Recent scientific research has shown that medicinal mushrooms grown on vegetable sources (such as millet, rice bran, buckwheat, barley, etc.) enzymatically activate a process whereby complex cross-linked polysaccharides from the vegetable sources are converted to biologically active immunomodulators (also known as biological response modifiers). As you will see from the discussion below, the polysaccharides produced by this process are effective and safe immune stimulants.
Medicinal mushroom research has focused on discovering compounds that can modulate positively or negatively the biological response of immune cells. Certain mushroom derived-glucans and polysaccharide-bound proteins have been shown to act as immunomodulators or biological response modifiers (BRMs), where these polymers interact with the immune system to upregulate or downregulate specific aspects of the responses of the host and this may result in various therapeutic effects. Whether certain compounds enhance or suppress immune responses can depend on a number of factors including dosage, route of administration, timing and frequency of administration, mechanism of action or the site of activity. Many mushroom-derived polysaccharides appear to fit the accepted criteria for BRM compounds. They cause no harm and place no additional stress on the body, they assist the body to adapt to the various environmental and psychological stresses, and they have a non-specific action on the body, supporting all the major systems, including nervous, hormonal, and immune systems, as well as regulatory functions.
The anti-tumor polysaccharides isolated from mushrooms (fruit-body, submerged, cultured mycelial biomass or liquid culture broth) are either water-soluble β-D-glucans, β-D-glucans with heterosaccharide chains of xylose, mannose, galactose, or uronic acid or β-D-glucan-protein complexes – proteoglycans.
While the role of medicinal mushrooms in immunomodulation and anti-cancer activities represents the central theme of much of the conducted research, it is pertinent to observe that many of the medicinal mushrooms have been highly valued for other medicinal properties including hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure, diabetes, anti-viral, anti-bacteria, and antioxidant and free radical scavenging.
In the 2001 report Medicinal Mushrooms: Their Therapeutic Properties and Current Medical Usage with Special Emphasis on Cancer Treatments, a wide variety of mushroom polysaccharides, including Lentinan (from L. edodes), Schizophyllan (from S. commune), PSK and PSP (from Trametes versicolor), and Grifron-D (from the Maitake mushroom G. frondosa) and others are described, and their properties are shown to satisfy the criteria for BRMs. Many of these mushroom-derived polymers potentiate the host's innate (non-specific) and acquired (specific) immune responses in a similar manner, where they activate many kinds of immune cells that are vitally important for the maintenance of homeostasis. Key innate responses that are stimulated by these mushroom derived-β-glucans or polysaccharide-protein complexes include host T-cells (such as cytotoxic macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells) and chemical messengers (cytokines such as interleukins, interferon and colony stimulating factors) that trigger complement and acute phase responses. Moreover, mushroom polysaccharides or polysaccharide-protein complexes are considered as multi-cytokine inducers that are able to induce gene expression of various immunomodulatory cytokines and cytokine receptors. In addition, acquired responses are also enlisted, where lymphocytes that govern antibody production (B cells) and cell-mediated cytotoxicity (T-cells) are stimulated. While the immune system is shrouded in tremendous complexity, our current understanding shows that it is regulated in an orchestrated dynamic manner.
Mushroom-derived polysaccharides have shown anti-tumour activities in both pre-clinical models and in clinical trials. Although the mechanism of their anti-tumour action is still not completely clear, Lentinan, Schizophyllan, PSP, PSK and other mushroom polysaccharides appear to mediate their anti-tumour activity by activation or augmentation of the host's immune system (via stimulated cytotoxic macrophages, cytotoxic T-cells and antibody-mediated cytoxicity of targeted cancer cells), rather than direct cytotoxicity. Thus, both cell-mediated immune responses against the target T-cells initiated by macrophage-lymphocyte interactions and cytoxicity induced by antibodies to target T-cells are believed to contribute to the elimination of targeted tumour cells. Recent evidence suggests that several mushroom polysaccharides may also possess cytotoxic properties. Grifron-D from G. fondosa mushroom was reported to induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in human prostate cancer cell-lines.
In China , Japan , Korea and more recently in the USA hundreds of mushroom species have been studied during the past 20 years. Extracts from most of the medicinal mushrooms show a common property of enhancing immune function by modulating cell-mediated immunity. Simply put, such mushroom extracts seem to turn on cells in the immune system, which appear to have significant disease-fighting properties. In fact, three different anticancer drugs extracted from mushrooms have been approved by the Japanese equivalent of FDA (that is, the Japanese Health and Welfare Ministry). These three are lentinan, derived from shiitake; PSK, derived from coriolus versicolor; and schizophyllan, derived from suehirotake.
Based on the latest research a USA-based company (Aloha Medicinals, Inc.) has formulated IMMUNE-ASSIST™ Daily Formula — a combination of more than 200 different polysaccharides, derived from the enzymatic breakdown of complex organic plant material from six different species of medicinal mushrooms. These include Agaricus blazei, Cordyceps sinensis hybrid, Lentinula edodes (shiitake), Grifola frondosa (maitake), Ganoderma lucidum (reshi), and Coriolus versicolor. IMMUNE-ASSIST™ Daily Formula contains simple polysaccharides similar to many other products on the market, but it also contains much more complex polysaccharides like the cross-linked beta mannans and beta-glucans, as well as hetero-polysaccharides which combine both alpha- and beta-bound monosaccharides into the same molecule. This is why Immune-Assist™ shows such a greater range of immuno-modulation bioactivity than other bran based supplements. Included among the important substances in Immune-Assist™ are Arabinoxylane, Lentinan, Grifolan (Dr. Nanba's original Maitake D-Fraction), PSK and PSP, and Active Hemicellulose Correlated Compound (AHCC).
Shiitake is now the most popular and most cultivated exotic mushroom in the world. In China, shiitake has a history that dates back to the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 ACE). The mushroom was used not only as a food but was taken as a remedy for upper respiratory diseases, poor blood circulation, liver trouble, exhaustion and weakness, and to boost chi, or life energy. It was also believed to prevent premature aging. Today the shiitake is recognized for its antitumor action and has been extensively researched in regard to its immunologic activity. The initial antitumor research was performed in 1969 by Tetsuro Ikekawa at Purdue University, along with colleagues at the National Cancer Center Research Institute in Tokyo. The researchers found that water extracts of shiitake produced high rates of tumor inhibition in mice (72 percent to 92 percent). Ikekawa later identified a polysaccharide in shiitake called lentinan as having powerful antitumor activity.
Coriolus (or Trametes) versicolor is the most thoroughly clinically researched mushroom. An extract of Coriolus versicolor known as PSK is sold in Europe and Japan. It is the best-selling cancer drug in the world and recently accounted for more than 25% of Japan's total national expenditure for anticancer agents. In addition to possessing many different antitumor properties, it is also an immunostimulant; demonstrates anti-viral activity; enhances T-cell proliferation; and has been shown to improve both disease-free and survival rates in cancer patients. In an 8-year clinical test of breast cancer patients, and in another 5-year study, it was shown that the polysaccharide compounds contained within Coriolus versicolor work particularly well as an adjuvant for cancer therapies, exhibiting diverse biological activities.
Maitake may be even more potent than any of the other mushrooms previously studied. This legendary giant mushroom has been studied for its anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive and anti-hyperlipemic effects since the mid-1980s. Its anti-HIV activity in vitro was demonstrated in tests conducted by the Japan Institute of Health and the U.S. National Cancer Institute in early 1992. Among various extracts obtained from the Maitake mushroom, a specific extracted fraction named Maitake D-fraction is the active constituent. This extract contains beta-1, 3-glucans and beta-1, 6-glucans protein-bound polysaccharides. It has demonstrated remarkable antitumor activity by activating the immune system through oral administration.
The Chinese have long used Cordyceps sinensis to promote overall good health, and modern research indicates that it does indeed support liver, kidney, heart, and immune system function. Cordyceps sinensis has been used to protect the bone marrow and digestive systems of mice from whole body irradiation. One experiment noted that Cordyceps may protect the liver from damage. An experiment with mice indicated the mushroom may have an anti-depressant effect. Researchers have observed that Cordyceps has a hypoglycemic effect and may be beneficial for people with insulin resistance. Cordyceps mushroom extracts have been shown to stimulate the number of T helper cells, prolong the survival of lymphocytes, enhance TNF-alpha and interleukin 1 production, and increase the activity of natural killer cells. One study indicates that cordyceps can stimulate progesterone production in animal cells. Another study has shown that cordyceps may be effective against tumor cells by down-regulating MHC class II antigen expression. In addition, historical use data suggests that cordyceps can cause a reduction of cyclosporin and aminoglycoside-induced renal toxicity.
Reishi possess anti-tumor, immunomodulary, and immunotherapeutic activities, supported by studies on polysaccharides, terpene, and other bioactive compounds isolated from fruiting bodies and mycelia of this fungus. It has also been found to inhibit platelet aggregation, and to lower blood pressure (via inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme), cholesterol and blood sugar. Laboratory studies have shown anti-neoplastic effects of fungal extracts or isolated compounds against some types of cancer. In an animal model, Reishi has been reported to prevent cancer metastasis, with potency comparable to Lentinan from shiitake mushrooms. The mechanisms by which Reishi affect cancer may target different stages of cancer development include: 1) inhibition of angiogenesis (formation of new, tumor-induced blood vessels created to supply nutrients to the tumor) mediated by cytokines, 2) cytotoxicity, 3) inhibition of migration of the cancer cells and metastasis, and 4) inducing and enhancing apoptosis of tumor cells. Besides effects on mammalian physiology, Reishiis reported to have anti-bacterial and anti-viral activities. Reishi is reported to exhibit direct anti-viral effects with the following viruses: HSV-1, HSV-2, and influenza.
Agaricus blazei is an edible mushroom native to Brazil and cultivated in Japan and the USA for its medicinal uses. It has been used to treat arteriosclerosis, hepatitis, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, dermatitis, and cancer. In vitro experiments and studies done in mice have shown that Agaricus has immunomodulatory, antitumor, and antimutagenic properties. The polysaccharides and anti-angiogenic compounds present in Agaricus are thought to be responsible for its antitumor properties. Such effects are believed to be exerted by immunopotentiation or direct inhibition of angiogenesis. A recent randomized study showed that oral administration of Agaricus extract improved the natural killer cell activity and quality of life in gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Agaricus was also shown to have antidiabetic effects in vitro and in animal studies. In addition, results from a study done in human subjects with type 2 diabetes suggest benefits of Agaricus extract in improving insulin resistance, and a pilot study indicates that Agaricus extract may reduce weight, BMI, body fat, and serum glucose and cholesterol levels in healthy individuals.
AHCC is a food substance that contains a broad range of polysaccharides. It is believed that a special polysaccharide with a molecular weight of about 5,000 and an alpha 1,4 glucan linkage in this mushroom extract is primarily responsible for the powerful immune enhancing effects on natural killer cells. A heavier polysaccharide in the extract appears to have a powerful stimulating effect on macrophages which, in turn, further stimulates the immune system including a number of cytokines (Interleukin-2, Interleukin-12, Tumor Necrosis Factor [TNF], and Interferon). Furthermore, some research has indicated that components of AHCC may have direct cytotoxic effects on cancer cells and prevent metastases from occurring.
The human immune system is comprised of more than 130 subsets of white blood cells. Natural Killer (NK) cells make up roughly 15% of all human white blood cells. They provide the first line of defense for dealing with any form of invasion to the body. Each NK cell contains several small granules that act as chemical destroyers. Once an NK cell has recognized a cancer cell, for example, it attaches itself to the cell's outer membrane and injects these granules directly into the interior of the cell. The granules then destroy the cancer cell within five minutes. The undamaged NK cell then moves on to other cancer cells and repeats the process. When the immune system is particularly strong, active NK cells will often take on more than one cancer cells or other infected cells at the same time.
Unlike other white blood cells, inadequate numbers of NK cells are very rarely a problem. Instead, it is the activity of the cells that generally determines whether one is sick or healthy. As long as the NK cells are active, everything remains under control. If NK cells lose their ability to either recognize or destroy the invader, however, the situation can deteriorate rapidly. In AIDS and cancer patients, NK cell activity is probably the primary criteria for estimating the chances of survival. It's commonly accepted that when NK cells cease to function, the end is near.
In addition, research has now confirmed that individuals with low NK cell activity are significantly more susceptible to autoimmune diseases, chronic fatigue syndrome, viral infections and the development of cancerous tumors.
Doctors can test NK cell activity with a test called the NK cell function test. Basically, a blood sample is taken from the patient and placed in a vial containing live tumor cells. After four hours, a count is taken to determine what percentage of the cancer cells have been destroyed by the NK cells. The higher the percentage, the more active the cells. This test is referred to as the 4 hour Chromium-release assay. Your doctor can order the test from Immune Sciences Lab in Beverly Hills, CA at 310-657-1077.
Unlike most forms of cancer treatment, Immune-Assist™ is totally non-toxic. After years of use and continued toxicity tests, there has never been any indication of toxicity or side effects whatsoever. Most likely, this is because Immune-Assist's primary function is to enhance the activity of the immune system rather than to attack cancer cells directly. This also helps explain why it seems to work well for all types of cancer.
Immune-Assist™ fills a gap left by many of the other natural therapies, in particular, the class of therapies known as angiogenesis inhibitors. Angiogenesis inhibitors work by cutting off the blood supply to tumors. Whether they are natural products like shark cartilage or pharmaceutical ones like endostatin and angiostatin, these angiogenesis inhibitors aren't very effective at treating blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphatic cancer or lung cancer.
Because leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells themselves, cutting off the blood supply to these cells is impossible. With lymphatic cancer, it's the lymphatic fluids, not blood vessels, that supply lymph cells with all of their necessary nutrients, so again, cutting off the blood supply is useless. Also, because the lungs have such a rich and complex supply of blood vessels, there is no effective way to restrict blood flow to that area.
None of these factors prevent Immune-Assist™ from doing its job. By increasing the activity of NK cells, which naturally reside and circulate in the blood and lymph systems, Immune-Assist™ can be used effectively for all of these cancers. The NK cells don't have to penetrate deep into massive hard tumors to get to active cancer cells—they simply identify and eliminate the cancer cells they "encounter" in the blood or lymph.
Immune-Assist brand Dietary Supplement as an Adjunct for Chemo and Radiation Therapy in Cancer.
A clinical trial conducted between August 2000 and April 2001 at the People's Hospital of Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China, showing the clinical manifestations of a mixture of six Medicinal Mushroom extracts as an adjunct therapy to improve the immune function of cancer patients undergoing other therapies. Methods: the Zhejiang Qingyuan Fungi Medicinal & Health Products Co., Ltd produced the experimental mixture used in this clinical trial. This mixture was formulated and is marketed in the United States of America under the trade name Immune-Assist where it has shown good results in cancer treatment. This mixture includes Alpha and Beta-Glucans and other polysaccharides, extracted from the following well-known species of medicinal mushrooms: Agaricus blazei (polysaccharide >40%), Lentinus edodes (polysaccharide >25%), Grifola frondosa (polysaccharide >28%), Ganoderma lucidum (polysaccharide >20%), Coriolus versicolor (polysaccharide >30%), and Cordyceps sinensis mycelium (polysaccharide >30%).
These six extracts were mixed together into tablet form and co-administered along with chemotherapy or radiation therapy to the patients undergoing treatment as a daily regimen. This trial was conducted among 56 cancer patients, 30 chosen to receive the Medicinal Mushroom extract mix and another 26 comparable patients as a control group, receiving the accepted pharmaceutical drug Polyactin-A ™ as a control group. All patients were in the middle-late stages (Stage 3 and 4) of cancer. Polyactin-A is made by Taixing Medicine Company, Ltd. in Chengdu, PRC and the lot number used was 20000327. Results: There are significant differences between the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group of patients had improvements in the disease progression and Quality of Life measurements as compared to the control group of cancer patients. Discussion: This formulation of mixed polysaccharides, made up from the six species of Medicinal Mushrooms named, has great potential as a new health product for the improvement of immunity and showing high effectiveness and non-toxicity for use in cancer patients undergoing conventional therapy.
A clinical trial was conducted using Immune–Assist Brand mushroom extract mixture for the treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease and hyperlipidemia. Through this study the preparation method, the quality control standards, the medicinal function and the safety and toxicity study, it was found that this preparation was both safe and effective, and shows great potential as a preventive and health care medicine for treating and curing the disease of alcoholic liver and hyperlipidemia. We found that this polysaccharide mixture could not only restrain the alcohol-induced damage to the liver cells, but also enhances the restoration of liver function and decreases blood lipids. The results were significant and safe. This compound shows great promise for use in clinical therapy.
Alcohol is used widely throughout society, and often for medicinal purposes such as to stimulate the appetite, cure pain, and eliminate fatigue and as a disinfectant. But alcohol use is more often indicated in health problems, for example a wide range of acute and chronic diseases and behavioral dysfunction. Chronic alcoholism has become a global social problem. In America alone, an estimated 100,000 people die annually due to the abuse of alcohol. The economic burden in this one country is estimated to be about 100 billion dollars a year. Chronic alcoholism has become a familiar disease in many other countries as well. Because of this, many experts at home and abroad have been studying effective ways to restrain the damage to liver cells caused by chronic abuse of alcohol, and ways of treating or curing the fibrosis of the liver resultant of chronic alcohol abuse. In recent years, science has found that the polysaccharides extracted from edible mushrooms have various biologically active functions. The city of Lishui, which lies in the southwest of the Zhejiang province of China, has a rich resource of edible mushrooms, and a long history of the use of medicinal mushrooms. A thorough review of the literature and customs of this area has shown that these mushrooms can protect the liver, decrease blood lipids and improve immune function. According to this long history of folk-usage, a modern extraction method was developed to produce an effective medicinal mushroom polysaccharide combination. This mushroom extract combination is marketed in America under the brand name Immune-Assist Critical Care Formula by Aloha Medicinals Inc. The components of this formula are alcohol precipitated hot water extracts of Lentinula edodes, Grifola frondosa, Coriolus [Trametes] versicolor, Agaricus blazei, Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps sinensis, and the extra-cellular compounds derived from the spent culture broth of liquid-fermented Cordyceps sinensis. From April of 2001 to May of 2002, this research group used the Immune-Assist formula in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease and hyperlipidemia. The tablets used in this study were 500 mg each of active ingredients containing 400 mg mixture of very complex polysaccharides, mainly (d)beta-glucans of differing structures, primarily 1↔3 main chain structure with 1↔6 side branching. With more than 200 differing polysaccharide structures, there are many other polysaccharides present besides these prototypical and well-understood mushroom-derived immunomodulator compounds. The PRC government research authorization number granted to this project was 99-118. The primary research results are as follows.
Each tablet contains 500 mg mixture of active ingredients consisting of equal parts of the following: Lentinula edodes polysaccharides (Lentinan), Grifola frondosa polysaccharides (Maitake D-Fraction), Trametes versicolor protein-bound polysaccharides (PSK and PSP), Cordyceps sinensis Polysaccharides and exo-polysaccharides, Agaricus blazei Polysaccharide and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. These polysaccharides were extracted from full spectrum mycoproducts grown by sterile tissue culture using a proprietary two step extraction and purification process consisting of extraction with hot water, repeated 4 times at 98-99 degrees C, concentration of the water extract portion under reduced pressure, then addition of 4 times the volume of pharmaceutical grade ethanol, which causes the purified polysaccharides, protein bound polysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides to precipitate from the solution, thus separating the alcohol soluble portion. The precipitated polysaccharide compounds are then collected and spray dried. This purified protein-polysaccharide complex is blended with pharmaceutical binders and excipients to manufacture tablets as per usual protocols used in tableting.
All the results gathered suggest that the mushroom polysaccharide combination Immune-Assist has apparent and profound function in decreasing the blood cholesterol and triglycerides, and at the same time has obvious effect for the chemical protection and repair of the damaged liver. Edible mushrooms have many good medicinal functions and bio-active compounds and can improve the patient's overall resistance and disease dormancy period, increase the appetite, ameliorate fatigue, regulate and enhance the patient's immunity, etc. By consuming these mushrooms the body's nonspecific immunity is enhanced, there is a measurable improvement in the secretion of IgA, an increase in the function of mononuclear-phagocytes and in the activity of the NK cells, regulation of the immune balance, resistance to the alcoholic damage of liver cell efficiency and acceleration of the restoration and regeneration of damaged liver tissue cells. This study shows that edible fungi have certain curative effect on chemically induced liver damage and in blood fat reduction. Edible fungi can play an important role in the clinical treatment for these conditions.
Presented here are the results of a study conducted on 60 patients with chronic hepatitis B over a two year period, evaluating the value of adding proprietary Immune-Assist™ brand of medicinal mushroom polysaccharide mixture as an adjunct to conventional therapy in order to achieve greater effectiveness than can be provided by the conventional therapy alone.
In recent years it has been found that the polysaccharides extracted from edible fungi have various biological activity functions, including immune enhancement. The city of Lishui, which lies in the south-west of Zhejiang province, is one of the major mushroom cultivation districts in China and has rich resources of these edible fungi. It is a long-standing tradition for the populace of this area to use the edible fungi as part of their medicine. While researching the traditional medicine and folk recipes of the people of this area, there is found a widespread belief that edible fungi can protect the liver, reduce obesity and improve overall immunity. In accordance with this traditional belief, this study was conducted using modern extraction methods in the preparation of a mushroom polysaccharide mixture according to the formula of Immune-Assist Critical Care Formula™, a proprietary health supplement developed as a joint project between the Government of Zhejiang province and a privately held American company, Aloha Medicinals Inc. This mixture is manufactured and distributed in the United States of America by Aloha Medicinals Inc. The formula is composed of alcohol precipitated hot water extracts of six species of medicinal mushrooms: Lentinula edodes, Agaricus blazei, Grifola frondosa, Coriolus [Trametes] versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum and two types of Cordyceps sinensis extracts, one from the mycelium and one from the culture broth of liquid-fermented Cordyceps sinensis. We tested this mixture concurrently with the accepted drug lamivudine in the cure of chronic hepatitis. With lamivudine therapy alone, the rate of hepatitis Be antigen converting from positive to negative is 10%-20% with a full years' course of therapy, and this antibody sero-conversion to negative increases by continuous use of lamivudine continuously year after year. Because of this long period of treatment, there is concern that the virus will induce genetic variation, as well as some patients discontinuing the therapy after time due to economic hardship. From February 2000 to August 2001, our research group used this mushroom polysaccharide formula and lamivudine together to treat hepatitis B for 9 months. From April in 2001 to May in 2002, the research group used this mushroom polysaccharide tablet and lamivudine together to treat hepatitis B compounded with hyperlipidemia with good results. The PRC government clinical trial sanction number for this trial is 99-118. Each tablet contains 500 mg total active ingredients derived from the six species of mushrooms, of which 400 mg consists of amylase reactable polysaccharides. The primary research results are as follows: After 9 months of treatment, a comparison of the rate of hepatitis antibodies converting from positive to negative showed 20 cases of HBeAg in the experimental group convert to negative (62.5%), while only 8 cases of HbeAg in the comparison group convert to negative (28.6%). The sero-conversion rate of these two groups is significant. From this trial we find that the mushroom polysaccharides can play an important roll in curing hepatitis B, and this mushroom polysaccharide mixture (Immune-Assist) should be considered as an adjunct to conventional hepatitis treatment.
In many countries where Lyme disease occurs there are available prescription drugs which act in conjunction with antibiotics to increase the curative potential of the antibiotic therapy. These drugs are generally polysaccharide based such as Lentinan (from shiitake mushrooms) and Polyactin A (also known as alpha-glucomannan). While these drugs are not currently used in the United States, there are a number of dietary supplements available that may have the same effect. Aloha Medicinals, Inc., has done research for several years on the use of immuno-modulators as dietary supplements for concommitant use in difficult to treat diseases such as Lyme. This was an offshoot from the tracking of results obtained from the use of their original Immune-Assist™ product, a condition specific dietary supplement intended for use by cancer patients while undergoing conventional treatment. Although originally intended as a cancer treatment enhancer, the mode of action is strictly immuno-modulatory, and led to the development of their second generation of Immunomodulatory supplements. In particular, Immune-Assist™ Daily Formula has shown effectivness for supplementing the immune system while undergoing treatment for Lyme disease as well as several other difficult to treat diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS. It seems logical that this approach may be especially useful in the hard-to-treat, later stages of CNS lyme. This is probably because the immune stimulation response it provides is not limited by the blood/brain barrier, as are conventional antibiotics. It seems that immunomodulator supplements may act as enhancements for the antibiotics usually used for Lyme treatment, increasing their effectivness.
1) For cancer, HIV or other life-threatening condition, take 3 grams per day for two-to-four weeks, then 1 gram per day until the problem is resolved. Some people continue to take the maintenance dosage even after the problem has been resolved, while others stop taking it and resume if the problem returns. In rare cases taking as much as 6 grams daily was necessary.
2) As a form of prevention take 1 gram per day.
In all of the studies, it has been found that taking 3 grams a day resulted in a dramatic increase in NK cell activity within one to two weeks. At the lower dosage of only 1 gram per day, the same activity wasn't reached until about four weeks. Thus, the initial heavy doses of 3 grams per day. Even after the dosage is dropped back to 1 gram per day, NK cell activity will continue to increase. It is best to take the Immune-Assist™ capsules with meals in divided doses. For example, when taking 3 grams a day (which works out to 6 500 mg capsules), 2 capsules can be taken with each meal. When you reduce the dosage down to 1 gram a day (2 capsules), you can take one capsule at breakfast and one at dinner.
Mushrooms have been used as medicines by humans for 5,000 years or more. As you will see, many mushrooms have properties that can improve your health and well-being. This book presents the fascinating story of eight healing mushrooms: maitake, reishi, shiitake,Cordyceps sinensis, Agaricus blazei, Phellinus linteus, Trametes versicolor, and Hericium erinaceus, as well as recent findings on additional mushrooms. It explains how ancient peoples used these mushrooms and the promise they bring for healing and preventing illness in the modern world. This book presents the latest scientific and clinical research, describes the most up-to-date experiments, and conjectures about mushrooms and their power to heal.
Many of the currently available anti-cancer agents are derived form natural products, for instance paclitaxel (Taxol), and camptothecin (Hycamtin) amongst many others. In 2000 Professor Gordon McVie, Director-General of the Cancer Research Campaign (now Cancer Research UK) and Professor John Smith of University of Strathclyde met in Glasgow to discuss the role of medicinal mushrooms in the treatment of cancer. The CRC had become aware that these natural products were being used extensively in the Far East as nutriceuticals (dietary supplements) and as a source for the generation of pharmaceutical-grade medicines to treat a wide variety of diseases, including cancer. The substantial range of medicinal mushroom species from which different bioactive compounds can be derived suggested that the humble mushroom could be a source of novel anti-cancer agents.
This monograph is a comprehensive overview of this subject from the technology of cultivation, extraction and chemistry of medicinal mushroom bioactive compounds to the clinical evidence that suggests an important therapeutic role in cancer, and other major diseases.
The monograph is available for download on a chapter by chapter basis as PDF documents. If you don't have a copy of Adobe Acrobat, you can download a copy from their website at www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep.html. If you are having difficulty downloading the monograph – some of the sections are quite large due to high quality images – please contact Cancer Research UK via the email or phone details listed below to obtain a CD copy.


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Q: UITableViewCell Repeating UIView I am facing a small issue and em banging my head for being not able to solve it…
I have a UITableView with Custom UITableViewCell.. the cell's height is determined on the size of text. when the user taps it, the text is translated and the translated text is appended to it in new line. for making them look separated, I add a UIView lineView with width as much as cell's label and height = 1
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                    lineView.backgroundColor = [UIColor whiteColor];
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                    [cell addSubview:lineView];

Everything works fine but when i navigate back to that viewController i see that lineView misplaced on each cell..
Cant understand why its doing that..
Any help would be appreciated.. Thanks in advance..

A: Well after some working on the advice of Mustafa Ibrahim, i found another question that had similar problem … so thanks to intropedro's answer problem solved :)
added this with dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier
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            cell = [[ChatCustomCell alloc] initWithStyle:UITableViewCellStyleDefault reuseIdentifier:CellIdentifier];
        }
        else{
            [[cell.contentView viewWithTag:500] removeFromSuperview];
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and changed my lineView code a bit too..
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                    lineView.backgroundColor = [UIColor whiteColor];
                    lineView.tag = indexPath.row;
                    [cell addSubview:lineView];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
Publisher: Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado
Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research publishes original research and book reviews on any scientific or cultural aspect of Arctic, Antarctic, and alpine environments, paleoenvironments, and related topics.
Region-Wide Glacier Mass Budgets for the Tanggula Mountains between ∼1969 and ∼2015 Derived from Remote Sensing Data
An'an Chen, et al. (2017)
Ice Volume Estimates from Ground-Penetrating Radar Surveys, Wedel Jarlsberg Land Glaciers, Svalbard
F. J. Navarro, et al. (2014)
Crevice-Nesting Auklets are Early-Successional Species Requiring Disturbance to Persist
Heather M. Renner, et al. (2017)
Respiration from Soil and Ground Cover Vegetation Under Tundra Shrubs
Le Ge, et al. (2017)
Editorial Board and Cover Caption
Spatial Extent, Age, and Carbon Stocks in Drained Thaw Lake Basins on the Barrow Peninsula, Alaska
Kenneth M. Hinkel, et al. (2003)
Recent Trends in Melting Conditions on the Antarctic Peninsula and Their Implications for Ice-sheet Mass Balance and Sea Level
David G. Vaughan, et al. (2006)
Climate-Change Effects on Alpine Plant Biodiversity: A New Zealand Perspective on Quantifying the Threat
Stephan R. P. Halloy, et al. (2003)
Expanded and Recently Increased Glacier Surging in the Karakoram
Luke Copland, et al. (2011)
The Concentration and Fluorescence of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) in Glacial and Nonglacial Catchments: Interpreting Hydrological Flow Routing and DOC Sources
Melissa J. Lafrenière, et al. (2004)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Our search engine returns Physical Therapists nearest to Dallas, TX. This page lists the top 1 - 20 Physical Therapists. The Physical Therapists are sorted by the distance in ascending order from the center of Dallas, TX to the locations of Physical Therapists offices. The distance is not driving distance or walking distance, but the straight distance on map, calculated using latitude and longitude. If the businesses are located at the same town or city, the distance might be displayed as 0 mile.
For example, Hand Rehabilitation Svc(Betsy Ward) is located at 2731 Lemmon Ave E # 300, Dallas, TX. Its map distance to the center of Dallas, TX is 0 miles. Sante Rehabilitation(Louis Church) is located at 4106 Office Pkwy, Dallas, TX. Its map distance to the center of Dallas, TX is 0 miles. Uptown Physical Therapy(Patricia Horton) is located at 4209 Mckinney Ave # 203, Dallas, TX. Its map distance to the center of Dallas, TX is 0 miles.


I've just come back from Paris and had the most amazing but tiring weekend. I'm going to warn you, this is a rather photo heavy post. I went to Paris for my friend Emma's birthday and also to meet up with some of our French friends who are studying there. Two and a bit days just wasn't enough but we managed to cram a lot in.
We stayed in a great little hostel called Le Montclair in Montmartre. Montmartre is a beautiful area where lots of artists lived like Dali, Modigliani, Monet and van Gogh lived and it is where Amélie was filmed.
Sacré-Cœur Basilica, so many steps to get here!
Went a little crazy in here and spent loads on make up and cleansers, reviews to follow!
A great little book shop near Notre Dame called Shakespeare and Company. Sadly it was full of hipsters but it had a reading room upstairs where someone was playing the piano, very charming. They had some great second hand books here but also lots of new books in English with limited edition covers. This was a great little place to spend an hour.
I loved Paris so much that I'm already planning my next trip in the new year.
Lucky girl ! Those are great pictures. I love paris !!!
Looks like you had a great time, and perfect outfits :) Can't believe I've never been to Paris, and I live in London...so easY!!
Your pictures are beautiful - looks like you had a great time. While i've been to France, never got around to visiting Paris!
It looks like you had a beautiful trip!
Lovely photos Gemma, am glad to hear you crammed a lot in. That picnic had me drooling.


What is better GetBadges or Spinify? The ideal Gamification Software is a program that can address your company's specific demands. It is possible to find which alternative works best for your company if you compare different products before you decide which one is the best.
For example, GetBadges and Spinify are scored at 8.8 and 8.0, respectively, for general quality and performance. Likewise, GetBadges and Spinify have a user satisfaction rating of 100% and N/A%, respectively, which indicates the general satisfaction they get from customers. Even better, get in touch with an existing customer of the software and ask for their opinion about the software in question.
People who want to save some time or would like to get a Gamification Software advice from our experts might want to take a look at these top choices for this year: Tango Card, Influitive, Bandicam.
GetBadges gamifies the development of a software project. Track your progress via various integrations. Play, compete and earn achievements just by coding and resolving tasks.
Spinify pulls activity information from your data app and transforms it into a leaderboard.
When you pick a software that you believe will work best for your team you shouldn't only pay attention to what experts have to say about it. In many cases individual experience with the product may change, depending on specific goals and requirements. That's why in our reviews we also offer our User Satisfaction Rating for every solution to give you a quick impression of how real users of GetBadges and Spinify estimate their experience with the product. Our system is based on advanced analysis of product appearances on other sites, social media as well as blogs, so you are going to obtain a comprehensive and credible picture of what other clients think about every solution. In this case GetBadges has a total satisfaction rating at 100% while for Spinify N/A% of people claim they had a positive experience with it.


Patients often wonder if a stressful event in their life led to their breast cancer diagnosis. This is a question oncologists are asked every day. While stress is not good for any of us and it does impact our immune systems, there is no proof that stress is a cause of breast cancer.
There are plenty of people that lead very healthy lives, have great diets, remove themselves from the stress and pollution of big cities, meditate every day, and still get diagnosed with breast cancer. Though stress can certainly contribute to how patients deal with their diagnosis, there is no evidence supporting the idea that it could actually cause the diagnosis.
This doesn't mean that stress isn't something to be kept in mind while dealing with a diagnosis or treatment. Patients and their families should consider stress management a very important part of leading a healthy lifestyle–even if the stress itself was not a factor in their cancer diagnosis.
If a patient is very stressed out and very anxious, Dr. Elizabeth Comen recommends seeking help to manage that stress because it could affect treatment moving forward.


The locksmith we use in Doolin are experts in lock repairs and replacements for both domestic and commercial clients. Our focus on customer service and value for money makes us the number one choice for major companies and home owners alike!
So if you're locked out of your house or you've lost your keys in Doolin, if you're having problems locking your doors or need a broken window boarded we are here to help 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Do they offer locksmith in Doolin?
Determine the costs for any locksmith Doolin services before any works being completed. Along these lines, you are not got out by substantial bills you have nothing to do with.
Check whether a locksmith offers free gauges as a feature of their locksmith Doolin services. Once more, this keeps any false impressions over installment before work is started.
Whether you are locked out of your car, house, or need a new set of locks set up, you'll wish to be sure to employ a credible locksmith. BBB recommends finding a trustworthy locksmith prior to one is needed.
Locksmithing normally requires some kind of apprenticeship, though formal education can differ anywhere from a certificate to a diploma from an engineering college. Locksmiths can have a physical storefront or be mobile. Lots of locksmiths deal with not simply locks themselves, but other existing door hardware, consisting of door hinges, frame repairs, or making secrets. Associated Locksmiths of America (aloa.org) is a worldwide company of locksmiths and other physical security specialists. There is an application process, background check, and application and charges costs which should be present in order to sign up with.
Ask For Recommendations. Contact pals, family members, and neighbors for recommendations of credible locksmiths in your area. Make certain to validate the physical address of any locksmith you discover and make sure the address is really local. Check out bbb.org/indy for a listing of recognized locksmiths, to check out BBB Business Reviews and Customer Reviews from previous consumers. Make sure the business does not have any unanswered/unresolved problems.
Call business. Be wary if the business addresses the phone with a generic expression like "locksmith services". Ask what their legal service name is and if they are unable to give it to you, look somewhere else for a locksmith. Try to find an organisation that addresses the phone with their specific service name.
Ask for an Estimate. Before having actually the locksmith pertained to your house or car, make sure to obtain a price quote that includes the cost of all labor and the replacement parts for the lock. Trustworthy locksmiths will be able to give you a quote over the phone.
Ask about extra charges consisting of: if you will be charged additional for services in the middle of the night or weekends or if there is a charge by the millage they need to travel. If once the locksmith arrives they are charging a higher cost than on the phone, do not enable them to begin working. Take care to never ever sign a blank file to license work.
Check Credentials. Make certain that the locksmith you work with is insured so you will be covered in case the repair work causes damages. Upon arrival, ask the locksmith to offer recognition and/or a company card. It's also essential to examine if the business name and logo on their organisation cards match the name and logo on the billing and vehicle. A credible locksmith will also ask for to see your identification to make sure it's actually your home or business they are doing work on.
Save Their Information. After the locksmith has completed the job, get a made a list of invoice that includes: parts, labor, mileage, and other charges and save this document for future referral. If you think you have actually found a trustworthy locksmith, you must keep business' name and details kept in your wallet or cell phone in case their services are needed in the future.
Whether it's for a planned house improvement, or an emergency situation lock-out scenario, utilizing a trustworthy locksmith is necessary. Do your homework before employing a locksmith for non-emergency scenarios and have a locksmith's contact info that you have currently investigated helpful for those emergency scenarios.
Dyno Lock locksmith Doolin is your emergency locksmith security company. We are an emergency 24 hour locksmith give us a Call Its Free: 1800 800 800.


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Loc Le Ribault's Resistance: The creation of a treatment for arthritis and the persecution of its author France's foremost forensic scientist
by Martin J Walker
listed in complementary medicine
This is an extraordinary, highly sinister and bizarre tale, about the discovery by a reputable, indeed famous, scientist of the therapeutic properties of organic silica for a multitude of serious health conditions. Here was one of France's foremost scientists, expert on the electron scanning microscope, who during the 1980s applied his considerable expertise to forensic science and police investigations, becoming one of France's most adept solver of crimes.
Toward the end of the 1980s Loïc Le Ribault returned to his previous studies of organic silica, and together with a chemist colleague, developed completely nontoxic liquid and gel forms of organic silica, named G5. This molecule possessed almost unbelievable therapeutic properties for many illnesses, including skin, musculo-skeletal and joint problems, allergies, arthritis, cancer, Parkinson's and AIDs. He was extremely successful in treating people (for free) with G5 for just about any disease and wanted the French Ministry of Health to perform clinical trials. In his quest to find a pharmaceutical company willing to produce G5, he has yet to receive a reply over the past fifteen years. One executive offered him £1 million to bury his discovery.
To make a long and painful story short, Le Ribault was arrested on charges regarding the illegal practice of medicine, received death threats, was beaten up, thrown into solitary confinement in prison, deprived of food, until he managed to be released and, deprived of his passport, finally escaped to Jersey, where he now lives in exile as a stateless alien.
Martin Walker is acclaimed for his many books about serious health, social and criminal issues, including Dirty Medicine: Science, big business and the assault on natural health care. In this small yet compulsive reading booklet, Martin Walker has lucidly woven a tale of intrigue, high drama and dirty tricks of Kafka-esque proportions, proving that it doesn't pay to develop a cure for incurable illnesses. You will not be able to put this book down; order it immediately.
To order a copy of Loïc Le Ribault's Resistance, send a cheque for £5.50, made out to Slingshot Publications, to BM Box 8314, London WC1N 3XX.
Sandra Goodman PhD
Slingshot Publications
0 9519646 1 5


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Home » Two Tests for Trade Secret Preemption under California Law
Two Tests for Trade Secret Preemption under California Law
By Dylan Burstein & Raija Horstman on April 23, 2020
Posted in California, Customer List, Legislation, Litigation, Trade Secret Misappropriation, Trade Secrets, United States
When does a cause of action come close enough to a trade secret claim to become preempted by the California Uniform Trade Secrets Act ("CUTSA")? CUTSA preempts statutory and common law claims "based upon misappropriation of a trade secret." In other words, with some exceptions, claims predicated on trade secret misappropriation allegations may only be asserted through a CUTSA claim.
California courts have articulated two different CUTSA preemption tests: (1) the "common nucleus" test and (2) the "dependence" test. In many cases, the two tests will yield the same result. Sometimes, however, the tests will produce divergent outcomes.
Under the "common nucleus" test, the CUTSA preempts claims to the extent they "are based on the same nucleus of facts as the misappropriation of trade secrets claim for relief." The "common nucleus" test is the more frequently applied standard, particularly in federal courts. We have previously examined the application of the "common nucleus" test in federal court.
The "dependence" test asks whether a claim "depend[s] on the misappropriation of a trade secret." In other words, would there be a basis for the claim "[w]ithout the claimed theft of a trade secret"? If the alleged conduct would not have been wrongful absent the existence of a trade secret, then a claim depends on the misappropriation of a trade secret and is preempted.
Most of the time, the two tests will produce the same outcome. For example, where a plaintiff asserts claims for trade secret misappropriation and conversion based on the defendant's alleged theft of a customer list, the CUTSA will preempt the conversion claim under either test. Applying the "common nucleus" test results in preemption because the same facts underlie both the conversion claim and the claim for misappropriation of trade secrets—taking the customer list. The "dependence" test comes out the same way—if the customer list were not a trade secret, there would have been nothing wrongful about the defendant using the customer list.
In other circumstances, however, literal applications of the two tests will result in different outcomes. Take, for example, an employee who uses his employer's trade secret customer list to compete with his employer. When the employer sues the employee for breach of fiduciary duty and trade secret misappropriation, the facts underlying both claims will be the same—the employee's use of the customer list for his own purposes. Thus, preemption would seem to apply to the breach of fiduciary duty claim under the "common nucleus" test. However, the employee's conduct would have been wrongful even if the customer list were not protected as a trade secret. Under the "dependence" test, then, the CUTSA would not preempt the breach of fiduciary duty claim.
California courts have not resolved, or even acknowledged, the potential conflicts between the "common nucleus" and "dependence" tests. Eventually, they may have to do so.
Tags: California, California Uniform Trade Secrets Act, common nucleus, Customer List, CUTSA, dependence test, Legislation, litigation, trade secret misappropriation, trade secrets, United states
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This program is designed to offer a graduate-level point of entry into the teaching profession for students who typically will have completed a B.A. with minor or major in Jewish Studies. The M.A. will not provide Quebec Government teacher certification (in Quebec, certification is at the B.Ed. level), but at the present time, Jewish schools may hire non-certified teachers of Jewish Studies at their discretion.
Religious Studies : Supervised fieldwork in a Jewish school or educational institution.
Religious Studies : See EDER 610D1 for course description.
Religious Studies : An exploration of dissenting and complementary perspectives on the purpose of Jewish education. Challenges facing the field of Jewish education are examined. Developments in general education of relevance to Jewish education are considered.
9 credits from the course offerings of the Department of Jewish Studies, Faculty of Arts.
Religious Studies : An examination of recognized practices in the teaching of Yiddish as a second language.
Religious Studies : An examination of recognized practices in the teaching of Hebrew as a second language.
Religious Studies : A study of selected narrative, poetic and legal portions of the Pentateuch with a view to teaching this material in Jewish schools. An examination of some of the techniques presently used in the teaching of Bible.
Religious Studies : An exploration of approaches and techniques for the teaching of Jewish history. Special emphasis is placed on strategies for integrating the study of Jewish and general history.
Restriction: Not open to students who have taken 422-420 / EDER 420.
Religious Studies : An exploration of the rituals, customs, values and historical development of Jewish holidays. Methods of applying this material to the Jewish studies classroom are examined.
Religious Studies : An exploration of curriculum developed for teaching prayer and fostering spirituality within Jewish educational frameworks. Selected portions of the High Holy Day liturgy are examined with a view to teaching this material in Jewish settings.
Prerequisite: Knowledge of Hebrew, with permission of instructor.
Religious Studies : In-depth examination of topics in Jewish education. Content will vary from year to year.
Religious Studies : An exploration of approaches and techniques for the teaching of the Holocaust. Strategies for using Holocaust education as a basis for discussing prejudice and moral responsibility are examined.
Ed Psych & Couns (Psychology) : Assessment of theories of cognitive development including Piagetian, neo-Piagetian, and information-processing approaches. Theoretical models and empirical findings, and their application to educational and other settings.
Ed Psych & Couns (Inclusive) : Provides a critical analysis of the concept of inclusion with a particular focus on disability within historical, political, and educational contexts and equity seeking groups.
Ed Psych & Couns (Inclusive) : Adapting instruction and curriculum for students with special needs; developing individualized programs and methods; building curriculum that addresses both academic and social needs of students.
Religious Studies : Demonstrated mastery of the Hebrew language equivalent to JWST 340 (advanced). Must be completed prior to graduation.


Disclosure: I received a sample DVD for review purposes. No other compensation was received and all opinions expressed are my own.
Lincoln has been obsessed with trucks since he was old enough to push a vehicle toy around the floor, so it was no small wonder that he loves The Adventures of Chuck & Friends. This happy little dump truck has lots of heart and lots of friends - and they're well represented in our collection of vehicle toys. We were so excited to review the newest DVD release this spring - The Adventures of Chuck & Friends: Trucks Versus Wild!
Since we don't subscribe to cable, we didn't know about this show before we saw it on DVD. The TV series can be found playing on The Hub TV Network in the U.S. and on Treehouse in Canada.
Lincoln loves watching the show and playing with his Chuck and friends toys - sometimes I find them all parked in front of the TV like they are at a drive-in movie. Definitely funny.
The characters are likeable and kids can easily identify with them, as they seem to have normal kid problems - even though they are vehicles! Chuck and his friends Digger, Handy, Rowdy, Biggs, Boomer, and Flip are always up for an adventure and are happy to take vehicle-loving kids along for the ride! Retail price is $12.97 and it is available at retail locations and online now!
One Director Jewels reader will win The Adventures of Chuck & Friends: Trucks Versus Wild DVD! This giveaway will end on March 28 at 11:59pm CST. This giveaway is open to US readers only. Winner will be emailed and will have 48 hours to respond or prize will be forfeited.
Disclosure: Thank you to SHOUT! Factory Kids for providing my sample DVD and the giveaway prize! I received no other compensation and all views expressed are my own. For more information, you can read my Giveaway Policy and my Disclosure Policy.
i have watched the adventure of chuck and friends and my niece and i love it.
My two little boys adore Chuck and Rowdy! We have several toys too!
My boys love to watch The Adventures of Chuck & Friends.
I don't recall watching this before but, my son loves anything with wheels!!!
My four year old LOVES and my niece Love Chuck the Truck!
We've never watched it before, but my son loves trucks - I'm sure he'd love the show too!
I have never watched it myself but the kids have watched it.
Yes, I have watched it with my son before.
No we have not watched it but it sounds like it would be something they would enjoy.
Yes! My kids love it.
No. But we play with the toy cars ALL the time!!
No we haven't but we have many Chuck & Friends toys.
We have not watched this series yet.
I have watched it with my son.
We've never watched it, but I'm sure my kids would love to!
We have never watched it but we have some of their toys.
we have watch him on DVD. the kids love Chuck!
I have never watched it, but I'm sure my little boy would love it!
We've never watched it before, but my nephew loves trucks.
my grand son loves Chuck and Friends!
My kids and I watched Chuck once when we rented it from the library! They loves Chuck!
No, but I think my son would love it!
I had no idea they'd turned Chuck into a cartoon. My four year old has several Chuck and Friends vehicles. He would love this!
It's a VERY CUTE SHOW! We are Fans.


Add Green peas , Corn flour , Onion, coriander leaves , Green chilly , ginger garlic chilly paste , Garam Masala , Jeera , and Salt in mashed potato and mix it properly.
Make oval shape balls of this mixture.
Insert one stick in each ball & press well.
Heat oil in kadai. Deep fry till golden brown.
2.	You can also add boil Cabbage, Cauliflower, Carrot, Green Beans and Capsicum in it.
3.	You can use small Bread Sticks insisted of Ice cream stick.
4.	If you don't like oily food, you can bake these in oven.


Coming in hard to Five Points this coming weekend, Paper & Plastick have teamed up with DLL Customs to bring various new colourways & resin releases for our enjoyment this weekend. Rocking the #222 booth, you'll be able to find all the below on their booth.
Limited to 10 in GID!! Glow in the Dark, baby!
These are pulled from a Carson Catlin cut Paper and Plastick resin skull.
There will be different colourways of the Monkey Assasin too. Which you can check out below!
These will likely not last long, not with those baying for some fresh resin from Paper & Plastick. You'll need to make sure you've got yourself a Five Points ticket first, right? That would be a great starting point on your quest, you should head on over to the Five Points site HERE for ticket details. If you have your eye on an exclusive and worried they'll sell out before you get in, make sure you go with the VIP ticket. Yeah it's a little pricier than the rest but it gets you in an hour earlier than the rest of the rabble, entry to the Designer Toy Awards, entry to the Aftershow Party, an exclusive production Kidrobot Dunny from Gary Ham (pic below). $125/£96 is damn worth it too. You can also buy your VIP tickets on the Five Points site HERE.


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HomeNewsHeartbreaking: N. Korea Doing Weapon Chemical Testing on Disabled
Heartbreaking: N. Korea Doing Weapon Chemical Testing on Disabled
December 13, 2014 Royce Christyn News, World 0
In a horrifyingly sad report coming from North Korean defectors, it is being reported that North Korea tests chemicals on disabled people. North Korea has been in the news a lot this week for it's alleged attack on Sony films in protest of the upcoming film "The Interview" – a comedic film starring Seth Rogan and James Franco about an assassination attempt on Kim Jong-un.
While much press is focused on this, many are trying to remind the world of the other atrocities that occur on a daily basis in the so-called "Hermit Kingdom".
In an article on The Independent UK titled "North Korea 'experiments with chemical weapons on disabled people', defectors warn as Hollywood prepares for The Interview premiere" [1]
They report:
As Hollywood prepares for tonight's premiere of a comedy film poking fun at the bizarre other world that is North Korea, two defectors have spoken out to remind us that the human rights abuses going on there are really no laughing matter.
It is now almost exactly one month since the world's largest rights campaign groups joined forces to petition the UN to "hold North Korea accountable for these crimes against humanity", found to include "deliberate starvation, forced labor, executions, torture, rape and the denial of reproductive rights enforced through punishment, forced abortion and infanticide".
Speaking to the Daily Telegraph, a defector and former officer of North Korea's special forces described how he abandoned Kim Jong-un's regime after watching chemical and biological weapons tests on disabled children and adults.
Though it is not the first time such allegations have been made, Im Cheon-yong adds credence to the findings of the Citizens Alliance for North Korean Human Rights regarding the treatment of disabled people in the country.
He told the newspaper he first witnessed tests involving anthrax and other chemical weapons in 1984, and that Kim's regime tried to carry out such experiments "legally" by "offering to buy disabled children from their parents and [saying] they will take care of them".
"If that doesn't work, they threaten them. They use them for chemical weapons experiments," he said. "But not only children, they also use disabled adults."
Another defector, Ji Seong-ho, told the Telegraph he lost his limbs after an accident at the age of 14 when he fell into the path of a train because he was so exhausted by manual labour.
He described how he was told that his being disabled had "hurt the dignity of North Korea" and that "people like me should just die".
[1] North Korea 'experiments with chemical weapons on disabled people', defectors warn as Hollywood prepares for The Interview premiere
Royce Christyn
Journalist at News Punch
Documentarian, Writer, Producer, Director, Author.
Latest posts by Royce Christyn (see all)
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Here is a data driven analysis for comparing hotel loyalty program credit cards as a follow-up to yesterday's post on credit card benefits. Interestingly as annual spend goes up the Priority Club Visa drops in value while SPG American Express increases in value. It appears I shortchanged Goldpoints plus Visa in my earlier analysis when I placed it lowest of nine cards. This valuation analysis places Goldpoints plus above Marriott Rewards basic Visa, however, there is the consideration of higher value enrollment bonuses for Marriott Rewards and the size of the Marriott Hotel chain in the U.S.
The hotel loyalty program credit card spend tables show four scenarios for different levels of annual credit card spend in various categories for earning hotel points ($6,000, $13,000, $24,000, and $48,000).
One or none of these scenarios may apply to your particular spending pattern. Adjusting the spending categories to your specific situation will allow you to make your own individualized chart to determine the best hotel loyalty program credit card for your needs.
To minimize variables in these charts I only consider points earned from credit card spend and I do not consider additional base and bonus loyalty points earned from paid hotel stays or elite status gained from hotel cards. See yesterday's post for details on each credit card's benefits.
The points earned with each credit card are based on annual spend scenarios and a set amount in different spend categories. The total points earned per year was tabulated based on the four spending scenarios.
These tables use the numbers from Lucky's One Mile at a Time blog post reprinted in the August 2010 InsideFlyer magazine, The Value of a Mile or Point.
In general these hotel point values seem to be reasonable working valuations for hotel points.
I could argue that Hilton is valued a little too high and Priority Club a little too low based on hotel reward categories and the actual cost of many hotels in these categories. These values could easily be reversed to Priority Club at $7/1000 and Hilton at $6/1,000. The fact that it is possible to get cheap points at the cost of $60 for 10,000 Priority Club points by booking a Cash and Points award and then cancelling it does not lower the value of points in Priority Club to that level for most redemptions.
I will argue that it is much easier to find an InterContinental Hotel for 40,000 points that would cost more than $280 per night ($7/1,000 points) compared to finding a category 6 Hilton Hotel for 40,000 points that would have cost more than $280 per night ($7/1,000 points). But that is another discussion.
The hotel point values in Lucky's article are sufficiently accurate to illustrate the value of points earned in the various programs from credit card spend.
Lucky did not include Carlson Hotels Goldpoints plus in his valuations.
I used $4/1,000 points based on a category 2 hotel running around $80 for 20,000 points and a category 4 hotel for 40,000 points costing around $160. I think the value of Goldpoints are typically in the $4 to $5 range for 1,000 points. Goldpoints also has the feature of giving a 10% discount on the cost of free nights after the first night of a multi-night stay. The second night of a category 4 hotel stay is just 36,000 points.
The points value for Priority Club Visa and Marriott Premier Visa need to be adjusted for the annual free night offer with card membership renewal. I converted the free night certificate to a cash equivalent value for these two cards.
Priority Club allows the free night to be redeemed at any hotel. I assume the value of the annual free night certificate is 40,000 points. This gives the Priority Club Visa card an additional annual value of $240. This value is added to the annual credit cards point value.
Marriott Rewards free night is worth 25,000 points at a category 5 hotel. I give the annual certificate a $200 added value in the tables.
6 HHonors bonus points per US$1 spent at Hilton Worldwide hotels, grocery stores, gas stations, drugstores, home and wireless phone, cable, internet.
6 HHonors bonus points per US$1 spent at grocery stores, gas stations, drugstores, home and wireless phone, cable, internet.
6 HHonors bonus points per US$1 spent at Hilton Worldwide hotels.
3 HHonors bonus points at gas stations, grocery stores and drugstore.
3 Gold Passport bonus points per US$1 spent at Hyatt brand hotels worldwide.
5 Priority Club bonus points per US$1 spent at IHG hotels worldwide.
3 Priority Club bonus points per US$1 at gas stations, dining and grocery stores.
3 Marriott Rewards bonus points per US$1 spent at Marriott brand hotels worldwide.
5 Marriott Rewards bonus points per US$1 spent at Marriott brand hotels worldwide.
2 Marriott Rewards bonus points per US$1 spent on airlines, dining and rental cars.
1 Marriott Rewards bonus point per US$1 on all other purchases.
Annual free night certificate (category 1-5 hotels). First year is a category 1-4 e-certificate.
2 bonus Starpoints per US$1 spent at Starwood Hotels and Resorts worldwide.
1 bonus Starpoints per US$1 per US$1 on all other purchases.
There are many variables when choosing a hotel loyalty program and credit card. This is just one comparison with each card matched up on the same playing field using the same spend levels and categories. Your personal spend and hotel stay pattern may lead to different conclusions.
Great analysis and it makes me want to get a Hilton Surpass card. One question, is the current offer of 40,000 points on signup good or do they generally offer a better one at some point during the year?
Bryan – I have not followed sign-up bonuses for hotel credit cards. I actually have given very little attention to credit cards on Loyalty Traveler blog.
The media attention around the Priority Club Visa and Hyatt Visa this past month kind of motivated me to look at hotel loyalty program credit cards seriously for the first time.
These analyses are living documents that I will adjust as I delve more deeply into the subject.
I am actually working on a piece at the moment that will shake up the analysis in these tables. After looking at NerdWallet.com today and looking over data tables I created last March for an InsideFlyer article I have decided i have to adjust these tables.
Hilton HHonors points valued at $7/1,000 points is much too high. I am going to reorganize this data and change the value of HHonors points to $5/1,000 points. I think this is much more accurate to the average value of Hilton points.
But do not worry. The Hilton Surpass card still comes out as a high value card, but SPG AmEx ranks higher when the HHonors point value is lowered.
How about subtracting the annual fee from the value of points for a value added?
Subtracting the annual fee makes sense. Personally I don't think much about the annual fee when it is $75 or less.
If you are playing the credit card game for points then the annual fee should be a minor deduction from the overall value.
Many people are too blinded by an annual fee to make a cost-benefit analysis based on the value of the card earning.
I have argued with cardmembers who prefer a card with no annual fee about the logic of holding a card with less benefits simply due to no annual fee when their same spend pattern would result in hundreds of dollars in extra points or miles by signing up for a card with a $75 annual fee.
Since these tables already break down the earning side of the equation, your suggestion to deduct the annual fee from the total value is logical.
I have been planning to update the credit card data with a new analysis this week. I should have a new post by Friday, March 18.
as this this website conations in fact nice funny stuff too.
can you update this chart for the current hotel situation? this is incredibly helpful and very well done!


If your Québec business has a fiscal period end date that is not December 31, you'll need to complete the TP-80.1-V form to calculate your business or professional income that's adjusted to December 31.
Note: The end date of any fiscal period for your business must be the same for both your federal return and your Revenu Québec return. If you've filed form T1139: Reconciliation of 2016 Business Income for Tax Purposes to have a fiscal period that doesn't end on December 31, remember to also send that form to Revenu Québec.
I started a new business in 2016 which has a fiscal period end date in 2017, do I need to complete this form?
Important: Before you begin, make sure that you told us that you lived in QUÉBEC on December 31, 2016.
Select the checkbox labelled I worked for myself and choose your province of self-employment.


Just as Selma opened in wide-release I began to receive requests for advice on how to lead churches and faith communities through discussions of the film. Years ago, I used to lead these kinds of dialogues in my capacity as the Greater Los Angeles director of racial reconciliation for a college-based parachurch ministry. Some of our most fruitful conversations came after we saw films like Selma or read a book together or had a common experience of racial injustice that we needed to process.
The film Selma is an incredibly helpful dialogue centerpiece at the moment. But like all things, other dialogue opportunities will rise and take center stage in the coming weeks and months. Other films will be released, helpful books will be published, and public events will provoke us to need to dialogue again. When those opportunities surface, I recommend using the format below as a template for similar dialogues moving forward. I've collected my Top 5 recommended resources to help guide your community dialogue on racial justice and Selma.


Award winning game "NBA 2K" series of supporting applications "MyNBA2K17" has now returned. Equipped with features such as using your mobile device to scan your face into "NBA 2K17" and the opportunity to earn a virtual currency every day. "MyNBA2K17" allows you to go further with "NBA 2K17" on XB1, PS4 and PC platforms. "MyNBA2K17" also includes the "NBA 2K" theme card collection game "MyTEAM Mobile", the game, players can collect their favorite NBA player cards and legends, in the fast game, season championship, street ball challenge And special events within the game include rivalry and championship challenges in the world of competitors. This year's version includes more cards and the largest team so far!
First, no more quick to play So there is no more isolation, send a person into the post, run the shooter to close the screen and so on. So basically you can not command the traffic as a PG. You can set action attacks, but they are very inconsistent if you move the ball too much and it basically guarantees you want to take it. Back to the fast-break player's thing, though, most NBA crimes are almost completely running. Few teams run their movements if you have a guy like Jordan you do not want to. For me it is incredible that you can not send him to his post and feed him. You can take him there, but you can not send him there, let him get the first place. It was he made the last 3 peat. Maybe this option is available, but I definitely can not find it anywhere.
All the teams played 4 points and 1 inch. It makes sense if you are like a team like a fighter, but it is zero if you take the 86 Celtics. Kevin McHale will not enter this position, he will go out at three points, hurry to rest. It just does not make any sense 2K. Why should he do that? Only a handful of NBA teams are doing it now. I have a theory that they make this game too much to suit the current warriors, but I will explain it. In addition, when you quickly rest, people will not run to the basket, they will always run very wide.
The computer is tilted on the screen and dribble for three points, with too much accuracy. It was me back to the warrior and the problem Steph Curry made 2K, so good in real life. Curry can do this. He can stop a penny, walk on the screen, back, play three in someone's face. The problem is by putting it into the game, a ton of other players who should not do this can also do this. Luol Deng just hit me four people reference. Not Deng is not a good shooter, but he will not dribble to pull up a screen tilted to his right, with one hand to hit you three times a quarter. In addition, the Warriors play 4 out and 1 into, always quick to rest. I think that to ensure that warriors do it in the game, they have to put it in the game for everyone. But they are really the only team that is particularly stupid when you take a classic team. Dennis Rodman did not have a quick break business. A lot of things are more difficult, but every year you are used to them and master them.


This dataset provides estimates for life expectancy at birth at the county level for each state, the District of Columbia, and the United States as a whole for 1980-2014, as well as the changes in life expectancy and mortality risk for each location during this period.
This study was conducted to answer the inequalities in life expectancy among counties in the United States growing or diminishing, and what factors can explain differences in life expectancy among counties. Research by IHME used small area estimation methods to produce annual life tables and calculate age-specific mortality risk at the county level for the United States. De-identified death records from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and population counts from the census bureau, NCHS, and the Human Mortality Database were used in the analysis.
In this population-based analysis, inequalities in life expectancy among counties are large and growing, and much of the variation in life expectancy can be explained by differences in socioeconomic and race/ethnicity factors, behavioral and metabolic risk factors, and health care factors.
Policy action targeting socioeconomic factors and behavioral and metabolic risk factors may help reverse the trend of increasing disparities in life expectancy in the United States.
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). United States Life Expectancy and Age-specific Mortality Risk by County 1980-2014. Seattle, United States Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 2017.


Our first steps in fashion date back to 1875 and to our founding colleges in Glasgow, Scotland. In that era our primary aim was to provide women with opportunities in design, textiles and retail, with a keen awareness of the economic, social and environmental needs of the time. British fashion has evolved to encompass so much more than just manufacturing and the education provided by the GCU British School of Fashion reflects those changes.
For decades, GCU has contributed to the business of fashion through the creation of pioneering courses.
We were the first UK Institution to offer an MSc in International Fashion Marketing in 2000, and are still one of only a few Universities worldwide to offer a dedicated MBA in Luxury Brand Management.
The British School of Fashion intends to build upon the foundation provided by our strong heritage and fashion industry expertise through continued innovation of new programmes and investment and development of our academic faculty.
Our specialised fashion knowledge is generated through a unique and critical balance of leading edge industry practice and underpinned by the latest academic research.
The British School of Fashion has a thriving community of researchers who support research across fashion business and collaborate with researchers in different academic areas at GCU's Glasgow and London campuses.
Highly aligned with the GCU mission of 'for the common good', our research is encompasses sustainability and is underpinned by the theme of 'societal innovations'.
We work closely with colleagues at the Fair Fashion Center at our New York campus to ensure everything we do is informed by the latest sustainable fashion research.
Based at Glasgow Caledonian New York College, the Fair Fashion Center is proving the business case for sustainability by turning global issues into industry opportunities.
By embedding this in to our teaching, consultancy and research, our students and industry partners become responsible leaders who can turn sustainable practice in to profit.
We pride ourselves on working side by side with the industry. As a result, we have built up an impressive list of Honorary Professors who bring an invaluable wealth of knowledge and experience to the University's programmes.
To find out when our next Masterclasses are taking place, please visit our upcoming events section.
Designer and Founder of US fashion house Kenneth Cole Productions Inc.
Our staff are experts in their fields. Most have worked in the fashion and luxury industry and all regularly collaborate with businesses to ensure course content is relevant, future-proof and engaging.
By studying at the British School of Fashion, you will have access to their industry led knowledge and contact with their professional networks through a series of guest lectures and field trips.
Professor Antony Morgan, an internationally renowned expert in the field of asset based public health, became Dean of GCU London from January 2016. He joined the University in 2012 as Programme Leader for the Public Health Masters Programme.
Working for the last 30 years for a range of public sector organisations at local, regional and national levels, he has developed a track record for leading large multi-disciplinary teams of research and technical staff to deliver evidence based programmes for health and service delivery. Previous to joining GCU he was an Associate Director at the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) responsible for the strategic development and delivery of programmes to raise standards and the quality of public health policy, practice and research in English Health and Social Care systems.
Professor Morgan has a strong academic portfolio. He has a wide breadth of research expertise in adolescent health, the theory and methods of public health policy and practice, health inequalities and asset based health and development. He is the co-editor of Health Assets in a Global Context: Theory Methods, Action published by Springer, New York in 2010. He has published in a wide range of peer reviewed journals including Health Promotion International, the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, Social Science and Medicine and the International Journal of Public Health. He has held honorary research positions with the University of Edinburgh, City University and the University of Hertfordshire and is currently an honorary professor at the Andalusian School of Public Health in Granada, Spain and a research fellow at St Andrews Medical School in Scotland.
He has an extensive global network of colleagues working towards similar population health goals which have been developed through his involvement in numerous international initiatives. Most notably through his work at the World Health Organisation's European Office for Investment in Health and Development in Venice, Italy, where he led the Assets for Health and Development Programme and his collaboration with the Universidad de Desarrollo, in Chile to lead the Measurement and Evidence Knowledge Network of the Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. He has been a member of the WHO Health Behaviour in School Aged Children (HBSC) study since 1998 and the Principal Investigator for England up until 2014.This international study is an on-going research initiative exploring the social contexts of adolescent health and related behaviour in over 40 European countries and in North America. Professor Morgan is currently a member of the Spanish HBSC team.
Professor Morgan originally trained as an applied chemist and later in information science and epidemiology. A graduate of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Karolinska Institute in Sweden (www.ki.se), his doctoral research was in the field of positive social approaches to adolescent health and wellbeing.
He was awarded the position of Fellow of the UK's Faculty of Public Health in 2006 in recognition of his services to public health. He is currently Associate Editor for Global Health Promotion (GHP).
Most recently his contributions to research and development agendas in health include: development of the Asset Model that inspired reorientation of policy and practice towards positive approaches to health and wellbeing; leading the 'return on investment' initiative at NICE aiming to improve decision making in public sector spending; lead partner at NICE in an MRC funded project to research ways in which 'text mining and machine learning' technologies can improve literature searching for systematic reviews.
His current research interests include: asset based life course approaches to health and living; developing a better evidence base for social action to reduce health inequalities; and promoting salutogenic competences for improving life chances of vulnerable young people.
Tim Jackson is the Head of the British School of Fashion and the Programme Director for both MBA and MSc Luxury Brand programmes.
Tim has worked managing undergraduate and postgraduate fashion marketing and luxury management programmes for a number of universities, including London College of Fashion and European Business School, Regent' University London. With 10 years' external examining experience, and having worked as an examiner for the CIM, he also has extensive academic development experience across fashion marketing, buying, journalism and luxury disciplines.
In addition to publishing influential books on fashion buying, fashion marketing and Routledge's Fashion Handbook, he also provides expert commentary and analysis on the luxury and fashion sectors across premium business media. He has been a regular contributor in these areas for WGSN, Stylus.com and also published in the International Herald Tribune and luxury aviation NetJets in-house magazine. Prior to working in Higher Education Tim worked in retail management and buying for a number of brands, including Harrods, Jaeger, Dash and Burton Menswear.
Tim is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy and a member of the Chartered Institute of Marketing and has worked as a Trustee of the Covent Garden Area Trust in London. Current research interests include luxury, virtual flagships and creative thinking.
Ruth's areas of teaching are digital marketing, luxury strategy and fashion logistics. Ruth is currently supervising three PhD students. Successful PhD completions have included consumer behaviour and clothing reference points and also the role of export associations as supporters of SMEs.
Ruth has over 20 years experience of working as an academic in the University sector. Her PhD explored strategy planning processes of UK fashion retailers in planning for ecommerce.
Erica Charles is the Lecturer and Programme Leader for the innovative MSc Fashion Business Creation programme, and joined GCU London from Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design. She is also a GCU Alumnus who graduated in 2003 with an MSc Fashion Marketing degree, and in 2015 was awarded the GCU Alumnus of the year award. Since graduating from GCU, Erica has held a number of senior and management positions within the industry, working with brands such as Victoria's Secret, Emanuel Ungaro, Oscar de la Renta, ASOS.com, Marks & Spencer and Mary Portas' Living & Giving Shops for Save the Children.
Erica is a member of the Chartered Institute of Marketing and sits on the Board of Trustees at the SCARS Foundation.
Current research interests include Global Retailing, Brand Development and Corporate Social Responsibility.
Dina has recently completed her PhD degree on Luxury Fashion Brand Marketing at GCU London. Her research focuses on identity threats and the psychological motivations that drive luxury consumption. Her dissertation was nominated for Best dissertation award at the 2016 KSMS Doctoral Dissertation Competition. In addition, one of the conference papers based on her PhD thesis has been nominated for the best paper award in a recent conference in Shanghai. Dina has also published papers in referred journals and has work under review presently for the Journal of Business Research (ABS 3*) and several others.
She is a highly skilled academic with more than 8 years of teaching experience in both Egypt and the UK. Her teaching experience includes both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. She has taught a number of marketing and management courses such as consumer behaviour, fashion marketing, integrated marketing communications, research methods, SPSS, marketing research, and strategic management. In 2015, she was nominated for 'teaching award' by GCU students association.
6. Social media innovations within the luxury sector.
A hugely successful and well respected British Entrepreneur and Philanthropist, Dr Don McCarthy CBE was the British School of Fashion's Founding Patron in 2013.
Glasgow Caledonian University's British School of Fashion, retailRIGHT and European retail property specialist Hammerson have teamed up to create a new initiative to support students in becoming successful fashion entrepreneurs.


text:
Miss Wilks came to KEHS from Hertfordshire and Essex High School, one of a group of schools well known for the freedom enjoyed by their heads. She too served as president of the association of Headmistresses and also served on the Royal Commission on Public Schools.
Miss Wilks had a clear vision for the future of KEHS. She wanted the school to remain neither elitist nor excessively selective. She wanted girls to be broadly educated. She believed in the constant pursuit of excellence. She believed that school should not be an end in itself, but a means of preparation for the world.
In 1968 Miss Wilks hired the first full-time male teacher, Mr Christ of the Physics Department, who was closely followed by Mr Line, Mr Twilley and Mr Wood. She also restructured the school, removing prefects and creating a more democratic system. The Sixth Form committee was introduced. In 1970, the Sixth Form were allowed to come out of uniform and the school council abolished prizes below the age of 16. Houses became increasingly less important.
Community Service became part of the curriculum, with some forms truly excelling. U4B of 1970-1971 held a production of The Importance of Being Earnest which raised funds for a local charity helping the mentally handicapped.
1975 saw the biggest change of all with the abolition of Direct Grant places. Miss Wilks managed this crisis with her usual calm commitment and smoothed the transition into the new assisted place scheme.


text:
Orazio Schillaci, né le  à Rome, est un homme politique, universitaire et médecin italien.

Depuis le , il est ministre de la Santé dans le gouvernement Meloni.

Biographie
En 1990, il obtient un diplôme de médecine et de chirurgie à l'université La Sapienza, où ensuite il se spécialise en médecine nucléaire en 1994 ; jusqu'en 2001, il est chercheur à l'université de L'Aquila, tandis qu'en 2000, il obtient son doctorat en imagerie radioisotopique fonctionnelle.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 1966
Naissance à Rome
Universitaire italien
Étudiant de l'université de Rome « La Sapienza »
Professeur à l'université de Rome « Tor Vergata »
Médecin italien
Personnalité politique italienne du XXe siècle
Personnalité politique italienne du XXIe siècle
Ministre de la Santé de la République italienne

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Product prices and availability are accurate as of 2019-03-30 16:09:11 EDT and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on http://www.amazon.com/ at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.
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