at the inquiry into the crash, as it would have become known that he was traveling that day with Ellen Ternan and her mother, which could have caused a scandal. Though unharmed, Dickens never really recovered from the Staplehurst crash, and his previously prolific writing was reduced to completing Our Mutual Friend and starting the unfinished The Mystery of Edwin Drood. Much of his time was taken up with public readings from his best-loved novels. Dickens was fascinated by the theater as an escape from the world. The traveling shows were extremely popular, and on December 2, 1867, Dickens gave his first public reading in the United States at a New York City theater. The effort and passion he put into these readings with individual character voices is thought to have contributed to his death.
Five years to the day after the Staplehurst crash, on June 9, 1870, Dickens died after suffering a stroke. Contrary to his wish to be buried in Rochester Cathedral, he was buried in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey. The inscription on his tomb reads: "He was a sympathiser to the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world." Dickens' will stipulated that no memorial be erected to honor him.
Literary style
Dickens' characters are among the most memorable in English literature and certainly their names are among the most familiar. The likes of Ebenezer Scrooge, Fagin, Mrs. Gamp, Charles Darnay, Oliver Twist, Wilkins Micawber, Pecksniff, Miss Havisham, Wackford Squeers, and many others are well known. One "character" most vividly drawn throughout his novels is London itself. From the coaching inns on the outskirts of the city to the lower reaches of the Thames River, all aspects of the capital are described by someone who truly loved London and spent many hours walking its streets.
Episodic writing
Most of Dickens' major novels were first written in installments in journals and later reprinted in book form
Most of Dickens' major novels were first written in monthly or weekly installments in journals such as Master Humphrey's Clock and Household Words, later reprinted in book form. These installments made the stories cheap, accessible to the public and the series of regular cliff-hangers made each new episode widely anticipated. Legend has it that American fans even waited at the docks in New York, shouting out to the crew of an incoming ship, "Is Little Nell [of The Old Curiosity Shop] dead?" Part of Dickens' great talent was to incorporate this episodic writing style but still end up with a coherent novel at the end. Nevertheless, the practice of serialized publication that left little time for cautious craftsmanship exposed Dickens to criticism of sentimentality and melodramatic plotting.
Among his best-known works—Great Expectations, David Copperfield, The Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol, among them—were all written and originally published in this serialized style. Dickens was usually keen to give his readers what they wanted, and the monthly or weekly publication of his works in episodes meant that the books could change as the story proceeded at the whim of the public. A good example of this is the American episodes in Martin Chuzzlewit, which were put in by Dickens in response to lower than normal sales of the earlier chapters. In Our Mutual Friend, the inclusion of the character of Riah was a positive portrayal of a Jewish character after he was criticized for the depiction of Fagin in Oliver Twist.
Dickens' novels were, among other things, works of social commentary. He was a fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian society. Throughout his works, Dickens retained an empathy for the common man and a skepticism for the fine folk. Dickens' second novel, Oliver Twist (1839), was responsible for the clearing of the actual London slum that was the basis of the story's Jacob's Island. His sympathetic treatment of the character of the tragic prostitute Nancy humanized such women for the reading public—women who were regarded as "unfortunates," inherently immoral casualties of the Victorian class/economic system. Bleak House and Little Dorrit elaborated expansive critiques of the Victorian institutional apparatus: the interminable lawsuits of the Court of Chancery that destroyed people's lives in Bleak House and a dual attack in Little Dorrit on inefficient, corrupt patent offices and unregulated market speculation.
The Bildungsromans: Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, and Great Expectations
Some of Dickens' most memorable novels fall into the category of the bildungsroman, a popular form of novel in the nineteenth century. Bildungsroman, a German term, roughly translates as "novel of education." Novels of this type relate the story of a protagonist who begins in a state of relative ignorance and then, as the novel progresses, gradually acquires knowledge, developing character through experiencing the events of the plot as they unfold.
Dickens used this form in part because it fit nicely with the social protest prevalent in his work. Due to his own painful childhood experiences, Dickens was especially sympathetic to the plight of children in a heartless world. In Oliver Twist (1837–1839) he uses a child protagonist exposed to the evils of industrial society as a social commentary. The eponymous protagonist is an orphan born as a virtual slave in a child workhouse. His fellow child workers coerce him into asking, one day, for an extra helping of food, and his employer is so offended that he sells young Oliver off to be an apprentice to a cruel undertaker. Oliver experiences only more abuse as a meager apprentice, and flees to London where he encounters the world of crime and becomes (unwittingly) the lackey of a boy criminal. As Oliver continues to spiral into London's underworld, however, he is rescued by two virtuous people: Nancy, the sister of a crime-leader Oliver works for, and Mr. Brownlow, a wealthy nobleman. In due course, all of the persons who have wronged Oliver get their just deserts, and, although Nancy is tragically murdered by her criminal brother, Oliver himself goes on to live happily ever after, once it has been revealed that he is a distant relative of Mr. Brownlow, and heir to a grand inheritance. The coincidences and the sentimental righting of wrongs in Oliver Twist are characteristic of Dickens' novels.
In David Copperfield (1849–1850), Dickens would return to the bildungsroman again, this time using a first-person narrator to great effect. In the novel, the eponymous David's father dies before he is born, and about seven years later, his mother marries Mr. Murdstone. David dislikes his stepfather and has similar feelings for Mr. Murdstone's sister Jane, who moves into the house soon afterwards. Mr Murdstone. thrashes David for falling behind with his studies. During the thrashing, David bites him and is sent away to a boarding school, Salem House, with a ruthless headmaster, Mr. Creakle. The apparently cruel school system of Victorian England was a common target for criticism in Dickens and elsewhere.
David returns home for the holidays to find out that his mother has had a baby boy. Soon after David goes back to Salem House, his mother dies and David has to return home immediately. Mr. Murdstone sends him to work in a factory in London of which he is a joint owner. The grim reality of hand-to-mouth factory existence echoes Dickens' own travails in a blacking factory. After escaping the factory, David walks all the way from London to Dover, to find his only known relative—his eccentric Aunt Betsy Trotwood. The story follows David as he grows to adulthood, extending, as it were, the story of hardscrabble coming-of-age found in Oliver Twist. In typical Dickens fashion, the major characters get some measure of what they deserve, and few narrative threads are left hanging. David first marries the beautiful but empty-headed Dora Spenlow, but she dies after suffering a miscarriage early in their marriage. David then does some soul-searching and eventually marries and finds true happiness with Agnes Wickfield, his landlord's daughter, who had secretly always loved him. The novel, hence, is a story not only of hardship in urban London but redemption through harmonious love, a sentimental theme Dickens would frequently return to throughout his works.
Finally, in Great Expectations, (1860–1861) Dickens returns once again to the theme of coming-of-age. In this novel, the protagonist, Pip, is a young man who, unlike David Copperfield or Oliver Twist, is born into relatively agreeable circumstances, living with his sister and her blacksmith-husband, Joe. Pip unexpectedly finds work as a companion to the wealthy, but eccentric Miss Havisham, and her adopted daughter, Estella, and through this connection he becomes enamored with the idea of becoming a gentleman. Pip's hopes are soon realized when he suddenly inherits the "great expectation" of a large bounty of property. At the behest of an anonymous benefactor, Pip begins a new life learning to be a gentleman. He moves to London, where tutors teach him all the various details of being an English gentleman, such as fashion, etiquette, and the social graces. Eventually, Pip adjusts to his new life, so much so that when Joe seeks Pip out, he is turned away because Pip has become ashamed of his humble beginnings. Finally, in the novel's third act, Pip meets his benefactor, and is gradually introduced to the other side of London to which, as a gentleman, he had never been exposed. Pip is shocked and ashamed at his own arrogance, and begins to reconsider his ways. Despite the fact that Dickens is a sentimental novelist, the work originally ended tragically, but Dickens was implored by his editors to give the novel a happy ending to satisfy his public. This alternate ending has remained to this day the definitive version, though it is unclear how satisfied Dickens was with the change. The novel can be seen rather easily as a sort of inverted version of Oliver Twist, in which a character who early in life acquires relative affluence is brought up into high society only to gradually realize the great injustices lurking just beneath the surface.
All of these novels serve to illustrate Dickens' attitudes towards the oppression of the poor, the cruel treatment of children, and the indifferent attitudes of the so-called "noble" classes to the injustices common to the industrial England of his times. With irony and wit, Dickens paints a portrait of London that shocked many of his readers, and ultimately impelled a great many to call for social change. But Dickens was first and foremost a writer, not a social crusader. His sentimental stories, with their happy endings for their protagonists and just deserts for their antagonists fed the demands of his audience for a sense of justice, mercy, and kindness in the imaginary world of his creation that did not exist within society.
A Tale of Two Cities (1859) is considered one of Dickens' most important works, both for the mastery of its writing and for the historical gravitas of its subject matter. It is a novel strongly concerned with themes of guilt, shame, and patriotism, all viewed through the lens of the revolutions, which were sweeping the Europe of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. The novel covers a period in history between 1775 and 1793, from the American Revolutionary War until the middle period of the French Revolution. The plot centers on the years leading up to French Revolution and culminates in the Jacobin Reign of Terror. It tells the story of two men, Charles Darnay and Sydney Carton, who look very alike, but are entirely different in character. Darnay is a romantic descended from French aristocrats, while Carton is a cynical English barrister. The two are in love with the same woman, Lucie Manette: one of them will give up his life for her, and the other will marry her. The novel itself is a grand overview of the revolutionary times, as well as of the great injustices committed by people on both sides. The two protagonists, who at the beginning are diametric opposites, one a French nobleman and the other a cynical Englishman, are ultimately both transformed by love, both becoming, in their different ways, heroes in a time of a chaos.
The book starts off with the banker, Jarvis Lorry, who receives a message that a former friend, Dr. Manette, who has been imprisoned in Paris for over 18 years, has finally been released. Mr. Lorry arrives at Dover in the late morning. When Lucie Manette, Dr. Manette's daughter, arrives, Mr. Lorry introduces himself and proceeds to divulge the nature of her involvement in his current business in Paris. Mr. Lorry informs her that it is his duty to return the poor doctor to England, and he asks Lucie for her assistance in nursing him back to health.
Meanwhile, Charles Darnay, an émigré, is tried for spying on North American troops on behalf of the French. Lucie Manette and her father testify reluctantly against Darnay because he had sailed with them on their return trip from France to England. Darnay is, in the end, released because the people implicating him are unable to discern the difference between him and his lawyer, Mr. Stryver's assistant, Sydney Carton.
After seeing Lucie's sympathy for Charles Darnay during his trial, Sydney Carton becomes enamored with her and jealous of Darnay because of her compassion for him, wishing to take his place. Charles Darnay returns to France to meet his uncle, a Marquis. Darnay and the Marquis' political positions are diametrically opposed: Darnay is a democrat and the Marquis is an adherent of the ancient regime. Returning to England after the Marquis' death, Darnay asks Dr. Manette for his consent in wedding Lucie. At nearly the same time, Sydney Carton confesses his love to Lucie, but tells her that he will not act on it because he knows he is incapable of making her happy. He tells her that she has inspired him to lead a better life. With Carton out of the way, Darnay and Manette are happily married.
Later in time in the narrative, in mid-July 1789, Mr. Lorry visits Lucie and Charles at home and tells them of the inexplicable uneasiness in Paris. Dickens then promptly cuts to the Saint Antoine faubourg to enlighten the reader: the citizens of Paris are storming the Bastille. A letter arrives for Darnay revealing his long lost-identity as a French marquis. The letter beseeches Darney to return to France and assume his title. He makes plans to travel to a revolutionary Paris in which the Terror runs unabated, blithely indifferent to the consequences of his actions.
Darnay is denounced by the revolutionaries as an émigré, an aristocrat, and a traitor, however his military escort brings him safely to Paris where he is imprisoned. Dr. Manette and Lucie leave London for Paris and meet up with Mr. Lorry soon after arrival. When it is discovered that Darnay had been put in prison, Dr. Manette decides to try to use his influence as a former Bastille prisoner to have his son-in-law freed. He defends Darnay during his trial and he is acquitted of his charges. Shortly after, however, Darnay is taken to be put back on trial under new charges.
When Darnay is brought back before the revolutionary tribunal, he is sentenced to die within 24 hours. On the day of his execution, Darnay is visited by Carton, who, because of his love for Lucie, offers to trade places with him, as the two look very much alike. Darnay is not willing to comply, so Carton drugs him, and has him taken to the carriage waiting for himself. Darnay, Dr. Manette, Mr. Lorry, Lucie, and her child then make haste to leave France, with Darnay using Carton's papers to pass inspection. The novel concludes with the death of Sydney Carton, and his famous last words, "It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known."
Although not one of his greater works in terms of its literary qualities, A Christmas Carol is indisputably Dickens' most popular creation. It takes the form of a Victorian morality play, where Ebenezer Scrooge, a wealthy miser who is cruel to everyone he meets, encounters the three ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present, and Christmas Yet to Come on the night of Christmas Eve. The first of these three ghosts shows Scrooge visions from some of the happiest and saddest moments in his own past, including the cruelty shown to him by his own father, and his devotion to his business at the cost of the one woman he loved. The second ghost, of Christmas Present, reveals to Scrooge the miseries of those celebrating Christmas around him, including Tiny Tim, the ill child of one of Scrooge's employees who is on the verge of death because, on Scrooge's meager wages, his family cannot afford to pay for firewood and Christmas dinner. Finally, the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come shows Scrooge a vision of his own miserable future and death; the few mourners who appear at Scrooge's funeral have nothing kind to say about him.
After these visions, Scrooge experiences a complete change of heart. Realizing that he must change his life, he immediately visits Tiny Tim, showering gifts on the family, and merrily joining in the Christmas spirit. The story concludes with Scrooge returning to the warm and kind-hearted person he once was, with happiness for all. Dickens' Carol has become one of the most enduring Christmas stories of all time, and reproductions of the story continue to be produced year after year at Christmas pageants around the world.
Charles Dickens first full novel, The Pickwick Papers (1837), brought him immediate fame and this continued right through his career. His popularity has waned little since his death. He is still one of the best known and most read of English authors. At least 180 movies and TV adaptations have been produced based on Dickens' works. Many of his works were adapted for the stage during his own lifetime and as early as 1913 a silent film of The Pickwick Papers was made. His characters were often so memorable that they took on a life of their own outside his books. Gamp became a slang expression for an umbrella based on the character Mrs. Gamp. Pickwickian, Pecksniffian, and Gradgrind all entered dictionaries due to Dickens' original portraits of such characters who were quixotic, hypocritical, or emotionlessly logical. Sam Weller, the carefree and irreverent valet of The Pickwick Papers, was an early superstar, perhaps better known than his author at first. A Christmas Carol is his best-known story, with new adaptations almost every year. It is also the most-filmed of Dickens's stories, many versions dating from the early years of cinema. This simple morality tale with both pathos and its theme of redemption, for many, sums up the true meaning of Christmas and eclipses all other Yuletide stories in not only popularity, but in adding archetypal figures (Scrooge, Tiny Tim, the Christmas ghosts) to the Western cultural consciousness.
At a time when Britain was the major economic and political power of the world, Dickens highlighted the life of the forgotten poor and disadvantaged at the heart of empire. Through his journalism he campaigned on specific issues—such as sanitation and the workhouse—but his fiction was probably all the more powerful in changing public opinion about class inequalities. He often depicted the exploitation and repression of the poor and condemned the public officials and institutions that allowed such abuses to exist. His most strident indictment of this condition is in Hard Times (1854), Dickens' only novel-length treatment of the industrial working class. In that work, he uses both vitriol and satire to illustrate how this marginalized social stratum was termed "Hands" by the factory owners, that is, not really "people" but rather only appendages of the machines that they operated. His writings inspired others, in particular, journalists and political figures, to address class oppression. For example, the prison scenes in Little Dorrit and The Pickwick Papers were prime movers in having the Marshalsea and Fleet prisons shut down. As Karl Marx said, Dickens "issued to the world more political and social truths than have been uttered by all the professional politicians, publicists and moralists put together" (qtd. in Ackroyd 1990: 757). The exceptional popularity of his novels, even those with socially oppositional themes (Bleak House, 1853; Little Dorrit, 1857; Our Mutual Friend, 1865) underscored not only his almost preternatural ability to create compelling storylines and unforgettable characters, but also insured that the Victorian public confronted issues of social justice that had previously been ignored.
Dickens loved the style of eighteenth-century gothic romance, though by his time it had already become an anachronism. Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey was a well known pastiche. Dickens admired the vivid emotions of gothic fiction, despite the grotesque presence of the supernatural in the storylines.
His fiction, with often vivid descriptions of life in nineteenth-century England, has come to be seen, somewhat inaccurately and anachronistically, as symbolizing Victorian society (1837–1901), as expressed in the coined adjective, "Dickensian." In fact, his novels' time-span is from the 1780s to the 1860s. In the decade following his death in 1870, a more intense degree of socially and philosophically pessimistic perspectives invested British fiction; such themes were in contrast to the religious faith that ultimately held together even the bleakest of Dickens's novels. Later Victorian novelists such as Thomas Hardy and George Gissing were influenced by Dickens, but their works display a lack or absence of religious belief and portray characters caught up by social forces (primarily via lower-class conditions) that steer them to tragic ends beyond their control. Samuel Butler (1835–1902), most notably in The Way of All Flesh (1885; pub. 1903), also questioned religious faith but in a more upper-class milieu.
Novelists continue to be influenced by his books; for example, such disparate current writers as Anne Rice and Thomas Wolfe evidence direct Dickensian connections. Humorist James Finn Garner even wrote a tongue-in-cheek "politically correct" version of A Christmas Carol. Ultimately, Dickens stands today as a brilliant and innovative novelist whose stories and characters have become not only literary archetypes but also part of the public imagination.
Major novels
The Pickwick Papers (1836)
Oliver Twist (1837–1839)
Nicholas Nickleby (1838–1839)
The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–1841)
Barnaby Rudge (1841)
The Christmas books:
The Chimes (1844)
The Cricket on the Hearth (1845)
The Battle of Life (1846)
Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–1844)
Dombey and Son (1846–1848)
David Copperfield (1849–1850)
Bleak House (1852–1853)
Hard Times (1854)
Little Dorrit (1855–1857)
A Tale of Two Cities (1859)
Great Expectations (1860–1861)
Our Mutual Friend (1864–1865)
The Mystery of Edwin Drood (unfinished) (1870)
Selected other books
Sketches by Boz (1836)
American Notes (1842)
Pictures from Italy (1846)
The Life of Our Lord (1846, published in 1934)
A Child's History of England (1851–1853)
"A Child's Dream of a Star" (1850)
"Captain Murderer"
"The Child's Story"
The Christmas stories:
"The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain" (1848)
"A Christmas Tree"
"The Poor Relation's Story"
"The Schoolboy's Story"
"Nobody's Story"
"The Seven Poor Travellers"
"What Christmas Is As We Grow Older"
"Doctor Marigold"
"George Silverman's Explanation"
"Going into Society"
"The Haunted House"
"Holiday Romance"
"The Holly-Tree"
"Hunted Down"
"The Lamplighter"
"A Message from the Sea"
"Mrs. Lirriper's Legacy"
"Mrs. Lirriper's Lodgings"
"Mugby Junction"
"Perils of Certain English Prisoners"
"The Signal-Man"
"Somebody's Luggage"
"Sunday Under Three Heads"
"Tom Tiddler's Ground"
"The Trial for Murder"
"Wreck of the Golden Mary"
In Memoriam W. M. Thackeray
A Coal Miner's Evidence
Ackroyd, Peter. 1991. Dickens. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0060166021
Chesterton, G.K. 2010. Appreciations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dickens. ValdeBooks. ISBN 978-1444456714
Slater, Michael. 2009. Charles Dickens: A Life Defined by Writing. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300112078
Tomalin, Claire. 2012. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143122050
All links retrieved February 2, 2017.
Works by Charles Dickens. Project Gutenberg
The Complete Literary Works of Charles Dickens The Classic Literature Library
A Charles Dickens Journal Timeline of Dickens' Life
Charles Dickens Info
The Dickens Page
Dickens Museum Situated in a former Dickens House, 48 Doughty Street, London, WC1
Dickens Birthplace Museum Old Commercial Road, Portsmouth
Broadstairs Dickens Festival
International Dickens Festival
Dickens Christmas Fair in San Francisco
Free audiobook of A Christmas Carol at LibriVox
Appreciations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dickens by G. K. Chesterton
Life of Charles Dickens, by Frank Marzials, at Project Gutenberg. 1887 publication with lengthy bibliography.
Philadelphia's Statue of Dickens and Little Nell
Charles_Dickens history
Oliver_Twist history
David_Copperfield history
Great_Expectations history
A_Tale_of_Two_Cities history
A_Christmas_Carol history
History of "Charles Dickens"
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Writers and poets


Young harpists Camille and Kennerly Kitt use electric harps and acoustic concert grand harps to break down boundaries between music genres. With over 34 million views on YouTube, the twins are easily the most followed and recognizable harp duo in the world. As actors, The Kitt Twins have appeared in commercials, TV shows, and three feature films - two of which also feature the twins performing on their harps. Mixing their virtuoso harp skills with stunningly complex arrangements of rock, metal, and soundtrack hits (interpreting everything from Metallica to The Beatles to instantly recognizable themes from Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings), the Harp Twins perform internationally. Camille and Kennerly's radical duet harp revolution is changing the word's perception of the harp and the way harp is played – one song at a time.


Farmers Union is a brand name established by the South Australian Farmers' Co-operative Union Ltd (S.A.F.U.), and owned by the Japanese company Kirin now.
At a meeting in Jamestown, South Australia on 28 February 1888, a committee formed to establish a grain "producers' union to combat the effects of depressed agricultural prices and the power of dealers". In October, John Pearce, Thomas Mitchell, Alex McCallum and others floated the "South Australian Farmers' (later Co-operative) Union Ltd" with a paid-up capital of under £300, ninety-four shareholders, John Pearce as managing director, Thomas Mitchell and Alex McCallum directors, and George Lake as secretary.
Pearce was elected chairman, and remained a director until 1902. His eldest son Edward James Pearce later became a director. Mitchell succeeded Pearce as chairman. Lake later became manager, and continued as secretary-manager until 1895.
In 1893 the union declared its first profit.
In 1895 the head office was transferred to Adelaide. A merchandise store was established at Port Adelaide, and business was diversified to include dealing in wheat-sacks, machinery and superphosphate. Mitchell died in 1908 after 20 years of leadership; his son Robert later became a director.
The 89 North Bergen-Hoboken in a bus route operated by New Jersey Transit in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Buses run from Hoboken Terminal via Weehawken, Union City, West New York, and Guttenberg to Nungesser's in North Bergen.
The predecessor to the 89 was the 19 Union City trolley line, operated by the Public Service Railway between Hoboken Terminal and the West Shore Ferry Terminal. Cars ran along the Hoboken Inclined Cable Railway, Palisade Avenue (northbound) and New York Avenue (southbound), 20th Street, New York Avenue (northbound) and Bergenline Avenue (southbound), 45th Street (northbound), Bergenline Avenue, 48th Street, and Pershing Road. 19 cars also traveled south from the West Shore Railroad Ferry Terminal area along Broadway, Park Avenue, Willow Avenue, and 14th Street to the 14th Street Ferry Terminal in Hoboken. Public Service Coordinated Transport replaced the trolleys with buses in 1949, keeping the number 19.
Eventually the route was extended north on Bergenline Avenue, 61st Street, and Park Avenue to 77th Street. On April 8, 2006, about 1.5 months after the Bergenline Avenue station of the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail opened, several routes were reconfigured to "take advantage of the light rail system's reliability and convenience". Since the 181 was truncated to the new station, the 89 was rerouted south of that station along the former 181. The 22X was introduced as a variant of the 22, using what had been the 89 south of the station. Additionally, most 89 trips were extended north to Nungessers, since many of the 86 runs that had terminated at Nungessers were truncated to the new station.
Union City Bart Station is a Bay Area Rapid Transit station located in downtown Union City near the Decoto district. Service at this station began on September 11, 1972. The station sits near Decoto Road east of Alvarado-Niles Road, directly behind James Logan High School's campus. Temporary parking spaces were constructed in 2006, and opened in the Summer of 2007.
The station is currently undergoing construction through 2016 to create a second entrance on the other side of the station. The new eastern station entrance will entail remodeling of station's platforms and lobby, new bus stops shelthers will be built near entrance, and a pedestrian bridge will be built to connect the East plaza, the opening of this phase will happen at a future date.
Local bus service is provided by Union City Transit and AC Transit.
Currently, no connection to other regional trains exists at Union City BART station. In February 2008, Union City's Economic Development Department and BART proposed that this station become a regional rail intermodal station. The intermodal station would serve BART trains, Capitol Corridor intercity trains, and Caltrain commuter rail service to the Peninsula via a new rail bridge located near the Dumbarton Bridge. For now, the Dumbarton Express bus service provides such service to the Peninsula, operating between Union City and Palo Alto. Funding for this project went to Bart to San Jose project which would be opened in 2017, however the current status for Dumbarton Rail is unknown.
COOPER FARMS Acquires ASSETS OF HEMMELGARN & SONS, INC.


Mustang Island is a gated community located in the southwest corner of Lely Resort. The community features 128 single-family homes built along The Mustang golf course. Most homes have outstanding lake and/or golf course views. Home sizes range between 2,100 and over 2,800 square feet, most with private pools. Home prices start at approximately $340,000 and some exceed $600,000. The Mustang Golf Course is one of the three 18-hole, championship golf courses at Lely Resort. The community also features two country clubs and the renowned Players Club and Spa.


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Home » News » Politics » Jonathan At Mid Term: The Promise And Performance
Jonathan At Mid Term: The Promise And Performance
On May 29, 2013 12:33 amIn Politicsby adefaye
By CHARLES KUMOLU
A retrospective look at the last two years of the Jonathan administration with a match of his promises and his performance in office.
THE key imprint of the transformation agenda heralded at the onset of the 2011 presidential election campaign was that Nigeria would be transformed into a new nation in various aspects of endeavour. Two years into his term, an analysis of the specific promises of transformation shows the administration succeeding in some sectors and also struggling to attain key parameters of the agenda in some strategic sectors.
Jonathan it would be recalled, had during his whistle-stop campaign across the 36 states of the federation , pledged to fix the following sectors; power, economy, energy & gas, education security, agriculture, water resources among others. He also promised a better deal on the Niger Delta issue, women empowerment, and reforms where necessary.
Infrastructural development
Accordingly, the President promised among others; to revive the rail system in the country, complete Lagos to Jebba rail project, intervene and revitalize the moribund Nigeria Machine Tools and other infrastructure owned by the federal government, modernize the ports, complete the second River Niger bridge before the expiration of the tenure, make the Minister of Works to immediately start repairs of the road leading to Murtala Mohammed International Airport, and assist in resuscitating all the collapsed industries in Kano state.
Others are to work towards making Akanu Ibiam airport in Enugu an international airport, seek alternative funding means to repair the Benin-Ore road, give Sokoto-Kotangora road unfettered attention
Two years on, there is a consensus that the President has made remarkable achievements particularly on road construction, as many federal roads are now receiving attention. However, no new sea ports have been proposed while many of the country's major airports have been rebuilt. Remarkably, the contract for the construction of the 2nd Niger bridge, was recently awarded to Julius Berger Nigeria Plc.
The nation was promised constant supply of electricity, stable power supply by the year 2015 so that small and medium scale industries can thrive again, exploration of the coal deposits in Benue and Kogi states, construction of more dams, building of more hydro-power stations.
The electorate was also assured that Nigerians would not use generators more than two times in a week, increment in power generation to about 4,747 megawatts by December 2011 and reduction in the importation of generators by at least 90% by the year, 2015.
Though the government promised about 4,747 megawatts by December 2011, the nation surpassed that mark mid last year when power generation rose to about 4,307.7MW with an additional 170MW,which served as spinning reserve.
But after the resignation of then Minister of Power Prof. Bath Nnaji, the power situation worsened as supply dropped to 3,224.3MW. At the moment, the nation is reportedly generating about 3,443MW, as power supply has remained unreliable. However, further investigations revealed that transmission among others, remain the current challenge in the sector given that most transmission infrastructure are obsolete.
GROUND-BREAKING- President Goodluck Jonathan (3rdR); Gov Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu of Niger State (4thR); Minister of Power, Prof Chinedu Nebo (2ndR); Minister of State for Power, Hajiya Zainab Kuchi (R) and the Pdp National Chairman, Alhaji Bamanga Tukur (L) at the Ground-Breaking ceremony of 700mw Zungeru Hydro-Electric Power Project in Niger State, yesterday. Photo: State House
Also power generation companies that emerged successful in the bidding process of the privatization of the sector received their certificates on April 22nd this year. But all these are yet to translate to relative stability in power supply, thereby leading to doubts on the possibility of a stable power supply by 2015.
The president pledged to work with the private sector and all the relevant agencies to stimulate industrial growth, introduce 5-year term budgeting, diversify the economy, to revive the Ajaokuta Steel complex and Itakpe Iron Ore Company, address the issues of unemployment through diversification of the nation's economy to that of sustainable agricultural development across the 36 states of federation, reduce production cost by inviting manufacturers of high demand commodities in the country to set up production factories in the country and get industries in Lagos up, bring industries to the Niger Delta, create 1.5 million jobs within 2 years, constitute a special committee drawing experts from the MAN, NACCIMA and related bodies as well as key government officials to deliberate regularly on policies that will improve the nation's economy among others.
While the administration is claiming economic growth of 6.5 per cent in the first quarter of 2013 with inflation down to single digit, fiscal deficit of 1.8 of GDP and foreign reserves $48 billion, others have argued that the reality is to the contrary. An estimated 70% of the nation's budget is spent on servicing paraphernalia of government, while foreign debts are accumulating.
The President pledged to make Nigeria go beyond producing and exporting crude oil to exporting refined petroleum products, create 600,000 new jobs in the gas industry , boost gas supply from 1.0 billion cubic feet per day to 10 billion cubic feet by the year 2020, facilitate the enactment of the Petroleum Industry Law with emphasis on local content such that jobs are created for Nigerians among others.
Actualisation of the promises have been largely unfulfilled. The Petroleum Industry Bill, PIB is still stagnating in the National Assembly, Nigeria is still largely dependent on imported fuel even while a large amount of money is still spent on refineries that are not producing at capacity. The administration has been dogged by its failure to fully address the corruption emitting from the payment of petroleum subsidy to importers and the continued insinuation of the sector as a nest of corruption.
Following the general insecurity in the country, Jonathan promised to make anyone caught breaching the public peace to face the full wrath of the law, make sure that no part of the country is allowed to be a sanctuary for criminals, confront headlong ethno-religious violence in the country, ensure there is no sacred cow in the fight against corruption, strengthen EFCC and ICPC to fight crime , eradicate kidnappings impeding entrepreneurship in Eastern Zone , pursue all bombers and terrorists among others.
Despite the recent declaration of state of emergency in the states of Borno, Yobe and Adamawa, observers still argued that enough is not being done to curb insecurity.
This is one area that there seems to be a general consensus that the President had not done well. While kidnapping was at one time only prevalent in the Southeast, it has in the last few years fully spread into a booming industry in some other parts of the country especially in Delta, Edo and Lagos States. Similarly, the administration's war against graft, has been generally described as weak and unproductive.
At the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife Osun State, Candidate Jonathan on 12th March 2011 promised a holistic review of the nation' education policy.
He also pledged to establish at least one Federal University in each state by the end of 2012, improve on hostel facilities across the nation, revamp Almajiri system of education, work towards improving the education sector as a prelude to transforming economy and as means of empowering the people. He also promised to improve on teaching and learning environment in schools and to make every Nigerian of school age to have access to education.
The administration initiated a programme to provide 400 schools for itinerant scholars in Northern Nigeria known as Almajiri. There is also a reported 15 percent increase in pass rates in school leaving examinations in Nigeria in 2012.
The number of Federal universities in Nigeria was increased by 12 as well, just as blocks of classrooms in 15 states were completed as part of efforts to meet Millennium Development Goals, MDGs.
However, the increase in the number of federal universities has been met with criticisms over the administration's failure to improve on the standard of the existing universities all of which have fallen out of global reckoning. The condemnation is buttressed by the allocation of N426.53billion to the sector, which at about 10%, is grossly below the UNESCO recommendation of 26 percent.
Jonathan also promised to boost agriculture through irrigation and maximizing vast mineral resources in the country, revive the marketing boards to ensure that farmers are no longer cheated on the sales of farm produce while more silos would be built to help farmers preserve their products, provide farmers with information on agricultural production and move towards mechanized agriculture and make each state to specialize in two crops; cash and local crop.
The administration's strides in the agriculture sector have been largely commended and the sector is after many years of stagnation again looking up , while the country's agriculture experts are now the toast of their peers around the continent.
adefaye
View all posts by adefaye →
World Bank, IFC to invest N159bn in Nigeria's energy sector
Jonathan kick-starts N163bn Zungeru power project


This exercise bike is just what you need for your fitness training. The fact that it is stationery means that it can be suitable for your home use or even for commercial fitness training. Some of the key benefits of this excellent product include the versatile nature, sturdy construction that gives great comfort, and foldable design makes it easy to transport or to store when not in use. Therefore, this great bike is the best option that you can acquire.
This indoor type is one of the best workout exercise bikes and is suitable for your fitness needs. Though the product is versatile, you can also use the same for gym and other commercial fitness training purposes. The seat and handle bar is fully adjustable, design features heavy-duty construction making it durable, press down brake system is also available, and the belt drive mechanism is included for quiet and smooth workouts. Therefore, this is not an option but a choice to make.
This product comes with awesome features that you need to make if you are looking for the best exercise bike for workout. Some of the features of this brand type include the dual track LCD window system that helps you to monitor the workout results, connect goal tracking to keep you on track towards your targets, and other 29 programs for different functions. If we focus on this product alone, we may not come to finish describing it in this single review. Therefore, you can check more of its features if the ones that you are searching have not featured here.
This bike is of great value when it comes to fitness and workout training. If you want the best results, then you need to have this great product that come among the top best bikes of our picks. Some of the features to anticipate is the folding ability for easy transport and storage, precision balanced flywheel, easy to read LCD for monitoring the results, and semi-recumbent style design to enhance easy entry and exit. Of course, we cannot forget to mention that the bike can support a maximum capacity of up to 300 pounds.
This bike comes with a pulse and is thus the best for your workout. Some of the other features that are beneficial is that the bike comes with a weight capacity of 300lbs. The other features include the large seat cushion for comfort, compact design and folding nature for easy transport and storage, and 8 level magnetic control tension system for easy and difficult workouts. Therefore, if these features impresses you or are the ones that you have been searching, then you do not need to be be hesitant in making your choice.
Of course, all of these products fits your choice since they are the best as you can find on the market. However, you need to make a choice and acquire one among the best workout exercise bikes that fits well with your needs and budget.


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Home»Opinion » Too many 'last straws' with Trump
Too many 'last straws' with Trump
Jim Longworth
Comments Off on Too many 'last straws' with Trump
Most people know Popeye as the cartoon sailor who ate spinach when he needed super strength to fight a bad guy. But I'll always remember Popeye for the phrase he uttered just before consuming those leafy greens. Frustrated with the situation at hand, Popeye would say "that's all I can stands, I can't stands no more." It meant that he had reached his breaking point, something we all do from time to time, and when that happens, we say "this is the last straw." It's a phrase which, in its complete form, references an Old World observation for what happens when you break a camel's back by loading too much straw on it. According to the American Heritage dictionary, however, the modern connotation means "the last of a series of annoyances that leads one to a final loss of patience, temper, trust, or hope." Regardless, no matter how you say it, the last straw is what I've reached with Donald Trump.
Truth is, there have been a lot of last straws with Trump, beginning with his childish behavior during the 2016 Republican debates, in which he assigned nicknames to other candidates such as "Little Marco," "Lying Ted" and "Low Energy Jeb," and while doing so, made outlandish and false claims about his opponents, such as accusing Cruz's father of having been involved in the Kennedy assassination.
Then there was the Access Hollywood tape on which he could be heard bragging to Billy Bush that he could do anything he wanted to with women. Trump's defense was that his words were just locker room talk, but I've been in a lot of locker rooms, and I've never heard anyone brag about sexual assault. Speaking of which, during the campaign and throughout his first term in office, nearly two dozen women have come forward with credible claims of sexual harassment and assault against the Donald.
For most Americans, Trump's misogyny and various offenses against women should have been the last straw. In the run-up to the 2016 election, Trump and his fixer, Michael Cohen, arranged for the National Enquirer to kill a story about his sexual encounter with Stormy Daniels, a hotel romp that occurred while Melania was pregnant with their son, Barron. He also authorized hush money to be paid to Daniels. Taken in tandem, the catch and kill of the story and payment smacked of an illegal campaign donation. That should have been the last straw.
After taking office, Trump surrounded himself with a bunch of misfits, a half dozen of which have since been convicted of federal crimes. Meanwhile, he has fired or run off the handful of competent advisors who tried to keep his erratic behavior in check, while retaining folks like Steven Miller, whose radical views on immigration and acceptance of white supremacist groups have shaped Trump's racist rhetoric, which has included referring to the Charlottesville Nazis as "very fine people." That should have been another last straw.
Trump has used his bully pulpit to demean, defame or embarrass American citizens. At one rally, he pointed to the lone African American in the crowd and said, "Where's my black? Where is he? There he is." At another rally, Trump mocked a disabled reporter by flailing his arms around as if to simulate spasms. And then there's his recent bizarre dramatization of how he imagined a romantic encounter transpired between two FBI investigators, complete with orgasmic inflections. He insulted a gold star family, made fun of John McCain's military service and berated one of our nation's most capable and distinguished ambassadors. Any of those things should have been the last straw.
Donald Trump is functionally illiterate and hands down the most uninformed president in history. He can't string two coherent sentences together, refuses to read briefing books, thinks Colorado borders Mexico, and has shown time and time again that he has no working knowledge of our Constitution, a document which he swore to uphold. In addition, according to several fact-checking organizations, Trump has told over 12,000 lies since taking office, and those lies sometimes affect or are the basis for setting public policy. Serial lying is not presidential, and it should be the very last straw.
According to 27 noted mental health experts who studied Trump's actual words and behavior (see "The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump"), our president suffers from clinically documented narcissism. They cite his "displays of instability" and his disregard for the consequences of his actions. They observed his willingness to "say or do anything at any time for purposes of self-aggrandizement," as well as his propensity to "dehumanize others." They wrote of his lack of "foresight and compassion," his bullying and paranoia, his misogyny, and his inability "to recognize other people's emotions and feelings." And they referred to his behavior as immature and incompetent. Any of those findings should have been the last straw.
Finally, there's Trump's demand for the Ukranian president to announce an investigation of the Bidens in return for Congressionally-approved military aid that he needs to defend against Russian aggression. That, combined with multiple counts of obstruction, should be the last straw.
Not to diminish the other straws, but I came to my Popeye moment last week when I witnessed the President of France scolding Trump for making an uninformed remark about ISIS, then watched as four European leaders were overheard making fun of Trump. That was my president who those men were scolding and scoffing at, and it was as if they were laughing at our entire nation and me. In a way, their lack of respect and contempt for Trump was derivative of all the other straws and flaws. And so, too, was it for me. Trump needs to go, whether by impeachment or election, but he's got to go. He has broken the camel's back.
Jim Longworth is the host of Triad Today, airing on Saturdays at 7:30 a.m. on ABC45 (cable channel 7) and Sundays at 11 a.m. on WMYV (cable channel 15).
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All casual classes do not require prior booking.
Get a loyalty card and gain discount off each class!
A choreographed dance class offering pole moves and tricks with a dance workout. It's a great way to have a bit of a laugh & get an insight into what our Beginner & Intermediate courses offer.
We recommend wearing shorts (shorter than bicycle shorts) or skorts (skirts with shorts underneath) to help with the pole tricks & high heels (optional). This class is suitable for all fitness levels.
This class will teach you how to combine multiple pole tricks into one flawless movement.
It will help you to learn how to get smooth transitions and flowing movements between tricks! All levels are welcome as the tricks will be adjusted to suit your current level!
This is a class designed to assist pole students (or anyone) to achieve deeper stretches and more flexibility.
It's an important component of pole training. Stretch & Flex is a great class to attend when the body is warm and also a great way to maintain your body and prevent injuries. Please also bring a full sized towel. This class is suitable for all fitness levels.
An intense conditioning workout that will amp up your current routine.
This class provides a great full body workout that combines cardio and resistance training. The class is designed for both dancers and non-dancers to build stamina and functional strength, and to sculpt and tone. This is not a dance class.
A class that focuses on building on target areas to obtain those elusive pole tricks.
You will be introduced to exercises that increase in difficulty with the final aim at achieving high-level pole tricks. It's a cardio, strength and control class that will also include flexibility. This is not a dance class.
Leaning the correct ways to train your ab muscles.
You will build up the core strength which is essential for pole tricks. It will also help to improve posture and reduce the risk of injuries. This is not a dance class.


Whole School Meals is an independent dinner contractor that provide our school with cooked meals daily.
The cost of a school dinner is £2.30 daily and any money should be forwarded to the school kitchen on a Monday in advance, alternatively payments can be made online via the Whole School Meal website.
All children in Reception, Year 1 and Year 2 are now entitled to a hot meal daily from September 2014.
Whole School Meals website also provides information about current menus, news and events.
The website also provides information about current menus, news and events.
If you are entitled to Statutory Free School Meals (ie. on Income support, Income Based Job seekers allowance, Child Tax Credit (without a working tax element)) please complete an online form when your child starts at Northbourne CEP Primary School by following the links or ask at the school office for a form.
See below letter re Universal Free School Meal for Reception, Year 1 and Year 2.


The flow of ideas about race, anti-racism and black or African identity across the Atlantic is the focus of this volume of essays drawn from a very special interna-tional South-South workshop held on the island of Gorée, Senegal, in December 2002, the aim of which was twofold. First, it critically assessed the study of fluxes and refluxes, ruptures and reciprocal influences in the relations between the two shores of the Atlantic. Read More.


Why People Are Not Able To Use RR Mail Via AirVPN?
Why People Are Seeing Deleted Emails In Their RR Mail Account?
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What Is The Process Of Sending Large Sized Files In Emails?


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Q: how to send mail to a mailing list with java? I want to send a mail to a mailing list every period of time (like every 40min or hour) with java on a unix server.
I'd like any code or tutorial to be able to do this.
Thanks

A: Sending a mail to a mailing list does not differ from sending a regular mail. The simplest way is to use commons-email. Check its examples.

A: JavaMail is the usual approach for this.  You will need a SMTP-server for JavaMail to connect to.

A: If it is not necessary to USE SMTP - java mail enough
Simple example
import java.util.Properties;

import javax.mail.Session;
import javax.mail.Transport;
import javax.mail.Message.RecipientType;
import javax.mail.internet.InternetAddress;
import javax.mail.internet.MimeMessage;

public class MailSender {
        private static String host = "";
        private static String user = "";
        private static String password = "";
        private static int port = 465;
        private static String from = "";
        private static String to = "";

        private static String auth = "true";
        private static String debug = "false";
        private static String socket_factory = "javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory";
        private static String subject = "";
        private static String text = "";

        /**
         * Constructor. Fields - parameters for send mail.
         *
         * @param host - mail server.
         * @param user - user
         * @param password - login
         * @param port - port
         * @param from - mail from address
         * @param to - mail to address
         * @param subject - subject
         * @param text - text of mail
         */
        public MailSender(String host, String user, String password, int port,
                        String from, String to, String subject, String text) {

                if (!host.isEmpty())
                        setHost(host);
                if (!user.isEmpty())
                        setUser(user);
                if (!password.isEmpty())
                        setPassword(password);
                if (port == 0)
                        setPort(port);
                if (!from.isEmpty())
                        setFrom(from);
                if (!to.isEmpty())
                        setTo(to);
                if (!subject.isEmpty())
                        setSubject(subject);
                if (!text.isEmpty())
                        setText(text);
        }

        /**
         * Send mail with parameters from constructor.
         */

        public void send() {
                // Use Properties object to set environment properties
                Properties props = new Properties();

                props.setProperty("mail.transport.protocol", "smtp");
                props.put("mail.smtp.host", getHost());
                props.put("mail.smtp.port", getPort());
                props.put("mail.smtp.user", getUser());

                props.put("mail.smtp.auth", getAuth());
                props.put("mail.smtp.starttls.enable","true");//for gmail?
                props.put("mail.smtp.debug", getDebug());

                props.put("mail.smtp.socketFactory.port", getPort());
                props.put("mail.smtp.socketFactory.class", "javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory");//for gmail?
                props.put("mail.smtp.socketFactory.fallback", "false");

                try {

                        // Obtain the default mail session
                        Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance(props, null);
                        session.setDebug(new Boolean(getDebug()));

                        // Construct the mail message
                        MimeMessage message = new MimeMessage(session);
                        message.setText(getText());
                        message.setSubject(getSubject());
                        message.setFrom(new InternetAddress(getFrom()));
                        message
                                        .addRecipient(RecipientType.TO,
                                                        new InternetAddress(getTo()));
                        message.saveChanges();

                        // Use Transport to deliver the message
                        Transport transport = session.getTransport("smtp");
                        transport.connect(getHost(), getUser(), getPassword());
                        transport.sendMessage(message, message.getAllRecipients());
                        transport.close();

                } catch (Exception e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                }

        }

        public static String getHost() {
                return host;
        }

        public static void setHost(String host) {
                MailSender.host = host;
        }

        public static String getUser() {
                return user;
        }

        public static void setUser(String user) {
                MailSender.user = user;
        }

        public static String getPassword() {
                return password;
        }

        public static void setPassword(String password) {
                MailSender.password = password;
        }

        public static int getPort() {
                return port;
        }

        public static void setPort(int port) {
                MailSender.port = port;
        }

        public static String getFrom() {
                return from;
        }

        public static void setFrom(String from) {
                MailSender.from = from;
        }

        public static String getTo() {
                return to;
        }

        public static void setTo(String to) {
                MailSender.to = to;
        }

        public static String getAuth() {
                return auth;
        }

        public static void setAuth(String auth) {
                MailSender.auth = auth;
        }

        public static String getDebug() {
                return debug;
        }

        public static void setDebug(String debug) {
                MailSender.debug = debug;
        }

        public static String getSocket_factory() {
                return socket_factory;
        }

        public static void setSocket_factory(String socketFactory) {
                socket_factory = socketFactory;
        }

        public static String getSubject() {
                return subject;
        }

        public static void setSubject(String subject) {
                MailSender.subject = subject;
        }

        public static String getText() {
                return text;
        }

        public static void setText(String text) {
                MailSender.text = text;
        }

A: String[] mailToId = {
    "abc@mail.com",
    "abc22@mail.com",
    "abc33@mail.com"
};
for (int i = 0; i < mailToId.length; i++) {
    message.addRecipient(Message.RecipientType.TO, new InternetAddress(mailToId[i]));;
}

In your java class you can use array of mail address and one by one mail address can call using for loop.
Within the for loop you can call
message.addRecipient();
method with array name.
look at the above example: